As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2023

Registration No. 333-            

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM F-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

SOLOWIN HOLDINGS

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s Name into English)

Room 1910-1912A, Tower 3, China Hong Kong City

33 Canton Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon

Hong Kong

(852)3428-3893

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

Cogency Global Inc.

122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor

New York, NY 10168

(800) 221-0102

(Names, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting offers to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED            , 2023

SOLOWIN HOLDINGS

[   ] of Ordinary Shares

This is an initial public offering of SOLOWIN HOLDINGS, a Cayman Islands exempted holding company (“Solowin”). Solowin is not an operating company, but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations solely conducted by its subsidiary, Solomon JFZ (Asia) Holdings Limited, a limited liability corporation incorporated in Hong Kong (“Solomon JFZ”). Throughout this prospectus, unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “Solowin” and “the Company” refer to SOLOWIN HOLDINGS, the Cayman Islands holding company and references to “we,” “us,” “our,” and “our company” are to Solowin and its subsidiary, Solomon JFZ, as a whole. Unless otherwise specified, in the context of describing business and operations, we are referring to the business and operations conducted by Solomon JFZ.

Solowin is offering on a firm commitment basis [ ] ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Ordinary Shares”). We anticipate that the initial public offering price per Ordinary Share will be between $[ ] and $[ ]. Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for the Ordinary Shares. We have applied for listing the Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SWIN.” We believe that upon the completion of this offering, we will meet the standards for listing the Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in listing the Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market; however, we will not complete this offering unless the Ordinary Shares are so listed.

We are an “emerging growth company” and a “foreign private issuer” as defined under the U.S. federal securities laws, and, as such, are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements for this and future filings. See “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company” and “Prospectus Summary—Implications of Being a Foreign Private Issuer.”

We will not be considered a “controlled company” under Nasdaq corporate governance rules as we do not currently expect that more than 50% of Solowin’s voting power will be held by an individual, a group or another company immediately following the consummation of this offering. Nonetheless, following the consummation of this offering, Solowin’s directors, officers and principal shareholders will hold in aggregate approximately [*]% or more of the Ordinary Shares. As a result, these shareholders, if they act together, will be able to control the management and affairs of the Company.

INVESTORS PURCHASING SECURITIES IN THIS OFFERING ARE PURCHASING SECURITIES OF SOLOWIN HOLDINGS, A CAYMAN ISLANDS HOLDING COMPANY, RATHER THAN SECURITIES OF SOLOWIN HOLDINGS’ SUBSIDIARY THAT CONDUCTS SUBSTANTIVE BUSINESS OPERATIONS IN HONG KONG. Solowin is not an operating company but rather a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Solowin has no material operations of its own, and all of our operations are conducted through the operating entity established in Hong Kong, Solomon JFZ, the wholly owned subsidiary of Solowin. Solowin directly owns 100% equity interests in Solomon JFZ. We do not and have no intention to operate our business through a variable interest entities (“VIE”) structure. For a description of our corporate structure, see “Our Corporate History and Structure” beginning on page 7.

This holding company structure involves unique risks to investors, and you may never directly hold equity interests in Solomon JFZ, the Hong Kong operating entity. While we are advised by our PRC legal counsel, Shu Jin Law Firm, as of the date of this prospectus, Solomon JFZ’s operations in Hong Kong and this public offering of the Ordinary Shares in the United States are not subject to the review nor prior approval of the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) or the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”), we face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties associated with being based in or having operations in Hong Kong, having clients who are PRC individuals or companies that have shareholders or directors that are PRC individuals and the complex and evolving PRC laws and regulations. The legal and operational risks associated with operations in China may apply to Solomon JFZ’s operations in Hong Kong, should recent statements and regulatory actions by China’s government apply to us in the future. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on foreign investment in Hong Kong-based issuers, anti-monopoly regulatory actions, oversight on cybersecurity, data privacy and personal information. The PRC government may also intervene or impose restrictions on Solomon JFZ’s ability to move cash out of Hong Kong to distribute earnings and pay dividends. Furthermore, PRC regulatory authorities may in the future promulgate laws, regulations or implementing rules that require us to obtain regulatory approval from PRC authorities before this or any future securities offering. These risks could result in a material adverse change in Solomon JFZ’s business operations and the value of the Ordinary Shares, restrictions in Solomon JFZ’s ability to accept foreign investments, significantly limit or completely hinder Solowin’s ability to continue to offer securities to investors or continued listing of the Ordinary Shares on a U.S. or other foreign exchange, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. See “Risk Factors— Risks Related to Doing Business in Jurisdictions We Operate” beginning on page 33 of this prospectus for a discussion of these legal and operational risks that should be considered before making a decision to purchase the Ordinary Shares.

Specifically, on February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Notice on Filing Arrangements for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, stating that the CSRC has published the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies and five supporting guidelines (collectively the “New Overseas Listing Rules”). Among others, the New Overseas Listing Rules provide that PRC domestic companies seeking to offer and list securities (which, for the purposes of the New Overseas Listing Rules, are defined thereunder as equity shares, depository receipts, corporate bonds convertible to equity shares, and other equity securities that are offered and listed overseas, either directly or indirectly, by PRC domestic companies) in overseas markets, either via direct or indirect means, must file with the CSRC within three working days after their application for an overseas listing is submitted. The New Overseas Listing Rules came into effect on March 31, 2023. As advised by our PRC legal counsel, Shu Jin Law Firm, based on their understanding of current PRC laws, rules and regulations, as of the date of this prospectus, we are not subject to the New Overseas Listing Rules. However, given that the New Overseas Listing Rules have been introduced recently, and that there remain substantial uncertainties surrounding the enforcement thereof, we cannot assure you that, if required, we would be able to complete the filings and/or fully comply with the relevant new rules on a timely basis, if at all.

Furthermore, as more stringent standards have been imposed by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) recently, Solowin’s securities may be prohibited from trading following the completion of this offering if our auditor cannot be fully inspected by the PCAOB. Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCA Act”) enacted in 2020, if the auditor of a U.S. listed company’s financial statements is not subject to the PCAOB inspections for three consecutive “non-inspection” years, the SEC is required to prohibit the securities of such issuer from being traded on a U.S. national securities exchange, such as NYSE and Nasdaq, or in U.S. over-the-counter markets. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “AHFCAA”), which, if enacted into law, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to the PCAOB inspections for two consecutive “non-inspection” years instead of three and thus, reduces the time before Solowin’s securities may be prohibited from trading or delisted. In December 2022, an omnibus spending bill was passed by Congress and later signed into law, which included the enactment of provisions under the AHFCAA to accelerate the timeline for implementation of trading prohibitions under the HFCA Act from three consecutive years to two consecutive years. Pursuant to the HFCA Act, on December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China or in Hong Kong, because of positions taken by authorities in the jurisdictions, and the PCAOB included in the report of its determination a list of the accounting firms that are headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong. This list does not include our auditor, WWC, P.C. as our auditor is based in the U.S. and is registered with the PCAOB and subject to the PCAOB inspection. On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC (the “MOF”), and the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol (the “Protocol”) governing inspections and investigations of accounting firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, taking the first step toward opening access for the PCAOB to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB made a statement announcing that it was able, in 2022, to inspect and investigate completely issuer audit engagements of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and as a result, PCAOB vacated its previous 2021 determination. However, uncertainties still exist as to whether the PCAOB will have continued access for complete inspections and investigations in 2023 and beyond. The PCAOB has indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations if needed. While our auditor is based in the U.S. and is subject to the PCAOB inspection, in the event the PCAOB later determines that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely our auditor, then such lack of inspection could cause Solowin’s securities to be delisted from the U.S. stock exchange. See “Risk Factors— Risks Related to Doing Business in Jurisdictions We Operate — The Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCA Act in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China or Hong Kong. The delisting of the Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.” on page 36. In addition, we cannot assure you that Nasdaq or other regulatory agencies will not apply additional or more stringent requirements to us. Such uncertainty could cause the market price of the Ordinary Shares to be materially and adversely affected.

Subject to the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and Solowin’s Memorandum and Articles of Association, Solowin’s board of directors may authorize and declare a dividend to shareholders at such time and of such an amount as they think fit if they are satisfied, on reasonable grounds, that immediately following the dividend it will be able to pay its debts as they become due in the ordinary course of business. For Solowin to transfer cash to its Hong Kong subsidiary, Solowin may provide funding to Solomon JFZ through loans or capital contributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds. As a holding company, Solowin may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by Solomon JFZ for its cash and financing requirements. Under Hong Kong law, Solomon JFZ is permitted to provide funding to Solowin through dividend distribution without restrictions on the amount of the funds under the condition that dividends could only be paid out of distributable profits (that is, accumulated realized profits less accumulated realized losses) or other distributable reserves. Dividends cannot be paid out of share capital. Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect of dividends paid by Solomon JFZ. Solomon JFZ has not made any dividends or other distributions to Solowin as of the date of this prospectus. In the future, cash proceeds raised from financings conducted outside of Hong Kong, including this offering, may be transferred by Solowin to Solomon JFZ via capital contribution or shareholder loans, as the case may be. As of the date of this prospectus, neither Solowin nor Solomon JFZ has paid any dividends or made any distributions to their respective shareholder(s), including any U.S. investors. In addition, as of the date of this prospectus, there have been no transfer of cash or other types of assets between Solowin and Solomon JFZ. Solomon JFZ, which runs the main operations, maintains the cash. Currently, other than complying with the applicable Hong Kong laws and regulations, we do not have our own cash management policy and procedures that dictate how funds are transferred. Solowin and Solomon JFZ currently do not have plans to distribute earnings or declare cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We intend to keep any future earnings to finance the expansion of Solomon JFZ’s business. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors after considering our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, contractual requirements, business prospects and other factors the board of directors deems relevant, and subject to the restrictions contained in any future financing instruments.

While there are currently no such restrictions on foreign exchange and our ability to transfer cash or assets between Solowin and Solomon JFZ, if certain PRC laws and regulations, including existing laws and regulations and those enacted or promulgated in the future were to become applicable to Solomon JFZ, and to the extent our cash or assets are in Hong Kong or a Hong Kong entity, such funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of Hong Kong due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on our ability to transfer funds or assets by the PRC government. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on Solowin or Solomon JFZ to transfer or distribute cash within the organization, which could result in an inability of or prohibition on making transfers or distributions to entities outside of Hong Kong. Any limitation on the ability of Solomon JFZ to pay dividends or make other distributions to Solowin could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. In addition, if Solomon JFZ incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends. See “Prospectus Summary—Transfer of Cash Through Our Organization” beginning on page 10, “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure — Solowin relies on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by its subsidiary to fund any cash and financing requirements Solowin may have, and any limitation on the ability of its subsidiary to make payments to Solowin could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business”, on page 31, “Dividend Policy” on page 50 and the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying footnotes beginning on page F-1 of this prospectus.

We have granted the underwriters an option, exercisable for 45 days from the date of this prospectus, to purchase up to an additional [  ] Ordinary Shares on the same terms as the other Ordinary Shares being purchased by the underwriters from us. For additional information regarding our arrangement with the underwriter, please see “Underwriting” beginning on page 125.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriters expect to deliver the Ordinary Shares to purchasers in this offering on or about [  ], 2023.

EF HUTTON

division of Benchmark Investments, LLC

The date of this prospectus is [  ], 2023

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we may authorize to be delivered or made available to you. Neither we, nor the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide you with different information. The information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus, or any free writing prospectus, as the case may be, or any sale of Ordinary Shares.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we, nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the Ordinary Shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

Solowin is incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability and a majority of our outstanding securities are owned by non-U.S. residents. Under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, we currently qualify for treatment as a “foreign private issuer.” As a foreign private issuer, we will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as frequently or as promptly as domestic registrants whose securities are registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

COMMONLY USED DEFINED TERMS

Except as otherwise indicated by the context and for the purposes of this prospectus only, references in this prospectus to:

Solowin is a holding company with no operations of its own. All of operations are conducted in Hong Kong through Solowin’s operating subsidiary in Hong Kong, Solomon JFZ. Solomon JFZ’s reporting currency is Hong Kong dollars. This prospectus contains translations of Hong Kong dollars into U.S. dollars solely for the convenience of the reader.

These translations from Hong Kong dollars into U.S. dollars are determined as of a specific date or for a specific period. Changes in the exchange rate will affect the amount of our obligations and the value of our assets in terms of U.S. dollars which may result in an increase or decrease in the amount of our obligations (expressed in dollars) and the value of our assets, including accounts receivable (expressed in dollars). No representation is made that HK$ or US$ amount represents or could have been, or could be converted, realized or settled into US$ or HK$, as the case may be, at any particular rate, or at all.

Numerical figures included in this registration statement have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in various tables may not be arithmetic aggregations of the figures that precede them.

Our fiscal year end is March 31. References to a particular “fiscal year” are to our fiscal year ended March 31 of that calendar year. Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.

For the sake of clarity, this registration statement follows the English naming convention of given name followed by family name, regardless of whether an individual’s name is Chinese or English. For example, the name of Solowin’s Chief Executive Officer will be presented as “Shing Tak Tam” even though, in Chinese, Mr. Tam’s name is presented as “Tam Shing Tak.”

This prospectus includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. While we believe these industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies are reliable, you are cautioned not to give undue weight to this information.

We have proprietary rights to trademarks used in this prospectus that are important to Solomon JFZ’s business. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus are without the ®, ™ and other similar symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensors to these trademarks, service marks and trade names.

This prospectus may contain additional trademarks, service marks and trade names of others. All trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this prospectus are, to our knowledge, the property of their respective owners. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks, service marks or trade names to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other person.

RISK FACTORS

The Ordinary Shares being offered under this prospectus are highly speculative in nature, involve a high degree of risk and should be purchased only by persons who can afford to lose the entire amount invested. Before purchasing any of the Ordinary Shares, you should carefully consider the following factors relating to our business and prospects. You should pay particular attention to the fact that Solowin is a holding company and we conduct substantially all of operations outside the U.S. through the Hong Kong based subsidiary and are governed by legal and regulatory environments that in some respects differ significantly from the environment that may prevail in the U.S. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or operating results will suffer, the trading price of the Ordinary Shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

A sustained outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition.

The COVID-19 outbreak has led governments across the globe to impose a series of measures intended to contain its spread, including border closures, travel bans, quarantine measures, social distancing, and restrictions on business operations and large gatherings. The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused companies like us and our business partners to implement temporary adjustments to work schedules and travel plans, mandating employees to work from home and collaborate remotely. As a result, we may have experienced lower efficiency and productivity, internally and externally, which may adversely affect our service quality. Moreover, our business depends on our employees. If any of our employees has contracted or is suspected of having contracted COVID-19, these employees will be required to be quarantined and they could pass it to other of our employees, potentially resulting in severe disruption to our business.

Furthermore, our results of operations have been severely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. Due to the instability of global financial markets and other economic and financial challenges brought about by COVID-19, our businesses and clients have been adversely affected by travel restrictions preventing PRC residents from travelling to Hong Kong. More broadly, the COVID-19 outbreak threatens global economies and has caused significant market volatility and declines in general economic activities. This may have severely dampened the confidence in global markets and potential clients.

Our IPO business, which consists of IPO handling fees and IPO subscription financing has been severely impacted by the decline of the Hong Kong IPO market activities since the outbreak of COVID-19. Revenue from securities brokerage commissions and handling income declined by $1,683,000 or 97% to $55,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $1,738,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2021. The main reason for this decrease was the drop in handling income from IPO subscriptions in Hong Kong, which has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and continuous uncertain economic conditions in Hong Kong continuously. The handling income from IPO subscriptions had declined from $1,604,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 to less than $1,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2022.

According to the statistical data from Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited (“HKEx”), the number of IPOs in the Hong Kong stock market has decreased continuously for the past 3 years, reaching 90 in 2022 compared to 183 in 2019, 154 in 2020, and 98 in 2021. The consistent decline also adversely affected investor confidence. In terms of fundraising, the total amount raised in the Hong Kong IPO market in 2022 was HK$104.57 billion, down 68.44% from HK$331.34 billion in 2021. The COVID-19 outbreak made it challenging for clients to open accounts and slowed our active client effective rate. Our active client effective rates for periods before the fiscal year ended March 31 2021, during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 and during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, which rate is accounted by active client/account opening client, were 94.78%, 52.67% and 66.37%, respectively. This large decline was mostly due to the difficulty of conducting face-to-face account openings under COVID-19 restrictive measures. Our Corporate Finance Service development and Asset Management Service were also impacted by COVID-19, as high-quality and value-added corporate finance advisory services were hard to provide without face-to-face discussions and executions.

Most of the restrictive measures previously adopted by the Hong Kong and mainland Chinese governments at various levels to control the spread of the COVID-19 virus have been revoked or replaced with more flexible measures since December 2022. The revocation or replacement of the restrictive measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic could have a positive impact on our normal operations. However, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to impact our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted as of the date of this prospectus, including the effectiveness of vaccines and other treatments for COVID-19, and other new information that may emerge concerning the severity of the pandemic and steps taken to contain the pandemic or treat its impact, among others. Given the general slowdown in economic conditions globally, volatility in the capital markets as well as the general negative impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the corporate finance markets, we cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain the growth rate we have experienced or projected. 

We operate in a heavily regulated industry, and are subject to extensive and evolving regulatory requirements in the jurisdictions in which we operate.

We operate in a highly-regulated industry and must comply with the applicable regulatory requirements in the jurisdictions it operates. Our major regulators include Cayman Islands Monetary Authority (CIMA) and Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong (HKSFC). These regulators and self-regulatory organizations govern our business operations in a variety of ways and conduct regular examinations of our business to monitor our compliance with applicable regulations. Among other things, we are subject to regulations with regard to (i) our sales practices, including our interaction with and solicitation of clients and our marketing activities; (ii) the custody, control and safeguarding of our clients’ assets; (iii) maintaining specified minimum amounts of capital and limiting withdrawals of funds from our regulated operating subsidiary, Solomon JFZ; (iv) submitting regular financial and other reports to regulators; (v) licensing for our operating subsidiary and our employees; and (vi) the conduct of our directors, officers, employees and affiliates. In addition, as the online brokerage service industry in Hong Kong is at a relatively early stage of development, interpretation and enforcement of the applicable regulatory regime are subject to significant uncertainties, which may result in difficulties in determining whether our existing practices violate any applicable laws and regulations.

Compliance with these regulations is complicated, time consuming and expensive. Our ability to comply with all applicable laws and regulations is largely dependent on our internal compliance system, as well as our ability to attract and retain qualified compliance personnel. While we maintain systems and procedures designed to ensure that we comply with applicable laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that we are able to prevent all possible violations. Non-compliance with applicable laws or regulations could result in sanctions being levied against us, including the imposition of fines or penalties, censures, restrictions on certain business activities, suspension or expulsion from a jurisdiction or market or the revocation or limitation of licenses, which could adversely affect our reputation, prospects, revenues and earnings. Furthermore, any future change in the regulatory, legal and industry environment for the securities brokerage, investment advisory, corporate finance and asset management may have a significant impact on our business.

In addition, we are subject to regular investigations, inquiries and inspections from the relevant regulatory bodies. For example, from time to time, our HKSFC-licensed subsidiary may be subject to or required to assist in inquiries or investigations by regulatory authorities in Hong Kong, principally the HKSFC. The HKSFC conducts on-site reviews and off-site monitoring to ascertain and supervise Solomon JFZ’s business conduct and compliance with relevant regulatory requirements and to assess and monitor, among other things, its financial soundness. Similarly, Solowin may be subject to CIMA’s on-site inspections and inquiries from time to time. If any misconduct is identified as a result of inquiries, reviews, investigation or inspections, the relevant regulatory authorities may take disciplinary actions against us. There also remains a risk that we may not be able to rectify our practices to be in compliance with the relevant rules and regulations following the identification of any such misconduct or material non-compliance, which may result in regulators taking additional actions against it. We have not been inspected by HKSFC so far. We have an external audit carried out every year, and we have hired an external compliance consulting company since September 1, 2021 on compliance review and checking.

We may not be able to obtain or maintain all necessary licenses, permits and approvals and to make all necessary registrations and filings for our business activities in multiple jurisdictions and related to residents therein, especially in the PRC or otherwise relating to PRC residents.

We operate in a heavily regulated industry, which requires various licenses, permits and approvals in different jurisdictions to conduct our businesses. Our clients include people who live in jurisdictions where we do not have licenses issued by the local regulatory bodies. It is possible that authorities in those jurisdictions may in the future take the position that we are required to obtain licenses or otherwise comply with local laws and regulations in order to conduct our business with residents living in those jurisdictions. In any jurisdictions, if we fail to comply with the regulatory requirements, we may risk being disqualified for our existing businesses or being rejected for renewal of our qualifications and/or licenses upon expiry by the regulatory authorities as well as other penalties, fines or sanctions. In addition, in respect of any new business that we may contemplate, we may not be able to obtain the relevant approvals for developing such new business if we fail to comply with the relevant regulations and regulatory requirements. As a result, we may fail to develop new business as planned, or we may fall behind our competitors in such businesses.

Specifically, we do not hold any licenses or permits from any PRC regulatory bodies for Solomon JFZ’s securities related business. Currently, a large number of our clients are PRC residents and some independent contractors are providing supporting services remotely from the PRC. We believe that since the transactions on Solomon JFZ’s trading platform are all conducted outside PRC, Solomon JFZ’s current activities in China does not require a securities brokerage license, a making license or permit under existing PRC securities laws and regulations. However, it is noted on December 30, 2022, CSRC issued a rectification request to our comparable companies, specifically described as “Futu Holdings and UP Fintech Holding Limited have conducted cross-border securities business for domestic investors without the approval of the CSRC, which constitutes illegal operation of securities business under the Securities Law and other relevant laws and regulations, and the CSRC intends to require Futu Holdings and UP Fintech Holding Limited to rectify the aforementioned violations.” Moreover, CSRC has promulgated Administrative Measures on Securities Brokerage Services effective on February 28, 2023, which clarifies that CSRC will strengthen the daily supervision of illegal cross-border brokerage business and steadily and orderly promote the rectification and standardization of such activity. Therefore, we tend to believe that CSRC is now gradually strengthening its regulation of this cross-border online brokerage business, and Solomon JFZ’s business involving PRC residents may also need to comply with the new regulatory requirements in the future. As a result, there remains uncertainties as to how the current and any future PRC laws and regulations will be interpreted or implemented in the context of operating securities-related business in China. We cannot assure you that our current operating model will not be deemed as operating securities brokerage business in China, subjecting us to further inquiries or rectifications. If certain of Solomon JFZ’s activities in China were deemed by PRC regulators to be providing securities brokerage services, investment consulting services or stock options brokerage business in China, we would be required to obtain the required licenses or permits from the relevant regulatory bodies, including CSRC. The failure to obtain such licenses or permits may subject us to regulatory actions and penalties, including fines, suspension of parts or all of Solomon JFZ’s business relations with PRC individuals and entities, and temporary suspension or removal of our websites and mobile application in China. In such cases, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

PRC governmental control of currency conversion, cross-border remittance and offshore investment could have a direct impact on the trading volume on our platform, and the PRC government could further tighten restrictions on converting Renminbi to foreign currencies and/or deems our practices to be in violation of PRC laws and regulations.

A majority of our clients are PRC residents and are therefore subject to the restrictions under the rules and regulations promulgated by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (the “SAFE”), regarding the conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies and the remittance and the use of such funds outside China. Under current PRC foreign exchange regulations, which are Administrative Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange issued in December 2006 and Implementation Regulations for the Administrative Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange issued in January 2007, each PRC citizen is permitted to convert up to an aggregate of $50,000 equivalent Renminbi each year for appropriate personal use. Such appropriate use does not include direct investment into secondary stock markets, futures, insurances, asset management products or other trading. PRC residents who intend to convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars exceeding such quota are required to go through additional application and review procedures with commercial banks designated by the SAFE. In fact, according to the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Issues Relating to Foreign Exchange Control for Overseas Investment and Financing and Round-tripping by Chinese Residents through Special Purpose Vehicles (Hui Fa [2014] No.37), except for the red chip model (individuals in China set up SPVs abroad and return to invest) recognized by SAFE , PRC residents can only invest in overseas markets indirectly through channels such as Shanghai-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Stock Exchange, mutual recognition of funds between the Mainland and Hong Kong or purchase of QDII/RQDII products. Although we require our clients to comply with the relevant rules and regulations pursuant to the agreements we enter into with them, we cannot assure you that our clients will follow the rules and regulations or the provisions in the agreements at all times. We have not accepted any direct Renminbi deposit from mainland China since start-up and do not handle the Renminbi cross-border currency conversion for our Chinese clients through any of our accounts or entities, and we do not require our clients to submit evidence of approval or registration with respect to the foreign currency used for offshore investments. We cannot assure you that our current operating model, which includes redirecting our clients to open accounts with third party service provider, will be not deemed as assisting with the currency conversion by SAFE. In such cases, we may face regulatory warnings, correction orders, condemnation and fines, and may not be able to conduct our current business in the future. In addition, any misbehavior or violation by our clients of applicable laws and regulations could lead to regulatory inquiries, investigations or penalties that involve us. Moreover, in accordance with the rectification requirements imposed by the CSRC on December 30, 2022 in respect of Futu Holdings and UP Fintech Holding Limited, it cannot be ruled out that we will subsequently be penalized by the relevant PRC authorities due to foreign exchange control issues for our PRC residents clients and Solomon JFZ may also be prohibited from accepting incremental fund transfers to such investors’ accounts in violation of PRC foreign exchange control regulations due to this issue, like above mentioned those two companies, which may make it more difficult for us to develop new PRC residents customers subsequently.

Since the PRC authorities and the commercial banks designated by the SAFE to conduct foreign exchange services have significant discretion in interpreting, implementing and enforcing the foreign exchange rules and regulations, and due to many other factors that are beyond our control and ability to anticipate, we may face more severe consequences, including being asked to take additional and burdensome measures to monitor the source and use of the foreign currency funds in the accounts of our clients, remove our account opening functions, or suspend our operations pending an investigation or indefinitely. In such cases, we may face regulatory warnings, correction orders, condemnation, fines and confiscation of income, and may not be able to conduct our current business in the future. We may also be subject to regular inspections from relevant authorities from time to time. If such situations occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects would be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, if the PRC government further tightens the amount of currency exchange allowed for PRC residents, increases control over the remittance of currency out of the PRC, restricts the assistance or participation of any non-resident entities in the currency conversion, or specifically prohibits any exchanges for securities-related investment purposes, the trading activities of Chinese residents on our platform could be restricted, which would significantly reduce the trading volume on our platform. As our revenues from brokerage commission and market making income depends heavily on the total trading volume facilitated on our platform, the occurrence of any of the above regulatory changes would have a material and adverse impact on our business, operating and financial results.

If we were deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, we may be required to institute burdensome compliance requirements and our activities may be restricted, which could adversely affect the price of the Ordinary Shares and our business.

An entity will generally be deemed an “investment company” under Section 3(a)(1) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”) if: (a) it is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, or (b) absent an applicable exemption, it owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. We believe we are not an “investment company” and do not intend to become registered as an “investment company” within the meaning of the 1940 Act, as we do not hold ourselves out as being primarily engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities. As of September 30, 2022, Solomon JFZ’s operations mainly consisted of three business segments: (i) securities brokerage, (ii) investment advisory service, and (iii) asset management service to our customers. Solomon JFZ charges brokerage commission fees to clients for trades made using its trading platform based on the transaction amount, subject to a minimum charge per transaction. Solomon JFZ provides investment advice to our clients based on their financial needs and risk appetite, and it charges them an investment advisory fee based on a percentage of the Asset Under Management (AUM). For its asset management services, Solomon JFZ generates revenue through fund subscription fees, fund management fees, and performance fees. Solomon JFZ’s management funds provide eligible investors with the chance to invest under professional management. The subscription fees for asset management services vary based on the subscription amount, ranging from 1% to 5% for specific funds and investors. Solomon JFZ also provides corporate finance services to unlisted and listed companies that are looking for high-quality and value-added corporate finance advisory services at reasonable costs. It charges our clients advisory fees according to the type and size of the transactions, duration of the engagement, complexity of the transaction and the expected manpower requirements. No revenues had been generated from corporate finance service during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 or the six month ended September 30, 2022. See “Business – Products and Services” for more details. In addition, as of September 30, 2022, Solomon JFZ’s investment securities represented less than 40% of the value of our total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis calculated in accordance with Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act. The Company does not own any securities as defined as “investment securities” under Section 3(a)(2) of the 1940 Act. Because neither Solowin nor Solomon JFZ owns securities of other companies, they will not receive any dividend or interest income, nor will they recognize gains or losses from sales of securities and there is no expectation that these circumstances will change in the foreseeable future. We intend to continue to conduct our operations so that we will not be deemed an investment company.

If, at any time, we become or are determined to be primarily engaged in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities, we could become subject to regulation under the 1940 Act. If we were to become subject to the 1940 Act, any violation of the 1940 Act could subject us to material adverse consequences, including potentially significant regulatory penalties and the possibility that certain of our contracts would be deemed unenforceable. Additionally, as a foreign private issuer, we would not be eligible to register under the 1940 Act. Accordingly, we would either have to obtain exemptive relief from the SEC, modify our contractual rights or dispose of investments in order to fall outside the definition of an investment company, each of which may have a material adverse effect on the Company. Additionally, we may have to forego potential future acquisitions of interests in companies that may be deemed to be investment securities within the meaning of the 1940 Act. Finally, failure to avoid being deemed an investment company under the 1940 Act could also make us unable to comply with our reporting obligations as a public company in the United States and lead to our being delisted from Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, which would have a material adverse effect on the liquidity and value of the Ordinary Shares.

We may be unable to retain existing clients or attract new clients, or we may fail to offer services to address the needs of our clients as they evolve.

We derive a significant portion of our revenues from Solomon JFZ’s commissions based upon the trading volume or the number of relevant transaction contracts executed by our clients. The historically rapidly growing trading volume on Solomon JFZ’s platform was primarily driven by the increasing number of our active clients in the past. However, our total revenue-generating clients declined 56% to 2,104 as of March 31, 2022 from 4,818 as of March 31, 2021 and declined 54% from 3,414 as of September 2021 to 1,565 as of September 2022. Revenue-generating clients are active clients who have assets in their trading accounts and have trading activities. We have seen a significant decrease in this group of clients, primarily due to a sharp increase in withdrawals, averaging 526 per month from June 2021 to November 2021, which is about two times of the normal withdrawal rate. On the other hand, growth in new clients depositing money after opening their accounts has been limited. The high number of withdrawals is directly tied to a decline in investor confidence because of bad performance in the Hong Kong stock market, which was evidenced by an 22.5% drop in the HSI index over a six-month period from March 31, 2021 to March 31 2022. Investors who lost interests in trading chose to withdraw their money and avoid making impulsive trading. The limited growth in new client deposits is largely due to the absence of appealing initial public offerings in the Hong Kong stock market. According to statistical data from HKEx, the number of IPOs in the Hong Kong stock market declined significantly from 154 in 2020 to 98 in 2021, a 36.36% decrease. Additionally, in 2021, 43 of the 98 IPOs had trading prices fell on their first day of trading, while 66 companies underperformed their initial offering prices throughout the year, representing 43.88% and 67.35% of the total number of IPOs in the year, respectively. To further grow our business and expand our operation, we rely on continuous efforts in retaining existing clients and attracting new ones.

Our ability to retain existing clients is dependent upon multiple factors, some of which are beyond our control. Our clients may not continue to place trading orders or increase the level of their trading activities on Solomon JFZ’s platform if we cannot match the prices offered by other market players or if we fail to deliver satisfactory services. Failure to deliver services in a timely manner at competitive prices and provide a satisfactory experience will cause our clients to lose confidence in us and use our platform less frequently or even stop using Solomon JFZ’s platform altogether. Even if we are able to provide high-quality and satisfactory services on Solomon JFZ’s platform in a timely manner and at favorable pricing terms, we cannot assure you that we will be able to retain existing clients, encourage repeat and increase trading transactions, in part due to reasons beyond our control, such as the personal financial situation of our clients or the deterioration of capital markets generally. We have taken efforts in attracting new clients and expanding our brand influence, and we plan to continue doing so. However, these efforts may not be cost effective and we cannot assure you that we will be able to grow our client base as we expect, which may in turn materially and adversely affect our business operations and prospects.

Our level of commission and fee rates may decline in the future. Any material reduction in our commission or fee rates could reduce our profitability.

A significant portion of our revenue comes from commissions charged to clients for Solomon JFZ’s securities related services. Revenues generated from commission amounted to approximately $1.84 million, or 57% of our total revenue and $0.77 million, or 65% of our total revenue for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, approximately $0.55 million, or 5% of our total revenue and $1.74 million, or 75% of our total revenue for the six months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Subscription financing income accounted for 11% and 35% of the revenue during the two fiscal years and 1% and 14% of the revenue for the six months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In terms of online trading commission fees, our fees are about 60% lower than those of banks, which charge high fees due to their reputation for securing assets and providing convenient access to purchasing power. However, our fees are less competitive compared to those of larger online securities companies with a larger client base, such as Futu Securities. For IPO subscription fees, we offer competitive rates similar to those of banks, charging a fee of HKD 100 per subscription and winning lot charge.

Regarding IPO financing fees, the interest rate varies among IPO subscription providers and is influenced by short-term interest rates, financing costs from various funding sources, and demand for a specific IPO subscription. The interest rate is higher if the IPO is oversubscribed, funding sources are tight, and costs are high. The interest rate ranges from 2% to 5%, and we charge an average of 3.68% based on historical records. The competitive advantage in this area is not based on the interest rate, but rather on the availability of funding.

Solomon JFZ began the IPO subscription services in June 2020, and the commission from these services became the largest contributor to our total revenues in fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. We may experience pressure on our commission or fee rates as a result of competition in the financial service industry and online brokerage industry. Some of our competitors offer a broader range of services to a larger client base and enjoy higher trading volumes than we do. Consequently, our competitors may be able to offer trading services at lower commissions or fee rates than we currently offer or may be able to offer. For example, some banks in Hong Kong and the United States have started offering zero commission fees or similar promotions to attract clients. As a result of this pricing competition, we could lose both market share and revenues. We believe that any downward pressure on commission or fee rates would likely continue and intensify as we continue to develop our business and gain recognition in our markets. A decline in our commission or fee rates could lower our revenues, which would adversely affect our profitability. In addition, our competitors may offer other financial incentives we may not be able to offer, such as rebates or discounts in order to induce trading in their systems, which may in turn materially and adversely affect our operating and financial results.

We cannot guarantee the profitability of our clients’ investments or ensure that our clients will make rational investment judgements.

We cannot guarantee the profitability of the investments made by clients on Solomon JFZ’s trading platform. The profitability of our clients’ investments is directly affected by elements beyond our control, such as economic and political conditions, broad trends in business and finance, changes in volume of securities and futures transactions, changes in the markets in which such transactions occur and changes in how such transactions are processed.

Moreover, many of our clients are retail investors, who are less sophisticated compared with institutional investors. Although we include prominent risk warnings and disclaimers on our apps throughout the transaction process and, in accordance with relevant regulations, have designed an appropriateness test to assess the level of experience and risk level of the client to assess whether certain services or products are appropriate for such client, there is no guarantee that the appropriateness test for any product is adequate.

Clients who have suffered from unfavorable trading results, financial losses, or even liquidity issues in connection with the financial losses may attribute their losses to us and/or may discontinue trading with us, which may have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operation. Some clients who have suffered substantial losses on Solomon JFZ’s platform may seek to recover their damages from us or bring lawsuits against us. These allegations against us, regardless of their veracity, may negatively affect our reputation and clients’ confidence with us. If we were to become the subject of any unfavorable allegations or lawsuits, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue and regardless of the outcome of the lawsuits, we may have to expend a significant amount of resources to investigate and/or defend itself, which could divert our management’s attention from the day-to-day operations. In addition, if any litigation or other legal proceeding to which we are a party is resolved adversely, we may be ordered to pay a substantial amount of damages or compensation to the other party, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to comply with regulatory capital requirements set by local regulatory authorities could materially and negatively affect our business operation and overall performance.

Our regulated operating subsidiary, Solomon JFZ, is subject to various regulatory capital requirements, including minimum capital requirements, capital ratios and buffers established by competent authorities in their respective jurisdiction. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our business and financial position.

As of the date of this prospectus, Solomon JFZ is in compliance with its respective regulatory capital requirements. However, if Solomon JFZ fails to remain well-capitalized for regulatory purposes, CIMA and HKSFC may take actions against it and its business operation, and we may face penalties, including limitations and prohibitions on our business activities or suspension or revocation of our licenses and trading rights. This could affect client confidence, our ability to grow, our costs of funds and professional insurance costs, our ability to pay dividends on Ordinary Shares, our ability to make acquisitions, and in turn, our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our risk management policies and procedures may not be adequate and effective, which may expose us to unidentified or unexpected risks.

Our business activities expose us to various risks, including regulatory environment risk, market condition risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, capital adequacy risk and operational risk. We are dependent on our risk management policies and procedures and adherence to our Internal Control and Compliance Manual as well as the latest regulatory policies and procedures by our staff to manage the risks inherent in our business. Nonetheless, our policies and procedures to identify, monitor and manage risks may not be fully effective in mitigating our risk exposure in all market environments or against all types of risks. Some of our methods for managing risks are discretionary by nature and are based on internally developed controls and observed historical market behavior, and also involve reliance on standard industry practices. Many of our risk management policies are based upon observed historical market behavior or statistics based on historical models. During periods of market volatility or due to unforeseen events, the historically derived correlations upon which these methods are based may not be valid. As a result, these methods may not predict future exposures accurately, which could be significantly greater than what our models indicate. This could cause us to incur losses or cause our risk management strategies to be ineffective.

In addition, we may fail to update our risk management system as needed or as fast as the industry evolves, which may weaken our ability to identify, monitor and control new risks. Other risk management methods depend upon the evaluation of information regarding markets, clients, catastrophe occurrence or other matters that are publicly available or otherwise accessible to us, which may not always be accurate, complete, up-to-date or properly evaluated. These may adversely affect our results of operations and financial conditions.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

The functional currency for Solomon JFZ, our Hong Kong subsidiary, is Hong Kong dollars. However, the financial statements we provided to you and filed with the SEC are presented in U.S. dollars. Our assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated at year-end rates of exchange, whereas the income statement accounts are translated at average rates of exchange for the year. Any such translation may result in gains or losses, which are recorded under other comprehensive income (loss) in the financial statements. Changes in the exchange rates between the Hong Kong dollars or other currencies to the U.S. dollars could have a material effect on our results of operations. The value of Hong Kong dollars against U.S. dollars and other currencies is affected by a variety of factors which are beyond our control, including, among other things, changes in Hong Kong’s or China’s political and economic conditions. In addition, the Ordinary Shares offered by this prospectus are denominated in U.S. dollars, and we will need to convert the net proceeds we receive into Hong Kong dollar in order to use the funds for our business. Changes in the conversion rate between the U.S. dollar and the Hong Kong dollar will affect that amount of proceeds we will have available for our business.

Since 1983, Hong Kong dollars have been pegged to the U.S. dollars at the rate of approximately HK$7.80 to US$1.00. We cannot assure you that this policy will not be changed in the future. If the pegging system collapses and Hong Kong dollars suffer devaluation, the Hong Kong dollar cost of our expenditures denominated in foreign currency may increase. This would in turn adversely affect the operations and profitability of our business.

Our reputation, or the reputation of our industry as a whole, may be harmed.

The reputation of our brand is critical to our business and competitiveness. If we fail, or are perceived to have failed, to deal with issues that may give rise to reputational risk, our business and prospects may be harmed. Such issues may include mishandling client complaints, potential conflicts of interest, privacy breaches, client data leak, improper sales practices, as well as failures to identify legal, credit, liquidity, and market risks inherent in our business. Failure to appropriately address these issues could reduce clients’ confidence in us or increase client attrition rate, which may adversely affect our reputation and business. In addition, any malicious or negative allegation made by the media or other parties about the foregoing or other aspects of us, including our management, business, compliance with law, financial condition or prospects, whether with merit or not, could severely compromise our reputation and harm our business and operating results.

Negative publicity about the securities brokerage industry in general may also have a negative impact on our reputation, regardless of whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities. Moreover, negative publicity about our partners, service providers or other counterparties, such as negative publicity about their client complaints and any failure by them to adequately protect the information of our investors and borrowers, to comply with applicable laws and regulations or to otherwise meet required quality and service standards could harm our reputation. If any of the foregoing takes place, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We had incurred net losses in the past, and we may incur losses again in the future.

We had net losses of $1,176,000 and $702,000 in fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and net loss of $200,000 and $360,000 for six months ended September 30,2022 and 2021, respectively. We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate net income in the future. We anticipate that our operating cost and expenses will increase in the foreseeable future as we continue to grow our business, attract new clients, enhance our risk management capabilities and increase our brand recognition. These efforts may prove more costly than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue sufficiently to offset these higher expenses. There are other external and internal factors that could negatively affect our financial condition. For example, the trading volume achieved on Solomon JFZ’s platform may be lower than expected, which may lead to lower than expected revenues. Furthermore, we may adopt a new share incentive plan in the future, which will result in significant share-based compensation expenses to us. We generated approximately 57% and 65% of our total revenues from securities related services charged to our clients who trade on our platform in fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For the six months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, we generated approximately 5% and 75% of our total revenues from securities related services. Any material decrease in our commissions would have a substantial impact on our financial conditions. As a result of the foregoing and other factors, we may continue to incur net losses in the future.

We rely on a number of external service providers for technology, processing and supporting functions, and if they fail to provide these services, it could adversely affect our business and harm our reputation.

We collaborate with a number of external service providers in providing services to our clients for technology, processing and supporting functions, including, other market makers to which we pass on certain orders, referring brokers we collaborate with for client acquisition, custody banks, securities exchanges, clearing agents and online payment service providers. Furthermore, external content providers provide us with financial information, market news, charts, option and stock quotes and other fundamental data that we offer to our clients.

These service providers face technical, operational and security risks of their own. Any significant failures by them, including improper use or disclosure of their confidential client, employee or company information, deterioration in their performance, interruption in these third-party services or software, or other improper operation could interfere with our trading activities, cause losses due to erroneous or delayed responses, harm our reputation or otherwise be disruptive to our business. For instance, when there is a sudden surge in trading volume caused by a large amount of concurrent orders, usually subsequent to a major social event, we may not be able to retrieve the real-time quote due to delays or interruptions of third party systems, which may cause a delay in the exercise of automatic settlements initiated by our risk management system. Such delays may result in negative balance in our clients’ account and a potential loss to it. Also, we have contracted with external payment service providers to facilitate our clients’ payment procedures for trading and transactions through our platform. Any failure by these service providers to continue with good business operations, comply with applicable laws and regulations or any negative publicity on these parties could damage our reputation, expose us to significant penalties and decrease our total revenues and profitability.

Furthermore, if our arrangements with any of these external service providers are terminated, we may not be able to find an alternative source to support us on a timely basis or on commercially reasonable terms. This could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For instance, Solomon JFZ’s online trading business is conducted through the Solomon Pro platform, which is licensed from third-party Link Software Limited and can be easily accessed via our app, software, and websites. The platform offers clients seamless, efficient, and secure access to comprehensive brokerage and value-added services such as trade execution, account management, and customer support. The license is renewed annually, and we may change providers based on cost, technical support, and customization needs. However, if we are unable to continue obtaining licenses from Link Software Limited, it would take us several months to launch a new platform that meets our user experience needs. In addition, Solomon JFZ conducts the securities trading management and settlement services through Hundsun UFG 3.0 system, which was supported by third party Hundsun Ayers Technologies Limited. The system has been customized for our use and provides client account management and trade settlement services. Due to Hundsun Ayers Technologies’ leading position with over 50% market share in one-stop trading solutions, we have limited options for changing service providers. Furthermore, our KYC procedures are performed through the World-Check One screening system, supported by Refinitiv, a leading provider of financial market data and infrastructure. Solomon JFZ uses World-Check One for essential screening during account opening and ongoing risk monitoring, which supports its due diligence efforts against financial crime, bribery, and corruption. However, if World-Check One’s service becomes unavailable, our compliance efficiency may be adversely impacted.

A failure in our information technology, or IT, systems could cause interruptions in our services, undermine the responsiveness of our services, disrupt our business, damage our reputation and cause losses.

Our IT systems support all phases of our operations. If our systems fail to perform, we could experience disruptions in operations, slower response time or decreased client satisfaction. We must process, record and monitor a large number of transactions and our operations are highly dependent on the integrity of our technology systems and our ability to make timely enhancements and additions to our systems. System interruptions, errors or downtime can result from a variety of causes, including unexpected interruptions to the internet infrastructure, technological failures, changes to our systems, changes in client usage patterns, linkages with third-party systems and power failures. Our systems are also vulnerable to disruptions from human error, execution errors, errors in models such as those used for risk management and compliance, employee misconduct, unauthorized trading, external fraud, computer viruses, distributed denial of service attacks, computer viruses or cyber-attacks, terrorist attacks, natural disaster, power outage, capacity constraints, software flaws, events impacting our key business partners and vendors, and other similar events.

It could take an extended period of time to restore full functionality to our IT systems or other operating systems in the event of an unforeseen occurrence, which could affect our ability to process and settle client transactions. Moreover, instances of fraud or other misconduct might also negatively impact our reputation and client confidence in us, in addition to any direct losses that might result from such instances. Despite our efforts to identify areas of risk, oversee operational areas involving risks, and implement policies and procedures designed to manage these risks, there can be no assurance that we will not suffer unexpected losses, reputational damage or regulatory actions due to technology or other operational failures or errors, including those of our vendors or other third parties.

While we devote substantial attention and resources to the reliability, capacity and scalability of our systems, extraordinary trading volume could cause our computer systems to operate at unacceptably slow speeds or even fail, affecting our ability to process client transactions and potentially resulting in some clients’ orders being executed at prices they did not anticipate. Disruptions in service and slower system response time could result in substantial losses and decreased client satisfaction. We are also dependent on the integrity and performance of securities exchanges, clearinghouses and other intermediaries to which client orders are routed for execution and clearing. System failures and constraints and transaction errors at such intermediaries could result in delays and erroneous or unanticipated execution prices, cause substantial losses for our clients and for ourselves, and subject us to claims from our clients for damages.

We currently maintain a disaster recovery and business continuity plan, which is intended to minimize service interruptions and secure data integrity, however, our plan may not work effectively during an emergency. IT system failures may lead to interruption of our operations, which in turn will prevent our clients from trading and hence significantly reduce client satisfaction and confidence in us, cause loss or reduce potential gain for our clients, or cause regulatory authorities’ investigation and penalization. Any such system failure could impair our reputation, damage our brand, subject us to claims and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results or prospects.

Failure of third-party systems upon which we rely could adversely affect our business operation.

Due to the rapid pace of technological changes in online securities brokerage industry, as described above parts of our business rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, for example, Solomon JFZ conducts securities related and online trading business through a trading platform licensed from third parties. Any interruption in the third parties’ services, or deterioration in the third parties’ performance or quality could adversely affect Solomon JFZ’s business operation. Moreover, Solomon JFZ may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties on reasonable terms, or at all, which could materially impact our business and results of operations.

We may be subject to cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions on us our external service providers.

Solomon JFZ’s platform collects, stores and processes certain personal and other sensitive data from our users. The massive data that we have processed and stored makes us or external service providers who host our servers a target and potentially vulnerable to cyber-attacks, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions. While we have taken steps to protect the confidential information that we have access to, our security measures could be breached. Because techniques used to sabotage or obtain unauthorized access to systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Any accidental or willful security breaches or other unauthorized access to our platform could cause confidential information to be stolen and used for criminal purposes. As personally identifiable and other confidential information is increasingly subject to legislation and regulation in numerous jurisdictions, any inability to protect confidential information of our clients could result in additional cost and liability for us, damage our reputation, inhibit the use of our platform and harm our business.

We also face indirect technology, cybersecurity and operational risks relating to the third parties whom we work with to facilitate or enable our business activities. As a result of increasing consolidation and interdependence of technology systems, a technology failure, cyber-attack or other information or security breach that significantly compromises the systems of one entity could have a material impact on our counterparties. Any cyber-attack, computer virus, physical or electronic break-ins or similar disruptions of such third-party service providers could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to serve our users, and could even result in the misappropriation of funds of our investors and borrowers. If that were to occur, both we and third-party service providers could be held liable to clients who suffer losses from the misappropriation.

Security breaches or unauthorized access to confidential information could also expose us to risk relating to misappropriation of funds of our clients, which may subject us to liabilities, reduce the attractiveness of our marketplace and cause reputational harm and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

We invest significantly in research and development, and to the extent our research and development investments are not directed efficiently or do not result in material enhancements to our technology competencies, our business and results of operations would be harmed.

A key element of our strategy is to invest significantly in our research and development efforts to enhance the features, functionality, performance, security, availability and ease of use of Solomon JFZ’s platform and software offerings to address additional applications and use cases that will broaden the appeal of Solomon JFZ’s platform and facilitate the broad use of its platform across customers with digital transformation needs. If we do not spend our research and development budget efficiently or effectively on compelling enhancements, innovations and technologies, our business may be harmed, and we may not realize the expected benefits of our strategy at all or on the timeline we expect. We will need to appropriately deploy our human resources and may need to hire new employees with highly technical skills, or we may not be able to effectively execute on our research and development strategy. Our ability to conduct research and development activities as planned may also be negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, research and development projects can be technically challenging and expensive. As a result of the nature of research and development cycles, there will be delays between the time we incur expenses associated with research and development activities and the time we are able to offer compelling enhancements to Solomon JFZ’splatform and software offerings and generate revenue, if any, from those activities. Additionally, anticipated customer demand for a platform or application enhancement we are developing could decrease after the development cycle has commenced. If we expend a significant amount of resources on research and development efforts that do not lead to the successful introduction of functionality or platform improvements that are competitive in our current or future markets, our business and results of operations will suffer.

We may encounter potential conflicts of interest from time to time, and the failure to identify and address such conflicts of interest could adversely affect our business.

We face the possibility of actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest in the ordinary course of our business operations. Conflicts of interest may exist between (i) our different businesses; (ii) us and our clients; (iii) our clients; (iv) us and our employees; and (v) our clients and our employees. As we expand the scope of our business and client base, it is critical for us to be able to timely address potential conflicts of interest, including situations where two or more interests within our businesses naturally exist but are in competition or conflict. However, appropriately identifying and managing actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest is complex and difficult, and our reputation and our clients’ confidence in us could be damaged if we fail, or appears to fail, to deals appropriately with one or more actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest. It is possible that actual, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest could also give rise to client dissatisfaction, litigation, or regulatory enforcement actions. Regulatory scrutiny of, or litigation in connection with, conflicts of interest could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, which could materially and adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including a reluctance of some potential clients and counterparties to do business with us. Any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We derived a substantial portion of revenue from a small number of key clients.

We derived a substantial portion of our revenue from a small number of key clients. We had a concentration of revenues of 84% and 28% from the top five customers for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The concentration of revenues is 95% and 88% from the top five customers for six months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

We have experienced significant growth in both number of customers and trading volume due to our reliable and secure trading platform, comprehensive brokerage and value-added services and superior user experience. From the fiscal year 2020 to fiscal year 2022, our revenue CAGR is 143% and our clients’ assets increased by CAGR 470%, our total trading volume increased by CAGR 5% and our client base increased by CAGR 766% from less than 200 to more than 15,000. As of September 30, 2022, we had more than 19,000 users, including more than 15,000 clients who have opened trading accounts with us. We have over 1,500 active clients, which are clients who are registered and have assets in their trading accounts. However, the great increase in client base did not immediately result in revenue growth due to poor equity market performance in Hong Kong and a lack of attractive IPOs in the Hong Kong stock market.

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, our revenue was primarily derived from securities brokerage commissions and interest income, as Solomon JFZ focused mainly on securities related services. Our top five customers represented approximately 18%, 4%, 3%, 2% and 1% of the total revenue, which structured all from securities brokerage. In fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, Solomon JFZ shifted its strategy by adding investment advisory service and asset management service, which contributed 22% and 10% of our revenue, by providing value added services to high net worth individual clients, corporate clients and institutional clients, our top five customers represented approximately 51%, 17%, 10%, 3% and 3% of the total revenue, which structured by two from securities brokerage, two from investment advisory service, and one from asset management service. As for the six months ended September 30, 2022, due to poor equity market performance in Hong Kong and a lack of attractive IPOs in the Hong Kong stock market, revenue from securities related services declined substantially to 6% of our revenue, our top five customers represented approximately 57%, 25%, 11%, 1% and 1% of the total revenue which structured by one from securities brokerage, two from investment advisory service, and two from asset management service. See “Business – Customers – We derived a substantial portion of revenue from a small number of key clients.”

There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of revenues are concentrated with a limited number of clients. It is not possible for us to predict the future level of demand for our services that will be generated by these key clients. In addition, revenues from our larger clients have historically fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate based on their trading volume. If these key clients trade less frequently on our platform or suspend or terminate their relationship with us, our business and results of operation will be adversely affected.

We may fail to implement new business lines, or introduce new products and services to our clients, or we may fail to successfully expand our business.

Our future success is dependent upon on our ability to implement new business lines and offer new products and services, to better respond to market changes and clients’ evolving needs. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. We may invest significant time and resources in developing and marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business or a new product or service. In addition, new service offerings may not be accepted by the market or be as profitable as we expect. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the development and implementation of new lines of business or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, our strategy to expand business operation and enter into new markets may subject us to additional risks. As we enter into markets that are new to us, we must tailor our services and business model to the unique circumstances of such countries and markets, which can be complex, difficult, costly and divert management and personnel resources. In addition, we may face competition in other countries from companies that may have more experience with operations in such countries or with global operations in general. To continue to expand our services internationally, we may have to comply with the regulatory controls of each country in which we conduct or intend to conduct business, the requirements of which may not be clearly defined. Even if we expand our businesses into new jurisdictions or areas, the expansion may not yield intended profitable results.

Fraud, misconduct or errors by our directors, officers, employees, agents and other third-party service providers could harm our business and reputation.

It is not always possible to identify and deter fraud, misconduct or errors by directors, employees, agents or external service providers, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses. Fraud or misconduct by any of these persons or entities may cause us to suffer significant reputational harm and financial loss or result in regulatory disciplinary actions. The potential harm to our reputation and to our business caused by such fraud or misconduct is impossible to quantify.

We are subject to a number of obligations and standards arising from our business. The violation of these obligations and standards by any of our directors, officers, employees, agents, clients, or other third parties could materially and adversely affect us and our investors. For example, we are required to properly handle confidential information. If our directors, officers, employees, agents, clients, or other third parties were to improperly use or disclose confidential information, we could suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial position, and existing and future business relationships. Although we have not identified any material fraud or misconduct by our directors, officers, employees, agents, clients, or other third parties since Solomon JFZ commenced its current businesses in 2016, if any of these persons or entities were to engage in fraud or misconduct or were to be accused of such fraud or misconduct, our business and reputation could be materially and adversely affected.

A significant decrease in our liquidity could negatively affect our business and financial management as well as reduce client confidence in us.

Maintaining adequate liquidity is crucial to our business operations. We are subject to liquidity and capital adequacy requirements in Hong Kong, China and Cayman Islands. We meet our liquidity needs primarily through cash generated by operating activities and capital contribution, as well as cash provided by external financing. Fluctuations in client cash or deposit balances, as well as changes in regulatory treatment of client deposits or market conditions, may affect our ability to meet our liquidity needs. A reduction in our liquidity position could reduce our clients’ confidence, which could result in the loss of client trading accounts or cause us to fail to satisfy liquidity requirements of regulatory authorities. In addition, failure to meet regulatory capital guidelines can result in investigations and regulatory actions, which may lead to penalties, including reprimands, fines, limitations or prohibitions on our future business activities or suspension or revocation of our licenses or trading rights.

In addition, our ability to satisfy our liquidity and capital needs may be affected by a variety of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, macroeconomic and socio-political conditions, fluctuations in cash or deposit balances, increased capital requirements, changes in regulatory guidance or interpretations, or other regulatory changes. If cash generated by client trading activities and operating earnings is not sufficient for our liquidity needs, we may be forced to seek external financing. During periods of disruptions in the credit and capital markets, potential sources of external financing could be reduced, and borrowing costs could increase. Financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all, due to market conditions or disruptions in the credit markets. If we experience any significant decrease in our liquidity, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted.

We may not succeed in promoting and sustaining our brand.

We believe that developing and maintaining awareness of our brand effectively is critical to attracting new and retaining existing clients to our platform. This depends largely on the effectiveness of our marketing efforts and the success of the channels we use to promote our marketplace. If any of our current marketing channels become less effective, if we are unable to continue to use any of these channels, if the cost of using these channels were to significantly increase or if we are not successful in generating new channels, we may not be able to attract new investors and borrowers in a cost-effective manner or convert potential investors and borrowers into active investors and borrowers on our marketplace.

Our efforts to build our brand may not result in increased revenues in the immediate future or at all and, even if they do, any increases in revenues may not offset the expenses incurred. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand while incurring substantial expenses, our results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected, which may impair our ability to grow our business.

We face risks related to our know-your-customer, or KYC procedures when our clients provide outdated, inaccurate, false or misleading information.

We collect client information during the account opening and during registration for member and we screen accounts against public databases and collaborate with external KYC/AML vendors for the purpose of verifying client identity and detecting risks. Although we require our clients to submit documents for proof of their identity and address for completing the account registration and to update such information from time to time, we face risks as the information provided by our clients may be outdated, inaccurate, false or misleading. We cannot fully confirm the accuracy, currency and completeness of such information beyond reasonable effort. For example, to reduce the risk of being subject to complex U.S. laws and regulations, we do not allow U.S. citizens or residents to open an account with us. We require our potential clients to provide their passports or identity cards as well as self declaration about the foreign status of beneficial owner, we have licensed personnel review the applications and resolve KYC results before approve for account opening. However, if a potential client only provides his PRC identity card, which is usually valid for 10 years or more, and misinforms us that he does not also possess a U.S. passport or permanent resident card, we might not be able to detect such misinformation. In addition, as a client who is not a U.S. citizen or resident at the time of account registration may later obtain U.S. citizenship or residential status and fail to update us in a timely manner, our customer database might not be entirely accurate at all times. Despite our efforts to exclude persons who reside in jurisdictions where we have no license or permit such as the United States, our provision of products and services to such clients could be in violation of the applicable laws and regulations in those jurisdictions, of which we may have no awareness until we are warned by the relevant supervising authorities. Despite our safeguards, we could still be subject to certain legal or regulatory sanctions, fines or penalties, financial loss, or damage to reputation resulting from such violations. In particular, following the consummation of the Business Combination, as we become increasingly renown in the United States and worldwide, there is no assurance that we will be able to successfully identify and exclude all persons who resides in jurisdictions where we have no license or permit to operate, including the United States. If U.S. citizens and residents were to register on and begin using our platform, we may be subject to the scrutiny of U.S. regulatory agencies and required to comply with applicable laws and regulations in the United States, including the requirements to obtain relevant licenses and permits for providing our products to U.S. citizens and residents. We currently do not intend to apply for such licenses and permits in the United States, and if we determine to do so, there is no guarantee that we will successfully obtain such licenses in a timely fashion, or at all. We could be subject to disciplinary or other actions by the U.S. regulatory agencies due to claimed noncompliance which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, although we have strict internal policies for continuing KYC procedures after the activation of accounts and for issues such as anti-corruption, economic sanctions, anti-money laundering, export controls and securities fraud, we mainly rely on our continuing KYC procedures to ensure our compliance with relevant laws and regulations related to anti-corruption, economic sanctions, anti-money laundering, export controls and securities fraud. Although we have trainings for our employees in all of our departments, our KYC system and procedures cannot be foolproof. Any potential flaw in our KYC system or any misconduct in the KYC procedures by any of our employees may lead to our failure of compliance with such relevant laws and regulations, which will further subject us to certain legal or regulatory sanctions, fines or penalties, financial loss, or damage to reputation.

Our clients may engage in fraudulent or illegal activities on our platform.

We have implemented stringent internal control policies, insider trading, anti-money laundering and other anti-fraud rules and mechanisms on our platform, for example, we cooperated with third party search system service provider to check if our clients are politically exposed persons or on certain sanction lists (including but not limited to the lists of money laundering, terrorist financing or other crimes). Nevertheless, we remain subject to the risk of fraudulent or illegal activities both on our platform and associated with our clients, funding and other business partners, and third parties handling client information. Our resources, technologies and fraud detection tools may be insufficient to accurately detect and prevent fraudulent or illegal activities.

Any misbehavior of or violation by our clients of applicable laws and regulations could lead to regulatory inquiries and investigations that involve it, which may affect our business operation and prospects. We might also incur higher costs than expected in order to take additional steps to reduce risks related to fraudulent and illegal activities. High-profile fraudulent or illegal activities, for example, money laundering, insider trading and securities fraud, could also lead to regulatory intervention, and may divert our management’s attention and cause us to incur additional regulatory and litigation expenses and costs. Although our client agreements require clients to acknowledge that they will observe all insider trading, money laundering and securities fraud laws and regulations in applicable jurisdictions and to assume liabilities for all restrictions, penalties and other responsibilities arising from conducts suspected to constitute insider trading, money laundering and/or, securities fraud, we cannot verify whether every transaction conducted by our clients is in compliance with such laws and regulations because our clients may circumvent our due diligence measures to commit insider trading and/or money laundering. Significant increases in fraudulent or illegal activities could negatively impact our brand and reputation, reduce the trading volume on our platform and therefore harm our operating and financial results.

In addition, we could also suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial condition, client relationships and even be subject to regulatory sanctions and significant legal liability, if any of our employees engage in illegal or suspicious activities or other misconduct. See “Fraud, misconduct or errors by our directors, officers, employees, agents and other third-party service providers could harm our business and reputation.” Although we have not experienced any material business or reputational harm as a result of fraudulent or illegal activities in the past, we cannot rule out the possibility that any of the foregoing may occur, causing harm to our business or reputation in the future. If any of the foregoing were to occur, our results of operations and financial conditions could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business depends on the continued efforts of our senior managements, Mr. Shing Tak Tam, Ms. Lili Liu, Mr. Tze Bun Cheng and Mr. Pong Ming Ting. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, our business may be severely disrupted.

Solomon JFZ’s business operations depend on the continued services of our senior management. While we provide a variety of attractive incentives to our management, we cannot assure you that we can continue to retain their services. We cannot assure you that our existing senior management members will not terminate their employment with us in the future. In addition, we do not have any key man insurance for our executive officers or key employees. If one or more of our key executives were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, our future growth may be constrained, our business may be severely disrupted and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel. In addition, there is no assurance that any member of our management team will not join one of our competitors or form a competing business. If any dispute arises between us and our current or former officers, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all.

User growth and activity on mobile devices depend upon effective use of mobile operating system, networks and standards, over which we do not have control.

As of the date of this prospectus, a majority of our clients access our services through PC, however, we expect to see a growing number of our clients access our services through our mobile apps in the future. As new mobile devices and platforms are released, it is difficult to predict the problems we may encounter in developing applications for these new devices and platforms, and we may need to devote significant resources to the development, support and maintenance of such applications. In April 2021, Solomon JFZ launched its newly developed all-in-one Solomon app. There are substantial uncertainties associated with the newly launched app, including compatibility with mobile operating systems, and we cannot assure you we could operate successfully or as we expected.

In addition, our future growth and our results of operations could suffer if we experience difficulties in the future in integrating our services into mobile devices or if problems arise with our relationships with providers of mobile operating systems or mobile app stores, or if we face increased costs to distribute or have users utilize our services on mobile devices. We are further dependent on the interoperability of providing our services on popular mobile operating systems that we do not control, such as iOS, Android and PC platform, and any changes in such systems that degrade the accessibility of our services or give preferential treatment to competing products could adversely affect the usability of our services on mobile devices. In the event that it is more difficult for our users to access and utilize our services on their mobile devices, or if our users choose not to access or utilize our services on their mobile devices or to use mobile operating systems that do not offer access to our services, our user growth could be harmed and our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected.

We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We regard our trademarks, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies and similar intellectual property as critical to our success, and we rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements, including confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights. “Business — Intellectual Property.” Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages.

It is often difficult to maintain and enforce intellectual property rights. Statutory laws and regulations are subject to judicial interpretation and enforcement and may not be applied consistently due to the lack of clear guidance on statutory interpretation. Confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights. Preventing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources. We can provide no assurance that we will prevail in such litigation. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors. To the extent that our employees or consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related know-how and inventions. Any failure in protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We may be from time to time in the future subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there may be third-party trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights that are infringed by our products, services or other aspects of our business without our awareness. Holders of such intellectual property rights may seek to enforce such intellectual property rights against us in Hong Kong, PRC, the Cayman Islands, the United States or other jurisdictions. If any third-party infringement claims are brought against us, we may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these claims, regardless of their merits. If we were found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for our infringement activities or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. As a result, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. As the date of this annual report, the application for one of our trademarks is still pending. If we are unable to complete these registrations, we may not be able to prohibit unauthorized use or prevent other infringements of these trademarks.

We have no business liability or disruption insurance, which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

The insurance industry in Hong Kong is still at an early stage of development, and insurance companies in China currently offer limited business-related insurance products. We do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover Solomon JFZ’s business operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured risks may result in substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Solowin relies on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by its subsidiary to fund any cash and financing requirements Solowin may have, and any limitation on the ability of its subsidiary to make payments to Solowin could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

Solowin is a holding company, and it relies on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by its subsidiary for Solowin’s cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to its shareholders and service any debt it may incur. While we do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, if our subsidiary incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to Solowin.

The Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands permits, subject to a solvency test and the provisions, if any, of the Company’s memorandum and articles of association, the payment of dividends and distributions out of the share premium account. With the exception of the foregoing, there are no statutory provisions relating to the payment of dividends. Based upon English case law, which is regarded as persuasive in the Cayman Islands, dividends may be paid only out of profits.

Under Hong Kong law, dividends could only be paid out of distributable profits (that is, accumulated realized profits less accumulated realized losses) or other distributable reserves. Dividends cannot be paid out of share capital. Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect of dividends paid by us.

However, in the future, funds may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of Hong Kong, due to interventions in, or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on, our ability or on our subsidiary’s ability by the PRC government to transfer cash. Any limitation on the ability of our Hong Kong subsidiary to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. In addition, if our Hong Kong subsidiary incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends.

Any lack of effective internal controls over financial reporting may affect our ability to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud which may affect the market for and price of the Ordinary Share.

Prior to filing the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources for addressing our internal control over financial reporting. Our management has not completed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. However, in connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements for the years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as well as other control deficiencies for the above mentioned periods. As defined in the standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness identified related to (i) inadequate segregation of duties for certain key functions due to limited staff and resources; and (ii) a lack of independent directors and an audit committee.

We intent to implement measures designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting to address the underlying causes of these material weaknesses, including (i) hiring more qualified staff to fill up the key roles in the operations; and (ii) appointing independent directors, establishing an audit committee and strengthening corporate governance. We intent to implement the above measures prior to the listing and we expect the remediation to be completed upon listing.

Upon completion of this offering, we will become a public company in the United States subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq Capital Market. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section404, will require us to include a report from management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified, if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated, or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational, and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation in a timely manner.

We will incur substantial increased costs as a result of being a public company.

Upon consummation of this offering, we will incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses as a public company that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies.

Compliance with these rules and regulations increases our legal and financial compliance costs and makes some corporate activities more time-consuming and costlier. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act and will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of the Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior September 30, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” or until five years following the completion of our initial public offering, whichever is earlier, we expect to incur significant additional expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a public company, we have been required to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures.

We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

Risks Related to Doing Business in Jurisdictions We Operate

Substantially all our operations are in Hong Kong. However, the legal and operational risks associated with operations in China may also apply to our operations in Hong Kong. The Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and control over the conduct of our business and may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the value of the Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless. Changes in the policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws of the Chinese government may also be quick with little advance notice and our assertions and beliefs of the risk imposed by the PRC legal and regulatory system cannot be certain.

Solowin is a holding company and we conduct our operation through our operating subsidiary Solomon JFZ in Hong Kong. Solomon JFZ’s operations are primarily located in Hong Kong and most of our clients are residing in PRC, New Zealand, and Australia. Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the PRC. The laws previously enacted in Hong Kong, that is, the common law, rules of equity, ordinances, subordinate legislation and customary law are maintained. As at the date of this prospectus, we are not materially affected by recent statements by the Chinese Government indicating an extent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. However, the legal and operational risks associated with operations in China may also apply to our operations in Hong Kong, should recent statements and regulatory actions by China’s government apply to us in the future. Due to long arm provisions under the current PRC laws and regulations, there remains regulatory uncertainty with respect to the implementation and interpretation of laws in China. The PRC government may choose to exercise significant oversight and discretion, and the policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws of the Chinese government to which we are subject may change rapidly and with little advance notice to us or our shareholders. As a result, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of new and existing laws and regulations in the PRC and our assertions and beliefs of the risk imposed by the PRC legal and regulatory system are often uncertain. In addition, these laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied inconsistently by different agencies or authorities, and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. New laws, regulations, and other government directives in the PRC may also be costly to comply with, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions may:

We are aware that recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in certain areas in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using variable interest entity structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. Since these statements and regulatory actions are new, it is highly uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any, and the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operation, the ability to accept foreign investments and list on an U.S. or other foreign exchange. Specifically the revised CRM provides that operators of critical information infrastructure purchasing network products and services, and online platform operators (together with the operators of critical information infrastructure, the “operators”) carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, shall conduct a cybersecurity review, and any online platform operator who controls more than one million users’ personal information must go through a cybersecurity review by the cybersecurity review office if it seeks to be listed in a foreign country. As advised by our PRC legal counsel, Shu Jin Law Firm, we believe that this offering is not subject to PRC cybersecurity review for the following reasons: (i) we do not hold critical information infrastructure; (ii) we believe our operations will not affect national security; (iii) we do not hold personal information of more than one million users. In addition, as of the date of this prospectus, our public offering in the United States is not subject to the review or prior approval of the CAC nor the CSRC. We have not received any notice of and is not currently subject to any proceedings initiated by the CAC or any other PRC regulatory authority. However, since Solomon JFZ’s Solomon Pro is available to download in the app stores of China and most of our users are PRC citizens, which may subject us to certain laws and regulations in China. According to PRC regulations, the content provider engaged in disseminating analysis, forecasting, advisory of other information related to security needs to obtain the Securities Investment Consultancy Qualifications. Currently, we do not apply for any PRC license regarding the Solomon Pro. We believe that the Solomon Pro does not need any PRC license for the following reasons: (i) we do not have any entity or subsidiary in the PRC; (ii) we conduct our business and operations through our operating subsidiary Solomon JFZ in Hong Kong. However, the PRC government has the ultimate authority to decide whether we have to get the licenses and we cannot assure that without any PRC license, we will not be subject to regulatory measures including warnings, public condemnation, suspension of Solomon Pro in the PRC and other measures. We can assure that we will follow any PRC government’s rule, regulation or instruction regarding Solomon Pro as soon as we were informed of the requirements. As such, we collect certain personal data from our customers in connection with our business and operations and we are subject to various regulatory requirements relating to the security and privacy of data in various jurisdictions. In addition, we may be subject to heightened regulatory scrutiny from PRC governmental authorities in the future. As there remains significant uncertainty in the interpretation and enforcement of the Data Security Law and the PRC PIPL, we cannot assure you that we will comply with such regulations in all respects. In the event that (i) the PRC government expands the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to review by the CSRC or the CAC such that we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals; or (ii) we inadvertently concluded that relevant permissions or approvals were not required or that we did not receive or maintain relevant permissions or approvals required, any action taken by the PRC government could significantly limit or completely hinder our operations, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer the Ordinary Shares to investors, and cause the value of such shares to significantly decline or become worthless. Any non-compliance with these laws and regulations may subject us to fines, orders to rectify or terminate any actions that are deemed illegal by regulatory authorities, other penalties, including but not limited to removal of our apps in China market, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings against us, which may affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The enactment of Law of the PRC on Safeguarding the Hong Kong National Security Law could impact our Hong Kong operating subsidiary.

On June 30, 2020, the SCNPC adopted the Hong Kong National Security Law (the “Hong Kong National Security Law”). This law defines the duties and government bodies of the Hong Kong National Security Law for safeguarding national security and four categories of offenses — secession, subversion, terrorist activities, and collusion with a foreign country or external elements to endanger national security — and their corresponding penalties. On July 14, 2020, former U.S. President Donald Trump signed the Hong Kong Autonomy Act (“HKAA”) into law, authorizing the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. On August 7, 2020, the U.S. government imposed HKAA-authorized sanctions on 11 individuals, including then-HKSAR chief executive Carrie Lam and John Lee, who later replaced Carrie Lam as chief executive on July 1, 2022.

In July 2021, President Biden warned investors about the risks of doing business in Hong Kong, issuing an advisory saying China’s push to exert more control over Hong Kong threatens the rule of law and endangers employees and data. The HKAA further authorizes secondary sanctions, including the imposition of blocking sanctions, against foreign financial institutions that knowingly conduct a significant transaction with foreign persons sanctioned under this authority. The imposition of sanctions may directly affect the foreign financial institutions as well as any third parties or customers dealing with any foreign financial institution that are targeted. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the Hong Kong National Security Law and HKAA on Hong Kong and companies located in Hong Kong. If we and our subsidiary are determined to be in violation of the Hong Kong National Security Law or the HKAA by competent authorities, our business operations could be materially and adversely affected.

A downturn in the Hong Kong, China or the global economy, and changes in economic and political policies of China, could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in Hong Kong and China generally and by continued economic growth in Hong Kong and China as a whole. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the fact that it:

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us.

Economic conditions in Hong Kong and China are sensitive to global economic conditions. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may affect potential clients’ confidence in financial market as a whole and have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs. 

There are political risks associated with conducting business in Hong Kong.

Any adverse economic, social, and/or political conditions, material social unrest, strike, riot, civil disturbance, or disobedience, as well as significant natural disasters, may affect the market may adversely affect the business operations of Solomon JFZ. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the PRC and the basic policies of the PRC regarding Hong Kong are reflected in the Basic Law, namely, Hong Kong’s constitutional document, which provides Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy and executive, legislative, and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication under the principle of “one country, two systems.” However, there is no assurance that there will not be any changes in the economic, political, and legal environment in Hong Kong in the future. Since our operation is based in Hong Kong, any change of such political arrangements may pose immediate threat to the stability of the economy in Hong Kong, thereby directly and adversely affecting our results of operations and financial positions. Under the Basic Law, Hong Kong is exclusively in charge of its internal affairs and external relations, while the government of the PRC is responsible for its foreign affairs and defense. As a separate customs territory, Hong Kong maintains and develops relations with foreign states and regions. Based on certain recent development, including the Hong Kong National Security Law enacted by the SCNPC in June 2020, the U.S. State Department has indicated that the United States no longer considers Hong Kong to have significant autonomy from China and, at the time, President Donald Trump signed an executive order and HKAA to remove Hong Kong’s preferential trade status and to authorize the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. The United States may impose the same tariffs and other trade restrictions on exports from Hong Kong that it places on goods from mainland China.

These and other recent actions may represent an escalation in political and trade tensions involving the United States, China, and Hong Kong, which could potentially harm our business. Given the relatively small geographical size of Hong Kong, any of such incidents may have a widespread effect on our business operations, which could in turn adversely and materially affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the HKAA on Hong Kong and companies with operations in Hong Kong like us. Furthermore, legislative or administrative actions in respect to China-U.S. relations could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of the Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected.

The Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China or Hong Kong. The delisting of the Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China and Hong Kong have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of the scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity has centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCA Act requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. In addition, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national exchange. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCA Act and it was signed into law on December 18, 2020.

On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the AHFCAA, which, if enacted, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its audit work cannot be inspected when its auditor is subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three and, thus, would reduce the time before the Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading or delisted. In December 2022, an omnibus spending bill was signed into law, which included the enactment of provisions under the AHFCAA to accelerate the timeline for implementation of trading prohibitions under the HFCA Act from three consecutive years to two consecutive years.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act. The rules apply to registrants the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate (“Commission-Identified Issuers”). The final amendments require Commission-Identified Issuers to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that, if true, it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in the public accounting firm’s foreign jurisdiction. The amendments also require that a Commission-Identified Issuer that is a “foreign issuer,” as defined in Exchange Act Rule 3b-4, provide certain additional disclosures in its annual report for itself and any of its consolidated foreign operating entities. A Commission-Identified Issuer will be required to comply with the submission and disclosure requirements in the annual report for each year in which it was identified. Accordingly, if we are determined by the SEC to be a Commission-Identified Issuer, we will incur additional costs in complying with the submission and disclosure requirements in the annual report for each year in which we are identified. In the event that we are deemed to have had two consecutive “non-inspection” years by the SEC, our securities will be prohibited from trading on any national securities exchange or over-the-counter markets in the United States.

On December 16, 2021, pursuant to the HFCA Act, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in the PRC and Hong Kong, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in such jurisdictions. In addition, the PCAOB’s report identified specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations. Our current registered public accounting firm, WWC, P.C., is not headquartered in the PRC or Hong Kong and was not identified in this report as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination. WWC, P.C. is a U.S.-based accounting firm that is registered with the PCAOB and can be inspected by the PCAOB. We have no current intention of engaging any auditor not based in the U.S. and not subject to regular inspection by the PCAOB. Furthermore, the PCAOB is able to inspect the audit workpapers of our Hong Kong subsidiary, as such workpapers are electronic files possessed by our registered public accounting firms. However, if the PCAOB determines in the future after the offering that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor at such future time, trading in our securities would be prohibited under the HFCA Act.

On August 26, 2022, CSRC, the MOF, and the PCAOB signed the Protocol, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in China and Hong Kong. The Protocol remains unpublished and is subject to further explanation and implementation. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the Protocol disclosed by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and has the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB made a statement announcing that it was able, in 2022, to inspect and investigate completely issuer audit engagements of PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in China and Hong Kong and as a result, vacated its December 16, 2021 determination. However, uncertainties still exist as to whether the PCAOB will have continued access for complete inspections and investigations in 2023 and beyond. When the PCAOB reassesses its determinations in 2023 and beyond, it could still determine that it is unable to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong. The PCAOB has also indicated that it will act immediately to consider the need to issue new determinations with the HFCA Act if needed. There can be no assurance that we will continue to be able to comply with requirements imposed by U.S. regulators if there is significant change to current political arrangements between mainland China and Hong Kong or if the PCAOB is not able to fully inspect any component of our auditor’s work papers in the future. Delisting of the Ordinary Shares after this offering would force holders of the Ordinary Shares to sell their Ordinary Shares. The market price of the Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected as a result of anticipated negative impacts of these executive or legislative actions, regardless of whether these executive or legislative actions are implemented and regardless of our actual operating performance.

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may subject us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability or penalties, limit our ability to conduct business in the PRC or may otherwise adversely affect us.

On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the Circular on Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control over the Overseas Investment and Financing and Round-trip Investment by Domestic Residents via Special Purpose Vehicles, or “SAFE Circular 37.” According to SAFE Circular 37, prior registration with the local SAFE branch is required for PRC residents, (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities as well as foreign individuals that are deemed as PRC residents for foreign exchange administration purpose), in connection with their direct or indirect contribution of domestic assets or interests to offshore special purpose vehicles, or “SPVs.” SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendments to the SAFE registrations in the event of any changes with respect to the basic information of the offshore SPV, such as change of a PRC individual shareholder, name, and operation term, or any significant changes with respect to the offshore SPV, such as an increase or decrease of capital contribution, share transfer or exchange, or mergers or divisions. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to beneficial owners of the Ordinary Shares who are PRC residents. In February 2015, SAFE promulgated a Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or “SAFE Circular 13,” effective in June 2015. Under SAFE Circular 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE.

As of the date of this prospectus, to our knowledge, the beneficial owner of Solowin’s shareholder, FORTUNATE DYNASTY GLOBAL LIMITED is a PRC resident who has not completed the initial registrations with the qualified banks as required by SAFE regulations. There is a risk that such beneficial owner might be subject to a fine up to RMB50,000 (approximately $7,150) by SAFE for the failure to complete the required registration. In addition, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company, however, and we have no control over any of our future beneficial owners. Thus, we cannot provide any assurance that our current or future PRC resident beneficial owners will always comply with our request to make or obtain any applicable registrations or continuously comply with all registration procedures set forth in these SAFE regulations. Such failure or inability of our PRC resident beneficial owners to comply with these SAFE regulations may subject us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to fines and legal sanctions, or restrict our cross-border business activities, as a result of which our business operations and our ability to distribute profits to you could be materially and adversely affected.

The Hong Kong and China legal systems are evolving and embody uncertainties which could limit the legal protections available to us. Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes in laws and regulations in China could adversely affect us.

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the PRC. Following British colonial rule from 1842 to 1997, China assumed sovereignty under the “one country, two systems” principle. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s constitutional document, the Basic Law, ensures that the current political situation will remain in effect for 50 years. Hong Kong has enjoyed the freedom to function in a high degree of autonomy for its affairs, including currencies, immigration and custom, independent judiciary system and parliamentary system. On July 14, 2020, the United States signed an executive order to end the special status enjoyed by Hong Kong post-1997. As the autonomy currently enjoyed were compromised, it could potentially impact Hong Kong’s common law legal system and may in turn bring about uncertainty in, for example, the enforcement of our contractual rights. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect our business and operation. Additionally, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in Hong Kong may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the Hong Kong legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us, including our ability to enforce our agreements with our clients.

By contrast, China’s legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, it is a system in which prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. Since 1979, the PRC government has promulgated laws and regulations governing economic matters in general, such as foreign investment, corporate organization and governance, commerce, taxation and trade. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system. As a result, recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, because these laws and regulations are relatively new and the limited volume of published cases and their non-binding nature, interpretation and enforcement of these newer laws and regulations involve greater uncertainties than those in jurisdictions available to you. In addition, China’s legal system is based in part on government policies and administrative rules, and many have retroactive effects. Since the PRC legal system continues to evolve rapidly, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us. As a result, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in China’s legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws, or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws. We may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties could adversely affect our business that relates to China or PRC citizens.

Hong Kong regulatory requirement of prior approval for transfer of shares in excess of certain threshold may restrict future takeovers and other transactions.

Section 132 of Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571 of the laws of Hong Kong) (the “SFO”) requires a person (including a corporation) to apply for prior approval from the HKSFC to become a substantial or continue to be shareholder of a HKSFC-licensed company in Hong Kong. Under the SFO, a person is regarded as a “substantial shareholder” of a licensed company if he, either alone or with associates, has an interest in share in the licensed company the aggregate number of which shares is equal to more than 10% of the total number of issued shares of the licensed company, or is entitled to, either directly or indirectly, exercise or control the exercise of the voting power of more than 10% of the voting power at general meetings of the licensed company, or hold shares in any other corporation which entitles the person, either alone or with any of his associates and either directly or indirectly, exercises or control the exercise of 35% or more of the voting power at the general meetings of the other corporation, of or a further corporation, that controls either alone or with any of its associates and either directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the voting power at general meetings of the licensed company. Further, all potential parties who will be new substantial shareholder(s) of our HKSFC-licensed subsidiary, Solomon JFZ, is required to seek prior approval from the HKSFC. This regulatory requirement may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of Solomon JFZ, which could deprive our shareholders the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a future sale and may reduce the price of the Ordinary Shares upon the consummation of a future proposed business combination.

We may become subject to a variety of PRC laws and other obligations regarding cyber security, data protection, overseas offerings and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, and any failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations and may hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the value of the Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless.

We may become subject to a variety of laws and regulations in the PRC regarding privacy, data security, cybersecurity, data protection and overseas offering. These laws and regulations are continuously evolving and developing. The scope and interpretation of the laws that are or may be applicable to us are often uncertain and may be conflicting, particularly with respect to foreign laws. In particular, there are numerous laws and regulations regarding privacy and the collection, sharing, use, processing, disclosure, and protection of personal information and other user data. Such laws and regulations often vary in scope, may be subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among different jurisdictions.

On June 10, 2021, the SCNPC enacted the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The law requires data collection to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner, and stipulates that, for the purpose of data protection, data processing activities must be conducted based on data classification and hierarchical protection system for data security.

On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued a document to crack down on illegal activities in the securities market and promote the high-quality development of the capital market, which, among other things, requires the relevant governmental authorities to strengthen cross-border oversight of law-enforcement and judicial cooperation, to enhance supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, and to establish and improve the system of extraterritorial application of the PRC securities laws. These opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. On February 17, 2023, with the approval of the State Council, the CSRC issued the New Overseas Listing Rules, which became effective on March 31, 2023. According to the New Overseas Listing Rules, domestic enterprises are required to file with CSRC by submitting filing reports, legal opinions and other relevant materials in the following two situations: (i) a domestic company that seeks to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, should fulfill the filing procedures with the CSRC; (2) where a domestic company seeks to indirectly offer and list securities in an overseas market, the issuer shall designate a major domestic operating entity responsible for all filing procedures with the CSRC. In addition, if the issuer meets both of the following conditions, the overseas offering and listing shall be determined as an indirect overseas offering and listing by a domestic company: (i) any of the revenues, profits, total assets or net assets of the domestic operating entity in the most recent fiscal year accounts for more than 50% of the corresponding figure in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period; (ii) its major operational activities are carried out in mainland China or its main places of business are located in mainland China, or the senior managers in charge of operation and management of the issuer are mostly Chinese citizens or mainland China residents. The determination will be based on the “substance over form” principle, requiring securities companies and law firms to conduct comprehensive verification and identification to determine whether the filing documents fail to prove whether the enterprise falls into the above situations that require the filing. When an issuer makes an application for an initial public offering in an overseas market, the issuer shall submit filings with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted overseas.

On July 10, 2021, the CAC issued the Measures for Cybersecurity Review for public comments (the “Revised Draft”), which required that, among others, in addition to “operator of critical information infrastructure” any “data processor” controlling personal information of no less than one million users which seeks to list in a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review. Pursuant to Article 6 of the Revised Draft, companies holding data or more than one million users must apply for cybersecurity approval when seeking overseas listings because of the risk that such data and personal information could be “affected, controlled, and maliciously exploited by foreign governments.” On December 28, 2021, the CAC published the revised CRM, which further restates and expands the applicable scope of the cybersecurity review. The revised CRM took effect on February 15, 2022, and replaced the Revised Draft issued on July 10, 2021. The revised CRM provides that operators of critical information infrastructure purchasing network products and services, and online platform operators (together with the operators of critical information infrastructure, the “operators”) carrying out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security, shall conduct a cybersecurity review, and any online platform operator who controls more than one million users’ personal information must go through a cybersecurity review by the cybersecurity review office if it seeks to be listed in a foreign country.

Given that (1) our operating subsidiary is incorporated and located in Hong Kong and Solomon JFZ does not control more than one million users’ personal information; (2) we have no subsidiary, VIE structure, nor any direct operations in mainland China; (3) the primary focus of our business operations is located outside mainland China and the majority of our senior management personnel, who are responsible for the daily operation and management, are Hong Kong citizens and do not reside in mainland China; (4) we possess minimum amount of personal information to achieve the purpose of processing in our business operations with minimal impact on the rights and interests of individuals; (5) data processed in our business does not have a bearing on national security and thus may not be classified as core or important data by the authorities ; and (6) pursuant to the Basic Law, which is a national law of the PRC and the constitutional document for Hong Kong, national laws of the PRC shall not be applied in Hong Kong except for those listed in Annex III of the Basic Law (which is confined to laws relating to defense and foreign affairs, as well as other matters outside the autonomy of Hong Kong), as advised by our PRC legal counsel, Shu Jin Law Firm, we do not currently expect the revised CRM, the PRC PIPL, and the New Overseas Listing Rules to have an impact on our business, operations, or this offering.

Nevertheless, the legal and operational risks associated with operations in China may apply to our operations in Hong Kong, should recent statements and regulatory actions by China’s government apply to us in the future. Since these statements and regulatory actions are relatively new, it is highly uncertain how soon the legislative or administrative regulation-making bodies will respond and what existing or new laws or regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations will be modified or promulgated, if any. It is also highly uncertain what the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on the daily business operations of our operating subsidiary, its abilities to accept foreign investments and the listing of the Ordinary Shares on a U.S. or other foreign exchanges. There remains significant uncertainty in the interpretation and enforcement of relevant PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations. If the New Overseas Listing Rules further expand their scope of application, we may be required to file listing-related documents with the CSRC, or if the revised CRM or the PRC PIPL or any other PRC regulations like the Draft Assessment Measures for the Security of Personal Information Leaving the Country is required to be applicable to our operating Hong Kong subsidiary by PRC authorities, our business operation and the listing of the Ordinary Shares in the United States could be subject to the CAC’s cybersecurity review or CSRC overseas issuance and listing review in the future. If our operating subsidiary becomes subject to the CAC or CSRC review, we cannot assure you that our operating subsidiary will be able to comply with the regulatory requirements in all respects, and the current practice of collecting and processing personal information may be ordered to be rectified or terminated by regulatory authorities. In the event of a failure to comply, our operating subsidiary may become subject to fines and other penalties that may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, and financial condition and may hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer Ordinary Shares to investors and cause the value of the Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or be worthless.

We may be treated as a non-resident enterprise for PRC tax purpose under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, and we may therefore be subject to income tax on our income from PRC residents.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, a foreign enterprise which has no establishment or place in the PRC but derives profit from sources in the PRC will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its PRC income. We believe that our income from PRC residents may not be the profit from sources in the PRC and hence, we are not a non-resident enterprise subject to PRC income tax for the following reasons: (i) we conduct our operations through our operating subsidiary Solomon JFZ in Hong Kong; (ii) we have no subsidiary, VIE structure, nor any direct operations in the PRC; (iii) we do not have income directly from PRC accounts. However, whether we have income from sources in the PRC is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities. There is uncertainty that with the development of our business, part of our profit might be deemed as profit from sources in the PRC and we might be subject to PRC income tax.

In addition to the uncertainty as to the application of the “non-resident enterprise” classification, we cannot assure you that the PRC government will not amend or revise the taxation laws, rules and regulations to impose stricter tax requirements, such as the potential imposition of transaction taxes, or higher tax rates. Any of such changes could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to this Offering and Ownership of the Ordinary shares

There has been no public market for the Ordinary Shares prior to this offering and an active trading market for the Ordinary Shares may not develop following the completion of this offering.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for the Ordinary Shares. We have submitted our application for the listing of the Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SWIN.” If our application to the Nasdaq Capital Market is not approved or we otherwise determine that we will not be able to secure the listing of the Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we will not complete the offering. Even if the Ordinary Shares are approved for listing on Nasdaq, a liquid public market for the Ordinary Shares may not develop or, if developed, may not be sustained, following the completion of this offering. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell your Ordinary Shares at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable.

The initial public offering price for the Ordinary Shares may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market and such market prices may be volatile.

The initial public offering price for the Ordinary Shares will be determined by negotiations between us and the underwriters and may not bear a direct relationship to our earnings, book value, or any other indicia of value. We cannot assure you that the market price of the Ordinary Shares will not decline significantly below the initial public offering price following the completion of this offering. The financial markets in the United States and other countries have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations in the last few years. Volatility in the price of the Ordinary Shares may be caused by factors outside of our control and may be unrelated or disproportionate to changes in our results of operations.

The market price of the Ordinary Shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance, and you may not be able to resell your shares at or above the initial public offering price.

The public offering price of the Ordinary Shares has been determined through negotiations between the underwriters and us based upon many factors and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail following the closing of this offering. After this offering, the market price for the Ordinary Shares is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to multiple factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Share prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, shareholders have filed securities class litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business, and adversely affect our business.

We may experience extreme stock price volatility unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance, financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of the Ordinary Shares.

The US stock market has witnessed instances of extreme stock price run-ups followed by rapid price declines in 2022 and such share price volatility seemed unrelated to the issuers’ performance subsequent to their recent initial public offerings, especially among companies with relatively smaller public floats. After the consummation of this offering, we will have a relatively small public float due to the relatively small size of this offering and the concentration of ownership of the Ordinary Shares in our principal shareholders. As a relatively small-capitalized company with a small public float after this offering, the share price of the Ordinary Shares may experience extreme volatility, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalized companies. Although the specific cause of such volatility is unclear, our anticipated small public float may amplify the impact the actions taken by a few shareholders have on the price of the Ordinary Shares, which may cause our share price to deviate, potentially significantly, from a price that better reflects the underlying performance of our business. The potential extreme volatility may confuse public investors regarding the value of our shares, distort the market perception of our share price and our company’s financial performance and public image, and negatively affect the long-term liquidity of the Ordinary Shares, regardless of our actual or expected operating performance. Should the Ordinary Shares experience run-ups and declines that are seemingly unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, prospective investors may have difficulty assessing the rapidly changing value of the Ordinary Shares and our ability to access the capital market may be materially adversely affected. In addition, if the trading volumes of the Ordinary Shares are low, holders of the Ordinary Shares may also not be able to readily liquidate their investment or may be forced to sell at depressed prices due to low volume trading. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in the Ordinary Shares.

We may not be able to maintain a listing of the Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq.

Assuming that the Ordinary Shares are listed on Nasdaq, we must meet certain financial and liquidity criteria to maintain such listing. If we fail to meet Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements, the Ordinary Shares may be delisted. In addition, our board of directors may determine that the cost of maintaining our listing on a national securities exchange outweighs the benefits of such listing. A delisting of the Ordinary Shares from Nasdaq may materially impair our shareholders’ ability to buy and sell the Ordinary Shares and could have an adverse effect on the market price of, and the efficiency of the trading market for, the Ordinary Shares. The delisting of the Ordinary Shares could significantly impair our ability to raise capital and the value of your investment.

If securities or industry analysts publish unfavorable research, or do not continue to cover us, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the Ordinary Shares depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us. We do not have any control over these analysts. If an analyst downgrades the Ordinary Shares or publishes unfavorable research about our business, the price of Ordinary Shares would likely decline. If an analyst ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets and demand for the Ordinary Shares could decrease, which could cause the share price or trading volume to decline.

As the initial public offering price is substantially higher than our net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase shares in this offering, you will pay more for your Ordinary Shares than the amount paid by Solowin’s existing shareholders for their shares on a per share basis. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution in net tangible book value per share in relation to the price that you paid for your shares. We expect the dilution as a result of the offering to be $[    ] per share to new investors purchasing the Ordinary Shares in this offering, assuming a public offering price of $[    ] per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in the Ordinary Shares will be diluted upon completion of this offering.

We have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from this offering and our use of the offering proceeds may not yield a favorable return on your investment. Additionally, we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree or in the most effective way.

We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering for several purposes including enhancing our technological infrastructure, marketing our products and increasing our client base, strengthening our core services offerings, attracting a strong team of key talent, launching our margin financing business and enhancing our brand. Accordingly, our management will have substantial discretion in applying the net proceeds to be received by us. However, based on unforeseen technical, commercial or regulatory issues, we could spend the proceeds in ways with which you may not agree. Moreover, the proceeds may not be invested effectively or in a manner that yields a favorable or any return, and consequently, this could result in financial losses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that we will utilize the net proceeds in a manner that enhances value of our company. If we fail to spend the proceeds effectively, our business and financial condition could be harmed, and there may be the need to seek additional financing sooner than expected.

We have not historically declared or paid dividends on the Ordinary Shares and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of the Ordinary Shares.

We have not historically declared or paid dividends on the Ordinary Shares. We currently intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth, to develop business, for working capital needs, to reduce debt and for general corporate purposes. We do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the success of an investment in the Ordinary Shares will depend upon any future appreciation in their value. There is no guarantee that the Ordinary Shares will appreciate in value or even maintain their current value.

Any decision to pay dividends in the future will be at the full discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon various factors then existing, including earnings, financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, level of indebtedness, restrictions imposed by applicable law, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

We may issue additional equity or debt securities, which are senior to the Ordinary Shares as to distributions and in liquidation, which could materially adversely affect the market price of the Ordinary Shares.

In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources by entering into additional debt or debt-like financing that is secured by all or up to all of our assets, or issuing debt or equity securities, which could include issuances of commercial paper, medium-term notes, senior notes, subordinated notes or shares. In the event of our liquidation, our lenders and holders of our debt securities would receive a distribution of our available assets before distributions to our shareholders of Ordinary Shares. In addition, any additional preferred shares, if issued by our company, may have a preference with respect to distributions and upon liquidation, which could further limit our ability to make distributions to our shareholders of Ordinary Shares. Because our decision to incur debt and issue securities in our future offerings will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings and debt financing.

Further, market conditions could require us to accept less favorable terms for the issuance of our securities in the future. Thus, you will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the value of your Ordinary Shares and diluting your interest in our company.

Substantial future sales of the Ordinary Shares or the anticipation of future sales of the Ordinary Shares in the public market could cause the price of the Ordinary Shares to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of the Ordinary Shares in the public market after this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of the Ordinary Shares to decline. An aggregate of [ ] Ordinary Shares are issued and outstanding before the consummation of this offering. An aggregate of [●] Ordinary Shares will be issued and outstanding immediately after the consummation of this offering. Sales of these shares into the market could cause the market price of the Ordinary Shares to decline.

We will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies, and the shareholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will be required to publicly report on an ongoing basis as an “emerging growth company” (as defined in the JOBS Act) under the reporting rules set forth under the Exchange Act. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other Exchange Act reporting companies that are not emerging growth companies, including but not limited to:

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies.

We expect to take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of the Ordinary Shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior September 30, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. Because we will be subject to ongoing public reporting requirements that are less rigorous than Exchange Act rules for companies that are not emerging growth companies, the shareholders could receive less information than they might expect to receive from more mature public companies. We cannot predict if investors will find the Ordinary Shares less attractive if we elect to rely on these exemptions, or if taking advantage of these exemptions would result in less active trading or more volatility in the price of the Ordinary Shares.

Our directors, officers and principal shareholders have significant voting power and may take actions that may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

After this offering, our directors, officers and principal shareholders will hold in aggregate [*]% or more of our shares. We are not considered a “controlled company” under Nasdaq corporate governance rules as we do not currently expect that more than 50% of our voting power will be held by an individual, a group or another company, these shareholders, however, if they act together, will be able to control the management and affairs of our company and most matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions. The interests of these shareholders may not be the same as or may even conflict with your interests. For example, these shareholders could attempt to delay or prevent a change in control of us, even if such change in control would benefit our other shareholders, which could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their Ordinary Shares as part of a sale of us or our assets, and might affect the prevailing market price of the Ordinary Shares due to investors’ perceptions that conflicts of interest may exist or arise. As a result, this concentration of ownership may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we may publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC in reports on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to domestic U.S. issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of our shares.

We are exempted from certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq by virtue of being a foreign private issuer. As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow the governance practices of our home country, the Cayman Islands, in lieu of certain corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq. As result, the standards applicable to us are considerably different than the standards applied to domestic U.S. issuers. For instance, we are not required to:

Nasdaq listing rules may require shareholder approval for certain corporate matters, such as requiring that shareholders be given the opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and material revisions to those plans, certain Ordinary Share issuances. We intend to comply with the requirements of Nasdaq listing rules to have a majority of the board be independent and to appoint a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. We may, however, in the future consider following home country practice in lieu of the requirements under Nasdaq listing rules with respect to certain corporate governance standards which may afford less protection to investors than they would otherwise enjoy under the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses.

We expect to qualify as a foreign private issuer upon the completion of this offering. We would lose our foreign private issuer status if, for example, more than 50% of the Ordinary Shares are directly or indirectly held by residents of the United States and we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status on this date, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to mandatorily comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors, and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the Nasdaq rules. As a U.S.-listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting, and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer in order to maintain a listing on a U.S. securities exchange.

You may be unable to present proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by shareholders.

Cayman Islands law provides shareholders with only limited rights to convene a general meeting and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s articles of association.

Solowin’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association do not provide its shareholders with any right to requisition a general meeting or to put any proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by such shareholders.

Certain judgments obtained against us by Solowin’s shareholders may not be enforceable.

Solowin is a Cayman Islands company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in Hong Kong by Solomon JFZ.

In addition, all of our directors and officers are nationals or residents of Hong Kong and all or a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the U.S. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the U.S. upon us or these persons, or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in U.S. courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws or securities laws of any U.S. state. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of Hong Kong may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. See “Enforcement of Civil Liabilities.”

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because Solowin is incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

Solowin is an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Its corporate affairs are governed by its amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of the shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of the shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like Solowin have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder resolution or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of our board of directors or our controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders. See “Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law.”

Solowin’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could discourage a third party from acquiring us, which could limit Solowin’s shareholders’ opportunity to sell their shares at a premium.

Solowin’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving Solowin’s shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, Solowin’s board of directors has the authority, without further action by its shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges, and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with the Ordinary Shares. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If Solowin’s board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the Ordinary Shares may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of the Ordinary Shares may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, Solowin’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association contain other provisions that could limit the ability of third parties to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in a transaction resulting in a change of control.

There is a risk that we will be a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in the Ordinary Shares.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of its assets consists of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and certain gains. Cash is a passive asset for these purposes.

Based on the expected composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, the proper application of the PFIC rules to a company with a business such as ours is not entirely clear. Because the proper characterization of certain components of our income and assets is less than certain, and because our PFIC status for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (which may be determined, in part, by reference to the market price of the Ordinary Shares, which could be volatile), there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor holds the Ordinary Shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor. See “Taxation— United States Federal Income Tax Considerations— Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”

Cayman Islands economic substance requirements may have an effect on our business and operations.

Pursuant to the International Tax Cooperation (Economic Substance) Act, 2018 of the Cayman Islands (“ES Act”) that came into force on January 1,2019, a “relevant entity” is required to satisfy the economic substance test set out in the ES Act. A “relevant entity” includes an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands as is Solowin; however, it does not include an entity that is tax resident outside the Cayman Islands. Accordingly, for so long as the Company is a tax resident outside the Cayman Islands, including in Hong Kong, it is not required to satisfy the economic substance test set out in the ES Act.

General Risk Factors

Adverse developments in general business and economic conditions as well as conditions in the global capital market could have an adverse effect on the demand for our products, the business, and the financial condition and results of operations and our customers.

Volatility in the global capital market, which impacts interest rates, currency exchange rates and the availability of credit, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and our customers. Financial difficulties of customers, whether as a result of a downturn in general economic or industry conditions or otherwise, may result in failures of customers to timely pay amounts due or adversely affect the collectability of our accounts receivable, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. A bankruptcy or liquidity event by one or more of our customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We and our directors and officers may be subject to litigation, arbitration or other legal proceeding risk.

We and our directors and officers may be subject to arbitration claims and lawsuits in the ordinary course of our business. As of the date of this prospectus, we or our directors and officers are not a party to, and are not aware of any threat of, any legal proceeding that, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operations. Actions brought against us may result in settlements, awards, injunctions, fines, penalties and other results adverse to us. Predicting the outcome of such matters is inherently difficult, particularly where claims are brought on behalf of various classes of claimants or by a large number of claimants, when claimants seek substantial or unspecified damages or when investigations or legal proceedings are at an early stage. A substantial judgment, settlement, fine or penalty could be material to our operating results or cash flows for a particular period, depending on our results for that period, or could cause us significant reputational harm, which could harm our business prospects. In market downturns, the volume of legal claims and amount of damages sought in litigation and regulatory proceedings against securities brokerage companies have historically increased. The amounts involved in the trades we execute, together with rapid price movements in our currency pairs, can result in potentially large damage claims in any litigation resulting from such trades. Dissatisfied clients may make claims against us regarding the quality of trade execution, improperly settled trades, mismanagement or even fraud, and these claims may increase as our business expands.

In addition, even if we prevail in any litigation or enforcement proceedings against us, we could incur significant legal expenses defending against the claims, even those without merit. Moreover, because even claims without merit can damage our reputation or raise concerns among our clients, we may feel compelled to settle claims at significant cost. The initiation of any claim, proceeding or investigation against us, or an adverse resolution of any such matter could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations and cash flows.

We may pursue acquisitions or joint ventures that could present unforeseen integration obstacles, incur unpredicted costs or may not enhance our business as we expected.

We may in the future pursue acquisitions and joint ventures as part of our growth strategy. Any future acquisition or joint venture may result in exposure to potential liabilities of the acquired companies, significant transaction costs and present new risks associated with entering additional markets or offering new products and integrating the acquired companies or newly established joint ventures. Potential liabilities may arise from deficiencies in due diligence findings and deficient past track record results.

Moreover, we may not have sufficient management, financial and other resources to integrate companies we acquire or to successfully operate joint ventures and we may be unable to profitably operate our expanded company structure. Additionally, any new business that we may acquire or joint ventures we may form, once integrated with our existing operations, may not produce expected or intended results.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

We are vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or Internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide products and services on our marketplace. Moreover, besides COVID-19, our business could also be adversely affected by Ebola virus disease, Zika virus disease, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, SARS or other epidemics.

Our headquarters are located in Hong Kong, where most of our directors and management and a majority of our employees currently reside. In addition, some of our system hardware and back-up systems are hosted in leased facilities located in Hong Kong. Consequently, we are highly susceptible to factors adversely affecting Hong Kong. If any of the abovementioned natural disasters, health epidemics or other outbreaks were to occur in Hong Kong, our operation may experience material disruptions, such as temporary closure of our offices and suspension of services, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is sensitive to general economic and political conditions and other factors beyond our control, and our results of operation are prone to significant and unpredictable fluctuations.

Our revenues depend substantially on our clients’ trading volume, which are influenced by the general trading activities in the market. Trading activities are directly influenced by a variety of factors beyond our control, including economic and political conditions, macro trends in business and finance, investors’ interest level in trading and legislative and regulatory changes in the jurisdictions where we operate. Any of these or other factors may cause trading activity levels in our industry to fluctuate and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

For example, since June 2019, there has been large and frequent riots in Hong Kong following the forfeited extradition bill, many of which have been violent. The sustained riot has already caused a material adverse effect on Hong Kong’s economy and social order, which in turn negatively impacted on our insurance agency business as fewer Chinese clients had come to Hong Kong for insurance purchase. There can be no assurance when these tensions will end or that situation will not escalate in the future. Any future increase in tension or failure to restore public and social order by the Hong Kong government could adversely impact the security and stability of Hong Kong, in particular, Hong Kong’s financial market.

Moreover, following the outbreak and spread of COVID-19 as well as the OPEC-Russia oil price war, on March 9, 2020, all three major U.S. trading indexes, Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500 Index and the NASDAQ-100 dropped significantly, leading to a 15-minute circuit breaker that halted the trading. The circuit breaker was triggered several additional times during the days that followed, which led to multiple large declines in the trading indexes. Other stock markets in the rest of the world have also experienced similar falls in stock prices. The volatility of global stock market may adversely affect our clients’ confidence and willingness in trading and/or investing in the financial market. As a result, our operating results may be subject to significant and unpredictable fluctuations.

We are currently operating in a period of economic uncertainty and capital markets disruption, which has been significantly impacted by geopolitical instability due to the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by any negative impact on the global economy and capital markets resulting from the conflict in Ukraine or any other geopolitical tensions.

U.S. and global markets are experiencing volatility and disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the start of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Although the length and impact of the ongoing military conflict is highly unpredictable, the conflict in Ukraine could lead to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions. We are continuing to monitor the situation in Ukraine and globally and assessing its potential impact on our business. In addition, Russian military actions and the resulting sanctions could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially making it more difficult for us to obtain additional funds.

Any of the above mentioned factors could affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this registration statement.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately $[    ] million, or approximately $[    ] million if the underwriters exercise the over-allotment option in full, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, the underwriters’ non-accountable expenses and the estimated offering expenses payable by us. These estimates are based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $[    ] per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. If the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, we estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately $[●], after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions, the underwriters’ non-accountable expenses and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The primary purposes of this offering are to create a public market for the Ordinary Shares for the benefit of all shareholders, retain talented employees by providing them with equity incentives and obtain additional working capital. We currently intend to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

The foregoing represents our current intentions to use and allocate the net proceeds of this offering based upon our present plans and business conditions. Our management, however, will have broad discretion in the way that we use the net proceeds of this offering. To the extent that the net proceeds we receive from this offering are not immediately used for the above purposes, we intend to invest the net proceeds of this offering in short-term, interest-bearing bank deposits or debt instruments. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to this Offering and the Market for the Ordinary Shares Generally—We have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from this offering and our use of the offering proceeds may not yield a favorable return on your investment. Additionally, we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree or in the most effective way.”

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have not previously declared, or paid cash dividends and we have no plan to declare or pay any dividends in the near future on the Ordinary Shares. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and future earnings to operate and expand our business.

Solowin’s board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain restrictions under Cayman Islands law, namely that it may only pay dividends out of its profits or share premium account, and provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in it being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business immediately following the date on which the distribution or dividend is paid, or would be in violation of the relevant provisions, if any, of the Company’s amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. Even if the board of directors of Solowin decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant.

Solowin is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and it relies principally on dividends from its Hong Kong subsidiary for its cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to its shareholders. According to the Companies Ordinance of Hong Kong, a Hong Kong company may only make a distribution out of profits available for distribution. Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect to dividends paid by us.

Cash dividends, if any, on the Ordinary Shares will be paid in U.S. dollars.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our total capitalization as of September 30, 2022:

You should read this table together with our consolidated financial statements, the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus and the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

DILUTION

If you invest in the Ordinary Shares, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per Ordinary Share and our net tangible book value per Ordinary Share after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the assumed initial public offering price per Ordinary Share is substantially in excess of the net tangible book value per Ordinary Share attributable to the existing shareholders for the presently outstanding Ordinary Shares.

Our net tangible book value was approximately $1.73 million, or $0.14 per Ordinary Share, as of September 30, 2022. Our net tangible book value represents the amount of our total consolidated tangible assets (which is calculated by subtracting deferred tax assets from our total consolidated assets), less the amount of our total consolidated liabilities. Dilution is determined by subtracting net tangible book value per Ordinary Share after giving effect to the proceeds we will receive from this offering, at an assumed initial public offering price of $[    ] per Ordinary Share, which is the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, the underwriters’ non-accountable expenses and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

After giving effect to the sale of $[    ] of Ordinary Shares in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $[    ] per Ordinary Share, the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range, assuming no exercise of over-allotment option and after deducting underwriting commissions, the underwriters’ non-accountable expenses and estimated offering expenses payable by us, but without adjusting for any other change in our net tangible book value subsequent to September 30, 2022, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value would have been $[    ] per Ordinary Share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $[    ] per Ordinary Share to the existing shareholders and immediate dilution of $[    ] per Ordinary Share to new investors purchasing Ordinary Shares in this offering. The following table illustrates this per Ordinary Share dilution to the new investors purchasing Ordinary Shares in this offering:

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed public offering price of $[    ] per Ordinary Share would increase (decrease) our pro forma net tangible book value after giving effect to the offering by $[    ] million, the net tangible book value per Ordinary Share after giving effect to this offering by $[    ] per Ordinary Share and the dilution in net tangible book value per Ordinary Share to new investors in this offering by $[    ] per Ordinary Share, assuming no change to the number of Ordinary Shares offered hereby as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, no exercise of over-allotment option and after deducting underwriting commissions, the underwriters’ non-accountable expenses and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The pro forma information discussed above is illustrative only. Our net tangible book value following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price of the Ordinary Shares and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

The following tables summarize the differences between the existing shareholders and the new investors with respect to the number of Ordinary Shares purchased from us in this offering, the total consideration paid and the average price per Ordinary Share paid at an assumed initial public offering price of $[    ] per Ordinary Share, and before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions, the underwriters’ non-accountable expenses and estimated offering expenses (assuming no exercise of over-allotment option).

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on our current expectations, estimates and projections about our business and operations. Our actual results may differ materially from those currently anticipated and expressed in such forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including those which we discuss under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

Solowin is an exempted limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands on July 23, 2021. As a holding company with no material operations of its own, Solowin conducts its operations primarily through its wholly owned subsidiary, Solomon JFZ, a limited liability corporation incorporated in Hong Kong SAR. See “Our Corporate History and Structure” beginning on page 7 for more information of our operating structure.

Solomon JFZ is one of the few Chinese investor-focused, versatile securities brokerage companies in Hong Kong and it offers a wide spectrum of products and services through its advanced and secured one-stop electronic platforms. Currently, Solomon JFZ is primarily engaged in providing (i) securities related service, (ii) investment advisory service, (iii) corporate finance service and (iv) asset management service to our customers. Solomon JFZ is licensed with the HKSFC and a participant of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange to carry out regulated activities including Type 1 (Dealing in Securities), Type 4 (Advising on Securities), Type 6 (Advising on Corporate Finance) and Type 9 (Asset Management). It strictly follows the requirements of the HKSFC for internal regulation and risk control to maximize the safety of investors’ assets. Solomon JFZ provides online account opening and trading services via its Front Trading and Back-office Clearing systems, in conjunction with Solomon Pro - a highly integrated application accessible via any mobile device, tablet, or desktop, all of which are licensed from third parties. With strong financial and technical capabilities, it has been providing brokerage services to global Chinese investors residing both inside and outside the PRC and institutional investors in Hong Kong.

Solomon JFZ’s trading platform allows investors to trade over 10,000 listed securities and their derivative products listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE), New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Nasdaq, Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange. In addition, it provides Hong Kong IPO underwriting, Hong Kong IPO Public Offer application and International Placing subscription, Hong Kong IPO margin financing services, Hong Kong Pre-IPO securities trading and US IPO subscription. Hong Kong IPO margin financing services refer to loans offered by a licensed financial institution to clients for the purpose of purchasing securities in an IPO before the issuers are listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. The loan, commonly referred to as an IPO loan, enables clients to invest more than the required deposit of 5% or 10% of funds. The loan, which is a short-term, interest-bearing loan, typically covers 90% or 95% of the investment amount. The loan is repaid right after the allotment result release. Once the investor is allotted shares cost over the required deposit and a part of loan is used for the shares, the shares can be sold and the proceeds are utilized to repay the loan of the financial institution, with any remaining balance going to the investor. Our customers may also use Solomon JFZ’s platform to trade various listed financial products, such as ETFs, Warrants and Callable Bull/Bear Contracts. Beside securities related service, Solomon JFZ offers asset management service as an investment manager. Our High-Net-Worth customers may also subscribe private fund products through Solomon JFZ.

Our clients are mostly Chinese investors residing in Asia well as institutional clients in Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand. As of September 30, 2022, we had more than 19,000 users, including more than 15,000 clients who have opened trading accounts with Solomon JFZ. We currently have over 1,500 active clients, which are clients who are registered and have assets in their trading accounts.

As of September 30, 2022, Solomon JFZ’s operations mainly consisted of three reportable business segments: (i) securities related service, (ii) investment advisory service, and (iii) asset management service to our customers. The following summary describes the products and services offered in each of the reportable segments:

In addition, Solomon JFZ possesses the licenses issued by HKSFC to carry out regulated activities under Type 6 Advising on Corporate Finance. Type 6 license allows brokers to conduct activities relating to (i) acting as a sponsor of a listing applicant in an initial public offering; (ii) advising on the code on takeovers and mergers and share repurchases; and (iii) advising listed companies on the HKSE Listing Rules. The Type 6 license restricts Solomon JFZ from acting as a sponsor of a listing applicant in an initial public offering and advising on the code on takeovers and mergers and share repurchase, but it can conduct businesses related to (iii) above. It provides financial and independent financial advisory services for unlisted and listed companies that are looking for high-quality and value-added corporate finance advisory services at reasonable costs. Solomon JFZ acts as financial adviser to its clients advising them on the terms and structures of the proposed transactions and the relevant implications and compliance matters under the Hong Kong Listing Rules (including the Main Board and the Growth Enterprise Market “GEM”). In addition, it acts as independent financial adviser giving opinions to the independent board committee and independent shareholders of listed companies in Hong Kong. Solomon JFZ charges them advisory fees according to the type and size of the transactions, duration of the engagement, complexity of the transaction and the expected manpower requirements. Solomon JFZ acquired its first client in December 2021 and had not yet accounted for revenues for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 or for the six months ended September 30, 2022. As a result, Corporate Finance Service was not included as a reportable business segment as of September 30, 2022.

As indicated above, we have two business segments with incomes being calculated based on AUM: Investment Advisory Service and Asset Management Service. For Investment Advisory Service, Solomon JFZ provides investment solutions advisory services for our clients and charges clients with advisory service fee. The fee structures vary for clients and currently there are three fee structure types listed in the table below, which are Percentage fee based on 1% -2.5% of Client’s AUM, Flat Fees of $100,000 - $500,000 per month and fee charged by Hourly Rates from $100/hour to $300/hour according to advisor’s experiences. One of them is based on AUM which refers to our client’s Asset Base for advisory solutions, not AUM managed by Solomon JFZ. For Asset Management Service, Solomon JFZ provides asset management services for our clients by applying different investment strategies to optimize their asset allocations. It charges the management fee of 2% according to Asset Under Management (AUM). In addition, it charges performance fee subject to a high water mark.

As of September 30, 2022, Solomon JFZ has been acting as an Investment Manager, managed the funds: Solomon Capital SP1, Solomon Capital SP2, Blue Tulip Capital SP, Grow World LPF and Solomon Capital SP9, which were launched in April 2021, June 2021, September 2021, November 2021, and January 2022, respectively.

Solomon Capital SP1 focuses on HK/US IPO market investment. Solomon Capital SP2 focuses on HK stock investment. Blue Tulip Capital SP focuses on US Stock quantitative investment. Grow World LPF focuses on Pre-IPO investment specified on biochemistry/health concepts and Solomon Capital SP9 focuses on Private Equity investment.

As of September 30, 2022, the AUM managed by Solomon JFZ is $6,768,492 in total, in which fund Solomon Capital SP1, Solomon Capital SP2, Blue Tulip Capital SP, Grow World LPF and Solomon Capital SP9 constitute $96,344, $23,069, $4,001,395, $1,485,496, and $1,162,188, respectively.

The funds managed by Solomon JFZ grow faster and significantly concentrated in US stock quantitative investment and private equity investments. The annual growth rate of Blue Tulip Capital SP, which is focused on US stock quantitative investment, reached to 338% from September 2021 to September 2022 relative to total AUM growth rate of 163%. The concentration consists of 59% of total AUM as of September 30, 2022 relative to percentage of 35% as of September 30, 2021. Private equity fund is another trend of the fund’s development, the percentage of Grow World LPF and Solomon Capital SP9, which are specialized in Pre IPO fund and private equity investment, constituted as 39% of the total AUM as of September 30, 2022 at a short launching period.

Quantitative investment and data analysis play an important role in trading and portfolio allocation decisions. Private equity that takes into more risks for higher return are fitting for our client’s appetite. On the other hand, funds with strategy asset allocated in the Hong Kong stock market underperform as compared with the funds with assets allocated in the US market, which led to the depreciation and decline in AUM size of Solomon Capital SP1 and Solomon Capital SP2.

The following table sets forth the changes in AUM for Solomon Capital SP1 as of the dates indicated below:

The following table sets forth the changes in AUM for Solomon Capital SP2 as of the dates indicated below:

The following table sets forth the changes in AUM for Blue Tulip Capital SP as of the dates indicated below:

The following table sets forth the changes in AUM for Grow World LPF as of the dates indicated below:

The following table sets forth the changes in AUM for Solomon Capital SP9 as of the dates indicated below:

Emerging Growth Company

Upon the completion of this offering, we will qualify as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act. As a result, we will be permitted to, and intend to, rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenues of at least $1.235 billion; (ii) the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering; (iii) the date on which we have, during the preceding three year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which could occur if the market value of our common shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter. Once we cease to be an emerging growth company, we will not be entitled to the exemptions provided in the JOBS Act discussed above.

Recent Developments

COVID-19 Impact

In December 2019, COVID-19 emerged and has subsequently spread worldwide. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. In the fiscal year of 2021, some instances of COVID-19 infections emerged in various regions worldwide. Governments around the globe have taken measures to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus, including quarantining individuals infected with or suspected of having COVID-19, prohibiting residents from free travel, encouraging employees of enterprises to work remotely from home and canceling public activities, among others. The COVID-19 has also resulted in temporary closure of many corporate offices and factories around the world. In addition, as the outbreak continues to threaten global economies, it may continue to cause significant market volatility and declines in general economic activities. Since December 2021, there has been a recurrence of COVID-19 outbreaks in China and Hong Kong due to the Delta and Omicron variants. Like most companies, Solomon JFZ’s various business lines have been adversely impacted by COVID-19. Its interest income and securities brokerage commissions decreased significantly since August 2021, which was mainly attributable to economic and financial impact brought about by COVID-19 on our customers, causing a decrease in both their willingness to trade and make investments as well as their disposable income allocated to making such transactions. Meanwhile, Solomon JFZ’s investment advisory businesses were negatively affected as less onsite services and less business relationship development because of travel restriction measures enforced by the government.

Shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19, Solomon JFZ has put great effort and resources into its online trading systems. Solomon JFZ has developed online account opening functions to make it easier for clients to open a trading account without face to face verification or lawyer certification. It has also developed the API access to the Banks to support EDDA function as well as online settlement instruction for securities transfer that provide efficiency and convenience for easier trading and investing. It has released over 20 versions of the Solomon Pro app for better user experience.

On November 1, 2022, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority organized the Global Financial Leaders’ Investment Summit recognizing the return to normal business stage of Hong Kong, as an International Financial Centre, by further relaxation of most of the anti-epidemic measures and social-distancing measures. Most of the restrictive measures previously adopted by the Hong Kong and mainland Chinese governments at various levels to control the spread of the COVID-19 virus have been revoked or replaced with more flexible measures since December 2022. The revocation or replacement of the restrictive measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic could have a positive impact on Solomon JFZ’s normal operations.

However, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to impact our consolidated financial results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted as of the date of this prospectus, including the effectiveness of vaccines and other treatments for COVID-19, and other new information that may emerge concerning the severity of the pandemic and steps taken to contain the pandemic or treat its impact, among others. We continue to closely monitor the impact and navigate the significant challenges created by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Principal Factors Affecting Our Financial Performance

Our consolidated operating results are primarily affected by the following factors:

Solomon JFZ has spent significant financial resources on agent systems and marketing activities to attract new clients in a cost effective manner, providing satisfactory services on its platform in a timely manner and at favorable price terms. However, the trading needs are evolving as their investment demands change. If we fail to acquire new clients and retain existing clients by offering services that cater to their evolving investment and trading needs, Solomon JFZ may not be able to maintain and continue to grow the trading volume on its platform.

Our clients may not continue to place or increase their trading orders on Solomon JFZ’s platform if it cannot match the prices offered by other market players or if it fails to deliver satisfactory services. Failure to deliver services in a timely manner at competitive prices with satisfactory experience will cause our clients to lose confidence in us and use Solomon JFZ’s platform less frequently or even stop using Solomon JFZ’s platform altogether, which in turn will materially and adversely affect our performance.

Weaknesses in the markets in which we operate, including economic slowdowns, have historically resulted in reduced trading volumes for us. Declines in market values of securities can result in lower revenues and profitability from transaction execution activities, which can further result in our reduced revenues and profitability.

Economic and political conditions such as macroeconomic and monetary policies, legislation and regulations affecting the financial and securities industries, upward and downward trends in the business and financial sectors, inflation, currency fluctuations, availability of short-term and long-term funding sources, cost of funding and the level and volatility of interest rates could positively or negatively impact our revenues and profitability. For example, a trade dispute between China and the United States could negatively impact the performance of the market, which further results in a significant fluctuation of our income and operating results.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

Solowin is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is currently no estate duty, inheritance tax or gift tax. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of the Ordinary Shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the Ordinary Shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

Hong Kong

Our subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong is subject to Hong Kong profit tax at a rate of (1) 8.25% on the assessable profits up to HK$2,000,000; and (2) 16.5% on any part of assessable profits over HK$2,000,000. No Hong Kong profit tax has been levied as we did not have assessable profit that was earned in or derived from our Hong Kong subsidiary during the periods presented. Hong Kong does not impose a withholding tax on dividends.

Our Reportable Segments

As of September 30, 2022, our operations were organized into three reportable segments: (i) securities related services, (ii) investment advisory service, and (iii) asset management service. While Solomon JFZ commenced its corporate finance service in December 2021, no revenues had been generated from such service as of September 30, 2022. Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to management for decision making. These operating segments are monitored and strategic decisions are made on the basis of segmental profit margins.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended March 31, 2022 and 2021

Comparison of Six Months Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

Summary for loss from operations from each of our segment is as follows:

Year ended March 31, 2022

Year ended March 31, 2021

Six months ended September 30, 2022

Six months ended September 30, 2021

Revenue. To date, Solomon JFZ has generated revenue through securities brokerage commissions, investment advisory fees, asset management income and interest income. Solomon JFZ’s total revenue was $3,256,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, compared to $1,181,000 for the year ended March 31, 2021, an increase of $2,075,000, or 176%. Such increase was mainly driven by the revenue from securities related and investment advisory services.

Our total revenue was $1,166,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $2,328,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2021, a decrease of $1,162,000, or 50%. Such decrease was mainly driven by the significant reduction of revenue from securities related services.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our revenue by our reportable segments for the periods presented:

Revenue from securities brokerage commissions and handling income increased by $1,078,000, or 141%, to $1,844,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 from $766,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The significant increase in handling income for IPO subscription in Hong Kong was the main factor behind the overall increase, which rose from $367,000 in fiscal year 2021 to $1,603,000 in fiscal 2022, representing an increase of $1,236,000 or 337%. Despite of a 56% decrease in the number of revenue-generating clients from 4,818 on March 31, 2021 to 2,104 on March 31, 2022, its impact on revenue was minimal because the handling income from IPO subscriptions came mostly from our largest customer, who accounted for 78% of the total revenue from securities brokerage commissions and handling income for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, compared to just 23% in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The total securities related services accounted for 57% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, as compared to 65% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. We started to provide such services in January 2017.

Revenue from securities brokerage commissions and handling income declined by $1,683,000 or 97% to $55,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $1,738,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2021. The main reason for this decrease was the drop in handling income from IPO subscriptions in Hong Kong, which has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and continuous uncertain economic conditions in Hong Kong. The handling income from IPO subscriptions had declined from $1,604,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 to less than $1,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2022. The handling income from IPO subscriptions for the six months ended September 30, 2021 mainly came from our largest customer, who accounted for 82% of the total revenue from securities brokerage commissions and handling income. Additionally, the decrease in the number of revenue-generating clients from 3,414 on September 30, 2021 to 1,565 on September 30, 2022 also contributed to the decrease in revenue from securities brokerage. Securities related services accounted for only 5% of the total revenue for the six months ended September 30, 2022, compared to 75% for the six months ended September 30, 2021.

Revenue from investment advisory fees of $728,000 were first recognized for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. Such increase was primarily due to referral of institutional clients. Investment advisory services accounted for 22% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. We began to provide such services since October 2021.

We had advisory fees of $955,000 for the six months ended September 30,2022 and no such revenues had been generated for the six months ended September 30,2021. Investment advisory services accounted for 82% of our total revenue for the six months ended September 30,2022.

Revenue from asset management income of $333,000 were first recognized for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. Such increase was primarily due to diversification of business in launching Asset Management services. Asset management services accounted for 10% of our total revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. We began to provide such services since April 2021.

Revenue from asset management income decrease by $109,000 or 43%, to $143,000 for the six months ended September 30,2022 from $252,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the fund subscription fee of $195,000 for the six months ended September 30,2021 while there was no such fund subscription fee charged for the six months ended September 30, 2022. We waived such subscription fee in 2022 for the purposes of market promotion due to the change of market conditions. Asset management services accounted for 12% of our total revenue for the six months ended September 30, 2022, compared to 11% for the six months ended September 30, 2021.

For the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, Solomon JFZ had interest income of $351,000 and $415,000, respectively, arising from IPO subscription financing. Interest income accounted for 11% of its total revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, as compared to 35% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

For the six months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, Solomon JFZ had interest income of $13,000 and $338,000, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to the interest income arising from IPO subscription financing of $321,000 for the six months ended September 30,2021 while there was no such interest income for the six months ended September 30, 2022 as fewer IPO subscriptions were applied by investors due to underperformance of Hong Kong IPO during this period and continued uncertain economic conditions in Hong Kong. Interest income accounted for 1% of Solomon JFZ’s total revenue for the six months ended September 30, 2022, compared to 14% for the six months ended September 30, 2021.

Expenses. Solomon JFZ’s expenses include commission and handling expenses, general and administrative expenses and interest expenses. Solomon JFZ’s expenses increased by $2,549,000, or 135%, to $4,432,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 from $1,883,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. Such increase was in line with our increased revenue.

Solomon JFZ’s expenses decreased by $1,283,000, or 48%, to $1,418,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2022 from $2,701,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2021. Such decrease was in line with Solomon JFZ’s decreased revenue during this period.

Commission and handling expenses – Solomon JFZ’s commission and handling expenses are derived from its securities related services and consist primarily of brokerage fee paid to other financial institutions for IPO subscription on behalf of its customers. Solomon JFZ’s commission and handling expenses increased by $1,018,000, or 289% to $1,370,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 from $352,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. Such significant increase was in line with our increased handling income for IPO subscription. As a percentage of revenue from securities brokerage, commission and handling expenses increased to 74% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 from 46% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Solomon JFZ’s commission and handling expenses decreased by $1,312,000, or 100% to $6,000 for the six months ended September 30,2022 from $1,318,000 for the six months ended September 30,2021. Such significant decrease was in line with its decreased handling income for IPO subscription. As a percentage of revenue from securities brokerage, commission and handling expenses decreased to 11% for the six months ended September 30, 2022 from 76% for the six months ended September 30,2021.

General and administrative expenses – Solomon JFZ’s general and administrative expenses consist primarily of referral fee, information technology expenses, employee remuneration, professional fees, insurance, benefits, office leases, general office expenses and depreciation. Solomon JFZ’s general and administrative expenses increased by $1,618,000, or 133% to $2,833,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 from $1,215,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. Such increase was primarily due to (i) referral fee of $681,000 for introducing new customers by our account executives and shareholders, specifically for the development of our investment advisory service and asset management service, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The referral fee rates are negotiated between our shareholders and Solomon JFZ and vary from product to product. No such referral fee was recorded for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021; (ii) increase in information technology expenses of $169,000 for system optimization; and (iii) increase in staff cost of $398,000 as more staff were employed for expansion of our company. As a percentage of revenue, general and administrative expenses decreased to 87% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 from 103% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Solomon JFZ’s general and administrative expenses increased by $257,000, or 22% to $1,412,000 for the six months ended September 30,2022 from $1,155,000 for the six months ended September 30,2021. Such increase mainly due to the audit fee of $90,000 incurred for the preparation of this initial public offering and increase in staff cost of $149,000 for retaining staff.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our general and administrative expenses by our reportable segments for the periods presented:

General and administrative expenses from securities related services consist primarily of referral fee, information technology expenses and market data expenses. Our general and administrative expenses from securities related services increased by $340,000, or 164% to $547,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 from $207,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. Such increase was primarily due to (i) referral fee of $40,000, which contributed to 90% or $44,000 of our securities brokerage handling income that was generated from the customers referred by our account executives in fiscal year ended March 31, 2022; and (ii) increase in information technology expenses of $181,000 for system optimization.

Our general and administrative expenses from securities related services increased by $34,000, or 15% to $261,000 for the six months ended September 30,2022 from $227,000 for the six months ended September 30,2021. Such increase was primarily due to (i) referral fee of $5,000, which contributed to 90% or $6,000 of our securities brokerage handling income that was generated from the customers referred by our account executives for the six months ended September 30,2022; and (ii) increase in information technology expenses of $53,000 for system optimization.

General and administrative expenses from investment advisory services consist of $446,000 referral fee, which contributed to 79% or $567,000 of investment advisory income that was generated from the customers referred by shareholders in fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. No general and administrative expenses from investment advisory services was recorded in fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

General and administrative expenses from investment advisory services consist of $44,000 referral fee, which contributed to 16% or $287,000 of investment advisory income that was generated from the customers referred by shareholders for the six months ended September 30,2022. No general and administrative expenses from investment advisory services was recorded for the six months ended September 30,2021.

General and administrative expenses from asset management services consist primarily of $194,000 referral fee, which contributed to 99% or $195,000 of fund subscription income that was generated from the customers referred by shareholders in fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 and for the six months ended September 30,2021. No general and administrative expenses from asset management services was recorded in fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Other unallocated general and administrative expenses from corporate increased by $602,000, or 60% to $1,610,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 from $1,008,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. Such increase mainly due to increase in staff cost of $398,000 for staff recruitment.

Other unallocated general and administrative expenses from corporate increased by $373,000, or 51% to $1,106,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2022, from $733,000 for the six months ended September 30,2021. Such increase mainly due to the audit fee of $90,000 incurred for the preparation of this initial public offering and increase in staff cost of $149,000 for retaining staff.

Interest expenses – Our interest expenses are derived from our securities related services and consist primarily of interest paid to other financial institutions for IPO subscription financing. To maintain our capitalization, when we provided the IPO financing service to our clients, we may choose to make the IPO subscription through other financial institutions. In this case, we act as an intermediary and receive interest income from our clients for providing the financing service, while the other financial institutions act as lenders as they are offering to lend the funds needed for the IPO subscription. Interest expenses are the cost of borrowing the IPO financing and are paid to the other financial institutions by us. The interest expenses were charged at a fixed rate over the period that the IPO financing is outstanding, and are vary from stock to stock depending on the agreement between us and the financial institutions. Our interest expenses decreased by $87,000, or 28% to $229,000 for the year ended March 31, 2022 from $316,000 for the year ended March 31, 2021. Such decrease was in line with our interest income for IPO subscription financing. As a percentage of interest income, interest expenses decreased to 65% for the year ended March 31, 2022 from 76% for the year ended March 31, 2021.

No interest expense was incurred for the six months ended September 30,2022 and $228,000 interest expenses were incurred for the six months ended September 30, 2021 which represented 67% of interest income. Such decrease was in line with the changes of our interest income for IPO subscription financing.

Loss from operations. As a result of the foregoing, we recorded loss from operations of $1,176,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, compared to $702,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, an increase of $474,000 or 68%.

We recorded loss from operations of $252,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2022, compared to $373,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2021, a decrease of $121,000 or 32%.

Total other income. We had $197,000 in total other income for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, as compared to $57,000 in total other income for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. Total other income for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 mainly consisted of other consultancy income. Total other income for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 consisted of subsidies from The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government (“HKSAR”). From June to November 2020, the HKSAR launched the 2020 Employment Support Scheme under the Anti-Epidemic Fund to provide wage subsidies to employers in order to retain the current employees or even employ more staff when the business revives as soon as the epidemic situation permits. No such subsidies were received for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

We had $52,000 in total other income for the six months ended September 30, 2022, as compared to $13,000 in total other income for the six months ended September 30, 2021. Total other income for the six months ended September 30, 2022 mainly consisted of subsidies provided from HKSAR. From May to July 2022, the HKSAR launched the 2022 Employment Support Scheme under the Anti-Epidemic Fund to provide wage subsidies to employers. No such subsidies were received for the six months ended September 30, 2021.

Income tax expense. No income tax expenses were recorded for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 or for the six months ended September 30,2022 and 2021. See also “—Taxation” above.

Net loss. As a result of the cumulative effect of the factors described above, our net loss attributable to our shareholders increased by $334,000, or 52%, to $979,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 from $645,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Our net loss attributable to our shareholders decreased by $160,000, or 44%, to $200,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2022 from $360,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2021.

Liquidity and Capital Resources 

As of September 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $638,000 and cash segregated for regulatory purpose of $6,022,000. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through net cash flow from operations, and the financing ability of existing shareholders. We expect to finance our operations and working capital needs in the near future from part of our net proceeds of the initial public offering and cash generated through operations.

We believe that our current levels of cash and cash flows from operations, combined with the net proceeds from this offering, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for our operations and expansion plans for at least the next 12 months. We may, however, in the future require additional cash resources due to changing business conditions, implementation of our strategy to expand our business, or other investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If our own financial resources are insufficient to satisfy our capital requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional credit facilities. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could require us to agree to operating and financial covenants that would restrict our operations. Financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any failure by us to raise additional funds on terms favorable to us, or at all, could limit our ability to expand our business operations and could harm our overall business prospects.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods presented:

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $5,738,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, as compared to net cash provided by the amount of $11,046,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, the net loss of $979,000, increase of $110,000 in receivables from brokers-dealers and clearing organizations, and decrease of $4,690,000 in payables to customers, were the primary drivers of the cash used in operating activities. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, the net loss of $645,000, offset by increase of $11,753,000 in payables to customers, were the primary drivers of the cash provided by operating activities.

Net cash used in operating activities was $1,615,000 and $2,128,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For the six months ended September 30,2022, the net loss of $200,000 and decrease of $1,265,000 in payables to customers, were the primary drivers of the cash used in operating activities. For the six months ended September 30,2021, the net loss of $360,000 and decrease of $1,304,000 in payables to customers, were the primary drivers of the cash used in operating activities.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $114,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, consisted of repayment of loan to a director in the amount of $131,000, offset by purchase of property and equipment in the amount of $17,000.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $351,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, consisted of repayment of loan to a director in the amount of $388,000, offset by purchase of property and equipment in the amount of $37,000.

Net cash provided by investing activities was $272,000 for the six months ended September 30,2022 representing the repayment of loan to a director. Net cash used in investing activities was $68,000 for the six months ended September 30,2021, consisted of loan to a director in the amount of $51,000 and purchase of property and equipment in the amount of $17,000.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $1,460,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, mainly consisted of proceeds from shareholders’ contribution in the amount of $1,520,000, offset by advance to related parties in the amount of $64,000.

Net cash used in financing activities was $48,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, which represented to advance to related parties and a director of $13,000 and $35,000, respectively.

Net cash used in financing activities was $70,000 for the six months ended September 30,2022, mainly representing deferred IPO costs. Net cash provided by financing activities was $594,000 for the six months ended September 30,2021, mainly consisted of proceeds from shareholders’ contribution in the amount of $642,000, offset by advance to related parties in the amount of $52,000.

Capital Expenditures

We did not incur any capital expenditure for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 or for the six months ended September 30,2022 and 2021. We plan to make capital expenditures in the future to meet the needs that may result from the expected growth of our business.

Holding Company Structure

Solowin is a holding company with no material operations of its own. We conduct our operations primarily through our subsidiary, Solomon JFZ. As a result, Solowin’s ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends paid by its subsidiary. If its existing subsidiary or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to Solowin.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our company is exposed to foreign currency risk primarily through service income or expenses that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the operations to which they relate. The currencies giving rise to this risk are primarily US$. As HK$ is currently pegged to US$, our exposure to foreign exchange fluctuations is minimal.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to the interest expenses incurred on bank borrowings and income generated by excess cash, which is mostly held in interest-bearing bank deposits. Interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. We have not been exposed to material risks due to changes in interest rates, and we have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest risk exposure. However, our future interest income may fall short of expectations due to changes in market interest rates.

After completion of this offering, we may invest the net proceeds we receive from the offering in interest-earning instruments. Investments in both fixed rate and floating rate interest earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. Fixed rate securities may have their fair market value adversely impacted due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall.

Inflation

We do not believe the impact of inflation on our company is material. Our operations are in Hong Kong and Hong Kong’s inflation rates have been relatively stable in the last three years: 1.4% for 2021, 0.3% for 2020, and 2.9% for 2019.

The inflation rate is expected to stay moderate at around 2% on a year basis in Hong Kong. While the headline inflation rate was notably higher, and import prices will continue to rise notably amid high inflation in many major economies, and those of energy-related items soared further, but price pressures on other major components were broadly in check in Hong Kong.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted by the U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect our reported amount of assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses, and any related disclosures. Although there were no material changes made to the accounting estimates and assumptions in the past three years, we continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from our expectations as a result of changes in our estimates.

We believe that the following accounting policies involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates. Accordingly, these are the policies we believe are the most critical to understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

Receivables from customers and broker-dealers and clearing organizations

Receivables from customers arise from (i) the business of dealing in investment securities for cash customers; (ii) advisory business; and (iii) asset management business.

Receivables from broker-dealers and clearing organizations arise from the business of investment securities. Broker-dealers will require balances to be placed with them in order to cover the positions taken by its customers. Clearing house receivables typically represent proceeds receivable on trades that have yet to settle and are usually collected within two days.

The balance of receivables related to the Company’s customer trading activities.

In evaluating the collectability of receivables balances, the Company considers specific evidence including the aging of the receivable, the customers’ payment history, its current creditworthiness, its underlying equity securities secured and current economic trends.

The receivables from customers, broker-dealers and clearing organizations, such as HKEx, are viewed as past due or delinquent based on how recently payments have been received. The Company has contractual rights to receive cash on demand from customers, broker-dealers and clearing organizations. As of September 30, 2022, March 31, 2022 and 2021, no receivables from customers and broker-dealers are past due or delinquent based on the repayment history of customers, broker-dealers and clearing organizations. As of September 30, 2022, March 31, 2022 and 2021, no receivables from clearing organizations are past due or delinquent as the receivables are normally being settled within two days after the trade execution.

The Company regularly reviews the adequacy and appropriateness of the allowance for doubtful accounts. The receivables are written off after all collection efforts have ceased. As of March 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowance for doubtful accounts on receivables from customers were $205,000 and $106,000 respectively. As of September 30, 2022, the allowance for doubtful accounts on receivables from customers were $205,000.

Revenue Recognition

In May 2014, the FASB issued Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. This topic clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue and develops a common revenue standard for U.S. GAAP. Simultaneously, this topic supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and most industry-specific guidance throughout the Industry Topics of the Codification. The core principle of the guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

The Company currently generates its revenue from the following main sources:

Securities brokerage commissions and handling income

Securities brokerage commission income generated by provision of securities brokerage services of executing trades to customers, who are individual customers or brokers, and is recognized at a point in time (trade date) when the performance obligation has been satisfied by the completion of trades and the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to/from the customer. The Company acts as an agent. The transaction price is a variable consideration as the price is determined to be a fixed percentage of transaction amount. Commission fees are directly charged from the customer’s account when the transactions are executed.

Handling income generated from providing services such as settlement (clearing) of securities, new share subscription services in relation to IPOs and dividend collection, to individual customers or brokers. Securities settlement service income is recognized at a point in time when the transactions are completed. The transaction price is a variable consideration as the price is determined to be a fixed percentage of transaction amount. New share subscription handling income is recognized at the time when the performance obligation has been satisfied by successfully submitting IPO subscription to banks on behalf of customers. New share subscription handling income is fixed per IPO subscription order and no variable consideration in the transaction. Dividend collection handling income is recognized at the time when the performance obligation has been satisfied by receiving dividends by the Company on behalf of customers. When the Company receives the cash dividend distributed by the stocks on behalf of customers, the net dividend will be distributed and deposited into the account of the customers, after deducting the dividend collection handling fees. Dividend collection handling fee is charged at fixed percentage of dividend collected and therefore the transaction price is a variable consideration as the price is determined to be a fixed percentage of dividend amount. The Company acts as an agent and handling income is directly charged from the customer’s account when the transactions are executed.

Investment advisory service income

Investment advisory income are recognized when the relevant advises have been provided or the relevant services have been rendered. The Company enters a distinct contract with its customers as a principal for the provision of investment advisory services. The Company concludes that each monthly investment advisory service (1) is distinct and (2) meets the criteria for recognizing revenue over time. In addition, the Company concludes that the services provided each month are substantially similar and result in the transfer of substantially similar services to the customers each month. That is, the benefit consumed by the customers is substantially similar for each month, even though the exact volume of services may vary. Therefore, the Company concludes that the monthly investment advisory services satisfy the requirements of ASC 606-10-25-14(b) to be accounted for as a single performance obligation. There is no variable consideration in the transaction price. Accordingly, based on the output methods, the Company recognizes revenues from investment advisory services on a monthly basis when it satisfies its performance obligations throughout the contract terms.

Asset management service income

Revenue from asset management and advisory services is primarily in connection with (i) services as an investment manager or an advisor from funds or investments; and (ii) fund subscription services to customers. The Company rendered management services to individual customers as a principal, which are recorded over the period of service provided. Asset management service fee is charged by the Company to funds monthly and collected directly out of custodial accounts. The Company acts as a principal to provide asset management services to individual customers and charges customers management fee at fixed percentage of asset value under management in accordance with the agreement. The fee is due and paid within the specified terms of payment. The transaction price is a variable consideration as the price is determined to be a fixed percentage of asset value.

Performance fees are accounted for when the return on assets under management, over a given period established in each fund’s private memorandum, exceeds certain return benchmarks or other performance benchmarks, depending on each fund’s private memorandum. Performance fees are calculated on an annual basis. Performance fees are a form of variable consideration. The Company recognizes these fees at a point in time when the associated performance obligations are satisfied, the related uncertainties are resolved, the likelihood of a claw-back or reversal is improbable and the likely amount of the transaction prices can be estimated without significant chance of reversal, indicating high probability of economic benefits and cash inflow to us.

Subscription fee charged to fund subscriber for subscription of funds is recognized at a point in time when participating share is successfully subscribed. The Company acts as an agent between funds and fund subscribers to provide fund subscription services and charges fund subscription fee at fixed rate with reference to size of subscription amount to fund subscriber through funds when the subscription of funds is completed, and typically due in no more than 30 days from invoicing. The transaction price is a variable consideration as the price is determined to be a fixed percentage of transaction amount.

Interest income

The Company earns interest income primarily from its IPO financing offered by the Company to customers. Revenue is recognized over the period that the IPO financing are outstanding. The Company offers IPO financing to individual customers as a principal. Interest income is directly charged at fixed percentage over the financing amount from the customer’s account when customers repay the principal amount of IPO financing. The transaction price is a variable consideration as the price is determined to be a fixed percentage of transaction amount.

There were no contract asset or contract liability balances as of September 30, 2022, March 31, 2022 and 2021.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The Company is an “emerging growth company” (“EGC”) as defined in the JOBS Act. Under the JOBS Act, EGC can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

In May 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-05, which is an update to ASU Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which introduced the expected credit losses methodology for the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost basis, replacing the previous incurred loss methodology. The amendments in Update 2016-13 added Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, and made several consequential amendments to the Codification. Update 2016-13 also modified the accounting for available-for-sale debt securities, which must be individually assessed for credit losses when fair value is less than the amortized cost basis, in accordance with Subtopic 326-30, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses - Available-for-Sale Debt Securities. The amendments in this Update address those stakeholders’ concerns by providing an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis. For those entities, the targeted transition relief will increase comparability of financial statement information by providing an option to align measurement methodologies for similar financial assets. Furthermore, the targeted transition relief also may reduce the costs for some entities to comply with the amendments in Update 2016-13 while still providing financial statement users with decision-useful information. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-10, which to update the effective date of ASU No. 2016-02 for private companies, not-for-profit organizations and certain smaller reporting companies applying for credit losses, leases, and hedging standard. The new effective date for these preparers is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company has not early adopted this update and it will become effective on January 1, 2023. The Company is still evaluating the impact of accounting standard of credit losses on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-10, “Codification Improvements to Subtopic 205-10, presentation of financial statements”. The amendments in this Update improve the codification by ensuring that all guidance that requires or provides an option for an entity to provide information in the notes to financial statements is codified in the disclosure section of the codification. That reduce the likelihood that the disclosure requirement would be missed. The amendments also clarify guidance so that an entity can apply the guidance more consistently. ASU 2020-10 is effective for the Company for annual and interim reporting periods beginning January 1, 2022. Early application of the amendments is permitted for any annual or interim period for which financial statements are available to be issued. The amendments in this Update should be applied retrospectively. An entity should apply the amendments at the beginning of the period that includes the adoption date. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this new standard on Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Except as mentioned above, the Company does not believe other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets, statements of loss and comprehensive loss and statements of cash flows.

CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE

Solowin is a Cayman Islands holding company incorporated on July 23, 2021 that conducts its operations in Hong Kong through its wholly owned subsidiary Solomon JFZ. Solomon JFZ was established under the Hong Kong laws on July 25, 2016.

From July 2021 to October 2022, we carried out a series of transactions to reorganize our legal structure. As part of the reorganization, Solowin was incorporated as an exempted company under the laws of the Cayman Islands on July 23, 2021. On October 17, 2022, Solomon JFZ, Solowin and Master Venus Limited, the then sole shareholder of Solomon JFZ entered into a share exchange transaction, in which Master Venus Limited transferred 100% ownership of Solomon JFZ to Solowin. Master Venus Limited is owned by three shareholders, Gemini Asia Holdings Limited, Fortune Dynasty Global Limited and Vulcan Worldwide Holdings Limited. As a result of this transaction, Solomon JFZ became our wholly-owned subsidiary and the shareholders of Master Venus Limited became the direct owners of 100% of outstanding Ordinary Shares of Solowin.

Upon incorporation on July 23, 2021, one ordinary share, par value $1 per share, of Solowin was allotted and issued to Ogier Global Subscriber (Cayman) Limited, who transferred the share to Ling Ngai Lok on July 27, 2021. On the same day, Solowin issued additional 49,999 ordinary shares, par value $1 per share, to Ling Ngai Lok. On June 9, 2022, as a result of the above share exchange transaction with Solomon JFZ’s shareholders, Ling Ngai Lok transferred (i) 17,000 ordinary shares to Gemini Asia Holdings Limited; (ii) 16,500 ordinary shares to Fortune Dynasty Global Limited and (iii) 16,500 ordinary shares to Vulcan Worldwide Holdings Limited.

On December 7, 2022, (i) each of the existing issued and unissued shares of par value of $1.00 each of Solowin was subdivided into 10,000 shares of par value of $0.0001 each of Solowin; and (ii) the authorized share capital of Solowin was increased to $100,000 divided into 1,000,000,000 shares of $0.0001 each. On the same day, each of Gemini Asia Holdings Limited, FORTUNE DYNASTY GLOBAL LIMITED and Vulcan Worldwide Holdings Limited had surrendered 165,920,000 Ordinary Shares, 161,040,000 Ordinary Shares and 161,040,000 Ordinary Shares, respectively, each of a par value of $0.0001 per share, to Solowin. As a result of the above surrenders, each of Gemini Asia Holdings Limited, FORTUNE DYNASTY GLOBAL LIMITED and Vulcan Worldwide Holdings Limited holds 4,080,000 Ordinary Shares, 3,960,000 Ordinary Shares and 3,960,000 Ordinary Shares, respectively, each of a par value of $0.0001 per share. As such, Solowin has 12,000,000 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding as of the date of this prospectus.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this prospectus:

The following table shows the percentage of holding the public shareholders will have post-IPO: