As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 15, 2025.

Registration No. 333–288339

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Amendment No. 1

to

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Carlsmed, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Carlsmed, Inc.

1800 Aston Ave, Suite 100

Carlsbad, California 92008

(760) 766-1923

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Michael Cordonnier

Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, President, and Co-Founder

Carlsmed, Inc.

1800 Aston Ave, Suite 100

Carlsbad, California 92008

(760) 766-1923

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, check the following box. ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☒

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant files a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

Table of Contents

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to “Carlsmed,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refers to Carlsmed, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representation other than those contained in this prospectus, any amendment or supplement to this prospectus, or any free writing prospectuses prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. We and the underwriters take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the shares of common stock offered hereby, and only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus, any amendment or supplement to this prospectus, or any applicable free writing prospectus is current only as of its date, regardless of its time of delivery or any sale of shares of our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may have changed since that date.

For investors outside the United States: We have not, and the underwriters have not, done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the shares of common stock and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. See the section titled “Underwriting.”

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). We present our financial statements in U.S. dollars.

Our fiscal year ends on December 31 of each year.

Certain monetary amounts, percentages, and other figures included elsewhere in this prospectus have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, figures shown as totals in certain tables or charts may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them, and figures expressed as percentages in the text may not total 100% or, as applicable, when aggregated, may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the percentages that precede them.

Market, Industry, and Other Data

Market data and certain other statistical information used throughout this prospectus are based on independent industry publications, governmental publications, reports by market research firms, or other independent sources that we believe to be reliable sources. In addition, information regarding the number of expected lumbar and cervical fusion surgeries to be performed in 2025 is based on data from the 2024 Spinal Fusion - US Market Report (the “SmartTRAK Report”) by BioMedGPS, provider of SmartTRAK Business Intelligence Solutions (“SmartTRAK”). SmartTRAK notes that it uses information from both quantitative and qualitative data sources and applies proprietary algorithms to report and/or project trends such as incidence and prevalence figures, procedure volumes and revenues. SmartTRAK data sources include the following: primary research with companies, societies, clinicians, hospitals and ASCs; attendance and coverage of industry conferences; professional societies;·U.S. government databases;·and medical claims databases. In some cases, we do not expressly refer to the sources from which this data is derived. In that regard, when we refer to one or more sources of this type of data in any paragraph, you should assume that other data of this type appearing in the same paragraph is derived from the same sources, unless otherwise expressly stated or the context otherwise requires. The content of these third-party sources, except to the extent specifically set forth in this prospectus, does not constitute a portion of this prospectus and is not incorporated herein. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys, and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. We are responsible for all of the disclosure contained in this prospectus, and we believe that these sources are reliable; however, we have not independently verified the underlying data, estimates or information contained in such publications. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding any third-party information presented in this prospectus, their estimates, in particular, as they relate to projections, involve numerous assumptions, are subject to risks and uncertainties, and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Some data are also based on our good-faith estimates. In addition, throughout this prospectus we refer to information related to clinical studies and research that evaluate the aprevo Technology Platform and related matters. Please see the section titled “Business—Our Clinical Results and Studies” for additional information regarding these studies and research.

Trademarks

We own certain trademarks and trademark applications used in this prospectus that are important to our business, including, among others, Carlsmed®, aprevo®, and myaprevo®. We also intend to apply for various trademarks that we use in connection with the operation of our business. This prospectus may also contain trademarks, service marks, and trade names of third parties, which are the property of their respective owners. Our use or display of third parties’ trademarks, service marks, trade names, or products in this prospectus is not intended to, and does not, imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship by, us. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks, and trade names referred to in this prospectus may appear without the “™,” “®,” or “SM” symbol, but the omission of such references is not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the right of the applicable owner of these trademarks, service marks, and trade names.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” before deciding whether to invest in our common stock. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe are not material may also impair our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Business and Industry Risk Factors

We depend entirely on sales of aprevo interbody implants for our revenue. If we are unable to successfully achieve substantial market acceptance and adoption of the aprevo Technology Platform, or any of our future products, or if confidence in our products is diminished, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects would be harmed.

We expect that revenue from sales of aprevo interbody implants will continue to account for all of our revenue for the foreseeable future. Continued and widespread market acceptance and adoption of the aprevo Technology Platform are critical to our future success. The size of our hospital and surgeon base, our ability to acquire new hospitals and surgeon users, and our ability to retain existing hospitals and surgeons are critical to our success as well. Thus, our commercial success will depend in large part on further adoption of the aprevo Technology Platform by hospitals and surgeons, and an increase in the number of patients receiving personalized spine surgery with aprevo interbody implants.

Various factors can contribute to the growth in market acceptance of our products and the ability to effectively engage and retain hospitals and surgeons, and their use of the aprevo Technology Platform. For example, hospitals and surgeons may be reluctant to purchase or use aprevo interbody implants due to familiarity with stock implants that are well established and known to them. Our ability to grow our sales and drive market adoption will depend on the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement for procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform from third-party payors, including government payors, or the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of coverage and adequate reimbursement by third-party payors, including government payors. In addition, successfully educating hospitals, surgeons, and patients of the relative benefits of the aprevo Technology Platform compared to stock implants, as well as educating such hospitals, surgeons, and patients regarding the advantages and limitations of the aprevo Technology Platform, will be essential to our ability to grow sales of aprevo interbody implants and drive market acceptance and adoption. If hospitals and surgeons do not perceive our products to be useful, effective, reliable, and trustworthy, or if we are unable to provide sufficient training to hospitals and surgeons, we may not be able to attract or retain customers. Hospitals and surgeons may perceive the aprevo Technology Platform to be less useful if they lack familiarity or trust in the aprevo Technology Platform. In addition, negative clinical research results or publicity or an adverse change to published or unpublished guidelines or recommendations from third parties (including, without limitation, medical societies) relating to the use, clinical benefit, or risk profile of the aprevo Technology Platform, AI technologies, aprevo interbody implants, or surgical planning software in general could result in negative perception by hospitals and surgeons, and could affect our brand and reputation. While we constantly work to improve the aprevo Technology Platform, the technologies we work with are novel and complex, and we cannot assure you that there will not be negative reports on the aprevo Technology Platform in the future. Further, patients, hospitals, or surgeons who are dissatisfied with their experiences with the aprevo Technology Platform may post negative reviews, and we may become the subject of blog, forum, or other social media postings that contain negative statements about us, which are outside of our control and may be inaccurate. Any negative publicity, whether real or perceived, disseminated by word-of-mouth, the general media, electronic or social networking platforms, competitor materials, or other methods, could harm our reputation and brand. Lack of support for our products from hospitals or surgeons can affect how receptive other surgeons are to use the aprevo Technology Platform for their patients and could result in decreased demand for our products. Negative perception by hospitals or surgeons could also render us less attractive to future hospital customers, which could result in decreased sales of our products. A number of other factors, including the impacts of economic conditions and regulatory changes on hospital budgets and spending patterns, could potentially negatively affect the increase in adoption by hospitals and surgeons of the aprevo Technology Platform and demand for aprevo interbody implants.

We have a limited operating history and have experienced periods of significant business changes in a short time, making it difficult for you to evaluate our business and future prospects. If we are unable to manage our business and any fluctuations in our business effectively, our business and growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Since our formation in 2018, our efforts have been primarily related to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, developing the aprevo Technology Platform, undertaking preclinical studies and clinical studies, obtaining FDA clearance for the aprevo Technology Platform products, establishing our supply chain and network of suppliers and CMOs and, most recently, commercializing the aprevo Technology Platform. We have a limited operating history, which makes evaluation of our future prospects difficult. Consequently, any predictions you make about our future success, performance, or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had more experience or a longer history of successfully developing and commercializing the aprevo Technology Platform. Since our inception, we have had periods of significant growth in revenue and employees, which have required us to scale the size of our organization as our business has rapidly changed. For example, since we began commercializing the aprevo Technology Platform in 2021, we have grown from 24 employees as of December 31, 2021, to 100 employees as of March 31, 2025. Our growth objectives will require us to further expand our sales and marketing and research and development personnel (including those with software and hardware expertise). Our results of operations have fluctuated in the past, and our future quarterly and annual results of operations may fluctuate as we focus on increasing the demand for our products. Among other factors, future changes in the level of reimbursement for procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform could have a significant impact on our results of operations, either positively or negatively. We may need to make business decisions that could adversely affect our results of operations and prospects, such as modifications to our pricing and reimbursement strategy, business structure, or operations.

The challenges we face in managing our business, including the changing reimbursement and regulatory landscapes, place significant demands on our management, financial, operational, manufacturing, technological, and other resources. We expect that managing our business will continue to place significant demands on our management and other resources and will require us to continue developing and improving our operational, financial, and other internal controls, reporting systems, and procedures. In particular, continued growth increases the challenges involved in a number of areas, including recruiting and retaining sufficient skilled personnel, providing adequate training and supervision to maintain our high-quality product standards and regulatory compliance, and preserving our culture and values. We may not be able to address these challenges in a cost-effective manner, or at all. As we grow, we may also need to invest significant resources to improve and expand our manufacturing partnerships and technology, and we may not be able to do so in a cost-effective manner, or at all. We cannot assure you that any changes in scale, related quality, or compliance assurance, including those related to any future additional improvements and modifications to the aprevo Technology Platform, will be successfully implemented or that appropriate personnel will be available to facilitate the management of, and changes to, our business. Failure to implement necessary quality and compliance procedures, transition to new manufacturing processes or supply chains, or hire or maintain necessary personnel could result in higher costs or an inability to meet demand. In addition, our business is affected by general macroeconomic and business conditions around the world, including the impacts of inflation, increased interest rates, market instability, geopolitical conditions and conflicts, health crises, and natural disasters. If we do not effectively manage our business through the various challenges we face, we may not be able to execute our business plan, respond to competitive pressures, take advantage of market opportunities, satisfy patient and healthcare professional requirements, or maintain high-quality products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We have a history of net losses, and we expect to incur additional substantial losses in the foreseeable future.

We have incurred net losses since inception, and we expect to incur additional losses in the near future. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and the three months ended March 31, 2025, we incurred net losses of $24.2 million, $18.9 million, and $5.7 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $76.9 million. We also expect our operating expenses to increase in future periods, and if our revenue growth does not increase to more than offset these anticipated increases in our operating expenses, we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects will be harmed. Since inception, we have spent significant amounts to develop the aprevo Technology Platform, to fund clinical

studies and gain FDA clearance for the aprevo Technology Platform products, to develop our manufacturing processes, to scale our commercial operations, and to recruit and retain key talent.

We have encountered and will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies, including increasing expenses as we continue to grow our business. We expect our operating expenses to increase significantly over the next several years as we continue to expand our operations and infrastructure and continue to develop the aprevo Technology Platform, including for any future additional improvements and modifications. In addition to the anticipated costs of growing our business, we also expect to incur additional legal, accounting, and other expert expenses as we grow. These investments may be more costly than we expect, and if we do not achieve the benefits anticipated from these investments, or if the realization of these benefits is delayed, they may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. If our growth rate were to decline significantly or become negative, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We cannot assure you that we will achieve profitability in the future or that, if we do become profitable, we will be able to sustain or increase profitability. Our prior losses, combined with potential future losses, have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital.

Our business and growth strategy depend on our ability to launch the aprevo Technology Platform for cervical spine fusion surgeries. If we are unable to do so, our future growth would be limited and our business would be harmed.

As part of our overall growth strategy, we are developing the aprevo Technology Platform for use in cervical spine fusion surgeries. In November 2024, we received FDA 510(k) clearance for our aprevo Technology Platform for cervical spine fusion surgery, and we are currently pursuing necessary additional FDA 510(k) regulatory clearances for advancements to our cervical software platform and our personalized plating solutions. On July 14, 2025, the first in-human personalized cervical procedure using our aprevo Technology Platform was completed. Assuming we get the necessary additional clearances, we expect to commercialize the aprevo Technology Platform for cervical fusion surgery in 2026. We can provide no assurances as to the timing or our ability to ultimately obtain the requisite marketing authorization to facilitate a successful launch of the aprevo Technology Platform in cervical spine fusion surgeries, or that our efforts to attain such regulatory clearances and appropriate reimbursement will be successful. In addition, the successful launch and commercialization of the aprevo Technology Platform for cervical spine fusion surgeries will depend on a number of circumstances, including the risks identified in these “Risk Factors.” One or more of these factors, many of which are beyond our control, could cause significant delays or an inability to launch the aprevo Technology Platform for use in cervical spine fusion surgeries. Any such delay or failure to obtain the necessary regulatory clearances and appropriate reimbursement, or delay or failure in the launch and successful commercialization of the aprevo Technology Platform for use in cervical spine fusion surgeries could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, and could significantly impact our growth and growth strategy. Managing our on-demand, customized implant model to address evolving patterns of demand is expensive, time-consuming, and subject to significant uncertainties. If we are unable to manage our CMOs to consistently meet demand on a timely basis, hospitals and surgeons may choose to use our competitors’ products.

Managing our on-demand, customized implant model to address evolving patterns of demand is expensive, time-consuming, and subject to significant uncertainties. If we are unable to manage our CMOs to consistently meet demand on a timely basis, hospitals and surgeons may choose to use our competitors’ products.

We currently market the aprevo Technology Platform directly to hospitals and surgeons in the United States, where we face the risk of significant changes in the demand for the aprevo Technology Platform. Our business model depends on our ability to timely deliver aprevo interbody implants in order to allow surgeons to maintain their surgical schedule. We rely entirely on CMOs to produce and deliver our aprevo interbody implants. A sudden increase in demand could cause delays in delivering aprevo interbody implants to surgeons and hospitals. If we are not able to manage our CMOs, our CMOs are not able to consistently deliver aprevo interbody implants on a timely basis, surgical schedules may be put in jeopardy and cause surgeons to use our competitors’ products, even if they are inferior to ours, which could cause harm to our reputation and cause our sales to decline. Any increase or decrease in demand would put pressure on our CMOs and their supply and manufacturing processes. For example, a sudden increase in demand could require increased production of aprevo interbody implants so that our surgeons can

timely use aprevo interbody implants with their patients. Unlike our competitors, we operate an asset-light business model given that aprevo interbody implants are manufactured on-demand by our CMOs and customized for each patient. As a result, in the event of a sudden increase in demand, our CMOs may lack sufficient capital equipment and materials or inventory on hand to create aprevo interbody implants and deliver them to hospitals within 10 business days of surgical plan approval. Furthermore, delays in the approval of digital surgical plans by surgeons, or late changes in surgery date, can cause CMO expedite fees to be incurred to meet customer demand, which increase our cost of production. Expedite fees incurred during the second quarter of 2025 are expected to have a negative impact on our reported gross margins for the three months ended June 30, 2025 relative to the three months ended June 30, 2024, as described under “Prospectus Summary—Recent Developments—Preliminary estimated selected financial results as of and for the three months ended June 30, 2025” and could have negative impacts in future periods. Adapting to changes in demand inherently lags behind the actual changes because it takes time to identify the change that the market is undergoing and to implement any measures to take as a result. Finally, capacity adjustments are inherently risky because there is imperfect information, and sales trends may rapidly intensify, ebb, or even reverse. We may be unable to accurately or timely predict trends in demand and customer behavior or to take appropriate measures to mitigate risks and react to opportunities resulting from such trends. Any inability in the future to identify or to adequately and effectively react to changes in demand could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We rely on a limited number of CMOs for the manufacture, treatment, sterilization, packaging, and distribution of our products. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of our products or such quantities at an acceptable cost, and reduces our control over the manufacturing process, which could delay, prevent, or impair our development or commercialization efforts, as well as our ability to timely deliver our aprevo interbody implants.

Our business model depends on our ability to timely deliver aprevo interbody implants in order to allow surgeons to maintain their surgical schedule. We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for clinical or commercial production of aprevo interbody implants. We have limited experience in medical device manufacturing and lack the resources and the capability to manufacture aprevo interbody implants on a commercial scale. Our products are manufactured to our specifications by CMOs who meet our manufacturer qualification standards. We have developed a streamlined DPS that manages both the upstream and downstream processes involved in producing our aprevo interbody implants; however, we rely entirely on a limited number of CMOs, only one of which is vertically integrated, to perform all the various processes in connection with the manufacture of our aprevo interbody implants. Under this manufacturing model, our CMOs electronically receive the aprevo interbody implant design; perform all of the various processes in connection with the manufacture of our products, including 3D printing, heat treatment, post-processing, cleaning and packaging, and sterilization; and then ship the completed aprevo interbody implant and accompanying single-use surgical instruments directly for use in surgery. If our CMOs are unable to produce our products in the amounts, timing, or pricing that we require, we may not be able to coordinate with our alternative CMOs to manufacture our products on a timely basis and in the quantities or pricing we require. Additionally, if our CMOs are not able to consistently deliver aprevo interbody implants on a timely basis, surgical schedules may be put in jeopardy and cause surgeons to use our competitors’ products, even if they are inferior to ours, which could cause harm to our reputation and cause our sales to decline. We expect to depend on CMOs for the foreseeable future.

Our CMOs are critical to us, and there are relatively few alternative sources of supply. Our CMOs are not currently under long-term contracts with us and may experience delays or issues, stop producing aprevo interbody implants, increase the prices they charge us, or elect to terminate their relationships with us. In any such cases, we could encounter a delay of several months to identify and evaluate suitable alternative manufacturing partners, qualify them, and perform audits to ensure that their processes comply with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”). Supply delays may, and the loss of our vertically integrated CMO likely would, result in our inability to timely deliver aprevo interbody implants within 10 business days of surgical plan approval, resulting in surgeons having to rely on stock implants to complete the procedures. These events could materially and adversely affect our ability to retain and attract hospitals and surgeons and could have a material negative impact on our operations, business, financial results, and financial condition.

We do not have complete control over all aspects of the manufacturing process of, and are dependent on, our CMOs for compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice (“cGMP”) regulations applicable to our products,

including compliance with the FDA’s quality systems regulations (the “QSR”). CMOs may not be able, or may fail, to comply with cGMP regulations. If our CMOs cannot successfully manufacture aprevo interbody implants that conform to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA, they will not be able to secure and/or maintain registration for their manufacturing facilities.

We also do not have complete control over the ability of our CMOs to maintain adequate quality control, quality assurance, and qualified personnel. The failure of our CMOs to maintain acceptable quality requirements could result in quality issues, including recalls of our products. If one of our CMOs fails to maintain acceptable quality requirements or perform as agreed, we may have to identify and qualify a new supplier or develop in-house manufacturing capabilities, which could require significant capital investments. Although we require our CMOs to supply us with aprevo interbody implants that meet our specifications and comply with applicable provisions of the QSR and other applicable legal and regulatory requirements in our agreements and contracts, and we perform incoming inspection, testing, or other acceptance activities in an effort to ensure that they meet our requirements, there is a risk that they may not supply aprevo interbody implants that meet our requirements or supply them in a timely manner. Moreover, our failure, or the failure of our CMOs, to comply with applicable cGMP requirements could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, seizures or recalls, operating restrictions, and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect our financial position.

The number of CMOs with the necessary regulatory expertise and facilities to produce aprevo interbody implants is limited, and qualification of a new CMO may be complex and time consuming. Any delay or interruption would likely lead to a delay or interruption in our manufacturing operations. The added time and cost to arrange for alternative CMOs could harm our business. Obtaining the necessary FDA or international marketing authorizations or other qualifications under applicable regulatory requirements could result in a significant interruption of supply and could require the new supplier to bear significant additional costs that may be passed on to us.

Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our products may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize our products on a timely and competitive basis.

If the third parties on which we rely to assist us with premarket development activities for future products do not perform as contractually required or expected, we may not obtain regulatory clearance, approval, or a CE Certificate of Conformity for our future products or be able to successfully commercialize our future products.

We often must rely on third parties to assist in conducting our pre-market development activities for our product candidates. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, comply with applicable regulatory obligations, or meet expected deadlines, or if these third parties need to be replaced, or if the quality or accuracy of the work product, including data, they produce is compromised due to failing to adhere to clinical protocols, to applicable regulatory requirements, or otherwise, our premarket development activities may be extended, delayed, suspended, or terminated. Under these circumstances, we may not be able to obtain regulatory clearance, approval, or a CE Certificate of Conformity for our future products or be able to successfully commercialize our future products on a timely basis, if at all, and our business, operating results, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We operate in a highly competitive industry, and competitive pressures or any new developments by competitors could make the aprevo Technology Platform non-competitive or obsolete and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

The medical device industry is highly competitive, subject to rapid technological change and significantly affected by new product introductions and market activities of other participants. Our currently marketed products, and any future products we commercialize, will compete against manufacturers of conventional spine and orthopedic devices.

Many of our competitors, which primarily include manufacturers of stock implants, may be able to develop products, manufacturing processes, or surgical plans competitive with, or superior to, our own. Our competitors may also have stronger intellectual property portfolios; broader spinal surgery product offerings and products supported

by significantly more extensive clinical data; more established distribution networks; entrenched relationships with hospitals and surgeons; significantly greater name recognition and more recognizable trademarks for products similar to the products we sell; more established relationships with hospitals and surgeons; greater experience in obtaining and maintaining FDA and other regulatory clearances or approvals for products and product enhancement; and greater experience in launching, marketing, and selling products than we do.

The introduction by competitors of products that are, or claim to be, superior to aprevo interbody implants, or that are alternatives to our existing or planned products, may also create market confusion that may make it difficult to differentiate the benefits of our products over competing products. In addition, the entry of multiple new products and competitors may lead some of our competitors to employ pricing strategies that could adversely affect the pricing of our products and pricing in the spine surgery market generally. Additionally, the failure of procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform to present a cost-effective alternative to procedures using stock implants, including as a result of changes to the spine fusion Medicare Severity-Diagnosis Related Groups (“MS-DRGs”) reimbursements applicable to aprevo interbody implants, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, the spine and orthopedic medical device industry in which we compete is characterized by rapid and significant technological change. We expect competition to intensify as technological advances are made. New technologies and products developed by other companies are regularly introduced into the market, which may render the aprevo Technology Platform non-competitive or obsolete.

If we are unable to meet customer demands for new technology, or if the technologies we introduce are viewed less favorably than our competitors’ products, our results of operations and future prospects may be negatively affected.

For us to remain competitive, it is essential to be at the forefront of new technologies, including in the rapidly evolving area of AI. If we are unable to meet customer demands for new technology, or if the technologies we introduce are viewed less favorably than our competitors’ products, our results of operations and future prospects may be negatively affected. To meet our customers’ needs in these areas, we must continuously work on our product design, develop our algorithms, and invest in and develop new technologies to improve the aprevo Technology Platform. We will also need to anticipate hospital and surgeon demand with respect to these technologies and which technological advances are most desirable in personalized surgery plans and aprevo interbody implants and any future additional products that we may market. This need will result in requiring our employees to continue learning and adapting to new technologies, and us competing for highly skilled talent in a competitive market. Our operating results depend to a significant extent on our ability to anticipate and adapt to technological changes in the spinal surgery and implant market, maintain and protect innovation, maintain a strong product pipeline, and reduce or maintain low costs for producing high-quality surgical plan and spinal implant products. Any inability to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our business and growth strategy depend on our ability to maintain and expand our aprevo Personalized Spine Provider program. If we are unable to do so, our future growth would be limited, and our business would be harmed.

Our achievement of rapid organic adoption of the aprevo Technology Platform among hospitals and surgeons is dependent upon our continued ability to maintain a network of established surgeons. Fulfilling our obligations requires a robust supply of surgeons. If we are unable to maintain and grow our network of surgeons who have interest in the aprevo Technology Platform, it would harm our business and ability to grow and would adversely affect our results of operations. Our ability to develop and maintain satisfactory relationships with these providers also may be negatively impacted by other factors not associated with us, such as changes in Medicare and/or Medicaid reimbursement levels and other pressures on surgeons and consolidation activity among hospitals, physician groups, and healthcare providers. The failure to maintain or to secure new surgeons with interest in the aprevo Technology Platform may result in a loss of or inability to grow our hospital and surgeon base, higher costs, healthcare provider network disruptions, less-attractive service for our customers, and/or difficulty in meeting regulatory or accreditation requirements, any of which could harm our business.

Any future sales in international markets will subject us to additional costs and risks that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

As of the date of this prospectus, all of our sales have been to hospitals and surgeons in the United States. We intend to pursue regulatory clearances and establish a commercial pathway in attractive international markets in the near term, and there are significant costs and risks inherent in conducting business in international markets. Upon our expansion into foreign markets, we will be subject to new business risks, in addition to regulatory risks. We can give no assurance as to the timing of regulatory authorizations in any markets or that such efforts will be successful. See the risk factor titled “We face risks related to obtaining necessary foreign marketing authorizations.” In addition, expansion into foreign markets will impose additional burdens on our executive and administrative personnel, finance and legal teams, sales and marketing teams, and general managerial resources.

We have limited experience with international regulatory regimes and market practices, and we may not be able to penetrate or successfully generate sales in new markets. We may also encounter difficulty expanding into international markets because of limited brand recognition in certain parts of the world and our limited experience with international manufacturing and distribution, leading to delayed acceptance of our products by potential customers in these international markets. In addition, international markets may have different reimbursement pathways that present additional challenges and make those markets less commercially viable. If we are unable to expand internationally and manage the complexity of international sales operations successfully, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. If our efforts to introduce our products into foreign markets are not successful, we may have expended significant resources without realizing the expected benefit. Ultimately, the investment required for expansion into foreign markets could exceed the results of operations generated from this expansion.

If we fail to attract and retain senior management and other key personnel, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Our success depends in part on our continued ability to attract, retain, and motivate highly qualified management, sales and marketing, and research and development personnel, including those with hardware expertise and software expertise, in particular in the area of AI and machine learning. We are highly dependent upon our senior management team as well as our senior technology personnel. We are also dependent on our direct sales team. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, planned or unplanned departures of members of our senior management team, our senior technology personnel, and our direct sales team. Any loss of services, whether planned or unplanned, of any of the members of our senior management team could adversely affect our business until a suitable replacement can be found.

Competition for qualified personnel in the medical device field in general and the personalized surgery field specifically is intense, due to the limited number of individuals who possess the training, skills, and experience required by our industry. We intend to continue to review and, where necessary, strengthen our senior management as the needs of our business develop, including through internal promotion and external hires. However, there may be a limited number of people with the requisite competencies to serve in these positions, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to locate or employ such qualified personnel on terms acceptable to us, or at all. We also face significant competition for personnel where our main office is located in San Diego County, California. We also intend to continue to increase our sales territories, and we may not be successful in attracting qualified personnel to staff our direct sales team in our desired new territories. To attract and maintain key personnel, we need to remain competitive in our “total rewards” offers to employees, including attractive cash compensation, equity, and benefits packages. While we regularly assess market trends for any changes in compensation across all functions, we need to remain diligent in our compensation benchmarking, especially for key personnel, to ensure that we are providing attractive offers to new employees and compensating existing employees well. Therefore, the loss of one or more of our key personnel, whether planned or unplanned, or our failure to attract and retain additional key personnel, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. In addition, to the extent that we hire personnel from competitors, we may be subject to allegations that they have been improperly solicited, that they have divulged proprietary or other confidential information, or that their former employers own their research output.

We rely on our independent sales agents to generate revenue, which subjects us to various risks.

We rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, the efforts of both our direct sales team and our independent sales agents to promote and market the aprevo Technology Platform to solicit sales of our aprevo interbody implants, and we expect to continue to rely on our direct sales team with the support of independent sales agents to generate a substantial portion of our net sales in the future while we continue to dedicate meaningful resources to significantly grow our direct sales force as we continue to expand. The impairment or termination of our relationships with our independent sales agents for any reason, or the failure of these parties to diligently promote, market, and sell the aprevo Technology Platform and aprevo interbody implants and comply with applicable laws and regulations could materially and adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and profits. Because our independent sales agents control the relationships with certain of our end customers or surgeon users of our products, if our relationship with any independent sales agent ends, we may also lose our customer and surgeon relationships. Furthermore, our success is partially dependent on the willingness and ability of the independent sales agents and other employees of our independent sales agents to diligently sell our aprevo interbody implants. However, we can make no assurances that our independent sales agents will be successful in promoting and marketing our products or in providing adequate clinical support to surgeon users. In addition, because our independent sales agents do not sell aprevo interbody implants exclusively, they may focus their sales efforts and resources on other products that produce better margins or greater commissions for them or are incorporated into a broader strategic relationship with a partner. Because we do not control the independent sales agents and other employees of our independent sales agents, we cannot guarantee that our sales processes, regulatory compliance, and other priorities will be consistently communicated and executed. While we may take steps to mitigate the risks associated with non-compliance by our independent sales agents, there remains a risk that they will not comply with regulatory requirements or our requirements and policies. Actions by the sales representatives and other employees of our independent sales agents that are beyond our control could adversely impact sales in that territory or result in harm to our reputation or our products or legal liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition to the risk of losing customers, the operation of local laws and our agreements with our independent sales agents may make it difficult for us to replace an independent sales agent that we believe is underperforming.

We expect to continue to increase our sales territories and our independent sales agents in the United States to deepen our penetration in the United States in our existing markets and expand into new geographic territories. However, we may not be successful in doing so. If we are unable to establish new independent sales agent relationships and maintain our relationships with our existing independent sales agents on commercially reasonable terms, we may be unable to increase sales of aprevo interbody implants, which, in turn, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to successfully develop new products and effectively manage their introduction or improve our existing products, our business may be adversely affected.

We must successfully manage introductions of new or enhanced medical devices, such as the development of the aprevo Technology Platform to expand its use into cervical fusion, or new or enhanced features of the aprevo Technology Platform, including those related to any future indications. Introductions of new medical devices or features of the aprevo Technology Platform could also adversely impact the sales of our existing medical devices. For instance, the introduction or announcement of new aprevo interbody implants or an advanced aprevo Technology Platform could cause sales channel conflicts to arise or shorten the life cycle of our existing aprevo interbody implants or reduce demand for them, potentially reducing any benefits of successful new product or enhancement introductions and leading to challenges in managing the portfolio of existing aprevo Technology Platform products. In addition, new or enhanced medical devices may have higher manufacturing, marketing, information technology, or other costs than our existing medical devices, or lower market acceptance and adoption, which could negatively impact our gross margins and operating results. As the technological complexity of the aprevo Technology Platform products increases, the infrastructure to support them, such as our design and manufacturing processes and technical support for our products, may also become more complex. Accordingly, if we fail to effectively manage introductions of new or advanced medical devices, our business may be adversely affected.

We spend significant amounts on marketing and brand-building initiatives to acquire and retain customers, which may not be successful or cost effective.

We spend significant amounts in marketing initiatives to increase market awareness of the aprevo Technology Platform and the benefits of a personalized surgery plan and aprevo interbody implants. We believe our marketing programs are essential to increasing adoption of the aprevo Technology Platform by hospitals and surgeons and expanding the use of the aprevo Technology Platform to a greater number of patients.

While we have developed robust marketing initiatives, we may fail to identify marketing opportunities that satisfy our anticipated return on marketing spend or accurately predict customer acquisition or product-related concerns. If any of our marketing efforts prove less successful than anticipated in attracting new or retaining existing customers, we may not be able to recover our marketing spend, and our rates of customer acquisition and/or customer retention may fail to meet market expectations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Our marketing efforts may not result in increased sales of our products, and we may be unable to compete effectively in the long term.

In addition, we believe that building a strong brand and developing and achieving broad awareness of the aprevo Technology Platform is critical to achieving market success. If any of our brand-building activities prove less successful than anticipated, or such activities are inhibited by the negative perceptions of surgeons, including with respect to AI technologies, including proprietary artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms and models (collectively, “AI Technologies”), aprevo interbody implants, surgical planning software, or lack of confidence in our processes in general, or the safety, reliability, and efficacy of the aprevo Technology Platform, our ability to attract new and retain existing customers and the rate of use of our products by existing customers could be materially adversely impacted. If this were to occur, we may not be able to recover our brand-building spend, and our rates of customer acquisition and retention and product usage may fail to meet market expectations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may be subject to product and other liability claims that could require us to pay substantial sums.

We are subject to an inherent risk of, and adverse publicity associated with, product liability and other liability claims, whether or not such claims are valid. Lumbar spine and cervical spine surgeries involve significant risk of serious complications, including bleeding, tissue injury, nerve injury, paralysis, and even death. In addition, if surgeons are not sufficiently trained in the use of aprevo interbody implants, they may misuse or ineffectively use them, which may result in unsatisfactory patient outcomes or patient injury. We could become the subject of product liability lawsuits alleging that component failures, malfunctions, manufacturing flaws, design defects, or inadequate disclosure of product-related risks or product-related information resulted in an unsafe condition or injury to patients.

Product liability claims are expensive to defend, divert our management’s attention, and, if we are not successful in defending the claim, can result in substantial monetary awards against us or costly settlements. Further, successful product liability claims made against one or more of our competitors could cause claims to be made against us or expose us to a perception that we are vulnerable to similar claims. Any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit and regardless of the outcome or whether it is fully pursued, may result in decreased demand for our products, injury to our reputation, significant litigation costs, product recalls, loss of revenue, the inability to commercialize new products or product candidates, and adverse publicity regarding our products. Any of these may have a material adverse effect on our reputation with existing and potential customers and on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, a recall of some of our products, whether or not the result of a product liability claim, could result in significant costs and loss of customers.

Even a meritless or unsuccessful product liability claim could harm our reputation, impair our ability to sell one or more of our products in the future, result in significant legal fees, and cause significant diversion of management’s attention from managing our business.

We maintain product liability insurance coverage in amounts and scope that we believe are reasonable and adequate. There can be no assurance, however, that product liability or other claims will not exceed our insurance coverage limits or that such insurance will continue to be available on reasonable, commercially acceptable terms, or at all. A successful product liability claim that exceeds our insurance coverage limits could require us to pay substantial sums and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition. In addition, any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could result in an increase of our product liability insurance rates. See the risk factor titled “Our insurance may not cover all potential losses or liabilities that may arise.”

The off-label use of aprevo interbody implants may harm our reputation in the marketplace or result in injuries that lead to fines or sanctions by regulatory bodies if we are deemed to have engaged in the promotion of these uses, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our products and any marketing authorization we may receive for future products are, and will be, cleared by the FDA for specific indications. We train our direct sales team and independent sales agents to not promote aprevo interbody implants for uses outside of the FDA-cleared indications for use, known as “off-label uses.” We cannot, however, prevent a surgeon from using aprevo interbody implants off-label, when in the surgeon’s or healthcare provider’s independent professional medical judgment he or she deems it appropriate. In addition, there may be increased risk of injury to patients if surgeons attempt to use aprevo interbody implants off-label. Furthermore, the use of our products for indications other than those cleared by the FDA or approved by any foreign regulatory body may not effectively treat such conditions, which could harm our reputation in the marketplace among surgeons, healthcare providers, and patients.

If the FDA or any foreign regulatory body determines that our promotional materials or trainings constitute promotion of an off-label use, it could request that we modify our training or promotional materials or subject us to regulatory or enforcement actions, including the issuance or imposition of a warning or untitled letter, injunction, seizure, civil fine, or criminal penalties. It is also possible that other federal, state, or foreign enforcement authorities might take action under another regulatory authority, such as false claims laws, if they consider our business activities to constitute promotion of an off-label use, which could result in significant penalties, including, but not

limited to, criminal, civil, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, and the curtailment of our operations.

A recall of our products, either voluntarily or at the direction of the FDA or another governmental authority, or the discovery of serious safety issues with our products, could have a significant adverse impact on us.

The FDA has the authority to require the recall of commercialized products based on a finding that there is reasonable probability that the device could cause serious, adverse health consequences or death. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any material deficiency in a device is found or if they believe that the product could be in violation of the FDCA. Even if voluntary, the FDA requires that a medical device manufacturer report to the FDA any corrective action or removal of a device initiated to reduce a risk to health posed by the device. A government-mandated or voluntary recall could occur as a result of risk to health, component failures, manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects, or other deficiencies and issues. Recalls of any of our products would divert managerial and financial resources and have an adverse effect on our reputation, results of operations, and financial condition, which could impair our ability to produce our products in a cost-effective and timely manner in order to meet our customers’ demands. We may also be required to bear other costs or take other actions that may have a negative impact on our future sales and our ability to generate profits.

Any adverse event involving our products could result in future voluntary corrective actions, such as recalls or customer notifications, or agency action, such as inspection, mandatory recall, or other enforcement action. Any corrective action, whether voluntary or involuntary, as well as defending ourselves in a lawsuit, will require the dedication of our time and capital, distract management from operating our business, and may harm our reputation and financial results.

Any of our products and technologies may have unforeseen adverse events or undesirable side effects, which may require our products to be taken off the market, require our products to include safety warnings, or otherwise limit sales of our products.

Unforeseen adverse events or undesirable side effects related to the use of any of our products or technologies may arise either during clinical development or, if cleared or approved, after the product has been marketed. If we or others identify unforeseen adverse events or undesirable side effects caused by one or more of our products or technologies:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product or could substantially increase our commercialization costs and expenses, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating sufficient revenue to achieve or sustain profitability.

The size and expected growth of our total addressable market has not been established with precision and may be smaller than we estimate.

Our estimated total addressable market is based on the data and assumptions of the SmartTRAK Report, including a compound annual growth rate (“CAGR”) of approximately 1.5% in the spinal fusion market, consistent with historical growth, resulting from, among other things, an aging U.S. population, which is expected to drive an increase in multilevel fusions in the U.S. spinal fusion market. We estimate our total addressable market opportunity for lumbar fusion procedures based on the estimated number of lumbar fusion surgeries to be performed in the United States in 2025, according to the SmartTRAK Report, and the current average selling price of our aprevo Technology Platform. Our total addressable market is the total overall revenue opportunity that we believe is available for the aprevo Technology Platform in the United States if we achieve 100% market share for lumbar fusion surgeries and is not a representation that we will achieve such market share. While we believe that the data underlying our estimates is reasonable, these assumptions and estimates may not be correct. As a result, our estimates of our total addressable market may prove to be incorrect. If the actual number of patients who would benefit from the aprevo Technology Platform, the price at which we can sell the aprevo Technology Platform, or our total addressable is smaller than we estimate, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Discovery of alternative technologies or other personalized spinal implant technologies could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If medical research were to lead to the discovery of alternative technologies or devices that address the same indications as the aprevo Technology Platform in a way that is or is perceived to be more accurate, reliable, cost-effective, or otherwise improved relative to the aprevo Technology Platform, for example, through alternative analysis and surgical planning software or other personalized implant technologies or devices, the demand for our products could decrease significantly, leading to a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our quarterly and annual results may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business.

Our quarterly and annual results of operations, including our revenue, profitability, and cash flow, may vary significantly in the future, and period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter or period should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our quarterly and annual financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside our control and, as a result, may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. Fluctuation in quarterly and annual results may decrease the value of our common stock. Factors that may cause fluctuations in our quarterly and annual results include, without limitation:

In addition, we typically experience a seasonal slowing of demand for our products in our third and fourth quarters due to customer availability patterns, such as vacations or travel around the summer and winter holidays. We believe this is attributable to the postponement of elective surgeries during the holidays and for summer vacation plans of healthcare providers and patients. We expect these seasonal factors to become more pronounced in absolute value of our reported results in the future as our business grows. The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts that we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts that we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common shares could decline substantially. Such a share price decline could occur even if we meet any previously publicly stated guidance that we may have provided.

Macroeconomic conditions could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Macroeconomic conditions, such as persistent inflation, changes to monetary policy, high interest rates, volatile currency exchange rates, credit and debt concerns, decreasing consumer confidence and spending, including capital spending, concerns about the stability and liquidity of certain financial institutions, the introduction of or changes in tariffs or trade barriers, pandemics and other health crises, and global recessions can adversely impact demand for our products, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Recent macroeconomic conditions have been adversely impacted by geopolitical instability and military hostilities in multiple geographies, including tariffs, the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the conflicts in the Middle East, and monetary and financial uncertainties.

The impacts of these macroeconomic conditions, and the actions taken by governments, central banks, companies, and consumers in response, have resulted in, and may continue to result in, higher inflation in the United States and globally, which is likely, in turn, to lead to an increase in costs and may cause changes in fiscal and monetary policy, including additional increases in interest rates. Tariffs on equipment or materials that we may rely on or use for our products could cause our costs to increase. In addition, spine surgery procedures are often considered elective procedures, depending on the level of disability or pain of the patient. As a result, the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on availability of elective spine surgery procedures due to restrictions imposed by governments and hospitals, and future pandemics or other health crises could also limit the availability of surgeries, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Other adverse impacts of recent macroeconomic conditions have been, and may continue to be, supply chain constraints, logistics challenges, liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry, and fluctuations in labor availability.

In a higher inflationary environment, we may be unable to raise the prices of our products sufficiently to keep up with the rate of inflation. A higher inflationary environment can also negatively impact equipment, material, and logistics costs that, in turn, may increase the costs of producing and distributing our products.

Also, we may experience supply chain constraints, including difficulties obtaining a sufficient supply or increased prices of equipment and materials used in the manufacture of our products by our manufacturing partners. Increased interest rates may make access to credit more difficult, which may result in the insolvency of key suppliers, which would exacerbate supply chain challenges. Such supply chain constraints could cause us to fail to meet product demand or maintain our margins.

Risk Related to Regulatory Matters

The continued commercialization of the aprevo Technology Platform depends in part on the extent to which third-party payors provide coverage and adequate reimbursement levels. Failure to obtain and maintain coverage and adequate reimbursement for aprevo interbody implants could limit our ability to market them and decrease our ability to generate revenue.

While third-party payors generally currently cover and provide reimbursement for procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform, there is significant uncertainty related to the commercial payor coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products that have not yet been launched. In the United States, the level of reimbursement that hospitals receive from third-party payors, including commercial and governmental payors such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs, has a substantial impact on the prices that we are able to charge to hospitals and how widely the aprevo Technology Platform is accepted. The Medicare and Medicaid programs increasingly are used as models in the United States for how commercial payors and other governmental payors develop their coverage and reimbursement policies for medical devices. Some third-party payors may require pre-approval of coverage for new or innovative devices before they will reimburse healthcare providers who use such devices.

Our aprevo interbody implants are typically used in a hospital inpatient setting, where governmental payors, such as Medicare, generally reimburse hospitals a single bundled payment that is based on the patient’s principal diagnosis, up to 24 additional diagnoses, and up to 25 procedures performed during the stay. Cases are classified into MS-DRGs for payment under the Medicare Inpatient Prospective Payment System (“IPPS”) for all items and services provided to the patient during a single hospitalization, regardless of whether procedures utilizing the aprevo Technology Platform are performed during such hospitalization. The MS-DRG codes to which procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform are assigned provide premium reimbursement for procedures that utilize aprevo interbody implants relative to those that use stock implants. Reimbursement for professional services performed at the hospital by physicians is reported under a separate billing code and different payment methodology. Although they are not required to, commercial third-party payors often follow Medicare’s coverage and payment policies. Payment rates of other third-party payors may be consistent with Medicare rates, or they may be higher or lower, depending on their particular reimbursement methodology. As a result, hospitals’ and physicians’ access to adequate reimbursement by government and private insurance plans is central to the acceptance of our products. We may be unable to sell our products on a profitable basis if third-party payors refuse to cover procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform or reduce their current levels of reimbursement, or if our costs of production increase faster than increases in reimbursement levels.

In addition, hospitals and surgeons that use aprevo interbody implants may be subject to reimbursement claim denials upon submission of their claims. Hospitals and surgeons may also be subject to recovery of overpayments if a third-party payor makes payment for the claim and subsequently determines that such payor’s coding, billing, or coverage policies were not followed. These events, or any other decline in the amount that payors are willing to reimburse our customers, could make it difficult for existing customers to continue using or to adopt the aprevo Technology Platform and could create additional pricing pressure for us. If we are forced to lower the price that we charge for aprevo interbody implants, our gross margins will decrease, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Obtaining coverage and reimbursement can be a time-consuming process that could require us to provide supporting scientific, clinical, and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our products. We may not be able to provide data sufficient to satisfy governmental and other third-party payors that procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform should be covered and reimbursed. In addition, third-party payors continually review new and existing technologies for possible coverage and can, without notice, deny or reverse coverage for new or existing products. There can also be no assurance that third-party payor policies will provide coverage for procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform.

Further, we believe that future coverage and reimbursement may be subject to increased restrictions, such as additional prior authorization requirements, both in the United States and in international markets, which may impact utilization of our products and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Third-party coverage and reimbursement for our products or any of our products in development for which we may receive regulatory clearance, certification, or approval may not be available or adequate in either the United States or international markets. If demand for our products is adversely affected by third-party reimbursement policies and decisions, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We are subject to certain federal and state fraud and abuse laws and transparency laws, and any failure to comply could subject us to substantial penalties or other adverse consequences. In addition, any challenge to or investigation into our practices under these laws could cause adverse publicity and be costly to respond to, and thus could harm our business.

There are numerous U.S. federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback, false claims, and transparency laws regarding payments and other transfers of value made to physicians and other healthcare professionals. Our business practices and relationships with providers are subject to scrutiny under these laws. The healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:

These laws and regulations, among other things, constrain our business, marketing, and other promotional and research activities by limiting the kinds of financial arrangements, including sales programs, that we may have with hospitals and surgeons. In particular, these laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs, and other business arrangements, as well as interactions with hospitals and surgeons through consultant and advisory board arrangements, product training, sponsorships, or other activities. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare and other laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. We have entered into advisory board and consulting agreements with physicians, including some who have ownership interests in us and/or influence the ordering of or use our products in procedures they perform. Compensation under some of these arrangements includes the provision of stock or stock options. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that these and other business practices, including our aprevo Personalized Spine Provider program and use of independent sales agents, do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance, or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. Due to the breadth of these laws, the narrowness of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors available, and the range of interpretations to which they are subject, governmental authorities may possibly conclude that our business practices may not comply with healthcare laws and regulations.

To enforce compliance with the healthcare regulatory laws, certain enforcement bodies have recently increased their scrutiny of interactions between healthcare companies and healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions, and settlements in the healthcare industry. Responding to investigations can be time- and resource-consuming and can divert management’s attention from the business. We may be subject to private qui tam actions brought by individual whistleblowers on behalf of the federal or state governments, with potential liability under the federal False Claims Act including mandatory treble damages and significant per-claim penalties. In addition, as a result of these investigations and qui tam actions, we may have to agree to additional compliance and reporting requirements as part of a consent decree or corporate integrity agreement. Any such investigation or settlement could increase our costs or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Even an unsuccessful challenge or investigation into our practices could cause adverse publicity and be costly to respond to.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the federal and state laws described above or any other current or future fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including significant criminal, civil, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from participation in government programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, imprisonment, contractual damages, reputation harm, oversight if we become subject to a consent decree or corporate integrity agreement, or disgorgement, and we could be required to curtail, restructure, or cease our operations. Any of the foregoing consequences will have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our employees, independent sales agents, consultants, and other commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, independent sales agents, consultants, and other commercial partners and business associates may engage in fraudulent or illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless, or negligent conduct or other unauthorized activities that violate the regulations of the FDA and other regulators (both domestic and foreign), including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete, and accurate information to such regulators, manufacturing standards, healthcare fraud and abuse laws, and regulations in the United States and internationally, or laws that require the true, complete, and accurate reporting of financial information or data. In particular, sales, marketing, and business arrangements in the healthcare industry, including the sale of medical devices, are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing, and other abusive practices. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by our employees, independent sales agents, consultants, and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could result in the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions, including the imposition of civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, oversight if we become subject to a consent decree or corporate integrity agreement, and curtailment of operations, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Whether or not we are successful in defending against such actions or investigations, we could incur substantial costs, including legal fees and reputational harm, and divert the attention of management in defending ourselves against any of these claims or investigations.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees or our independent sales agents have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets or proprietary or confidential information of our competitors or are in breach of non-competition or non-solicitation agreements with our competitors.

Many of our employees were previously employed at other medical device companies, including our competitors or potential competitors, in some cases until recently. Many of our independent sales agents market, promote, and sell, or in the past have marketed, promoted, and sold, products of our competitors. We may be subject to claims that we, our employees, or our independent sales agents have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of these former employers or competitors. In addition, we may in the future be subject to claims that we caused an employee to breach the terms of his or her non-competition or non-solicitation agreement. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and could be a distraction to management. If our defense to those claims fails, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable personnel. Any future litigation or the threat thereof may adversely affect our ability to hire additional members of our direct sales team. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize product candidates, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Healthcare policy changes, including recently enacted legislation reforming the U.S. healthcare system, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In the United States, there have been and continue to be a number of legislative and regulatory initiatives to contain healthcare costs. Federal and state lawmakers regularly propose and, at times, enact legislation that would result in significant changes to the healthcare system, some of which are intended to contain or reduce the costs of

medical products and services. Current and future legislative proposals to further reform healthcare or reduce patient access to new technology may limit coverage of or lower reimbursement for the procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform. The cost containment measures that payors and providers are instituting and the effect of any healthcare reform initiative implemented in the future could impact our revenue from the sale of our products.

By way of example, in the United States, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (the “ACA”), made a number of substantial changes in the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Among other ways in which it may affect our business, the ACA implemented payment system reforms including a national pilot program on payment bundling to encourage hospitals, physicians, and other providers to improve the coordination, quality, and efficiency of certain healthcare services through bundled payment models and expanded the eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs. There have been executive, judicial, and congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. The Budget Control Act of 2011 (the “Budget Control Act”), among other things, reduced Medicare payments to providers, effective on April 1, 2013, and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will remain in effect through 2032, unless additional congressional action is taken. In addition, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.

We expect additional state and federal healthcare policies and reform measures to be adopted in the future, any of which could limit reimbursement for healthcare products and services or otherwise result in reduced demand for our products or additional pricing pressure and have a material adverse effect on our industry generally and on our customers. We cannot predict what other healthcare programs and regulations will ultimately be implemented at the federal or state level or how any future legislation or regulation in the United States may negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations, and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of healthcare may adversely affect our ability to set a price that we believe is fair for our products, our ability to generate revenue and achieve or maintain profitability, and the availability of capital. Any changes of, or uncertainty with respect to, future coverage or reimbursement rates could affect demand for our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our products and operations are subject to extensive government regulation and oversight in the United States, and our failure to comply with applicable requirements could harm our business.

Our products are regulated as medical devices in the United States. Medical devices and their manufacturers and product developers are subject to extensive regulation in the United States, including by the FDA. The FDA regulates, among other things, with respect to medical devices: design, development, and manufacturing; testing, labeling, content, and language of instructions for use and storage; clinical trials; product safety; establishment registration, and device listing; marketing, sales, and distribution; premarket clearance, classification, and approval or certification; recordkeeping procedures; advertising and promotion; recalls and field safety corrective actions; post-market surveillance, including reporting of deaths or serious injuries and malfunctions that, if they were to recur, could lead to death or serious injury; post-market studies; and product import and export.

The regulations to which we are subject are complex and burdensome to understand and apply and have tended to become more stringent over time. Regulatory changes could result in restrictions on our ability to carry on or expand our operations, higher than anticipated costs, or lower than anticipated sales. The FDA enforces its regulatory requirements through, among other means, periodic unannounced inspections. We do not know whether we or any of our CMOs will be found compliant in connection with any future FDA or foreign inspections. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could jeopardize our ability to sell our products and result in enforcement actions such as: warning letters; fines; injunctions; civil penalties; termination of distribution; import alerts; recalls or seizures of products; delays in the introduction of products into the market; total or partial suspension of production; refusal to grant future clearances or approvals; withdrawals or suspensions of clearances or approvals, resulting in prohibitions on sales of our products; and, in the most serious cases, criminal penalties.

Failure to maintain marketing authorizations for our products, or to timely obtain necessary marketing authorizations for our future products, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In the United States, before we can market a new medical device, or a new use of or other significant modification to an existing, marketed medical device, we must first receive either clearance under Section 510(k) of the FDCA, approval of a premarket approval application from the FDA (“PMA”), or grant of a de novo classification request from the FDA, unless an exemption applies. In the 510(k)-clearance process, before a device may be marketed, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a legally marketed “predicate” device, which includes a device that has been previously cleared through the 510(k) process, a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976 (pre-amendments device), a device that was originally on the U.S. market pursuant to an approved PMA and later down-classified, or a 510(k)-exempt device. To be “substantially equivalent,” the proposed device must have the same intended use as the predicate device, and either have the same technological characteristics as the predicate device or have different technological characteristics and not raise different questions of safety or effectiveness than the predicate device. Clinical data are sometimes required to support substantial equivalence. In the process of obtaining PMA approval, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is safe and effective for its intended use based, in part, on extensive data, including, but not limited to, technical, pre-clinical, clinical trial, manufacturing, and labeling data. The PMA process is typically required for devices that are deemed to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting, or implantable devices. In the de novo classification process, a manufacturer whose novel device under the FDCA would otherwise be automatically classified as Class III and require the submission and approval of a PMA prior to marketing is able to request down-classification of the device to Class I or Class II on the basis that the device presents a low or moderate risk. If the FDA grants the de novo classification request, the applicant will receive authorization to market the device. This device type may be used subsequently as a predicate device for future 510(k) submissions.

The PMA approval, 510(k) clearance, and de novo classification processes can be expensive, lengthy, and uncertain. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process usually takes from three to 12 months, but can take longer. The process of obtaining a PMA is much more costly and uncertain than the 510(k)-clearance process and generally takes from one to three years, or even longer, from the time the application is submitted to the FDA. In addition, a PMA generally requires the performance of one or more clinical trials. Clinical data may also be required in connection with an application for 510(k) clearance or a de novo classification request. Despite the time, effort, and cost, a device may not obtain marketing authorization by the FDA. We have obtained 510(k) clearances for our commercialized medical devices, and we must obtain marketing authorization for any future devices we develop, unless they are exempt. Marketing authorizations for any of our future products, if granted, may include significant limitations on the indicated uses for the device, which may limit the potential commercial market for the device.

In the United States, any modification to a medical device for which we have obtained marketing authorization may require us to submit a new 510(k) premarket notification and obtain clearance, to submit a PMA and obtain FDA clearance, or to submit a de novo request prior to implementing the change. For example, any modification to a 510(k)-cleared device that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, design, or manufacture, generally requires a new 510(k) clearance or other marketing authorization. The FDA requires every manufacturer to make such determinations in the first instance, but the FDA may review any manufacturer’s decision. The FDA may not agree with a manufacturer’s decisions regarding whether new clearances or approvals are necessary. We have made and expected to continue making certain modifications or add additional features in the future to our medical devices that we believe do not require a new 510(k) clearance, de novo classification request, or approval of a PMA. If the FDA disagrees with our determination and requires us to seek new marketing authorizations for the modifications for which we have concluded that new marketing authorizations are unnecessary, we may be required to cease marketing or to recall the modified product until we obtain such marketing authorization, and we may be subject to significant regulatory fines or penalties. If the FDA requires us to go through a lengthier, more rigorous examination for future products or modifications to existing products than we had expected, product introductions or modifications could be delayed or canceled, which could adversely affect our business.

The FDA can delay, limit, or deny marketing authorization of a device for many reasons, including:

In addition, even though we have received Breakthrough Device Designation and FDA clearance with respect to the development or use of certain patient-specific interbody devices for specific indications in the correction of adult lumbar spinal deformity and degenerative cervical conditions, we can provide no assurances that we will obtain Breakthrough Device Designation or FDA clearance in connection with our future products, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations. Breakthrough Device Designation provides certain benefits, including more interactive and timely communications with FDA staff, potential use of post-market data collection to facilitate expedited development and review, opportunities for more efficient and flexible clinical study design, and prioritized review of premarket submissions. However, even if we obtain Breakthrough Device Designation for any future product candidate, there can be no guarantee that these benefits will materialize or significantly impact our development and regulatory approval process. We may not experience a faster development process, review, or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. Breakthrough Device Designation does not alter the regulatory standards for marketing authorization or guarantee that we will ultimately obtain FDA marketing authorization. Furthermore, the FDA may rescind Breakthrough Device Designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program.

The risk that future trials and studies of the aprevo Technology Platform fail to replicate positive results observed as of the date of this prospectus is increased because most of our studies and trials are conducted on small samples, not powered for statistical significance, controlled for other clinical variables, or have other design limitations, and almost all such studies were conducted or sponsored by us. Independent studies with larger samples or different designs may not replicate results observed as of the date of this prospectus. Furthermore, others, including healthcare professionals and regulators, may perceive a conflict of interest with studies supported, sponsored, or funded by us or conducted by our employees or consultants, and may not find results of such studies to be compelling or credible. As a result of the foregoing, we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical and non-clinical testing in addition to those that we have planned. The initiation and completion of clinical studies may be prevented, delayed, or halted for numerous reasons. We may experience delays in our clinical studies or trials for a number of reasons, which could adversely affect the costs, timing, or successful completion of our clinical studies or trials, including related to the following:

Any of these occurrences may significantly harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of marketing authorization of any medical device.

Patient enrollment in clinical studies or trials and completion of patient follow-up, if applicable, depend on many factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature of the protocol, the eligibility criteria for the clinical study or trial, competing clinical trials, and clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the product being studied. Patients participating in our clinical studies or trials may drop out before completion or experience adverse medical events unrelated to an investigational device. Delays in patient enrollment or failure of patients to continue to participate in a clinical study or trial may delay commencement or completion of the clinical study or trial, cause an increase in the costs of the clinical study or trial and delays, or result in the failure of the clinical study or trial.

Clinical studies or trials must be conducted in accordance with the laws and regulations of the FDA and other applicable regulatory authorities’ legal requirements, regulations, or guidelines, and are subject to oversight by these governmental agencies and IRBs, or other bodies at the medical institutions where the clinical studies or trials are conducted. In addition, clinical studies or trials must be conducted with supplies of our devices produced under

cGMP or similar foreign requirements and other regulations applicable to the location where the clinical study or trial is conducted. We rely on third-party researchers and clinical sites, and may in the future rely on CROs, to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical studies or trials, and while we have agreements governing their committed activities, we have limited influence over their actual performance. We depend on these third parties to conduct our clinical studies or trials in compliance with good clinical practice (“GCP”) requirements. To the extent that they fail to enroll participants for our clinical studies or trials, fail to conduct the study to GCP standards, or are delayed for a significant time in the execution of trials, including achieving full enrollment, we may be affected by increased costs, delays, or both. In addition, if we conduct clinical studies or trials in other countries in the future, we may be subject to further delays and expenses as a result of increased shipment costs and additional regulatory requirements, and the engagement of non-U.S. third-party contractors may expose us to risks associated with clinical investigators who are unknown to the FDA and different standards of diagnosis, screening, and medical care. See the risk factor titled “If the third parties on which we rely to assist us with premarket development activities for future products do not perform as contractually required or expected, we may not obtain regulatory clearance, approval, or a CE Certificate of Conformity for our future products or be able to successfully commercialize our future products.”

Interim, “top-line,” and preliminary data from our clinical studies or trials that we announce or publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publicly disclose interim, top-line, or preliminary data from our clinical studies or trials, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the particular study or trial or additional data collected at a later time. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations, and conclusions as part of our analyses of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to evaluate all data fully and carefully. As a result, the interim, top-line, or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same study or trial, or different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results once additional data have been received and fully evaluated. Interim, top-line, or preliminary data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in the final data being materially different from the interim, top-line, or preliminary data that we previously announced. As a result, interim, top-line, and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Adverse differences between interim data and final data could significantly harm our business prospects. Further, disclosure of interim data by us or by our competitors could result in volatility in our share price.

Further, others, including regulatory agencies or other bodies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates, calculations, conclusions, or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could impact the value of the particular trial, or the approvability or potential for commercialization of the particular medical device. In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically extensive information, and others may not agree with what we determine is material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure. The interim, top-line, or preliminary data that we report may differ from final results, and regulatory authorities and other bodies may disagree with the conclusions reached, which may harm our ability to obtain marketing authorization for, and commercialize, our future products, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We are subject to ongoing regulatory review and scrutiny. Failure to comply with post-marketing regulatory requirements could subject us to enforcement actions, including substantial penalties, and might require us to recall or withdraw a product from the market.

We are subject to ongoing and extensive regulatory requirements governing, among other things, the manufacture, marketing, advertising, medical device reporting, sale, promotion, import, export, registration, and listing of devices. For example, medical device manufacturers must submit certain reports to the FDA and keep required records as a condition of obtaining and maintaining marketing authorization. These reports include information about failures and certain adverse events potentially associated with the device after its marketing authorization. Failure to submit such reports, or failure to submit the reports in a timely manner, could result in enforcement action by the FDA. Following its review of the periodic reports, the FDA might ask for additional information or initiate further investigation.

Regulatory changes could result in restrictions on our ability to continue or expand our operations, higher than anticipated costs, or lower than anticipated sales. We have ongoing responsibilities under FDA regulations, and the FDA and state regulatory authorities have broad enforcement powers. Our failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could result in enforcement action by the FDA or state regulatory authorities, which may include any of the following or other sanctions:

Any of these sanctions could result in negative publicity, higher than anticipated costs or lower than anticipated sales, and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, the FDA may change its marketing authorization policies affecting future products, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions, which may prevent or delay marketing authorization of any products under development or impact our ability to modify any products authorized for market on a timely basis. Such changes may also occur in foreign jurisdictions where we may market our products in the future. Such changes could impose additional requirements upon us that could delay our ability to obtain future marketing authorizations, increase the costs of compliance, or restrict our ability to maintain any marketing authorizations that we have obtained. See the risk factor titled “Legislative or regulatory reforms in the United States may make it more difficult and costly for us to manufacture, market, or distribute our products, or to obtain marketing authorizations for any future products.”

Our products must be manufactured in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, and we could be forced to recall our devices or terminate production if we fail to comply with these regulations.

In the United States, the methods used in, and the facilities used for, the manufacture of medical devices must comply with the FDA’s cGMPs for medical devices, known as the QSR, which is a complex regulatory scheme that covers the procedures and documentation of the design, testing, production, process controls, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, handling, storage, distribution, installation, servicing, and shipping of medical devices. However, on February 23, 2024, the FDA issued a Final Rule to amend the QSR to align more closely with the International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) standards. Specifically, this Final Rule, which the FDA expects to go into effect on February 2, 2026, replaces the QSR with the Quality Management System Regulation (“QMSR”), and among other things, incorporates by reference the quality management system requirements of ISO 13485:2016. Although the FDA has stated that the standards contained in ISO 13485:2016 are substantially similar to those set forth in the QSR, it is unclear the extent to which this Final Rule, once effective, could impose additional or different regulatory requirements on us that could increase the costs of compliance or otherwise create market pressure that may negatively affect our business. Furthermore, we are required to verify that our suppliers and third-party manufacturers maintain facilities, procedures, and operations that comply with our quality standards and applicable regulatory requirements. The FDA enforces the QSR, and is expected to enforce the QMSR, through periodic announced or unannounced inspections of medical device manufacturing facilities. Our products are also subject to similar state regulations governing manufacturing.

Failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements or later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products or manufacturing processes could result in, among other things: warning letters or untitled letters; fines, injunctions, or civil penalties; suspension or withdrawal of marketing authorizations; voluntary market withdrawals or stock recoveries; seizures or recalls of our products; total or partial suspension of production or distribution; administrative or judicially imposed sanctions; the FDA’s refusal to grant pending or future clearances or approvals for our products or similar decisions by foreign regulatory authorities or notified bodies; clinical holds; refusal to permit the import or export of our products; and criminal prosecution of us, our suppliers, or our employees. If any of these events occurs, our reputation could be harmed, we could be exposed to product liability claims, and we could lose customers and experience reduced sales and increased costs.

aprevo interbody implants may cause or contribute to adverse medical events that we may be required to report to the FDA, and if we fail to do so, we would be subject to sanctions that could harm our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. In addition, the discovery of serious safety issues with aprevo interbody implants, or a recall of them either voluntarily or at the direction of the FDA, could have a negative impact on us.

It is possible that there may be side effects and adverse events associated with the use of our medical devices or any future devices we develop. For example, aprevo interbody implants may be rejected by a patient’s body, migrate, or fracture, resulting in an adverse event. The FDA’s medical device reporting regulations require us to assess reportability of adverse events that come to our attention and report to the FDA when we receive or become aware of information that reasonably suggests that one or more of our products may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or malfunctioned in a way that, if the malfunction were to recur, it could cause or contribute to a death or serious injury. The timing of our obligation to report is triggered by the date we become aware of the event as well as the nature of the event. We may fail to report events of which we become aware within the prescribed timeframe. We may also fail to recognize that we have become aware of a reportable event, especially if it is not reported to us as an adverse event or if it is an adverse event that is unexpected or removed in time from the use of the product. The FDA may also disagree with our determinations that an event was not reportable. If we fail to comply with our reporting obligations, the FDA could take action, including warning letters, untitled letters, administrative actions, criminal prosecution, imposition of civil monetary penalties, revocation of our marketing authorizations, seizure of our products, or delay in obtaining marketing authorizations for our future products.

The FDA has the authority to require the recall of commercialized products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture of a product or in the event that a product poses an unacceptable risk to health. The FDA’s authority to require a recall must be based on a finding that there is reasonable probability that the device could cause serious injury or death. We may also choose to voluntarily recall a product if any material deficiency is found or if we believe that the product could be in violation of the FDCA. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by us could occur as a result of an unacceptable risk to health, component failures, malfunctions, manufacturing defects, labeling or design deficiencies, packaging defects, or other deficiencies or failures to comply with applicable regulations. Product defects or other errors may occur in the future.

Depending on the corrective action we take to redress a product’s deficiencies or defects, the FDA may require us to, or we may decide, that we will need to, obtain new marketing authorizations for the device before we may market or distribute the corrected device. Seeking such clearances or approvals may delay our ability to replace the recalled devices in a timely manner. Moreover, if we do not adequately address problems associated with our devices, we may face additional regulatory enforcement action, including FDA warning letters, product seizure, injunctions, administrative penalties, or civil or criminal fines.

Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls and corrections, even if they are not reportable to the FDA. We may initiate voluntary withdrawals or corrections for our products in the future that we determine do not require notification of the FDA. If the FDA disagrees with our determinations, it could require us to report those actions as recalls, and we may be subject to enforcement action. A future recall announcement could harm our reputation with customers, potentially lead to product liability claims against us, and negatively affect our sales. Any corrective action, whether voluntary or involuntary, as well as defending ourselves in a lawsuit, will require the dedication of our time and capital, distract management from operating our business, and may harm our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Legislative or regulatory reforms in the United States may make it more difficult and costly for us to manufacture, market, or distribute our products, or to obtain marketing authorizations for any future products.

From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulation of medical devices. In addition, the FDA may change its policies, adopt additional regulations, or revise existing regulations, or take other actions, which may prevent or delay marketing authorization of any future products under development or impact our ability to modify any products for which we have already obtained marketing authorizations on a timely basis. It is unclear the extent to which any other legislative or regulatory proposal, if adopted, could impose additional or different regulatory requirements on us that could increase the costs of compliance or otherwise create competition that may negatively affect our business.

In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. Any new statutes, regulations, or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may make it more difficult and costly to manufacture, market, or distribute our commercialized products, or may impose additional costs, lengthen marketing authorization review times, or make it more difficult to obtain marketing authorizations for any future products we develop. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may be subject to enforcement action, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages, staffing limitations, or global health concerns could hinder their ability to hire, retain, or deploy key leadership and other personnel and prevent new or modified products from being developed, reviewed, approved, or commercialized in a timely manner, or at all, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels; statutory, regulatory, and policy changes; the FDA’s or foreign regulatory authorities’ ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees; and other events that may otherwise affect the FDA’s or foreign regulatory authorities’ ability to perform routine functions. Average review times at the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs or modifications to approved drugs and biologics to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, in recent years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities. In addition, the current U.S. presidential administration has issued certain policies and Executive Orders directed toward reducing the employee headcount and costs associated with U.S. administrative agencies, including the FDA, and it remains unclear the degree to which these efforts may limit or otherwise adversely affect the FDA’s ability to conduct routine activities.

Separately, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the FDA postponed most inspections at domestic and foreign manufacturing facilities at various points. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, or if renewed global health concerns, funding shortages, or staffing limitations hinder or prevent the FDA or other regulatory authorities from conducting their regular inspections, reviews, or other regulatory activities, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA or other such regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We face risks related to obtaining necessary foreign marketing authorizations.

We intend to enter into international markets in the future. Upon our expansion into foreign markets, we will be subject to foreign regulatory requirements that we have limited experience with and vary widely from country to country and from the United States. The time required to obtain authorizations required by other countries may be longer than that required for FDA clearance or approval, and requirements for such approvals may differ from FDA requirements. We may be unable to obtain regulatory authorizations and may also incur significant costs in attempting to obtain foreign regulatory approvals. If we experience delays in receipt of approvals to market our products in new jurisdictions, or if we fail to receive these approvals, we may be unable to market our products in

international markets in a timely manner, if at all, which could materially impact our international expansion and adversely affect our business as a whole. If any of these risks were to materialize, they could limit our expected international growth and profitability, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Failure to comply with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”), economic and trade sanctions regulations, and similar laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to the FCPA and other laws in the United States and elsewhere that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to foreign governments and their officials and political parties for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Certain suppliers of the materials or components used to produce our products are located in countries known to experience corruption. Business activities in these countries create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments by one of our employees, contractors, or agents that could be in violation of various laws, including the FCPA and anti-bribery laws in these countries, even though these parties are not always subject to our control. While we have implemented policies and procedures designed to discourage these practices by our employees, consultants, and agents, and to identify and address potentially impermissible transactions under such laws and regulations, we cannot assure you that none of our employees, consultants, or agents will take actions in violation of our policies, for which we may be ultimately responsible.

We are also subject to certain economic and trade sanctions programs that are administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control which prohibit or restrict transactions to or from or dealings with specified countries, their governments, and, in certain circumstances, their nationals, and with individuals and entities that are specially designated nationals of those countries, narcotics traffickers, and terrorists or terrorist organizations. If it is determined that our third-party suppliers or CMOs produce or manufacture aprevo interbody implants wholly or in part with individuals and entities that are specially designated nationals of those countries, narcotics traffickers, and terrorists or terrorist organizations, then we could be prohibited from importing aprevo interbody implants into the United States.

Failure to comply with any of these laws and regulations or changes in this regulatory environment, including changing interpretations and the implementation of new or varying regulatory requirements by the government, may result in significant financial penalties or reputational harm, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Data Privacy Risk Factors

Actual or perceived failures to comply with applicable data privacy and security laws, regulations, standards, and other requirements could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

The global data protection landscape is rapidly evolving, and we, and the third-party service providers on which we rely, are or may become subject to numerous U.S., state, federal, and/or foreign laws, requirements, and regulations, in addition to contractual obligations and research protocols governing privacy and data security, including the collection, use, disclosure, retention, processing, maintenance, transfer, and security of personal information, such as information that we and our third-party service providers collect in connection with the use and development of the aprevo Technology Platform and algorithm and in clinical trials or studies, including patient data. Implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, and we cannot yet determine the impact future laws, regulations, standards, or perception of their requirements may have on our business. This evolution may create uncertainty in our business; affect our ability to operate in certain jurisdictions or to collect, store, transfer, use, and share personal information; necessitate the acceptance of more onerous obligations in our contracts; result in liability; or impose additional costs on us. The cost of compliance with these laws, regulations, and standards is high and is likely to increase in the future. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with privacy and data security regulation could lead to regulatory inquiries or enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties, disruptions to our business operations, reputational harm, loss of revenue business changes or delays, and other adverse business consequences.

In the United States, numerous state and federal laws, regulations, standards, and other legal obligations, including consumer protection laws and regulations, which govern the collection, dissemination, use, access to, confidentiality, security, transfer, disclosure, and processing of personal information and health-related information could apply to our operations or the operations of our partners. For example, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, and the regulations that implement both laws (“HIPAA”), imposes privacy, security, and breach notification obligations on certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, known as covered entities, as well as their business associates that perform certain services that involve creating, receiving, maintaining, or transmitting individually identifiable health information for or on behalf of such covered entities and their covered subcontractors. Among other requirements, HIPAA requires business associates to develop and maintain policies with respect to the protection, use, and disclosure of protected health information (“PHI”), including the adoption of administrative, physical, and technical safeguards that govern the protection of PHI, as well as certain notification requirements in the event of a breach of unsecured PHI (i.e., requirements to report breaches of unsecured PHI to covered entities, affected individuals, and the Department of Health and Human Services, if applicable). While we do not believe that we are currently subject to HIPAA as a covered entity or business associate, should we engage in certain functions or activities that involve the use or disclosure of PHI such that we are required to comply with HIPAA as a business associate, depending on the facts and circumstances, we could be subject to significant civil, criminal, and administrative fines and penalties and/or additional reporting and oversight obligations if found to be subject to and in violation of HIPAA.

Further, states continue to adopt new laws or amend existing laws related to data privacy, requiring attention to frequently changing regulatory requirements. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (collectively, the “CCPA”), gives California residents expanded rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. As such, the CCPA requires covered businesses that process the personal information of California residents to, among other things: (i) provide certain disclosures to California residents regarding the business’s collection, use, and disclosure of their personal information; (ii) receive and respond to requests from California residents to access, delete, and correct their personal information, or to opt out of certain disclosures of their personal information; and (iii) enter into specific contractual provisions with service providers that process California resident personal information on the business’s behalf. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches, which may increase data breach litigation. Additional states, such as Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, and Utah, have passed similar comprehensive privacy legislation, which imposes similar obligations to those in the CCPA. Further, other states, such as Nevada and Washington, have enacted privacy laws specifically governing consumer health information, with Washington providing for a private right of action. Although many of these laws currently exempt certain health-related information, the laws may increase our compliance costs and potential liability related to our data processing activities. Similar laws have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, and, if passed, such laws may have potentially conflicting requirements that would make compliance challenging.

Additionally, we may in the future become subject to rapidly evolving data protection laws, rules, and regulations in foreign jurisdictions, including foreign laws governing the privacy and security of personal data, many of which have developed privacy and data protection requirements that impose requirements that differ from those that apply within the United States. For example, in Europe, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (the “EU GDPR”) went into effect in May 2018 and governs the collection, use, disclosure, transfer, and other processing of personal data of individuals within the European Economic Area (the “EEA”) and imposes stringent requirements for data processors and controllers of such personal data or in the context of their activities within the EEA. Companies that must comply with the EU GDPR face increased compliance obligations and risk, including robust regulatory enforcement of data protection requirements and potential fines for non-compliance of up to €20 million or 4% of the annual global revenues of the non-compliant undertaking, whichever is greater. In addition to fines, a breach of the EU GDPR may result in regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease/change our data processing activities, enforcement notices, assessment notices (for a compulsory audit), and/or civil claims (including class actions). The processing of “special category personal data” (such as personal data related to health and genetic information) may also impose heightened compliance burdens under European data protection laws and is of interest to relevant regulators. Among other requirements, the EU GDPR regulates transfers of personal data subject to the EU GDPR to third countries that have not been found to provide adequate protection to such personal data, including the United States, and the efficacy and longevity of current transfer

mechanisms between the EEA and the United States remain uncertain. Case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union states that reliance on the standard contractual clauses—a standard form of contract approved by the European Commission as an adequate personal data transfer mechanism—alone may not necessarily be sufficient in all circumstances and that transfers must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. On July 10, 2023, the European Commission adopted its Adequacy Decision in relation to the new EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (“DPF”), rendering the DPF effective as a GDPR transfer mechanism to U.S. entities self-certified under the DPF.

We expect the existing legal complexity and uncertainty regarding international personal data transfers to continue. In particular, we expect the DPF Adequacy Decision to be challenged and international transfers to the United States and to other jurisdictions more generally to continue to be subject to enhanced scrutiny by regulators. As a result, we may have to make certain operational changes, and we will have to implement revised standard contractual clauses and other relevant documentation for existing data transfers within required timeframes. As supervisory authorities issue further guidance on personal data export mechanisms, including circumstances where these cannot be used, and/or start taking enforcement action, we could suffer additional costs, complaints, and/or regulatory investigations or fines, and/or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could adversely affect our financial results.

Since early 2021, after the end of the transition period following the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union, we are subject to the United Kingdom under the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Act 2018 (collectively, the “UK GDPR”), which imposes separate but similar obligations to those under the EU GDPR and comparable penalties, including fines of up to £17.5 million or 4% of a non-compliant company’s global annual revenue for the preceding financial year, whichever is greater. On October 12, 2023, the UK Extension to the DPF came into effect (as approved by the UK government), as a data transfer mechanism from the UK to U.S. entities self-certified under the DPF. As we expand into foreign countries and jurisdictions, we will become subject to additional laws and regulations that will affect how we conduct business, and we expect the existing legal complexity and uncertainty regarding international personal data transfers to continue. Our operations could suffer additional costs, complaints, and regulatory investigations or fines, and/or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could adversely affect our financial results. Compliance with applicable privacy and data security laws and regulations is a rigorous and time-intensive process, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms ensuring compliance with new data protection rules. Failure or perceived failure to comply with the EU GDPR, the UK GDPR, or any such laws or regulations puts us at risk of facing significant fines and penalties that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, reputation, and results of our operations. Furthermore, conflicting requirements across applicable privacy and data security laws would complicate our compliance efforts and increase both legal risk and compliance costs for us and the third parties upon whom we rely.

The Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”) also has authority to initiate enforcement actions against entities that make deceptive statements about privacy and data sharing in privacy policies, fail to limit third-party use of personal health information, fail to implement policies to protect personal health information, or engage in other unfair practices that harm customers or that may violate Section 5 of the FTC Act. Failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure may constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce under the FTC Act. The FTC expects a company’s data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information that it holds, the size and complexity of its business, and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities.

Although we work to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards, our contractual obligations, research protocols, and other obligations, any actual or perceived failure by us or our employees, representatives, contractors, consultants, or other third parties to comply with such requirements or adequately address data privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, could result in, among other adverse impacts, damage to our reputation, loss of customer confidence in our security measures, withdrawal or withholding of customer consent for using patient data, government investigations, and enforcement actions and litigation and claims by third parties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may face risks associated with our use and development of AI models.

We use and develop AI Technologies, throughout our business, and are making significant investments in this area. For example, we use AI Technologies to power the aprevo Technology Platform and drive continuous improvements in the production and performance of the platform. New products that we develop, including expansion into new indications, are also likely to incorporate AI Technologies.

We expect that increased investment will be required in the future to continuously improve our use and development of AI Technologies. As with many technological innovations, there are significant risks involved in developing, maintaining, and deploying these technologies, and there can be no assurance that the usage of or our investments in such technologies will always enhance our products or be beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or results of operations.

In particular, if the models underlying our AI Technologies are: incorrectly designed or implemented; trained or reliant on incomplete, inadequate, inaccurate, biased, or otherwise poor quality data, or on data to which we do not have sufficient rights or in relation to which we and/or the providers of such data have not implemented sufficient legal compliance measures; used without sufficient oversight and governance to ensure their responsible use; misused or used outside of scope of applicable regulatory authorizations; and/or adversely impacted by unforeseen defects, technical challenges, cybersecurity threats, or material performance issues, the performance of our products and business, as well as our reputation and the reputations of our customers, could suffer or we could incur liability resulting from the violation of laws or contracts to which we are a party, regulatory enforcement actions, or civil claims.

With respect to our products or services that incorporate AI Technologies, the market for such products and services is rapidly evolving, and important assumptions about the characteristics of targeted markets, pricing, sales cycles, cost, performance, and perceived value associated with our services or products may be inaccurate. We cannot be sure that the market will continue to grow or that it will grow in ways that we anticipate. In addition, market acceptance and consumer perceptions of products and services that incorporate AI Technologies are uncertain. Our failure to successfully develop and commercialize our products or services involving AI Technologies could depress the market price of our stock and impair our ability to: raise capital; expand our business; provide, improve, and diversify our product offerings; continue our operations and efficiently manage our operating expenses; and respond effectively to competitive developments.

For the aprevo Technology Platform, as well as for any potential future AI Technology-driven products, performance of the algorithms is generally assessed by comparing the output of the algorithms against a clinically derived reference standard (“ground truth”) for a specified dataset. This applies to internal evaluation of an algorithm’s performance, supporting external presentations and publications, and testing to support regulatory submissions. The aprevo Technology Platform output will not always agree with the opinion of a surgeon or healthcare professional, and in some cases, multiple surgeons will not agree with each other. However, while the AI Technologies we work with are novel and complex, and while we constantly work to improve our products and algorithms, we cannot assure you that our AI Technologies will be able to perform as intended under all circumstances.

Further, the data that we use to train our AI Technologies includes data collected from evaluations and tests performed on patients by third-party surgeons, and we depend upon our ability to obtain the right to use such data to continue to develop our products, including within appropriate timeframes and on commercially reasonable terms. If we are deemed to not have sufficient rights to the data we use to train our generative AI Technologies, we may be subject to litigation by the owners of the content or other materials that comprise such data, similar to the litigation that is currently pending in various U.S. courts against other developers of generative AI Technologies, and in which the outcome of such litigation is uncertain. If we are unable to obtain sufficient rights to use such data under applicable regulatory frameworks or our agreements with our customers, or our customers were to withdraw or withhold their data from us, our ability to continue to develop our products and services to our customers, and our revenue prospects, could be materially adversely impacted.

We are in varying stages of development in relation to our products and platforms involving AI Technologies. The continuous development, maintenance, and operation of our AI Technologies is expensive and complex, and may involve unforeseen difficulties including material performance problems, undetected defects, or errors. For instance, the models underlying AI Technologies can experience decay (also known as “model drift”) in which its performance and accuracy decreases over time without further human intervention to correct such decay.

We may not be successful in our ongoing development and maintenance of these technologies in the face of novel and evolving technical, reputational, and market factors. Our efforts to develop proprietary AI models could increase our operating costs. Our ability to develop proprietary AI models may be limited by our access to processing infrastructure or training data, and we may be dependent on third-party providers for such resources.

A number of aspects of intellectual property protection in the field of AI and machine learning are currently under development, and there is uncertainty and ongoing litigation in different jurisdictions as to the degree and extent of protection warranted for AI and machine learning systems and relevant system input and outputs. The law is also uncertain across jurisdictions regarding the copyright ownership of content that is produced in whole or in part by generative AI tools. If we fail to obtain protection for the intellectual property rights concerning our AI Technologies, or later have our intellectual property rights invalidated or otherwise diminished, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our research and development efforts to develop competing products that could adversely affect our business, reputation, and financial condition.

Given the long history of development of AI Technologies, other parties may have (or in the future may obtain) patents or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit, or interfere with our ability to make, use, or sell our own AI Technologies.

The regulatory framework for AI Technologies is rapidly evolving as many federal, state, and foreign government bodies and agencies have introduced or are currently considering additional laws and regulations. The FDA has issued guidance documents relating to the incorporation of AI Technologies into medical devices. In addition, existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in ways that would affect the operation of our AI Technologies, or could be rescinded or amended as new administrations take differing approaches to evolving AI Technologies. As a result, implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future, and we cannot yet completely determine the impact that future laws, regulations, standards, or market perception of their requirements may have on our business and may not always be able to anticipate how to respond to these laws or regulations.

Certain existing legal regimes (e.g., relating to FDA submissions or data privacy) regulate certain aspects of AI Technologies, and new laws regulating AI Technologies either entered into force in the United States in 2024 or are expected to enter into force in 2025. In the United States, the Trump administration has rescinded an executive order relating to AI Technologies that was previously implemented by the Biden administration. The Trump administration may continue to rescind other existing federal orders and/or administrative policies relating to AI Technologies, or may implement new executive orders and/or other rule making relating to AI Technologies in the future. Any such changes at the federal level could require us to expend significant resources to modify our products, services, or operations to ensure compliance or that we remain competitive. U.S. legislation related to AI Technologies has also been introduced at the federal level and is advancing at the state level. For example, the California Privacy Protection Agency is currently in the process of finalizing regulations under the CCPA regarding the use of automated decision-making. California also enacted 17 new laws in 2024 that further regulate use of AI Technologies and provide consumers with additional protections around companies’ use of AI Technologies, such as requiring companies to disclose certain uses of generative AI. Other states have also passed AI-focused legislation, such as Colorado’s Artificial Intelligence Act, which will require developers and deployers of “high-risk” AI systems to implement certain safeguards against algorithmic discrimination, and Utah’s Artificial Intelligence Policy Act, which establishes disclosure requirements and accountability measures for the use of generative AI in certain consumer interactions. Such additional regulations may impact our ability to develop, use, and commercialize AI Technologies in the future.

It is possible that further new laws and regulations will be adopted in the United States and in other non-U.S. jurisdictions, or that existing laws and regulations, including competition and antitrust laws, may be interpreted in ways that would limit our ability to use AI Technologies for our business, or require us to change the way we use AI

Technologies in a manner that negatively affects the performance of our system and business and the way in which we use AI Technologies. We may need to expend resources to adjust our system in certain jurisdictions if the laws, regulations, or decisions are not consistent across jurisdictions. Further, the cost to comply with such laws, regulations, or decisions, and/or guidance interpreting existing laws, could be significant and would increase our operating expenses (such as by imposing additional reporting obligations regarding our use of AI Technologies). Such an increase in operating expenses, as well as any actual or perceived failure to comply with such laws and regulations, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our business and operations may suffer in the event of information technology system failures, cyberattacks, or deficiencies in our cybersecurity.

We collect and maintain information in digital form that is necessary to conduct our business, and we are increasingly dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure to operate our business. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store, transmit, and process large amounts of confidential information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, preclinical and clinical trial data, and personal information of clinical study participants, patients, healthcare professionals, and our employees and contractors (confidentially, “Confidential Information”). We may also share Confidential Information with our partners or other third parties in conjunction with our business, which we must do in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such Confidential Information.

Our information technology systems and those of our customers, third-party service providers, manufacturer, and other contractors or consultants are vulnerable to attack, damage, and interruption from computer viruses and malware (e.g., ransomware), misconfigurations, “bugs” or other vulnerabilities, malicious code, natural disasters, terrorism, war, telecommunication and electrical failures, hacking, cyberattacks, phishing attacks and other social engineering schemes, employee theft or misuse, human error, unauthorized access, fraud, denial or degradation of service attacks, and sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors. We have also outsourced elements of our information technology infrastructure, and, as a result, a number of third-party vendors may or could have access to our confidential information. There can also be no assurance that our and our customers’, third-party service providers’, contractors’, and consultants’ cybersecurity risk management programs and processes, including policies, controls, or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with, or effective in protecting our systems, networks, and Confidential Information.

If we or our third-party vendors were to experience a significant cybersecurity breach of our or their information systems or data, the costs associated with the investigation, remediation, and potential notification of the breach to counterparties and data subjects could be material. In addition, our remediation efforts may not be successful. If we do not allocate and effectively manage the resources necessary to build and sustain the proper technology and cybersecurity infrastructure, we could suffer significant business disruption, including transaction errors, supply chain or manufacturing interruptions, processing inefficiencies, data loss, or the loss of or damage to intellectual property or other proprietary information. There can also be no assurance that our and our third-party service providers’, strategic partners’, contractors’, consultants’, CROs’, and collaborators’ cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including policies, controls, or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with, or effective in protecting our systems, networks, and Confidential Information.

Although we maintain cybersecurity policies, procedures, and trainings and undergo routine audits, we and certain of our customers and service providers may be subject to cyberattacks and security incidents from time to time. Attacks upon information technology systems are increasing in their frequency, levels of persistence, sophistication, and intensity, and are being conducted by sophisticated and organized groups and individuals with a wide range of motives and expertise. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to, or to sabotage, systems change frequently and often are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. We may also experience data security incidents, and without proper detection, monitoring, and alerting technologies in place, may remain undetected for an extended period. Even if identified, we may face challenges in investigating or remediating data security incidents due to attackers increasingly using tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, to avoid detection, and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence.

Any adverse impact to the availability, integrity, or confidentiality of our or third-party information technology systems or Confidential Information, whether actual or perceived, could result in liability, legal claims, or proceedings (such as class actions), regulatory investigations and enforcement actions, fines, and penalties, negative reputational impacts that cause us to lose existing or future customers, and/or significant incident response, system restoration or remediation, and future compliance costs, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

As of the date of this prospectus, while we do not have evidence that we have experienced any significant system failure, accident, or security incident, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions to our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss, corruption or unauthorized disclosure or misappropriation of our trade secrets, personal information, patient data collected from our customers, or other Confidential Information or other similar disruptions. It could also expose us to risks, including an inability to provide our services and fulfill contractual demands, and could require us to devote significant financial and other resources to address and mitigate such incident, which would increase our future information security costs, including through organizational changes, deploying additional personnel, reinforcing administrative, physical and technical safeguards, further training of employees, evaluating, and, if needed, altering third-party vendor control practices, and engaging third-party subject matter experts and consultants to address any such incident. If a security incident were to result in the unauthorized access to or unauthorized use, disclosure, release, or other processing of personal information, including the patient data of our customers, it may be necessary to notify individuals, governmental authorities, supervisory bodies, the media, and other parties pursuant to privacy and security laws and the costs associated with the investigation, remediation, and potential notification of the incident to third parties and data subjects could be material. For example, in the United States, all 50 states and several territories have laws requiring entities to notify individuals, and, in most jurisdictions, regulators, of security incidents of information involving certain personal information.

Notifications and responsive actions related to a data security incident could impact our reputation and cause us to incur significant costs, including significant legal expenses and remediation costs. We expect to incur significant costs in an effort to detect and prevent security incidents, and we may face increased costs and requirements to expend substantial resources in the event of an actual or perceived security incident. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to detect or prevent any such incidents, or that we can remediate any such incidents in an effective or timely manner. Our efforts to improve security and protect data from compromise may also identify previously undiscovered instances of data breaches or other cybersecurity incidents. To the extent that any data breach, disruption, or security incident were to result in any loss, destruction, or alteration of, damage, unauthorized access to, or inappropriate or unauthorized disclosure or dissemination of, our data, including personal data, or other information that is processed or maintained on our behalf, we could be exposed to litigation and governmental investigations and inquiries, the further development and commercialization of our drug candidates could be delayed, and we could be subject to significant fines or penalties for any non-compliance with applicable state, federal, and foreign privacy and security laws, rules, regulations, and standards.

Our existing general liability and cyber liability insurance policies may not cover, or may cover only a portion of, any potential claims related to security incidents to which we are exposed or may not be adequate to indemnify us for all or any portion of liabilities that may be imposed. We also cannot be certain that our existing insurance coverage will continue to be available on acceptable terms or in amounts sufficient to cover the potentially significant losses that may result from a security incident or that the insurer will not deny coverage of any future claim. Accordingly, if our cybersecurity measures, and those of our customers and service providers, fail to protect against unauthorized access, attacks (which may include sophisticated cyberattacks), and the mishandling of data, then our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our success will depend on our ability to obtain, maintain, enforce, and protect our intellectual property rights.

Our success and ability to compete depends in part on our ability to obtain, maintain, enforce, and protect issued patents, trademarks, trade secret, and other intellectual property rights and proprietary technology in the United States and elsewhere. If we cannot adequately obtain, maintain, and enforce our intellectual property rights

and proprietary technology, competitors may be able to use our technologies or the goodwill we have acquired in the marketplace and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have and our ability to compete, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability and/or cause us to incur significant expenses. We generally seek to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications that are important to our business. We also seek to protect our proprietary position by acquiring or in-licensing relevant issued patents or pending patent applications or other intellectual property or proprietary rights from third parties. If we are unable to obtain or maintain patent protection with respect to any proprietary technology, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially harmed.

We rely on a combination of contractual provisions, confidentiality procedures, and patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret and other intellectual property laws to protect the proprietary aspects of the aprevo Technology Platform, our aprevo interbody implants, software, brand, technologies, trade secrets, know-how, and data. These legal measures afford only limited protection, and competitors or others may gain access to or use our intellectual property rights and proprietary information. In addition, although various extensions may be available, the term of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. In the United States, for example, the natural expiration of a utility patent is generally 20 years from the earliest effective non-provisional filing date. Even if patents covering our technologies or products are obtained, once the patent term has expired, we may be open to competition. In addition, although upon issuance in the United States, a patent’s term can be increased based on certain delays caused by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (the “USPTO”), this increase can be reduced or eliminated based on certain delays caused by the patent applicant during patent prosecution. Our success will also depend, in part, on preserving our trade secrets, maintaining the security of our data and know-how, and obtaining, maintaining, and enforcing other intellectual property rights. We may not be able to obtain, maintain, and/or enforce our intellectual property or other proprietary rights necessary to our business or in a form that provides us with a competitive advantage.

The patent prosecution process is expensive, time consuming, and complex, and we may not be able to file, prosecute, maintain, enforce, defend, or license all necessary or desirable patents or patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner, or in all jurisdictions. Moreover, pending patent applications cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless, and until, patents issue from such applications, and then only to the extent that the issued claims cover relevant product, service, or the technology. There can be no assurance that our current or future patent applications will result in patents being issued or that our issued patents will afford sufficient protection against competitors or other third parties with similar products, services, or technologies competitive with ours, nor can there be any assurance that the patents issued will not be infringed, designed around, or invalidated by third parties.

Even issued patents may later be found invalid or unenforceable or may be modified or revoked in proceedings instituted by third parties before various patent offices or in courts. The degree of future protection for our intellectual property or other proprietary rights is uncertain. Only limited protection may be available and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. These uncertainties and/or limitations in our ability to properly protect the intellectual property or other proprietary rights relating to our products, services, and technologies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We cannot be certain that the claims in our U.S. pending patent applications, corresponding international patent applications, and patent applications in certain foreign territories will be considered patentable by the USPTO courts in the United States or by the patent offices and courts in foreign countries, nor can we be certain that the claims in our future issued patents will not be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged. Our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patents depends in part on whether our inventions are eligible for patent prosecution and, if so, whether the differences between our inventions and the prior art allow our inventions to be patentable over the prior art. Additionally, regardless of when filed, we may fail to identify relevant third-party patents or patent applications, or we may incorrectly conclude that a third-party patent is invalid or not infringed by our products, services, technologies, or activities. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in any of our owned or in-licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions.

Failure to obtain, maintain, and/or enforce intellectual property rights necessary to our business and failure to protect, monitor, and control the use of our intellectual property rights could negatively impact our ability to compete and cause us to incur significant expenses. The intellectual property laws and other statutory and contractual arrangements in the United States and other jurisdictions we may in the future depend upon may not provide sufficient protection in the future to prevent the infringement, use, violation, or misappropriation of our patents, trademarks, data, technology, and other intellectual property rights by others, and may not provide an adequate remedy if our intellectual property rights are infringed, misappropriated, or otherwise violated by others.

The degree of future protection for our intellectual property rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:

If we fail to identify our patentable inventions or adequately protect our patent rights, the commercial value of our products, services, or technologies may be adversely affected, and our competitive position may be harmed.

We rely in part on our portfolio of issued patents and pending patent applications in the United States and other countries to protect our intellectual property and competitive position. However, it is also possible that we may fail to identify patentable aspects of inventions made in the course of the development, manufacture, and commercial activities conducted by or on behalf of us before it is too late to obtain patent protection on such inventions. If we fail to timely file for patent protection in any jurisdiction, we may be precluded from doing so at a later date. Although we enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our employees, outside scientific collaborators, suppliers, consultants, advisors, and other third parties, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose such output before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection. Furthermore, publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in any of our patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Moreover, should we become a licensee of a third party’s patents or patent applications, depending on the terms of any future in-licenses to which we may become a party, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing, and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain or enforce the patents, covering technology in-licensed from third parties. Therefore, these patents and patent applications may not be prosecuted, maintained, and/or enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. While we expect that we will generally apply for patents in commercially significant countries other than the United States, where we will intend to make, use, import, offer

for sale, or sell our products or services, or otherwise practice our technology, we may not accurately predict all of the countries where patent protection will ultimately be desirable. Furthermore, the issuance of a patent does not give us the right to practice the patented invention. Third parties may have blocking patents that could prevent us from importing, using, manufacturing, and/or commercializing our own products or services, or otherwise practicing our own technology. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.

The patent positions of companies, including our patent position, may involve complex legal and factual questions that have been the subject of much litigation in recent years, and, therefore, the scope of any patent claims that we have or may obtain cannot be predicted with certainty. Accordingly, we cannot provide any assurances about which of our patent applications will issue; the breadth of any resulting patent; whether any of the issued patents will be found to be infringed, invalid, or unenforceable, or will be threatened or challenged by third parties; or which of our issued patents have, or whether any of our currently pending or future patent applications that mature into issued patents will include, claims with a scope sufficient to protect our products, services, or technology. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in the issuance of patents or, if issued, may not issue in a form that will be advantageous to us.

The coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. We cannot offer any assurances that the breadth of our issued patents will be sufficient to stop a competitor from developing, manufacturing, and commercializing one or more products, services, or technologies in a non-infringing manner that would be competitive with one or more of our products, services, or technologies, or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Furthermore, any successful challenge to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us after patent issuance could deprive us of rights necessary for our commercial success. Further, there can be no assurance that we will have adequate resources to enforce our patents.

Though an issued patent is presumed valid and enforceable, its issuance is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability, and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products or services. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated, narrowed, or circumvented. Proceedings challenging our patents or patent applications could result in either loss of the patent or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. Any successful challenge to our patents and patent applications could deprive us of exclusive rights necessary for our commercial success. In addition, defending such challenges in such proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we own or in-license may not provide the anticipated level of, or any, protection against competitors. Furthermore, an adverse decision may result in a third party receiving a patent right sought by us, which in turn could affect our ability to develop, manufacture, commercialize, import, or otherwise use our products, services, or technologies.

Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment, and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment, and other similar provisions during the patent application process. In addition, periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, and various other government fees on issued patents often must be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies over the lifetime of the patent and/or applications and any patent rights we may obtain in the future. While an unintentional lapse of a patent or patent application can in many cases be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees, and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. If we or our patent licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications that we in-license, we may not be able to stop a competitor from marketing products, services, or technologies that are the same as or similar to our products, services, or technologies, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Changes in U.S. or foreign patent laws or their interpretations could diminish the value of our patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our current and future products, services, or technologies, and could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our current or future patents.

Our ability to obtain patents and the breadth of any patents obtained are uncertain in part because, as of the date of this prospectus, some legal principles remain unresolved, and there has not been a consistent policy regarding the breadth or interpretation of claims allowed in patents in the United States and other countries. Changes in either patent laws or interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property rights or narrow the scope of our patent protection, which in turn could diminish the commercial value of our products, services, and technologies.

Patent reform legislation may pass in the future that could lead to additional uncertainties and increased costs surrounding the prosecution, enforcement, and defense of our patents and applications. Furthermore, the U.S. Supreme Court and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have made, and will likely continue to make, changes in how the patent laws of the United States are interpreted. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations.

In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents once obtained. Depending on actions by the U.S. congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we own or that we might obtain or license in the future. An inability to obtain, enforce, and defend patents covering our proprietary technologies would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Similarly, foreign courts have made, and will likely continue to make, changes in how the patent laws in their respective jurisdictions are interpreted. Changes in patent laws and regulations in other countries or jurisdictions, changes in the governmental bodies that enforce them, or changes in how the relevant governmental authority enforces patent laws or regulations may weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce patents that we own or may obtain in the future. Further, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. In addition, any protection afforded by foreign patents may be more limited than that provided under U.S. patent and intellectual property laws. We may encounter significant problems in enforcing and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. For example, if the issuance in a given country of a patent covering an invention is not followed by the issuance in other countries of patents covering the same invention, or if any judicial interpretation of the validity, enforceability, or scope of the claims or the written description or enablement in a patent issued in one country is not similar to the interpretation given to the corresponding patent issued in other countries, our ability to protect our intellectual property rights in those countries may be limited. We cannot predict future changes in the interpretation of patent laws in the United States and other countries or changes to patent laws that might be enacted into law by U.S. and foreign legislative bodies. Those changes may materially affect our patents or patent applications and our ability to obtain additional patent protection in the future. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In June 2023, the European Unitary Patent system and the European Unified Patent Court (“UPC”) were launched. European patent applications now have the option, upon grant of a patent, of becoming a Unitary Patent, which is subject to the jurisdiction of the UPC. In addition, conventional European patents, both already granted at the time the new system began and granted thereafter, are subject to the jurisdiction of the UPC, unless actively opted out. This was a significant change in European patent practice and deciding whether to opt in or opt out of Unitary Patent practice entails strategic and cost considerations. The UPC provides third parties with a new forum to centrally revoke our European patents and makes it possible for a third party to obtain pan-European injunctions against us. It will be several years before we will understand the scope of patent rights that will be recognized and the strength of patent remedies that will be provided by the UPC. While we have the right to opt our patents out of the UPC over the first seven years of the court’s existence, doing so may preclude us from realizing the benefits of the UPC. Moreover, the decision whether to opt in or opt out of Unitary Patent status will require coordinating with co-applicants, if any, adding complexity to any such decision.

The legal systems in certain countries may also favor state-sponsored or companies headquartered in particular jurisdictions over our first-in-time patents and other intellectual property protection. We are aware of incidents where such entities have stolen the intellectual property of domestic companies in order to create competing products, and we believe that we may face such circumstances ourselves in the future. For example, through its “Annual Special 301 Report on Intellectual Property,” the Office of the United States Trade Representative has been reporting on the adequacy and effectiveness of intellectual property protection in a number of foreign countries that are U.S. trading partners and their protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights. Placement of a country on the Priority Watch List indicates that particular problems exist in that country with respect to intellectual property protection, enforcement, or market access for persons relying on intellectual property rights. Countries placed on the Priority Watch List are the focus of increased bilateral attention concerning the specific problem areas. It is possible that we will not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights against third parties that misappropriate our proprietary technology in those countries.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on our products, services, and technologies in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and the laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. The requirements for patentability may differ in certain countries, particularly in developing countries. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products, services, or technologies and, further, may export otherwise infringing products, services, or technologies to territories where we have patent protection, including importing competing products or transmitting competing technology into the United States. Patent enforcement in foreign jurisdictions is often not as strong as that in the United States. These products, services, or technologies may compete with our products, services, or technologies, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent such competition.

Various companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries may not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to medical devices and related services and technologies, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products, services, and technologies in violation of our intellectual property and proprietary rights. In addition, some jurisdictions, such as Europe, Japan, and China, may have a higher standard for patentability than the United States, including, for example, imposing a high standard for making claim amendments and for the submission of supplemental experimental data during patent examination. Under those heightened patentability requirements, we may not be able to obtain sufficient patent protection in certain jurisdictions, even though the same or similar patent protection can be secured in the United States and other jurisdictions.

Proceedings to enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patent rights at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, could put our owned or in-licensed patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license. Various countries outside the United States, including certain countries in Europe, India, and China, have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. If we are forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be adversely affected. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. As a result, a patent owner in such countries may have limited remedies in certain circumstances, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Further, the standards applied by the USPTO and foreign patent offices in granting patents are not always applied predictably. As such, we do not know the degree of worldwide uniform protection that we will have on our technologies and products in the future.

If we cannot successfully enforce our intellectual property rights, the commercial value of our products, services, or technologies may be adversely affected, and our competitive position may be harmed.

Third parties, including our competitors, may currently, or in the future, infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate our issued patents or other intellectual property rights, and we may file lawsuits or initiate other proceedings to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful. We regularly monitor for unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights and, from time to time, analyze whether to seek to enforce our rights against potential infringement, misappropriation, or violation of our intellectual property rights. However, the steps we have taken, and are taking, to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to enforce our rights as against such infringement, misappropriation, or violation of our intellectual property rights. In certain circumstances, it may not be practicable or cost effective for us to enforce our intellectual property rights fully, particularly in certain developing countries or where the initiation of a claim might harm our business relationships. We may also be hindered or prevented from enforcing our rights with respect to a government entity or instrumentality because of the doctrine of sovereign immunity. Our ability to enforce our patent or other intellectual property rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It may be difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components or methods that are used in connection with their products, services, or technologies. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor’s or potential competitor’s product, services, or technologies. Thus, we may not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights. Any inability to meaningfully enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our ability to compete and reduce demand for our products, services, and technologies. We may in the future become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could harm our business. In any lawsuit we bring to enforce our intellectual property rights, a court may refuse to stop the other party from manufacturing, commercializing, using, or importing the product, service, offering, or technology at issue on grounds that our intellectual property rights do not cover, and the other party is not infringing, violating, or otherwise misappropriating our intellectual property, through the manufacture, commercialization, use, or importation of the product, service, offering, or technology in question. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could also provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us, alleging that we infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. If we initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering a product, service, offering, or technology, the defendant could counterclaim that such patent is invalid or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity or unenforceability are common, and there are numerous grounds upon which a third party can assert invalidity or unenforceability of a patent. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of patentable subject matter, novelty, obviousness, or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Mechanisms for such challenges include re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review, interference proceedings, derivation proceedings, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings). In a patent or other intellectual property proceeding, a court may decide that a patent or other intellectual property right of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, construe the patent’s claims or other intellectual property narrowly, or refuse to stop the other party from manufacturing, commercializing, using, or importing the product, service, offering, or technology at issue on the grounds that our patents or other intellectual property do not cover the manufacture, commercialization, use, or importation of the product, service, offering, or technology in question. Furthermore, even if our patents or other intellectual property rights are found to be valid and infringed, a court may refuse to grant injunctive relief against the infringer and instead may grant us monetary damages and/or ongoing royalties. Such monetary compensation may be insufficient to adequately offset the damage to our business caused by the infringer’s competition in the market. An adverse result in any litigation or administrative proceeding could put one or more of our patents or other intellectual property rights at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly, which could adversely affect our competitive business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, even if we are successful in any litigation, we may incur significant expense in connection with such proceedings, and the amount of any monetary damages may be inadequate to compensate us for damage as a result of the infringement and the proceedings.

We may become a party to intellectual property litigation or administrative proceedings that could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful, and could interfere with our ability to develop, manufacture, commercialize, import, or otherwise use our products, services, or technologies.

Our commercial success depends, in part, on our ability to develop, manufacture, commercialize, import, or use our products, services, and technologies without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties. Our industry has been characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and other intellectual property rights, and companies in the industry have used intellectual property litigation to gain a competitive advantage. While we take steps to ensure that we do not infringe upon, misappropriate, or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others, there may be other more pertinent rights of which we are presently unaware.

Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights. The outcomes of such proceedings are uncertain and could have a negative impact on the success of our business. It is possible that U.S. and foreign patents and pending patent applications controlled by third parties may be alleged to cover our products, services, and technologies, or that we may be accused of misappropriating third parties’ trade secrets or infringing third parties’ trademarks. We may in the future become party to, or be threatened with, adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products, services, or technologies, including interference proceedings, post-grant review, and inter partes review before the USPTO or equivalent foreign regulatory authority. Furthermore, we may also become involved in other proceedings, such as reexamination, derivation, or opposition proceedings before the USPTO or other jurisdictional body relating to our intellectual property rights or the intellectual property rights of others. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future, regardless of their merit. Because patent applications can take many years to issue and because publication schedules for pending applications vary by jurisdiction, there may be applications now pending of which we are unaware and which may result in issued patents, which our current or future products, services, or technologies infringe. Also, because the claims of published patent applications can change between publication and patent grant, there may be published patent applications that may ultimately issue with claims that we infringe. There is a risk that third parties may choose to engage in litigation with us to enforce or to otherwise assert their patent rights against us. Even if we believe that such claims are without merit, a court of competent jurisdiction could hold that these third-party patents are valid and enforceable, and infringed by the use of our products, services, or technologies, which could have a negative impact on the commercial success of our current and any future products, services, or technologies. If we were to challenge the validity of any such third party U.S. patent in federal court, we would need to overcome a presumption of validity. As this burden is a high one requiring us to present clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of any such U.S. patent claim, there is no assurance that a court of competent jurisdiction would invalidate the claims of any such U.S. patent. We will have similar burdens to overcome in foreign courts in order to successfully challenge a third-party claim of patent infringement.

Our defense of any litigation or interference proceedings may fail, and, even if successful, defending such claims brought against us would cause us to incur substantial expenses and distract our management and other employees. If such claims are successfully asserted against us, we could be forced to pay substantial damages. Further, if a patent infringement or other intellectual property rights-related lawsuit were brought against us, we could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing, commercializing, importing, or using the infringing product, service, or technology. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent or other intellectual property right. Although patent, trademark, trade secret, and other intellectual property disputes have often been settled through licensing or similar arrangements, costs associated with such arrangements may be substantial and could include ongoing royalties. We may not be able to obtain licenses on commercially reasonable terms or at all, in which event, our business would be materially and adversely affected. Even if we were able to obtain a license, the rights may be non-exclusive, which could result in our competitors and other third parties gaining access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, if we are unable to obtain such licenses or make any necessary changes to our products, services, or technologies, we could be forced to cease some aspect of our business operations, which could harm our business significantly.

A finding of infringement or an unfavorable interference or derivation proceedings outcome could prevent us from developing, manufacturing, commercializing, importing, or using our products, services, or technologies, or force us to cease some or all of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of litigation or administrative proceedings more effectively than we can because of greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. We could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt to develop alternative products or technologies.

If third parties assert infringement, misappropriation, or other claims against our customers, these claims may require us to initiate or defend protracted and costly litigation on behalf of our customers, regardless of the merits of these claims. If any of these claims succeed or settle, we may be forced to pay damages or settlement payments on behalf of our customers or may be required to obtain licenses for the products, services, or technologies they use. If we cannot obtain all necessary licenses on commercially reasonable terms, our customers may be forced to stop using our products, services, or technologies.

Our competitors, many of which have substantially greater resources and have made substantial investments in patent portfolios, trade secrets, trademarks, and competing technologies, may have applied for or obtained, or may in the future apply for or obtain, patents or trademarks that will prevent, limit, or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use, sell, import, and/or export our products, services, or technologies. As the number of competitors in our market grows and the number of patents issued in this area increases, the possibility of patent infringement claims against us may increase. Moreover, individuals and groups that are non-practicing entities, commonly referred to as “patent trolls,” purchase patents, and other intellectual property assets for the purpose of making claims of infringement in order to extract settlements. From time to time, we may receive threatening letters, notices, or “invitations to license,” or may be the subject of claims that our products, services, or technologies and business operations infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others. These matters can be time consuming, be costly to defend in litigation, divert management’s attention and resources, damage our reputation and brand, and cause us to incur significant expenses or make substantial payments. In addition, we purchase equipment or materials, including hardware and software, from suppliers, and the design of these equipment or materials may be outside of our direct control. These suppliers may not indemnify us in the event that a third party alleges that the use of such components infringes its intellectual property rights.

Any lawsuits relating to intellectual property rights could subject us to significant liability for damages and invalidate our intellectual property. Any potential intellectual property litigation also could force us to do one or more of the following:

Third parties may also raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (for example, opposition proceedings). Such proceedings could result in revocation of or amendment to our patents in such a way that they no longer cover our products, services, or technologies. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we, our patent counsel, and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a third party were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we may lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our products, services, or technologies. Such a loss of patent protection would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of shares of our common stock. Even if we ultimately prevail, a court may decide not to grant an injunction against further infringing activity and instead award only monetary damages, which may not be an adequate remedy. Furthermore, even if resolved in our favor, the monetary cost of such litigation and the diversion of the attention of our management could outweigh any benefit we receive as a result of the proceedings. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any of the foregoing may cause us to incur substantial costs and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our core business, and harm our reputation.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property rights.

We may also be subject to claims that our current or former employees, contractors, or other third parties have an ownership interest in our current or future patents, patent applications, or other intellectual property rights, including as an inventor or co-inventor. We may be subject to ownership or inventorship disputes in the future arising, for example, from conflicting obligations of employees, consultants, or others who were or are involved in developing our products, services, or technologies. Although it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of inventions to execute agreements assigning such inventions and intellectual property rights therein to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops inventions that we regard as our own, and we cannot be certain that our agreements with such parties will be upheld in the face of a potential challenge, or that they will not be breached, for which we may not have an adequate remedy. The assignment of inventions may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership of inventorship. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or the right to use, valuable intellectual property rights, and other owners may be able to license their interest in such intellectual property rights to other third parties, including our competitors. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

In addition, we may be subject to claims from third parties challenging inventorship or ownership of intellectual property rights that we regard as our own, based on claims that our agreements with employees or consultants obligating them to assign their inventions and intellectual property rights therein to us are ineffective or in conflict with prior or competing contractual obligations to assign inventions and intellectual property rights therein to another employer, to a former employer, or to another person or entity. Many of our current and former employees and consultants were previously employed at or engaged by other medical device companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Some of these employees and consultants have executed with such previous employment or engagements confidential information non-disclosure and non-use agreements and inventions assignment agreements, which may have included non-competition provisions. Although we try to ensure that such employees and consultants do not use or otherwise disclose confidential information or intellectual property rights of others in their work for us without such other person’s consent, we may be subject to claims that we or our current or former employees or consultants have, inadvertently or otherwise, infringed, violated, or otherwise misappropriated the confidential information or the intellectual property rights of these former employers,

clients, or other third parties. To the extent that our current or former employees or consultants disclose or use confidential information or intellectual property rights owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in any related or resulting inventions, and litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. It may also be necessary, or we may desire to obtain a license to such third party’s intellectual property rights to settle any such claim; however, there can be no assurance that we would be able to obtain such license on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If our defense to those claims fails, in addition to paying monetary damages or a settlement payment, a court could prohibit us from manufacturing, commercializing, using, or importing the product, service, or technology features or practicing other intellectual property rights that are essential to our business, which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position as well as our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. In addition, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and could be a distraction to management and our employees. Any litigation or the threat thereof may adversely affect our ability to hire employees or contract with collaborators, partners, services providers, or contractors. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to develop, manufacture, commercialize, import, or use our products, services, or technologies, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We depend on certain intellectual property rights that are licensed to us. We may be unsuccessful in licensing or acquiring intellectual property rights from third parties that may be necessary to develop, manufacture, commercialize, import, or use our current and/or future products, services, or technologies.

We make use of a certain computer code, which we in-license and use in the aprevo Technology Platform development process. Our rights to use such intellectual property rights in our business are subject to the continuation of and our compliance with the terms of the software license agreements between us and each of our licensors. In addition, the agreements under which we in-license intellectual property or technology from third parties are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have in-licensed, or in-license in the future, prevent, or impair our ability to maintain our current or future licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Despite our best efforts, our current or future licensors might conclude that we materially breached our license agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology generated or covered by these license agreements. If these in-licenses are terminated, this could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

A third party may hold intellectual property rights, including patent rights, that are important or necessary to the development, manufacture, commercialization, import, or use of our current and/or future products, services, or technologies, in which case, we would need to acquire or obtain a license to such intellectual property rights from such third party. A third party that perceives us to be a competitor may be unwilling to license or assign its intellectual property rights to us. In addition, the licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and other companies may also pursue similar strategies to license or acquire such third party’s intellectual property rights. Some of these companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater development, manufacturing, and commercialization capabilities. We also may be unable to license or acquire third party intellectual property rights on commercially reasonable terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment, or we may be unable to obtain any such license or acquisition at all. If we are unable to successfully license or acquire necessary third-party intellectual property rights, we may not be able to develop, manufacture, commercialize, or use our current and/or future products, services, or technologies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If we are unable to protect the disclosure and use of our confidential information and trade secrets, the value of our products, services, and technologies and our business and competitive position could be harmed.

In addition to patent protection, we also rely on other intellectual property rights, including trade secrets, know-how, and/or other proprietary information that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect, and some courts are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. To protect and maintain the confidentiality of our trade secrets and other proprietary information, we rely heavily on confidentiality provisions that we have in contracts with our employees, consultants, collaborators, and other third parties. We generally enter into confidentiality and inventions assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, and applicable third parties upon their commencement of a relationship with us. However, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes, and we may not enter into such agreements with all employees, consultants, and third parties who have been involved in the development of our inventions. Although we generally require all of our employees, consultants, advisors, and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information, or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot provide any assurances that all such agreements have been duly executed, and any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets.

In addition, despite the protections that we place on our intellectual property and our other proprietary rights, monitoring unauthorized use and disclosure by employees, consultants, and other third parties who have access to such intellectual property or other proprietary rights is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property or other proprietary rights will be adequate. Therefore, we may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or other trade secrets by such employees, consultants, advisors, or third parties, despite the existence of our protections, including non-disclosure and use restrictions. These agreements may not provide meaningful protection against the unauthorized disclosure or use of our trade secrets, know-how, or other proprietary information in the event that the unwanted use is outside the scope of the provisions of the contracts or in the event of any unauthorized use, misappropriation, or disclosure of such trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information that we fail to detect. There can be no assurances that such employees, consultants, advisors, or third parties will not intentionally or unintentionally breach their agreements with us, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or independently developed by third parties, including our competitors. If any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate it, from using that information to compete with us. In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information by maintaining physical security of our premises and electronic security of our information technology systems. Such security measures may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee, consultant, or other third party with authorized access, provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent an employee, consultant, or other third party from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully.

If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed. The exposure of our trade secrets and other proprietary information would impair our competitive advantages and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. In particular, a failure to protect our proprietary rights may allow competitors to copy our products, services, or technologies, which could adversely affect our pricing and market share. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or reverse engineer certain aspects of our products, services, or technologies that we consider proprietary. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our trade secret rights and related confidentiality, non-disclosure, and non-use provisions, and outcomes of such litigation are unpredictable. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed, used, or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive, and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. While we use commonly accepted security measures, trade secret violations are often a combination of federal and state laws in the United States, and the criteria for protection of trade secrets can vary among different jurisdictions. If the steps we have taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating the trade secret. In addition, we may need to share our trade secrets and proprietary know-how with current or future partners, collaborators, contractors, and others located in countries at heightened risk of theft of trade secrets, including through direct intrusion by private parties or foreign actors, and those affiliated with or

controlled by state actors. Some courts outside of the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets, and agreement terms that address non-competition are difficult to enforce in many jurisdictions and might not be enforceable in certain cases. Finally, even if we were to be successful in the enforcement of our claims, we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies.

It is also possible that others may independently develop information or technologies that are the same as or similar to our trade secrets or other proprietary technologies and develop products, services, or technologies without obtaining access to our trade secrets or other proprietary information, in which case we, could not assert any intellectual property rights, including trade secret rights, against such parties in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. If we fail to obtain or maintain trade secret protection, or if any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or used by others without our consent or otherwise misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, or if our competitors obtain our trade secrets or independently develop products, services, or technologies that are the same as or similar to ours, our competitive market position could be materially and adversely harmed.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, we may not be able to build brand name recognition in our markets of interest, and our competitive position may be harmed.

Our trademarks could be challenged, opposed, invalidated, infringed, and circumvented by third parties, and our trademarks could also be diluted, be declared generic or descriptive, or found to be infringing on other marks. If any of the foregoing occurs, we could be forced to re-brand our company, products, services, or technologies, resulting in loss of brand recognition and requiring us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands, and suffer other competitive harm. Third parties may also adopt trademarks similar to ours, which could harm our brand identity and lead to market confusion. Further, there can be no assurance that competitors will not infringe our trademarks or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks. At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. Certain of our current or future trademarks may become so well known by the public that their use becomes generic and they lose trademark protection. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We rely on our trademarks, trade names, and brand names, such as our aprevo mark, to distinguish our products, services, and technologies from the products, services, and technologies of our competitors, and have registered or applied to register many of these trademarks in the United States and certain countries outside the United States; however, we have not yet registered all of our trademarks in the United States and other potential markets. There can be no assurance that all of our trademark applications will be approved for registration. During trademark registration proceedings, we may receive rejections. Although we are given an opportunity to respond to those rejections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in proceedings before the USPTO and comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties have opposed, and may in the future oppose, our trademark applications and may seek to cancel trademark registrations or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademark filings in these agencies, and such filings may not survive such proceedings. While we may be able to continue the use of our trademarks in the event that registration is not available, particularly in the United States, where trademark rights are acquired based on use and not registration, third parties may be able to enjoin the continued use of our trademarks if such parties are able to successfully claim infringement in court. In addition, opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademark applications and registrations, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings. If we do not secure registrations for our trademarks, we may encounter more difficulty in enforcing them against third parties than we otherwise would. Our trademarks or trade names may be infringed, circumvented, declared generic, or determined to be violating or infringing on other marks.

Our products contain third-party open-source software components, and failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open-source software licenses could restrict our ability to sell our products, affect our ability to protect our proprietary information, and subject us to possible litigation.

Our products contain software tools licensed by third parties under open-source software licenses. Use and distribution of open-source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open-source software licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. Some open-source software licenses contain requirements that the licensee make its source code publicly available if the licensee creates modifications or derivative works using such open-source software, depending on the type of open-source software the licensee uses and how the licensee uses it. If we combine our proprietary software with open-source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain open-source software licenses, be required to make available the source code of certain of our proprietary software to the public for free. This could allow our competitors to create similar products with less development effort and time, and ultimately could result in a loss of product sales and revenue. In addition, some companies that use third-party open-source software have faced claims challenging their use of such open-source software and their compliance with the terms of the applicable open-source license. We may be subject to suits by third parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software or claiming non-compliance with the applicable open-source licensing terms. Use of open-source software may also present additional security risks because the public availability of such software may make it easier for hackers and other third parties to compromise or attempt to compromise our technology platform and systems.

Although we typically review our use of open-source software to avoid subjecting our products, services, or technology to conditions that we do not intend, the terms of many open-source software licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products, services, or technology. Moreover, our processes for monitoring and controlling our use of open-source software in our products, services, or technology may not be effective. If we are held to have breached the terms of an open-source software license, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties to continue offering our solutions on terms that are not economically feasible; to re-engineer our products, services, or technology; to discontinue the sale of our products, services, or technology if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely basis; to pay statutory or other damages to the license holder; or to make generally available, in source code form, our proprietary code, any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Risks Relating to Financial and Accounting Matters

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited due to certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or state tax law.

We have incurred substantial losses during our history and may never achieve profitability. U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) may be carried forward indefinitely, but may only be used to offset 80% of our taxable income annually for tax years beginning after December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2024, we had NOLs of approximately $41.5 million for federal income tax purposes and $39.4 million for state income tax purposes. Realization of these NOLs depends on future taxable income, and there is a risk that our existing NOLs for state income tax purposes could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future state taxable income, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change federal NOLs and other tax attributes (such as tax credits) to offset its post-change taxable income and taxes may be limited. In general, an “ownership change” occurs if there is a greater than 50 percentage-point change (by value) in a corporation’s equity ownership by certain stockholders over the testing period, which is generally the three-year period preceding any potential ownership change. Transactions that have occurred since our formation, including this offering, may result in an ownership change. We have not conducted a study to determine whether an ownership change would result from this offering. In addition, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership (some of which shifts are outside our control). As a result, our ability to use pre-change federal NOLs and other tax attributes to offset future taxable income and taxes could be subject to

limitations. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply. For these reasons, even if we achieve profitability, we may be unable to use a material portion of our NOLs and other tax attributes, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our effective tax rate may vary significantly from period to period.

Various internal and external factors may have favorable or unfavorable effects on our future effective tax rate. These factors include, but are not limited to, changes in tax laws, regulations, or rates; structural changes in our business; new accounting pronouncements or changes to existing accounting pronouncements, non-deductible goodwill impairments; changing interpretations of existing tax laws or regulations; changes in the relative proportions of revenue and income before taxes in the various jurisdictions in which we operate that have different statutory tax rates; the future levels of tax benefits of equity-based compensation; changes in overall levels of pretax earnings; or changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities. Additionally, we could be challenged by state and local tax authorities as to the propriety of our sales tax compliance, and our results could be materially impacted by these compliance determinations.

Changes in tax laws or tax rulings could adversely affect our effective tax rates, results of operations, and financial condition.

Tax laws, regulations, and administrative practices in various jurisdictions are evolving and may be subject to significant changes due to economic, political, and other conditions. Changes in tax laws or treaties, issuance of new tax rulings, or changes in interpretations of existing laws could cause us to be subject to additional income-based taxes and non-income-based taxes, including payroll, sales, use, value-added, digital, net worth, property, and goods and services taxes, which in turn could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. These factors, together with the ambiguity of tax laws and regulations, the subjectivity of factual interpretations, and uncertainties regarding the geographic mix of earnings in any period, can affect our estimates of our effective tax rate and income tax assets and liabilities, result in changes in our estimates and accruals, and have a material adverse effect on our business results, cash flows, or financial condition. We are unable to predict what tax reforms may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes could potentially result in higher tax expense and payments, along with increasing the complexity, burden, and cost of compliance.

Our tax burden could increase as a result of ongoing or future tax audits.

We may be subject to periodic tax audits by tax authorities. Tax authorities may not agree with our interpretation of applicable tax laws and regulations. As a result, such tax authorities may assess additional tax, interest, and penalties. We regularly assess the likely outcomes of these audits and other tax disputes to determine the appropriateness of our tax provision and establish reserves for material, known tax exposures. However, the calculation of such tax exposures involves the application of complex tax laws and regulations in many jurisdictions. Therefore, there can be no assurance that we will accurately predict the outcomes of any tax audit or other tax dispute or that issues raised by tax authorities will be resolved at a financial cost that does not exceed our related reserves. As such, the actual outcomes of these disputes and other tax audits could have a material adverse effect on our business results or financial position.

The terms of the Customers Loan Agreement require us to meet certain operating and financial covenants and place restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility.

We are party to the Customers Loan Agreement with Customers Bank. As of March 31, 2025, $15.6 million in aggregate principal amount was outstanding under the Customers Loan Agreement.

The Customers Loan Agreement contains various covenants that limit our ability to engage in specified types of transactions, as well as financial covenants requiring us to maintain at least $4 million in unrestricted cash with the lender and to comply with certain minimum revenue amounts. These covenants limit our ability to, among other things:

See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Liquidity and Capital Resources” for more information regarding the covenants under the Customers Loan Agreement. The covenants in the Customers Loan Agreement limit our ability to take certain actions and, in the event that we breach one or more covenants, the lenders may choose to declare an event of default and require that we immediately repay all amounts outstanding of the aggregate principal amount, plus accrued interest, and foreclose on the collateral granted to it to secure such indebtedness. Such repayment could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our cash deposits with financial institutions exceed insured limits.

We maintain the majority of our cash and cash equivalents in accounts with one or more U.S. financial institutions, and our deposits at these institutions exceed insured limits. Market conditions can impact the viability of financial institutions. For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) as receiver. Similarly, on March 12, 2023, Signature Bank was put into receivership. Since that time, there have been reports of instability at other U.S. banks, including First Republic Bank. Although the Federal Reserve Board, the Department of the Treasury, and the FDIC have taken steps to ensure that depositors at Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank can access all of their funds, including funds held in uninsured deposit accounts, and have taken additional steps to provide liquidity to other banks, there is no guarantee that, in the event of the closure of other banks or financial institutions in the future, depositors would be able to access uninsured funds or that they would be able to do so in a timely fashion. In the event of failure of any of the financial institutions where we maintain our cash and cash equivalents, there can be no assurance that we would be able to access uninsured funds in a timely manner, or at all. For example, we were required under the Customers Loan Agreement to maintain minimum deposits with Customers Bank (as successor-in-interest to Signature Bank). Any inability to access or delay in accessing these funds could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock and this Offering

There may not be an active trading market for our common stock, which may cause shares of our common stock to trade at a discount from the initial public offering price and make it difficult to sell the shares of common stock you purchase.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. It is possible that, after this offering, an active trading market will not develop or, if developed, that any market will not be sustained, which would make it difficult for you to sell your shares of common stock at an attractive price, or at all. The initial public offering price per share of common stock will be determined by agreement among us and the representatives of the underwriters and may not be indicative of the price at which shares of our common stock will trade in the public market, if any, after this offering. The market value of our common stock may decrease from the initial public offering price. Furthermore, an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital in the future by selling shares of our common stock.

We are an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of:

As a result of our “emerging growth company” status, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that would otherwise be applicable to public companies, including, but not limited to, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We also are a “smaller reporting company,” meaning that the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates plus the proposed aggregate amount of gross proceeds to us as a result of this offering is less than $700.0 million, and our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year. We may continue to be a smaller reporting company after this offering if either (i) the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million. If we are a smaller reporting company at the time we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our annual report on Form 10-K, and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

Investors may find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less-active trading market for our common stock, and the market price of our common stock may be adversely affected and more volatile.

We will incur increased costs and become subject to additional regulations and requirements as a result of becoming a public company, which could lower our profits or make it more difficult to run our business.

As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we have not incurred as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. We have also incurred and will continue to incur costs associated with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules implemented by the SEC and the exchange on which our securities are listed. The expenses generally incurred by public companies for reporting and corporate governance purposes have been increasing. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time consuming and costly, although we are currently unable to estimate these costs with any degree of certainty. These laws and regulations also could make it more difficult or costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors (the “Board of Directors”), on our board committees, or as our executive officers. Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of our common stock, fines, sanctions, other regulatory action, and potentially civil litigation.

If we are unable to design, implement, and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, and the market price of our common stock may decline.

As a public company, we will be required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. In addition, beginning with our second annual report on Form 10-K, we will be required to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC regarding compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The process of designing, implementing, and testing the internal control over financial reporting required to comply with this obligation is time consuming, costly, and complicated. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. Further, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we, or if required, our auditors, are unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our common stock could decline, and we could also become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our common stock is listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

We do not intend to pay dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the market price of our common stock.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business. Any future determination related to dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, prospects, financial condition, contractual restrictions, and capital requirements. In addition, our ability to pay cash dividends on our capital stock is limited by the terms of the Customers Loan Agreement and may be limited by the terms of any future debt or preferred securities we issue or any future credit facilities we enter into. Accordingly, investors must for the foreseeable future rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.

If our operating and financial performance in any given period does not meet any guidance that we provide to the public, the market price of our common stock may decline.

We may, but are not obligated to, provide public guidance on our expected operating and financial results for future periods. Any such guidance will be comprised of forward-looking statements subject to the risks and uncertainties described in this prospectus and in our other public filings and public statements. Our actual results may not always be in line with or exceed any guidance we have provided, especially in times of economic uncertainty. If actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, our operating and financial results could fall below our publicly announced guidance or the expectations of investors. If, in the future, our operating or financial results for a particular period do not meet any guidance we provide or the expectations of investment analysts or investors generally, or if we reduce our guidance for future periods, the market price of our common stock may decline. Even if we do issue public guidance, there can be no assurance that we will continue to do so in the future.

We will have broad discretion in the use of net proceeds to us from this offering and may not use them effectively.

We will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds to us from this offering, including for any of the purposes described in “Use of Proceeds,” and you will not have the opportunity as part of your investment decision to assess whether the net proceeds are being used appropriately. Because of the number and variability of factors that will determine our use of the net proceeds from this offering, their ultimate use may vary substantially from their currently intended use. We intend to use a portion of the net proceeds to support the commercialization of the aprevo Technology Platform and expand and improve our product offerings, and the remainder for working capital and general corporate purposes.

If we do not use the net proceeds that we receive in this offering effectively, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be harmed, and the market price of our common stock could decline. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities such as money market accounts, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government that may not generate a high yield for our stockholders. These investments may not yield a favorable return to our investors.

Investors in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

The initial public offering price of our common stock is expected to be substantially higher than the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock. Therefore, if you purchase shares of our common stock in this offering, you will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering. Based on the initial public offering price of $15.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, you will experience immediate dilution of $10.44 per share, representing the difference between our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering and the initial public offering price. In addition, purchasers of common stock in this offering will have contributed 48.9% of the aggregate price paid by all purchasers of our common stock but will own only approximately 25.3% of our total equity outstanding after this offering. Furthermore, if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares, or outstanding options and warrants are exercised, you could experience further dilution. This dilution is due to our investors who purchased shares prior to this offering having paid substantially less when they purchased their shares than the price offered to the public in this offering. To the extent that outstanding options or warrants are exercised, there will be further dilution to new investors. As a result of the dilution to investors purchasing shares in this offering, investors may receive significantly less than the purchase price paid in this offering, if anything, in the event of our liquidation. For a further description of the dilution that you will experience immediately after this offering, see the section titled “Dilution.”

Participation in this offering by certain of our existing stockholders and/or their affiliates could reduce the public float of our shares.

Entities and individuals affiliated and associated with B Capital Group and U.S. Venture Partners have indicated an interest in purchasing up to approximately $20.0 million and $11.0 million, respectively, in shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. Given these indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, entities and individuals affiliated and associated with B Capital Group or U.S. Venture Partners could determine to purchase more, fewer or no shares in this offering or the underwriters could determine to sell more, fewer or no shares to entities and individuals affiliated and associated with B Capital Group or U.S. Venture Partners. The underwriters will receive the same underwriting discounts and commissions on any of our shares purchased by the entities and individuals affiliated and associated with B Capital Group or U.S. Venture Partners as they will from any other shares sold to the public in this offering.

If entities or individuals affiliated or associated with B Capital Group or U.S. Venture Partners are allocated all or a portion of the shares in which each has indicated an interest in this offering or are allocated more shares than each has indicated an interest in this offering, and entities or individuals affiliated or associated with B Capital Group or U.S. Venture Partners purchases any such shares, such purchases would reduce the public float of our shares if entities or individuals affiliated or associated with B Capital Group or U.S. Venture Partners holds these shares long-term. B Capital Group, U.S. Venture Partners and certain of their respective affiliates, including our directors affiliated with those entities, have each agreed not to sell or otherwise transfer or dispose of any of our securities for a period of 180 days from the date of this prospectus.

A reduction in the public float could reduce the number of shares that are available to be traded at any given time, thereby adversely impacting the liquidity of our common stock and depressing the price at which you may be able to sell shares of common stock purchased in this offering. While certain of our existing stockholders and their affiliated entities have expressed interest in potentially participating in this offering, there are no assurances that they will participate in the offering to a material extent, or at all.

Future sales and issuances of our securities, including to support business growth or pursuant to our equity incentive plans, may cause dilution to our stockholders or decrease our stock price.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges and opportunities, including the need to develop new products, enhance our existing products, enhance our operating infrastructure, potentially expand internationally, and potentially acquire complementary businesses and technologies. In order to achieve these objectives, we may make future commitments of capital resources. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. In addition, the incurrence of indebtedness would increase our fixed obligations and include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations. Further, if additional financing is needed, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us or at all. Our inability to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, could significantly limit our ability to continue supporting our business growth and responding to business challenges and opportunities.

Furthermore, pursuant to our 2025 Plan, our management is authorized to grant stock options and other equity-based awards to our employees, directors and consultants. Additionally, the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under our 2025 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, beginning on January 1, 2026 and continuing through and including January 1, 2035, by 5% of the total number of shares of our capital stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, or a lesser number of shares determined by our Board of Directors. In addition, pursuant to our 2025 ESPP, the number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, beginning on January 1, 2026 and continuing through and including January 1, 2035, by 1% of the total number of shares of our capital stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of the automatic increase or a lesser number of shares determined by our Board of Directors. Unless our Board of Directors elects not to increase the number of

shares available for future grant each year, our stockholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to fall.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

Prior to this offering, as of March 31, 2025, our executive officers, directors, owners of more than 5% of our capital stock, and their respective affiliates beneficially owned approximately 76.4% of our outstanding shares, and, upon the closing of this offering, that same group will beneficially own approximately 57.1% of our outstanding shares (assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares and no purchases of shares in this offering by anyone of this group). Therefore, even after this offering, these stockholders will have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could cause our stock price to fall.

If our existing stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after the lock-up, market standoff, and other legal restrictions on resale discussed in this prospectus lapse, the trading price of our common stock could decline. Based upon the number of shares outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and assuming (i) the conversion of our outstanding convertible preferred stock as of March 31, 2025, into an aggregate of 15,245,731 shares of our common stock immediately prior to the completion of this offering; (ii) no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares of common stock; and (iii) no exercise of outstanding options or warrants subsequent to March 31, 2025, upon the closing of this offering, we will have outstanding a total of 26,516,274 shares of common stock. Of these shares, all of the shares of our common stock sold in this offering, plus any shares sold upon exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, will be freely tradable, without restriction, in the public market immediately following this offering, other than shares purchased by our “affiliates” (as such term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”)). See the section titled “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” in this prospectus for restrictions applicable to our affiliates.

We anticipate that we and each of our directors, our executive officers, and substantially all of our other record holders of our outstanding common stock, stock options, warrants, and securities convertible into our common stock have entered or will enter into lock-up agreements with the underwriters prior to the commencement of this offering. The lock-up agreements pertaining to this offering will expire 180 days from the date of this prospectus (the “Lock-Up Period”). After the expiration of the lock-up agreements and the market standoff restrictions described below, as of March 31, 2025, up to approximately 19,922,167 additional shares of common stock will be eligible for sale in the public market, approximately 57.1% of which shares are owned by directors, executive officers, and other owners of more than 5% of our outstanding common stock, stock options, warrants, and securities convertible into our common stock and will be subject to Rule 144 under the Securities Act. The representatives of the underwriters may, however, in their sole discretion, permit our officers, directors, and other stockholders who are subject to these lock-up agreements to sell shares prior to the expiration of the lock-up agreements.

In addition, as of March 31, 2025, 2,592,759 shares of common stock that are subject to outstanding options or subject to outstanding warrants will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting schedules, lock-up agreements, market standoff restrictions, and Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act. If these additional shares of common stock are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the market price of our common stock could decline.

After this offering, based upon the number of shares outstanding as of March 31, 2025, the holders of approximately 15.3 million shares of our common stock, or approximately 76.6% of our total outstanding common stock, will be entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act, subject to the lock-up agreements and market standoff restrictions described above. Registration of these shares under the

Securities Act would result in the shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for shares purchased by affiliates. Any sales of securities by these stockholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

Record holders of our securities are typically the parties to the lock-up agreements with the underwriters and the market standoff restrictions referred to above, while holders of beneficial interests in our shares who are not also record holders in respect of such shares are not typically subject to any such agreements or other similar restrictions. Accordingly, we believe that holders of beneficial interests who are not record holders and are not bound by market standoff restrictions or lock-up agreements could enter into transactions with respect to those beneficial interests that negatively impact our stock price. In addition, a security holder who is neither subject to market standoff restrictions with us nor a lock-up agreement with the underwriters may be able to sell, short sell, transfer, pledge, or otherwise dispose of or attempt to sell, short sell, transfer, hedge, pledge, or otherwise dispose of their equity interests at any time.

Provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could discourage a takeover that stockholders may consider favorable and may lead to entrenchment of management.

Among other things, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, both of which will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering, will:

In addition, we are also subject to the anti-takeover provisions contained in Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”). Under Section 203, a corporation may not, in general, engage in a business combination with any holder of 15% or more of its capital stock unless the holder has held the stock for three years or, among other exceptions, the Board of Directors has approved the transaction.

For a description of our capital stock, see the section titled “Description of Capital Stock.”

Claims for indemnification by our directors, officers, and other employees or agents may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering will provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against our directors for breach of their fiduciary duty. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against our directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and other stockholders. Further, a stockholder’s investment may be adversely affected to the extent that we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers as required by these indemnification provisions. We also maintain customary directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. See the section titled “Management—Limitations on Liability and Indemnification Matters.”

In addition, as permitted by Section 145 of the DGCL, our amended and restated bylaws to be effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering and our indemnification agreements that we have entered into with our directors, officers, and certain other employees will provide that:

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering will provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for certain disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering will provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or stockholders to us or to our stockholders, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering, or our amended and restated bylaws that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering (as either may be amended from

time to time), or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine; provided that, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction; and provided further that, if and only if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware dismisses any such action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, such action may be brought in another state or federal court sitting in the State of Delaware. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering will also provide that the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action against us or any of our directors, officers, employees, or agents and arising under the Securities Act. Nothing in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering will preclude stockholders that assert claims under the Exchange Act from bringing such claims in state or federal court, subject to applicable law.

If any action the subject matter of which is within the scope described above is filed in a court other than a court located within the State of Delaware (a “Foreign Action”), in the name of any stockholder, such stockholder shall be deemed to have consented to the personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located within the State of Delaware in connection with any action brought in any such court to enforce the applicable provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering and having service of process made upon such stockholder in any such action by service upon such stockholder’s counsel in the Foreign Action as agent for such stockholder. Although our amended and restated certificate of incorporation that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering will contain the choice of forum provision described above, it is possible that a court could find that such a provision is inapplicable for a particular claim or action or that such provision is unenforceable.

We believe that these provisions may benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law and federal securities laws by chancellors and judges, as applicable, particularly experienced in resolving corporate disputes, efficient administration of cases on a more expedited schedule relative to other forums, and protection against the burdens of multi-forum litigation. However, this choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees, or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Furthermore, the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ certificates of incorporation has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions, and there can be no assurance that such provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision that will be contained in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation that will be in effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile, which could cause the value of your investment to decline.

Even if an active trading market develops, the market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and could be subject to wide fluctuations. Securities markets worldwide experience significant price and volume fluctuations. This market volatility, as well as general economic, market, or political conditions, could reduce the market price of our common stock regardless of our operating performance. In addition, our results of operations could be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors due to a number of potential factors, including variations in our quarterly results of operations, additions or departures of key management personnel, failure to meet analysts’ earnings estimates, publication of research reports about our industry, litigation and government investigations, data privacy and security-related events, changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations or differing interpretations or enforcement thereof affecting our business, adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we may incur or securities we may issue in the future, changes in market valuations of similar companies or speculation in the press or investment community, announcements by our competitors, adverse publicity about the medical device industry, or individual scandals, and, in response, the market price of our

common stock could decrease significantly. You may be unable to resell your shares of common stock at or above the initial public offering price.

Stock markets experience extreme price and volume fluctuations. In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We do not currently have and may never obtain research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If no or few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the market price for our stock would be negatively impacted. In the event that we obtain securities or industry analyst coverage, if any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, our business model, our intellectual property, or our stock performance, or if our results of operations fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

General Risk Factors

If we engage in acquisitions or strategic partnerships, it may increase our capital requirements, dilute our stockholders, cause us to incur debt or assume contingent liabilities, and subject us to other risks.

From time to time, we may evaluate various acquisitions and strategic partnerships, including licensing or acquiring complementary offerings, intellectual property rights, technologies, or businesses. Any acquisition or strategic partnership may entail numerous risks, including:

In addition, if we undertake acquisitions or strategic partnerships, we may issue dilutive securities, assume or incur debt obligations, incur large one-time expenses, and acquire intangible assets that could result in significant future amortization expense. Moreover, we may not be able to locate suitable acquisition or partnership opportunities, and even if we do locate such opportunities, we may not be able to successfully bid for or obtain them due to competitive factors or lack of sufficient resources. This inability could impair our ability to grow or obtain access to technology or products that may be important to the development of our business.

We or the third parties we depend on may be adversely affected by natural disasters and other catastrophic events, and our business continuity and disaster recovery plans may not adequately protect us from a serious natural disaster or other catastrophic event. Any interruption in our operations or the operations of our CMOs may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Severe weather, natural disasters, and other catastrophic events, including pandemics or other public health crises, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, fires, explosions, accidents, power outages, cyberattacks, telecommunications failures, mechanical failures, unscheduled downtimes, civil unrest, strikes, transportation interruptions, unpermitted discharges or releases of toxic or hazardous substances, other environmental risks, wars or other conflicts (including conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East), sabotage, terrorist attacks, or other intentional acts of vandalism or misconduct could severely disrupt our operations, or the operations of the manufacturer of aprevo interbody implants, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If a natural disaster or other catastrophic event occurs that prevents us or our CMOs from using all or a significant portion of our or their headquarters or other facilities, that damages critical infrastructure, or that otherwise disrupts operations, it may be difficult or, in certain cases, impossible for us to continue our business for a substantial period of time. The disaster recovery and business continuity plans we have in place currently are limited and are unlikely to prove adequate in the event of a serious disaster or similar catastrophic event. The potential impact of any disruption would depend on the nature and extent of the damage caused by a disaster. We may incur substantial expenses as a result of the limited nature of our disaster recovery and business continuity plans, which, particularly when taken together with our lack of earthquake insurance, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, our corporate headquarters and one of our CMO’s facilities are located in Carlsbad, California, near major earthquake faults and fire zones. We do not carry earthquake insurance. Furthermore, integral parties in our supply chain are similarly vulnerable to natural disasters or other sudden, unforeseen, and severe adverse events. If such an event were to affect our supply chain, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We are subject to risks from legal and arbitration proceedings that may prevent us from pursuing our business activities or require us to incur additional costs in defending against claims or paying damages.

We may become subject to legal disputes and regulatory proceedings in connection with our business activities involving, among other things, product liability, product defects, intellectual property infringement, employment matters, and/or alleged violations of other applicable laws in various jurisdictions. We may not be insured against all potential damages that may arise out of any claims to which we may be party in the ordinary course of our business. A negative outcome of these proceedings may prevent us from pursuing certain activities and/or require us to incur additional costs in order to do so and pay damages. In addition, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. This type of litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which would harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Additionally, the significant increase in the cost of directors’ and officers’ liability insurance may cause us to opt for lower overall policy limits or to forgo insurance that we may otherwise rely on to cover significant defense costs, settlements, and damages awarded to plaintiffs.

The outcome of pending or potential future legal and arbitration proceedings is difficult to predict with certainty. In the event of a negative outcome of any material legal or arbitration proceeding, whether based on a judgment or a settlement agreement, we could be obligated to make substantial payments, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. In addition, the costs related to litigation and arbitration proceedings may be significant, and any legal or arbitration proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will become subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. We must design our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. For example, our directors or executive officers could inadvertently fail to disclose a new relationship or arrangement, causing us to fail to make a required related party transaction disclosure. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Our insurance may not cover all potential losses or liabilities that may arise.

We are not insured against all potential losses or liabilities that may arise, as insurance coverage may be unavailable, not cost-effective, or subject to significant limitations. For example, we are not insured against business interruptions suffered by third parties that we depend on, environmental liabilities, or patent infringement, among other types of risks. Furthermore, no assurance can be given that an insurance carrier will not seek to cancel or deny coverage after a claim has occurred. If a loss or liability occurs that is not fully covered by insurance, we may be required to pay substantial amounts, which could adversely affect our cash position and results of operations.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus, including the sections titled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and “Business,” contains express or implied forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s belief and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, these statements relate to future events or our future operational or financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this prospectus include, but are not limited to, statements about:

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which are, in some cases, beyond our control and which could materially affect results. Factors

that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties occur, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual events or results may vary significantly from those implied or projected by the forward-looking statements. No forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future performance. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed with the SEC as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from any future results expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements in this prospectus represent our views as of the date of this prospectus. We anticipate that subsequent events and developments will cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we have no current intention of doing so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should therefore not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this prospectus.

This prospectus also contains estimates, projections, and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for our product candidates. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research, or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties, and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances that are assumed in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market, and other data from our own internal estimates and research, as well as from reports, research surveys, studies, and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, medical and general publications, government data, and similar sources. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding any third-party information presented in this prospectus, their estimates, in particular as they relate to projections, involve numerous assumptions, are subject to risks and uncertainties, and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from the sale of 6,700,000 shares of our common stock in this offering will be approximately $88.3 million, or approximately $103.3 million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase up to 1,005,000 additional shares, assuming an initial public offering price of $15.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $15.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by $6.2 million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We may also increase or decrease the number of shares we are offering. Each one million share increase (decrease) in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) net proceeds to us from this offering by $14.0 million, assuming no change in the assumed initial public offering price per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, to support the commercialization of the aprevo Technology Platform and expand and improve our product offerings, including:

Based on our current operating plan, we believe that the estimated net proceeds from this offering, together with our existing cash and cash equivalents, the expected cash generated from sales of aprevo interbody implants, and amounts currently available for draw future borrowings under our Customers Loan Agreement, will be sufficient to fund our planned operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months.

The expected use of the net proceeds from this offering represents our intentions based upon our current operating plan and business conditions, which could change in the future as our plans and business conditions evolve. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot predict with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds to be received upon the closing of this offering, or the amounts that we will actually spend on the uses set forth above. The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures may vary significantly depending on numerous factors, including business conditions, revenue growth, progress of research and development, international considerations, strategic opportunities, and corporate goals. As a result, our management will retain broad discretion over the allocation of the net proceeds from this offering.

Pending our use of proceeds from this offering, we intend to invest the net proceeds in a variety of capital preservation instruments, including short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing instruments, and U.S. government securities.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings, if any, to fund the development and expansion of our business, and therefore we do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. The terms of the Customers Loan Agreement also limit our ability to pay dividends, and we may enter into additional credit agreements or other borrowing arrangements in the future that may restrict our ability to declare or pay cash dividends on our capital stock. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of March 31, 2025:

The pro forma as adjusted information below is illustrative only, and our capitalization following the completion of this offering will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read the information in this table together with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus and in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of this prospectus.

The number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering is based on 19,816,274 shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2025, after giving effect to the Preferred Stock Conversion (as defined below) and excludes:

DILUTION

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be diluted immediately to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of our common stock and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering.

Our historical net tangible book value (deficit) as of March 31, 2025, was $(78.1) million, or $(17.09) per share of our common stock. Our historical net tangible book deficit per share is the amount of our total tangible assets (which excludes deferred offering costs) less our total liabilities and the carrying values of our convertible preferred stock, which is not included within stockholders’ deficit. Our historical net tangible book deficit per share represents historical net tangible book deficit divided by the 4,570,543 shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

Our pro forma net tangible book value as of March 31, 2025, was $31.1 million, or $1.57 per share of our common stock. Pro forma net tangible book value represents the amount of our total tangible assets (which excludes deferred offering costs) less our total liabilities, after giving effect to (i) the Preferred Stock Conversion; (ii) the Reverse Stock Split; (iii) the Warrant Conversion and the related reclassification of warrant liabilities to stockholders’ equity; and (iv) the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation immediately prior to the closing of this offering. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents pro forma net tangible book value divided by the total number of shares outstanding as of March 31, 2025, after giving effect to the pro forma adjustments described above.

After giving further effect to our issuance and sale of shares of our common stock in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $15.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2025, would have been $120.9 million, or $4.56 per share. This amount represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of $2.99 to our existing stockholders and immediate dilution of $10.44 in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share to new investors purchasing common stock in this offering.

Dilution per share to new investors is determined by subtracting pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering from the initial public offering price per share paid by new investors. The following table illustrates this dilution on a per-share basis (without giving effect to any exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares):

The dilution information discussed above is illustrative only and will change based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. Each $1.00 increase in the assumed initial public offering price of $15.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by $0.23 and dilution per share to new investors purchasing common stock in this offering by $0.77, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Each $1.00 decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $15.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would decrease our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book

value per share after this offering by $0.24 and dilution per share to new investors purchasing common stock in this offering by $0.76, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Each increase of one million shares in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by $0.34 and decrease dilution per share to new investors purchasing common stock in this offering by $0.34, assuming no change in the assumed initial public offering price per share and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Each decrease of one million shares in the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would decrease our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering by $0.37 and increase dilution per share to new investors purchasing common stock in this offering by $0.37, assuming no change in the assumed initial public offering price and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares in full, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share after this offering would be $4.90, representing an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of $3.33 to existing stockholders and immediate dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of $10.10 to new investors purchasing common stock in this offering, based on the assumed initial public offering price of $15.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The following table summarizes on the pro forma as adjusted basis described above, the total number of shares of common stock purchased from us, on an as converted to common stock basis, the total consideration paid or to be paid, and the average price per share paid or to be paid by existing stockholders and by new investors in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $15.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. As the table shows, new investors purchasing common stock in this offering will pay an average price per share substantially higher than our existing stockholders paid.

The table above does not give effect to any purchases in this offering by existing investors and assumes no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares in this offering. If the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares is exercised in full, the number of shares of our common stock held by existing stockholders would be reduced to 72.0% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering, and the number of shares of common stock held by new investors purchasing common stock in this offering would be increased to 28.0% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering.

Entities and individuals affiliated and associated with B Capital Group and U.S. Venture Partners have indicated an interest in purchasing up to approximately $20.0 million and $11.0 million, respectively, in shares of our common stock in this offering at the initial public offering price. The foregoing discussion and table do not reflect any potential purchases by entities and individuals affiliated and associated with B Capital Group or U.S. Venture Partners. To the extent these stockholders or persons associated with them purchase any shares in this offering, the number of shares available for sale to the general public will be accordingly reduced. See the section titled “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions -- Participation in this offering.”

The number of shares of our common stock outstanding after this offering is based on 19,816,274 shares of our common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2025, after giving effect to the Preferred Stock Conversion (as defined below) and excludes:

We may choose to raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities due to market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that any outstanding warrants or options are exercised, new options or other

equity awards are issued under our equity incentive plans, or we issue additional shares of common stock or convertible securities in the future, there will be further dilution to our stockholders.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis provides information that we believe is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. You should read this discussion and analysis together with the section titled “Summary Financial Data” and our financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus. This discussion and other parts of this prospectus contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements regarding our plans, objectives, expectations, intentions, and projections. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus. See the section titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

Overview

We are a commercial-stage medical technology company pioneering AI-enabled personalized spine surgery solutions with a mission to improve outcomes and decrease the cost of healthcare for spine surgery and beyond. We are focused on becoming the standard of care for spine fusion surgery. The aprevo Technology Platform consists of AI-enabled software solutions, and interbody implants that we custom design for each patient’s unique pathology and vertebral bone topography, and single-use surgical instruments. The aprevo Technology Platform was designed to address the limitations of traditional spine fusion surgery and aims to optimize patient outcomes and reduce the need for revision surgeries. By providing personalized surgical plans and interbody implants for custom vertebral fit that are powered by AI-enabled, outcomes-based algorithms, the aprevo Technology Platform supports surgeons in achieving proper spinal alignment for patients with DDD, which can improve clinical outcomes and reduce the likelihood of revision surgeries. We currently market the aprevo Technology Platform for lumbar spine fusion surgery, and we are further developing the aprevo Technology Platform for use in cervical spine fusion surgeries, which we expect to commercialize in 2026.

In July 2020, the FDA awarded us a Breakthrough Device Designation, indicating that aprevo interbody implants are likely to provide a more effective treatment than the current standard of care in lumbar fusion with the use of stock implants. In December 2020, the FDA cleared our aprevo interbody implants through its 510(k) regulatory clearance pathway for lumbar fusions performed for correction of ASD. After FDA clearance, we commenced the limited clinical release of the aprevo Technology Platform, with the first U.S. patient implant in February 2021. In October 2021, CMS awarded our aprevo interbody implants the NTAP, which provided supplemental reimbursement to hospitals for each qualifying aprevo lumbar procedure through October 2024. In that same month, we commenced our U.S. commercial launch of the aprevo Technology Platform for lumbar spine fusion surgery. In August 2022, the FDA cleared the aprevo Technology Platform through its 510(k) regulatory clearance pathway for the treatment of patients with DDD of the lumbar spine. In September 2023, the FDA granted us our second Breakthrough Device Designation for our cervical technology. See the section titled “Business— Our Solution—Our 510(k) Submissions” for more information regarding our FDA 510(k) submissions for our material products and product candidates. In April 2025, CMS issued the IPPS 2025 Proposed Rule that includes a NTAP to provide supplemental reimbursement to hospitals for each qualifying cervical procedure using the aprevo Technology Platform. While we believe the IPPS 2025 Proposed Rule will be adopted in its current form, there is no guarantee that the IPPS 2025 Proposed Rule will be adopted in its current form.

As of October 2024, CMS adopted new MS-DRGs that cover most lumbar spine fusion procedures involving a custom-made anatomically designed interbody fusion device, such as our aprevo interbody implants. These new MS-DRGs provide premium reimbursement rates for our hospital customers, relative to procedures using stock implants, which we believe supports continued access to our technology. In November 2024, we received FDA 510(k) clearance for our aprevo Technology Platform for cervical spine fusion surgery. Assuming we get the necessary additional clearances, we expect to commercialize the aprevo Technology Platform for cervical fusion surgery in 2026. While our current commercial focus is on the United States, in the future, we plan to engage in market access initiatives to evaluate strategic international regions.

We market and sell the aprevo Technology Platform to hospitals in the United States through a combination of our direct sales team and independent sales agents. Our direct sales team consists of Area Business Directors, Regional Sales Directors, Account Managers, and Strategic and National Account leadership, who are primarily responsible for selling the aprevo Technology Platform to surgeons and working with hospitals to secure product approval. They are also responsible for recruiting indirect sales agents that cover each surgery, generating leads, and training clinics. Our direct sales team is supported by a team of independent sales agents, who are responsible for generating leads, providing surgical instruments, and covering cases.

Our business model depends on our ability to timely deliver aprevo interbody implants in order to allow surgeons to maintain their surgical schedule. In November 2024, we launched our DPS, which we developed to enable us to deliver our aprevo interbody implants to hospitals within 10 business days of surgical plan approval. Our aprevo interbody implants are manufactured to our specifications by CMOs who meet our manufacturer qualification standards. Our streamlined DPS manages both the upstream and downstream processes involved in producing our aprevo interbody implants.

We have historically financed our operations primarily through the net proceeds that we have received from the sale of shares of our convertible preferred stock, borrowings under our debt facilities, and cash generated from the sales of aprevo interbody implants. As of March 31, 2025, we had $43.4 million of cash and cash equivalents, $15.6 million of principal outstanding under the Customers Loan Agreement, and an accumulated deficit of $76.9 million. Since inception through March 31, 2025, we had raised aggregate gross equity proceeds of $105.1 million, primarily from sales of our convertible preferred stock. We have devoted substantially all of our resources to organizing and staffing our company, research and development activities, obtaining FDA clearances and other regulatory achievements, business planning, raising capital, establishing and maintaining our intellectual property portfolio, conducting sales efforts and marketing initiatives, conducting clinical studies, and providing general and administrative support for these operations.

Since we began commercializing the aprevo Technology Platform in 2021, we have experienced sequential quarterly and annual revenue growth from the rapid commercial adoption of the aprevo Technology Platform. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we recognized revenue of $10.2 million and $5.1 million, respectively, representing period-over-period growth of 100.3%. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized revenue of $27.2 million and $13.8 million, respectively, representing year-over-year growth of 97.2%. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, our net loss was $5.7 million and $5.4 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our net loss was $24.3 million and $18.9 million, respectively.

Key Components of Our Results of Operations

Our financial performance has been driven by the following key factors that we believe will persist for the foreseeable future. While each of these factors presents significant opportunities for our business, they also pose important challenges that we must successfully address in order to sustain our growth and improve our results of operations. Our ability to successfully address the factors below is subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors.”

Market Adoption

Since the full commercial launch of the aprevo Technology Platform for lumbar spine fusion surgery in October 2021, the aprevo Technology Platform has been used to treat more than 1,500 patients. We estimate there are approximately 4,000 surgeons across the United States whose patients could benefit from using the aprevo Technology Platform (Moore et al., 2021). As of March 31, 2025, 177 surgeon users have completed one or more procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform, compared to 103 surgeon users as of March 31, 2024. Our revenue for the three months ended March 2025 and 2024 and the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was driven in part by the retention of surgeon users who had previously conducted one more procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform, as well as the acquisition of new surgeons. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, 17% of revenue was from the acquisition of new surgeons and 83% of revenue was from retained surgeons, compared to 20% and 80% respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, 12% of revenue was from the acquisition of new surgeons and 88% of revenue was from retained surgeons,

compared to 11% and 89% respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2023. Over time, we expect to not only grow the base of surgeons using the aprevo Technology Platform but to also increase the number of procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform that are performed by existing surgeons. To achieve this, we plan to grow our commercial infrastructure and expand various market access initiatives, including utilizing medical education programs and surgeon training at top academic institutions. We are also committed to building upon our strong foundation of clinical evidence demonstrating the efficacy of our aprevo Technology Platform. Clinical data publications are important tools for surgeon education and patient awareness of the benefits of the aprevo Technology Platform versus stock implants. For example, our COMPASS Registry is generating real-world evidence of patient outcomes from lumbar spine surgery with the aprevo Technology Platform. We anticipate that this registry will support a robust cadence of publications.

Expansion of Our Product Portfolio and Investments in Research and Development

Our research and development initiatives are focused on introducing enhancements and new capabilities aimed at increasing the value provided by our aprevo Technology Platform to patients, surgeons, and payors. We have introduced multiple iterations of our algorithm and software platform to drive further improvements of our predictive analytics and diagnostics. We believe that these improvements will strengthen our ability to leverage the post-operative data we collect to build a clinical decision model to further help physicians make better decisions earlier on in the treatment process. Additionally, we are at an advanced stage of development of our aprevo Technology Platform for cervical spine fusion surgery. In November 2024, we received FDA 510(k) clearance for our aprevo Technology Platform for cervical spine fusion surgery. In 2025, we plan to continue to build out our aprevo Technology Platform for cervical fusion procedures by pursuing additional clearances for advancements to our cervical software platform and our personalized plating solutions. There is, however, no guarantee that our cervical software platform and our personalized plating solutions will obtain FDA clearance on the expected timeline, or at all. See the section titled “Business— Our Solution—Our 510(k) Submissions” for more information regarding our FDA 510(k) submissions for our material products and product candidates.

Assuming we obtain the necessary additional 510(k) clearances, we anticipate that we will fully commercialize the aprevo Technology Platform for cervical spine fusion surgeries in early 2026 and intend to drive adoption of the Platform for cervical fusion surgery among our existing base of surgeons who are actively using aprevo interbody implants for lumbar spine fusion surgeries. We also believe that our aprevo Technology Platform can be utilized across various indications and disease states within the spine that are beyond those that we are currently cleared for, such as cervical corpectomy and cervical disc arthroplasty.

Reimbursement

Procedures using our aprevo Technology Platform are covered by Medicare, Medicare Advantage, and commercial payors. For both the three months ended March 31, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024, we estimate that our hospital customers’ payor mix was approximately 44% commercial insurance and 56% Medicare and Medicare Advantage insurance. The MS-DRG codes to which procedures using the aprevo Technology Platform are assigned, provide premium reimbursement to hospitals for lumbar fusion procedures relative to those that use stock implants. This level of hospital reimbursement has a substantial impact on our customer pricing schedule and how widely our aprevo Technology Platform is accepted.

We believe that CMS will adopt similar codes for use of our aprevo Technology Platform in cervical spine procedures. In March 2025, CMS announced proposed X-codes for the use of custom-made anatomically designed fusion devices for cervical spine fusion surgeries. While there is no guarantee that this proposal will be approved in its current form, if approved in the CMS Final Rule issuance, these X-codes will identify claims that are eligible for hospitals to receive NTAP of up to $21,125 per cervical spine fusion procedure. Adoption of these X-codes will be critical to the commercial success of our cervical implants. Future changes in the level of reimbursement, however, could have a significant impact on our results of operations, either positively or negatively. The level at which reimbursement is set by payors for procedures using our aprevo Technology Platform, and any increase in reimbursement for procedures using our aprevo Technology Platform, depends substantially on our continued ability to generate clinical evidence, gain advocacy in the respective physician societies, and work with CMS and commercial payors.

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