UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 6-K
Report of Foreign Issuer
Pursuant to Rule 13a-16 or 15d-16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the month of March 2021
Commission File Number 001-35286
FRANCO-NEVADA CORPORATION
(Translation of registrant’s name into English)
199 Bay Street, Suite 2000, P.O. Box 285, Commerce Court Postal Station, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5L 1G9
(Address of principal executive offices)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form 20-F or Form 40-F
Form 20-F ◻ | Form 40-F ⌧ |
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(1): ◻
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is submitting the Form 6-K in paper as permitted by Regulation S-T Rule 101(b)(7): ◻
The information contained in Exhibits 99.2, 99.3, and 99.4 of this Form 6-K are hereby incorporated by reference into the registrant’s following registration statements on Form F-3 (file no. 333-225687), on Form S-8 (file no. 333-176856) and on Form F-10 (file no. 333-237671).
INDEX TO EXHIBITS
99.1 | Press Release dated March 10, 2021 – Franco-Nevada Announces Record Annual Results and Dividend Increase |
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99.2 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 |
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99.3 | Audited Consolidated Financial Statements of the Registrant, as at and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, including the notes thereto, together with the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm thereon and the management’s report on internal control over financial reporting |
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99.4 | Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP |
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101.INS | XBRL Instance Document |
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101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
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101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
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101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
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101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document |
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101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
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SIGNATURE
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| FRANCO-NEVADA CORPORATION |
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| /s/ Lloyd Hong |
Date: March 10, 2021 | Lloyd Hong |
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| Chief Legal Officer & Corporate Secretary |
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Exhibit 99.1

NEWS RELEASE
Toronto, March 10, 2021
(in U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted)
Franco-Nevada Announces Record Annual Results and Dividend Increase
Two new acquisitions increase growth outlook
“In 2020, the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the diversity of our portfolio, the commitment of our staff, and the resolve of the employees and communities at our assets,” stated Paul Brink, CEO. “With record precious metals prices through the year and the recovery of energy prices in the second half of the year, Franco-Nevada generated record financial results. We are pleased to announce a new precious metals stream on the Condestable copper mine in Peru and the acquisition of a portfolio of natural gas royalties in the Haynesville play in Texas. We expect strong growth in 2021 and over the next 5 years, driven by the ongoing Cobre Panama ramp-up, the two newly acquired assets and from broad organic growth across the portfolio. On the strength of this outlook, we are increasing the quarterly dividend to $0.30/share starting with our second quarter dividend payment in June which will be declared in May. We are proud that this 15.4% increase will mark our 14th annual dividend increase. We have also strengthened our commitment to increase diversity at Franco-Nevada by adopting a goal of at least 40% diverse representation at the Board and senior management levels.”
| | | | 2020 | | | | | Q4/2020 | |
| | Record annual results | | vs | | | Strong Q4 results | | vs | |
| | | | 2019 | | | | | Q4/2019 | |
GEOs1 sold | | 521,564 | | +1% | | | 147,476 | | -4% | |
Revenue | | $1,020.2 million | | +21% | | | $304.5 million | | +18% | |
Net income | | $326.2 million ($1.71/share) | | -5% | | | $176.7 million ($0.93/share) | | +56% | |
Adjusted Net Income2 | | $516.3 million ($2.71/share) | | +51% | | | $163.0 million ($0.85/share) | | +47% | |
Adjusted EBITDA3 | | $839.6 million | | +25% | | | $253.7 million | | +26% | |
Strong Financial Position
| ● | Debt free and $1.9 billion in available capital |
| ● | Generated >$800 million in annual operating cash flow |
| ● | Quarterly dividend increased 15.4% to $0.30/share |
Sector Leading ESG
| ● | Ranked #1 by Sustainalytics, AA by MSCI and Prime by ISS ESG |
| ● | Contributed to help communities through the COVID-19 crisis |
| ● | Committed to the World Gold Council’s “Responsible Gold Mining Principles” |
| ● | Signatory of the UN Global Compact and BlackNorth Initiative pledge |
Portfolio Growth
| ● | Guiding to GEOs sales growth and Energy revenue growth in both 2021 and over 5 years |
| ● | Underpinned by long-life core assets (Cobre Panama, Candelaria, Antapaccay and Antamina) |
| ● | Expansions (Cobre Panama, Detour, Stillwater, Tasiast) |
| ● | New mines (Salares Norte, Hardrock, Stibnite Gold, Valentine Lake) |
| ● | Condestable precious metal stream and Haynesville natural gas royalties add immediate cash flow |
Future Optionality
| ● | Exploration success (Detour, Duketon, Guadalupe, Canadian Malartic, Macassa, South Arturo) |
| ● | New gold mine potential (Valentine Lake, Monument Bay, Eskay Creek, Fenelon) |
| ● | Long-term growth options in copper (Rosemont, Alpala, Taca Taca, NuevaUnión) and the Ring of Fire |
Annual revenue and GEOs Sold by commodity | | | | ||||||||
| | 2020 | | 2019 | | ||||||
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| GEOs Sold | Revenue |
| GEOs Sold | Revenue |
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| | # | (in millions) | | # | (in millions) | | ||||
Gold | | 405,033 | | $ | 718.1 |
| 387,663 | | $ | 545.8 |
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Silver | | 59,606 | | | 106.4 |
| 58,906 | | | 83.2 |
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PGMs | | 47,038 | | | 86.2 |
| 52,813 | | | 75.6 |
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Other Mining Assets | | 9,887 | | | 17.8 |
| 17,056 | | | 23.6 |
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Mining | | 521,564 | | $ | 928.5 |
| 516,438 | | $ | 728.2 |
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Oil | | — | | | 55.7 |
| — | | | 87.5 |
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Gas | | — | | | 24.4 |
| — | | | 18.0 |
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NGL | | — | | | 11.6 |
| — | | | 10.4 |
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| | 521,564 | | $ | 1,020.2 |
| 516,438 | | $ | 844.1 |
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Quarterly revenue and GEOs Sold by commodity | | | | ||||||||
| | Q4/2020 | | Q4/2019 | | ||||||
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| GEOs Sold |
| Revenue |
| GEOs Sold |
| Revenue |
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| | # | | (in millions) | | # |
| (in millions) | | ||
Gold | | 110,815 | | $ | 208.4 |
| 117,698 | | $ | 174.8 |
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Silver | | 20,403 | | | 38.0 |
| 15,427 | | | 22.8 |
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PGMs | | 11,162 | | | 20.9 |
| 16,271 | | | 24.6 |
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Other Mining Assets | | 5,096 | | | 9.4 |
| 4,000 | | | 5.9 |
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Mining | | 147,476 | | $ | 276.7 |
| 153,396 | | $ | 228.1 |
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Oil | | — | | | 15.7 |
| — | | | 23.6 |
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Gas | | — | | | 9.3 |
| — | | | 3.7 |
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NGL | | — | | | 2.8 |
| — | | | 2.7 |
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| | 147,476 | | $ | 304.5 |
| 153,396 | | $ | 258.1 |
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For Q4/2020, revenue was sourced 90.9% from gold and gold equivalents (68.4% gold, 12.5% silver, 6.9% PGM and 3.1% other mining assets). Geographically, revenue was sourced 88.4% from the Americas (55.0% Latin America, 14.5% U.S. and 18.9% Canada).
Portfolio Additions
| ● | Condestable Stream: On March 8, 2021, Franco-Nevada closed a $165 million precious metals stream with reference to the gold and silver production from the Condestable mine, an operating underground copper-gold-silver mine near Lima, Peru. The Condestable mine is owned and operated by a majority-owned subsidiary of Southern Peaks Mining LP (“SPM”), a private company. Effective January 1, 2021, Franco-Nevada will receive deliveries of 8,760 ounces of gold and 291,000 ounces of silver annually until December 31, 2025, followed thereafter by variable deliveries based on a percentage of gold and silver in concentrate. Franco-Nevada will pay 20% of the spot price for gold and silver for each ounce delivered under the stream. |
| ● | Haynesville Royalty Portfolio: On December 29, 2020, Franco-Nevada acquired a royalty portfolio in the Haynesville natural gas play, in Texas, from Mesa Minerals Partners LLC, a Quantum Energy Partners portfolio company, for $135 million. The Haynesville represents one of the most active gas plays in North America owing to its strong underlying economics and proximity to the U.S. Gulf Coast, which reduces transport costs. The royalty portfolio was assembled in partnership with upstream operator, Rockcliff Energy II LLC, and with the benefit of prioritization under the Rockcliff’s near-term drilling schedule. The royalties generated royalties of $4.2 million in Q4/2020, providing immediate cash flow and increasing the weighting of natural gas within the energy portfolio. Based on Rockcliff’s current drilling activity, royalty production is expected to be sustained at current levels in 2021. |
2021 Guidance
In 2021, we expect attributable royalty and stream sales to total 555,000 to 585,000 GEOs from our Mining assets and additional revenue of $115 to $135 million from our Energy assets. Of the royalty and stream sales from mining assets, we expect 375,000 to 405,000 GEOs from our various stream agreements. For 2021 guidance, silver, platinum and palladium prices have been converted to GEOs using commodity prices of $1,750 Au, $25.00 Ag, $1,100 Pt and $2,200 Pd. The WTI oil price and Henry Hub natural gas price are assumed to average $55 per barrel and $2.50 per mcf. We estimate depletion expense to be $250 to $280 million. The 2021 guidance and 5-year outlook below are based on public forecasts and other disclosure by the third-party owners and operators of our assets or our assessment thereof.
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5-Year Outlook
Franco-Nevada expects its existing portfolio to produce between 600,000 and 630,000 GEOs by 2025, and additional revenue of $150 and $170 million from our Energy assets. This outlook assumes that the Cobre Panama project will have expanded its mill throughput capacity to 100 million tonnes per year during 2023. It also assumes continued deliveries from Sudbury into 2025, the commencement of production at Salares Norte, Hardrock, Stibnite Gold and Valentine Lake, and that the stream at MWS will have reached its cap. It is expected the remaining committed capital of $114.0 million for the Royalty Acquisition Venture with Continental will be funded. The commodity price assumptions are the same as those used for our 2021 guidance and assume no other acquisitions other than the Condestable stream.
Corporate Updates
Franco-Nevada is pleased to announce that its Board of Directors has decided to raise its quarterly dividend to $0.30 per share, effective for the second quarter of 2021. The dividend will be a 15.4% increase from the previous $0.26 per share quarterly dividend and will mark the 14th consecutive annual dividend increase for Franco-Nevada shareholders. Canadian investors in Franco-Nevada’s IPO in December 2007 will be receiving an effective 10.0% yield on their cost base. The Board of Directors plans on formally declaring the second quarter dividend of $0.30 per share in May 2021 with payment by the end of June 2021.
Franco-Nevada is also pleased to announce that its Board of Directors has adopted a goal of 40% diverse representation at the Board and senior management level by 2025. The new goal affirms Franco-Nevada’s commitment to improve the representation of women, black people, indigenous peoples, racial minorities, people with disabilities, and members of the LGBTQ+ community at the leadership level. The Company recognizes that diversity and inclusion are critical to its success and is striving to build on the progress it has already made.
Q4/2020 Portfolio Updates
Gold Equivalent Ounces Sold: GEOs sold for the quarter were 147,476, a decrease of 3.9% from the 153,396 sold in Q4/2019. Higher contributions from Hemlo, Cobre Panama, Antapaccay and Antamina were partly offset by lower contributions from Candelaria and Gold Quarry.
Latin America:
| ● | Cobre Panama (gold and silver stream) – GEOs delivered and sold were higher in Q4/2020 than one year earlier, as the mine continues its ramp-up. Earlier in the year, First Quantum suspended operations at Cobre Panama from April to July 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and restarted full production levels in August ahead of schedule. For 2021, First Quantum expects Cobre Panama to produce between 300,000 and 330,000 tonnes of copper as it continues to ramp up. Franco-Nevada expects sales in 2021 to be between 105,000 and 125,000 GEOs, up from 76,348 GEOs in 2020. |
| ● | Candelaria (gold and silver stream) – GEOs delivered and sold decreased in Q4/2020 relative to the same quarter in 2019. The operation was suspended in October 2020 due to labour strikes but returned to full production in December after reaching new collective agreements. With the Candelaria Mill Optimization Project now complete, Franco-Nevada expects sales in 2021 to be between 65,000 and 75,000 GEOs, up from 59,655 GEOs in 2020. |
| ● | Antapaccay (gold and silver stream) – GEOs delivered and sold were higher in Q4/2020 than one year earlier. In 2021, Franco-Nevada expects sales to be between 55,000 and 65,000 GEOs, down from 65,901 GEOs in 2020 due to planned lower grades based on the life of mine plan. Infill drilling in 2020 at Coroccohuayco has increased confidence in the mineral resources available and the project has been rescoped as an open pit with mine planning reset to the conceptual level. |
| ● | Antamina (22.5% silver stream) – GEOs delivered and sold were higher in Q4/2020, reflecting an increase in ounces sold and higher silver prices than one year earlier. The operation resumed full production levels in the second half of 2020 following a temporary shutdown due to COVID-19. Franco-Nevada expects production in 2021 to be 3.0 million to 3.2 million ounces of silver, up from 2.8 million ounces sold in 2020. |
| ● | Guadalupe-Palmarejo (50% gold stream) – Sales from Guadalupe-Palmarejo were higher than in the same quarter in 2019, reflecting higher grades and recoveries. Coeur reported positive results from its infill drilling at the Guadalupe deposit. |
| ● | Cerro Moro (2% royalty) – Production at Cerro Moro was impacted by changes in COVID-19 restrictions imposed in Argentina near the end of the year. Yamana reported that it expects operational challenges to continue in the first half of 2021, but to normalize as the vaccination program ramps up in Argentina. |
| ● | Salares Norte (2% royalty) – Gold Fields reported that construction of the Salares Norte mine commenced in 2020, and pre-stripping of the pit and construction of the processing plant started in January 2021. Gold Fields reported that the project is on schedule for first production in the first quarter of 2023. |
| ● | Taca Taca (1% royalty) – In November 2020, First Quantum filed an updated NI 43-101 Technical Report and declared a maiden mineral reserve of over 7.7 million tonnes of contained copper. First Quantum is continuing with the project pre-development and feasibility activities. |
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U.S.:
| ● | Stillwater (5% royalty) – Stillwater benefited from strong palladium prices during the quarter. Sibanye-Stillwater reported that production at its U.S. PGM operations improved in the second half of 2020 but were impacted by COVID-19 in Q4/2020. A meaningful increase in PGM production is forecasted for 2021. |
| ● | South Arturo (4-9% royalty) – In December 2020, Premier Gold announced that the South Arturo property will be spun out to a newly created company called i-80 Gold Corp. In January 2021, Premier reported increased mineral reserves and resources and released a positive pre-feasibility study which includes the underground El Niño mine and the proposed Phase 1 open pit. |
| ● | Castle Mountain (2.65% royalty) – Commercial production at Castle Mountain was reached in November 2020. The Phase 1 operation is expected to produce on average 40,000 ounces of gold annually. A feasibility study for the Phase 2 expansion, where annual average production is expected to increase to 200,000 ounces, is targeted for completion in H1/2021. |
| ● | Gold Quarry (7.29% royalty) – Franco-Nevada recorded an adjustment in Q4/2020 due to its royalty payments no longer being based on the minimum payment obligations tied to mineral reserves and stockpiles. The adjustment resulted in a credit of 2,442 GEOs, compared to 4,184 GEOs being earned in Q4/2019. Going forward, Franco-Nevada expects its royalty from Gold Quarry to decrease to approximately 5,500 GEOs in 2021, and to 1,350 per annum thereafter. |
| ● | Mesquite (0.5-2% royalty) – Equinox Gold plans to invest in a stripping program to access a higher-grade deposit, a leach pad expansion and a new truck fleet to support a longer life of mine. In October 2020, Equinox announced that it had increased mineral reserves by 28% and measured and indicated mineral resources by 94%. |
| ● | Stibnite (1.7% royalty) – Perpetua Resources, formerly Midas Gold, released a positive feasibility study in December 2020. A record of decision from the U.S. Forest Service with respect to the final Environmental Impact Statement is expected in late 2021. |
Canada:
| ● | Detour Lake (2% royalty) – In December 2020, Kirkland Lake Gold announced plans to grow production to approximately 800,000 ounces in 2025 within the current mine plan. In addition, the operator plans to present a new mine plan in 2022 which it believes could significantly improve the longer-term outlook for Detour Lake, with the establishment of a “super pit” concept based on the potential existence of a much larger, continuous deposit around the existing pit locations. |
| ● | Hemlo (3% royalty & 50% NPI) – Revenue from Hemlo increased significantly relative to the same quarter in 2019 as the 50% NPI on Interlake benefited from higher gold prices and increased production from grounds where Franco-Nevada has royalty interests. In addition, the Company recorded royalties of $8 million related to prior periods during the quarter. In 2021, Franco-Nevada expects royalties from the Hemlo NPI to range from 20,000 to 30,000 GEOs, down from a record 40,155 GEOs in 2020. |
| ● | Kirkland Lake (1.5-5.5% royalty & 20% NPI) – Macassa achieved its best quarter of production in 2020 in Q4/2020, after production having been affected by reduced operations due to COVID-19 and by unscheduled downtime in the mill. Production at Macassa is expected to ramp up over the next three years, reaching 400,000 ounces in 2023 following completion of the #4 Shaft. |
| ● | Musselwhite (2% royalty and 5% NPI) – Franco-Nevada anticipates payments from its NPI royalties from Musselwhite to resume in 2021, after Newmont announced in December 2020 that the mine has been ramping up to full operations after the commissioning of its conveyor and material handling systems. Operations had been reduced since March 2019 due to a fire at the mine and COVID-19 restrictions. |
| ● | Canadian Malartic (1.5% royalty) – In February 2021, Agnico Eagle and Yamana announced a positive construction decision for the Odyssey underground project. Ramp development started in December 2020. Production at Odyssey South and East Gouldie, where Franco-Nevada has royalty claims, is expected to begin in late 2023 and 2027, respectively. |
| ● | Island Gold (0.62% royalty) – Alamos announced that it began construction of the Phase III expansion in December 2020. The expansion is expected to increase average annual production by 72% to 236,000 ounces starting in 2025. |
| ● | Hardrock (3% royalty) – In December 2020, Orion Mine Finance agreed to acquire Centerra’s 50% interest in the project and Equinox agreed to acquire Premier Gold. Subsequently, in March 2021, Equinox announced it had entered into an agreement with Orion to acquire an additional 10% interest in the project, increasing its stake to 60%. Orion will hold the remaining 40% interest in the project. |
| ● | Red Lake (Bateman) (2% royalty) – In February 2021, Battle North Gold announced that it is proceeding with the construction of the Bateman gold project. Based on the current construction schedule, processing of ore is targeted at the end of 2021 and commercial production at the end of 2022. |
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| ● | Ring of Fire (various royalties) – In December 2020, Wyloo Metals, a private company, acquired Resource Capital Funds’ investment interests in Noront Resources including a 22% ownership stake and a $15 million convertible loan. Andrew Forrest, founder of Fortescue Metals Group, is the principal investor in Wyloo Metals. |
Rest of World:
| ● | Sabodala (gold stream) – In February 2021, Endeavour Mining completed the acquisition of Teranga Gold. Endeavour is targeting a definitive feasibility study for the Sabodala-Massawa plant expansion in late 2021. |
| ● | Tasiast (2% royalty) – Kinross expects production at Tasiast to increase in 2021 as mining accesses higher grade ore zones and the Tasiast 24k project to increase throughput capacity continues. |
| ● | Subika (Ahafo) (2% royalty) – Production from Ahafo is expected to increase in 2021 due to the Subika Underground delivering higher tonnes. Newmont has reported Subika as having significant underground potential for near-mine exploration opportunities. Franco-Nevada expects more production from the Subika royalty as mining at Ahafo returns to royalty grounds. |
| ● | Duketon (2% royalty) – In December 2020, Regis Resources announced its approval of the Garden Well South underground mine. Development is expected to commence in March 2021. Processing of first underground development ore is scheduled by December 2021 and stope production by June 2022. Exploration below Garden Well, Rosemont and Gloster continues to define new mineralisation extensions. |
Energy: Revenue from the Energy assets decreased to $27.8 million in Q4/2020 compared to $30.0 million in Q4/2019. Revenues were negatively impacted by lower realized commodity prices and lower volumes associated with a reduction in drilling by operators. These factors were partly offset by the incremental royalties we recognized on our newly acquired interests in the Haynesville shale play of $4.2 million.
U.S.:
| ● | Marcellus (1% royalty) – The royalty contributed $4.9 million to revenue in Q4/2020, flat relative to Q4/2019, reflecting consistent production volume. In 2021, we expect drilling activity levels to remain consistent with those in 2020. |
| ● | SCOOP/STACK (various royalty rates) – Royalties from SCOOP/STACK decreased compared to Q4/2019 due to lower realized commodity prices and lower volumes due to reduced drilling by the operators within the play and on royalty lands. In 2021, additional royalties acquired under the Royalty Acquisition Venture with Continental are expected to provide additional volume contribution. |
| ● | Permian Basin (various royalty rates) – Revenue from Franco-Nevada’s interests in the Permian Basin decreased compared to the same quarter in the prior year due to lower realized prices. In 2021, we expect a rebound in drilling activity as commodity prices recover. |
Canada:
| ● | Weyburn (NRI, ORR, WI) – Revenue from Weyburn contributed $5.2 million in Q4/2020 compared to $8.1 million in Q4/2019 due mostly to lower contribution from the NRI as a result of lower realized oil prices. In 2021, we anticipate an increase in revenue, reflecting the NRI royalty’s leverage to oil prices. |
| ● | Orion (4% GORR) – Revenue from Orion decreased compared to Q4/2019 due to lower realized prices. Production levels at the asset are now consistently ~20,000 bbl/day. |
Shareholder Information
The complete Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and Management’s Discussion and Analysis can be found today on Franco-Nevada’s website at www.franco-nevada.com, on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on EDGAR at www.sec.gov.
Management will host a conference call tomorrow, Thursday, March 11, 2021 at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Time to review Franco-Nevada’s 2020 results, as well as discuss its 2021 and five-year outlook.
Interested investors are invited to participate as follows:
| ● | Via Conference Call: Toll-Free: (888) 390-0546; International: (416) 764-8688 |
| ● | Conference Call Replay until March 18, 2021: Toll-Free (888) 390-0541; International (416) 764-8677; Code 525504 # |
| ● | Webcast: A live audio webcast will be accessible at www.franco-nevada.com |
Corporate Summary
Franco-Nevada Corporation is the leading gold-focused royalty and streaming company with the largest and most diversified portfolio of cash-flow producing assets. Its business model provides investors with gold price and exploration optionality while limiting exposure to many of the risks of operating companies. Franco-Nevada is debt free and uses its free cash flow to expand its portfolio and pay dividends. It trades under the symbol FNV on both the Toronto and New York stock exchanges. Franco-Nevada is the gold investment that works.
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For more information, please go to our website at www.franco-nevada.com or contact:
Sandip Rana | | |
Chief Financial Officer | | |
(416) 306-6303 | | |
info@franco-nevada.com | | |
Forward-Looking Statements
This press release contains “forward-looking information” and “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws and the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, respectively, which may include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to future events or future performance, management’s expectations regarding Franco-Nevada’s growth, results of operations, estimated future revenues, carrying value of assets, future dividends and requirements for additional capital, mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates, production estimates, production costs and revenue, future demand for and prices of commodities, expected mining sequences, business prospects and opportunities, audits being conducted by the Canada Revenue Agency, the expected exposure for current and future assessments and available remedies, the remedies relating to and consequences of the ruling of the Supreme Court of Panama in relation to the Cobre Panama project, the aggregate value of Common Shares which may be issued pursuant to the Company’s at-the-market equity program (the “ATM Program”), and the Company’s expected use of the net proceeds of the ATM Program, if any. In addition, statements (including data in tables) relating to reserves and resources and gold equivalent ounces (“GEOs”) are forward-looking statements, as they involve implied assessment, based on certain estimates and assumptions, and no assurance can be given that the estimates and assumptions are accurate and that such reserves and resources and GEOs will be realized. Such forward-looking statements reflect management’s current beliefs and are based on information currently available to management. Often, but not always, forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “plans”, “expects”, “is expected”, “budgets”, “scheduled”, “estimates”, “forecasts”, “predicts”, “projects”, “intends”, “targets”, “aims”, “anticipates” or “believes” or variations (including negative variations) of such words and phrases or may be identified by statements to the effect that certain actions “may”, “could”, “should”, “would”, “might” or “will” be taken, occur or be achieved. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of Franco-Nevada to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. A number of factors could cause actual events or results to differ materially from any forward-looking statement, including, without limitation: the price at which Common Shares are sold in the ATM Program and the aggregate net proceeds received by the Company as a result of the ATM Program; fluctuations in the prices of the primary commodities that drive royalty and stream revenue (gold, platinum group metals, copper, nickel, uranium, silver, iron-ore and oil and gas); fluctuations in the value of the Canadian and Australian dollar, Mexican peso, and any other currency in which revenue is generated, relative to the U.S. dollar; changes in national and local government legislation, including permitting and licensing regimes and taxation policies and the enforcement thereof; regulatory, political or economic developments in any of the countries where properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest are located or through which they are held; risks related to the operators of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest, including changes in the ownership and control of such operators; influence of macroeconomic developments; business opportunities that become available to, or are pursued by Franco-Nevada; reduced access to debt and equity capital; litigation; title, permit or license disputes related to interests on any of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest; whether or not the Company is determined to have “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) status as defined in Section 1297 of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended; potential changes in Canadian tax treatment of offshore streams; excessive cost escalation as well as development, permitting, infrastructure, operating or technical difficulties on any of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest; access to sufficient pipeline capacity; actual mineral content may differ from the reserves and resources contained in technical reports; rate and timing of production differences from resource estimates, other technical reports and mine plans; risks and hazards associated with the business of development and mining on any of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest, including, but not limited to unusual or unexpected geological and metallurgical conditions, slope failures or cave-ins, flooding and other natural disasters, terrorism, civil unrest or an outbreak of contagious disease; the impact of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic; and the integration of acquired assets. The forward-looking statements contained in this press release are based upon assumptions management believes to be reasonable, including, without limitation: the ongoing operation of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest by the owners or operators of such properties in a manner consistent with past practice; the accuracy of public statements and disclosures made by the owners or operators of such underlying properties; no material adverse change in the market price of the commodities that underlie the asset portfolio; the Company’s ongoing income and assets relating to determination of its PFIC status; no material changes to existing tax treatment; the expected application of tax laws and regulations by taxation authorities; the expected assessment and outcome of any audit by any taxation authority; no adverse development in respect of any significant property in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest; the accuracy of publicly disclosed expectations for the development of underlying properties that are not yet in production; integration of acquired assets; and the absence of any other factors that could cause actions, events or results to differ from those anticipated, estimated or intended. However, there can be no assurance that forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Investors are cautioned that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance. In addition, there can be no assurance as to the outcome of the ongoing audit by the CRA or the Company’s exposure as a result thereof. Franco-Nevada cannot assure investors that actual results will be consistent with these forward-looking statements. Accordingly, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements due to the inherent uncertainty therein.
For additional information with respect to risks, uncertainties and assumptions, please refer to Franco-Nevada’s most recent Annual Information Form filed with the Canadian securities regulatory authorities on www.sedar.com and Franco-Nevada’s most recent Annual Report filed on Form 40-F filed with the SEC on www.sec.gov. The forward-looking statements herein are made as of the date of this press release only and Franco-Nevada does not assume any obligation to update or revise them to reflect new information, estimates or opinions, future events or results or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.
6
NON-IFRS MEASURES: Cash Costs, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted Net Income are intended to provide additional information only and do not have any standardized meaning prescribed under IFRS and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. These measures are not necessarily indicative of operating profit or cash flow from operations as determined under IFRS. Other companies may calculate these measures differently. For a reconciliation of these measures to various IFRS measures, please see below or the Company’s current MD&A disclosure found on the Company’s website, on SEDAR and on EDGAR. Comparative information has been recalculated to conform to current presentation.
| 1 | GEOs include Franco-Nevada’s attributable share of production from our Mining assets, after applicable recovery and payability factors, and do not include Energy assets. GEOs are estimated on a gross basis for NSR royalties and, in the case of stream ounces, before the payment of the per ounce contractual price paid by the Company. For NPI royalties, GEOs are calculated taking into account the NPI economics. Silver, platinum, palladium and other mining commodities are converted to GEOs by dividing associated revenue, which includes settlement adjustments, by the relevant gold price. The price used in the computation of GEOs earned from a particular asset varies depending on the royalty or stream agreement, which may make reference to the market price realized by the operator, or the average price for the month, quarter, or year in which the mining commodity was produced or sold. For Q4/2020, the average commodity prices were as follows: $1,873 gold (Q4/2019 - $1,480), $24.39 silver (Q4/2019 - $17.31), $939 platinum (Q4/2019 - $907) and $2,348 palladium (Q4/2019 - $1,800). For 2020, the average commodity prices were as follows: $1,770 gold (2019 - $1,392), $20.55 silver (2019 - $16.20), $884 platinum (2019 - $863) and $2,194 palladium (2019 - $1,539). |
| 2 | Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Net Income per share are non-IFRS financial measures, which exclude the following from net income and earnings per share (“EPS”): impairment charges related to royalty, stream and working interests and investments; gains/losses on the sale of royalty, stream and working interests and investments; foreign exchange gains/losses and other income/expenses; unusual non-recurring items; and the impact of income taxes on these items. |
| 3 | Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA per share are non-IFRS financial measures, which exclude the following from net income and EPS: income tax expense/recovery; finance expenses and finance income; depletion and depreciation; non-cash costs of sales; impairment charges related to royalty, stream and working interests and investments; gains/losses on the sale of royalty, stream and working interests and investments; foreign exchange gains/losses and other income/expenses; and unusual non-recurring items. |
7
Reconciliation to IFRS measures:
| | For the three months ended | | For the year ended | | |||||||||||
| | December 31, | | | December 31, | | ||||||||||
(expressed in millions, except per GEO amounts) |
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||||
Total costs of sales | | $ | 114.2 | | | $ | 119.0 | | | $ | 399.8 | | | $ | 408.0 | |
Depletion and depreciation | | | (67.5) | | | | (72.7) | | | | (241.0) | | | | (263.2) | |
Energy operating costs | |
| (1.9) | | |
| (2.2) | | |
| (6.4) | | |
| (7.3) | |
Cash Costs attributable to GEOs sold | | $ | 44.8 | | | $ | 44.1 | | | $ | 152.4 | | | $ | 137.5 | |
GEOs | |
| 147,476 | | |
| 153,396 | | |
| 521,564 | | |
| 516,438 | |
Cash Costs per GEO sold | | $ | 304 | | | $ | 287 | | | $ | 292 | | | $ | 266 | |
| | For the three months ended | | | For the year ended |
| ||||||||||
| | December 31, | | | December 31, | | ||||||||||
(expressed in millions, except per share amounts) |
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||||
Net Income | | $ | 176.7 | | | $ | 113.3 | | | $ | 326.2 | | | $ | 344.1 | |
Income tax expense | | | 21.5 | | | | 17.2 | | | | 13.3 | | | | 61.8 | |
Finance expenses | | | 0.8 | | | | 2.1 | | | | 3.5 | | | | 10.6 | |
Finance income | | | (0.7) | | | | (0.8) | | | | (3.7) | | | | (3.5) | |
Depletion and depreciation | | | 67.5 | | | | 72.7 | | | | 241.0 | | | | 263.2 | |
Impairment charges (reversals) | | | (9.6) | | | | — | | | | 262.1 | | | | — | |
Foreign exchange (gains)/losses and other (income)/expenses | | | (2.5) | | | | (2.8) | | | | (2.8) | | | | (2.8) | |
Adjusted EBITDA | | $ | 253.7 | | | $ | 201.7 | | | $ | 839.6 | | | $ | 673.4 | |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | | | 190.9 | | | | 188.8 | | | | 190.3 | | | | 187.7 | |
Adjusted EBITDA per share | | $ | 1.33 | | | $ | 1.07 | | | $ | 4.41 | | | $ | 3.59 | |
| | For the three months ended | | For the year ended | | |||||||||||
| | December 31, | | | December 31, | | ||||||||||
(expressed in millions, except per share amounts) |
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||||
Net Income | | $ | 176.7 | | | $ | 113.3 | | | $ | 326.2 | | | $ | 344.1 | |
Impairment charges (reversals) | | | (9.6) | | | | — | | | | 262.1 | | | | — | |
Foreign exchange (gains)/losses and other (income)/expenses | | | (2.5) | | | | (2.8) | | | | (2.8) | | | | (2.8) | |
Tax effect of adjustments | | | (1.6) | | | | 0.3 | | | | (69.2) | | | | 0.2 | |
Adjusted Net Income | | $ | 163.0 | | | $ | 110.8 | | | $ | 516.3 | | | $ | 341.5 | |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | | | 190.9 | | | | 188.8 | | | | 190.3 | | | | 187.7 | |
Adjusted Net Income per share | | $ | 0.85 | | | $ | 0.59 | | | $ | 2.71 | | | $ | 1.82 | |
8
FRANCO-NEVADA CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
| | At December 31, | | | At December 31, | | ||
| | 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
ASSETS | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents (note 5) | | $ | 534.2 | | | $ | 132.1 | |
Receivables | |
| 93.4 | | |
| 97.8 | |
Prepaid expenses and other (note 7) | |
| 36.1 | | |
| 48.8 | |
Current assets | | $ | 663.7 | | | $ | 278.7 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Royalty, stream and working interests, net (note 8) | | $ | 4,632.1 | | | $ | 4,797.8 | |
Investments and loan receivable (note 6) | |
| 238.4 | | |
| 183.2 | |
Deferred income tax assets (note 16) | |
| 45.1 | | |
| 6.8 | |
Other assets (note 9) | |
| 13.6 | | |
| 14.1 | |
Total assets | | $ | 5,592.9 | | | $ | 5,280.6 | |
| | | | | | | | |
LIABILITIES | | | | | | | | |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (note 10) | | $ | 40.8 | | | $ | 41.8 | |
Current income tax liabilities | |
| 12.4 | | |
| 11.6 | |
Current liabilities | | $ | 53.2 | | | $ | 53.4 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Debt (note 11) | | $ | — | | | $ | 80.0 | |
Deferred income tax liabilities (note 16) | |
| 91.5 | | |
| 82.4 | |
Other liabilities | | | 4.4 | | | | 2.6 | |
Total liabilities | | $ | 149.1 | | | $ | 218.4 | |
| | | | | | | | |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (note 17) | | | | | | | | |
Share capital | | $ | 5,580.1 | | | $ | 5,390.7 | |
Contributed surplus | |
| 14.0 | | |
| 14.2 | |
Deficit | |
| (34.4) | | |
| (164.4) | |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | |
| (115.9) | | |
| (178.3) | |
Total shareholders’ equity | | $ | 5,443.8 | | | $ | 5,062.2 | |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | | $ | 5,592.9 | | | $ | 5,280.6 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Commitments and contingencies (notes 22 and 23) | | | | | | | | |
Subsequent event (note 24) | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements and can be found in 2020 Annual Report available on our website
9
FRANCO-NEVADA CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF (LOSS) INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in millions of U.S. dollars and shares, except per share amounts)
| | For the year ended | | |||||
| | December 31, | | |||||
| | 2020 |
|
| 2019 | | ||
Revenue (note 12) | | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 844.1 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Costs of sales | | | | | | | | |
Costs of sales (note 13) |
| $ | 158.8 | | | $ | 144.8 | |
Depletion and depreciation |
| | 241.0 | | |
| 263.2 | |
Total costs of sales | | $ | 399.8 | | | $ | 408.0 | |
Gross profit | | $ | 620.4 | | | $ | 436.1 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Other operating expenses (income) | | | | | | | | |
Impairment charges and reversals (note 8) |
| $ | 262.1 | | | $ | — | |
General and administrative expenses |
| | 28.8 | | | | 28.8 | |
Gain on sale of gold bullion |
| | (7.0) | | | | (2.9) | |
Total other operating expenses |
| $ | 283.9 | | | $ | 25.9 | |
Operating income |
| $ | 336.5 | | | $ | 410.2 | |
Foreign exchange gain (loss) and other income (expenses) |
| $ | 2.8 | | | $ | 2.8 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Income before finance items and income taxes |
| $ | 339.3 | | | $ | 413.0 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Finance items (note 15) | | | | | | | | |
Finance income |
| $ | 3.7 | | | $ | 3.5 | |
Finance expenses |
| | (3.5) | | |
| (10.6) | |
Net income before income taxes |
| $ | 339.5 | | | $ | 405.9 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Income tax expense (note 16) |
| | 13.3 | | |
| 61.8 | |
Net income | | $ | 326.2 | | | $ | 344.1 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive income | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit and loss: | | | | | | | | |
Currency translation adjustment |
| $ | 19.6 | | | $ | 32.3 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit and loss: | | | | | | | | |
Gain on changes in the fair value of equity investments at fair |
| | | | |
| | |
value through other comprehensive income ("FVTOCI"), | | | | | | | | |
net of income tax (note 6) | | | 43.8 | | | | 9.9 | |
Other comprehensive income |
| $ | 63.4 | | | $ | 42.2 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | | $ | 389.6 | | | $ | 386.3 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Earnings per share (note 18) | | | | | | | | |
Basic | | $ | 1.71 | | | $ | 1.83 | |
Diluted | | $ | 1.71 | | | $ | 1.83 | |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding (note 18) | | | | | | | | |
Basic | | | 190.3 | | | | 187.7 | |
Diluted | | | 190.7 | | | | 188.0 | |
| | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements and can be found in our 2020 Annual Report available on our website
10
FRANCO-NEVADA CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
| | For the year ended | | |||||
| | December 31, | | |||||
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | $ | 326.2 | | | $ | 344.1 | |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | | | | | | | | |
Depletion and depreciation | |
| 241.0 | | |
| 263.2 | |
Share-based payments | |
| 5.6 | | |
| 4.9 | |
Impairment charges and reversals | |
| 262.1 | | |
| — | |
Unrealized foreign exchange loss | |
| 0.4 | | |
| — | |
Deferred income tax (recovery) expense | | | (35.2) | | |
| 22.7 | |
Other non-cash items | |
| (12.0) | | |
| (7.8) | |
Acquisition of gold bullion | | | (37.9) | | | | (31.8) | |
Proceeds from sale of gold bullion | |
| 52.7 | | |
| 36.2 | |
Operating cash flows before changes in non-cash working capital | | $ | 802.9 | | | $ | 631.5 | |
Changes in non-cash working capital: | | | | | | | | |
Decrease (increase) in receivables | | $ | 4.4 | | | $ | (22.3) | |
Decrease (increase) in prepaid expenses and other | |
| 1.4 | | |
| (14.3) | |
(Decrease) increase in current liabilities | |
| (4.8) | | |
| 22.8 | |
Net cash provided by operating activities | | $ | 803.9 | | | $ | 617.7 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | | | | |
Acquisition of royalty, stream and working interests | | $ | (311.1) | | | $ | (443.9) | |
Acquisition of energy well equipment | |
| (1.5) | | |
| (1.3) | |
Proceeds from sale of investments | |
| 3.6 | | |
| 13.0 | |
Acquisition of investments | |
| — | | |
| (3.9) | |
Net cash used in investing activities | | $ | (309.0) | | | $ | (436.1) | |
| | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | | | |
Proceeds from at-the-market equity offerings | | $ | 135.7 | | | $ | 136.0 | |
Repayment of term loan | | | (80.0) | | | | (80.0) | |
Proceeds from draw of term loan | | | — | | | | 160.0 | |
Repayment of revolving credit facilities | | | — | | | | (485.0) | |
Proceeds from draw of credit facilities | | | — | | | | 275.0 | |
Credit facility amendment costs | |
| — | | | | (0.8) | |
Payment of dividends | |
| (154.9) | | |
| (138.2) | |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | |
| 7.4 | | |
| 13.2 | |
Net cash used in financing activities | | $ | (91.8) | | | $ | (119.8) | |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | | $ | (1.0) | | | $ | 0.6 | |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 402.1 | | | $ | 62.4 | |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | | $ | 132.1 | | | $ | 69.7 | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | | $ | 534.2 | | | $ | 132.1 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Supplemental cash flow information: | | | | | | | | |
Cash paid for interest expense and loan standby fees | | $ | 2.4 | | | $ | 9.5 | |
Income taxes paid | | $ | 51.2 | | | $ | 38.6 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements and can be found in our 2020 Annual Report available on our website
11
Exhibit 99.2

Management’s Discussion and Analysis |
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of financial position and results of operations of Franco-Nevada Corporation (“Franco-Nevada”, the “Company”, “we” or “our”) has been prepared based upon information available to Franco-Nevada as at March 10, 2021 and should be read in conjunction with Franco-Nevada’s audited consolidated financial statements and related notes as at and for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (the “financial statements”). The audited consolidated financial statements and this MD&A are presented in U.S. dollars and have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).
Readers are cautioned that the MD&A contains forward-looking statements and that actual events may vary from management’s expectations. Readers are encouraged to read the “Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking Information” at the end of this MD&A and to consult Franco-Nevada’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 and the corresponding notes to the financial statements which are available on our website at www.franco-nevada.com, on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on Form 40-F filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on EDGAR at www.sec.gov.
Additional information related to Franco-Nevada, including our Annual Information Form and Form 40-F, are available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com, and on EDGAR at www.sec.gov, respectively. These documents contain descriptions of certain of Franco-Nevada’s producing and advanced royalty and stream assets, as well as a description of risk factors affecting the Company. For additional information, please see our website at www.franco-nevada.com.
3 | |
4 | |
5 | |
8 | |
9 | |
10 | |
11 | |
12 | |
16 | |
20 | |
21 | |
21 | |
22 | |
23 | |
24 | |
29 | |
31 | |
31 | Internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures |
32 | |
35 |
Abbreviations used in this report |
The following abbreviations may be used throughout this MD&A:
Abbreviated Definitions | | | | | | | ||
Periods under review | | | Interest types | | Measurement | |||
"Q4/2020" | The three-month period ended December 31, 2020 | | | "NSR" | Net smelter return royalty | | "GEO" | Gold equivalent ounces |
"Q3/2020" | The three-month period ended September 30, 2020 | | | "GR" | Gross royalty | | "PGM" | Platinum group metals |
"Q2/2020" | The three-month period ended June 30, 2020 | | | "ORR" | Overriding royalty | | "oz" | Ounce |
"Q1/2020" | The three-month period ended March 31, 2020 | | | "GORR" | Gross overriding royalty | | "oz Au" | Ounce of gold |
"Q4/2019" | The three-month period ended December 31, 2019 | | | "FH" | Freehold or lessor royalty | | "oz Ag" | Ounce of silver |
"Q3/2019" | The three-month period ended September 30, 2019 | | | "NPI" | Net profits interest | | "oz Pt" | Ounce of platinum |
"Q2/2019" | The three-month period ended June 30, 2019 | | | "NRI" | Net royalty interest | | "oz Pd" | Ounce of palladium |
"Q1/2019" | The three-month period ended March 31, 2019 | | | "WI" | Working interest | | "LBMA" | London Bullion Market Association |
| | | | | | | "bbl" | Barrel |
Places and currencies | | | | | | "boe" | Barrels of oil equivalent | |
"U.S." | United States | | | | | | "WTI" | West Texas Intermediate |
"$" or "USD" | United States dollars | | | | | | "mcf" | Thousand cubic feet |
"C$" or "CAD" | Canadian dollars | | | | | | | |
"A$" or "AUD" | Australian dollars | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
For definitions of the various types of agreements, please refer to our most recent Annual Information Form filed on SEDAR at www.sedar.com or our Form 40-F filed on EDGAR at www.sec.gov.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 2 |
Franco-Nevada is the leading gold-focused royalty and streaming company with the largest and most diversified portfolio of royalties and streams by commodity, geography, revenue type and stage of project.
Franco-Nevada asset count at March 10, 2021 | |||||||
|
| Mining |
| Energy | |
| TOTAL |
Producing | | 54 | | 55 | | | 109 |
Advanced | | 41 | | — | | | 41 |
Exploration | | 223 | | 27 | | | 250 |
TOTAL | | 318 | | 82 | | | 400 |
Franco-Nevada’s shares are listed on the Toronto and New York stock exchanges under the symbol FNV. An investment in Franco-Nevada’s shares is expected to provide investors with yield and exposure to commodity price and exploration optionality while limiting exposure to cost inflation and other operating risks. Since its initial public offering over 13 years ago, Franco-Nevada has increased its dividend annually and its share price has outperformed the gold price and all relevant gold equity benchmarks.
Our aspiration is to make Franco-Nevada the “go to” gold stock for the generalist investor. We believe that our emphasis on minimizing risk, paying dividends and maintaining a strong balance sheet along with high environmental, social and governance standards is attractive to generalist investors. In a world confronted by political volatility and financial market instability, we believe making Franco-Nevada a lower risk gold investment that pays dividends and has leverage to gold is the right strategy.

2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 3 |
Franco-Nevada is committed to being the gold investment that works; for its shareholders, its operating partners and its communities:
| ● | The Company believes combining a lower-risk gold investment with a strong balance sheet, progressive dividends and exposure to exploration optionality is the right mix to appeal to investors seeking to hedge market instability. |
| ● | Franco-Nevada seeks to build long-term alignment with its operating partners. This alignment and the natural flexibility of royalties and streams is an effective financing tool for the cyclical resource sector. |
| ● | Franco-Nevada works to be a positive force in its community, ensuring high governance standards, providing a safe and diverse workplace, promoting responsible mining and energy production and sponsoring community programs at the operations in which it invests. |
Franco-Nevada’s revenue is generated from various forms of agreements, ranging from net smelter return royalties, streams, net profits interests, net royalty interests, working interests and other types of arrangements.
The Company does not operate mines, develop projects or conduct exploration. Franco-Nevada has a free cash flow generating business with limited future capital commitments and management is focused on managing and growing its portfolio of royalties and streams. The advantages of this business model are:
| ● | Exposure to commodity price optionality; |
| ● | A perpetual discovery option over large areas of geologically prospective lands; |
| ● | No additional capital requirements other than the initial investment; |
| ● | Limited exposure to many of the risks associated with operating companies; |
| ● | A free cash-flow business with limited cash calls; |
| ● | A high-margin business that can generate cash through the entire commodity cycle; |
| ● | A scalable and diversified business in which a large number of assets can be managed with a small stable overhead; and |
| ● | Management that focuses on forward looking growth opportunities rather than operational or development issues. |
Franco-Nevada’s financial results in the short term are primarily tied to the price of commodities and the amount of production from its portfolio of assets. Financial results have also typically been supplemented by acquisitions of new assets. Over the longer term, results are impacted by the availability of exploration and development capital applied by other companies to expand or extend Franco-Nevada’s producing assets or to advance Franco-Nevada’s advanced and exploration assets into production.
Franco-Nevada has a long-term investment outlook and recognizes the cyclical nature of the industry. Franco-Nevada has operated by maintaining a strong balance sheet so that it can make investments during commodity cycle downturns.

Our focus is growing investor exposure to gold and other precious metals, although we also make limited countercyclical investments in energy and other metals. This strategy adds to our growth options and increases our exposure to resource sector optionality. In 2020, 91.0% of revenue was earned from gold and gold equivalents.
One of the strengths of the Franco-Nevada business model is that our margins are not generally impacted when producer costs increase. The majority of our interests are royalty and stream payments/deliveries that are based on production levels with no adjustments for the operator’s operating cost. In 2020, these accounted for 92.3% of our revenue. We also have a small number of NPI and NRI royalties which are based on the profit of the underlying operations.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 4 |
Financial Update – Q4/2020 vs Q4/2019
| ● | 147,476 GEOs(1) sold in Q4/2020, a decrease of 3.9%; |
| ● | $304.5 million in revenue, an increase of 18.0%; |
| ● | $44.8 million, or $304 per GEO sold, in Cash Costs(2) attributable to GEO production, compared to $44.1 million, or $287 per GEO sold; |
| ● | $253.7 million, or $1.33 per share, of Adjusted EBITDA(2), an increase of 25.8% and 24.3%, respectively; |
| ● | 83.3% in Margin(2), compared to 78.1%; |
| ● | $176.7 million, or $0.93 per share, in net income, an increase of 56.0% and 55.0%, respectively; |
| ● | $163.0 million, or $0.85 per share in Adjusted Net Income(2), an increase of 47.1% and 44.1%, respectively; |
| ● | $246.3 million in net cash provided by operating activities, an increase of 33.4%; |
| ● | $534.2 million in cash and cash equivalents as at December 31, 2020 with no debt; |
| ● | $1.9 billion in available capital as at December 31, 2020. |
Financial Update – 2020 vs 2019
| ● | 521,564 GEOs sold, an increase of 1.0%; |
| ● | $1,020.2 million in revenue, an increase of 20.9%; |
| ● | $152.4 million, or $292 per GEO sold, in Cash Costs attributable to GEO production, compared to $137.5 million, or $266 per GEO sold; |
| ● | $839.6 million, or $4.41 per share, in Adjusted EBITDA, an increase of 24.7% and 22.8%, respectively; |
| ● | 82.3% in Margin, compared to 79.8% in 2019; |
| ● | $326.2 million, or $1.71 per share, in net income, a decrease of 5.2% and 6.6%, respectively; |
| ● | $516.3 million, or $2.71 per share, in Adjusted Net Income, an increase of 51.2% and 48.9%, respectively; |
| ● | $803.9 million in net cash provided by operating activities, an increase of 30.1%. |
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Although a challenging year, we believe 2020 highlighted the resilience of Franco-Nevada’s business model during uncertain times. Our workforce seamlessly transitioned to working remotely and we developed work-arounds for certain of our due diligence processes, leading to the addition of several assets to our portfolio. We also expanded our social commitments, with new programs to support mental health at the communities around Candelaria and water infrastructure for communities around Palmarejo-Guadalupe, and made new community contribution commitments as part of our acquisition of the Alpala royalty and Condestable stream.
Earlier in the year, a number of our assets were impacted by a temporary suspension of operations. These included Cobre Panama, Antamina, Guadalupe-Palmarejo, Stillwater, Mine Waste Solutions (“MWS”), Detour Lake, Kirkland Lake (Macassa), Golden Highway, Cerro Moro, Canadian Malartic, Musselwhite, Timmins West, and Island Gold. As a result of these suspensions, as well as the concurrent crash in oil and gas prices, on April 7, 2020, we withdrew our original guidance for 2020 of 550,000 to 580,000 GEOs and $80 to $95 million in Energy revenue. Since then, all of our temporarily suspended mining assets were authorized to resume, with the exception of Golden Highway which remains on temporary suspension while the operator, Kirkland Lake Gold Ltd., continues to assess options for the future of the assets. On August 5, 2020, we issued revised guidance of 475,000 to 505,000 GEOs and $60 to $75 million in Energy revenue, both of which have been exceeded.
The pandemic, along with a number of geopolitical and market factors, created significant volatility in commodity prices during the year, resulting in record gold prices but historic lows for oil and gas. The significant decrease in the price of oil and gas in the first half of 2020 resulted in reduced production and capital spend by a number of the operators of our Energy assets. As a result, we undertook a review of the carrying value of our Energy assets and recorded after-tax impairments of $207.4 million ($271.7 million pre-tax) related to our interests in the SCOOP/STACK and Weyburn. As a result of increased gold prices, we reviewed our previously impaired gold assets, and recorded a full reversal of our impairment of the MWS stream of $9.6 million, net of depletion charges. Commodity prices have been more volatile than usual during the pandemic and there is heightened potential for further impairments or reversals thereof.
Franco-Nevada ended 2020 financially strong, debt-free, and well-positioned to make further investments to grow its diversified portfolio of assets. At December 31, 2020, the Company had working capital of $610.5 million, including cash and cash equivalents of $534.2 million, marketable securities of $191.8 million, and credit facilities of $1.1 billion.
__________________________
1 | GEOs include Franco-Nevada’s attributable share of production from our Mining assets, after applicable recovery and payability factors, and do not include Energy assets. GEOs are estimated on a gross basis for NSR royalties and, in the case of stream ounces, before the payment of the per ounce contractual price paid by the Company. For NPI royalties, GEOs are calculated taking into account the NPI economics. Silver, platinum, palladium and other mining commodities are converted to GEOs by dividing associated revenue, which includes settlement adjustments, by the relevant gold price. The price used in the computation of GEOs earned from a particular asset varies depending on the royalty or stream agreement, which may make reference to the market price realized by the operator, or the average price for the month, quarter, or year in which the mining commodity was produced or sold. For illustrative purposes, please refer to the average commodity price table on pages 12 and 16 of this MD&A for indicative prices which may be used in the calculation of GEOs for the quarters and years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. |
2 | Cash Costs, Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted EBITDA, and Margin are non-IFRS financial measures with no standardized meaning under IFRS. For further information and a detailed reconciliation, please see the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section of this MD&A. |
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 5 |
Significant Portfolio Updates
Additional updates related to our portfolio of assets are available in our News Release issued on March 10, 2021, available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and EDGAR at www.sec.gov.
| ● | Cobre Panama: On January 26, 2021, First Quantum Minerals Ltd. (“First Quantum”) reported that it produced 206,000 tonnes of copper and 85,000 ounces of gold in 2020, exceeding its revised copper production guidance and ending at the high end of its revised gold production guidance. The operation, which suspended operations from April to July 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, restarted full production levels in August, ahead of schedule. Franco-Nevada sold 76,348 GEOs from the asset in 2020. |
| ● | Candelaria: On January 20, 2021, Lundin Mining Corporation (“Lundin Mining”) reported that Candelaria copper and gold production both exceeded revised annual guidance. The operation, which had been suspended in October 2020 due to labour strikes, returned to full production in December after reaching new collective agreements. Candelaria completed its Mill Optimization Project in December with the upgrade installation of the fourth and final ball mill motor. Franco-Nevada sold 59,655 GEOs from the asset in 2020. |
Corporate Developments
Acquisition of Condestable Gold and Silver Stream – Peru
Subsequent to year-end, on March 8, 2021, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, closed a precious metals stream agreement with reference to the gold and silver production from the Condestable mine in Peru, for an up-front deposit of $165.0 million. The Condestable mine is located approximately 90 kilometers south of Lima, Peru, and is owned and operated by a subsidiary of Southern Peaks Mining LP (“SPM”), a private company. Commencing on January 1, 2021 and ending December 31, 2025, Franco-Nevada will receive 8,760 ounces of gold and 291,000 ounces of silver annually until a total of 43,800 ounces of gold and 1,455,000 ounces of silver have been delivered (the “Fixed Deliveries”). Thereafter, Franco-Nevada will receive 63% of the contained gold and contained silver produced until a cumulative total of 87,600 ounces of gold and 2,910,000 ounces of silver have been delivered (the “Variable Phase 1 Deliveries”). The stream then reduces to 25% over the remaining life of mine (the “Variable Phase 2 Deliveries”). Franco-Nevada will pay 20% of the spot price for gold and silver for each ounce delivered under the stream (the “Ongoing Payment”). The stream has an effective date of January 1, 2021, with the first quarterly delivery due on or before March 15, 2021.
For a period of four years from closing, subject to certain restrictions, a subsidiary of SPM may, at its option, make a one-time special delivery comprising the number of ounces of refined gold equal to $118.8 million at the then current spot price subject to the Ongoing Payment, to achieve the early payment of the Fixed Deliveries and Variable Phase 1 Deliveries. The Variable Phase 2 Deliveries would commence immediately thereafter.
Acquisition of U.S. Oil & Gas Royalty Rights – Haynesville, Texas, U.S.A.
On December 29, 2020, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, acquired a royalty portfolio in the Haynesville natural gas play in Texas, from Mesa Minerals Partners LLC, a Quantum Energy Partners portfolio company, for $135 million. The Haynesville represents one of the most active gas plays in North America. The royalties are located in Harrison and Panola counties, which represent a core area of the East Texas part of the basin, where Rockcliff Energy II LLC is the primary operator. The royalties are derived principally from mineral title which provides a perpetual interest in royalty lands.
The acquisition has an effective date of October 1, 2020. Between the effective date and the closing date, the asset has generated approximately $4.2 million in royalties associated with the sale of natural gas.
Amendment of Sabodala Gold Stream Agreement - Senegal
On September 25, 2020, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, amended its existing Sabodala gold purchase and sale agreement with Teranga Gold Corporation (“Teranga”) to compensate the Company for displacement that will be caused by the processing of Massawa ore through the Sabodala processing facilities and to provide for certain protocols for the commingling of Sabodala and Massawa ores. Teranga acquired a 90% interest in the Massawa project from Barrick Gold Corporation on March 4, 2020.
The amended agreement provides that effective September 1, 2020, Teranga will make fixed deliveries of 783.33 ounces of refined gold per month until 105,750 ounces of gold have been delivered to the Company (the “Fixed Delivery Period”) and 6% of production from the stream area thereafter. Following the Fixed Delivery Period, a reconciliation will be conducted to determine if the Company would have received more or less than 105,750 ounces of gold under the 6% variable stream during such period. Teranga will be entitled to a credit for an over-delivery which will be applied against the 6% variable stream until depleted and the Company will be entitled to a one-time additional delivery in the case of an under-delivery.
Acquisition of Rio Baker (Salares Norte) Royalty – Chile
On September 23, 2020, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, acquired an existing 2% NSR on all mineral production from Gold Fields’ Rio Baker concessions in Chile for $5.0 million cash with contingent payments of up to $8.0 million. With this acquisition, the Company now has exposure to 100% of the Salares Norte deposit. The royalty agreement is subject to a 0.5% buy-back at any time for $4.0 million.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 6 |
Acquisition of Alpala Royalty – Northern Ecuador
On September 11, 2020, the Company completed a royalty transaction with SolGold plc (“SolGold”) to acquire a 1% NSR with reference to all minerals produced from the Alpala copper-gold-silver project in northern Ecuador for $100.0 million. The Alpala project is owned by Exploraciones Novomining SA, which is held 85% by SolGold and 15% by Cornerstone Capital Resources Inc. SolGold has the option to increase the size of the transaction to $150 million for a 1.5% NSR until May 11, 2021 and also has the option to buy-back 50% of the royalty for a period of time. Franco-Nevada is entitled to receive certain minimum royalty payments from 2028 and also has the option to convert the NSR to a gold-only NSR for a period of time once Alpala is producing. The NSR covers the Cascabel concession.
Acquisition of Freeport Royalty Portfolio Interests
On September 1, 2020, the Company acquired a portfolio of 24 royalties from Freeport-McMoRan Inc. for $30.6 million in cash. The portfolio includes prospective royalties over Wallbridge Mining Co. Ltd.’s Fenelon, Martiniere and Northway-Noyon projects. It also includes producing royalties on Industrias Peñoles, S.A.B.de C.V.’s Milpillas copper mine in Sonora, Mexico, and on Ormat Technologies Inc.’s Neal Hot Spring geothermal operation in Oregon.
Acquisition of U.S. Oil & Gas Royalty Rights with Continental Resources, Inc.
The Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, has a strategic relationship with Continental Resources. Inc. (“Continental”) to acquire, through a jointly-owned entity (the “Royalty Acquisition Venture”), royalty rights within Continental’s areas of operation. In 2020, Franco-Nevada recorded contributions to the Royalty Acquisition Venture of $29.8 million (2019 - $114.4 million). In the first half of the year, following weak commodity prices, Franco-Nevada and Continental agreed to reduce the pace of their capital funding commitments to the Royalty Acquisition Venture. The venture will target lower prices for acquiring acreage to provide a stronger platform for a potential future rebound in commodity prices and a resumption of development activity by Continental. As at December 31, 2020, the cumulative investment in the Royalty Acquisition Venture by the Company totaled $406.0 million and Franco-Nevada has remaining commitments of up to $114.0 million, approximately half of which is expected to be deployed in 2021.
Acquisition of Island Gold Royalty Interest – Ontario, Canada
On March 20, 2020, Franco-Nevada acquired an existing 0.62% NSR on Alamos Gold Inc.’s Island Gold project in Finan Township in the Province of Ontario for $13.4 million (C$19.0 million).
Financing
Credit Facilities
As at December 31, 2020, the Company had no amounts drawn against its $1.0 billion unsecured revolving term credit facility (the “Corporate Revolver”). However, the Company has posted security in the form of standby letters of credit in the amount of $18.1 million (C$23.1 million) in connection with the audit by the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”). The standby letters of credit reduce the available balance under the Corporate Revolver.
On March 10, 2020, Franco-Nevada (Barbados) Corporation amended its $100.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (the “FNBC Revolver”) to extend the term to March 20, 2021. The amendment also provided a reduction in the applicable margins and standby fees. The term of the FNBC Revolver is expected to be further extended by an additional year. As at December 31, 2020, the Company had no amounts outstanding against the FNBC Revolver.
On February 14, 2020, the Company made full repayment of the $80.0 million it had outstanding at December 31, 2019 under its non-revolving credit facility (the “Corporate Term Loan”). The Corporate Term Loan is a non-revolving facility, and is therefore no longer available to draw.
At-the-Market Equity Program
On May 11, 2020, the Company established a new at-the-market equity program (the “ATM Program”) permitting the Company to issue up to an aggregate of $300 million worth of common shares from treasury at prevailing market prices to the public through the Toronto Stock Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange or any other marketplace on which the common shares are listed, quoted or otherwise trade. The previous at-the-market program, which permitted the Company to issue up to an aggregate of $200 million worth of common shares, was terminated on April 28, 2020 when the Company renewed its base shelf prospectus.
For 2020, the Company issued 1,054,800 common shares under the ATM Program and its previous at-the-market equity program at an average price per common share of $128.96. The gross proceeds from these issuances were $136.0 million, and the net proceeds were $133.7 million after deducting agent commission costs of $1.4 million and other share issuance costs of $0.9 million.
Dividend Increase
Franco-Nevada is pleased to announce that its Board of Directors has decided to raise its quarterly dividend to $0.30 per share, effective for the second quarter of 2021. The dividend will be a 15.4% increase from the previous $0.26 per share quarterly dividend and will mark the 14th consecutive annual dividend increase for Franco-Nevada shareholders.
In 2020, dividends declared totaled $1.03 per share. The total dividend declared was $197.2 million, of which $154.9 million was paid in cash and $42.3 million was paid in common shares under the Company’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan (“DRIP”).
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 7 |
The following contains forward-looking statements. Reference should be made to the “Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking
Information” section at the end of this MD&A. For a description of material factors that could cause our actual results to differ
materially from the forward-looking statements below, please see the “Cautionary Statement” and the “Risk Factors” section of
our most recent Annual Information Form filed with the Canadian securities regulatory authorities on www.sedar.com and our
most recent Form 40-F filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on www.sec.gov. The 2021 guidance is based on assumptions including the forecasted state of operations from our assets based on the public statements and other disclosures by the third-party owners and operators of the underlying properties (subject to our assessment thereof). Further challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic may result in additional risk to the accuracy of our 2021 guidance.
For 2021, the Company is pleased to provide the following guidance for its mining and energy segments, respectively.
|
|
| 2021 guidance |
|
| 2020 actual |
|
| 2019 actual |
|
Gold & Gold Equivalent sales(1),(2) | | | 555,000 - 585,000 GEOs | | | 521,564 GEOs sold | | | 516,438 GEOs sold | |
Energy revenue(3) | | | $115.0 - $135.0 million | | | $91.7 million | | | $115.9 million | |
1 | Of the 555,000 to 585,000 GEOs, Franco-Nevada expects to receive 375,000 to 405,000 GEOs under its various streams. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company earned 351,580 GEOs from its streams. |
2 | In forecasting GEOs for 2021, gold, silver, platinum and palladium metals have been converted to GEOs using commodity prices of $1,750 Au, $25.00 Ag, $1,100 Pt and $2,200 Pd. |
3 | In forecasting revenue from Energy assets for 2021, the Company assumed a WTI oil price of $55 per barrel and a Henry Hub natural gas price of $2.50/mcf. |
Gold equivalent sales: GEO sales in 2020 exceeded our revised guidance of 475,000 to 505,000 GEOs, with higher than expected production from our Cobre Panama, Candelaria, and Guadalupe-Palmarejo streams, as well as higher than anticipated royalties from our Hemlo NPI. For 2021, we continue to expect solid growth in our GEO sales based on the following:
| ● | Latin America: We anticipate sales from Cobre Panama to increase significantly over 2020, ranging between 105,000 and 125,000 GEOs, as the mine continues to ramp-up. Sales in 2021 from Candelaria are also expected to increase to between 65,000 and 75,000 GEOs, as the mine has completed its mill optimization project. We anticipate sales of silver ounces from Antamina to increase compared to 2020 to the high-end of our long-term expected annual range of 2.8 million to 3.2 million silver ounces. We have also factored in incremental GEOs from our newly acquired Condestable stream, referenced above. Increases from these assets are expected to be partly offset by a decrease in GEOs from Antapaccay ranging between 55,000 and 65,000 GEOs due to lower planned grades based on the life of mine plan. |
| ● | U.S.: We anticipate higher royalties from Stillwater due to an expected increase in PGM production. Gold Quarry is expected to decrease to approximately 5,500 GEOs in 2021 and to 1,350 GEOs thereafter, as our royalty payments will no longer be based on the minimum payment obligations tied to mineral reserves and stockpiles. We also anticipate lower royalties from South Arturo, based on the latest life of mine plan. |
| ● | Canada: We anticipate payments from our NPI royalties from Musselwhite to resume in 2021, as the mine ramps up to full operations after commissioning its new conveyor and materials handling systems in late 2020. We also anticipate higher royalties from the Detour Lake mine where strong production growth is expected in 2021 and from Dublin Gulch (Eagle) which reached commercial production in mid-2020. These increases are expected to be offset by lower royalties from Hemlo, ranging from 20,000 to 30,000 GEOs in 2021, down from a record of 40,155 GEOs in 2020. We also anticipate our deliveries from Sudbury to decrease to approximately 10,000 GEOs. |
| ● | Rest of World: We anticipate more production from our Subika (Ahafo) royalty, as mining at Ahafo returns to our royalty grounds. Deliveries from Karma are expected to decrease due to the fixed delivery commitments being fulfilled in 2020. Deliveries from Sabodala are also expected to be lower based on the fixed delivery commitments set in the amended stream agreement, referenced above. |
Energy revenue: Revenue from our Energy assets exceeded our revised 2020 guidance as oil and gas prices improved in the second half of 2020 resulting in better than expected royalties from our Permian assets and our Weyburn NRI. In addition, we received the initial contribution from the newly acquired Haynesville royalties. In 2021, we expect an increase in Energy revenue both due to higher forecasted oil and gas prices and the following:
| ● | U.S.: Our recently acquired royalty portfolio in the Haynesville shale play will contribute its first full year of revenue. With respect to our interests in the SCOOP/STACK, additional royalties acquired under the Royalty Acquisition Venture with Continental are expected to provide additional volume contribution. We also anticipate a rebound in drilling activity in the Permian Basin as commodity prices recover but flat drilling activity at Marcellus relative to 2020. We also have not included lease bonus revenue in our 2021 guidance. Lease bonuses were minimal in 2020. |
| ● | Canada: We expect an increase in revenue from Weyburn, reflecting the NRI royalty’s leverage to oil prices. For Orion, we anticipate consistent production levels but increased revenue from better oil prices. |
Depletion: The Company has estimated depletion and depreciation expense to be between $250.0 million to $280.0 million for 2021.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 8 |
Capital commitments: As at December 31, 2020, Franco-Nevada is committed to contribute, subject to satisfaction of agreed upon development thresholds, up to $114.0 million to the Royalty Acquisition Venture held with Continental. Approximately half is expected to be deployed in 2021. The Company is also committed to funding the potential upsizing of the Alpala royalty, referenced in the Corporate Developments section above.
The price of gold and other precious metals are the largest factors in determining profitability and cash-flow from operations for Franco-Nevada. Historically, the price of gold has been subject to volatile price movements and is affected by numerous macroeconomic and industry factors that are beyond the Company’s control. Major influences on the gold price include interest rates, fiscal and monetary stimulus, inflation expectations, currency exchange rate fluctuations including the relative strength of the U.S. dollar, and the supply of and demand for gold.
Commodity price volatility also impacts the number of GEOs when converting non-gold commodities to GEOs. Silver, platinum, palladium and other mining commodities are converted to GEOs by dividing associated revenue, which includes settlement adjustments, by the relevant gold price. The price used in the computation of GEOs earned from a particular asset varies depending on the royalty or stream agreement, which may make reference to the market price realized by the operator, or the average price for the month, quarter, or year in which the mining commodity was produced or sold.
In 2020, gold prices reflected improved sentiment toward gold as a safe haven in uncertain times as well as an alternative investment class in a low interest rate environment. Gold prices increased 27.1%, averaging $1,770/oz in 2020, compared to $1,392/oz in 2019, and ended the year at $1,888/oz.
Silver prices averaged $20.55/oz in 2020, an increase of 26.9% compared to $16.20/oz in 2019. Platinum and palladium prices averaged $884/oz and $2,194/oz, respectively, in 2020, compared to $863/oz and $1,539/oz, respectively, in 2019, an increase of 2.4% and an increase of 42.5%, respectively.
During the year, a number of geopolitical and market factors outside of the Company’s control (including those related to the COVID-19 pandemic) have contributed to volatility and a significant decrease in the price of oil and gas. WTI prices averaged $39.36/bbl in 2020, a 30.9% decrease from 2019, Edmonton Light prices averaged C$45.72/bbl in 2020, down 33.7% compared to 2019. Henry Hub natural gas prices averaged $2.13/mcf in 2020 compared to $2.53/mcf in 2019, down 15.8%.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 9 |
Selected Financial Information
| | | For the three months ended |
| | For the year ended | | ||||||||||
(in millions, except Average Gold Price, GEOs sold, | | | December 31, | | | December 31, | | ||||||||||
Margin, per ounce amounts and per share amounts) |
|
| 2020 |
| | 2019 |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 | | ||||
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
|
Statistical Measures | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Average Gold Price | | | $ | 1,873 | | | $ | 1,480 | | | $ | 1,770 | | | $ | 1,392 | |
GEOs sold(1) | | |
| 147,476 | | |
| 153,396 | | |
| 521,564 | | |
| 516,438 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Statement of Comprehensive Income | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenue | | | $ | 304.5 | | | $ | 258.1 | | | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 844.1 | |
Depletion and depreciation | | |
| 67.5 | | |
| 72.7 | | |
| 241.0 | | |
| 263.2 | |
Costs of sales | | |
| 46.7 | | |
| 46.3 | | |
| 158.8 | | |
| 144.8 | |
Operating income | | |
| 195.8 | | |
| 129.0 | | |
| 336.5 | | |
| 410.2 | |
Net income | | |
| 176.7 | | |
| 113.3 | | |
| 326.2 | | |
| 344.1 | |
Basic earnings per share | | | $ | 0.93 | | | $ | 0.60 | | | $ | 1.71 | | | $ | 1.83 | |
Diluted earnings per share | | | $ | 0.92 | | | $ | 0.60 | | | $ | 1.71 | | | $ | 1.83 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dividends declared per share | | | $ | 0.26 | | | $ | 0.25 | | | $ | 1.03 | | | $ | 0.99 | |
Dividends declared (including DRIP) | | | $ | 50.7 | | | $ | 47.6 | | | $ | 197.2 | | | $ | 187.0 | |
Weighted average shares outstanding | | |
| 190.9 | | |
| 188.8 | | |
| 190.3 | | |
| 187.7 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Non-IFRS Measures | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cash Costs(2) attributable to GEOs sold | | | $ | 44.8 | | | $ | 44.1 | | | $ | 152.4 | | | $ | 137.5 | |
Cash Costs(2) per GEO sold | | | $ | 304 | | | $ | 287 | | | $ | 292 | | | $ | 266 | |
Adjusted EBITDA(2) | | | $ | 253.7 | | | $ | 201.7 | | | $ | 839.6 | | | $ | 673.4 | |
Adjusted EBITDA(2) per share | | | $ | 1.33 | | | $ | 1.07 | | | $ | 4.41 | | | $ | 3.59 | |
Margin(2) | | |
| 83.3 | % | |
| 78.1 | % | |
| 82.3 | % | |
| 79.8 | % |
Adjusted Net Income(2) | | | $ | 163.0 | | | $ | 110.8 | | | $ | 516.3 | | | $ | 341.5 | |
Adjusted Net Income(2) per share | | | $ | 0.85 | | | $ | 0.59 | | | $ | 2.71 | | | $ | 1.82 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Statement of Cash Flows | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Net cash provided by operating activities | | | $ | 246.3 | | | $ | 184.6 | | | $ | 803.9 | | | $ | 617.7 | |
Net cash used in investing activities | | | $ | (137.9) | | | $ | (1.8) | | | $ | (309.0) | | | $ | (436.1) | |
Net cash used in financing activities | | | $ | (39.7) | | | $ | (142.6) | | | $ | (91.8) | | | $ | (119.8) | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | As at | | | As at | | ||
| | | December 31, | | | December 31, | | ||
(expressed in millions) |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Statement of Financial Position | | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents | | | $ | 534.2 | | | $ | 132.1 | |
Total assets | | |
| 5,592.9 | | |
| 5,280.6 | |
Debt | | | | — | | | | 80.0 | |
Deferred income tax liabilities | | | | 91.5 | | | | 82.4 | |
Total shareholders’ equity | | | | 5,443.8 | | | | 5,062.2 | |
Working capital(3) | | | | 610.5 | | | | 225.3 | |
| 1 | Refer to Note 1 at the bottom of page 5 of this MD&A for the methodology for calculating GEOs and, for illustrative purposes, to the average commodity price table on pages 12 and 16 of this MD&A for indicative prices which may be used in the calculations of GEOs for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. |
| 2 | Cash costs, Adjusted EBITDA, Margin and Adjusted Net Income are non-IFRS financial measures with no standardized meaning under IFRS. For further information and a detailed reconciliation, please see the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section of this MD&A. |
| 3 | The Company defines Working Capital as current assets less current liabilities. |
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 10 |
Our portfolio is well-diversified with GEOs and revenue being earned from 54 Mining assets and 55 Energy assets in various jurisdictions.
The following table details revenue earned from our various royalty, stream and working interests for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019:
| | | | | For the three months ended | | | For the year ended |
| ||||||||||
(expressed in millions) | | | | | December 31, | | | December 31, |
| ||||||||||
Property |
| Interest and % |
| | 2020 |
| | 2019 |
| | 2020 |
| | 2019 |
| ||||
GOLD & GOLD EQUIVALENTS | | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
Latin America | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cobre Panama |
| Stream (indexed) Gold & Silver | | | $ | 46.1 | | | $ | 32.8 | | | $ | 135.4 | | | $ | 64.7 | |
Candelaria |
| Stream 68% Gold & Silver | | | | 22.5 | | | | 30.9 | | | | 106.8 | | | | 103.1 | |
Antapaccay |
| Stream (indexed) Gold & Silver | | | | 47.5 | | | | 29.1 | | | | 118.5 | | | | 100.4 | |
Antamina |
| Stream 22.5% Silver | | |
| 20.5 | | |
| 10.2 | | |
| 57.0 | | |
| 44.9 | |
Guadalupe-Palmarejo |
| Stream 50% Gold | | |
| 29.1 | | |
| 17.3 | | |
| 79.0 | | |
| 49.7 | |
Other | | | | |
| 1.7 | | |
| 1.3 | | |
| 5.4 | | |
| 6.4 | |
United States | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Stillwater |
| NSR 5% PGM | | | $ | 15.2 | | | $ | 13.1 | | | $ | 50.9 | | | $ | 39.8 | |
Goldstrike |
| NSR 2-4%, NPI 2.4-6% | | | | 5.4 | | | | 4.1 | | | | 20.7 | | | | 21.2 | |
Gold Quarry |
| NSR 7.29% | | |
| (4.0) | | |
| 5.9 | | |
| 10.7 | | |
| 15.6 | |
Marigold |
| NSR 1.75-5%, GR 0.5-4% | | |
| 2.6 | | |
| 1.7 | | |
| 7.1 | | |
| 8.7 | |
Bald Mountain |
| NSR/GR 0.875-5% | | |
| 2.5 | | |
| 3.8 | | |
| 11.2 | | |
| 8.9 | |
South Arturo |
| GR 4-9% | | |
| 1.3 | | |
| 1.1 | | |
| 6.2 | | |
| 1.8 | |
Other | | | | |
| 1.9 | | |
| 3.0 | | |
| 7.0 | | |
| 6.4 | |
Canada | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sudbury |
| Stream 50% PGM & Gold | | | $ | 6.5 | | | $ | 13.1 | | | $ | 40.1 | | | $ | 41.2 | |
Detour Lake |
| NSR 2% | | |
| 5.7 | | |
| 4.7 | | |
| 20.4 | | |
| 16.8 | |
Hemlo |
| NSR 3%, NPI 50% | | |
| 21.6 | | |
| 5.6 | | |
| 69.9 | | |
| 18.2 | |
Brucejack |
| NSR 1.2% | | | | 2.0 | | | | 1.6 | | | | 7.2 | | | | 5.6 | |
Kirkland Lake |
| NSR 1.5-5.5%, NPI 20% | | |
| 1.5 | | |
| 1.4 | | |
| 5.4 | | |
| 5.2 | |
Other | | | | |
| 11.9 | | |
| 8.5 | | |
| 27.0 | | |
| 27.5 | |
Rest of World | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
MWS |
| Stream 25% | | | $ | 11.0 | | | $ | 12.1 | | | $ | 41.8 | | | $ | 37.1 | |
Sabodala |
| 6% Stream, Fixed to 105,750 oz (1) | | |
| 5.1 | | |
| 6.3 | | |
| 21.6 | | |
| 29.5 | |
Tasiast |
| NSR 2% | | |
| 4.1 | | |
| 3.1 | | |
| 14.3 | | |
| 10.9 | |
Subika (Ahafo) |
| NSR 2% | | |
| 2.8 | | |
| 5.3 | | |
| 10.4 | | |
| 17.4 | |
Karma |
| Stream 4.875%, Fixed to 80,625 oz | | |
| 7.0 | | |
| 5.6 | | |
| 28.9 | | |
| 20.2 | |
Duketon |
| NSR 2% | | |
| 1.4 | | |
| 1.5 | | |
| 9.6 | | |
| 7.7 | |
Edikan |
| NSR 1.5% | | |
| 1.2 | | |
| 0.9 | | |
| 4.4 | | |
| 3.6 | |
Other | | | | |
| 2.6 | | |
| 4.1 | | |
| 11.6 | | |
| 15.7 | |
| | | | | $ | 276.7 | | | $ | 228.1 | | | $ | 928.5 | | | $ | 728.2 | |
ENERGY | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
United States | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
SCOOP/STACK | | Various Royalty Rates | | | $ | 4.6 | | | $ | 7.0 | | | $ | 21.6 | | | $ | 26.2 | |
Permian Basin | | Various Royalty Rates | | | | 5.5 | | | | 5.3 | | | | 18.5 | | | | 20.0 | |
Marcellus | | GORR 1% | | | | 4.9 | | | | 4.9 | | | | 20.4 | | | | 18.0 | |
Haynesville | | Various Royalty Rates | | | | 4.2 | | | | — | | | | 4.2 | | | | — | |
Other | | | | |
| 0.1 | | |
| — | | |
| 0.1 | | |
| — | |
Canada | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Weyburn |
| NRI 11.71%, ORR 0.44%, WI 2.56% | | | $ | 5.2 | | | $ | 8.1 | | | $ | 16.0 | | | $ | 33.8 | |
Orion | | GORR 4% | | | | 2.0 | | | | 2.6 | | | | 5.9 | | | | 10.2 | |
Other | | | | |
| 1.3 | | |
| 2.1 | | |
| 5.0 | | |
| 7.7 | |
| | | | | $ | 27.8 | | | $ | 30.0 | | | $ | 91.7 | | | $ | 115.9 | |
Revenue | | | | | $ | 304.5 | | | $ | 258.1 | | | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 844.1 | |
1 Sabodala agreement was amended with an effective date of September 1, 2020.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 11 |
Review of Quarterly Financial Performance
The prices of precious metals and oil and gas and production from Mining and Energy assets are the largest factors in determining profitability and cash flow from operations for Franco-Nevada. The following table summarizes average commodity prices and average exchange rates during the periods presented.
| | | | | | | | | | | |||
Quarterly average prices and rates |
| |
|
| Q4/2020 |
|
| Q4/2019 |
| Variance | |||
Gold(1) |
| ($/oz) | | | $ | 1,873 | | | $ | 1,480 | | 26.6 | % |
Silver(1) |
| ($/oz) | | |
| 24.39 | | |
| 17.31 | | 40.9 | % |
Platinum(1) |
| ($/oz) | | |
| 939 | | |
| 907 | | 3.5 | % |
Palladium(1) |
| ($/oz) | | |
| 2,348 | | |
| 1,800 | | 30.4 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Edmonton Light |
| (C$/bbl) | | |
| 49.45 | | |
| 66.87 | | (26.1) | % |
West Texas Intermediate | | ($/bbl) | | | | 42.68 | | | | 56.94 | | (25.0) | % |
Henry Hub | | ($/mcf) | | | | 2.77 | | | | 2.42 | | 14.5 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CAD/USD exchange rate(2) | | | | |
| 0.7675 | | |
| 0.7576 | | 1.3 | % |
| 1 | Based on LBMA PM Fix for gold, platinum and palladium. Based on LBMA Fix for silver. |
| 2 | Based on Bank of Canada daily rates. |
Revenue
Revenue and GEO sales by commodity, geographical location and type of interest for the three months ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:
| | | Gold Equivalent Ounces(1) | | | Revenue (in millions) |
| |||||||||||||
For the three months ended December 31, |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
| |||
Commodity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Gold |
| | 110,815 | | | 117,698 |
| (6,883) | | | $ | 208.4 | | | $ | 174.8 | | $ | 33.6 | |
Silver |
| | 20,403 | | | 15,427 |
| 4,976 | | |
| 38.0 | | |
| 22.8 | |
| 15.2 | |
PGM |
| | 11,162 | | | 16,271 |
| (5,109) | | |
| 20.9 | | |
| 24.6 | |
| (3.7) | |
Other Mining assets |
| | 5,096 | | | 4,000 |
| 1,096 | | |
| 9.4 | | |
| 5.9 | |
| 3.5 | |
Mining | | | 147,476 | | | 153,396 | | (5,920) | | | $ | 276.7 | | | $ | 228.1 | | $ | 48.6 | |
Energy | | | — | | | — | | — | | |
| 27.8 | | |
| 30.0 | |
| (2.2) | |
|
| | 147,476 |
| | 153,396 |
| (5,920) | | | $ | 304.5 | | | $ | 258.1 | | $ | 46.4 | |
Geography | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Latin America |
| | 89,456 |
| | 81,697 |
| 7,759 | | | $ | 167.4 | | | $ | 121.6 | | $ | 45.8 | |
United States |
| | 13,028 |
| | 22,235 |
| (9,207) | | | | 44.2 | | | | 49.9 | | | (5.7) | |
Canada |
| | 26,164 |
| | 23,247 |
| 2,917 | | |
| 57.7 | | |
| 47.7 | |
| 10.0 | |
Rest of World |
| | 18,828 |
| | 26,217 |
| (7,389) | | |
| 35.2 | | |
| 38.9 | |
| (3.7) | |
|
| | 147,476 |
| | 153,396 |
| (5,920) | | | $ | 304.5 | | | $ | 258.1 | | $ | 46.4 | |
Type | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenue-based royalties |
| | 24,832 |
| | 38,765 |
| (13,933) | | | $ | 69.6 | | | $ | 78.0 | | $ | (8.4) | |
Streams |
| | 104,337 |
| | 105,434 |
| (1,097) | | |
| 195.4 | | |
| 157.4 | |
| 38.0 | |
Profit-based royalties |
| | 12,783 |
| | 5,008 |
| 7,775 | | |
| 27.0 | | |
| 12.5 | |
| 14.5 | |
Other |
| | 5,524 |
| | 4,189 |
| 1,335 | | |
| 12.5 | | |
| 10.2 | |
| 2.3 | |
|
| | 147,476 |
| | 153,396 |
| (5,920) | | | $ | 304.5 | | | $ | 258.1 | | $ | 46.4 | |
| 1 | Refer to Note 1 at the bottom of page 5 of this MD&A for the methodology for calculating GEOs and, for illustrative purposes, to the average commodity price table above for indicative prices which may be used in the calculations of GEOs. |
Revenue for Q4/2020 was $304.5 million, up 18.0% from Q4/2019, and comprised $276.7 million from Mining assets and $27.8 million from Energy assets. Mining revenue in Q4/2020 increased 21.3%, benefiting from strong precious metal prices. Conversely, Energy revenue decreased 7.3% compared to the same period in 2019 due to a decrease in oil and gas prices in 2020 which negatively impacted all Energy assets. Included in Energy revenue is $4.2 million from the newly acquired Haynesville portfolio.
Mining assets contributed 90.9% of the Company’s total revenue in Q4/2020, compared to 88.4% in Q4/2019. Geographically, the Company remains heavily invested in the Americas, representing 88.4% of revenue in Q4/2020, compared to 84.9% in Q4/2019.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 12 |

GEO Sales
GEOs sold in Q4/2020 totaled 147,476 ounces, compared to 153,396 GEOs in Q4/2019.

2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 13 |
The quarter-over-quarter decrease in GEOs sold was primarily due to the following factors:
| ● | Candelaria – 11,958 GEOs were sold in Q4/2020 compared to 20,728 GEOs in Q4/2019 due to the operation shutting down as a result of labour action in Q4/2020. The operation returned to full production capacity in December 2020 after reaching new collective agreements. |
| ● | Gold Quarry – An adjustment was recorded in Q4/2020 due to royalty payments no longer being based on the minimum payment obligations tied to mineral reserves and stockpiles. The adjustment resulted in a credit of 2,442 GEOs, compared to 4,184 GEOs being earned in Q4/2019. |
| ● | Sudbury – 3,489 GEOs were sold in Q4/2020 compared to 8,420 GEOs in Q4/2019 as anticipated based on McCreedy West’s life of mine plan. |
The above decreases were partly offset by the following factors:
| ● | Hemlo – 11,450 GEOs were earned in Q4/2020 compared to 3,729 GEOs in Q4/2019 as the 50% NPI on Interlake benefited from higher gold prices and increased production. In addition, the Company recorded 4,168 GEOs for NPI royalties related to prior periods during Q4/2020. |
| ● | Antapaccay – 25,430 GEOs were sold in Q4/2020 compared to 19,530 GEOs in Q4/2019 due timing of deliveries. |
| ● | Antamina – 11,079 GEOs were sold in Q4/2020 compared to 6,892 GEOs in Q4/2019 reflecting the resumption of full production levels in the second half of 2020 following a shutdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic earlier in the year. Higher silver prices also resulted in a more favourable GEO conversion ratio. |
| ● | Guadalupe-Palmarejo – 15,669 GEOs were sold in Q4/2020 compared to 11,644 GEOs in Q4/2019 due to higher grades and recoveries. |
| ● | Cobre Panama – Franco-Nevada sold 24,347 GEOs in Q4/2020 compared to 22,028 GEOs in Q4/2019 as the operation has fully ramped up production following the temporary suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic. |
Energy Revenue
Energy assets earned revenue of $27.8 million (56.4% oil, 33.5% gas and 10.1% NGLs) for the quarter, a decrease of 7.3% compared to $30.0 million (78.0% oil, 12.6% gas and 9.4% NGLs) in Q4/2019. U.S. assets generated 69.3% of Franco-Nevada’s Energy revenue. The decrease in Energy revenue was primarily due to a significant decline in oil prices and the following factors:
| ● | SCOOP/STACK – Royalties from the SCOOP/STACK contributed $4.6 million in Q4/2020 compared to $7.0 million in Q4/2019 due to lower realized commodity prices and lower volumes due to reduced drilling by some of the operators within the plan and on royalty lands. These factors offset contributions from additional royalties acquired under the Royalty Acquisition Venture with Continental, where the pace of acquisition slowed in 2020. |
| ● | Weyburn – Revenue from the Weyburn Unit was $5.2 million in Q4/2020 compared to $8.1 million in Q4/2019 due mostly to lower contribution from the NRI as a result of lower realized oil prices. The realized oil price was C$46.27/boe compared to C$63.35/boe for Q4/2019. |
The above decreases were partly offset by the following:
| ● | Haynesville – The newly acquired portfolio of royalties, effective October 1, 2020, contributed $4.2 million in Q4/2020. |
Costs of Sales

2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 14 |
The following table provides a breakdown of costs of sales incurred in the periods presented:
| | | For the three months ended December 31, |
| ||||||||
(expressed in millions) |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
| |||
Costs of stream sales | | | $ | 44.0 | | | $ | 43.5 | | $ | 0.5 | |
Mineral production taxes | | |
| 0.8 | | |
| 0.6 | |
| 0.2 | |
Mining costs of sales | | | $ | 44.8 | | | $ | 44.1 | | $ | 0.7 | |
Energy costs of sales | | |
| 1.9 | | |
| 2.2 | |
| (0.3) | |
| | | $ | 46.7 | | | $ | 46.3 | | $ | 0.4 | |
Ounces from stream assets decreased in Q4/2020 compared to Q4/2019. Costs of stream sales increased slightly as a result of higher metal prices as certain streams carry a cost per ounce which varies based on spot prices.
Depletion and Depreciation
Depletion and depreciation expense totaled $67.5 million in Q4/2020, compared to $72.7 million in Q4/2019, in part due to the quarter-over-quarter decrease in GEOs sold. In Q4/2020, the Company also earned a higher portion of its GEOs from its Hemlo asset which has been fully depleted. Depletion on a per ounce basis also varies from year to year based on the asset’s updated reserve estimates.

Income Taxes
Income tax expense was $21.5 million in Q4/2020 (Q4/2019 – $17.2 million), comprised of a current income tax expense of $17.1 million (Q4/2019 – $13.9 million) and a deferred income tax expense of $4.4 million (Q4/2019 – $3.3 million). The Company is undergoing an audit by the CRA of its 2012-2017 taxation years. Refer to the “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Contingencies” section of this MD&A for further details.
Net Income
Net income for Q4/2020 was $176.7 million, or $0.93 per share, compared to $113.3 million, or $0.60 per share, for the same period in 2019. Adjusted Net Income, which adjusts for impairment charges and reversals, foreign exchange gains and losses and other income and expenses, among other items, was $163.0 million, or $0.85 per share, compared to $110.8 million, or $0.59 per share, earned in Q4/2019.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 15 |
Review of Annual Financial Performance
The prices of precious metals and oil and gas and the actual production from Mining and Energy assets are the largest factors in determining profitability and cash flow from operations for Franco-Nevada. The following table summarizes average commodity prices and average exchange rates during the periods presented.
| | | | | | | | | | | |||
Average prices and rates |
| |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance | | ||
Gold(1) |
| ($/oz) | | | $ | 1,770 | | | $ | 1,392 |
| 27.1 | % |
Silver(1) |
| ($/oz) | | |
| 20.55 | | |
| 16.20 |
| 26.9 | % |
Platinum(1) |
| ($/oz) | | |
| 884 | | |
| 863 |
| 2.4 | % |
Palladium(1) |
| ($/oz) | | |
| 2,194 | | |
| 1,539 |
| 42.5 | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Edmonton Light |
| (C$/bbl) | | | | 45.72 | | |
| 68.99 |
| (33.7) | % |
West Texas Intermediate | | ($/bbl) | | | | 39.36 | | | | 57.00 | | (30.9) | % |
Henry Hub | | ($/mcf) | | | | 2.13 | | | | 2.53 | | (15.8) | % |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
CAD/USD exchange rate(2) | | | | |
| 0.7455 | | |
| 0.7536 |
| (1.1) | % |
| 1 | Based on LBMA PM Fix for gold, platinum and palladium. Based on LBMA Fix for silver. |
| 2 | Based on Bank of Canada daily rates. |
Revenue
Revenue and GEO sales by commodity, geographical location and type of interest for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:
| | | Gold Equivalent Ounces(1) | | | Revenue (in millions) |
| |||||||||||||
For the year ended December 31, |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
| |||
Commodity | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Gold |
| | 405,033 |
| | 387,663 |
| 17,370 | | | $ | 718.1 | | | $ | 545.8 | | $ | 172.3 | |
Silver |
| | 59,606 |
| | 58,906 |
| 700 | | |
| 106.4 | | |
| 83.2 | |
| 23.2 | |
PGM |
| | 47,038 |
| | 52,813 |
| (5,775) | | |
| 86.2 | | |
| 75.6 | |
| 10.6 | |
Other Mining assets |
| | 9,887 | | | 17,056 |
| (7,169) | | |
| 17.8 | | |
| 23.6 | |
| (5.8) | |
Mining | | | 521,564 | | | 516,438 | | 5,126 | | | $ | 928.5 | | | $ | 728.2 | | $ | 200.3 | |
Energy | | | — | | | — | | — | | |
| 91.7 | | |
| 115.9 | |
| (24.2) | |
|
| | 521,564 |
| | 516,438 |
| 5,126 | | | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 844.1 | | $ | 176.1 | |
Geography | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Latin America |
| | 281,684 |
| | 260,389 |
| 21,295 | | | $ | 502.1 | | | $ | 369.2 | | $ | 132.9 | |
United States |
| | 64,466 |
| | 73,820 |
| (9,354) | | | | 178.6 | | | | 166.6 | | | 12.0 | |
Canada |
| | 95,038 |
| | 80,570 |
| 14,468 | | |
| 196.9 | | |
| 166.2 | |
| 30.7 | |
Rest of World |
| | 80,376 |
| | 101,659 |
| (21,283) | | |
| 142.6 | | |
| 142.1 | |
| 0.5 | |
|
| | 521,564 |
| | 516,438 |
| 5,126 | | | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 844.1 | | $ | 176.1 | |
Type | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Revenue-based royalties |
| | 113,247 |
| | 134,611 |
| (21,364) | | | $ | 274.9 | | | $ | 266.7 | | $ | 8.2 | |
Streams |
| | 351,580 |
| | 345,466 |
| 6,114 | | |
| 629.2 | | |
| 490.8 | |
| 138.4 | |
Profit-based royalties |
| | 46,257 |
| | 20,466 |
| 25,791 | | |
| 88.7 | | |
| 49.7 | |
| 39.0 | |
Other |
| | 10,480 |
| | 15,895 |
| (5,415) | | |
| 27.4 | | |
| 36.9 | |
| (9.5) | |
|
| | 521,564 |
| | 516,438 |
| 5,126 | | | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 844.1 | | $ | 176.1 | |
| 1 | Refer to Note 1 at the bottom of page 5 of this MD&A for the methodology for calculating GEOs and, for illustrative purposes, to the average commodity price table above for indicative prices which may be used in the calculations of GEOs. |
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 16 |
Revenue in 2020 was $1,020.2 million, up 20.9% from 2019 due to higher metal prices and an increase in GEOs sold. Mining revenue comprised 91.0% of total revenue in 2020, compared to 86.3% in 2019. We continue to earn the majority of our revenue from the Americas, at 86.0% in 2020, compared to 83.2% in 2019.

GEO Sales
GEOs sold in 2020 totaled 521,564 ounces, compared to 516,438 GEOs in 2019.

2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 17 |
The year-over-year increase in GEOs sold was primarily due to the following factors:
| ● | Cobre Panama – Franco-Nevada sold 76,348 GEOs in 2020 compared to 43,554 GEOs in 2019 as the Company benefited from a full year of deliveries in 2020 vs. first deliveries in 2019 beginning in July. |
| ● | Hemlo – 40,155 GEOs were earned in 2020 compared to 13,313 GEOs in 2019 due to an increase in production on the Interlake lands along with higher gold prices. In addition, the Company recorded 5,243 GEOs for NPI royalties related to prior periods. |
| ● | Guadalupe-Palmarejo – 44,696 GEOs were sold in 2020 compared to 35,031 GEOs in 2019 due to higher grades and recoveries being achieved. |
The above increases were partly offset by the following factors:
| ● | Candelaria – 59,655 GEOs were sold in 2020 compared to 73,638 GEOs in 2019 due to ore hardness in the first half of 2020 and work stoppages in the fourth quarter of 2020. |
| ● | Sabodala – 12,164 GEOs were sold in 2020 compared to 21,140 GEOs in 2019 due to the fixed delivery commitments under the recently amended stream agreement being lower than those which were in effect in 2019. |
| ● | Sudbury – 21,046 GEOs were sold in 2020 compared to 27,956 GEOs in 2019 as anticipated based on McCreedy West’s life of mine plan. |
Energy Revenue
The Company’s Energy assets contributed revenue of $91.7 million (60.7% oil, 26.6% gas and 12.7% NGLs) in 2020, a decrease of 20.9% compared to $115.9 million (75.3% oil, 15.6% gas and 9.0% NGLs) in 2019. The Company’s U.S. Energy assets generated 70.6% of the Company’s Energy revenue in 2020. The year-over-year decrease in Energy revenue was primarily due to lower realized oil prices across the portfolio in addition to the following factors:
| ● | Weyburn – Revenue from the Weyburn Unit in 2020 was $16.0 million compared to $33.8 million in 2019. The substantial revenue reduction in 2020 included negative revenue from the Weyburn NRI in Q2/2020 as operating and capital costs associated with the royalty exceeded revenue resulting from unusually low realized oil prices. The actual realized oil price was C$41.55/boe in 2020 compared to C$65.18/boe in 2019. |
The above decrease was partly offset by the following:
| ● | Haynesville – The newly acquired portfolio of royalties, effective October 1, 2020, contributed $4.2 million in 2020. |
| ● | Marcellus – The Marcellus royalty, which was effective March 1, 2019, contributed a full year of revenue in 2020 of $20.4 million, compared to $18.0 million in 2019. |
Costs of Sales

2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 18 |
The following table provides a breakdown of costs of sales incurred in the periods presented:
| | | For the year ended December 31, |
| ||||||||
(expressed in millions) |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
| |||
Costs of stream sales | | | $ | 149.5 | | | $ | 135.1 | | $ | 14.4 | |
Mineral production taxes | | |
| 2.9 | | |
| 2.4 | |
| 0.5 | |
Mining costs of sales | | | $ | 152.4 | | | $ | 137.5 | | $ | 14.9 | |
Energy costs of sales | | |
| 6.4 | | |
| 7.3 | |
| (0.9) | |
| | | $ | 158.8 | | | $ | 144.8 | | $ | 14.0 | |
Costs of stream sales in 2020 increased 10.7% relative to 2019, reflecting an increase in stream GEOs sold as well as higher metal prices as certain streams carry a cost per ounce which varies based on spot prices.
Depletion and Depreciation
Depletion and depreciation expense totaled $241.0 million in 2020, compared to $263.2 million in 2019. While GEOs sold increased year-over-year, depletion expense decreased as the incremental GEOs were earned from assets carrying lower depletion rates. In particular, for 2020, the Company earned a significant portion of its GEOs from its Hemlo asset, which has been fully depleted. Depletion on a per ounce basis also varies from year to year based on the asset’s updated reserve estimates.

Impairment Charges and Reversals
In 2020, the Company recorded pre-tax impairments of $271.7 million, or $207.4 million after-tax, related to its interests in the SCOOP/STACK and Weyburn, and an impairment reversal of $9.6 million, net of depletion, related to its MWS stream. Refer to the “Impairments of Royalties, Stream and Working Interests” section of this MD&A for details.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense in 2020 totaled $13.3 million (2019 – $61.8 million), comprised of a current income tax expense of $48.5 million (2019 – $39.1 million) and a deferred income tax recovery of $35.2 million (2019 – $22.7 million deferred income tax expense). The deferred income tax recovery in 2020 was mostly related to the impairment charges recorded on the Company’s Energy assets. The Company is undergoing an audit by the CRA of its 2012-2017 taxation years. Refer to the “Liquidity and Capital Resources – Contingencies” section of this MD&A for further details.
Net Income
Net income in 2020 was $326.2 million, or $1.71 per share, compared to $344.1 million, or $1.83 per share, for the same period in 2019. The decrease in net income reflects the impairment charges recorded on the Company’s Energy assets, largely offset by higher mining revenue. Adjusted Net Income was $516.3 million, or $2.71 per share, compared to $341.5 million, or $1.82 per share, earned in 2019.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 19 |
Impairment Charges and Reversals
Royalties, stream and working interests are reviewed for impairment if there is an indication that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Company also reassesses previously impaired assets for indications that an impairment loss may no longer exist or has decreased. In 2020, the Company recorded pre-tax impairment charges (reversals) as summarized in the following table:
| | | | Impairment | | | | | |
| | | | (reversal) | | | | Recoverable | |
(expressed in millions) |
|
| | amount | | | | amount |
|
Royalty, stream and working interests, net | | | | | | | | | |
SCOOP/STACK | | | $ | 207.2 | | | $ | 309.2 | |
Weyburn | | | | 60.5 | | | | 162.8 | |
Mine Waste Solutions | | | | (9.6) | | | | 114.8 | |
Other assets | | | | | | | | | |
Oil well equipment | | | $ | 4.0 | | | $ | 4.7 | |
| | | $ | 262.1 | | | $ | 591.5 | |
Refer to note 8 to the financial statements for further details on impairment charges and reversals.
SCOOP/STACK and Weyburn
In Q1/2020, as a result of reduced production and capital spend by the operators of the Company’s Energy assets due to lower market expectations for oil and gas prices, the Company noted the presence of impairment indicators at March 31, 2020 and carried out an asset impairment analysis of its Energy assets. The Company recorded pre-tax impairment charges of $207.2 million at its SCOOP/STACK assets, $60.5 million at Weyburn, and $4.0 million related to its oil well equipment. The key assumptions and estimates used in determining the recoverable amounts of the Company’s Energy assets are related to oil prices and discount rates.
Forecasted WTI prices as at March 31, 2020 used to determine future cash flows were as follows:
| |
| | | | | | | | | Average | | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Annual | | |
|
| Remainder of |
| | | | | | | |
| Increase |
| ||||||
|
| 2020 |
| 2021 |
| 2022 |
| 2023 |
| 2024 |
| Thereafter |
| ||||||
WTI oil price (US$/barrel) | | $ | 30.00 | | $ | 41.18 | | $ | 49.88 | | $ | 55.87 | | $ | 57.98 | | 2 | % | |
While oil and gas prices have rebounded from April 2020, there remains a greater than normal variability in oil and gas prices. At December 31, 2020, the Company determined that there was no indication of impairment reversals.
Future cash-flows were discounted using an after-tax discount rate which reflects specific market risk factors associated with individual characteristics of the cash-generating unit (“CGU”). For the SCOOP/STACK CGUs, the discount rate ranged between 5% for proved producing reserves to 12% for undeveloped contingent resources. For the Weyburn CGU, the discount rate assumed was 9.5%.
Mine Waste Solutions
In 2014, the Company recorded an impairment of $26.6 million on its stream interest in the MWS tailings recovery operation in South Africa. Due to the capped nature of the stream and its limited optionality, the Company assessed that the reduction in consensus gold price estimates at the time was an indication of impairment.
In 2020, the Company assessed that the increase in consensus gold price estimates during the year represented an indication of impairment reversal and carried out an asset impairment reversal analysis. As the recoverable amount determined for the asset exceeded its carrying value, a full reversal of the 2014 impairment loss of $9.6 million, net of depletion, was recognized.
The key assumptions and estimates used in determining the recoverable amount of the MWS stream asset related to gold prices and discount rates.
Forecasted gold prices as at December 31, 2020 used to determine future cash flows were as follows:
|
| 2021 |
| | 2022 | | | 2023 | | 2024 |
| ||
Gold price (US$/ounce) | | $ | 1,910 | | $ | 1,886 | | $ | 1,831 | | $ | 1,681 | |
The future cash-flows were discounted using a discount rate of 5% which reflects specific market risk factors associated with MWS.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 20 |
General and Administrative Expenses
The following table provides a breakdown of general and administrative expenses incurred for the periods presented:
| | | For the three months ended December 31, |
| | For the year ended December 31, |
| ||||||||||||||||
(expressed in millions) |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
| ||||||
Salaries and benefits | | | $ | 2.8 | | | $ | 4.3 | | $ | (1.5) | | | $ | 9.6 | | | $ | 10.1 | | $ | (0.5) | |
Professional fees | | |
| 1.2 | | |
| 1.2 | |
| — | | |
| 3.7 | | |
| 2.5 | |
| 1.2 | |
Office costs | | |
| — | | |
| 0.1 | |
| (0.1) | | |
| 0.3 | | |
| 0.4 | |
| (0.1) | |
Share-based compensation | | |
| 1.8 | | |
| 1.3 | |
| 0.5 | | |
| 5.6 | | |
| 5.5 | |
| 0.1 | |
Board of Directors' costs | | |
| 0.2 | | |
| 0.6 | |
| (0.4) | | |
| 2.3 | | |
| 2.3 | |
| — | |
(Gain)/loss on mark-to-market of DSU liability | | | | (1.8) | | | | 1.3 | | | (3.1) | | | | 2.0 | | | | 2.8 | | | (0.8) | |
Other | | |
| 0.4 | | |
| 1.9 | |
| (1.5) | | |
| 5.3 | | |
| 5.2 | |
| 0.1 | |
| | | $ | 4.6 | | | $ | 10.7 | | $ | (6.1) | | | $ | 28.8 | | | $ | 28.8 | | $ | — | |
General and administrative expenses represented 2.8% of revenue in 2020 (2019 – 3.4%). General and administrative expenses, which include business development costs, vary depending upon the level of business development related activity and the timing of completing transactions.
Included in general and administrative expenses is the gain or loss on the mark-to-market of the value of the deferred share units (“DSUs”) previously granted to the directors of the Company. Although the Company’s share price increased both in 2020 and 2019, the year-over-year increase in 2020 was less pronounced than in the prior year. As such, the marked-to-market value of the DSU liability increased by $2.0 million in 2020, a lesser extent than in 2019 where the increase in the liability was $2.8 million. In Q4/2020, the share price decreased during the quarter, resulting in a decrease in the liability of $1.8 million compared to an increase in the liability of $1.3 million in Q4/2019.
Foreign Exchange and Other Income/Expenses
The following table provides a list of foreign exchange and other income/expenses incurred for the periods presented:
| | | For the three months ended December 31, |
| | For the year ended December 31, |
| ||||||||||||||||
(expressed in millions) |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
| ||||||
Foreign exchange loss | | | $ | 0.3 | | | $ | 0.2 | | $ | 0.1 | | | $ | (0.1) | | | $ | (0.1) | | $ | — | |
Mark-to-market gain on warrants | | |
| 2.1 | | |
| 2.0 | |
| 0.1 | | | | 2.6 | | | | 2.0 | | | 0.6 | |
Other income | | |
| 0.1 | | |
| 0.6 | |
| (0.5) | | |
| 0.3 | | |
| 0.9 | |
| (0.6) | |
| | | $ | 2.5 | | | $ | 2.8 | | $ | (0.3) | | | $ | 2.8 | | | $ | 2.8 | | $ | — | |
Under IFRS, all foreign exchange gains or losses related to monetary assets and liabilities held in a currency other than the functional currency are recorded in net income as opposed to other comprehensive income. The parent company’s functional currency is the Canadian dollar, while the functional currency of certain of the Company’s subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar.
Finance Income and Finance Expenses
The following table provides a breakdown of finance income and expenses incurred for the periods presented:
| | | For the three months ended December 31, | | | For the year ended December 31, |
| ||||||||||||||||
(expressed in millions) |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| Variance |
| ||||||
Finance income |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Interest | | | $ | 0.7 | | | $ | 0.8 | | $ | (0.1) | | | $ | 3.7 | | | $ | 3.5 | | $ | 0.2 | |
| | | $ | 0.7 | | | $ | 0.8 | | $ | (0.1) | | | $ | 3.7 | | | $ | 3.5 | | $ | 0.2 | |
Finance expenses |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Standby charges | | | $ | 0.6 | | | $ | 0.5 | | $ | 0.1 | | | $ | 2.1 | | | $ | 2.1 | | $ | — | |
Amortization of debt issue costs | | |
| 0.2 | | |
| 0.3 | | | (0.1) | | |
| 1.0 | | |
| 0.9 | |
| 0.1 | |
Interest | | | | — | | | | 1.2 | | | (1.2) | | | | 0.3 | | | | 7.4 | | | (7.1) | |
Accretion of lease liabilities | | |
| — | | |
| 0.1 | |
| (0.1) | | |
| 0.1 | | |
| 0.2 | |
| (0.1) | |
| | | $ | 0.8 | | | $ | 2.1 | | $ | (1.3) | | | $ | 3.5 | | | $ | 10.6 | | $ | (7.1) | |
Finance income is earned on our cash and cash equivalents. Finance income also includes interest income of $2.4 million on the Noront Loan. Interest income also includes $0.6 million on a loan provided to SolGold in advance of the closing of the acquisition of the Alpala royalty, referenced in the Corporate Developments section above.
In 2020 and 2019, finance expenses consisted of interest expense incurred on our Corporate Revolver and Corporate Term Loan, both of which have been repaid. The Company also incurs standby charges, which represent the costs of maintaining our credit facilities based on the undrawn amounts, and recognizes the amortization of costs incurred with respect to the initial set-up or subsequent amendments of our credit facilities. Finance expenses also includes the accretion expense on lease liabilities.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 21 |
Summary of Quarterly Information
Selected quarterly financial and statistical information for the most recent eight quarters(1) is set out below:
(in millions, except Average Gold Price, Margin, GEOs, per GEO amounts and |
| Q4 |
|
| Q3 |
|
| Q2 |
|
| Q1 |
|
| | Q4 |
|
| | Q3 |
|
| | Q2 | |
|
| Q1 | | ||||
per share amounts) | | 2020 | | | 2020 | | | 2020 | | | 2020 | | | | 2019 | | | | 2019 | | | | 2019 | | | | 2019 | | ||||
Revenue | | $ | 304.5 | | | $ | 279.8 | | | $ | 195.4 | | | $ | 240.5 | | | $ | 258.1 | | | $ | 235.7 | | | $ | 170.5 | | | $ | 179.8 | |
Costs and expenses(2) | |
| 108.7 | | |
| 101.5 | | |
| 89.6 | | |
| 383.9 | | |
| 129.1 | | |
| 113.5 | | |
| 91.5 | | |
| 99.8 | |
Operating income (loss) | |
| 195.8 | | |
| 178.3 | | |
| 105.8 | | |
| (143.4) | | |
| 129.0 | | |
| 122.2 | | |
| 79.0 | | |
| 80.0 | |
Other (expenses) income | |
| 2.4 | | |
| 0.8 | | |
| 0.1 | | |
| (0.3) | | |
| 1.5 | | |
| (2.7) | | |
| (1.3) | | |
| (1.8) | |
Income tax expense (recovery) | |
| 21.5 | | |
| 25.2 | | |
| 11.5 | | |
| (44.9) | | |
| 17.2 | | |
| 17.9 | | |
| 13.7 | | |
| 13.0 | |
Net income (loss) | |
| 176.7 | | |
| 153.9 | | |
| 94.4 | | |
| (98.8) | | |
| 113.3 | | |
| 101.6 | | |
| 64.0 | | |
| 65.2 | |
Basic earnings (loss) per share | | $ | 0.93 | | | $ | 0.81 | | | $ | 0.50 | | | $ | (0.52) | | | $ | 0.60 | | | $ | 0.54 | | | $ | 0.34 | | | $ | 0.35 | |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share | | $ | 0.92 | | | $ | 0.81 | | | $ | 0.50 | | | $ | (0.52) | | | $ | 0.60 | | | $ | 0.54 | | | $ | 0.34 | | | $ | 0.35 | |
Net cash provided by operating activities | | $ | 246.3 | | | $ | 212.2 | | | $ | 150.2 | | | $ | 195.2 | | | $ | 184.6 | | | $ | 170.4 | | | $ | 119.1 | | | $ | 143.6 | |
Net cash used in investing activities | | | (137.9) | | | | (117.6) | | | | (19.0) | | | | (34.5) | | | | (1.8) | | | | (344.5) | | | | (33.5) | | | | (56.3) | |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | | | (39.7) | | | | (9.4) | | | | 34.8 | | | | (77.5) | | | | (142.6) | | | | (133.9) | | | | 241.4 | | | | (84.7) | |
Average Gold Price(3) | | $ | 1,873 | | | $ | 1,911 | | | $ | 1,711 | | | $ | 1,583 | | | $ | 1,480 | | | $ | 1,474 | | | $ | 1,310 | | | $ | 1,304 | |
GEOs sold(4) | |
| 147,476 | | |
| 134,817 | | |
| 104,330 | | |
| 134,941 | | |
| 153,396 | | |
| 133,219 | | |
| 107,774 | | |
| 122,049 | |
Cash Costs(5) attributable to GEOs sold | | $ | 44.8 | | | $ | 39.1 | | | $ | 27.0 | | | $ | 41.5 | | | $ | 44.1 | | | $ | 36.8 | | | $ | 25.6 | | | $ | 31.0 | |
Cash Costs(5) per GEO sold | | $ | 304 | | | $ | 290 | | | $ | 259 | | | $ | 308 | | | $ | 287 | | | $ | 276 | | | $ | 238 | | | $ | 254 | |
Adjusted EBITDA(5) | | $ | 253.7 | | | $ | 235.1 | | | $ | 158.1 | | | $ | 192.7 | | | $ | 201.7 | | | $ | 192.9 | | | $ | 137.9 | | | $ | 140.9 | |
Adjusted EBITDA(5) per share | | $ | 1.33 | | | $ | 1.23 | | | $ | 0.83 | | | $ | 1.02 | | | $ | 1.07 | | | $ | 1.03 | | | $ | 0.74 | | | $ | 0.75 | |
Margin(5) | |
| 83.3 | % | |
| 84.0 | % | |
| 80.9 | % | |
| 80.1 | % | |
| 78.1 | % | |
| 81.8 | % | |
| 80.9 | % | |
| 78.4 | % |
Adjusted Net Income(5) | | $ | 163.0 | | | $ | 152.3 | | | $ | 91.8 | | | $ | 109.2 | | | $ | 110.8 | | | $ | 101.6 | | | $ | 64.0 | | | $ | 65.2 | |
Adjusted Net Income(5) per share | | $ | 0.85 | | | $ | 0.80 | | | $ | 0.48 | | | $ | 0.58 | | | $ | 0.59 | | | $ | 0.54 | | | $ | 0.34 | | | $ | 0.35 | |
| 1 | Sum of the quarters may not add up to yearly total due to rounding. |
| 2 | Includes impairment charges (reversals) on royalty, stream and working interests of $(9.6) million (Q4/2020) and $271.7 million (Q1/2020). |
| 3 | Based on LBMA Gold Price PM Fix. |
| 4 | GEOs include production from our Mining assets and do not include Energy assets. GEOs are estimated on a gross basis for NSR royalties and, in the case of stream ounces, before the payment of the per ounce contractual price paid by the Company. For NPI royalties, GEOs are calculated taking into account the NPI economics. Silver, platinum, palladium and other mining commodities are converted to GEOs by dividing associated revenue, which includes settlement adjustments, by the relevant gold price. The price used in the computation of GEOs earned from a particular asset varies depending on the royalty or stream agreement, which may make reference to the market price realized by the operator, or the average price for the month, quarter, or year in which the mining commodity was produced or sold. For illustrative purposes, please refer to the average commodity price table on pages 12 and 16 of this MD&A for indicative prices which may be used in the calculation of GEOs for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. |
| 5 | Cash Costs, Adjusted EBITDA, Margin and Adjusted Net Income are non-IFRS measures with no standardized meaning under IFRS. For further information and a detailed reconciliation, please refer to the “Non-IFRS Financial Measures” section of this MD&A. |
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 22 |
Summary Balance Sheet and Key Financial Metrics
| | At December 31, | | | At December 31, | ||
(expressed in millions, except debt to equity ratio) |
| 2020 |
| 2019 |
| ||
Cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 534.2 | | $ | 132.1 | |
| | | | | | | |
Current assets | |
| 663.7 | |
| 278.7 | |
Non-current assets | |
| 4,929.2 | |
| 5,001.9 | |
Total assets | | $ | 5,592.9 | | $ | 5,280.6 | |
| | | | | | | |
Current liabilities | |
| 53.2 | |
| 53.4 | |
Non-current liabilities | |
| 95.9 | |
| 165.0 | |
Total liabilities | | $ | 149.1 | | $ | 218.4 | |
| | | | | | | |
Total shareholders’ equity | | $ | 5,443.8 | | $ | 5,062.2 | |
| | | | | | | |
Debt | | $ | — | | $ | 80.0 | |
Total common shares outstanding | |
| 191.0 | |
| 189.4 | |
Key Financial Metrics | | | | | | | |
Working Capital | | $ | 610.5 | | $ | 225.3 | |
Debt to equity | |
| — | |
| 0.02:1 | |
Assets
Total assets were $5,592.9 million at December 31, 2020 compared to $5,280.6 million at December 31, 2019. Our asset base is primarily comprised of non-current assets such as our royalty, stream and working interests, equity investments and loan receivable, while our current assets primarily comprise cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable. The decrease in non-current assets compared to December 31, 2019 reflects a decrease in the carrying amount of the Company’s royalty, stream and working interests as a result of impairment charges recognized on our Energy assets, as well as depletion and depreciation expense. These decreases were partly offset by the acquisitions of the Haynesville, Alpala and other royalty interests and increase in the fair value of equity instruments.
Liabilities
Total liabilities as at December 31, 2020 primarily comprise $40.8 million of accounts payable and accrued liabilities and $91.5 million deferred income tax liabilities. The decrease in non-current liabilities compared to December 31, 2019, reflects the repayment of $80.0 million of debt the Company had outstanding at December 31, 2019 which was repaid during the first quarter of 2020.
Shareholders’ Equity
Shareholders’ equity increased by $381.6 million as at December 31, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019 reflecting net income of $326.2 million and net proceeds of $133.7 million from issuances under the ATM Program and the previous at-the-market equity program, after agent commission costs $1.4 million and other share issuance costs of $0.9 million. Declared dividends reduced shareholders’ equity by $197.2 million but were partly settled through the issuance of $42.3 million in common shares pursuant to the DRIP. Shareholders’ equity also includes a gain on the fair value of investments of $43.8 million and a gain of $19.6 million in currency translation adjustment in 2020.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 23 |
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash flow for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was as follows:
| | For the three months ended | | | For the year ended |
| ||||||||||
| | December 31, | | | December 31, | | ||||||||||
(expressed in millions) |
| 2020 |
| | 2019 |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||||
Net cash provided by operating activities | | $ | 246.3 | | | $ | 184.6 | | | $ | 803.9 | | | $ | 617.7 | |
Net cash used in investing activities | |
| (137.9) | | |
| (1.8) | | |
| (309.0) | | |
| (436.1) | |
Net cash used in financing activities | |
| (39.7) | | |
| (142.6) | | |
| (91.8) | | |
| (119.8) | |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | | | (1.3) | | | | 0.2 | | | | (1.0) | | | | 0.6 | |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 67.4 | | | $ | 40.4 | | | $ | 402.1 | | | $ | 62.4 | |
Operating Cash Flow
Net cash provided by operating activities was $803.9 million in 2020 (2019 - $617.7 million). Operating cash flow increased due to higher revenue primarily as a result of higher commodity prices compared to the corresponding 2019 periods. Also reflected in operating cash flow are proceeds from the sale of gold bullion the Company receives as settlement for certain of its royalties.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $309.0 million in 2020 (2019 – $436.1 million), which primarily consisted of the acquisition of the Haynesville royalty for a gross purchase price of $135.0 million, the Alpala royalty for $100.0 million, the Freeport portfolio of royalties for $30.6 million, the Rio Baker royalty for $5.0 million, and the Island Gold royalty for $13.4 million (C$19.0 million). The Company also funded its share of royalty acquisitions in the Royalty Acquisition Venture with Continental of $25.2 million.
Comparatively, investing activities in 2019 primarily consisted of the acquisition of the Marcellus royalty for a gross purchase price of $300.0 million, the funding of Franco-Nevada’s share in the Royalty Acquisition Venture with Continental of $108.8 million, and the purchase of the Salares Norte, Valentine Lake, Eagle’s Nest and Premier royalties.
Financing Activities
Net cash used by financing activities was $91.8 million in 2020 (2019 – $119.8 million) and included the full repayment of amounts borrowed against the Corporate Term Loan of $80.0 million and the payment of dividends in cash of $154.9 million. These were partially offset by net proceeds of $135.7 million from the ATM Program and the previous at-the-market equity program and $7.4 million net proceeds from exercise of stock options.
Comparatively, financing activities in 2019 included the full repayment of $485 million for amounts borrowed against the Corporate Revolver, partly funded with proceeds from the Corporate Term Loan. Financing activities in 2019 also included net proceeds of $136.0 million from the previous at-the-market equity program, and dividends paid in cash of $138.2 million.
Capital Resources
Our cash and cash equivalents totaled $534.2 million as at December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019 – $132.1 million). In addition, we held investments and loan receivables of $238.4 million as at December 31, 2020 (December 31, 2019 – $183.2 million), of which $191.8 million was held in publicly-traded equity instruments (December 31, 2019 – $141.7 million).
As at March 10, 2021, the Company also has a total of approximately $1.1 billion available under its two revolving credit facilities.
The Corporate Revolver is a $1.0 billion unsecured, revolving credit facility with a five-year term maturing March 22, 2024. Advances under the Corporate Revolver bear interest depending upon the currency of the advance and the Company’s leverage ratio. Funds are generally drawn using LIBOR 30-day rates plus 100 basis points. As at December 31, 2020, the Company has two standby letters of credit in the amount of $18.1 million (C$23.1 million) against the Corporate Revolver in relation to the audit by the CRA, as referenced in the “Contingencies” section of this MD&A. The standby letters of credit reduce the available balance under the Corporate Revolver.
The FNBC Revolver is a $0.1 billion unsecured, revolving credit facility. As at December 31, 2020, the available balance under the FNBC Revolver was $0.1 billion. The FNBC Revolver was amended on March 10, 2020 to extend the term to March 20, 2021. The term is expected to be further extended by an additional year. Under the amendment, funds are generally drawn using LIBOR 30-day rates plus 125 basis points.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 24 |
The Company also had a Corporate Term Loan, which was a $160.0 million unsecured, non-revolving credit facility. On February 14, 2020, funds borrowed under the Corporate Term Loan were repaid in full. As the Corporate Term Loan is a non-revolving facility, it is therefore no longer available to draw.
Management’s objectives when managing capital are to:
| (a) | when capital is not being used for long-term investments, ensure its preservation and availability by investing in low risk investments with high liquidity; and |
| (b) | ensure that adequate levels of capital are maintained to meet the Company’s operating requirements and other current liabilities. |
As at December 31, 2020, the majority of funds were held in cash deposits with several financial institutions. Franco-Nevada invests its excess funds in term deposits. Certain investments with maturities upon acquisition of 3 months, or 92 days or less, were classified as term deposits within cash and cash equivalents on the statement of financial position.
Our performance is impacted by foreign currency fluctuations of the Canadian dollar and Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar. The largest exposure is with respect to the Canadian/U.S. dollar exchange rates as we hold a significant amount of our assets in Canada and report our results in U.S. dollars. The effect of volatility in these currencies against the U.S. dollar impacts our general and administrative expenses and depletion of Mining and Energy interests incurred in our Canadian and Australian entities due to their respective functional currencies. During 2020, the Canadian dollar traded in a range of $0.6898 to $0.7863, ending at $0.7854, and the Australian dollar traded between $0.5727 and $0.7709, ending at $0.7709.
Our near-term cash requirements include the potential funding of the upsize option with respect to the Alpala royalty, our funding commitments towards the Royalty Acquisition Venture with Continental, corporate administration costs, certain costs of operations, payment of dividends and income taxes directly related to the recognition of royalty, stream and working interest revenues. As a royalty and stream company, there are limited requirements for capital expenditures other than for the acquisition of additional royalties or streams and capital commitments for our working interests. Such acquisitions are entirely discretionary and will be consummated through the use of cash, as available, or through the issuance of common shares or other equity or debt securities, or the use of our credit facilities. We believe that our current cash resources, available credit facilities and future cash flows will be sufficient to cover the costs of our commitments, operating and administrative expenses, and dividend payments for the foreseeable future.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 25 |
Purchase Commitments
The following table summarizes Franco-Nevada’s commitments to pay for gold, silver and PGM pursuant to the associated precious metals agreements as at December 31, 2020:
| | Attributable payable | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ||||
| | production to be purchased | | Per ounce cash payment (1),(2) | | Term of | | Date of |
| |||||||||||
Interest |
| Gold |
| Silver |
| PGM |
| Gold |
| Silver |
| PGM |
| agreement(3) |
| contract |
| |||
Antamina |
| 0 | % | 22.5 | % (4) | 0 | % | | n/a | | | 5 | % (5) | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 7-Oct-15 | |
Antapaccay |
| — | % (6) | — | % (7) | 0 | % |
| 20 | % (8) | | 20 | % (9) | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 10-Feb-16 | |
Candelaria |
| 68 | % (10) | 68 | % (10) | 0 | % | $ | 400 | | $ | 4.00 | | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 6-Oct-14 | |
Cobre Panama Fixed Payment Stream |
| — | % (11) | — | % (12) | 0 | % | $ | 418 | (13) | $ | 6.27 | (14) | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 19-Jan-18 | |
Cobre Panama Floating Payment Stream | | — | % (15) | — | % (16) | 0 | % | | 20 | % (17) | | 20 | % (18) | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 19-Jan-18 | |
Karma |
| 4.875 | % (19) | 0 | % | 0 | % |
| 20 | % (20) | | n/a | | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 11-Aug-14 | |
Guadalupe-Palmarejo |
| 50 | % | 0 | % | 0 | % | $ | 800 | | | n/a | | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 2-Oct-14 | |
Sabodala |
| — | % (21) | 0 | % | 0 | % |
| 20 | % (22) | | n/a | | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 25-Sep-20 | |
MWS |
| 25 | % | 0 | % | 0 | % | $ | 400 | | | n/a | | | n/a |
| 40 years | (23) | 2-Mar-12 | |
Cooke 4 |
| 7 | % | 0 | % | 0 | % | $ | 400 | | | n/a | | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 5-Nov-09 | |
Sudbury(24) |
| 50 | % | 0 | % | 50 | % | $ | 400 | | | n/a | | $ | 400 |
| 40 years | | 15-Jul-08 | |
| 1 | Subject to an annual inflationary adjustment except for Antamina, Antapaccay, Karma, Guadalupe-Palmarejo, and Sabodala. |
| 2 | Should the prevailing market price for gold be lower than this amount, the per ounce cash payment will be reduced to the prevailing market price. |
| 3 | Subject to successive extensions. |
| 4 | Subject to a fixed payability of 90%. Percentage decreases to 15% after 86 million ounces of silver has been delivered under the agreement. |
| 5 | Purchase price is 5% of the average silver price at the time of delivery. |
| 6 | Gold deliveries are referenced to copper in concentrate shipped with 300 ounces of gold delivered for each 1,000 tonnes of copper in concentrate shipped, until 630,000 ounces of gold has been delivered. Thereafter, percentage is 30% of gold shipped. |
| 7 | Silver deliveries are referenced to copper in concentrate shipped with 4,700 ounces of silver delivered for each 1,000 tonnes of copper in concentrate shipped, until 10.0 million ounces of silver has been delivered. Thereafter, percentage is 30% of silver shipped. |
| 8 | Purchase price is 20% of the spot price of gold until 750,000 ounces of gold have been delivered, thereafter the purchase price is 30% of the spot price of gold. |
| 9 | Purchase price is 20% of the spot price of silver until 12.8 million ounces of silver have been delivered, thereafter the purchase price is 30% of the spot price of silver. |
| 10 | Percentage decreases to 40% after 720,000 ounces of gold and 12.0 million ounces of silver have been delivered under the agreement. |
| 11 | Gold deliveries are indexed to copper in concentrate produced from the project. 120 ounces of gold per every 1 million pounds of copper produced until 808,000 ounces of gold delivered. Thereafter, 81 ounces of gold per 1 million pounds of copper produced until 1,716,188 ounces of gold delivered. Thereafter, 63.4% of the gold in concentrate. |
| 12 | Silver deliveries are indexed to copper in concentrate produced from the project. 1,376 ounces of silver per every 1 million pounds of copper produced until 9,842,000 ounces of silver delivered. Thereafter 1,776 ounces of silver per 1 million pounds of copper produced until 29,731,000 ounces of silver delivered. Thereafter, 62.1% of the silver in concentrate. |
| 13 | After 1,341,000 ounces of gold delivered, purchase price is the greater of 50% of spot and $418.27 per ounce. As the mill throughput for 30 consecutive days commensurate with annual capacity of 58 million tonnes per annum was not reached by January 1, 2019, Franco-Nevada will receive a 5% annual rate of return until such mill throughput was achieved, through a reduction of the applicable fixed gold price of $100 per ounce or a delivery of additional ounces for no consideration. |
| 14 | After 21,510,000 ounces of silver delivered, purchase price is the greater of 50% of spot and $6.27 per ounce. |
| 15 | Gold deliveries are indexed to copper in concentrate produced from the project. 30 ounces of gold per every 1 million pounds of copper produced until 202,000 ounces of gold delivered. Thereafter 20.25 ounces of gold per 1 million pounds of copper produced until 429,047 ounces of gold delivered. Thereafter, 15.85% of the gold in concentrate. |
| 16 | Silver deliveries are indexed to copper in concentrate produced from the project. 344 ounces of silver per every 1 million pounds of copper produced until 2,460,500 ounces of silver delivered. Thereafter, 444 ounces of silver per 1 million pounds of copper produced until 7,432,750 ounces of silver delivered. Thereafter 15.53% of the silver in concentrate. |
| 17 | After 604,000 ounces of gold delivered, purchase price is 50% of the spot price of gold. As the mill throughput for 30 consecutive days commensurate with annual capacity of 58 million tonnes per annum was not reached by January 1, 2019, Franco-Nevada will receive a 5% annual rate of return until such mill throughput was achieved, through a reduction of the applicable fixed gold price of $100 per ounce or a delivery of additional ounces for no consideration. |
| 18 | After 9,618,000 ounces of silver delivered, purchase price is 50% of the spot price of silver. |
| 19 | Gold deliveries are fixed at 15,000 ounces per annum from March 31, 2016 until February 28, 2021 (exclusive of an aggregate 5,625 gold ounces, or 703 gold ounces per quarter, to be delivered as a result of the exercise by the operator of its option to increase the upfront deposit). Thereafter, percentage is 4.875%. |
| 20 | Purchase price is 20% of the average gold price at the time of delivery. |
| 21 | Based on amended agreement with an effective date of September 1, 2020, gold deliveries are fixed at 783.33 ounces per month until 105,750 ounces of gold are delivered. Thereafter, percentage is 6% of gold production (subject to reconciliation after fixed delivery period to determine if Franco-Nevada would have received more or less than 105,750 ounces of gold under the original 6% variable stream for such period, entitling the operator to a credit for an over-delivery applied against future stream deliveries or a one-time additional delivery to Franco-Nevada for an under-delivery). |
| 22 | Purchase price is 20% of prevailing market price at the time of delivery. |
| 23 | Agreement is capped at 312,500 ounces of gold. |
| 24 | The Company is committed to purchase 50% of the precious metals contained in ore from the properties. Payment is based on gold equivalent ounces. For McCreedy West, the fixed price per gold equivalent ounce was increased to $800 per ounce (with no annual inflationary adjustment), effective July 1, 2018 until December 31, 2021. |
Capital commitments
As described in the Corporate Developments section above, the Company has a strategic relationship with a subsidiary of Continental to jointly acquire royalty rights through the Royalty Acquisition Venture. As at December 31, 2020, Franco-Nevada has remaining commitments of up to $114.0 million, approximately half of which is expected to be deployed in 2021. Franco-Nevada is also committed to funding the potential upsizing of the Alpala royalty, referenced in the Corporate Developments section above.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 26 |
Contingencies
Canada Revenue Agency Audit
The CRA is conducting an audit of Franco-Nevada for the 2012-2017 taxation years. The following table provides a summary of the various CRA audit and reassessment matters further detailed below:
| CRA Position | Taxation Years Reassessed | Potential Liability for Tax, Interest and Penalties (in millions) |
Canadian Domestic Tax Matters | Upfront payment made in connection with precious metal stream agreements should be deducted for income tax purposes in a similar manner to how such amount is expensed for financial statement purposes. | 2014, 2015 | For 2014-2015: Tax: $1.1 (C$1.4) Interest and other penalties: $0.2 (C$0.2) If CRA were to reassess the 2016-2020 taxation years on the same basis: Tax: $33.6 (C$42.8) Interest and other penalties: $4.1 (C$5.3) |
Transfer Pricing (Mexico) | Transfer pricing provisions in the Act (as defined below) apply such that a majority of the income earned by the Company’s Mexican subsidiary should be included in the income of the Company and subject to tax in Canada. | 2013, 2014, 2015 | For 2013-2015: Tax: $19.9 (C$25.3) Transfer pricing penalties: $8.1 (C$10.3) Interest and other penalties: $7.1 (C$9.2) If CRA were to reassess the 2016-2020 taxation years on the same basis: Tax: $3.6 (C$4.6) Transfer pricing penalties: $1.4 (C$1.7) Interest and other penalties: $0.9 (C$1.1) |
Transfer Pricing (Barbados) | Transfer pricing provisions in the Act (as defined below) apply such that a majority of the income relating to certain precious metal streams earned by the Company’s Barbadian subsidiary should be included in the income of the Company and subject to tax in Canada. | 2014, 2015 | For 2014-2015: Tax: $5.3 (C$6.7) Transfer pricing penalties: $2.0 (C$2.5) Interest and other penalties: $1.7 (C$2.2) If CRA were to reassess the 2016-2020 taxation years on the same basis: Tax: $136.8 (C$174.2) Transfer pricing penalties: $51.5 (C$65.6) Interest and other penalties: $11.0 (C$14.0) |
FAPI (Barbados) | The FAPI provisions in the Act (as defined below) apply such that a majority of the income relating to precious metal streams earned by the Company’s Barbadian subsidiary, in 2012 and 2013, should be included in the income of the Company and subject to tax in Canada. | 2012, 2013 | For 2012-2013: Tax: $6.0 (C$7.7) Interest and other penalties: $2.4 (C$3.1) |
| a) | Canadian Domestic Tax Matters (2014-2015): |
In October 2019, certain wholly-owned Canadian subsidiaries of the Company received Notices of Reassessment for the 2014 and 2015 taxation years (the “Domestic Reassessments”) in which the CRA increases income by adjusting the timing of the deduction of the upfront payments which were made in connection with precious metal stream agreements. The CRA’s position is that the upfront payment should be deducted for income tax purposes in a similar manner to how such upfront payment is expensed for financial statement purposes. Consequently, the CRA’s position results in a slower deduction of the upfront payment and an acceleration of the payment of Canadian taxes. This results in the Company being subject to an incremental payment of Federal and provincial income taxes for these years of $1.1 million (C$1.4 million) (after applying available non-capital losses and other deductions) plus estimated interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of $0.2 million (C$0.2 million). The Company has filed formal Notices of Objection with the CRA against the Domestic Reassessments.
If the CRA were to reassess the particular Canadian subsidiaries for taxation years 2016 through 2020 on the same basis, the Company estimates that it would be subject to an incremental payment of Canadian tax for these years of approximately $33.6 million (C$42.8 million) (after applying available non-capital losses and other deductions) plus interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of approximately $4.1 million (C$5.3 million).
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 27 |
| b) | Mexico (2013-2015): |
In December 2018, the Company received a Notice of Reassessment from the CRA for the 2013 taxation year (the “2013 Reassessment”) in relation to its Mexican subsidiary. The reassessment was made on the basis of the transfer pricing provisions in the Income Tax Act (Canada) (the “Act”) and asserts that a majority of the income earned by the Mexican subsidiary should have been included in the income of the Company and subject to tax in Canada. The 2013 Reassessment results in additional Federal and provincial income taxes of $8.5 million (C$10.8 million) plus estimated interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of $3.2 million (C$4.2 million) but before any relief under the Canada-Mexico tax treaty.
In December 2019, the Company received Notices of Reassessment for the 2014 and 2015 taxation years (the “2014 and 2015 Reassessments”) on the same basis as the 2013 Reassessment, resulting in additional Federal and provincial income taxes of $11.4 million (C$14.5 million) plus estimated interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of $3.9 million (C$5.0 million) but before any relief under the Canada-Mexico tax treaty.
The Company has filed formal Notices of Objection with the CRA against the 2013 Reassessment and the 2014 and 2015 Reassessments and has posted security in the form of a standby letter of credit for 50% of the reassessed amounts of tax, interest and penalties, as referenced in Note 11 (a) to the financial statements. Further, the Company has commenced an appeal in the Tax Court of Canada with respect to these reassessments.
For taxation years 2013 through 2015, the Company’s Mexican subsidiary paid a total of $30.3 million (419.4 million Pesos) in cash taxes, at a 30% tax rate, to the Mexican tax authorities on income earned in Mexico. If required, the Company intends to seek relief from double taxation under the Canada-Mexico tax treaty.
In December 2020, the CRA issued revised 2013 Reassessment and 2014 and 2015 Reassessments to include transfer pricing penalties of $8.1 million (C$10.3 million). The Company disagrees and intends to file Notices of Objection, and if required appeal to the Tax Court of Canada, against these revised reassessments.
If the CRA were to reassess the Company for taxation years 2016 through 2020 on the same basis and continue to apply transfer pricing penalties, the Company estimates that it would be subject to additional Canadian tax for these years of approximately $3.6 million (C$4.6 million), transfer pricing penalties of approximately $1.4 million (C$1.7 million) plus interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of approximately $0.9 million (C$1.1 million) but before any relief under the Canada-Mexico tax treaty. The Company’s Mexican subsidiary paid $3.8 million (71.0 million Pesos) in cash taxes, at a 30% tax rate, to the Mexican tax authorities on income earned in Mexico for the 2016 year and ceased operations after 2016.
| c) | Barbados (2014-2015): |
The 2014 and 2015 Reassessments also reassess the Company in relation to its Barbadian subsidiary. The reassessments were made on the basis of the transfer pricing provisions in the Act and assert that a majority of the income relating to certain precious metal streams earned by the Barbadian subsidiary should have been included in the income of the Company and subject to tax in Canada, resulting in additional Federal and provincial income taxes of $5.3 million (C$6.7 million) plus estimated interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of $1.7 million (C$2.2 million). As noted previously, the Company has filed formal Notices of Objection with the CRA against the 2014 and 2015 Reassessments and has posted security in the form of a standby letter of credit for 50% of the reassessed amounts of tax, interest and penalties, as referenced in Note 11 (a) to the financial statements. Further, the Company has commenced an appeal in the Tax Court of Canada with respect to the 2014 and 2015 Reassessments.
As noted above, in December 2020, the CRA issued revised 2014 and 2015 Reassessments to include transfer pricing penalties of $2.0 million (C$2.5 million). The Company disagrees and intends to file Notices of Objection, and if required appeal to the Tax Court of Canada, against the revised reassessments.
If the CRA were to reassess the Company for taxation years 2016 through 2020 on the same basis and continue to apply transfer pricing penalties, the Company estimates that it would be subject to additional Canadian tax for these years of approximately $136.8 million (C$174.2 million), transfer pricing penalties of approximately $51.5 million (C$65.6 million) plus interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of approximately $11.0 million (C$14.0 million).
| d) | Barbados (2012-2013): |
In August 2020, the Company received Notices of Reassessment for the 2012 and 2013 taxation years (the “FAPI Reassessments”, and collectively with the Domestic Reassessments, the 2013 Reassessment and the 2014 and 2015 Reassessments, the “Reassessments”) in relation to its Barbadian subsidiary. The reassessments assert that a majority of the income relating to precious metal streams earned by the Barbadian subsidiary, in those years, should have been included in the income of its Canadian parent company and subject to tax in Canada as Foreign Accrual Property Income (“FAPI”). The CRA has noted that its position may not extend beyond the 2013 taxation year. The FAPI Reassessments result in additional Federal and provincial income taxes of $6.0 million (C$7.7 million) plus estimated interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of $2.4 million (C$3.1 million). The Company has filed formal Notices of Objection with the CRA against the FAPI Reassessments and has posted security in cash for 50% of the reassessed amounts of tax, interest and penalties.
The CRA recently expanded its audit to include the 2016 and 2017 taxation years and the Company has not received any proposal or notices of reassessment for these taxation years.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 28 |
Management believes that the Company and its subsidiaries have filed all tax returns and paid all applicable taxes in compliance with Canadian and applicable foreign tax laws and, as a result, no amounts have been recorded in the financial statements of the Company for the Reassessments, or for any potential tax liability that may arise in respect of these matters. The Company does not believe that the Reassessments are supported by Canadian tax law and jurisprudence and intends to vigorously defend its tax filing positions.
The CRA audit is ongoing and there can be no assurance that the CRA will not further challenge the manner in which the Company or any of its subsidiaries has filed its tax returns and reported its income. In the event that the CRA successfully challenges the manner in which the Company or a subsidiary has filed its tax returns and reported its income, this could potentially result in additional income taxes, penalties and interest, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company.
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires the Company to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and assumptions are continuously evaluated and are based on management’s best knowledge of the relevant facts and circumstances, having regard to previous experience. However, actual outcomes may differ from the amounts included in the consolidated financial statements.
In particular, the areas which require management to make significant judgements, estimates and assumptions in determining carrying values are:
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 global health pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy and commodity and financial markets. The full extent and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is unknown. The adverse effects of the pandemic may continue for an extended and unknown period of time, particularly as variant strains of the virus are identified. The impact of the pandemic to date has included extreme volatility in financial markets, a slowdown in economic activity, extreme volatility in commodity prices (including gold, silver, palladium and oil and gas) and has raised the prospect of an extended global recession. As well, as efforts have been undertaken to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the operation and development of mining projects has been impacted. Many mining projects, including a number of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest have been impacted by the pandemic resulting in the temporary suspension of operations, and other mitigation measures that impacted production. If the operation or development of one or more of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest and from which it receives or expects to receive significant revenue is suspended as a result of the continuing COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics or other public health emergencies, it may have a material adverse impact on Franco-Nevada’s profitability, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of Franco-Nevada’s securities. The broader impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics or similar public health emergencies on investors, businesses, the global economy or financial and commodity markets may also have a material adverse impact on Franco-Nevada’s profitability, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of Franco-Nevada’s securities.
Impact of Recent Global and Market Developments on Oil and Gas Prices
A number of geopolitical and market factors impacting global energy markets (including those related to the COVID-19 pandemic) have contributed to extreme volatility and a significant decrease in the price of oil and gas (WTI, WCS and NYMEX). As a result of reduced production and capital spend by a number of the operators of the Company’s Energy interests due to lower market expectations for oil and gas prices, the Company recorded impairments of $271.7 million at March 31, 2020, as detailed in note 8 (b) to the financial statements.
While oil and gas prices have rebounded from the historical lows of April 2020, assumptions about future commodity prices, interest rates and levels of supply and demand of commodities are subject to greater variability than normal and there remains heightened potential for further impairments or reversals thereof. The continuation of volatile oil and gas prices for a prolonged period may significantly affect the valuation of the Company’s financial and non-financial assets and have a material adverse impact on Franco-Nevada’s profitability, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of Franco-Nevada’s securities.
Reserves and Resources
Royalty, stream and working interests comprise a large component of the Company’s assets and, as such, the reserves and resources of the properties to which the interests relate have a significant effect on the Company’s financial statements. These estimates are applied in determining the depletion of and assessing the recoverability of the carrying value of royalty, stream and working interests. For mineral royalty and stream interests, the public disclosures of reserves and resources that are released by the operators of the interests involve assessments of geological and geophysical studies and economic data and the reliance on a number of assumptions, including commodity prices and production costs. For energy interests, the estimated reserves in reserve reports prepared by independent petroleum consultants or other qualified parties engaged by the Company reflect similar assessments of geological and geophysical studies and economic data and reliance on assumptions. These assumptions are, by their very nature, subject to interpretation and uncertainty.
The estimates of reserves and resources may change based on additional knowledge gained subsequent to the initial assessment. Changes in the estimates of reserves and resources may materially affect the recorded amounts of depletion and the assessed recoverability of the carrying value of royalty, stream and working interests.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 29 |
Impairment of Royalty, Stream and Working Interests
Assessment of impairment of royalty, stream, working interests and energy well equipment at the end of each reporting period requires the use of judgments, assumptions and estimates when assessing whether there are any indicators that give rise to the requirement to conduct an impairment test on the Company’s royalty, stream and working interests, and/or energy equipment. Indicators which could trigger an impairment test include, but are not limited to, a significant change in operator reserve and resource estimates, industry or economic trends, current or forecast commodity prices, and other relevant operator information. The assessment of fair values requires the use of estimates and assumptions for recoverable production, long-term commodity prices, discount rates, reserve/resource conversion, foreign exchange rates, future capital expansion plans and the associated production implications. In addition, the Company may use other approaches in determining fair value which may include judgment and estimates related to (i) dollar value per ounce or pound of reserve/resource; (ii) cash-flow multiples; and (iii) market capitalization of comparable assets. Changes in any of the assumptions and estimates used in determining the fair value of the royalty, stream or working interests, or energy well equipment could impact the impairment analysis.
Asset Acquisitions and Business Combinations
The assessment of whether an acquisition meets the definition of a business, or whether assets are acquired is an area of key judgment. If deemed to be a business combination, applying the acquisition method to business combinations requires each identifiable asset and liability to be measured at its acquisition-date fair value. The excess, if any, of the fair value of consideration over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. The determination of the acquisition-date fair values often requires management to make assumptions and estimates about future events. The assumptions and estimates with respect to determining the fair value of royalty, stream or working interests generally requires a high degree of judgment, and include estimates of mineral reserves and resources acquired, future metal prices, discount rates and reserve/resource conversion. Changes in any of the assumptions or estimates used in determining the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities could impact the amounts assigned to assets and liabilities.
Joint Arrangements
Judgment is required to determine whether the Company has joint control of a contractual arrangement, which requires continuous assessment of the relevant activities and whether the decisions in relation to those activities require unanimous consent. Judgment is also continually required to classify a joint arrangement as either a joint operation or a joint venture when the arrangement has been structured through a separate vehicle. Classifying the arrangement requires the Company to assess its rights and obligations arising from the arrangement. Specifically, the Company considers the legal form of the separate vehicle, the terms of the contractual arrangement and other relevant facts and circumstances. This assessment often requires significant judgment, and a different conclusion on joint control, or whether the arrangement is a joint operation or a joint venture, may have a material impact on the accounting treatment.
The Company evaluated its joint arrangement with Continental, whereby the Company acquired a 49.9% economic interest in TMRC II, in accordance with IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements. The Company concluded that the arrangement qualified as a joint operation based on the terms of the contractual agreement which specify how revenues and expenses are shared. Under the agreement, revenues generated by the royalty assets of TMRC II are to be distributed based on the performance of the assets against agreed upon development thresholds and the tranche in which the assets were acquired, resulting in the Company receiving distributions ranging between 50-75% of revenue. As a result, the Company has concluded that its rights are tied to the assets of TMRC II, rather than the net results of the entity.
Income Taxes
The interpretation and application of existing tax laws, regulations or rules in Canada, Barbados, the United States, Australia or any of the countries in which the mining operations are located or to which shipments of gold, silver or platinum group metals are made requires the use of judgment. The likelihood that tax positions taken will be sustained upon examination by applicable tax authorities is assessed based on facts and circumstances of the relevant tax position considering all available evidence. Differing interpretation of these laws, regulations or rules could result in an increase in the Company’s taxes, or other governmental charges, duties or impositions.
In assessing the probability of realizing deferred income tax assets, the Company makes estimates related to expectations of future taxable income and expected timing of reversals of existing temporary differences. Such estimates are based on forecasted cash flows from operations which require the use of estimates and assumptions such as long-term commodity prices and recoverable ounces of gold, silver and platinum group metals. Therefore, the amount of deferred income tax assets recognized on the balance sheet could be reduced if the actual results differ significantly from forecast. The Company reassesses its deferred income tax assets at the end of each reporting period.
Functional Currency
The functional currency for each of the Company’s subsidiaries is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. Determination of functional currency may involve certain judgments to determine the primary economic environment and the Company reconsiders the functional currency of its entities if there is a change in events and conditions which determined the primary economic environment.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 30 |
New and Amended Standards Adopted by the Company
The following standard was effective and implemented for the annual period as of January 1, 2020.
Amendments to IFRS 3 Business Combinations
In October 2018, the IASB issued amendments to the definition of a business in IFRS 3 Business Combinations (“IFRS 3”). The amendments are intended to assist entities to determine whether a transaction should be accounted for as a business combination or as an asset acquisition. The amendments clarify the minimum requirements for a business, remove the assessment of whether market participants are capable of replacing any missing elements, add guidance to help entities assess whether an acquired process is substantive, narrow the definitions of a business and of outputs, and introduce an optional fair value concentration test. While it is generally expected that the application of the amendments will result in more acquisitions being accounted for as asset acquisitions, the Company will evaluate the impact of the amendments based on the nature and terms of acquisitions the Company may complete in future.
New Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Effective
Certain new accounting standards and interpretations have been published that are not mandatory for the current period and have not been early adopted. These standards are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s current or future reporting periods.
Franco-Nevada is authorized to issue an unlimited number of common and preferred shares. A detailed description of the rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions attached to each class of authorized shares is included in our most recent Annual Information Form, a copy of which can be found on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and in our Form 40-F, a copy of which can be found on EDGAR at www.sec.gov.
As of March 10, 2021, the number of common shares outstanding or issuable pursuant to other outstanding securities is as follows:
Common Shares |
| Number |
|
Outstanding |
| 190,956,476 | |
Issuable upon exercise of Franco-Nevada options(1) |
| 745,962 | |
Issuable upon vesting of Franco-Nevada RSUs |
| 102,708 | |
Diluted common shares |
| 191,805,146 | |
| 1 | There were 745,962 stock options under our share compensation plan outstanding to directors, officers, employees and others with exercise prices ranging from C$40.87 to C$171.33 per share. |
Franco-Nevada has not issued any preferred shares.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining Franco-Nevada’s internal control over financial reporting and other financial disclosure and our disclosure controls and procedures.
Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS. Franco-Nevada’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of Franco-Nevada; (ii) are designed to provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS, and that receipts and expenditures of Franco-Nevada are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of Franco-Nevada; and (iii) are designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Franco-Nevada’s assets that could have a material effect on Franco-Nevada’s financial statements. Internal control over other financial disclosure is a process designed to ensure that other financial information included in this MD&A, fairly represents in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of Franco-Nevada for the periods presented in this MD&A.
Franco-Nevada’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that material information relating to Franco-Nevada, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to management by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is prepared and that information required to be disclosed by Franco-Nevada in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or submitted by it under securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in securities legislation.
Due to its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting and other financial disclosure may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may change.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 31 |
An evaluation was carried out by our management, with the participation of our President & Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of Franco-Nevada’s internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the period covered by this report based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) as issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, the CEO and CFO have concluded that Franco-Nevada’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020.
An evaluation was also carried out under the supervision of the CEO and CFO and with the participation of management, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of Franco-Nevada’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined under applicable Canadian securities laws and in Rule 13a – 15(e) and Rule 15d – 15(e) under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934), and based on that evaluation the CEO and the CFO have concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, Franco-Nevada’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
For the year ended December 31, 2020, there has been no change in Franco-Nevada’s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Franco-Nevada’s internal control over financial reporting.
Franco-Nevada’s report of management’s assessment regarding internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934) is included in the Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting that accompanies Franco-Nevada’s Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.
Cash Costs attributable to GEOs sold and Cash Costs per GEO
Cash Costs attributable to GEOs sold and Cash Costs per GEO sold are non-IFRS financial measures. Cash Costs are calculated by starting with total costs of sales and removing depletion and depreciation, and costs not attributable to GEOs sold such as our Energy operating costs. Cash Costs per GEO sold are calculated by dividing Cash Costs by the number of GEOs sold in the period, excluding prepaid GEOs.
Management uses Cash Costs and Cash Costs per GEO sold to evaluate the Company’s ability to generate positive cash flow from its mining royalty, stream and working interests. Management and certain investors also use this information to evaluate the Company’s performance relative to peers in the mining industry who present this measure on a similar basis. Cash Costs and Cash Costs per GEO are only intended to provide additional information to investors and analysts and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. They do not have any standardized meaning under IFRS, and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers.
Reconciliation of Cash Costs and Cash Costs per GEO sold:
| | For the three months ended | | For the year ended | | |||||||||||
| | December 31, | | | December 31, | | ||||||||||
(expressed in millions, except per GEO amounts) |
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||||
Total costs of sales | | $ | 114.2 | | | $ | 119.0 | | | $ | 399.8 | | | $ | 408.0 | |
Depletion and depreciation | | | (67.5) | | | | (72.7) | | | | (241.0) | | | | (263.2) | |
Energy operating costs | |
| (1.9) | | |
| (2.2) | | |
| (6.4) | | |
| (7.3) | |
Cash Costs attributable to GEOs sold | | $ | 44.8 | | | $ | 44.1 | | | $ | 152.4 | | | $ | 137.5 | |
GEOs | |
| 147,476 | | |
| 153,396 | | |
| 521,564 | | |
| 516,438 | |
Cash Costs per GEO sold | | $ | 304 | | | $ | 287 | | | $ | 292 | | | $ | 266 | |
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA per share
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA per share are non-IFRS financial measures, which exclude the following from net income and earnings per share (“EPS”):
| ● | Income tax expense/recovery; |
| ● | Finance expenses; |
| ● | Finance income; |
| ● | Depletion and depreciation; |
| ● | Non-cash costs of sales; |
| ● | Impairment charges and reversals related to royalty, stream and working interests; |
| ● | Impairment of investments; |
| ● | Gains/losses on sale of royalty, stream and working interests; |
| ● | Gains/losses on investments; |
| ● | Foreign exchange gains/losses and other income/expenses; and |
| ● | Unusual non-recurring items. |
Management uses Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA per share to evaluate the underlying operating performance of the Company as a whole for the reporting periods presented, to assist with the planning and forecasting of future operating results, and to supplement information in its financial statements. Management believes that in addition to measures prepared in
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 32 |
accordance with IFRS such as Net Income and EPS, our investors and analysts use Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA per share to evaluate the results of the underlying business of the Company, particularly since the excluded items are typically not included in our guidance, with the exception of depletion and depreciation expense. While the adjustments to net income and EPS in these measures include items that are both recurring and non-recurring, management believes that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA per share are useful measures of the Company’s performance because they adjust for items which may not relate to or have a disproportionate effect on the period in which they are recognized, impact the comparability of our core operating results from period to period, are not always reflective of the underlying operating performance of our business and/or are not necessarily indicative of future operating results. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA per share are only intended to provide additional information to investors and analysts, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. They do not have any standardized meaning under IFRS, and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers.
Reconciliation of Net Income to Adjusted EBITDA:
| | For the three months ended | | | For the year ended |
| ||||||||||
| | December 31, | | | December 31, | | ||||||||||
(expressed in millions, except per share amounts) |
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||||
Net Income | | $ | 176.7 | | | $ | 113.3 | | | $ | 326.2 | | | $ | 344.1 | |
Income tax expense | |
| 21.5 | | | | 17.2 | | | | 13.3 | | | | 61.8 | |
Finance expenses | |
| 0.8 | | | | 2.1 | | | | 3.5 | | | | 10.6 | |
Finance income | |
| (0.7) | | | | (0.8) | | | | (3.7) | | | | (3.5) | |
Depletion and depreciation | |
| 67.5 | | | | 72.7 | | | | 241.0 | | | | 263.2 | |
Impairment charges (reversals) | |
| (9.6) | | | | — | | | | 262.1 | | | | — | |
Foreign exchange (gains)/losses and other (income)/expenses | |
| (2.5) | | | | (2.8) | | | | (2.8) | | | | (2.8) | |
Adjusted EBITDA | | $ | 253.7 | | | $ | 201.7 | | | $ | 839.6 | | | $ | 673.4 | |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | |
| 190.9 | | |
| 188.8 | | |
| 190.3 | | |
| 187.7 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Basic earnings per share | | $ | 0.93 | | | $ | 0.60 | | | $ | 1.71 | | | $ | 1.83 | |
Income tax expense | |
| 0.11 | | | | 0.09 | | | | 0.07 | | | | 0.33 | |
Finance expenses | |
| — | | | | — | | | | 0.01 | | | | 0.06 | |
Finance income | |
| — | | | | — | | | | (0.02) | | | | (0.02) | |
Depletion and depreciation | |
| 0.35 | | | | 0.39 | | | | 1.27 | | | | 1.40 | |
Impairment charges (reversals) | |
| (0.1) | | | | — | | | | 1.4 | | | | — | |
Foreign exchange (gains)/losses and other (income)/expenses | |
| (0.01) | | |
| (0.01) | | | | (0.01) | | | | (0.01) | |
Adjusted EBITDA per share | | $ | 1.33 | | | $ | 1.07 | | | $ | 4.41 | | | $ | 3.59 | |
Margin
Margin is a non-IFRS financial measure which is defined by the Company as Adjusted EBITDA divided by revenue. The Company uses Margin in its annual incentive compensation process to evaluate management’s performance in increasing revenue and containing costs. Margin is intended to provide additional information, does not have any standardized definition under IFRS and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for a measure of performance in accordance with IFRS.
Reconciliation of Net Income to Margin:
| | For the three months ended | | | For the year ended | | ||||||||||
| | December 31, | | | December 31, | | ||||||||||
(expressed in millions, except Margin) |
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||||
Net Income | | $ | 176.7 | | | $ | 113.3 | | | $ | 326.2 | | | $ | 344.1 | |
Income tax expense | |
| 21.5 | | |
| 17.2 | | |
| 13.3 | | | | 61.8 | |
Finance expenses | |
| 0.8 | | |
| 2.1 | | |
| 3.5 | | | | 10.6 | |
Finance income | |
| (0.7) | | |
| (0.8) | | |
| (3.7) | | | | (3.5) | |
Depletion and depreciation | |
| 67.5 | | |
| 72.7 | | |
| 241.0 | | | | 263.2 | |
Impairment charges (reversals) | |
| (9.6) | | |
| — | | |
| 262.1 | | | | — | |
Foreign exchange (gains)/losses and other (income)/expenses | |
| (2.5) | | |
| (2.8) | | |
| (2.8) | | | | (2.8) | |
Adjusted EBITDA | | $ | 253.7 | | | $ | 201.7 | | | $ | 839.6 | | | $ | 673.4 | |
Revenue | |
| 304.5 | | |
| 258.1 | | |
| 1,020.2 | | |
| 844.1 | |
Margin | |
| 83.3 | % | |
| 78.1 | % | |
| 82.3 | % | |
| 79.8 | % |
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 33 |
Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Net Income per share
Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Net Income per share are non-IFRS financial measures, which exclude the following from net income and EPS:
| ● | Foreign exchange gains/losses and other income/expenses; |
| ● | Impairment charges and reversals related to royalty, stream and working interests; |
| ● | Impairment of investments; |
| ● | Gains/losses on sale of royalty, stream and working interests; |
| ● | Gains/losses on investments; |
| ● | Unusual non-recurring items; and |
| ● | Impact of income taxes on these items. |
Management uses Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Net Income per share to evaluate the underlying operating performance of the Company as a whole for the reporting periods presented, to assist with the planning and forecasting of future operating results, and to supplement information in its financial statements. Management believes that in addition to measures prepared in accordance with IFRS such as Net Income and EPS, our investors and analysts use Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Net Income per share to evaluate the results of the underlying business of the Company, particularly since the excluded items are typically not included in our guidance. While the adjustments to net income and EPS in these measures include items that are both recurring and non-recurring, management believes that Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Net Income per share are useful measures of the Company’s performance because they adjust for items which may not relate to or have a disproportionate effect on the period in which they are recognized, impact the comparability of our core operating results from period to period, are not always reflective of the underlying operating performance of our business and/or are not necessarily indicative of future operating results. Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Net Income per share are intended to provide additional information to investors and analysts and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with IFRS. They do not have any standardized meaning under IFRS, and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers.
Reconciliation of Net Income to Adjusted Net Income:
| | For the three months ended | | For the year ended | | |||||||||||
| | December 31, | | | December 31, | | ||||||||||
(expressed in millions, except per share amounts) |
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||||
Net Income | | $ | 176.7 | | | $ | 113.3 | | | $ | 326.2 | | | $ | 344.1 | |
Impairment charges (reversals) | |
| (9.6) | | |
| — | | |
| 262.1 | | |
| — | |
Foreign exchange (gains)/losses and other (income)/expenses | |
| (2.5) | | |
| (2.8) | | |
| (2.8) | | |
| (2.8) | |
Tax effect of adjustments | | | (1.6) | | | | 0.3 | | | | (69.2) | | | | 0.2 | |
Adjusted Net Income | | $ | 163.0 | | | $ | 110.8 | | | $ | 516.3 | | | $ | 341.5 | |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | |
| 190.9 | | |
| 188.8 | | |
| 190.3 | | |
| 187.7 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Basic earnings per share | | $ | 0.93 | | | $ | 0.60 | | | $ | 1.71 | | | $ | 1.83 | |
Impairment charges (reversals) | | | (0.05) | | | | — | | | | 1.38 | | | | — | |
Foreign exchange (gains)/losses and other (income)/expenses | |
| (0.01) | | |
| (0.01) | | |
| (0.01) | | |
| (0.01) | |
Tax effect of adjustments | | | (0.02) | | | | — | | | | (0.37) | | | | — | |
Adjusted Net Income per share | | $ | 0.85 | | | $ | 0.59 | | | $ | 2.71 | | | $ | 1.82 | |
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 34 |
Cautionary Statement on Forward-Looking Information
This MD&A contains “forward-looking information” and “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws and the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, respectively, which may include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to future events or future performance, management’s expectations regarding Franco-Nevada’s growth, results of operations, estimated future revenues, carrying value of assets, future dividends and requirements for additional capital, mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates, production estimates, production costs and revenue, future demand for and prices of commodities, expected mining sequences, business prospects and opportunities, audits being conducted by the CRA, the expected exposure for current and future assessments and available remedies, the remedies relating to and consequences of the ruling of the Supreme Court of Panama in relation to the Cobre Panama project, the aggregate value of Common Shares which may be issued pursuant to the ATM Program, and the Company’s expected use of the net proceeds of the ATM Program, if any. In addition, statements (including data in tables) relating to reserves and resources and gold equivalent ounces are forward-looking statements, as they involve implied assessment, based on certain estimates and assumptions, and no assurance can be given that the estimates and assumptions are accurate and that such reserves and resources and GEOs will be realized. Such forward-looking statements reflect management’s current beliefs and are based on information currently available to management. Often, but not always, forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “plans”, “expects”, “is expected”, “budgets”, “scheduled”, “estimates”, “forecasts”, “predicts”, “projects”, “intends”, “targets”, “aims”, “anticipates” or “believes” or variations (including negative variations) of such words and phrases or may be identified by statements to the effect that certain actions “may”, “could”, “should”, “would”, “might” or “will” be taken, occur or be achieved. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of Franco-Nevada to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. A number of factors could cause actual events or results to differ materially from any forward-looking statement, including, without limitation: the price at which Common Shares are sold in the ATM Program and the aggregate net proceeds received by the Company as a result of the ATM Program; fluctuations in the prices of the primary commodities that drive royalty and stream revenue (gold, platinum group metals, copper, nickel, uranium, silver, iron-ore and Energy); fluctuations in the value of the Canadian and Australian dollar, Mexican Peso and any other currency in which revenue is generated, relative to the U.S. dollar; changes in national and local government legislation, including permitting and licensing regimes and taxation policies and the enforcement thereof; regulatory, political or economic developments in any of the countries where properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest are located or through which they are held; risks related to the operators of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest, including changes in the ownership and control of such operators; influence of macroeconomic developments; business opportunities that become available to, or are pursued by Franco-Nevada; reduced access to debt and equity capital; litigation; title, permit or license disputes related to interests on any of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest; whether or not the Company is determined to have “passive foreign investment company” (“PFIC”) status as defined in Section 1297 of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended; potential changes in Canadian tax treatment of offshore streams; excessive cost escalation as well as development, permitting, infrastructure, operating or technical difficulties on any of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest; access to sufficient pipeline capacity; actual mineral content may differ from the reserves and resources contained in technical reports; rate and timing of production differences from resource estimates, other technical reports and mine plans; risks and hazards associated with the business of development and mining on any of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest, including, but not limited to unusual or unexpected geological and metallurgical conditions, slope failures or cave-ins, flooding and other natural disasters, terrorism, civil unrest or an outbreak of contagious disease; the impact of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic; and the integration of acquired assets. The forward-looking statements contained in this MD&A are based upon assumptions management believes to be reasonable, including, without limitation: the ongoing operation of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest by the owners or operators of such properties in a manner consistent with past practice; the accuracy of public statements and disclosures made by the owners or operators of such underlying properties; no material adverse change in the market price of the commodities that underlie the asset portfolio; the Company’s ongoing income and assets relating to determination of its PFIC status; no material changes to existing tax treatment; the expected application of tax laws and regulations by taxation authorities; the expected assessment and outcome of any audit by any taxation authority; no adverse development in respect of any significant property in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest; the accuracy of publicly disclosed expectations for the development of underlying properties that are not yet in production; integration of acquired assets; and the absence of any other factors that could cause actions, events or results to differ from those anticipated, estimated or intended. However, there can be no assurance that forward-looking statements will prove to be accurate, as actual results and future events could differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Investors are cautioned that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance. In addition, there can be no assurance as to the outcome of the ongoing audit by the CRA or the Company’s exposure as a result thereof. Franco-Nevada cannot assure investors that actual results will be consistent with these forward-looking statements. Accordingly, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements due to the inherent uncertainty therein.
For additional information with respect to risks, uncertainties and assumptions, please refer to Franco-Nevada’s most recent Annual Information Form filed with the Canadian securities regulatory authorities on www.sedar.com and Franco-Nevada’s most recent Annual Report filed on Form 40-F filed with the SEC on www.sec.gov. The forward-looking statements herein are made as of the date of this MD&A only and Franco-Nevada does not assume any obligation to update or revise them to reflect new information, estimates or opinions, future events or results or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.
2020 Management’s Discussion and Analysis | 35 |

Exhibit 99.3

Management’s Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Franco-Nevada Corporation’s (“Franco-Nevada”) management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
Franco-Nevada’s management, with the participation of its President & Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as at December 31, 2020. Franco-Nevada’s management conducted an evaluation of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on Franco-Nevada’s management’s assessment, Franco-Nevada’s internal control over financial reporting is effective as at December 31, 2020.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as at December 31, 2020 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, as stated in their report appearing herein.
| /s/Paul Brink | | /s/Sandip Rana |
Paul Brink | Sandip Rana | ||
President & Chief Executive Officer | Chief Financial Officer | ||
| |||
| | | |
March 10, 2021
2020 Financial Statements | 2 |
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Franco-Nevada Corporation
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Franco-Nevada Corporation and its subsidiaries (together, the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, cash flows and changes in shareholders’ equity for the years then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and its financial performance and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
2020 Financial Statements | 3 |
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit and risk committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Assessment of indicators of impairment of royalty, stream and working interests
As described in Notes 2, 3 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s royalty, stream and working interests carrying value was $4,632.1 million as of December 31, 2020. Management assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there are any indicators that the carrying value may not be recoverable or that an impairment loss previously recognized may no longer exist (together, indicators of impairment) that give rise to the requirement to conduct an impairment analysis. Impairment is assessed at the cash generating unit (CGU) level, which is usually at the individual royalty, stream or working interest level for each property from which independent cash inflows are generated. Management uses significant judgment when assessing whether there are indicators of impairment, including significant change in operator reserve and resource estimates, industry or economic trends, current or forecast commodity prices and other relevant operator information. For certain energy interests, management uses reserve reports prepared by independent reserve engineers or other qualified parties engaged by the Company (management’s specialists).
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the assessment of indicators of impairment of royalty, stream and working interests is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when assessing whether there were indicators of impairment that would require an impairment analysis to be performed; and (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures to evaluate audit evidence related to management’s assessment of indicators of impairment, including significant changes in operator reserve and resource estimates, industry or economic trends, current or forecast commodity prices and other relevant operator information.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s assessment of indicators of impairment of royalty, stream and working interests. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating the reasonableness of management’s assessment of indicators of impairment for a sample of royalty, stream and working interests related to significant changes in operator reserve and resource estimates, industry or economic trends, current or forecast commodity prices and other relevant operator information by considering (i) current and past performance of royalty, stream and working interests; (ii) consistency with external market and industry data; (iii) publicly disclosed or other relevant information by operators of royalty, stream and working interests; and (iv) whether management’s assessment of indicators of impairment was consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. For certain energy interests, the work of management’s specialists was used in performing the procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s assessment of indicators of impairment related to significant changes in reserve estimates. As a basis for using this work, management’s specialists’ qualifications were understood and the Company’s relationship with management’s specialists was assessed. The procedures performed also included evaluation of the methods and assumptions used by management’s specialists, tests of the data used by management’s specialists and an evaluation of management’s specialists’ findings.
Impairment of royalty, stream and working interests – energy interests
As described in Notes 2, 3 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s energy royalty and working interests carrying value was $1,214.6 million as of December 31, 2020. As a result of reduced production and capital spend by the operators of the Company’s energy interests due to lower market expectations for oil and gas prices, management noted the presence of indicators of impairment as of March 31, 2020 and carried out an asset impairment analysis of its energy interests. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the CGU’s carrying value exceeds its recoverable amount. The Company recorded impairment charges to its SCOOP/STACK and Weyburn energy interests of $207.2 million and $60.5 million, respectively. Management estimated the recoverable amounts as fair value less costs of disposal using discounted cash flow models. Management’s cash flow projections for the energy interests included significant judgment and assumptions relating to future oil and gas prices, future drilling activity to reflect the reduced capital spending by operators in the current environment for certain energy interests, expected future production and discount rates. For the expected future production assumptions, management used cash flows prepared by an independent reserve engineer or a third party advisor for certain energy interests (management’s specialists) and publicly released technical information.
2020 Financial Statements | 4 |
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the impairment of royalty, stream and working interests - energy interests is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management, including the use of management’s specialists, when developing the recoverable amount estimates of the energy interests; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to future oil and gas prices, future drilling activity for certain energy interests, expected future production and discount rates; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s recoverable amount estimates of the Company’s energy interests, including controls over the significant assumptions used in the recoverable amount estimates. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing management’s process for developing the recoverable amount estimates of the energy interests; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow models; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the models; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of significant assumptions used by management. Evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management relating to future oil and gas prices involved comparing those prices to external industry data. Evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management relating to future drilling activity for certain energy interests involved considering consistency with the publicly disclosed capital spend forecast information from the operators of the energy interests and future realized oil and gas prices. Evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management relating to expected future production based on publicly released technical information for certain energy interests involved considering current and past performance of the energy interests and consistency with publicly disclosed information by the operator of the energy interests. For certain energy interests, the work of management’s specialists was used in performing the procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to expected future production. As a basis for using this work, management’s specialists’ qualifications were understood and the Company’s relationship with management’s specialists was assessed. The procedures performed also included evaluation of the methods and assumptions used by management’s specialists, tests of the data used by management’s specialists and an evaluation of management’s specialists’ findings. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the reasonableness of the discount rates assumptions.
/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants
March 10, 2021
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2007.
2020 Financial Statements | 5 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position |
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
| | At December 31, | | | At December 31, | | ||
| | 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
ASSETS | | | | | | | | |
Cash and cash equivalents (note 5) | | $ | 534.2 | | | $ | 132.1 | |
Receivables | |
| 93.4 | | |
| 97.8 | |
Prepaid expenses and other (note 7) | |
| 36.1 | | |
| 48.8 | |
Current assets | | $ | 663.7 | | | $ | 278.7 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Royalty, stream and working interests, net (note 8) | | $ | 4,632.1 | | | $ | 4,797.8 | |
Investments and loan receivable (note 6) | |
| 238.4 | | |
| 183.2 | |
Deferred income tax assets (note 16) | |
| 45.1 | | |
| 6.8 | |
Other assets (note 9) | |
| 13.6 | | |
| 14.1 | |
Total assets | | $ | 5,592.9 | | | $ | 5,280.6 | |
| | | | | | | | |
LIABILITIES | | | | | | | | |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities (note 10) | | $ | 40.8 | | | $ | 41.8 | |
Current income tax liabilities | |
| 12.4 | | |
| 11.6 | |
Current liabilities | | $ | 53.2 | | | $ | 53.4 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Debt (note 11) | | $ | — | | | $ | 80.0 | |
Deferred income tax liabilities (note 16) | |
| 91.5 | | |
| 82.4 | |
Other liabilities | | | 4.4 | | | | 2.6 | |
Total liabilities | | $ | 149.1 | | | $ | 218.4 | |
| | | | | | | | |
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (note 17) | | | | | | | | |
Share capital | | $ | 5,580.1 | | | $ | 5,390.7 | |
Contributed surplus | |
| 14.0 | | |
| 14.2 | |
Deficit | |
| (34.4) | | |
| (164.4) | |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | |
| (115.9) | | |
| (178.3) | |
Total shareholders’ equity | | $ | 5,443.8 | | | $ | 5,062.2 | |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | | $ | 5,592.9 | | | $ | 5,280.6 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Commitments and contingencies (notes 22 and 23) | | | | | | | | |
Subsequent event (note 24) | | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Approved by the Board of Directors and authorized for issue on March 10, 2021.
| /s/David Harquail | | /s/Randall Oliphant |
David Harquail | Randall Oliphant | ||
Director | Director |
2020 Financial Statements | 6 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income |
(in millions of U.S. dollars and shares, except per share amounts)
| | For the year ended | | |||||
| | December 31, | | |||||
| | 2020 |
|
| 2019 | | ||
Revenue (note 12) | | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 844.1 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Costs of sales | | | | | | | | |
Costs of sales (note 13) |
| $ | 158.8 | | | $ | 144.8 | |
Depletion and depreciation |
| | 241.0 | | |
| 263.2 | |
Total costs of sales | | $ | 399.8 | | | $ | 408.0 | |
Gross profit | | $ | 620.4 | | | $ | 436.1 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Other operating expenses (income) | | | | | | | | |
Impairment charges and reversals (note 8) |
| $ | 262.1 | | | $ | — | |
General and administrative expenses |
| | 28.8 | | | | 28.8 | |
Gain on sale of gold bullion |
| | (7.0) | | | | (2.9) | |
Total other operating expenses |
| $ | 283.9 | | | $ | 25.9 | |
Operating income |
| $ | 336.5 | | | $ | 410.2 | |
Foreign exchange gain (loss) and other income (expenses) |
| $ | 2.8 | | | $ | 2.8 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Income before finance items and income taxes |
| $ | 339.3 | | | $ | 413.0 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Finance items (note 15) | | | | | | | | |
Finance income |
| $ | 3.7 | | | $ | 3.5 | |
Finance expenses |
| | (3.5) | | |
| (10.6) | |
Net income before income taxes |
| $ | 339.5 | | | $ | 405.9 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Income tax expense (note 16) |
| | 13.3 | | |
| 61.8 | |
Net income | | $ | 326.2 | | | $ | 344.1 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Other comprehensive income | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit and loss: | | | | | | | | |
Currency translation adjustment |
| $ | 19.6 | | | $ | 32.3 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit and loss: | | | | | | | | |
Gain on changes in the fair value of equity investments at fair |
| | | | |
| | |
value through other comprehensive income ("FVTOCI"), | | | | | | | | |
net of income tax (note 6) | | | 43.8 | | | | 9.9 | |
Other comprehensive income |
| $ | 63.4 | | | $ | 42.2 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Comprehensive income | | $ | 389.6 | | | $ | 386.3 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Earnings per share (note 18) | | | | | | | | |
Basic | | $ | 1.71 | | | $ | 1.83 | |
Diluted | | $ | 1.71 | | | $ | 1.83 | |
Weighted average number of shares outstanding (note 18) | | | | | | | | |
Basic | | | 190.3 | | | | 187.7 | |
Diluted | | | 190.7 | | | | 188.0 | |
| | | | | | | | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
2020 Financial Statements | 7 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
| | For the year ended | | |||||
| | December 31, | | |||||
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Cash flows from operating activities | | | | | | | | |
Net income | | $ | 326.2 | | | $ | 344.1 | |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | | | | | | | | |
Depletion and depreciation | |
| 241.0 | | |
| 263.2 | |
Share-based payments | |
| 5.6 | | |
| 4.9 | |
Impairment charges and reversals | |
| 262.1 | | |
| — | |
Unrealized foreign exchange loss | |
| 0.4 | | |
| — | |
Deferred income tax (recovery) expense | | | (35.2) | | |
| 22.7 | |
Other non-cash items | |
| (12.0) | | |
| (7.8) | |
Acquisition of gold bullion | | | (37.9) | | | | (31.8) | |
Proceeds from sale of gold bullion | |
| 52.7 | | |
| 36.2 | |
Operating cash flows before changes in non-cash working capital | | $ | 802.9 | | | $ | 631.5 | |
Changes in non-cash working capital: | | | | | | | | |
Decrease (increase) in receivables | | $ | 4.4 | | | $ | (22.3) | |
Decrease (increase) in prepaid expenses and other | |
| 1.4 | | |
| (14.3) | |
(Decrease) increase in current liabilities | |
| (4.8) | | |
| 22.8 | |
Net cash provided by operating activities | | $ | 803.9 | | | $ | 617.7 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from investing activities | | | | | | | | |
Acquisition of royalty, stream and working interests | | $ | (311.1) | | | $ | (443.9) | |
Acquisition of energy well equipment | |
| (1.5) | | |
| (1.3) | |
Proceeds from sale of investments | |
| 3.6 | | |
| 13.0 | |
Acquisition of investments | |
| — | | |
| (3.9) | |
Net cash used in investing activities | | $ | (309.0) | | | $ | (436.1) | |
| | | | | | | | |
Cash flows from financing activities | | | | | | | | |
Proceeds from at-the-market equity offerings | | $ | 135.7 | | | $ | 136.0 | |
Repayment of term loan | | | (80.0) | | | | (80.0) | |
Proceeds from draw of term loan | | | — | | | | 160.0 | |
Repayment of revolving credit facilities | | | — | | | | (485.0) | |
Proceeds from draw of credit facilities | | | — | | | | 275.0 | |
Credit facility amendment costs | |
| — | | | | (0.8) | |
Payment of dividends | |
| (154.9) | | |
| (138.2) | |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | |
| 7.4 | | |
| 13.2 | |
Net cash used in financing activities | | $ | (91.8) | | | $ | (119.8) | |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | | $ | (1.0) | | | $ | 0.6 | |
Net change in cash and cash equivalents | | $ | 402.1 | | | $ | 62.4 | |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | | $ | 132.1 | | | $ | 69.7 | |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | | $ | 534.2 | | | $ | 132.1 | |
| | | | | | | | |
Supplemental cash flow information: | | | | | | | | |
Cash paid for interest expense and loan standby fees | | $ | 2.4 | | | $ | 9.5 | |
Income taxes paid | | $ | 51.2 | | | $ | 38.6 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
2020 Financial Statements | 8 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity |
(in millions of U.S. dollars)
|
| |
| |
| Accumulated |
| |
| | | |||||
| | | | | | other | | | | | | |||||
| | Share capital | | Contributed | | comprehensive | | | | | | |||||
| | (note 17) | | surplus | | income (loss) | | Deficit | | Total equity | | |||||
Balance at January 1, 2020 | | $ | 5,390.7 | | $ | 14.2 | | $ | (178.3) | | $ | (164.4) | | $ | 5,062.2 | |
Net income | |
| — | |
| — | |
| — | |
| 326.2 | |
| 326.2 | |
Other comprehensive income | |
| — | |
| — | |
| 63.4 | |
| — | |
| 63.4 | |
Total comprehensive income | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 389.6 | |
At-the-market equity offerings | | $ | 133.7 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | | 133.7 | |
Exercise of stock options | | | 9.7 | | | (2.3) | | | — | | | — | | $ | 7.4 | |
Share-based payments | |
| — | |
| 5.8 | |
| — | |
| — | |
| 5.8 | |
Vesting of restricted share units | | | 3.7 | | | (3.7) | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
Transfer of gain on disposal of equity investments at FVTOCI | |
| — | |
| — | |
| (1.0) | |
| 1.0 | |
| — | |
Dividend reinvestment plan | |
| 42.3 | |
| — | |
| — | |
| — | |
| 42.3 | |
Dividends declared | |
| — | |
| — | |
| — | |
| (197.2) | |
| (197.2) | |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | | $ | 5,580.1 | | $ | 14.0 | | $ | (115.9) | | $ | (34.4) | | $ | 5,443.8 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Balance at January 1, 2019 | | $ | 5,158.3 | | $ | 15.6 | | $ | (220.3) | | $ | (321.7) | | $ | 4,631.9 | |
Net income | |
| — | |
| — | |
| — | |
| 344.1 | |
| 344.1 | |
Other comprehensive income | |
| — | |
| — | |
| 42.2 | |
| — | |
| 42.2 | |
Total comprehensive income | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $ | 386.3 | |
At-the-market equity offering | | $ | 136.0 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | 136.0 | |
Acquisition of Salares Norte | | | 27.0 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 27.0 | |
Exercise of stock options | |
| 17.3 | |
| (4.1) | |
| — | |
| — | |
| 13.2 | |
Share-based payments | |
| — | |
| 6.0 | |
| — | |
| — | |
| 6.0 | |
Vesting of restricted share units | | | 3.3 | | | (3.3) | | | — | | | — | | | — | |
Transfer of gain on disposal of equity investments at FVTOCI | | | — | |
| — | |
| (0.2) | |
| 0.2 | | | — | |
Dividend reinvestment plan | |
| 48.8 | |
| — | |
| — | |
| — | |
| 48.8 | |
Dividends declared | |
| — | |
| — | |
| — | |
| (187.0) | |
| (187.0) | |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | | $ | 5,390.7 | | $ | 14.2 | | $ | (178.3) | | $ | (164.4) | | $ | 5,062.2 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
2020 Financial Statements | 9 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Note 1 – Corporate Information
Franco-Nevada Corporation (“Franco-Nevada” or the “Company”) is incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act. The Company is a royalty and stream company focused on precious metals (gold, silver, and platinum group metals) and has a diversity of revenue sources with a target of no more than 20% of revenue from energy (oil, gas and natural gas liquids). The Company owns a portfolio of royalty, stream and working interests, covering properties at various stages, from production to early exploration located in Latin America, United States, Canada, Australia, Europe and Africa.
The Company’s shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange and the Company is domiciled in Canada. The Company’s head and registered office is located at 199 Bay Street, Suite 2000, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Note 2 – Significant accounting policies
(a) | Statement of compliance |
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) under the historical cost convention, except for equity investments, warrants and receivables from provisionally priced concentrate sales which are measured at fair value. These consolidated financial statements were authorized for issuance by the Board of Directors on March 10, 2021.
(b) | Principles of consolidation |
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries (its “subsidiaries”) (together the “Company”).
| (i) | Subsidiaries |
These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Franco-Nevada and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts, transactions, income and expenses, and profits or losses have been eliminated on consolidation. The Company consolidates subsidiaries where it has the ability to exercise control. Control of an investee is defined to exist when the Company is exposed to variable returns from its involvement in the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. Specifically, the Company controls an investee if, and only if, it has all of the following: power over the investee (i.e. existing rights that give the Company the current ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee); exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and the ability to use its power over the investee to affect its returns. Control is presumed to exist where the Company owns more than one half of the voting rights unless it can be demonstrated that ownership does not constitute control. The existence and effect of potential voting rights that are currently exercisable or convertible are considered when assessing whether the Company controls another entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Company. They are de-consolidated from the date that control ceases.
The financial statements of the subsidiaries are prepared for the same reporting period as the parent company, using consistent accounting policies. The consolidated financial statements include all assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and cash flows of the Company and its subsidiaries after eliminating intercompany transactions.
Material subsidiaries of the Company and their geographic locations at December 31, 2020 were as follows:
| | |
Entity | Jurisdiction | Economic |
Franco-Nevada U.S. Corporation | Delaware | 100% |
Franco-Nevada GLW Holdings Corp. | British Columbia | 100% |
Franco-Nevada Canada Holdings Corp. | Canada | 100% |
Franco-Nevada (Barbados) Corporation | Barbados | 100% |
Franco-Nevada Australia Pty Ltd. | Australia | 100% |
Franco-Nevada Delaware LLC | Delaware | 100% |
Franco-Nevada Texas LP | Texas | 100% |
Minera Global Copper Chile S.A. | Chile | 100% |
FN Subco Inc. | British Columbia | 100% |
FN Holdings ULC | Alberta | 100% |
2020 Financial Statements | 10 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
All the above entities are classified as subsidiaries of the Company. There are no significant restrictions on the Company’s ability to access or use assets or settle liabilities of its subsidiaries.
| (ii) | Joint arrangements |
A joint arrangement is defined as an arrangement over which two or more parties have joint control, which is the contractually agreed sharing of control over an arrangement. This exists only when the decisions about relevant activities (being those that significantly affect the returns of the arrangement) require unanimous consent of the parties sharing control. There are two types of joint arrangement, joint operations (“JO”) and joint ventures (“JV”).
A JO is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement have rights to the assets and obligations for the liabilities, relating to the arrangement. In relation to the Company’s interest in any JO, the Company would recognize its share of any assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of the JO.
The Company participates in a strategic relationship with Continental Resources, Inc. (“Continental”), to jointly acquire mineral rights in within Continental’s areas of operation. The mineral interests are acquired through a royalty acquisition entity, The Mineral Resource Company II, LLC (“TMRC II”), in which the Company holds an economic interest of 49.9%. The Company funds 80% of the contributions to TMRC II, with the remainder funded by Continental. The Company determined that it has joint control over TMRC II given that decisions about relevant activities require unanimous consent of the parties to the joint arrangement. The Company further determined that the joint arrangement is a JO, based on the terms of the contractual agreement which specify how revenues and expenses are shared between the parties.
The Company also participates in joint operations with respect to energy working interests but does not have joint control. A working interest is an ownership position in the energy property and related operating assets, whereby the Company is liable for its proportionate share of gross costs of capital and operations based on information received from the operator. The Company’s share of the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of each joint operation are recognized in the statements of financial position and statements of income and comprehensive income.
(c) | Business combinations |
On the acquisition of a business, the acquisition method of accounting is used whereby the purchase consideration is allocated to the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities (identifiable net assets) of the business on the basis of the fair value at the date of acquisition. Provisional fair values allocated at a reporting date are finalized as soon as the relevant information is available, which period shall not exceed twelve months from the acquisition date and are adjusted to reflect the transaction as of the acquisition date.
The results of businesses acquired during the period are consolidated into the consolidated financial statements from the date on which control commences at the date of acquisition and taken out of the consolidated financial statements from the date on which control ceases.
When all or part of the purchase consideration is contingent on future events, the cost of the acquisition initially recorded includes an estimate of the fair value of the contingent liability amounts expected to be payable in the future. The cost of acquisition is adjusted when revised estimates are made, with corresponding adjustments made to the consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income.
When a business is acquired in a number of stages, the cost of each stage is compared with the fair value of the identifiable net assets at the date of that purchase. When the cost of the acquisition exceeds the fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired, the difference is recorded as goodwill. If the fair value attributable to the Company’s share of the identifiable net assets exceeds the cost of acquisition, the difference is recognized as a gain in the consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income. Acquisition costs are expensed.
(d) | Currency translation |
| (i) | Functional and presentation currency |
The functional currency for each entity within the Franco-Nevada group is the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates.
These consolidated financial statements are expressed in United States dollars, which is the functional currency of the majority of the subsidiaries. The parent Company’s functional currency is the Canadian dollar. The U.S. dollar is used as the presentation currency of the Company to ensure comparability with the Company’s peers. References herein to C$ are to Canadian dollars.
2020 Financial Statements | 11 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
| (ii) | Foreign currency transactions and balances |
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency of the respective subsidiary, using the exchange rate prevailing at the dates of the transaction (spot exchange rates). Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and the re-measurement of monetary items and available-for-sale securities at the date of the consolidated statements of financial position are recognized in net income. Non-monetary items measured at historical cost are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction.
The results and financial position of the subsidiaries that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into U.S. dollars, the group’s presentation currency, as follows:
| ● | assets and liabilities for each subsidiary are translated at the closing exchange rate at the date of the balance sheet; |
| ● | income and expenses for each subsidiary are translated at the average exchange rates during the period; and |
| ● | all resulting exchange differences are charged/credited to the currency translation adjustment in other comprehensive income. |
(e) | Royalty, stream and working interests |
Royalty, stream and working interests consist of acquired royalty interests, stream metal purchase agreements, and working interests in producing, advanced/development and exploration stage properties. Royalty, stream and working interests are recorded at cost and capitalized as tangible assets with finite lives. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depletion and accumulated impairment losses and reversals. The cost of royalty, stream and working interests is determined by reference to the cost model under IAS 16. The major categories of the Company’s interests are producing, advanced and exploration. Producing assets are those that have generated revenue from steady-state operations for the Company or are expected to in the next year. Advanced assets are interests on projects which are not yet producing, but where in management’s view, the technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource are demonstrable. Exploration assets represent interests on projects where technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource are not demonstrable. Royalty, stream and working interests for producing and advanced assets are recorded at cost and capitalized in accordance with IAS 16, while exploration assets are recorded and capitalized in accordance with IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources (“IFRS 6”).
Management uses the following criteria in its assessment of technical feasibility and commercial viability:
| (i) | Geology: there is a known mineral deposit which contains mineral reserves or resources; or the project is adjacent to a mineral deposit that is already being mined or developed and there is sufficient geologic certainty of converting the deposit into mineral reserves or resources. |
| (ii) | Accessibility and authorization: there are no significant unresolved issues impacting the accessibility and authorization to develop or mine the mineral deposit, and social, environmental and governmental permits and approvals to develop or mine the mineral deposit appear obtainable. |
Producing mineral royalty and stream interests are depleted using the units-of-production method over the life of the property to which the interest relates. The life of the property is estimated using life of mine models specifically associated with the mineral royalty or stream properties which include proven and probable reserves and may include a portion of resources expected to be converted into reserves. Where life of mine models are not available, the Company uses publicly available statements of reserves and resources for the mineral royalty or stream properties to estimate the life of the property and portion of resources that the Company expects to be converted into reserves. Where life of mine models and publicly available reserve and resource statements are not available, depletion is based on the Company’s best estimate of the volumes to be produced and delivered under the contract. The Company relies on information available to it under contracts with operators and/or public disclosures for information on reserves and resources from the operators of the producing mineral and stream interests.
Producing energy interests are depleted using the units-of-production method over the life of the property to which the interest relates, which is estimated using available estimated proved and probable reserves specifically associated with the energy properties. For energy interests, management uses reserve reports prepared by independent reserve engineers or other qualified parties engaged by the Company.
On acquisition of a producing royalty, stream or working interest, an allocation of its fair value is attributed to the exploration potential of the interest. The estimated fair value of this acquired exploration potential is recorded as an asset (non-depletable interest) on the acquisition date. Updated reserve and resource information obtained from the operators of the royalty, stream or working interest properties is used to determine the amount to be converted from non-depletable interest to depletable interest. If the cost of a royalty, stream or working interest includes contingent consideration, the contingent consideration is measured at fair value on the date of acquisition and included in the cost of the interest. Any
2020 Financial Statements | 12 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration subsequent to the acquisition date are recorded against the cost of the interest acquired.
Acquisition costs of advanced and exploration stage royalty, stream and working interests are capitalized and are not depleted until such time as revenue-generating activities begin. The Company may receive advance minimum payments prior to the commencement of production on some of its interests. In these circumstances, the Company would record depletion expense as described above, up to a maximum of the total of the advance minimum payment received.
| (f) | Working interests in energy properties |
Acquired energy working interests are accounted for at cost and capitalized as tangible assets of developing or operating properties, or in accordance with IFRS 6 for exploration properties. For each energy property on which the Company has a working interest, the Company bears its proportionate share of the gross costs of capital and operations based on information received from the operator. Such capital costs are capitalized to energy well equipment which is a component of other assets on the statement of financial position.
Capitalized costs, other than those related to energy well equipment, are depreciated when the asset is available for its intended use on a units-of-production basis, whereby the denominator is the proved and probable reserves associated with the energy properties. For energy well equipment, capitalized costs are depreciated by application of a 25% declining balance method.
| (g) | Impairment of non-financial assets |
Producing and advanced mineral, stream and working interests are reviewed for impairment if there is any indication that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Impairment is assessed at the level of cash-generating units (“CGUs”) which, in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets (“IAS 36”), are identified as the smallest identifiable group of assets from which independent cash flows are generated. This is usually at the individual royalty, stream, or working interest level for each property from which independent cash inflows are generated.
An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying value exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal (“FVLCD”) and value-in-use (“VIU”). The future cash flow expected is derived using estimates of proven and probable reserves, a portion of resources that is expected to be converted into reserves and information regarding the mineral, stream and energy properties, respectively, that could affect the future recoverability of the Company’s interests. Discount factors are determined individually for each asset and reflect their respective risk profiles. In certain circumstances, the Company may use a market approach in determining the recoverable amount which may include an estimate of (i) net present value of estimated future cash flows; (ii) dollar value per ounce or pound of reserve/resource; (iii) cash-flow multiples; and/or (iv) market capitalization of comparable assets. Impairment losses are charged to the royalty, stream or working interest and any associated energy well equipment in the case of working interests. Assets are subsequently reassessed for indications that an impairment loss previously recognized may no longer exist. An impairment charge is reversed if the conditions that gave rise to the recognition of an impairment loss are subsequently reversed and the asset’s recoverable amount exceeds its carrying amount. Impairment losses can be reversed only to the extent that the recoverable amount does not exceed the carrying value that would have been determined had no impairment been recognized previously.
Gold bullion and prepaid expenses are similarly assessed for impairment whenever indicators of impairment exist in accordance with IAS 36. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying value exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of FVLCD and VIU.
Interests classified as exploration are assessed for impairment whenever indicators of impairment exist in accordance with IFRS 6. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying value exceeds its recoverable amount, which is the higher of FVLCD and VIU. An interest that has previously been classified as exploration is also assessed for impairment before reclassification to either advanced or producing, and the impairment loss, if any, is recognized in net income.
| (h) | Financial instruments |
Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized on the Company’s statement of financial position when the Company has become a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the assets have expired or have been transferred and the Company has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership. The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, debt, and investments, including equity investments, loans receivable, and warrants. Financial instruments are recognized initially at fair value.
2020 Financial Statements | 13 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Under the IFRS 9 model for classification the Company has classified its financial assets as described below.
| (i) | Cash and cash equivalents |
Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand, deposits held with banks and other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash and cash equivalents are recorded at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
| (ii) | Receivables |
Receivables, other than those related to stream agreements with provisional pricing mechanisms, are classified as financial assets at amortized cost and measured using the effective interest method less any impairment loss allowance. The loss allowance for receivables is measured based on lifetime expected credit losses.
| (iii) | Investments |
Investments comprise equity interests in publicly-traded and privately-held entities, warrants, marketable securities with original maturities at the date of the purchase of more than three months and a loan receivable.
The Company’s equity investments are held for strategic purposes and not for trading. The Company made an irrevocable election to designate these investments in common shares at FVTOCI. FVTOCI investments are recognized initially at fair value plus transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, FVTOCI investments are measured at fair value and changes in the fair value are recognized directly in other comprehensive income (loss). When an equity investment at FVTOCI is sold, the accumulated gains or losses are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) directly to deficit.
Translation differences on equity securities classified as FVTOCI are included in other comprehensive income (loss).
Derivative instruments, such as warrants and receivables related to stream agreements with provisional pricing mechanisms, are classified as fair value through profit and loss (“FVTPL”) and are recognized initially at fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value. In the case of receivables related to stream agreements with provisional pricing, once the final settlement price is determined the financial instrument is no longer a derivative and is classified as a financial asset at amortized cost. Changes in the fair value of receivables related to stream agreements with provisional pricing mechanisms are recognized in revenue in the statement of income and other comprehensive income. Changes in fair value of warrants are recognized as other income (expenses) in the statement of income and comprehensive income.
Loans receivable are classified as financial assets at amortized cost because these instruments are held for collection of contractual cash flows and those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest. Loans are measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment loss allowance. The impairment loss allowance for the loan receivable is measured based on expected credit losses under the general approach. Interest income is recognized by applying the effective interest rate method and presented as finance income in the statement of income and comprehensive income.
| (iv) | Financial liabilities |
Financial liabilities, including accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt, are classified as financial liabilities to be subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
| (i) | Revenue recognition |
The Company generates revenue from contracts with customers under each of its royalty, stream and working interests. The Company has determined that each unit of a commodity that is delivered to a customer under a royalty, stream, or working interest arrangement is a performance obligation for the delivery of a good that is separate from each other unit of the commodity to be delivered under the same arrangement.
| (i) | Stream arrangements |
Under its stream arrangements, the Company acquires commodities from operators of mining properties on which the Company has stream interests. The Company sells the commodities received under these arrangements to its customers under separate sales contracts.
For those stream arrangements where the Company acquires refined metal from the operator, the Company sells the refined metal to third party financial institutions or brokers. The Company transfers control over the commodity on the date the commodity is delivered to the customer’s metal account, which is the date that title to the commodity and the risks and rewards of ownership transfer to the customer and the customer is able to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the benefits from the commodity. The transaction price for these
2020 Financial Statements | 14 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
sales is fixed at the delivery date based on the spot price for the commodity and payment of the transaction price is generally due immediately when control has been transferred.
For those stream arrangements where the Company acquires the commodities in concentrate form from the operator, the Company sells the concentrate under sales contracts with independent smelting companies. The Company transfers control over the concentrate at the time of shipment, which is when the risks and rewards of ownership and title pass to the independent smelting company. The final prices for metals contained in the concentrate are determined based on the market price for the metals on a specified future date after shipment. Upon transfer of control at shipment, the Company records revenue and a corresponding receivable from these sales based on forward commodity prices at the time of shipment.
Variations between the price recorded at the transfer of control and the actual final price set under the contracts with the smelting companies are caused by changes in market commodity prices, and result in an embedded derivative in the receivable. The embedded derivative is recorded at fair value each period until final settlement occurs, with changes in fair value classified as provisional price adjustments and included as a component of stream revenue. These provisional price adjustments associated with concentrate sales are not considered to be revenue from contracts with customers as they arise from changes in market commodity prices.
| (ii) | Royalty arrangements |
For royalty interests, the Company sells commodities to customers under contracts that are established by the operator of each mining or energy property on which the royalty interest is held. The Company recognizes revenue from these sales when control over the commodity transfers to the customer. This transfer of control generally occurs when the operator of the mining or energy property on which the royalty interest is held physically delivers the commodity to the customer. At this point in time, the risks and rewards of ownership have transferred to the customer and the Company has an unconditional right to payment.
Revenue from royalty arrangements is measured at the transaction price agreed in the royalty arrangement with the operator of each mining or energy property. The transaction price will reflect the gross value of the commodity sold less deductions that vary based on the terms of the royalty arrangement.
| (iii) | Working interest arrangements |
The Company sells its proportionate share of the crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids to third-party customers using the services of a third-party marketing agent. The Company transfers control over the oil and gas at the time it enters the pipeline system, which is when title and the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to customers and the Company has an unconditional right to payment. Revenue is measured at the transaction price set by reference to monthly market commodity prices plus certain price adjustments. Price adjustments include product quality and transportation adjustments and market differentials.
| (j) | Costs of sales |
Costs of sales includes various production taxes that are recognized with the related revenues and the Company’s share of the gross operating costs for the working interests in the energy properties.
For stream agreements, the Company purchases gold, silver or platinum group metals for a cash payment of the lesser of a set contractual price, subject to annual inflationary adjustments, and the prevailing market price per ounce of gold and/or silver when purchased. Under certain stream agreements, the Company purchases gold and/or silver for a cash payment that is a fixed percentage of the prevailing market price per ounce of gold and/or silver when purchased.
In certain instances, the Company purchases a fixed amount of gold by providing an initial deposit. The initial deposit is recorded as a prepaid gold asset and classified within current prepaid expenses and other assets or non-current other assets dependent on whether delivery will occur within 12 months of the reporting date. When gold is delivered to the Company it is recorded as inventory until such time as it is sold and the cost of the gold is recorded as a cost of sale.
| (k) | Income taxes |
The income tax expense or recovery represents the sum of current and deferred income taxes.
Current income tax payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from net income as reported in the consolidated statement of income and other comprehensive income because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and it further excludes items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company’s liability for current tax is calculated by using tax rates and laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the statement of financial position date.
Deferred tax is the tax expected to be payable or recoverable on differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable profit, and is accounted for using the statement of financial position liability method. Deferred tax liabilities are recognized
2020 Financial Statements | 15 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
for all taxable temporary differences and deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilized. Such assets and liabilities are not recognized if the temporary differences arise from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit.
Deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries, except where the Company is able to control the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
Deferred tax is calculated at the tax rates that are enacted or substantively enacted at the statement of financial position date and are expected to apply to the period when the deferred tax asset is realized or the liability is settled. Deferred tax is charged or credited in the consolidated statement of income and other comprehensive income, except when it relates to items credited or charged directly to equity, in which case the deferred tax is also accounted for within equity.
The Company evaluates its exposure to uncertain tax positions and where it is probable that such exposure will materialize, recognizes a provision.
| (l) | Stock options |
The Company may issue equity-settled share-based payments to directors, officers, employees and consultants under the terms of its share compensation plan. Equity-settled share-based payments are measured at fair value at the date of grant. The fair value determined at the date of grant of equity-settled share-based payments is expensed over the expected service period with a corresponding change to contributed surplus and is based on the Company’s estimate of shares that will ultimately vest.
Fair value is measured by use of the Black-Scholes option pricing valuation model. The expected life used in the model is adjusted, based on management’s best estimate, for the effect of non-transferability, exercise restrictions and behavioural considerations. Expected volatility is estimated by considering historic average share price volatility. Any consideration paid or received upon the exercise of the stock options or purchase of shares is credited to share capital.
| (m) | Restricted share units |
The Company may grant performance-based or time-based restricted share units (“RSUs”) to officers and employees under the terms of its share compensation plan. When each RSU vests, the Company plans to settle every RSU with one common share of the parent company. The Company recognizes the fair value of the RSUs as share-based compensation expense which is determined with reference to the weighted average trading price of the Company’s common shares over the five trading days immediately preceding the date of issuance. The amount recognized reflects the number of awards for which the related service and non-market performance conditions associated with these awards are expected to be met. The Company expenses the fair value of the RSUs over the applicable service period, with a corresponding change in contributed surplus. Time-based RSUs vest over a three year period on the anniversary of the date of grant. For performance vesting conditions, the grant date fair value of the RSU is measured to reflect such conditions and this estimate is not updated between expected and actual outcomes. Performance-based RSUs vest at the end of a three year period following the achievement of certain performance criteria and target settlement will range from 0% to 200% of the value.
| (n) | Deferred share units |
Non-executive directors may choose to convert their directors’ fees into deferred share units (“DSUs”) under the terms of the Company’s deferred share unit plan (the “DSU Plan”). Directors must elect to convert their fees prior to January 1 of each year. The Company may also award DSUs to non-executive directors under the DSU Plan as compensation. When dividends are declared by the Company, directors are also credited with dividend equivalents in the form of additional DSUs based on the number of vested DSUs each director holds on the record date for the payment of a dividend. Retainer, conversion and dividend equivalent DSUs vest immediately. The fair value of DSUs at the time of conversion or award, as applicable, is determined with reference to the weighted average trading price of the Company’s common shares over the five trading days immediately preceding the date of conversion or award, as applicable. The fair value of the DSUs, which are settled in cash, is recognized as a share-based compensation expense with a corresponding increase in liabilities, over the service period. The fair value of the DSUs is marked to the quoted market price of the Company’s common shares at each reporting date with a corresponding change in the consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income. Participants are not allowed to redeem their DSUs until retirement or termination of directorship. The cash value of the DSUs at the time of redemption is equivalent to the market value of the Company’s common shares when redemption takes place.
2020 Financial Statements | 16 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
| (o) | Segment reporting |
The Company is engaged in the management and acquisition of royalties, streams and working interests in the mining and energy sectors. Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) who fulfills the role of the chief operating decision-maker. The CEO is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the Company’s operating segments.
| (p) | Earnings per share |
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the net income or loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the effect of all potentially dilutive common share equivalents, which includes dilutive share options and restricted share units granted to employees and warrants computed using the treasury stock method.
New and Amended Standards Adopted by the Company
The following standard was effective and implemented for the annual period as of January 1, 2020.
Amendments to IFRS 3 Business Combinations
In October 2018, the IASB issued amendments to the definition of a business in IFRS 3 Business Combinations (“IFRS 3”). The amendments are intended to assist entities to determine whether a transaction should be accounted for as a business combination or as an asset acquisition. The amendments clarify the minimum requirements for a business, remove the assessment of whether market participants are capable of replacing any missing elements, add guidance to help entities assess whether an acquired process is substantive, narrow the definitions of a business and of outputs, and introduce an optional fair value concentration test. The application of the amendments to IFRS 3 did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
New Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Effective
Certain new accounting standards and interpretations have been published that are not mandatory for the current period and have not been early adopted. These standards are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s current or future reporting periods.
Note 3 – Significant judgments, estimates and assumptions
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires the Company to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates and assumptions are continuously evaluated and are based on management’s best knowledge of the relevant facts and circumstances, having regard to previous experience. However, actual outcomes may differ from the amounts included in the consolidated financial statements.
In particular, the areas which require management to make significant judgements, estimates and assumptions in determining carrying values are:
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 global health pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy and commodity and financial markets. The full extent and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is unknown. The adverse effects of the pandemic may continue for an extended and unknown period of time, particularly as variant strains of the virus are identified. The impact of the pandemic to date has included extreme volatility in financial markets, a slowdown in economic activity, extreme volatility in commodity prices (including gold, silver, palladium and oil and gas) and has raised the prospect of an extended global recession. As well, as efforts have been undertaken to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the operation and development of mining projects has been impacted. Many mining projects, including a number of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest have been impacted by the pandemic resulting in the temporary suspension of operations, and other mitigation measures that impacted production. If the operation or development of one or more of the properties in which Franco-Nevada holds a royalty, stream or other interest and from which it receives or expects to receive significant revenue is suspended as a result of the continuing COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics or other public health emergencies, it may have a material adverse impact on Franco-Nevada’s profitability, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of Franco-Nevada’s securities. The broader impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or future pandemics or similar public health emergencies on investors, businesses, the global economy or financial and commodity markets may also have a material adverse impact on Franco-Nevada’s profitability, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of Franco-Nevada’s securities.
2020 Financial Statements | 17 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Impact of global and market developments on oil and gas prices
A number of geopolitical and market factors impacting global energy markets (including those related to the COVID-19 pandemic) have contributed to extreme volatility and a significant decrease in the price of oil and gas (WTI, WCS and NYMEX). As a result of reduced production and capital spend by a number of the operators of the Company’s Energy interests due to lower market expectations for oil and gas prices, the Company recorded impairments of $271.7 million at March 31, 2020, as detailed in note 8 (b).
While oil and gas prices have rebounded from the historical lows of April 2020, assumptions about future commodity prices, interest rates and levels of supply and demand of commodities are subject to greater variability than normal and there remains heightened potential for further impairments or reversals thereof. The continuation of volatile oil and gas prices for a prolonged period may significantly affect the valuation of the Company’s financial and non-financial assets and have a material adverse impact on Franco-Nevada’s profitability, results of operations, financial condition and the trading price of Franco-Nevada’s securities.
Reserves and Resources
Royalty, stream and working interests comprise a large component of the Company’s assets and, as such, the reserves and resources of the properties to which the interests relate have a significant effect on the Company’s financial statements. These estimates are applied in determining the depletion of and assessing the recoverability of the carrying value of royalty, stream and working interests. For mineral royalty and stream interests, the public disclosures of reserves and resources that are released by the operators of the interests involve assessments of geological and geophysical studies and economic data and the reliance on a number of assumptions, including commodity prices and production costs. For energy interests, the estimated reserves in reserve reports prepared by independent reserve engineers or other qualified parties engaged by the Company reflect similar assessments of geological and geophysical studies and economic data and reliance on assumptions. These assumptions are, by their very nature, subject to interpretation and uncertainty.
The estimates of reserves and resources may change based on additional knowledge gained subsequent to the initial assessment. Changes in the estimates of reserves and resources may materially affect the recorded amounts of depletion and the assessed recoverability of the carrying value of royalty, stream and working interests.
Impairment of Royalty, Stream and Working Interests
Assessment of impairment of royalty, stream, working interests and energy well equipment at the end of each reporting period requires the use of judgments, assumptions and estimates when assessing whether there are any indicators that give rise to the requirement to conduct an impairment analysis on the Company’s royalty, stream and working interests, and/or energy equipment. Indicators which could trigger an impairment analysis include, but are not limited to, a significant change in operator reserve and resource estimates, industry or economic trends, current or forecast commodity prices, and other relevant operator information. The assessment of fair values requires the use of estimates and assumptions for recoverable production, long-term commodity prices, discount rates, reserve/resource conversion, foreign exchange rates, future capital expansion plans and the associated production implications. In addition, the Company may use other approaches in determining fair value which may include judgment and estimates related to (i) dollar value per ounce or pound of reserve/resource; (ii) cash-flow multiples; and (iii) market capitalization of comparable assets. Changes in any of the assumptions and estimates used in determining the fair value of the royalty, stream or working interests, or energy well equipment could impact the impairment analysis.
Asset Acquisitions and Business Combinations
The assessment of whether an acquisition meets the definition of a business, or whether assets are acquired is an area of key judgment. If deemed to be a business combination, applying the acquisition method to business combinations requires each identifiable asset and liability to be measured at its acquisition-date fair value. The excess, if any, of the fair value of consideration over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. The determination of the acquisition-date fair values often requires management to make assumptions and estimates about future events. The assumptions and estimates with respect to determining the fair value of royalty, stream or working interests generally requires a high degree of judgment, and include estimates of mineral reserves and resources acquired, future metal prices, discount rates and reserve/resource conversion. Changes in any of the assumptions or estimates used in determining the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities could impact the amounts assigned to assets and liabilities.
Joint Arrangements
Judgment is required to determine whether the Company has joint control of a contractual arrangement, which requires continuous assessment of the relevant activities and whether the decisions in relation to those activities require unanimous consent. Judgment is also continually required to classify a joint arrangement as either a joint operation or a joint venture when the arrangement has been structured through a separate vehicle. Classifying the arrangement requires the Company to assess its rights and obligations arising from the arrangement. Specifically, the Company considers the legal form of the separate vehicle, the terms of the contractual arrangement and other relevant facts and circumstances.
2020 Financial Statements | 18 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
This assessment often requires significant judgment, and a different conclusion on joint control, or whether the arrangement is a joint operation or a joint venture, may have a material impact on the accounting treatment.
The Company evaluated its joint arrangement with Continental, whereby the Company acquired a 49.9% economic interest in TMRC II, in accordance with IFRS 11. The Company concluded that the arrangement qualified as a joint operation based on the terms of the contractual agreement which specify how revenues and expenses are shared. Under the agreement, revenues generated by the royalty assets of TMRC II are to be distributed based on the performance of the assets against agreed upon development thresholds and the tranche in which the assets were acquired, resulting in the Company receiving distributions ranging between 50-75% of revenue. As a result, the Company has concluded that its rights are tied to the assets of TMRC II, rather than the net results of the entity.
Income Taxes
The interpretation and application of existing tax laws, regulations or rules in Canada, Barbados, the United States, Australia or any of the countries in which the mining operations are located or to which shipments of gold, silver or platinum group metals are made requires the use of judgment. The likelihood that tax positions taken will be sustained upon examination by applicable tax authorities is assessed based on facts and circumstances of the relevant tax position considering all available evidence. Differing interpretation of these laws, regulations or rules could result in an increase in the Company’s taxes, or other governmental charges, duties or impositions.
In assessing the probability of realizing deferred income tax assets, the Company makes estimates related to expectations of future taxable income and expected timing of reversals of existing temporary differences. Such estimates are based on forecasted cash flows from operations which require the use of estimates and assumptions such as long-term commodity prices and recoverable ounces of gold, silver and platinum group metals. Therefore, the amount of deferred income tax assets recognized on the balance sheet could be reduced if the actual results differ significantly from forecast. The Company reassesses its deferred income tax assets at the end of each reporting period.
Functional Currency
The functional currency for each of the Company’s subsidiaries is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. Determination of functional currency may involve certain judgments to determine the primary economic environment and the Company reconsiders the functional currency of its entities if there is a change in events and conditions which determined the primary economic environment.
Note 4 – Acquisitions and other transactions
| (a) | Acquisition of U.S. Oil & Gas Royalty Interest – Haynesville, Texas, USA |
On December 29, 2020, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, acquired a royalty portfolio in the Haynesville gas play in Texas, for $135.0 million. The royalties are derived principally from mineral title which provides a perpetual interest in royalty lands.
The acquisition has an effective date of October 1, 2020. Between the effective date and the closing date, the asset has generated approximately $4.2 million in royalties.
The acquisition of the Haynesville royalties has been accounted for as an asset acquisition.
| (b) | Amendment of Sabodala Gold Stream Agreement – Senegal |
On September 25, 2020, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, amended its existing Sabodala gold purchase and sale agreement with Teranga Gold Corporation (“Teranga”) to compensate the Company for displacement that will be caused by the processing of Massawa ore through the Sabodala processing facilities and to provide for certain protocols for the commingling of Sabodala and Massawa ores. Teranga acquired a 90% interest in the Massawa project from Barrick Gold Corporation on March 4, 2020.
The amended agreement provides that effective September 1, 2020, Teranga will make fixed deliveries of 783.33 ounces of refined gold per month until 105,750 ounces of gold have been delivered to the Company (the “Fixed Delivery Period”) and 6% of production from the stream area thereafter. Following the Fixed Delivery Period, a reconciliation will be conducted to determine if the Company would have received more or less than 105,750 ounces of gold under the 6% variable stream during such period. Teranga will be entitled to a credit for an over-delivery which will be applied against the 6% variable stream until depleted and the Company will be entitled to a one-time additional delivery in the case of an under-delivery.
2020 Financial Statements | 19 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
| (c) | Acquisition of Rio Baker (Salares Nortes) Royalty – Chile |
On September 23, 2020, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, acquired an existing 2% NSR on all mineral production from Gold Fields’ Rio Baker concessions in Chile for $5.0 million cash with contingent payments of up to $8.0 million. With this acquisition, the Company now has exposure to 100% of the Salares Norte deposit. The royalty agreement is subject to a 0.5% buy-back at any time for $4.0 million.
The acquisition of the Rio Baker royalty has been accounted for as an asset acquisition.
| (d) | Acquisition of Alpala Royalty – Northern Ecuador |
On September 11, 2020, the Company completed a royalty transaction with SolGold plc (“SolGold”) to acquire a 1% NSR with reference to all minerals produced from the Alpala copper-gold-silver project in northern Ecuador for $100.0 million. The Alpala project is owned by Exploraciones Novomining SA, which is held 85% by SolGold and 15% by Cornerstone Capital Resources Inc. SolGold has the option to increase the size of the transaction to $150 million for a 1.5% NSR until May 11, 2021 and also has the option to buy-back 50% of the royalty for a period of time. Franco-Nevada is entitled to receive certain minimum royalty payments from 2028 and also has the option to convert the NSR to a gold-only NSR for a period of time once Alpala is producing. The NSR covers the Cascabel concession. The principal and interest of the $15.0 million bridge loan that the Company provided to SolGold in May 2020 were applied toward the Company’s payment of the purchase price.
The acquisition of the Alpala royalty has been accounted for as an asset acquisition.
| (e) | Acquisition of Freeport Royalty Portfolio Interests |
On September 1, 2020, the Company completed the acquisition of a portfolio of 24 royalties from Freeport-McMoRan Inc. for $30.6 million in cash. Producing royalties have been added to the Company’s portfolio from Industrias Peñoles, S.A.B.de C.V.’s Milpillas copper mine in the northwestern Mexican state of Sonora, Mexico and from Ormat Technologies Inc.’s Neal Hot Spring geothermal operation in Oregon. The remaining royalties are classified as exploration, including prospective royalties over Wallbridge Mining Co. Ltd.’s Fenelon, Martiniere and Northway-Noyon projects and certain of Glencore Canada Corporation’s projects in the Matagami region of Quebec, among others.
The acquisition of the Freeport royalty portfolio interests has been accounted for as an asset acquisition.
| (f) | Acquisition of U.S. Oil & Gas Mineral Rights with Continental Resources, Inc. |
The Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, has a strategic relationship with Continental to acquire, through a jointly-owned entity (the “Royalty Acquisition Venture”), royalty rights within Continental’s areas of operation.
Franco-Nevada recorded contributions to the Royalty Acquisition Venture of $29.8 million in 2020 (2019 – $114.4 million). In the first half of the year, following weak commodity prices, Franco-Nevada and Continental agreed to reduce the pace of their capital funding commitments to the Royalty Acquisition Venture. As at December 31, 2020, the total cumulative investment in the Royalty Acquisition Venture totaled $406.0 million. Franco-Nevada has remaining commitments of up to $114.0 million, of which approximately half is expected to be deployed in 2021. Accounts payable at December 31, 2020 include $10.2 million (2019 - $5.6 million) of contributions disbursed after year-end.
The Royalty Acquisition Venture is accounted for as a joint operation in accordance with IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements.
| (g) | Acquisition of Island Gold Royalty Interest – Ontario, Canada |
On March 20, 2020, Franco-Nevada acquired an existing 0.62% NSR on Alamos Gold Inc.’s Island Gold project in Finan Township in the Province of Ontario for $13.4 million (C$19.0 million).
The acquisition of the Island Gold royalty has been accounted for as an asset acquisition.
| (h) | Acquisition of Eagle’s Nest Royalty Interest – Ontario, Canada |
On December 23, 2019, Franco-Nevada acquired a 1% gross revenue royalty on Noront Resources Ltd.’s (“Noront”) Eagle’s Nest nickel, copper and platinum group metals deposit in the Ring of Fire mining district of Ontario, Canada, for C$5.0 million ($3.8 million).
The acquisition of the Eagle’s Nest royalty has been accounted for as an asset acquisition.
| (i) | Acquisition of Project 81 Royalty Interest and Noble Common Shares – Ontario, Canada |
On November 22, 2019, Franco-Nevada acquired a 2% NSR on Noble Mineral Exploration’s (“Noble”) 55,000 hectare patented land package known as Project 81 in the Timmins-Cochrane area of Ontario, Canada, in exchange for Franco-Nevada agreeing to waive its pre-emptive and buy-back rights in respect of a historical third party royalty, which was
2020 Financial Statements | 20 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
subsequently terminated. Franco-Nevada’s 2% NSR covers the Crawford Nickel-Sulphide Project, which was recently spun out by Noble to Canada Nickel Company Inc. As part of the arrangement, Noble issued C$500,000 of Noble common shares to Franco-Nevada.
The acquisition of the Project 81 royalty has been accounted for as an asset acquisition.
| (j) | Acquisition of Premier Gold Royalty Interests |
On September 25, 2019, Franco-Nevada acquired two royalties from Premier Gold Mines Limited (“Premier”) for $6.0 million, including a 2% net smelter royalty (“NSR”) on property owned by Newmont Corporation adjoining its Musselwhite Mine in Northwestern Ontario and a 1.5% NSR on Nevada Gold Mines LLC’s Rain/Emigrant and Saddle properties located at the south end of the Carlin Trend in Nevada.
The acquisitions of the Premier royalties have been accounted for as asset acquisitions.
| (k) | Acquisition of U.S. Oil & Gas Royalty Interest – Marcellus, Pennsylvania, USA |
On July 22, 2019, Franco-Nevada acquired from Range Resources Corporation (“Range”) an overriding royalty interest on acreage in the Marcellus for a gross purchase price of $300.0 million. The royalty is calculated as 1% of gross production, less allowed deductions from approximately 350,000 net acres of Range’s working interest position in Washington, Western Allegheny and Southern Beaver Counties in Pennsylvania. The royalty applies to existing production and future development from the Marcellus formation as well as future potential development from the Utica and Upper Devonian formations.
The acquisition has an effective date of March 1, 2019. Between the effective date and the closing date, the asset has generated approximately $9.4 million in royalties.
The acquisition of the Marcellus royalty has been accounted for as an asset acquisition.
| (l) | Acquisition of Valentine Lake Royalty Interest – Newfoundland, Canada |
On February 21, 2019, Franco-Nevada acquired a 2% NSR on Marathon Gold Corporation’s (“Marathon”) Valentine Lake Gold Camp in central Newfoundland for C$18.0 million ($13.7 million). Marathon has an option to buy back 0.5% of the NSR for $7.0 million until December 31, 2022.
The acquisition of the Valentine Lake royalty has been accounted for as an asset acquisition.
| (m) | Acquisition of Salares Norte Royalty Interest – Chile |
On January 31, 2019, Franco-Nevada, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, acquired an existing 2% NSR on Gold Fields’ Salares Norte project in the Atacama region of northern Chile for $32.0 million, comprised of $27.0 million of Franco-Nevada common shares (366,499 common shares) and $5.0 million in cash. Gold Fields has an option to buy back 1% of the NSR for $6.0 million within 24 months of the commencement of commercial production.
The acquisition of the Salares Norte royalty has been accounted for as an asset acquisition.
Note 5 – Cash and cash equivalents
As at December 31, 2020 and 2019, cash and cash equivalents were primarily held in interest-bearing deposits.
Cash and cash equivalents comprised the following:
| | | At December 31, | | | At December 31, |
| ||
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Cash deposits | | | $ | 523.7 | | | $ | 118.7 | |
Term deposits | | |
| 10.5 | | |
| 13.4 | |
| | | $ | 534.2 | | | $ | 132.1 | |
Note 6 – Investments and loan receivable
Investments comprise the following: (i) equity interests in various public and non-public entities which the Company acquired through the open market or through transactions; (ii) warrants in various publicly-listed companies; and (iii) a loan receivable extended to Noront Resources Ltd. as part of the Company’s acquisition of royalty rights in the Ring of Fire
2020 Financial Statements | 21 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
mining district of Ontario, Canada, in April 2015. The loan bears a 7% interest, is secured by certain mining claims held by Noront in the Ring of Fire district, and has a maturity date of September 30, 2022.
Investments and loan receivable comprised the following:
| | | At December 31, | | | At December 31, |
| ||
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Equity investments | | | $ | 195.6 | | | $ | 145.6 | |
Loan receivable | | | | 37.1 | | | | 34.6 | |
Warrants | | |
| 5.7 | | |
| 3.0 | |
| | | $ | 238.4 | | | $ | 183.2 | |
The change in the fair value of equity investments recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for the periods ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Gain on change in the fair value of equity investments at FVTOCI | | | $ | 50.5 | | | $ | 11.4 | |
Tax expense in other comprehensive income | |
| | (6.7) | | |
| (1.5) | |
Gain on change in the fair value of equity investments at FVTOCI, net of tax | |
| $ | 43.8 | | | $ | 9.9 | |
Note 7 – Prepaid expenses and other current assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets comprised the following:
| | | At December 31, | | | At December 31, | | ||
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Gold bullion | | | $ | 18.6 | | | $ | 26.2 | |
Prepaid expenses | | |
| 16.4 | | |
| 17.5 | |
Stream ounces inventory | | | | 0.5 | | | | 4.4 | |
Debt issue costs | | |
| 0.6 | | |
| 0.7 | |
| | | $ | 36.1 | | | $ | 48.8 | |
Note 8 – Royalty, stream and working interests
(a) | Royalties, streams and working interests |
Royalty, stream and working interests, net of accumulated depletion and impairment charges and reversals, comprised the following:
| | | | | | Impairment | | | | |||||
| | | | | Accumulated | | (charges) | | | | | | ||
As at December 31, 2020 |
| Cost |
| depletion(1) |
| reversals |
|
| Carrying value |
| ||||
Mining royalties | | $ | 1,049.2 | | $ | (642.3) | | $ | — | | | $ | 406.9 | |
Streams | |
| 4,346.6 | |
| (1,702.6) | |
| 9.6 | | |
| 2,653.6 | |
Energy | |
| 1,944.7 | |
| (462.4) | |
| (267.7) | | |
| 1,214.6 | |
Advanced | |
| 343.0 | |
| (49.0) | |
| — | | |
| 294.0 | |
Exploration | |
| 76.1 | |
| (13.1) | |
| — | | |
| 63.0 | |
| | $ | 7,759.6 | | $ | (2,869.4) | | $ | (258.1) | | | $ | 4,632.1 | |
| 1. | Accumulated depletion includes previously recognized impairment charges. |
| | | | | | Impairments | | | | |||||
| | | | | Accumulated | | (charges) | | | | | | ||
As at December 31, 2019 |
| Cost |
| depletion(1) |
| reversals |
|
| Carrying value |
| ||||
Mining royalties | | $ | 1,035.7 | | $ | (620.1) | | $ | — | | | $ | 415.6 | |
Streams | |
| 4,346.3 | |
| (1,542.3) | |
| — | | |
| 2,804.0 | |
Energy | |
| 1,756.4 | |
| (402.8) | |
| — | | |
| 1,353.6 | |
Advanced | |
| 203.2 | |
| (32.3) | |
| — | | |
| 170.9 | |
Exploration | |
| 66.2 | |
| (12.5) | |
| — | | |
| 53.7 | |
| | $ | 7,407.8 | | $ | (2,610.0) | | $ | — | | | $ | 4,797.8 | |
| 1. | Accumulated depletion includes previously recognized impairment charges. |
2020 Financial Statements | 22 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Changes in royalty, stream and working interests for the periods ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were as follows:
| | Mining | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||||
|
| royalties |
| Streams |
| Energy |
| Advanced |
| Exploration |
| Total |
| ||||||
Balance at January 1, 2019 | | $ | 450.1 | | $ | 2,967.6 | | $ | 966.6 | | $ | 129.8 | | $ | 41.5 | | $ | 4,555.6 | |
Additions (note 4) | |
| — | |
| — | |
| 419.0 | |
| 46.0 | |
| 11.9 | |
| 476.9 | |
Transfers | |
| 5.9 | |
| — | |
| — | |
| (5.9) | |
| — | |
| — | |
Depletion | |
| (46.0) | |
| (163.6) | |
| (49.0) | |
| (0.9) | |
| (0.2) | |
| (259.7) | |
Impact of foreign exchange | |
| 5.6 | |
| — | |
| 17.0 | |
| 1.9 | |
| 0.5 | |
| 25.0 | |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | | $ | 415.6 | | $ | 2,804.0 | | $ | 1,353.6 | | $ | 170.9 | | $ | 53.7 | | $ | 4,797.8 | |
Additions (note 4) | | | 18.8 | |
| — | |
| 170.2 | |
| 118.6 | |
| 8.2 | |
| 315.8 | |
Transfers | |
| (1.2) | |
| — | |
| — | |
| 1.2 | |
| — | |
| — | |
Impairment (charges) and reversals | | | — | | | 9.6 | |
| (267.7) | |
| — | |
| — | |
| (258.1) | |
Depletion | |
| (31.5) | |
| (160.0) | |
| (44.9) | |
| (2.1) | |
| (0.2) | |
| (238.7) | |
Impact of foreign exchange | |
| 5.2 | |
| — | |
| 3.4 | |
| 5.4 | |
| 1.3 | |
| 15.3 | |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | | $ | 406.9 | | $ | 2,653.6 | | $ | 1,214.6 | | $ | 294.0 | | $ | 63.0 | | $ | 4,632.1 | |
Of the total net book value as at December 31, 2020, $3,327.3 million (December 31, 2019 - $3,743.8 million) is depletable and $1,304.8 million (December 31, 2019 - $1,054.0 million) is non-depletable.
(b) | Impairment of Energy interests |
Royalties, stream and working interests are reviewed for impairment if there is an indication that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. As a result of reduced production and capital spend by the operators of the Company’s Energy interests due to lower market expectations for oil and gas prices, the Company noted the presence of impairment indicators as at March 31, 2020 and carried out an asset impairment analysis of its Energy interests. Impairments in the carrying value of each CGU were measured and recorded to the extent that the carrying value of each CGU exceeds its estimated recoverable amount, which was the higher of FVLCD and VIU, which is generally calculated using an estimate of future discounted cash-flows.
The Company recorded impairment charges at March 31, 2020 with respect to the following CGUs based on the recoverable amount using a FVLCD model:
SCOOP/STACK
The Company’s interest in the SCOOP/STACK comprises acquisitions of royalty rights through the Royalty Acquisition Venture, a jointly-owned entity with Continental, as well as two packages of royalty rights acquired between December 2016 and November 2017.
Weyburn
The Company holds a 11.71% NRI, a 0.44% ORR and a 2.56% WI in the Weyburn Unit, which is located 129km southeast of Regina, Saskatchewan. The 11.71% NRI was acquired on November 13, 2012.
The following table summarizes the impairment losses recorded at March 31, 2020 and estimated recoverable amount by CGU on a pre-tax basis:
| | | | Impairment | | | | Recoverable | |
| | | | amount | | | | amount | |
Royalty, stream and working interests, net | | | | | | | | | |
SCOOP/STACK | | | $ | 207.2 | | | $ | 309.2 | |
Weyburn | | | | 60.5 | | | | 162.8 | |
Other assets | | | | | | | | | |
Oil well equipment | | | $ | 4.0 | | | $ | 4.7 | |
| | | $ | 271.7 | | | $ | 476.7 | |
2020 Financial Statements | 23 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Key assumptions and sensitivity analysis
Key assumptions and estimates used in determining the recoverable amounts of the Company’s Energy interests are related to oil prices and discount rates. The future cash flows expected from each CGU were derived from a model developed by management using cash-flows prepared by an independent reserve engineer or a third-party advisor, and expected performance based on publicly-released technical information to predict expected future production. For the SCOOP/STACK CGUs, the Company’s management made assumptions of future drilling activity to reflect the reduced capital spending by operators in the current environment.
The Company’s management made assumptions of future West Texas Intermediate (“WTI”) prices to estimate future revenues, based on long-term consensus price estimates obtained from a sample of independent reserve evaluators. For the Weyburn CGU, the differential to Edmonton Light prices assumption was $8.55/barrel, and the U.S. dollar to Canadian dollar foreign exchange rate assumption was $0.72. Forecasted WTI prices as at March 31, 2020 used to determine future cash flows were as follows:
| |
| | | | | | | | | Average | | |||||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Annual | | |
|
| Remainder of |
| | | | | | | |
| Increase |
| ||||||
|
| 2020 |
| 2021 |
| 2022 |
| 2023 |
| 2024 |
| Thereafter |
| ||||||
WTI oil price (US$/barrel) | | $ | 30.00 | | $ | 41.18 | | $ | 49.88 | | $ | 55.87 | | $ | 57.98 | | 2 | % | |
The future cash-flows were discounted using an after-tax discount rate which reflects specific market risk factors associated with individual characteristics of the CGU. For the SCOOP/STACK CGUs, the discount rate ranged between 5% for proved producing reserves to 12% for undeveloped contingent resources. For the Weyburn CGU, the discount rate assumed was 9.5%.
While oil and gas prices have partially rebounded from April 2020, there remains a level of uncertainty surrounding oil and gas prices. The Company determined that this did not warrant a consideration of an indicator of reversal in the previously recorded impairments.
A sensitivity analysis showing the impact of a change, in isolation, in the WTI oil price and discount rate assumptions is shown below:
| Increase (Decrease) to Impairment Charges | ||||||||||||
| | 1% Increase | | 1% Decrease | | 10% Decrease | | 10% Increase |
| ||||
| | in the | | in the | | in WTI Oil | | in WTI Oil |
| ||||
| | Discount Rate | | Discount Rate | | Price | | Price |
| ||||
SCOOP/STACK | | $ | 34.1 | | $ | (39.9) | | $ | 37.8 | | $ | (37.3) | |
Weyburn, including oil well equipment | |
| 16.9 | | | (19.1) | | | 39.8 | | | (39.0) | |
| | $ | 51.0 | | $ | (59.0) | | $ | 77.6 | | $ | (76.3) | |
(c) | Impairment reversal of Mine Waste Solutions stream |
At every reporting period, the Company assesses whether there is an indication that an impairment loss previously recognized for an asset may no longer exist or may have decreased.
In 2014, the Company carried out an impairment analysis on its stream interest in the Mine Waste Solutions (“MWS”) tailings recovery operation in South Africa. Due to the capped nature of the stream and its limited optionality, the Company assessed that the reduction in consensus gold price estimates at the time was an indication of impairment, and, as a result, recorded an impairment of $26.6 million.
In 2020, the Company assessed that the increase in consensus gold price estimates represented an indication that the previously recorded impairment loss may no longer exist or may have decreased and carried out an asset impairment reversal analysis. The recoverable amount was based on the FVLCD. The recoverable amount determined for the MWS interest exceeded its carrying value. As such, a full reversal of the 2014 impairment loss, net of depletion had an impairment loss not previously been recorded, of $9.6 million was recognized, increasing the carrying value of the interest to $77.2 million. The following table summarizes the impairment reversal and estimated recoverable amount for the MWS stream interest on a pre-tax basis:
| | | | Impairment | | | | | |
| | | | reversal | | | | Recoverable | |
| | | | amount | | | | amount | |
Royalty, stream and working interests, net | | | | | | | | | |
Mine Waste Solutions | | | $ | (9.6) | | | $ | 114.8 | |
| | | $ | (9.6) | | | $ | 114.8 | |
2020 Financial Statements | 24 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Key assumptions and sensitivity analysis
Key assumptions and estimates used in determining the recoverable amount of the Company’s MWS stream are related to gold prices and timing of unlevered cash flows.
The FVLCD for the MWS stream was determined by calculating the net present value (“NPV”) of the estimated future cash-flows expected to be generated by the mining of the MWS tailings. The estimates of future cash-flows were derived from a life-of-mine model developed by the Company’s management using MWS’s historical performance to predict future performance. Based on observable market or publicly available data, the Company’s management made assumptions of future gold prices to estimate future revenues. These price assumptions were supported by longer-term consensus price estimates obtained from a sample of analysts. Forecasted gold prices as at December 31, 2020 used to determine future cash flows were as follows:
|
| 2021 |
| | 2022 | | | 2023 | | 2024 |
| ||
Gold price (US$/ounce) | | $ | 1,910 | | $ | 1,886 | | $ | 1,831 | | $ | 1,681 | |
The future cash-flows were discounted using a discount rate of 5% which reflects specific market risk factors associated with MWS.
A sensitivity analysis showing the impact of a change, in isolation, in the forecasted gold prices (+/- 10%) and discount rate (+/- 1%) was performed on the cash flow model for the MWS stream. Reviewing changes in the key assumptions did not have any impact on the result of the Company’s impairment reversal assessment.
Note 9 – Other assets
Other assets comprised the following:
| | | At December 31, | | | At December 31, | | ||
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Energy well equipment, net | | | $ | 5.0 | | | $ | 9.3 | |
Right-of-use assets, net | | |
| 2.0 | | |
| 2.5 | |
Furniture and fixtures, net | | |
| 0.4 | | |
| 0.4 | |
Debt issue costs | | |
| 1.3 | | |
| 1.9 | |
Other | | | | 4.9 | | | | — | |
| | | $ | 13.6 | | | $ | 14.1 | |
Note 10 – Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities comprise the following:
| | | At December 31, | | | At December 31, | | ||
|
|
| 2019 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Accounts payable | | | $ | 3.5 | | | $ | 6.8 | |
Accrued liabilities | | |
| 37.3 | | |
| 35.0 | |
| | | $ | 40.8 | | | $ | 41.8 | |
Note 11 – Debt
Changes in obligations related to the Company’s credit facilities were as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | Corporate | | | Corporate | | | FNBC | | | | | |
|
| revolver | | | term loan | | | revolver | | | | Total | | |
Size of facility | | $ | 1,000.0 | | $ | 160.0 | | $ | 100.0 | | | $ | 1,260.0 | |
Balance at January 1, 2019 | | $ | 210.0 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | | $ | 210.0 | |
Drawdowns | | | 275.0 |
| | 160.0 |
| | — | |
| | 435.0 | |
Repayment | | | (485.0) | | | (80.0) | | | — | | | | (565.0) | |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | | $ | — | | $ | 80.0 | | $ | — | | | $ | 80.0 | |
Repayment | | | — | | | (80.0) | | | — | | | | (80.0) | |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | | $ | — | |
2020 Financial Statements | 25 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
(a) | Corporate Revolver |
The Company has a $1.0 billion unsecured revolving term credit facility (the “Corporate Revolver”). The Corporate Revolver has a maturity date of March 22, 2024.
The Company has two standby letters of credit in the amount of $18.1 million (C$23.1 million) against the Corporate Revolver in relation to the audit by the Canada Revenue Agency (“CRA”) of its 2013–2015 taxation years, as referenced in note 23.
Advances under the Corporate Revolver can be drawn as follows:
U.S. dollars
Base rate advances with interest payable monthly at the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) base rate, plus between 0.00% and 1.05% per annum depending upon the Company’s leverage ratio; or |
· | LIBOR loans for periods of 1, 2, 3 or 6 months with interest payable at a rate of LIBOR, plus between 1.00% and 2.05% per annum, depending on the Company’s leverage ratio. |
Canadian dollars
· | Prime rate advances with interest payable monthly at the CIBC prime rate, plus between 0.00% and 1.05% per annum, depending on the Company’s leverage ratio; or |
· | Bankers’ acceptances for a period of 30 to 180 days with a stamping fee calculated on the face amount between 1.00% and 2.05%, depending on the Company’s leverage ratio. |
All loans are readily convertible into loans of other types, described above, on customary terms and upon provision of appropriate notice. Borrowings under the Corporate Revolver are guaranteed by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and are unsecured.
The Corporate Revolver is subject to a standby fee of 0.20% to 0.41% per annum, depending on the Company’s leverage ratio, even if no amounts are outstanding under the Corporate Revolver.
(b) | Corporate Term Loan |
On April 17, 2019, the Company entered into an unsecured credit facility (the “Corporate Term Loan”) in the amount of $160.0 million to pay down amounts previously borrowed under the Corporate Revolver. The Corporate Term Loan had a maturity date of April 17, 2021. Advances were drawn as a one-month LIBOR loan with interest payable at a rate of LIBOR plus 0.85%. In 2020, the Company fully repaid the amount borrowed against the Corporate Term Loan. As the Corporate Term Loan is a non-revolving facility, it is no longer available to draw.
(c) | FNBC Revolver |
The Company’s subsidiary, Franco-Nevada (Barbados) Corporation (“FNBC”), has an unsecured revolving term credit facility (the “FNBC Revolver”). The FNBC Revolver provides for the availability over a one-year period of up to $100.0 million in borrowings.
On March 10, 2020, the FNBC Revolver was amended to provide an extension of the maturity date to March 20, 2021. Advances, under the amended terms of the FNBC Revolver, can be drawn in U.S. dollars as follows:
| ● | Base rate advances with interest payable monthly at the CIBC base rate, plus 0.25% per annum; or |
| ● | LIBOR loans for periods of 1, 2, 3 or 6 months with interest payable at a rate of LIBOR plus 1.25% per annum. |
All loans are readily convertible into loans of other types on customary terms and upon provision of appropriate notice.
The FNBC Revolver is subject to a standby fee of 0.25% per annum, even if no amounts are outstanding.
2020 Financial Statements | 26 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Note 12 – Revenue
Revenue classified by commodity, geography and type comprised the following:
| | | | | | | | |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Commodity | | | | | | | | |
Gold(1) | | $ | 718.1 | | | $ | 545.8 | |
Silver | |
| 106.4 | | | | 83.2 | |
Platinum-group metals(1) | |
| 86.2 | | | | 75.6 | |
Other mining commodities | |
| 17.8 | | | | 23.6 | |
Mining | | $ | 928.5 | | | $ | 728.2 | |
Energy | |
| 91.7 | | | | 115.9 | |
| | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 844.1 | |
Geography | | | | | | | | |
Latin America | | $ | 502.1 | | | $ | 369.2 | |
United States | |
| 178.6 | | | | 166.6 | |
Canada(1) | |
| 196.9 | | | | 166.2 | |
Rest of World | |
| 142.6 | | | | 142.1 | |
| | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 844.1 | |
Type | | | | | | | | |
Revenue-based royalties | | $ | 274.9 | | | $ | 266.7 | |
Streams(1) | |
| 629.2 | | |
| 490.8 | |
Profit-based royalties | |
| 88.7 | | |
| 49.7 | |
Other | |
| 27.4 | | |
| 36.9 | |
| | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 844.1 | |
| 1. | Includes a loss of $0.1 million and gain of $5.9 million of provisional pricing adjustments for gold and platinum-group metals, respectively |
(2019 – gain of $0.3 million and $7.8 million, respectively).
Note 13 – Costs of sales
Costs of sales comprised the following:
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Costs of stream sales | | | $ | 149.5 | | | $ | 135.1 | |
Mineral production taxes | | |
| 2.9 | | |
| 2.4 | |
Mining costs of sales | | | $ | 152.4 | | | $ | 137.5 | |
Energy costs of sales | | |
| 6.4 | | |
| 7.3 | |
| | | $ | 158.8 | | | $ | 144.8 | |
Note 14 – Related party disclosures
Key management personnel are those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the Company. Key management personnel include the Board of Directors and the executive management team.
Compensation for key management personnel of the Company was as follows:
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Short-term benefits(1) | | | $ | 3.5 | | | $ | 4.6 | |
Share-based payments(2) | | |
| 7.9 | | |
| 5.9 | |
| | | $ | 11.4 | | | $ | 10.5 | |
| 1. | Includes salary, benefits and short-term accrued incentives/other bonuses earned in the period. |
| 2. | Represents the expense of stock options and restricted share units and mark-to-market charges on deferred share units during the year. |
2020 Financial Statements | 27 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Note 15 – Finance income and expenses
Finance income and expenses for the periods ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
|
| | 2020 |
|
| 2019 | | ||
Finance income |
| | | | | | | | |
Interest | | | $ | 3.7 | | | $ | 3.5 | |
| | | $ | 3.7 | | | $ | 3.5 | |
Finance expenses |
| | | | | | | | |
Standby charges | | | $ | 2.1 | | | $ | 2.1 | |
Amortization of debt issue costs | | |
| 1.0 | | |
| 0.9 | |
Interest | | |
| 0.3 | | | | 7.4 | |
Accretion of lease liabilities | | |
| 0.1 | | |
| 0.2 | |
| | | $ | 3.5 | | | $ | 10.6 | |
Note 16 - Income taxes
Income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was as follows:
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Current income tax expense | | | | | | | | | |
Expense for the year | | | $ | 50.9 | | | $ | 42.3 | |
Adjustment in respect of prior years | | | | (2.4) | | | | (3.2) | |
Current income tax expense | | | $ | 48.5 | | | $ | 39.1 | |
Deferred income tax expense (recovery) | | | | | | | | | |
Origination and reversal of temporary differences | | | $ | (30.2) | | | | 20.2 | |
Impact of changes in tax rates | | | | (0.8) | | | | (1.0) | |
Change in unrecognized deductible temporary differences | | | | (6.4) | | | | (0.1) | |
Adjustments in respect of prior years | | | | 2.2 | | | | 3.4 | |
Other | | | | — | | | | 0.2 | |
Deferred income tax (recovery) expense | | | $ | (35.2) | | | $ | 22.7 | |
Income tax expense | | | $ | 13.3 | | | $ | 61.8 | |
A reconciliation of the product of net income before taxes multiplied by the combined Canadian federal and provincial statutory rate to the provision for income taxes as shown in the consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, is as follows:
|
| | 2020 |
| | 2019 |
| ||
Net income before income taxes | | | $ | 339.5 | | | $ | 405.9 | |
Statutory tax rate | | | | 26.5% | | | | 26.6% | |
Tax expense at statutory rate | | | $ | 90.0 | | | $ | 108.0 | |
Reconciling items: | | | | | | | | | |
Change in unrecognized deductible temporary differences | | | $ | (6.4) | | | $ | (0.1) | |
Income/expenses not taxed | | | | (4.2) | | | | (4.3) | |
Differences in foreign statutory tax rates | | | | (66.0) | | | | (42.8) | |
Differences due to changing future tax rates | | | | (0.8) | | | | (1.0) | |
Foreign withholding tax | | | | — | | | | 0.3 | |
Temporary differences subject to initial recognition exemption | | | | 0.6 | | | | 1.5 | |
Other | | | | 0.1 | | | | 0.2 | |
Income tax expense | | | $ | 13.3 | | | $ | 61.8 | |
2020 Financial Statements | 28 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Income tax expense recognized in other comprehensive income is as follows:
| | | | 2020 | | | | 2019 |
| ||||||||||||||||
|
|
| | | |
| | |
|
| | After |
|
| | |
|
| | |
|
| | After |
|
| | | | Before | | | | Tax | | | | Tax | | | | Before | | | | Tax | | | | Tax |
|
| | | | Tax Gain | | | | Expense | | | | Gain | | | | Tax Gain | | | | Expense | | | | Gain |
|
Gain (loss) on change in the fair value of equity investments at FVTOCI |
| | $ | 50.5 | | | $ | (6.7) |
| | $ | 43.8 |
| | $ | 11.4 |
| | $ | (1.5) |
| | $ | 9.9 | |
Currency translation adjustment |
| | | 19.6 | | | | — |
| | | 19.6 |
| | | 32.3 |
| | | — |
| | | 32.3 | |
Other comprehensive income |
| | $ | 70.1 |
| | $ | (6.7) |
| | $ | 63.4 |
| | $ | 43.7 |
| | $ | (1.5) |
| | $ | 42.2 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Deferred tax | | | | | | | $ | (6.7) | | | | | | | | | | | $ | (1.5) | | | | | |
Tax expense in other comprehensive income | | | | |
| | $ | (6.7) | | | | | | | | |
| | | (1.5) |
| | | | |
The significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities as at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:
|
|
| 2020 | |
| 2019 |
| ||
Deferred income tax assets: | | | | | | | | | |
Deductible temporary differences relating to: | | | | | | | | | |
Royalty, stream and working interests | | | $ | 44.1 | | | $ | 6.5 | |
Non-capital loss carry-forwards | | | | 0.6 | | | | 0.3 | |
Other | | | | 0.4 | | | | — | |
| | | $ | 45.1 | | | $ | 6.8 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Deferred income tax liabilities: | | | | | | | | | |
Taxable temporary differences relating to: | | | | | | | | | |
Share issue and debt issue costs | | | $ | 0.3 | | | $ | (1.7) | |
Royalty, stream and working interests | | | | 89.6 | | | | 89.0 | |
Non-capital loss carry-forwards | | | | (3.9) | | | | (4.3) | |
Investments | | | | 11.6 | | | | 4.3 | |
Other | | | | (6.1) | | | | (4.9) | |
| | | $ | 91.5 | | | $ | 82.4 | |
Deferred income tax liabilities, net | | | $ | 46.4 | | | $ | 75.6 | |
The movement in net deferred tax liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:
|
|
| | 2020 |
|
| | 2019 |
|
Balance, beginning of year | | | $ | 75.6 | | | $ | 50.0 | |
Recognized in net income | | |
| (35.2) | | |
| 22.5 | |
Recognized in other comprehensive income | | |
| 6.7 | | |
| 1.5 | |
Recognized in equity | | | | 0.3 | | | | 0.4 | |
Other | | |
| (1.0) | | |
| 1.2 | |
Balance, end of year | | | $ | 46.4 | | | $ | 75.6 | |
The Company has recognized deferred tax assets in respect of the following non-capital losses as at December 31, 2020 that can be applied against future taxable profit:
Country |
| Type |
| Amount |
| Expiry date |
| |
Canada |
| Non-Capital Losses | | $ | 14.7 |
| 2030-2038 | |
Chile |
| Non-Capital Losses | | | 2.3 |
| No expiry | |
| | | | $ | 17.0 | | | |
Unrecognized deferred tax assets and liabilities
The aggregate amount of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, for which deferred tax liabilities have not been recognized as at December 31, 2020 is $298.1 million (2019 – $393.7 million). No deferred tax liabilities are recognized on the temporary differences associated with investment in subsidiaries because the company controls the timing of reversal and it is not probable that they will reverse in the foreseeable future.
The aggregate amount of deductible temporary differences associated with other items, for which deferred tax assets have not been recognized as at December 31, 2020 is $48.7 million (2019 - $72.7 million). No deferred tax asset is recognized in respect of these items because it is not probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the company can utilize the benefit.
2020 Financial Statements | 29 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Deductible temporary differences, losses and unused tax credits for which no deferred tax assets have been recognized are attributable to the following:
|
|
| 2020 | |
| | 2019 | | |
Royalty, stream and working interests | | | $ | 25.1 | | | $ | 48.0 | |
Tax losses (expiry dates - 2029-2033) | | |
| 23.6 | | |
| 24.7 | |
| | | $ | 48.7 | | | $ | 72.7 | |
The Company is undergoing an audit by the Canada Revenue Agency of its 2012-2017 taxation years, as referenced in note 23.
Note 17 – Shareholders’ equity
| (a) | Share capital |
The Company’s authorized capital stock includes an unlimited number of common shares (190,956,476 common shares issued and outstanding as at December 31, 2020) having no par value and preferred shares issuable in series (issued - nil).
Changes in share capital in the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:
| | | | | | | |
| | | Number | | | | |
|
|
| of shares |
|
| Amount |
|
Balance at January 1, 2019 | |
| 186,692,481 | | $ | 5,158.3 | |
At-the-market equity offering | | | 1,433,400 | | | 136.0 | |
Acquisition of Salares Norte | | | 366,499 | | | 27.0 | |
Exercise of stock options | | | 283,863 | | | 17.3 | |
Vesting of restricted share units | | | 46,375 | | | 3.3 | |
Dividend reinvestment plan | | | 558,770 | | | 48.8 | |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | | | 189,381,388 | | $ | 5,390.7 | |
At-the-market equity offering | | | 1,054,800 | | $ | 133.7 | |
Exercise of stock options | | | 150,482 | | | 9.7 | |
Vesting of restricted share units | | | 42,328 | | | 3.7 | |
Dividend reinvestment plan | | | 327,478 | | | 42.3 | |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | | | 190,956,476 | | $ | 5,580.1 | |
| (b) | At-the-Market Equity Program |
On May 11, 2020, the Company established a new at-the-market equity program (the “ATM Program”) permitting the Company to issue up to an aggregate of $300 million worth of common shares from treasury at prevailing market prices to the public through the Toronto Stock Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange or any other marketplace on which the common shares are listed, quoted or otherwise trade. The previous at-the-market program, which permitted the Company to issue up to an aggregate of $200 million worth of common shares, was terminated on April 28, 2020 when the Company renewed its base shelf prospectus. The volume and timing of distributions under the ATM Program is determined at the Company’s sole discretion, subject to applicable regulatory limitations and blackout periods. The ATM Program will be effective until May 28, 2022 unless terminated prior to such date by the Company.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company issued 1,054,800 common shares under the ATM Program and the Company’s previous at-the-market equity program at an average price per common share of $128.96. The gross proceeds to the Company from these issuances were $136.0 million, and the net proceeds were $133.7 million after deducting agent commission costs of $1.4 million and other share issuance costs of $0.9 million.
| (c) | Dividends |
In 2020, the Company declared dividends of $1.03 per common share (2019 - $0.99 per common share).
Dividends paid in cash and through the Company’s Dividend Reinvestment Plan (“DRIP”) were as follows:
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||
Cash dividends | | | $ | 154.9 | | | $ | 138.2 | |
DRIP dividends | | |
| 42.3 | | |
| 48.8 | |
| | | $ | 197.2 | | | $ | 187.0 | |
2020 Financial Statements | 30 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
| (d) | Stock-based payments |
On March 7, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted an amended and restated share compensation plan covering both stock options and RSUs effective May 9, 2018 (the “Plan”). Pursuant to the Plan, the Company may grant incentive stock options to directors, officers, employees and consultants at the discretion of the Board of Directors. The exercise price and vesting period of any option is fixed by the Board of Directors on the date of grant. The term of options is at the sole discretion of the Board of Directors but may not exceed ten years from the date of grant. Options expire on the earlier of the expiry date or the date of termination and are non-transferable. The options granted will be adjusted in the event of an amalgamation, rights offering, share consolidation or subdivision or other similar adjustments of the share capital of the Company. The aggregate number of common shares that may be issued under the Plan is limited to 9,700,876 common shares. Within any one-year period, the number of common shares issued to any single insider participant under the Plan shall not exceed 5% of the common shares then issued and outstanding.
Options to purchase common shares of the Company that have been granted in accordance with the Plan and pursuant to other agreements are as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2020 | | | 2019 |
| ||||||
|
|
| |
| Weighted |
|
| |
| Weighted |
| ||
| | | | | average exercise | | | | | average exercise |
| ||
| | | Number | | price | | | Number | | price |
| ||
Stock options outstanding, beginning of year |
| | 836,427 |
| C$ | 80.01 | | | 1,015,409 |
| C$ | 69.13 | |
Granted |
| | 61,594 |
| C$ | 171.33 | | | 104,881 |
| C$ | 129.32 | |
Exercised |
| | (150,482) |
| C$ | 67.13 | | | (283,863) |
| C$ | 59.31 | |
Forfeited | | | (1,577) | | C$ | 112.84 | | | — | | C$ | — | |
Stock options outstanding, end of the year |
| | 745,962 |
| C$ | 90.08 | | | 836,427 |
| C$ | 80.01 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Exercisable stock options, end of the year |
| | 563,975 |
| C$ | 76.14 | | | 596,402 |
| C$ | 68.05 | |
Options granted during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 have a ten-year term and vest over three years in equal portions on the anniversary of the grant date. The fair value of stock options was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the following weighted average assumptions, resulting in a fair value of $1.7 million, or a weighted average fair value of C$36.67 per stock option (2019 — $2.2 million, or C$28.11 per stock option).
| | | 2020 | | | 2019 | |
Risk-free interest rate | | | 0.39 | % | | 1.62 | % |
Expected dividend yield | | | 0.78 | % | | 1.02 | % |
Expected price volatility of the Company’s common shares | | | 28.8 | % | | 27.5 | % |
Expected life of the option | |
| 4 years | | | 4 years | |
Forfeiture rate | | | 0 | % | | 0 | % |
During the year ended December 31, 2020, an expense of $2.2 million (2019 - $2.3 million) related to stock options has been included in the consolidated statement of income and other comprehensive income, and $0.1 million (2019 - $0.5 million), was capitalized to royalty, stream and working interest, net, respectively. As at December 31, 2020, there was $2.9 million (2019 – $3.5 million) of total unrecognized non-cash stock-based compensation relating to stock options granted under the Plan, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years (2019 – 1.7 years).
2020 Financial Statements | 31 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Options to purchase common shares outstanding at December 31, 2020, exercise prices and weighted average lives to maturity as follows:
| |
| |
| |
| Weighted |
|
| Exercise | | Options | | Options | | average life |
|
| price | | outstanding | | exercisable | | (years) |
|
| C$40.87 |
| 32,451 |
| 32,451 |
| 2.94 | |
| C$42.43 |
| 750 |
| 750 |
| 1.25 | |
| C$46.17 |
| 75,000 |
| 75,000 |
| 2.63 | |
| C$55.58 |
| 17,397 |
| 17,397 |
| 1.95 | |
| C$58.67 |
| 20,000 |
| 20,000 |
| 4.64 | |
| C$59.52 |
| 33,876 |
| 33,876 |
| 3.95 | |
| C$65.76 |
| 55,853 |
| 55,853 |
| 4.94 | |
| C$75.45 |
| 120,074 |
| 120,074 |
| 5.94 | |
| C$88.76 |
| 45,082 |
| 29,171 |
| 7.64 | |
| C$94.57 |
| 95,273 |
| 60,184 |
| 7.95 | |
| C$100.10 |
| 84,523 |
| 84,523 |
| 6.94 | |
| C$129.32 |
| 104,089 |
| 34,696 |
| 8.94 | |
| C$171.33 |
| 61,594 |
| — |
| 9.94 | |
| |
| 745,962 |
| 563,975 |
| 6.40 | |
| (e) | Restricted share units |
During the year ended December 31, 2020, 22,519 performance-based RSUs (2019 –20,153) and 14,546 time-based RSUs (2019 –19,863) were awarded to management of the Company. The fair value of the RSUs, which is determined with reference to the weighted average trading price of the Company’s common shares over the five trading days immediately preceding the date of issuance, was determined to be $5.0 million in 2020 (2019 - $3.9 million). Included in the Company’s stock-based compensation expense is an amount of $3.4 million (2019 – $2.6 million) relating to RSUs. In addition, $0.1 million related to the RSUs was capitalized to royalty, stream and working interest, net (2019 – $0.6 million). As at December 31, 2020, there is $7.7 million (2019 – $6.4 million) of total unrecognized non-cash stock-based compensation expense relating to non-vested restricted share units granted under the Plan, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years (2019 – 2.1 years).
| (f) | Deferred Share Unit Plan |
During the year ended December 31, 2020, 14,285 DSUs and dividend equivalent DSUs were granted to directors under the DSU Plan (2019 – 18,448). No DSUs and dividend equivalent DSUs were redeemed during the year. The mark-to-market adjustment recorded for the year ended December 31, 2020 in respect of the DSU Plan resulted in an increase in the DSU liability of $2.0 million (2019 – $2.8 million).The value of the DSU liability as at December 31, 2020 was $14.9 million (2019 - $10.8 million).
| (g) | Outstanding Stock Options and Restricted Share Units |
The following table sets out the maximum shares that would be outstanding if all of the stock options and RSUs at December 31, 2020 and 2019 were exercised:
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
|
Common shares outstanding | |
| 190,956,476 | | | 189,381,388 | |
Stock options | | | 745,962 | | | 836,427 | |
Restricted Share Units | | | 102,708 | | | 108,978 | |
| | | 191,805,146 | | | 190,326,793 | |
Note 18 – Earnings per share (“EPS”)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2020 | | 2019 |
| ||||||||||||||||
|
| | |
| Shares |
| | Per Share |
| | |
| Shares |
| | Per Share |
| ||||
| | | Net income | | (in millions) | | | Amount |
| | Net income | | (in millions) | | | Amount |
| ||||
Basic earnings per share | | | $ | 326.2 |
| 190.3 | | | $ | 1.71 | | | $ | 344.1 |
| 187.7 | | | $ | 1.83 | |
Effect of dilutive securities | | |
| — |
| 0.4 | | |
| — | | |
| — |
| 0.3 | | |
| — | |
Diluted earnings per share | | | $ | 326.2 |
| 190.7 | | | $ | 1.71 | | | $ | 344.1 |
| 188.0 | | | $ | 1.83 | |
2020 Financial Statements | 32 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
For the year ended December 31, 2020, a weighted average of 3,534 stock options (2019 –1,143 stock options) was excluded in the computation of diluted EPS due to being anti-dilutive. Further, for the year ended December 31, 2019, a weighted average of 6,034 stock options was excluded due to the strike price exceeding the average share price during the year. RSUs totaling 66,996 (2019 - 65,972 RSUs) were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS due to the performance criteria for the vesting of the RSUs not being measurable as at December 31, 2020.
Note 19 – Segment reporting
The chief operating decision-maker organizes and manages the business under two operating segments, consisting of royalty, stream and working interests in each of the mining and energy sectors.
The Company’s reportable segments for purposes of assessing performance are presented as follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | 2020 | | 2019 | | |||||||||||||||
|
| Mining |
| Energy |
| Total | |
| Mining |
| Energy |
| Total |
| ||||||
Revenue | | $ | 928.5 | | $ | 91.7 | | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 728.2 | | $ | 115.9 | | $ | 844.1 | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Income/(expenses) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Costs of sales | | $ | 152.4 | | $ | 6.4 | | $ | 158.8 | | | $ | 137.5 | | $ | 7.3 | | $ | 144.8 | |
Depletion and depreciation | | | 193.8 | | | 44.9 | | | 238.7 | | | | 210.7 | | | 49.0 | | | 259.7 | |
Segment gross profit | | $ | 582.3 | | $ | 40.4 | | $ | 622.7 | | | $ | 380.0 | | $ | 59.6 | | $ | 439.6 | |
A reconciliation of total segment gross profit to consolidated net income before income taxes is presented below:
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | 2020 | | | 2019 | | ||
Total segment gross profit | | $ | 622.7 | | | $ | 439.6 | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Other operating (income)/expenses | | | | | | | | | |
Impairment charges and reversals | | $ | 262.1 | | | $ | — | | |
General and administrative expenses | | | 28.8 | | | | 28.8 | | |
Gain on sale of bullion | | | (7.0) | | | | (2.9) | | |
Depreciation | | | 2.3 | | | | 3.5 | | |
Foreign exchange (gain) loss and other (income) expenses | | | (2.8) | | | | (2.8) | | |
Income before finance items and income taxes | | $ | 339.3 | | | $ | 413.0 | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Finance items | | | | | | | | | |
Finance income | | $ | 3.7 | | | $ | 3.5 | | |
Finance expenses | | | (3.5) | | | | (10.6) | | |
Net income before income taxes | | $ | 339.5 | | | $ | 405.9 | | |
Revenues earned during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 are presented by geographic area based on the location of the mining operations giving rise to the royalty, stream or working interest:
|
| 2020 |
| 2019 |
| |||
Latin America: | | | | | | | | |
Peru | | $ | 175.5 | | | $ | 145.3 | |
Chile | | | 106.8 | | | | 103.1 | |
Panama | | | 135.4 | | | | 64.7 | |
Other | | | 84.4 | | | | 56.1 | |
United States | |
| 178.6 | | | | 166.6 | |
Canada | | | 196.9 | | | | 166.2 | |
Rest of World | | | 142.6 | | | | 142.1 | |
| | $ | 1,020.2 | | | $ | 844.1 | |
For the year ended December 31, 2020, three interests generated revenue totaling $360.7 million (2019 – two interests generated revenue totaling $203.5 million), each comprising 13%, 12% and 10%, respectively (2019 – 12% and 12%, respectively) of revenue.
2020 Financial Statements | 33 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Royalty, stream and working interests as at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are presented by geographic area based on the location of the mining operations giving rise to the royalty, stream or working interest.
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| | 2019 |
|
Latin America: | | | | | | | | |
Panama | | $ | 1,318.5 | | | $ | 1,348.4 | |
Peru | | | 766.3 | | | | 825.5 | |
Chile | | | 485.0 | | | | 504.2 | |
Other | | | 154.4 | | | | 48.1 | |
United States | |
| 1,216.8 | | | | 1,300.2 | |
Canada | | | 458.2 | | | | 504.9 | |
Rest of World | | | 232.9 | | | | 266.5 | |
| | $ | 4,632.1 | | | $ | 4,797.8 | |
Investments of $238.4 million (2019 - $183.2 million) are held in Canada. Energy well equipment, included in other non-current assets, of $5.0 million (2019 - $9.3 million) is located in Canada.
Note 20 - Fair value measurements
Fair value is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. For some assets and liabilities, observable market transactions or market information might be available. For other assets and liabilities, observable market transactions and market information might not be available. However, the objective of a fair value measurement in both cases is the same - to estimate the price at which an orderly transaction to sell the asset or to transfer the liability would take place between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e. an exit price at the measurement date from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability).
The fair value hierarchy establishes three levels to classify the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value.
| ● | Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. |
| ● | Level 2 inputs are quoted prices in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, inputs other than quoted prices observable for the asset or liability (for example, interest rate and yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, forward pricing curves used to value currency and commodity contracts and volatility measurements used to value option contracts), or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data or other means. |
| ● | Level 3 inputs are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity). |
The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to Level 1 inputs and the lowest priority to Level 3 inputs.
There were no transfers between the levels of the fair value hierarchy during the year ended December 31, 2020.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis:
|
| Quoted prices in |
| Significant other |
| Significant |
|
| |
| ||||
| | active markets for | | observable | | unobservable | | | |
| ||||
| | identical assets | | inputs | | inputs | | | Aggregate |
| ||||
As at December 31, 2020 | | (Level 1) | | (Level 2) | | (Level 3) | | | fair value |
| ||||
Receivables from provisional concentrate sales | | $ | — | | $ | 10.1 | | $ | — | | | $ | 10.1 | |
Equity investments | |
| 191.8 | |
| — | |
| 3.8 | | |
| 195.6 | |
Warrants | |
| — | |
| 5.7 | |
| — | | |
| 5.7 | |
| | $ | 191.8 | | $ | 15.8 | | $ | 3.8 | | | $ | 211.4 | |
|
| Quoted prices in |
| Significant other |
| Significant |
|
| |
| ||||
| | active markets for | | observable | | unobservable | | | |
| ||||
| | identical assets | | inputs | | inputs | | | Aggregate |
| ||||
As at December 31, 2019 | | (Level 1) | | (Level 2) | | (Level 3) | | | fair value |
| ||||
Receivables from provisional concentrate sales | | $ | — | | $ | 16.4 | | $ | — | | | $ | 16.4 | |
Equity investments | |
| 141.7 | |
| — | |
| 3.9 | | |
| 145.6 | |
Warrants | |
| — | |
| 3.0 | |
| — | | |
| 3.0 | |
| | $ | 141.7 | | $ | 19.4 | | $ | 3.9 | | | $ | 165.0 | |
2020 Financial Statements | 34 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
The fair values of the Company’s remaining financial assets and liabilities, which include cash and cash equivalents, receivables, loan receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, and debt approximate their carrying values due to their short-term nature, historically negligible credit losses, fair value of collateral, or floating interest rate.
The Company has not offset financial assets with financial liabilities.
Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis:
|
| Quoted prices in |
| Significant other |
| Significant |
|
| |
| ||||
| | active markets for | | observable | | unobservable | | | |
| ||||
| | identical assets | | inputs | | inputs | | | Aggregate |
| ||||
As at December 31, 2020 | | (Level 1) | | (Level 2) | | (Level 3) | | | fair value |
| ||||
SCOOP/STACK | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | 309.2 | | | $ | 309.2 | |
Weyburn | | | — | | | — | | | 162.8 | | | | 162.8 | |
Mine Waste Solutions | | | — | | | — | | | 114.8 | | | | 114.8 | |
Oil well equipment | | | — | | | — | | | 4.7 | | | | 4.7 | |
| | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | 591.5 | | | $ | 591.5 | |
The valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value are as follows:
| (a) | Receivables |
The fair values of receivables arising from gold and platinum group metal concentrate sales contracts that contain provisional pricing mechanisms are determined using the appropriate quoted forward prices from the exchange that is the principal active market for the particular metal. As such, these receivables are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
| (b) | Investments |
The fair values of publicly-traded investments are determined based on a market approach reflecting the closing prices of each particular security at the statement of financial position date. The closing prices are quoted market prices obtained from the exchange that is the principal active market for the particular security, and therefore are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
The Company holds one equity investment that does not have a quoted market price in an active market. The Company has assessed the fair value of the instrument based on a valuation technique using unobservable discounted future cash flows. As a result, the fair value is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
The fair values of warrants are estimated using the Black-Scholes pricing model which requires the use of inputs that are observable in the market. As such, these investments are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
| (c) | Royalty, stream, and working interests |
The fair values of royalty, stream, and working interests are determined primarily using an income approach using unobservable discounted future cash-flows. As a result, the fair values are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
2020 Financial Statements | 35 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Note 21 – Financial risk management
The Company’s financial instruments are comprised of financial assets and liabilities. The Company’s principal financial liabilities comprise accounts payable, accrued liabilities and debt. The Company’s principal financial assets are cash and cash equivalents, receivables, loan receivables, and investments. The main purpose of these financial instruments is to manage short-term cash flow and working capital requirements and fund future acquisitions.
The Company is engaged in the business of acquiring, managing and creating resource royalties and streams. Royalties and streams are interests that provide the right to revenue or production from the various properties, after deducting specified costs, if any. These activities expose the Company to a variety of financial risks, which include direct exposure to market risks (which includes commodity price risk, foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk), credit risk, liquidity risk and capital risk management.
Management designs strategies for managing some of these risks, which are summarized below. The Company’s executive management oversees the management of financial risks. The Company’s executive management ensures that financial risk-taking activities are governed by appropriate policies and procedures and that financial risks are identified, measured and managed in accordance with the Company’s policies and risk appetite.
The Company’s overall objective from a risk management perspective is to safeguard its assets and mitigate risk exposure by focusing on security rather than yield.
(a)Market risks
Market risks are the risks that change in market factors, such as commodity prices, foreign exchange rates or interest rates, will affect the value of the Company’s financial instruments. The Company manages market risks by either accepting it or mitigating it through the use of economic strategies.
Commodity price risk
The Company’s royalties, working interests and streams are subject to fluctuations from changes in market prices of the underlying commodities. The market prices of gold, silver, platinum, palladium, oil and gas are the primary drivers of the Company’s profitability and ability to generate free cash flow. All of the Company’s future revenue is not hedged in order to provide shareholders with full exposure to changes in the market prices of these commodities.
Foreign exchange risk
The functional currencies of the Company’s entities include the Canadian, U.S. and Australian dollars with the reporting currency of the Company being the U.S. dollar. The Company is primarily exposed to currency fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar on balances and transactions that are denominated and settled in Canadian dollars and Australian dollars. The Company has exposure to the Canadian dollar through its Canadian energy activities and corporate administration costs. Consequently, fluctuations in the U.S. dollar exchange rate against these currencies increase the volatility of depletion, corporate administration costs and overall net earnings, when translated into U.S. dollars.
The Company records currency translation adjustment gains or losses primarily due to the fluctuation of the U.S. dollar in relation to its Canadian assets and liabilities. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the U.S. dollar weakened in relation to the Canadian dollar. As a result, the Company recorded a currency translation adjustment gain of $19.6 million (2019 –$32.3 million).
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk refers to the risk that the value of a financial instrument or cash flows associated with the instrument will fluctuate due to changes in market interest rates. As at December 31, 2020, the Company’s interest rate exposure arises mainly from the interest receipts on cash and cash equivalents. As at December 31, 2019, the Company was also exposed to interest rate risk due to its outstanding variable-rate debt of $80.0 million.
The following table shows the approximate interest rate sensitivities of our financial assets and liabilities as at December 31, 2020 and 2019:
| | | Effect on net income | | | Effect on equity |
| ||||||||||
|
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2019 |
| ||||
0.5% increase | | | $ | 1.8 | | | $ | 0.3 | | | $ | 1.8 | | | $ | 0.3 | |
0.5% decrease | | |
| (0.5) | | |
| (0.3) | | |
| (0.5) | | |
| (0.3) | |
2020 Financial Statements | 36 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
(b)Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk that a third party might fail to fulfill its performance obligations under the terms of a financial instrument. Credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, receivables and loan receivables. The Company closely monitors its financial assets and maintains its cash deposits in several high-quality financial institutions and as such does not have any significant concentration of credit risk.
As at December 31, 2020, the Company is unaware of any information which would cause it to believe that these financial assets are not fully recoverable.
(c)Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk is the risk of loss from not having access to sufficient funds to meet both expected and unexpected cash demands. The Company manages its exposure to liquidity risk through prudent management of its statement of financial position, including maintaining sufficient cash balances and access to credit facilities. The Company has in place a planning and budgeting process to help determine the funds required to support the Company’s normal operating requirements on an ongoing basis. Management continuously monitors and reviews both actual and forecasted cash flows, including acquisition activities.
As at December 31, 2020, the Company held $534.2 million in either cash, cash equivalents or highly-liquid investments (2019 – $132.1 million). All of the Company’s financial liabilities are due within one year. The Company’s near-term cash requirements include corporate administration costs, certain costs of sales, including the ore purchase commitments described in note 22, dividends and income taxes directly related to the recognition of royalty, stream and working interest revenues. In addition, the Company is committed to fund the acquisition of mineral rights through the Royalty Acquisition Venture pursuant to its agreement with Continental as described in note 4 (f).
(d)Capital Risk Management
The Company’s primary objective when managing capital is to provide a sustainable return to shareholders through managing and growing the Company’s resource asset portfolio while ensuring capital protection. The Company defines capital as its cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term investments which is managed by the Company’s management subject to approved policies and limits by the Board of Directors.
There were no changes in the Company’s approach to capital management during the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the prior year. The Company is not subject to material externally imposed capital requirements or significant financial covenants or capital requirements with our lenders. The Company is in compliance with all its covenants under its credit facility as at December 31, 2020.
As at December 31, 2020, the Company has cash and cash equivalents totaling $534.2 million (2019 – $132.1 million), investments and a loan receivable totaling $238.4 million (2019 – $183.2 million), of which $191.8 million (2019 – $141.7 million) are held in liquid securities. The Company also has approximately $1.1 billion (2019 – $1.1 billion) available under its unsecured revolving term credit facilities. All of these sources of capital are available to the Company to meet its near-term cash requirements and grow its portfolio of assets.
2020 Financial Statements | 37 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
Note 22 – Commitments
(a)Commodity purchase commitments
The following table summarizes the Company’s commitments pursuant to the associated precious metals agreements:
| | Attributable payable | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ||||
| | production to be purchased | | Per ounce cash payment (1),(2) | | Term of | | Date of |
| |||||||||||
Interest |
| Gold |
| Silver |
| PGM |
| Gold |
| Silver |
| PGM |
| agreement(3) |
| contract |
| |||
Antamina |
| 0 | % | 22.5 | % (4) | 0 | % | | n/a | | | 5 | % (5) | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 7-Oct-15 | |
Antapaccay |
| — | % (6) | — | % (7) | 0 | % |
| 20 | % (8) | | 20 | % (9) | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 10-Feb-16 | |
Candelaria |
| 68 | % (10) | 68 | % (10) | 0 | % | $ | 400 | | $ | 4.00 | | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 6-Oct-14 | |
Cobre Panama Fixed Payment Stream |
| — | % (11) | — | % (12) | 0 | % | $ | 418 | (13) | $ | 6.27 | (14) | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 19-Jan-18 | |
Cobre Panama Floating Payment Stream | | — | % (15) | — | % (16) | 0 | % | | 20 | % (17) | | 20 | % (18) | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 19-Jan-18 | |
Karma |
| 4.875 | % (19) | 0 | % | 0 | % |
| 20 | % (20) | | n/a | | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 11-Aug-14 | |
Guadalupe-Palmarejo |
| 50 | % | 0 | % | 0 | % | $ | 800 | | | n/a | | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 2-Oct-14 | |
Sabodala |
| — | % (21) | 0 | % | 0 | % |
| 20 | % (22) | | n/a | | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 25-Sep-20 | |
MWS |
| 25 | % | 0 | % | 0 | % | $ | 400 | | | n/a | | | n/a |
| 40 years | (23) | 2-Mar-12 | |
Cooke 4 |
| 7 | % | 0 | % | 0 | % | $ | 400 | | | n/a | | | n/a |
| 40 years | | 5-Nov-09 | |
Sudbury(24) |
| 50 | % | 0 | % | 50 | % | $ | 400 | | | n/a | | $ | 400 |
| 40 years | | 15-Jul-08 | |
| 1 | Subject to an annual inflationary adjustment except for Antamina, Antapaccay, Karma, Guadalupe-Palmarejo, and Sabodala. |
| 2 | Should the prevailing market price for gold be lower than this amount, the per ounce cash payment will be reduced to the prevailing market price. |
| 3 | Subject to successive extensions. |
| 4 | Subject to a fixed payability of 90%. Percentage decreases to 15% after 86 million ounces of silver has been delivered under the agreement. |
| 5 | Purchase price is 5% of the average silver price at the time of delivery. |
| 6 | Gold deliveries are referenced to copper in concentrate shipped with 300 ounces of gold delivered for each 1,000 tonnes of copper in concentrate shipped, until 630,000 ounces of gold has been delivered. Thereafter, percentage is 30% of gold shipped. |
| 7 | Silver deliveries are referenced to copper in concentrate shipped with 4,700 ounces of silver delivered for each 1,000 tonnes of copper in concentrate shipped, until 10.0 million ounces of silver has been delivered. Thereafter, percentage is 30% of silver shipped. |
| 8 | Purchase price is 20% of the spot price of gold until 750,000 ounces of gold have been delivered, thereafter the purchase price is 30% of the spot price of gold. |
| 9 | Purchase price is 20% of the spot price of silver until 12.8 million ounces of silver have been delivered, thereafter the purchase price is 30% of the spot price of silver. |
| 10 | Percentage decreases to 40% after 720,000 ounces of gold and 12.0 million ounces of silver have been delivered under the agreement. |
| 11 | Gold deliveries are indexed to copper in concentrate produced from the project. 120 ounces of gold per every 1 million pounds of copper produced until 808,000 ounces of gold delivered. Thereafter, 81 ounces of gold per 1 million pounds of copper produced until 1,716,188 ounces of gold delivered. Thereafter, 63.4% of the gold in concentrate. |
| 12 | Silver deliveries are indexed to copper in concentrate produced from the project. 1,376 ounces of silver per every 1 million pounds of copper produced until 9,842,000 ounces of silver delivered. Thereafter 1,776 ounces of silver per 1 million pounds of copper produced until 29,731,000 ounces of silver delivered. Thereafter, 62.1% of the silver in concentrate. |
| 13 | After 1,341,000 ounces of gold delivered, purchase price is the greater of 50% of spot and $418.27 per ounce. As the mill throughput for 30 consecutive days commensurate with annual capacity of 58 million tonnes per annum was not reached by January 1, 2019, Franco-Nevada will receive a 5% annual rate of return until such mill throughput was achieved, through a reduction of the applicable fixed gold price of $100 per ounce or a delivery of additional ounces for no consideration. |
| 14 | After 21,510,000 ounces of silver delivered, purchase price is the greater of 50% of spot and $6.27 per ounce. |
| 15 | Gold deliveries are indexed to copper in concentrate produced from the project. 30 ounces of gold per every 1 million pounds of copper produced until 202,000 ounces of gold delivered. Thereafter 20.25 ounces of gold per 1 million pounds of copper produced until 429,047 ounces of gold delivered. Thereafter, 15.85% of the gold in concentrate. |
| 16 | Silver deliveries are indexed to copper in concentrate produced from the project. 344 ounces of silver per every 1 million pounds of copper produced until 2,460,500 ounces of silver delivered. Thereafter, 444 ounces of silver per 1 million pounds of copper produced until 7,432,750 ounces of silver delivered. Thereafter 15.53% of the silver in concentrate. |
| 17 | After 604,000 ounces of gold delivered, purchase price is 50% of the spot price of gold. As the mill throughput for 30 consecutive days commensurate with annual capacity of 58 million tonnes per annum was not reached by January 1, 2019, Franco-Nevada will receive a 5% annual rate of return until such mill throughput was achieved, through a reduction of the applicable fixed gold price of $100 per ounce or a delivery of additional ounces for no consideration. |
| 18 | After 9,618,000 ounces of silver delivered, purchase price is 50% of the spot price of silver. |
| 19 | Gold deliveries are fixed at 15,000 ounces per annum from March 31, 2016 until February 28, 2021 (exclusive of an aggregate 5,625 gold ounces, or 703 gold ounces per quarter, to be delivered as a result of the exercise by the operator of its option to increase the upfront deposit). Thereafter, percentage is 4.875%. |
| 20 | Purchase price is 20% of the average gold price at the time of delivery. |
| 21 | Based on amended agreement with an effective date of September 1, 2020, gold deliveries are fixed at 783.33 ounces per month until 105,750 ounces of gold is delivered. Thereafter, percentage is 6% of gold production (subject to reconciliation after fixed delivery period to determine if Franco-Nevada would have received more or less than 105,750 ounces of gold under the original 6% variable stream for such period, entitling the operator to a credit for an over-delivery applied against future stream deliveries or a one-time additional delivery to Franco-Nevada for an under-delivery). |
| 22 | Purchase price is 20% of prevailing market price at the time of delivery. |
| 23 | Agreement is capped at 312,500 ounces of gold. |
| 24 | The Company is committed to purchase 50% of the precious metals contained in ore from the properties. Payment is based on gold equivalent ounces. For McCreedy West, the fixed price per gold equivalent ounce was increased to $800 per ounce (with no annual inflationary adjustment), effective July 1, 2018 until December 31, 2021. |
2020 Financial Statements | 38 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
(b)Capital commitments
The Company is committed to funding its share of the acquisition of mineral rights acquired through the Royalty Acquisition Venture with Continental, and the potential upsizing of the Alpala Royalty, as described in notes 4 (f) and 4 (b), respectively.
Note 23 – Contingencies
Canada Revenue Agency Audit:
The CRA is conducting an audit of Franco-Nevada for the 2012-2017 taxation years. The following table provides a summary of the various CRA audit and reassessment matters further detailed below:
| CRA Position | Taxation Years Reassessed | Potential Liability for Tax, Interest and Penalties (in millions) |
Canadian Domestic Tax Matters | Upfront payment made in connection with precious metal stream agreements should be deducted for income tax purposes in a similar manner to how such amount is expensed for financial statement purposes. | 2014, 2015 | For 2014-2015: Tax: $1.1 (C$1.4) Interest and other penalties: $0.2 (C$0.2) If CRA were to reassess the 2016-2020 taxation years on the same basis: Tax: $33.6 (C$42.8) Interest and other penalties: $4.1 (C$5.3) |
Transfer Pricing (Mexico) | Transfer pricing provisions in the Act (as defined below) apply such that a majority of the income earned by the Company’s Mexican subsidiary should be included in the income of the Company and subject to tax in Canada. | 2013, 2014, 2015 | For 2013-2015: Tax: $19.9 (C$25.3) Transfer pricing penalties: $8.1 (C$10.3) Interest and other penalties: $7.1 (C$9.2) If CRA were to reassess the 2016-2020 taxation years on the same basis: Tax: $3.6 (C$4.6) Transfer pricing penalties: $1.4 (C$1.7) Interest and other penalties: $0.9 (C$1.1) |
Transfer Pricing (Barbados) | Transfer pricing provisions in the Act (as defined below) apply such that a majority of the income relating to certain precious metal streams earned by the Company’s Barbadian subsidiary should be included in the income of the Company and subject to tax in Canada. | 2014, 2015 | For 2014-2015: Tax: $5.3 (C$6.7) Transfer pricing penalties: $2.0 (C$2.5) Interest and other penalties: $1.7 (C$2.2) If CRA were to reassess the 2016-2020 taxation years on the same basis: Tax: $136.8 (C$174.2) Transfer pricing penalties: $51.5 (C$65.6) Interest and other penalties: $11.0 (C$14.0) |
FAPI (Barbados) | The FAPI provisions in the Act (as defined below) apply such that a majority of the income relating to precious metal streams earned by the Company’s Barbadian subsidiary, in 2012 and 2013, should be included in the income of the Company and subject to tax in Canada. | 2012, 2013 | For 2012-2013: Tax: $6.0 (C$7.7) Interest and other penalties: $2.4 (C$3.1) |
| (a) | Canadian Domestic Tax Matters (2014-2015): |
In October 2019, certain wholly-owned Canadian subsidiaries of the Company received Notices of Reassessment for the 2014 and 2015 taxation years (the “Domestic Reassessments”) in which the CRA increases income by adjusting the timing of the deduction of the upfront payments which were made in connection with precious metal stream agreements. The CRA’s position is that the upfront payment should be deducted for income tax purposes in a similar manner to how such upfront payment is expensed for financial statement purposes. Consequently, the CRA’s position results in a slower deduction of the upfront payment and an acceleration of the payment of Canadian taxes. This results in the Company being subject to an incremental payment of Federal and provincial income taxes for these years of $1.1 million (C$1.4 million) (after applying available non-capital losses and other deductions) plus estimated
2020 Financial Statements | 39 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of $0.2 million (C$0.2 million). The Company has filed formal Notices of Objection with the CRA against the Domestic Reassessments.
If the CRA were to reassess the particular Canadian subsidiaries for taxation years 2016 through 2020 on the same basis, the Company estimates that it would be subject to an incremental payment of Canadian tax for these years of approximately $33.6 million (C$42.8 million) (after applying available non-capital losses and other deductions) plus interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of approximately $4.1 million (C$5.3 million).
| (b) | Mexico (2013-2015): |
In December 2018, the Company received a Notice of Reassessment from the CRA for the 2013 taxation year (the “2013 Reassessment”) in relation to its Mexican subsidiary. The reassessment was made on the basis of the transfer pricing provisions in the Income Tax Act (Canada) (the “Act”) and asserts that a majority of the income earned by the Mexican subsidiary should have been included in the income of the Company and subject to tax in Canada. The 2013 Reassessment results in additional Federal and provincial income taxes of $8.5 million (C$10.8 million) plus estimated interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of $3.2 million (C$4.2 million) but before any relief under the Canada-Mexico tax treaty.
In December 2019, the Company received Notices of Reassessment for the 2014 and 2015 taxation years (the “2014 and 2015 Reassessments”) on the same basis as the 2013 Reassessment, resulting in additional Federal and provincial income taxes of $11.4 million (C$14.5 million) plus estimated interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of $3.9 million (C$5.0 million) but before any relief under the Canada-Mexico tax treaty.
The Company has filed formal Notices of Objection with the CRA against the 2013 Reassessment and the 2014 and 2015 Reassessments and has posted security in the form of a standby letter of credit for 50% of the reassessed amounts of tax, interest and penalties, as referenced in Note 11 (a). Further, the Company has commenced an appeal in the Tax Court of Canada with respect to these reassessments.
For taxation years 2013 through 2015, the Company’s Mexican subsidiary paid a total of $30.3 million (419.4 million Pesos) in cash taxes, at a 30% tax rate, to the Mexican tax authorities on income earned in Mexico. If required, the Company intends to seek relief from double taxation under the Canada-Mexico tax treaty.
In December 2020, the CRA issued revised 2013 Reassessment and 2014 and 2015 Reassessments to include transfer pricing penalties of $8.1 million (C$10.3 million). The Company disagrees and intends to file Notices of Objection, and if required appeal to the Tax Court of Canada, against these revised reassessments.
If the CRA were to reassess the Company for taxation years 2016 through 2020 on the same basis and continue to apply transfer pricing penalties, the Company estimates that it would be subject to additional Canadian tax for these years of approximately $3.6 million (C$4.6 million), transfer pricing penalties of approximately $1.4 million (C$1.7 million) plus interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of approximately $0.9 million (C$1.1 million) but before any relief under the Canada-Mexico tax treaty. The Company’s Mexican subsidiary paid $3.8 million (71.0 million Pesos) in cash taxes, at a 30% tax rate, to the Mexican tax authorities on income earned in Mexico for the 2016 year and ceased operations after 2016.
| (c) | Barbados (2014-2015): |
The 2014 and 2015 Reassessments also reassess the Company in relation to its Barbadian subsidiary. The reassessments were made on the basis of the transfer pricing provisions in the Act and assert that a majority of the income relating to certain precious metal streams earned by the Barbadian subsidiary should have been included in the income of the Company and subject to tax in Canada, resulting in additional Federal and provincial income taxes of $5.3 million (C$6.7 million) plus estimated interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of $1.7 million (C$2.2 million). As noted previously, the Company has filed formal Notices of Objection with the CRA against the 2014 and 2015 Reassessments and has posted security in the form of a standby letter of credit for 50% of the reassessed amounts of tax, interest and penalties, as referenced in Note 11 (a). Further, the Company has commenced an appeal in the Tax Court of Canada with respect to the 2014 and 2015 Reassessments.
As noted above, in December 2020, the CRA issued revised 2014 and 2015 Reassessments to include transfer pricing penalties of $2.0 million (C$2.5 million). The Company disagrees and intends to file Notices of Objection, and if required appeal to the Tax Court of Canada, against the revised reassessments.
If the CRA were to reassess the Company for taxation years 2016 through 2020 on the same basis and continue to apply transfer pricing penalties, the Company estimates that it would be subject to additional Canadian tax for these years of approximately $136.8 million (C$174.2 million), transfer pricing penalties of approximately $51.5 million (C$65.6 million) plus interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of approximately $11.0 million (C$14.0 million).
2020 Financial Statements | 40 |
Franco-Nevada Corporation
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements |
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
(expressed in millions of U.S. dollars, except per share amounts, unless otherwise noted)
| (d) | Barbados (2012-2013): |
In August 2020, the Company received Notices of Reassessment for the 2012 and 2013 taxation years (the “FAPI Reassessments”, and collectively with the Domestic Reassessments, the 2013 Reassessment and the 2014 and 2015 Reassessments, the “Reassessments”) in relation to its Barbadian subsidiary. The reassessments assert that a majority of the income relating to precious metal streams earned by the Barbadian subsidiary, in those years, should have been included in the income of its Canadian parent company and subject to tax in Canada as Foreign Accrual Property Income (“FAPI”). The CRA has noted that its position may not extend beyond the 2013 taxation year. The FAPI Reassessments result in additional Federal and provincial income taxes of $6.0 million (C$7.7 million) plus estimated interest (calculated to December 31, 2020) and other penalties of $2.4 million (C$3.1 million). The Company has filed formal Notices of Objection with the CRA against the FAPI Reassessments and has posted security in cash for 50% of the reassessed amounts of tax, interest and penalties.
The CRA recently expanded its audit to include the 2016 and 2017 taxation years and the Company has not received any proposal or notices of reassessment for these taxation years.
Management believes that the Company and its subsidiaries have filed all tax returns and paid all applicable taxes in compliance with Canadian and applicable foreign tax laws and, as a result, no amounts have been recorded in the financial statements of the Company for the Reassessments, or for any potential tax liability that may arise in respect of these matters. The Company does not believe that the Reassessments are supported by Canadian tax law and jurisprudence and intends to vigorously defend its tax filing positions.
The CRA audit is ongoing and there can be no assurance that the CRA will not further challenge the manner in which the Company or any of its subsidiaries has filed its tax returns and reported its income. In the event that the CRA successfully challenges the manner in which the Company or a subsidiary has filed its tax returns and reported its income, this could potentially result in additional income taxes, penalties and interest, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company.
Note 24 – Subsequent events
Acquisition of Condestable Gold and Silver Stream – Peru
Subsequent to year-end, on March 8, 2021, the Company, through a wholly-owned subsidiary, closed a precious metals stream agreement with reference to the gold and silver production from the Condestable mine in Peru, for an up-front deposit of $165.0 million. The Condestable mine is located approximately 90 kilometers south of Lima, Peru, and is owned and operated by a subsidiary of Southern Peaks Mining LP (“SPM”), a private company. Commencing on January 1, 2021 and ending December 31, 2025, Franco-Nevada will receive 8,760 ounces of gold and 291,000 ounces of silver annually until a total of 43,800 ounces of gold and 1,455,000 ounces of silver have been delivered (the “Fixed Deliveries”). Thereafter, Franco-Nevada will receive 63% of the contained gold and contained silver produced until a cumulative total of 87,600 ounces of gold and 2,910,000 ounces of silver have been delivered (the “Variable Phase 1 Deliveries”). The stream then reduces to 25% over the remaining life of mine (the “Variable Phase 2 Deliveries”). Franco-Nevada will pay 20% of the spot price for gold and silver for each ounce delivered under the stream (the “Ongoing Payment”). The stream has an effective date of January 1, 2021, with the first quarterly delivery due on or before March 15, 2021.
For a period of four years from closing, subject to certain restrictions, a subsidiary of SPM may, at its option, make a one-time special delivery comprising the number of ounces of refined gold equal to $118.8 million at the then current spot price subject to the Ongoing Payment, to achieve the early payment of the Fixed Deliveries and Variable Phase 1 Deliveries. The Variable Phase 2 Deliveries would commence immediately thereafter.
2020 Financial Statements | 41 |

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Exhibit 99.4

March 10, 2021
Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements on Form S-8 (No. 333-176856), Form F-3 (No. 333-225687) and Form F-10 (No. 333-237671) of Franco-Nevada Corporation (the company) of our report dated March 10, 2021 relating to the consolidated financial statements and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, which appears in Exhibit 99.3 to the company’s current report on Form 6-K furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 10, 2021.
/s/PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants
Toronto, Canada