UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F 

Commission File Number: 001-43203

Horizon Quantum Holdings Ltd.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

29 Media Cir. #05-22

Singapore, 138565

Telephone: +65 6591 8840

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Joseph Fitzsimons

29 Media Cir. #05-22

Singapore, 138565

Telephone: +65 6591 8840

Email: [email protected]

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: On December 31, 2025, the issuer had 1 outstanding ordinary share.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

HORIZON QUANTUM HOLDINGS LTD.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 20-F (this “Report”) contains forward-looking statements, which involve substantial risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, the financial conditions, results of operations, earnings outlook and prospects of the Company for the period following the consummation of the Business Combination, statements regarding estimates and forecasts of performance and projections of market opportunity, expectations and timing related to the success, cost and timing of product development activities, financing activities and other business milestones. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “outlook,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “should,” “would,” “will,” “seek,” and other similar words and expressions, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this Report and on the current expectations, forecasts and assumptions of the management of the Company, involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties and are inherently subject to changes in circumstances and their potential effects and speak only as of the date of such statements. There can be no assurance that future developments will be those that have been anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from those expressed, contemplated or implied by these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this Report include, but are not limited to, statements about:

Forward-looking statements are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not guarantees of performance. You should understand that the factors discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Report could affect our future results, and could cause those results or other outcomes to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements in this Report.

In addition, the risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” are not exhaustive. Other sections of this Report describe additional factors that could adversely affect the businesses, financial conditions, or our results of operations. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business, or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligations to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. 

Market, ranking and industry data used throughout this Report, including statements regarding market size, is based on independent industry surveys and publications. These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the industry data presented herein, its estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the headings “Risk Factors” and “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in this Report.

In addition, this Report contains statements of belief and similar statements that reflect our current beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements involve inherent uncertainties and you are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements concerning the matters addressed in this Report and attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this Report.

WAIVER OF SINGAPORE CODE ON TAKE-OVERS AND MERGERS

On February 27, 2026, the Securities Industry Council of Singapore waived the application of the provisions of the Singapore Code on Take-overs and Mergers (the “Singapore Take-Over Code”) for the Company subject to certain exceptions (the “Waiver”). Pursuant to the Waiver, the Company is exempted from application of the provisions of the Singapore Take-Over Code, except in the case of a “tender offer” (within the meaning of U.S. securities laws) where the Tier 1 exemption set forth in Rule 14d-1(c) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”), is available and the offeror relies on such exemption to avoid full compliance with applicable rules and regulations regarding tender offers in the U.S. In connection with the application for the Waiver, the director of the Company at the time had submitted to the Securities Industry Council of Singapore a written confirmation to the effect that the Company believes that the application of the U.S. regulatory regime (without concurrent regulation by the Singapore Take-Over Code) would be appropriate and is therefore of the view that it is in the interests of the Company that the Waiver be obtained.

FREQUENTLY USED TERMS

Unless otherwise stated in this Report on Form 20-F or the context otherwise requires, references to:

“A&R Constitution” means the amended and restated constitution of the Company.

“Amalgamation” means the combination of Merger Sub 1 and Horizon in accordance with Section 215A of the Singapore Companies Act, with Horizon surviving as the amalgamated company and as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement.

“API” means Application Programming Interface.

“Business Combination” means the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement and documents related thereto, including the Amalgamation and the Merger.

“Business Combination Agreement” means the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of September 9, 2025, by and among dMY, Horizon, Merger Sub 1, Horizon Computing, and Merger Sub 2, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 4.1 to this Report, and as may be amended from time to time.

“Board” means the board of directors of the Company.

“Closing” means the closing of the Business Combination, which occurred on March 19, 2026.

“Class B Share Conversion” means the automatic conversion of DMY Class A Shares on a one-for-one basis into Company Class A Ordinary Shares.

“Company” means Horizon Quantum Holdings Ltd. (formerly known as Horizon Quantum Holdings Pte. Ltd. and Rose Holdco Pte. Ltd.) (Company Registration No.: 202537774K), a Singapore public company limited by shares.

“Company Class A Ordinary Shares” means the Class A ordinary shares, with no par value, of Horizon.

“Company Class B Ordinary Shares” means the Class B ordinary shares, with no par value, of Horizon.

“Company Option” means the options to subscribe for Company Class A Ordinary Shares.

“Company Ordinary Shares” means the Company Class A Ordinary Shares together with the Company Class B Ordinary Shares.

“Company Warrants” means the Company Private Warrants together with the Company Public Warrants.

“Company Private Warrants” means the warrants assumed by the Company in exchange for the DMY Private Warrants.

“Company Public Warrants” means the redeemable warrants exercisable for one Company Class A Ordinary Share each.

“Continental” means Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company.

“Currently Owned Shares” means shares of DMY Class A Shares a PIPE Investor, or its affiliates, beneficially owned as of March 9, 2026.

“DMY” means dMY Squared Technology Group, Inc., a Massachusetts corporation.

“DMY Articles” means DMY’s amended and restated articles of association, as amended from time to time.

“DMY Class A Shares” means the Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 of DMY.

“DMY Class B Shares” means the Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 of DMY.

“DMY Common Stock” means the DMY Class A Shares together with the DMY Class B Shares.

“DMY IPO” or “DMY’s IPO” means the initial public offering of DMY Units, which closed in October 2022.

“DMY Private Warrants” means the outstanding private placement warrants of DMY initially issued in a private placement simultaneous with DMY’s IPO.

“DMY Public Warrants” means the warrants to purchase DMY Class A Shares issued as a part of the DMY units.

“DMY Units” means the unit sold in DMY’s IPO.

“ESPP” means the Horizon Quantum Holdings Ltd. 2026 Employee Share Purchase Plan, to be adopted by the Company Board upon the Closing.

“Exchange Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“Founder Shares” means the DMY Class B Shares initially purchased by the Sponsor in a private placement prior to DMY’s IPO, and the DMY Class A Shares issued or issuable upon the conversion of the DMY Class B Shares.

“Holders of Founder Shares” means the Sponsor and the permitted transferees of the Sponsor.

“Horizon Options” means the outstanding and unexercised option to subscribe for Horizon Ordinary Shares.

“Horizon Ordinary Shares” means the ordinary shares of Horizon.

“Horizon Preference Share Conversion” means the exchange and conversion of each Horizon Preference Share into Horizon Ordinary Shares at the applicable conversion ratio set forth in the Horizon Constitution, which occurred one business day prior to the effective time of the Amalgamation pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement.

“Horizon Shareholders” means the holders of Horizon’s capital stock.

“IPO” means an initial public offering.

“Lock-Up Agreement” means the agreement entered into by the Holders of Founder Shares and Horizon Shareholders (the “Lock-Up Securityholders”), pursuant to which certain of the Company Ordinary Shares held by the Lock-Up Security Holders (the “Lock-Up Shares”) are subject to lock-up during a period immediately following the Closing (the “Shares Lock-Up Period”) and the Company Warrants and underlying Company Ordinary Shares are subject to lock-up during a period following the Closing (the “Warrants Lock-Up Period.”)

“Merger” means the merger of Merger Sub 2 with and into DMY, with DMY surviving the Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

“Merger Consideration” means the aggregate merger consideration of $508,384,000 paid to the shareholders of Horizon, consisting entirely of newly issued Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Class B Ordinary Shares.

“Merger Sub 1” means Rose Acquisition Pte. Ltd. (Company Registration No.: 202537790M), a Singapore private company limited by shares and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

“Merger Sub 2” means Horizon Merger Sub 2, Inc., a Massachusetts corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

“Merger Subs” means Merger Sub 1 and Merger Sub 2, together.

“PIPE Private Placement” means the agreement by accredited investors, pursuant to mutually agreed subscription agreements, to subscribe for and purchase, at the Closing, Company Class A Ordinary Shares at a purchase price equal to the Redemption Price. On December 4, 2025, and March 6, 2026, DMY, the Company, and Horizon entered into Subscription Agreements (the “PIPE Subscription Agreements”) with certain institutional and accredited investors, qualified institutional buyers and strategic investors (the “PIPE Investors”). Pursuant to the PIPE Subscription Agreements, the Company agreed to issue and sell, and the PIPE Investors agreed to subscribe for and purchase an aggregate of $110,412,500 of Holdco Class A Ordinary Shares (the “PIPE Shares”), at a per share price equal to the Redemption Price, which comprises the PIPE Private Placement.

“PIPE Investors” means the investors who entered into the PIPE Subscription Agreement.

“PIPE Subscription Agreement” means the subscription agreements entered into on December 4, 2025, and March 6, 2026, as amended, by and among DMY, Horizon, the Company and the PIPE Investors.

“Public Shares” means the DMY Class A Shares initially issued as part of the DMY Units.

“Public Shareholders” means the holders of the Public Shares.

“SAFE” means a simple agreement for future equity.

“SEC” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Securities Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

“Singapore Companies Act” means the Companies Act of Singapore, as amended.

“Sponsor” means dMY Squared Sponsor, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company established for the purpose of forming and managing DMY.

“Transfer Agent” means Continental.

“Trust Account” means the trust account established in connection with DMY’s IPO.

“Unit Separation” means the automatic separation of the DMY Units into their component parts, with the holder deemed to hold one DMY Class A Share and one-half of one warrant to purchase DMY Class A Shares per DMY Unit held prior to the automatic separation.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

On March 19, 2026, Horizon Quantum Holdings Ltd. (formerly known as Horizon Quantum Holdings Pte. Ltd. and Rose Holdco Pte. Ltd.) (Company Registration No.: 202537774K), a Singapore public company limited by shares (“we,” “us,” “our,” or the “Company”) consummated the previously announced business combination with dMY Squared Technology Group, Inc. (“DMY”), pursuant to the business combination agreement, dated as of September 9, 2025 (as amended, supplemented and/or restated from time to time, the “Business Combination Agreement”) by and among DMY, the Company, Rose Acquisition Pte. Ltd. (Company Registration No.: 202537790M), a Singapore private company limited by shares and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub 1”), Horizon Merger Sub 2, Inc., a Massachusetts corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub 2”), and Horizon Quantum Computing Pte. Ltd. (Company Registration No.: 201802755E), a Singapore private company limited by shares (“Horizon”).

On March 19, 2026 (the “Amalgamation Effective Time”), Merger Sub 1 amalgamated with and into Horizon (the “Amalgamation”), with Horizon surviving the Amalgamation as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and the outstanding shares of Horizon being converted into the right to receive shares of the Company’s Class A ordinary shares, with no par value (the “Company Class A Ordinary Shares”) or the right to receive shares of the Company’s Class B ordinary shares, with no par value (the “Company Class B Ordinary Shares”), as the case may be. Subsequent to the Amalgamation, Merger Sub 2 merged with and into DMY (the “Merger”), with DMY surviving the Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company and the outstanding securities of DMY being converted into the right to receive Company Class A Ordinary Shares and/or Company Warrants (as defined below) (the Amalgamation and the Merger together with the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement and other ancillary documents, the “Business Combination”).

Under the Business Combination Agreement, the aggregate merger consideration amount paid to the shareholders of Horizon is $508,384,000 and was paid entirely in newly issued Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Class B Ordinary Shares (the “Merger Consideration”), at the consummation of the Business Combination, on March 19, 2026 (the “Closing”). 

As a result of the Business Combination, (a) each issued and outstanding ordinary share in the share capital of Horizon (the “Horizon Ordinary Shares”) was automatically converted into the right to receive a number of Company Ordinary Shares (as defined below) equal to the Exchange Ratio (as defined below), on the terms and subject to the conditions of the Business Combination Agreement (b) the shares of Horizon that were held by Joseph Fitzsimons, the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Horizon and the Company, that were issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Amalgamation Effective Time were cancelled and converted into the right to receive such number of Company Class B Ordinary Shares equal to the Exchange Ratio and in accordance with the Business Combination Agreement, with each such Company Class B Ordinary Share entitling each holder thereof to three (3) votes for each Company Class B Ordinary Share held (c) each simple agreement for future equity (“SAFE”) was canceled and automatically deemed to represent the right to receive a number of Company Class A Ordinary Shares equal to the Exchange Ratio multiplied by the number of Horizon ordinary shares (on an as-converted basis) subject to such SAFE, and (d) each outstanding and unexercised option to subscribe for Horizon ordinary shares (each, a “Horizon Option”) became an option to subscribe for Company Class A Ordinary Shares (each, a “Company Option”) containing the same terms, conditions, vesting and other provisions as are currently applicable to such Horizon Options, provided that each Company Option is exercisable for the number of Company Class A Ordinary Shares equal to the Exchange Ratio multiplied by the number of Horizon Ordinary Shares subject to the Horizon Option as of immediately prior to the Amalgamation Effective Time, rounded down to the nearest whole share, at an exercise price equal to the per share exercise price of the Horizon Option divided by the Exchange Ratio, rounded up to the nearest whole cent. “Exchange Ratio” means (a) Aggregate Amalgamation Consideration divided by (b) the Fully-Diluted Company Capitalization, each as defined in the Business Combination Agreement, attached hereto as Exhibit 4.1. The Company Class A Ordinary Shares and the Company Class B Ordinary Shares are collectively referred to as “Company Ordinary Shares.”

After the completion of the Amalgamation and prior to the Merger, (1) DMY effected the redemption of the shares of Class A common stock of DMY, par value $0.0001 per share (the “DMY Class A Shares”), initially issued as part of the DMY Units (as defined below) sold in DMY’s initial public offering (the “Public Shares” and the holders of Public Shares, the “Public Shareholders”) that were submitted for redemption and not withdrawn, (2) each outstanding share of Class B common stock of DMY, par value $0.0001 per share (the “DMY Class B Shares”, and together with the DMY Class A Shares, the “DMY Common Stock”), were automatically converted into DMY Class A Shares on a one-for-one basis (the “Class B Share Conversion”), and (3) each unit sold in DMY’s initial public offering (the “DMY Units”) was automatically separated into its component parts (the “Unit Separation”) and the holder of each DMY Unit was deemed to hold one DMY Class A Share and one-half of one warrant to purchase DMY Class A Shares (“DMY Public Warrants”).

At the effective time of the Merger, (a) each outstanding DMY Class A Share (excluding any Public Shares which were redeemed) were automatically converted into the right to receive one Company Class A Ordinary Share, (b) each outstanding whole DMY Public Warrant (including DMY Public Warrants issued upon the Unit Separation) were assumed by the Company and are exercisable for Company Class A Ordinary Shares in lieu of DMY Class A Shares (the “Company Public Warrants”), and (c) each outstanding private placement warrant of DMY initially issued in a private placement simultaneous with DMY’s initial public offering (the “DMY Private Warrants”) was assumed by the Company and will be exercisable for Company Class A Ordinary Shares in lieu of DMY Class A Shares (the “Company Private Warrants,” and together with the Company Public Warrants, the “Company Warrants”).

On December 4, 2025 and March 6, 2026, the Company entered into certain Subscription Agreements (the “PIPE Subscription Agreements”) with DMY, Horizon and certain investors (the “PIPE Investors”), pursuant to which, among other things, the PIPE Investors agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and the Company agreed to issue and sell to the PIPE Investors, an aggregate of 9,196,020 Company Class A Ordinary Shares (the “PIPE Shares”), at a purchase price equal to $11.82 per share (the “PIPE Private Placement”) in connection with a financing effort related to the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement. The PIPE Private Placement was consummated simultaneously with the Closing. Further, on March 6, 2026, DMY, the Company and Horizon offered to each PIPE Investor the option to elect to satisfy their purchase obligation by purchasing Open-Market Purchase Shares (as defined below) no later than one (1) Business Day prior to the redemption deadline for the special meeting of DMY Shareholders held on March 17, 2026, called to approve the proposals set forth in the proxy statement pursuant to the Model Business Corporation Act, the DMY Articles, and the Business Combination Agreement (the “Special Meeting”), which purchases would result in a Reduction Right (as defined below). See “Item 10C. Additional Information —Material Contracts -- PIPE Subscription Agreements with PIPE Investors” for more information about the PIPE Private Placement.

As a result of the foregoing transactions, there were 51,578,134 Company Ordinary Shares (consisting of 31,833,549 Company Class A Ordinary Shares and 19,744,585 Company Class B Ordinary Shares) and 6,044,154 Company Warrants (consisting of 3,159,494 Public Warrants and 2,884,660 Private Warrants) outstanding as of March 19, 2026.

On March 20, 2026, the Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Public Warrants commenced trading on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) under the symbols “HQ” and “HQWWW,” respectively.

Certain amounts that appear in this Report may not sum due to rounding.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

An investment in our securities involves significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information in this Report, including the risks and uncertainties described below, before making an investment in our securities. Any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In any such case, the market price of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares or Company Warrants could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

The risks set out below are not exhaustive and do not comprise all of the risks associated with an investment in us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or which we currently deem immaterial may also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, prospects and/or our share price.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We will require a significant amount of cash as we invest in ongoing research and development and business operations. Additionally, we may need additional capital sooner than anticipated to pursue our business objectives, respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances and we cannot be sure that additional financing will be available. If we are unable to raise additional funding when needed, we may be required to delay, limit or substantially reduce our development efforts.

Our business and future plans for expansion are research and development intensive and the specific timing of cash inflows and outflows may fluctuate substantially from period to period for such endeavors. For example, in addition to our continuing investment in our technology roadmap, we continue to invest in the expansion of and upgrades to our modular quantum hardware testbed and infrastructure, cloud computing resources, ongoing commercialization efforts, global talent acquisition and the professional and legal costs associated with being a public company. The actual amounts we may be required to spend on these and other matters could be significant, and may exceed our expectations.

We believe that the completion of the Business Combination, the proceeds of the Business Combination, including the proceeds from the PIPE Private Placement and funds disbursed from the Trust Account, together with our other existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to meet our anticipated operating cash needs for at least the next 12 months based on our current business plan, and expectations and assumptions considering current macroeconomic conditions. Our operating plan may change because of factors currently unknown, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, such as strategic collaborations or other transactions. In addition, we may seek additional capital even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for current or future operating plans. Such financings may result in dilution to shareholders, the issuance of securities with priority as to liquidation and dividend and other rights more favorable than the Company Ordinary Shares, the imposition of debt covenants and repayment obligations or other restrictions that may adversely affect our business. Any funds we raise may not be sufficient to fund our operations or enable us to continue to implement our long-term business strategy. Further, our ability to raise additional capital may be adversely impacted by worsening global economic conditions, disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and current and future military conflicts and wars around the world including related sanctions, tariffs and trade protection measures. There can be no assurance that deterioration in credit and financial markets and loss of confidence in economic conditions will not occur. A severe or prolonged economic downturn could result in a variety of risks to our business, including weakened demand for our products and services and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may make any necessary financing more difficult, more costly and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could impair our ability to achieve our growth strategy, could harm our financial performance and stock price, could require us to delay or abandon our business plans and could require us to delay, limit or substantially reduce our development efforts.

If we are unable to obtain sufficient capital we would be unable to fund our operations and may be required to evaluate alternatives, which could include dissolving and liquidating our assets in which case we may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on our audited financial statements, and/or seeking protection under bankruptcy laws. A determination to file for bankruptcy could occur at a time that is earlier than when we would otherwise exhaust our cash resources, and it is unclear to what extent we would be able to pay our obligations, and to what extent any assets would be available for distribution to shareholders. This could potentially cause us to cease operations and result in a complete or partial loss of your investment in our securities. We cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the economic climate and financial market and geopolitical conditions could adversely impact our business.

There can be no assurance that future financing will be available to us on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, our ability to raise additional capital through the sale of securities could be significantly impacted by the resale of our securities by holders of our securities which could result in a significant decline in the trading price of our securities and potentially hinder our ability to raise capital at terms that are acceptable to us or at all.

We are in our very early stages and have a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to forecast the future results of our operations. It is also possible quantum computing might never become commercially viable or embraced. Our technology roadmap, including the anticipated milestones and timing thereof, may change.

Our business was founded in 2018, and we began developing our current quantum software development tools that same year. As a result of our limited operating history, our ability to accurately forecast our future results of operations is limited and subject to a number of uncertainties, including our ability to plan for and model future growth. Our ability to generate revenues will largely be dependent on our ability to develop our products and services within the quantum computing industry and on the further development and commercialization of quantum computers and their software infrastructure. We are still in the technology development phase of our business plan. Our scalable business model has not been formed as of yet and our technology roadmap may not be realized as quickly as hoped, or even at all. In the future, we may fail to meet publicly announced milestones or fail to meet projected technological milestones. We may further update our technology roadmap in the future, including anticipated milestones and anticipated timeline for milestones. The development of our scalable business model will likely require the incurrence of a substantially higher level of costs than incurred to date, while our revenues will not substantially increase unless and until more powerful, scalable, higher performing computers are produced and commercially available to our potential customers, which requires a number of technological advancements which may not occur on the currently anticipated timetable or at all. As a result, any financial results we achieve in future periods should not be considered indicative of our performance for periods subsequent to those periods. Further, in future periods, our growth could slow or decline for a number of reasons, including but not limited to slowing demand for sales of our quantum software development tools, increased competition, changes to technology, inability to scale up or improve performance of our technology, a decrease in the growth of the market, or our failure, for any reason, to continue to take advantage of growth opportunities.

We are early in our development efforts and we have only recently begun to commercialize our products and services. Our business model is predicated on quantum computing becoming both commercially viable and embraced by our potential customers and target industries. In the event the quantum computing fails to generate meaningful results at a commercially viable cost, we may need to adapt our business model and technology roadmap in response.

We have also encountered, and will continue to encounter, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties and our future growth are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations, and our business could suffer. Our success as a business ultimately relies upon fundamental research and development breakthroughs in the coming years from our company and quantum computing hardware companies. There is no certainty these research and development milestones will be achieved as quickly as hoped, or even at all.

The quantum computing industry is in its early stages and volatile, and if it does not develop, if it develops slower than we expect, if it develops in a manner that does not require use of our quantum computing solutions, or if it encounters negative publicity or if our solution does not drive commercial engagement, the growth of our business will be harmed.

The nascent market for quantum computer and quantum computing solutions is still rapidly evolving, characterized by rapidly changing technologies, competitive pricing and competitive factors, evolving government regulation and industry standards and changing customer demands and behaviors. If demand for quantum computers and quantum solutions in general does not develop as expected, or develops more slowly than expected, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be harmed.

In addition, our growth and future demand for our products is highly dependent upon the adoption by developers and customers of quantum computers, as well as on our ability to demonstrate the value of quantum computing to our potential customers. Delays in future generations of our quantum development tools or technical failures at other quantum computing companies could limit acceptance of our solutions. Negative publicity concerning our solutions or the quantum computing industry as a whole could limit acceptance of our solutions. We believe quantum computing will solve many large-scale problems. However, such problems may never be solvable by quantum computing technology, which will limit the overall market and interest in quantum computing based applications.

If our future clients and partners do not perceive the benefits of our solutions, or if our solutions do not drive member engagement, then demand for our products may not develop at all, or it may develop slower than we expect. If any of these events occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our current business model is built on the assumption that our quantum algorithm synthesis technology can effectively convert classical code into practical, quantum-accelerated applications. However, there is no guarantee that our toolchain will consistently generate quantum applications that outperform classical solutions. If our software cannot deliver a meaningful performance advantage, the market for our products and services may not develop as we anticipate which would materially harm our business and financial prospects.

Our current business model is predicated on the successful development and market adoption of our quantum algorithm synthesis technology. While we believe this technology will enable us to convert classical code into practical, quantum-accelerated applications, there can be no guarantee that we will be successful in doing so. Our existing software toolchain, while functional, may not consistently produce quantum applications that provide a meaningful performance advantage over existing classical solutions.

Specifically, demonstrating a clear and consistent performance advantage is difficult due to several factors, including:

We have broad discretion in how we can use our capital resources from the Closing of the Business Combination. If we fail to manage our capital resources effectively, our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flow could be adversely affected.

Upon the closing of the PIPE Private Placement and the Business Combination we received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $120 million. We intend to use our capital resources for general working capital purposes. However, management has broad flexibility and discretion in applying the net proceeds of the PIPE Private Placement and Business Combination for working capital. Our shareholders will be relying on the judgment of management with regard to the use of these proceeds, and they will not have the opportunity, as part of their investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used in a way they approve. Our executive officers have limited experience with managing capital in amounts similar to the gross proceeds received from the PIPE Investment, and as a result, it is possible that the net proceeds will be invested in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for us. The failure of our executive officers to use such funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flow.

We rely on third-party quantum hardware providers to deliver the compute necessary for our software to function. The pace of hardware development, including factors like qubit counts, error rates and availability, is outside of our control. If the underlying hardware ecosystem does not mature as quickly as we expect, or if a major hardware provider fails, it could create delays for our business and severely impact our ability to deliver solutions to potential customers.

We rely on third-party providers for the quantum computing power essential to our software’s operation. This dependence exposes our business to substantial risks, as the pace and quality of hardware development are entirely outside our control. The quantum computing industry is still in its nascent stage, and the hardware landscape is characterized by rapidly changing technology and a limited number of viable providers. The performance and functionality of our software are critically dependent on the technical specifications of the underlying hardware. Two of the most important metrics are:

We rely on a small number of third-party providers; a failure or significant setback at any one of them could have a material and adverse effect on our business. If a major provider experiences a technical failure, ceases operations, or changes its business model in a way that makes their hardware inaccessible or prohibitively expensive, it may affect our services or business model. Should we need to transition to an alternative provider, we may face difficulties securing one on acceptable terms or with the capabilities required to support our systems. Given the early-stage nature of the quantum computing industry, our options for alternative providers may be significantly limited. Furthermore, if the development of quantum computing hardware does not progress as expected or if such hardware becomes unavailable to us or our providers, our business could also be adversely impacted.

Customers may not perceive the value proposition of a classical-to-quantum compilation toolchain or may prefer alternative methods for developing quantum applications or programs.

Our business depends on the adoption and continued use of our classical-to-quantum compilation toolchain by organizations and developers seeking to build and deploy quantum applications. The market for quantum computing is still nascent and rapidly evolving, and potential customers may not yet fully understand or appreciate the advantages of our toolchain. Our potential customers may also determine that existing or alternative development methods such as manually optimized quantum code, hardware-specific programming environments, or competing software platforms better meet their needs, budget, or technical requirements.

If potential customers do not recognize the value of our solution, or if alternative approaches gain broader acceptance, our ability to acquire new users, grow revenues and achieve or sustain profitability could be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, significant investment in educating the market or adapting our offerings to align with customer preferences could increase operating expenses and delay or reduce our expected growth.

We invest significantly in research and development, and to the extent our research and development investments do not translate into new capabilities or material enhancements to Triple Alpha, or any new platform we may create, or if we do not use those investments efficiently, our business and results of operations would be harmed.

A key element of our strategy is to invest significantly in our research and development efforts to develop new products and enhance our existing products to address additional applications and markets. In the fiscal years 2025 and 2024, our research and development expenses were 48.5% and 44.0% of our operating losses, respectively. If we do not spend our research and development budget efficiently or effectively on compelling innovation and technologies, our business could be harmed and we may not realize the expected benefits of our strategy. Moreover, research and development projects can be technically challenging and expensive. The nature of these research and development cycles may cause us to experience delays between the time we incur expenses associated with research and development and the time we are able to offer compelling products and generate revenue, if any, from such investment. Additionally, anticipated customer demand for a product we are developing could decrease after the development cycle has commenced, and we would nonetheless be unable to avoid substantial costs associated with the development of any such product. If we expend significant resources on research and development and our efforts do not lead to the successful introduction or improvement of products that are competitive in our current or future markets, it could harm our business and results of operations.

Furthermore, our ability to increase any future revenue and attract potential customers will depend in significant part on our ability to anticipate and respond effectively to rapid technological changes and market developments as well as the evolving quantum computing landscape. The success of our Triple Alpha platform, and any other platform we may create, depends on our ability to take such changes into account and invest effectively in our research and development organization to increase the reliability, availability and scalability of our existing solutions and introduce new solutions. If we fail to effectively anticipate, identify or respond to such changes in a timely manner, or at all, our business could be harmed. Even if we adequately fund our research and development efforts there is no guarantee that we will realize a return on such efforts, either monetarily or in the form of increased performance of our existing and future platforms.

We have a history of operating losses and expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future. In addition, we have never generated any material revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

We incurred net losses of S$23.1 million and S$7.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of S$44.5 million. We believe that we will continue to incur operating and net losses each quarter until at least the time we begin generating significant revenue from our quantum software development tools, which may never occur.

We may incur significantly higher losses in future periods as we, among other things, continue to make significant expenses in connection with the design and development of our software development tools; as we expand our research and development activities; increase the size and scope of our facilities; expand our number of developers; increase our sales and marketing activities; develop our infrastructure; and increase our general and administrative functions to support our growing operations and our being a public company.

We may find that these efforts are more expensive than we currently anticipate or that these efforts may not result in revenues, which would further increase our losses. If we are unable to achieve and sustain profitability, or if we are unable to achieve the growth that we expect from these investments, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our business model is unproven and may never allow us to cover our costs.

We currently generate no meaningful revenue and we may never be able to develop our technology or a marketable product. Our ability to generate meaningful revenue, which we do not expect to occur for several years, if ever, remains uncertain. Many factors could affect any future profitability, including but not limited to costs of development, consumer reception to our products, unpredictable market conditions, as well as unforeseen events. There is a possibility that we may never generate revenue or generate adequate revenue to operate profitably or continue as a going concern.

If we cannot successfully execute on our strategy, including due to changing customer needs and new technologies and other market requirements, or achieve our objectives in a timely manner, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.

The quantum computing and software development markets are characterized by rapid technological change, changing user requirements, uncertain product lifecycles and evolving industry standards. We believe that the pace of innovation will continue to accelerate as technology changes and different approaches to quantum computing mature on a broad range of factors, including system architecture, error correction, performance and scale, ease of programming, user experience, markets addressed, types of data processed and data governance and regulatory compliance. Our future success depends on our ability to continue to innovate and increase future customer adoption of our products and services. If we are unable to enhance our products and services to keep pace with these rapidly evolving potential customer requirements, or if new technologies emerge that are able to deliver competitive products at lower prices, more efficiently, with better functionality, more conveniently, or more securely than our platform, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

While the potential market for our quantum computing software tools is very broad, our achievement of commercial successes will require continued research and development in order for our products and services to fully address the software market, and if that research and development is not successful this may limit adoption of our products and services to a narrow range of potential customers. If we cannot successfully attract a broad range of future customers to our quantum computing software development tools, our business will be negatively impacted and could fail.

Even if we are successful in executing on our product roadmap and strategy and delivering increasingly more effective quantum computing software development tools and services, competitors in the industry may achieve technological breakthroughs that render our products and services obsolete or inferior to other products and services or that can be offered at lower costs than our products and services.

Our continued growth and success depend on our ability to innovate and develop quantum software technology in a timely manner and effectively market these products. Without the timely introduction of new products, services and enhancements that comply with changing laws and standards, including through the use of new and emerging technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning), we could be at a competitive disadvantage and our offerings could become technologically or commercially obsolete over time, in which case our revenue and operating results would suffer. Any technological breakthroughs which render our technology obsolete or inferior to other products could have a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the market in which we compete achieves its anticipated growth levels, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

Our success will depend upon our ability to expand, scale our operations, generate sales and enhance our corresponding support capability. Even if the market in which we compete meets the size estimates and growth forecasted, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all.

Our growth is dependent upon our ability to successfully sell quantum software development tools, expand our solutions and services, bring in new customers, retain such new customers, and retain critical talent. Unforeseen issues associated with scaling up and constructing quantum computing technology at commercially viable levels could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We do not have experience with supplying a large number of customers with our tools and services, or the sale and retention to new customers. Our growth and long-term success will depend upon the development of our sales and retention capabilities.

Moreover, because of our differentiated technology, our potential customers will require particular support and service functions, some of which are not currently available, and may never be available. If we experience delays in adding such support capacity or servicing our potential customers efficiently or experiencing unforeseen issues with the reliability of our technology, we could overburden our servicing and support capabilities. Similarly, increasing the number of our products and services would require us to rapidly increase the availability of these services. Failure to adequately support and service our potential customers may inhibit our growth and ability to expand.

There is no assurance that we will be able to scale our business to meet our sales and distribution targets globally, that expected growth levels will prove accurate or that the pace of growth or coverage of our customer infrastructure network will meet future customer expectations. For example, our competitors may achieve certain narrow and/or broad quantum milestones faster than us, which may negatively impact our business and prospects. Failure to grow at rates similar to that of the quantum computing industry may adversely affect our operating results and ability to effectively compete within the industry.

Reductions in research and development spending by academic institutions and other research entities could limit demand for our products and services and adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and future prospects.

The demand for our current and future quantum computing platforms and software tools may depend in part on the research and development budgets of academic institutions and research entities, which are subject to various factors beyond our control, including:

In addition, funding agencies at various governmental levels may face fiscal pressures that could lead to reduced budgets, lower grant allocations, or restructured funding programs. Such developments could limit the ability of academic institutions and other research entities to procure our products or invest in emerging quantum initiatives. For instance, while agencies such as the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) have increased their investment in quantum research in recent years through programs like the National Quantum Initiative, funding levels may fluctuate due to political or economic shifts. A reduction in appropriations or delays in grant approvals from these or similar institutions, such as the European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC) or Japan’s Quantum Technology Innovation Strategy programs, could diminish funding available for quantum research. This, in turn, could lead to fewer opportunities for us to sell our products and services to research institutions, negatively impacting our financial performance.

Any material decrease in the budgets or expenditures of our potential customers, or a reduction in the scale, frequency, or scope of their quantum R&D investments, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

We depend on advances in technology by other companies and academic institutions, if those advances do not materialize, some of our products may not be successfully commercialized.

Our quantum computing solutions depend on continued innovation in areas such as quantum hardware, error correction and cryogenics, much of which is being developed by third parties, including academic institutions, national labs and specialized technology companies. We do not control the pace or success of these external efforts. Delays or failures in these areas could hinder our ability to bring certain products to market, impact performance expectations, or increase development costs. As a result, our commercial prospects could be materially and adversely affected if the broader ecosystem does not progress as anticipated.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business and results of operations could be harmed.

Our failure to manage growth effectively could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. We anticipate that a period of significant expansion will be required to facilitate potential growth. This expansion will place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources. For example, expansion of and upgrades to our facilities and systems is continual and ongoing, and we may not complete expansions and upgrades on terms originally anticipated, in a timely manner or at all, which could have a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Expansions and upgrades require significant cash investments and management resources and there is no guarantee that there will be future sales of our products or services, or that we will be able to avoid cost overruns or be able to hire additional personnel to support us. In addition, we also need to ensure our compliance with regulatory requirements in various jurisdictions applicable to the sale, installation and servicing of our products.

To manage the growth of our operations and personnel, we must establish and maintain appropriate and scalable operational and financial systems, procedures and controls and establish and maintain a qualified finance, administrative and operations staff. We may be unable to acquire the necessary capabilities and personnel required to manage growth or to identify, manage and exploit potential strategic relationships and market opportunities.

If we fail to attract customers and retain and increase the spending of such customers over time, our revenue, business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects would be harmed.

Even if the quantum computing industry, in which we compete, achieves the forecasted growth, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. Our success will depend upon our ability to expand our platform’s capabilities, scale our operations, build and increase our sales capability, and successfully complete professional services projects, that may or may not progress to in-production applications. Unforeseen issues associated with scaling up and access to quantum computing technology at commercially viable levels could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our growth is dependent upon our ability to successfully market and sell quantum computing software and development tools. We plan to utilize various unpaid content marketing strategies, including customer events, seminars, webinars, blogs, thought leadership and social media engagement and third-party event sponsorship, to attract prospective users of our development platform and services. These unpaid or paid efforts may not attract a sufficient volume and quality of traffic to our development platform and services, in the future, we may be required to increase our marketing spend to achieve our volume and quality of traffic targets.

We do not have the history with revenue-producing solutions or pricing models necessary to accurately predict optimal pricing necessary to attract new customers and retain such customers.

We may need to identify solutions that can act as sources of revenue or change our pricing model from time to time. As the market for our platform matures, or as competitors introduce new solutions that compete with ours, we may be unable to attract potential customers at the same prices or based on the same pricing models that we intend to implement. Our assessments of competitive pricing may not be accurate and we could be underpricing or overpricing our platform and services. Our limited history of selling quantum software development tools and services means we do not have long-term market data on the optimal method of pricing our services and maximizing the opportunities they represent. In addition, if the offerings on our platform or our services change, we may need to revise our pricing strategies. Any such changes to our pricing strategies or our ability to efficiently price our offerings could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, as we continue to expand internationally, we also must determine the appropriate pricing strategy to enable us to compete effectively internationally. Pricing pressures and decisions could result in reduced sales, reduced margins, losses or the failure of our platform to achieve or maintain more widespread market acceptance, any of which could negatively impact our overall business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, larger organizations, which are a primary focus of our direct sales efforts, may demand substantial price concessions. As a result, we may be required to price below our targets in the future, which could adversely affect our revenue, gross margin, profitability, cash flows and financial condition.

Our business and growth are dependent on the success of our strategic relationships with third parties.

We depend on, and anticipate that we will continue to depend on, various third-party suppliers in order to sustain and grow our business. Failure of any of these suppliers to continue to provide products and services to maintain, support or secure their technology platforms or our integrations, or errors or defects in their technologies, products or services, could adversely affect our relationships with our potential customers, damage our brand and reputation and result in delays or difficulties in our ability to provide our platform. Shortages or supply interruptions in any of these components will adversely impact our financial performance.

Our platform and products depend on the ability to access and integrate with third-party quantum computing and quantum computer providers. Currently, our software integrates with a number of quantum hardware providers; should we lose the ability to integrate with a number of these providers our business would be adversely harmed. We also depend on the cloud-based quantum services of providers to provide our partners and potential customers with access to remote quantum processors. Additionally, our modular hardware testbed currently relies on the operations, supply chains and services of key quantum hardware and service providers. Any disruption or failure to maintain these relationships, or any significant changes to the technologies they provide, would directly impact our ability to deliver our platform and services.

If we cannot maintain our company culture as we grow, we could lose our innovation, teamwork, passion and focus on execution that we believe contribute to our success and our business may be harmed.

We believe that our corporate culture has been a contributor to our success, which we believe fosters innovation, teamwork, passion and focus on building and marketing our Triple Alpha platform. As we grow, we may find it difficult to maintain our corporate culture. Any failure to preserve our culture could harm our future success, including our ability to retain and recruit personnel, innovate and operate effectively and execute on our business strategy. Additionally, our productivity and the quality of our solutions may be adversely affected if we do not integrate and train our new employees quickly and effectively. If we experience any of these effects in connection with future growth, it could impair our ability to attract new customers, retain such customers and expand their use of our Triple Alpha platform, and/or any other new platforms that we develop, all of which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we cannot maintain and enhance our brand or adequately commercialize our tools, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our reputation as a differentiated and category-defining company is critical to our ability to attract customers. The successful promotion of our brand attributes will depend on a number of factors, including our marketing efforts, our ability to continue to develop high-quality products, our ability to minimize and respond to errors, failures, outages, vulnerabilities, or bugs and our ability to successfully differentiate our products from competitive products. In addition, independent industry analysts often provide analyses of products offered in our space, and perception of the relative value of our products in the marketplace may be significantly influenced by these analyses. If these analyses are negative, or less positive as compared to those of our competitors’ products, our brand may be harmed.

The promotion of our brand requires us to make substantial expenditures, and we anticipate that the expenditures will increase as our market becomes more competitive, as we expand into new markets and as more sales are generated through our partners. To the extent that these activities yield increased revenue, this revenue may not offset the increased expenses we incur. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our brand, our business may not grow, we may have reduced pricing power relative to competitors and we could lose potential customers or fail to attract new customers, any of which could harm our business, our results of operations and financial condition.

Any future indebtedness may limit our flexibility in obtaining additional financing and in pursuing other business opportunities or operating activities.

We do not currently have any indebtedness outstanding. We have the ability to incur debt in the future. Our level of debt could have important consequences to us, including the following:

Our ability to service any future debts will depend upon, among other things, our future financial and operating performance, which will be affected by prevailing economic conditions and financial, business, regulatory and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. If our operating results are not sufficient to service any future indebtedness, we will be forced to take actions such as reducing or delaying our business activities, acquisitions, investments or capital expenditures, selling assets, restructuring or refinancing our debt, or seeking additional equity capital or bankruptcy protection. We may not be able to effect any of these remedies on satisfactory terms to us or at all.

The markets in which we participate are intensely competitive, and if we do not compete effectively, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. Additionally, competitive pressures may put pressure on our pricing, which may require us to reduce our pricing in order to provide competitively priced access to our products and services.

The markets for our solutions are fragmented, rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We face competition from both traditional, larger software vendors offering developer tools and smaller companies offering point products for features and use cases. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, bringing products to market and possess recognizable brands and strong institutional and commercial relationships in comparison to us. Our principal competitors vary depending on the product category and include IBM (Qiskit), Classiq and Microsoft Quantum Development Kit. In addition, some of our competitors may make acquisitions to offer a more comprehensive product or service offering, which may allow them to compete more effectively with our products. We expect this trend to occur as companies attempt to strengthen or maintain their market positions in an evolving industry. Following such potential consolidations, companies may create more compelling product offerings and be able to offer more attractive pricing options, making it more difficult for us to compete effectively. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly if they pursue competing solutions through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies, such as IBM, Microsoft and Google.

Our competitors, particularly our competitors with much greater financial and operating resources, may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards, or future customer requirements. With the adoption of new technologies, such as AI and machine learning, and new market entrants, we expect competition to intensify in the future. For example, our competitors may more successfully incorporate AI into their products, gain or leverage superior access to certain AI technologies and achieve higher market acceptance of their AI solutions. In addition, as we continue to expand our focus into new use cases or other product offerings beyond software development teams, we expect competition to increase. Pricing pressures and increased competition generally could result in reduced sales, reduced margins, losses, or the failure of our products to achieve or maintain more widespread market acceptance, any of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Many of our current and potential competitors have greater resources than we do, with established marketing relationships, large enterprise sales forces, access to larger customer bases, pre-existing customer relationships and major distribution agreements with consultants, system integrators and resellers. Additionally, our potential customers, particularly large organizations, have elected and may in the future elect to develop or acquire their own internal collaboration and productivity software tools that would reduce or eliminate the demand for our solutions.

Our competitors have extensive experience in developing and protecting intellectual property and may develop and patent processes or products earlier than us, obtain regulatory approvals for competing products more rapidly than we are able to and develop more effective and less expensive products or technologies that would render our products non-competitive or obsolete. We may also face intellectual property litigation risks if competitors assert patents or other intellectual property rights that overlap with our technologies or product offerings.

Our products seek to serve multiple industries, and we are subject to competition from a wide and varied field of competitors, including classic compute-based solutions. Some competitors, particularly new and emerging companies with sizeable venture capital investment, could focus all their energy and resources on one product line or use case and, as a result, any one competitor could develop a more successful product or service in a particular market we serve which could decrease our market share and harm our brand recognition and results of operations. For all of these reasons and others we cannot anticipate today, we may not be able to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The markets for our products and services in general are competitive. Competition in these markets may increase further if economic conditions or other circumstances cause customer bases and client spending to decrease and service providers to compete for fewer client resources. Our competitors may be able to make more attractive offers to our potential customers, or may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies or changes in user requirements. Increased competition could result in lower revenues and higher expenses, which would reduce our profitability.

An element of our business is currently dependent upon our relationship with our cloud providers. There are no assurances that we will be able to commercialize our business from our relationships with cloud providers.

We currently depend on the cloud-based quantum services of providers. The companies that own these public clouds have internal quantum computing efforts that are competitive to our technology. There is risk that one or more of these public cloud providers could use their respective control of their public clouds to embed innovations or privileged interoperating capabilities in competing products, bundle competing products, provide us with unfavorable pricing, leverage their public cloud customer relationships to exclude us from opportunities, and treat us and our end users differently with respect to terms and conditions or regulatory requirements than they would treat their similarly situated customers. Further, they have the resources to acquire or partner with existing and emerging providers of competing technology and thereby accelerate adoption of those competing technologies. All of the foregoing could make it difficult or impossible for us to provide products and services that compete favorably with those of the public cloud providers. Any material change in our contractual and other business relationships with our public cloud providers could result in harm to our brand and reputation and reduced use of our systems, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business relies on the ability of Triple Alpha, or any other platform we create, to be portable and effective across different quantum computing hardware platforms (e.g., superconducting, trapped ion, etc.). We will also need to adapt and respond effectively to rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changing regulations, or changing customer needs, requirements or preferences, to prevent our solutions from becoming less competitive. If we are unable to develop or maintain the necessary integrations, if quantum hardware providers prefer to offer their own proprietary software infrastructure, and if our products and services become less competitive, our ability to commercialize our products will be limited and our business, financial condition and results of operations will be harmed.

Our business model assumes that our software, Triple Alpha, or any other platform we create, can be a compelling and universal tool, effective across a variety of quantum computing hardware platforms. The introduction of new technologies will continue to have a significant effect on competitive conditions to which we are subject. In order to continue to provide value for our future customers, we must offer innovative solutions that allow our future customers to develop and operate quantum software code and applications. Certain technologies and industry developments may negatively impact our ability to compete within certain industry segments. In the event our competitors develop software ecosystems that are closed or limit the interoperability of our solutions, we will be less competitive and less attractive to prospective customers.

Our success is dependent on our ability to develop and maintain the necessary integrations for each of these diverse platforms. Quantum hardware is in its early stages and is not standardized. The underlying architecture and control systems for a superconducting quantum computer are fundamentally different from those of a trapped ion machine. Therefore, to be truly “platform-agnostic,” we must dedicate resources to building and constantly updating distinct software interfaces for each major hardware type. If we fail to keep up with the rapid pace of hardware development, our software could become obsolete on a particular platform, effectively locking our products and services out of a portion of the market. While we are actively engaged in collaborations with multiple leading quantum hardware providers and are developing a modular software architecture designed to adapt quickly to new hardware platforms as they emerge, there can be no assurance that these relationships will result in our ability to adapt quickly to any potential hardware changes.

To keep pace with technological and competitive developments, we have in the past invested and may continue to invest in complementary businesses, technologies, products, services and other assets that expand the products and services that we can offer prospective customers. We may make these investments without being certain that they will result in products or enhancements that will be accepted by prospective customers or that will achieve market acceptance. If we are unable to successfully enhance our products and services to meet evolving customer requirements, increase adoption and use cases of our solution and develop new services and solutions, then our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.

Additionally, quantum hardware providers may choose to build and promote their own proprietary software infrastructure. Many hardware manufacturers already offer their own tools and software development kits (SDKs) that are optimized for their specific machines. We do not control the development of such technologies, and so it may be possible in the future that the components of the underlying technologies that interface with or are built into our solution develop in ways that are not beneficial to our growth and technological capabilities. If these providers create “walled gardens” around their hardware, and incentivize their customers to use their in-house software, our business could be materially and adversely harmed. Our ability to commercialize Triple Alpha, or any other platform we create, would be severely limited if we are unable to secure partnerships or if the market develops a preference for single-vendor solutions. This could significantly harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we have taken steps to mitigate the risks that proprietary software infrastructure may pose to our business, there is no guarantee our efforts will be successful. Furthermore, if these technologies do not continue to be improved or are replaced with alternative technologies that we do not effectively adapt to, our ability to innovate may be diminished and our market appeal and value to customers may be harmed.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for the design and manufacturing of the quantum computing equipment that we use to provide our services. Supply chain disruptions or other restrictions on our access to our suppliers could delay our ability to deploy such equipment and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for the design and manufacturing of the quantum computing equipment that we use to provide our services. We generally purchase these components on a purchase order basis, and do not have long-term contracts guaranteeing supply. Our reliance on these suppliers exposes us to risks, including reduced control over development costs and constraints based on the future availability, terms and pricing of these components. If we experience disruption or delay from our suppliers, we may not be able to obtain supplies or components from alternative suppliers on a timely basis or on terms that are favorable to us, if at all. The technology industry has experienced widespread component shortages and delivery delays, including as a result of geopolitical tensions, changes in import and export controls, public health crises and natural disasters. While we have taken steps to mitigate our supply chain risk, supply chain disruptions and delays could nevertheless adversely impact our operations by resulting in increased operating costs.

We operate our own quantum computer within our hardware testbed, and intend to acquire a second quantum computer. There are significant technological, operational and financial risks associated with developing, building and maintaining a functional quantum computer. If we fail to maintain an operational quantum computer, or if we fail to achieve competitive performance metrics, we may incur substantial costs and damage our reputation, which would negatively impact our business.

We currently own and operate a superconducting quantum computer. We plan to make this fully operational system available to Triple Alpha users in the first half of 2026. With this system, we expect that we will be able to more efficiently integrate and test our software infrastructure with quantum processing units and control systems. We also plan to acquire a second quantum computer — a trapped ion system — by 2027, though there can be no assurance that we will do so. Through ownership and operation of this quantum-advantage capable system, we aim to enable internal and external Triple Alpha users to test algorithms and develop applications with the intention of achieving quantum advantage. We expect that these systems will help broaden and deepen Triple Alpha’s capabilities over time and support our goal of creating hardware-agnostic software development tools that are deeply optimized for the physical realities of quantum processors. In addition to maintenance costs on our current quantum computer, the acquisition of a second computer will require material additional capital outlay. Furthermore, since quantum computing is in the early stages of development, we may be required to update these systems to ensure that they remain state of the art. These updates could necessitate incremental further capital outlay. If the anticipated advantages of owning our own hardware are not realized and do not outweigh these capital outlays, our business, financial results, and growth prospects could be adversely affected.

The development, installation and maintenance of our quantum computers have been and will continue to be resource intensive and could result in a reduction in both human and financial capital that could have been directed to further our other research and development focuses. While we believe that operating our own quantum computers gives us strategic and competitive advantages, there is no guarantee that any advantage we do gain will be greater than our expenditures.

Specifically, building and operating our quantum computers, even on a testbed scale, has been and will continue to be an extremely difficult and capital-intensive endeavor. We have collaborated with a number of premier quantum components suppliers for our first system; however, the path to consistent functionality of our quantum computers inevitably contains technical challenges, including scaling qubits while maintaining coherence, managing complex wiring systems and operating specialized cryogenic refrigeration units. These challenges could cause substantial delays beyond our committed timelines or result in a system that fails to achieve competitive performance metrics.

Additionally, as we have historically focused on software, we do not have the same level of in-house expertise in quantum hardware design, manufacturing and maintenance as our hardware-focused competitors. Consequently, this could lead to unforeseen operational challenges, increased costs and a greater reliance on our third-party partners.

Finally, any significant outages in the operation of our testbed, or a failure to demonstrate its functionality and performance, would not only result in substantial and unrecoverable costs but could also seriously damage our reputation as a leader in the quantum software space. Our ability to attract customers, partners and investors is dependent on a perception of our ability to bridge the gap between software and hardware. Any failure in this regard could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, there is no guarantee we will be successful installing, maintaining and operating additional quantum computers at a cost comparable to our existing equipment. As quantum computer technology advances, and as we continue to seek ever more sophisticated quantum computer hardware, the cost associated with acquiring components may greatly increase.

We could suffer disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality problems with our quantum software development tools and services, or with the public cloud, data centers and internet infrastructure on which we rely. This could harm our reputation or subject us to significant liability and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our business depends on our quantum software development tools and services being available. We have experienced and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality problems with our systems. We have also experienced and may in the future experience, disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality problems with the public cloud and internet infrastructure on which our systems rely. These problems can be caused by a variety of factors, including failed introductions of new functionality, vulnerabilities and defects in proprietary and open-source software, hardware components, human error or misconduct, capacity constraints, design limitations, or denial of service attacks or other security-related incidents. We do not have a contractual right with our public cloud providers that compensates us for any losses due to availability interruptions in the public cloud.

Any disruptions, outages, defects and other performance and quality problems with our quantum software development tools and services or with the public cloud and internet infrastructure on which we rely, could result in reduced use of our systems, increased expenses, including service credit obligations, and harm to our brand and reputation, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are highly dependent on Joseph Fitzsimons and Si-Hui Tan, and on our ability to attract and retain senior executive leadership and key employees, such as quantum physicists, software engineers and other key technical employees, who are critical to our success. If we fail to retain talented, highly qualified senior management, engineers and other key employees or attract them when needed, such a failure could negatively impact our business.

Our future success depends on the continuing efforts of Joseph Fitzsimons and Si-Hui Tan. We rely on the knowledge and experience that Dr. Fitzsimons and Dr. Tan provide as it relates to quantum computing technology. They are the cornerstone of our research and development efforts, which have been instrumental in our ability to develop our products and services. The market for such positions is intensely competitive, which could increase our costs to attract and retain talented individuals. In the event Dr. Fitzsimons or Dr. Tan were to become unavailable for any reason, including injury, illness or death, or if they were to leave Horizon or choose other ventures over Horizon, there could be a material adverse impact on our operations. Effective succession planning is also important to our long-term success and may cause disruption to our business due to, among other things, diverting management’s attention away from the operations of the business or causing a deterioration in morale. Failure to ensure effective transfer of knowledge and smooth transitions involving Dr. Fitzsimons or Dr. Tan, or any of our other key employees, could hinder our strategic planning and execution.

Our future success also depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees, such as quantum physicists and software engineers. The market for highly skilled workers and leaders in the quantum computing industry is extremely competitive. In particular, hiring qualified personnel specializing in supply chain management, engineering and sales, as well as other technical staff and research and development personnel is critical to our business and the development of our quantum computing software systems. Some of these professionals are hard to find and we may encounter significant competition in our efforts to hire them. Many of the other companies with which we compete for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources than we do. And, as we build our brand and become more well-known, there is an increased risk that competitors or other companies may seek to hire our personnel. Our employees are generally “at will” employees and may leave our employment at any time. The loss of the services provided by these individuals will have an adverse impact on the achievement of our business plans.

The effective operation of our supply chain, including the acquisition of critical components and materials, the development and commercialization of our quantum computing technologies and the effective operation of our managerial and operating systems all depend upon our ability to attract, train and retain qualified personnel in the aforementioned specialties.

Additionally, changes in immigration and work permit laws and regulations, the administration, or interpretation of such laws and regulations could impair our ability to attract and retain highly qualified employees. If we cannot attract, train and retain qualified personnel in this competitive environment, we may experience delays in the development of our quantum computing technologies and otherwise be unable to develop and grow our business as expected, or even at all.

Our future growth and success depends on our ability to sell effectively to government entities and large enterprises.

Our potential customers are expected to include government agencies and large enterprises. Therefore, our future success will depend on our ability to effectively sell our products to such customers. Sales to these end-customers involve risks that may not be present (or that are present to a lesser extent) with sales to non-governmental agencies or smaller customers. These risks include, but are not limited to, (i) increased purchasing power and leverage held by such customers in negotiating contractual arrangements with us and (ii) longer sales cycles and the associated risk that substantial time and resources may be spent on a potential end-customer that elects not to purchase our solutions. Sales to government agencies are often fixed fee development contracts, which involve additional risks.

In addition, government contracts generally include the ability of government agencies to terminate early which, if exercised, would result in a lower contract value and lower than anticipated revenues generated by such arrangements.

Government agencies and large organizations often undertake a significant evaluation process that results in a lengthy sales cycle. Our potential future contracts with government agencies are expected to be structured in phases, with each phase subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. As a result, the actual scope of work performed pursuant to any such contracts, in addition to related contract revenue, could be less than total contract value. In addition, product purchases by such organizations are frequently subject to budget constraints, multiple approvals and unanticipated administrative, processing and other delays. Finally, these organizations typically have longer implementation cycles, require greater product functionality and scalability, require a broader range of services, demand that vendors take on a larger share of risks, require acceptance provisions that can lead to a delay in revenue recognition and expect greater payment flexibility. All of these factors can add further risk to business conducted with these potential customers and could lead to lower revenue results than originally anticipated.

Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may be adversely affected by certain events or activities, including, but not limited to:

Any such event or activity, among others, could cause governments and governmental agencies to delay or refrain from entering into contracts with us and/or purchasing our computers in the future, reduce the size or timing of payment with respect to our services to or purchases from new government customers, or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

If we are unable to maintain successful relationships with quantum hardware vendors, our ability to market, sell and distribute our quantum software tools will be limited, and our business, financial position and results of operations will be harmed.

Horizon expects collaborations with leading hardware companies, control systems manufacturers, and software to act as a powerful distribution channel because these providers could embed Horizon software within their ecosystems, providing direct access to their customers. Our ability to achieve revenue growth in the future will depend in part on our success in maintaining successful relationships with quantum hardware vendors and in training quantum hardware vendors to independently sell and deploy our quantum software development tools. If we fail to effectively manage such relationships, our ability to sell our products and services, and results of operations will be harmed.

If our information technology systems or data, or those of third parties upon which we rely, are or were compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including but not limited to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; loss of customers or sales; loss of intellectual property or other confidential business information; and other adverse consequences, which may adversely affect our business.

In the ordinary course of our business, we and the third parties upon which we rely, collect, receive, store, process, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit and share (collectively, process), proprietary, confidential and sensitive data, including personal data, intellectual property, controlled unclassified information and trade secrets (collectively, sensitive information). Cybersecurity incidents such as malicious internet-based activity, online and offline fraud, denial-of-service attacks, ransomware attacks, business email compromises, computer malware, viruses and social engineering (including through deep fakes or other attacks using artificial intelligence which may be increasingly more difficult to identify as fake and phishing attacks) as well as natural disasters and other similar activities threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our sensitive information and information technology systems and those of the third parties upon which we rely.

Such threats are prevalent in the technology industry and our prospective customers’ industries and continue to rise, are increasingly difficult to detect, and come from a variety of sources, including traditional computer “hackers,” threat actors, “hacktivists,” organized criminal threat actors, personnel (such as through theft or misuse), sophisticated nation states and nation-state-supported actors. The techniques may be used to sabotage or to obtain unauthorized access to our platform, systems, networks, or physical facilities where our research and development facilities and instruments are stored, and we may be unable to implement adequate preventative measures or stop cybersecurity incidents from occurring or expanding in scope. U.S. law enforcement agencies have indicated that quantum computing technology is of particular interest to certain malicious cyber threat actors, including nation-state-supported actors. In addition, our cybersecurity risk could be increased as a result of the military conflict in Iran as well as the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the related sanctions imposed against Russia.

During times of war and other major conflicts, we, and the third parties upon which we rely, may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of cybersecurity incidents, including retaliatory cyber-attacks, that could materially disrupt our systems and operations, our third-party information systems, supply chain and ability to produce, sell and distribute our products and services. We and the third parties upon which we rely are subject to a variety of evolving threats, including but not limited to social-engineering attacks (including through deep fakes, which may be increasingly more difficult to identify as fake and phishing attacks), malicious code (such as viruses and worms), malware (including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions), denial-of-service attacks (such as credential stuffing), credential harvesting, personnel misconduct or error, ransomware attacks, supply-chain attacks, software bugs, server malfunctions, software or hardware failures, loss of data or other information technology assets, adware, telecommunications failures, earthquakes, fires, floods and other similar threats.

In particular, severe ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly prevalent and can lead to significant interruptions in our operations, loss of sensitive data and income, reputational harm and diversion of funds. Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting such payments.

Remote work has become more common and has increased risks to our information technology systems and data, as more of our employees utilize network connections, computers and devices outside our premises or network, including working at home, while in transit and in public locations. In addition, future or past business transactions (such as acquisitions or integrations) could expose us to additional cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, as our systems could be negatively affected by vulnerabilities present in acquired or integrated entities’ systems and technologies. Furthermore, we may discover security issues that were not found during due diligence of such acquired or integrated entities, and it may be difficult to integrate companies into our information technology environment and security program.

We rely on third-party service providers and technologies to operate critical business systems to process sensitive information in a variety of contexts. Our platform is built to be accessed through third-party public cloud providers such as AWS. These providers may also experience cybersecurity incidents and attacks to their products which may impact our systems. Cybersecurity incidents may also result from non-technical means, such as actions by an employee with access to our systems. Our ability to monitor these third parties’ information security practices is limited, and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. If our third-party service providers experience a cybersecurity incident or other interruption, we could experience adverse consequences. While we may be entitled to damages if our third-party service providers fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award.

We may expend significant resources or modify our business activities to try to protect against security incidents. Certain data privacy and security obligations may require us to implement and maintain specific security measures to protect our information technology systems and sensitive information. While we and our third-party cloud providers have implemented security measures designed to protect against cybersecurity incidents, there can be no assurance that these measures will be effective and these measures could fail or may be insufficient. Although we take steps designed to detect, mitigate and remediate vulnerabilities in our information systems (such as our hardware and/or software, including that of third parties upon which we rely), we may not be able to detect and remediate all vulnerabilities on a timely basis because the threats and techniques used to exploit the vulnerability change frequently and are often sophisticated in nature. Therefore, such vulnerabilities could be exploited but may not be detected until after a cybersecurity incident has occurred.

In addition, applicable data privacy and security obligations may require us to notify relevant stakeholders, including affected individuals, customers, regulators and investors of cybersecurity incidents. Such disclosures are costly, and the disclosure or the failure to comply with such requirements could lead to adverse consequences. Actual or perceived cybersecurity incidents affecting sensitive information about Horizon, our partners, our potential customers or third parties could expose us and the parties affected to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, resulting in litigation and potential liability, paying damages, regulatory inquiries or actions, damage to our brand and reputation or other harm to our business. Our efforts to prevent and overcome these challenges could increase our expenses and may not be successful. If we fail to detect or remediate a cybersecurity incident in a timely manner, or it otherwise affects our potential customers or impacts our ability to operate our platform, we may experience adverse consequences, such as government enforcement actions (for example, investigations, fines, penalties, audits and inspections); additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; restrictions on processing sensitive information (including personal data); litigation (including class claims); indemnification obligations; negative publicity; material damage to our reputation; monetary fund diversions; diversions of management attention; interruptions in our operations (including availability of data); financial loss; and other similar harms.

Cybersecurity incidents and attendant consequences may cause future customers to stop using our services, deter new customers from using our services and negatively impact our ability to grow and operate our business. Cybersecurity incidents also may result in current or future competitors obtaining sensitive information, including proprietary information.

Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and even where they do, there can be no assurance that limitations of liability in our contracts are sufficient to protect us from liabilities, damages, or claims related to our data privacy and security obligations. We cannot be sure that our insurance coverage will be adequate or sufficient to protect us from or to mitigate liabilities arising out of our privacy and security practices, that such coverage will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or that such coverage will pay future claims.

In addition to experiencing a cybersecurity incident, third parties may gather, collect, or infer sensitive information about us from public sources, data brokers, or other means that reveal competitively sensitive details about our organization and could be used to undermine our competitive advantage or market position.

Unfavorable conditions in our industry, the global economy, or other catastrophic events may disrupt our business, could limit our ability to grow and negatively affect our results of operations.

Our results of operations may vary based on the impact of changes in our industry or the global economy on us or our potential customers. The global economy, including credit and financial markets, has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in customer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, increases in inflation rates, higher interest rates and uncertainty about economic stability. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread unemployment, economic slowdown and extreme volatility in the capital markets and any future public health crises could result in similar impacts on the global economy. Similarly, geopolitical tensions in and around Ukraine, Israel, Iran and other areas of the world have created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and are expected to have further global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets, and further acts of war, terror, or responses to each could result in similar or increased impacts on the global economy. Increased inflation rates can adversely affect us by increasing our costs, including labor and employee benefit costs. Employee salaries and benefits expenses have increased as a result of economic growth, increased demand for business services, increased competition for trained and talented employees, among other wage-inflationary pressures and we cannot assure you that they will not continue to rise. In addition, higher inflation also could increase our potential customers’ operating costs, which could result in reduced budgets for our potential customers and potentially less demand for our platform and the development of quantum technologies. Any significant increases in inflation and related increase in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Additionally, adverse changes in market conditions, a sustained decline in our stock price, negative changes to Horizon’s competitive position in the market, or lack of growth in demand for our products and services could result in our failure to meet our business plans. Depending on the nature of such changes relative to our assumptions, such adverse changes could be considered to be an impairment triggering event, impacting valuation assumptions relating to the recoverability of assets, and may result in impairment charges to our long-lived assets, other assets or investments, which would have a negative impact on our operating results and harm our business.

In addition, in challenging economic times, our potential future customers may experience cash flow problems and as a result may modify, delay or cancel plans to purchase our products and services. Additionally, if our future customers are not successful in generating sufficient revenue or are unable to secure financing, they may not be able to pay, or may delay payment of, accounts receivable due to us. Moreover, our key suppliers may reduce their output or become insolvent, thereby adversely impacting our ability to develop our products. Furthermore, uncertain economic conditions may make it more difficult for us to raise funds through borrowings or private or public sales of debt or equity securities. We cannot predict the timing, location, strength or duration of any economic slowdown, instability or recovery, generally or within any particular industry.

Furthermore, a disruption or failure of our systems or operations because of an earthquake, weather event, cyberattack, terrorist attack, pandemic, or other catastrophic event could cause delays in providing services or performing other critical functions, which could also delay commercial deals and the associated revenue recognition for those deals. A catastrophic event that results in the destruction or disruption of any of our critical business or IT systems, or the infrastructure or systems they rely on could harm our ability to conduct normal business operations.

Unstable market and economic conditions have had and may continue to have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and share price.

At times in the past, the global economy, including credit and financial markets, has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, increases in inflation rates, higher interest rates, bank failures and uncertainty about economic stability. Any volatility or disruptions in market and economic conditions may have adverse consequences on us or the third parties on whom we rely. If general economic conditions were to deteriorate or remain uncertain for an extended period, our liquidity may be harmed and the trading price of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Public Warrants could decline.

If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest or war, it may make any necessary financing more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, more costly or more dilutive and we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs and other efforts. Increased inflation rates have and are expected to adversely affect us by increasing our costs, including labor, employee benefit costs and costs for equipment and system components associated with system development. In addition, higher inflation could also increase our future customers’ operating costs, which could result in reduced budgets for our future customers and potentially less demand for our systems. Any significant increases in inflation and related increase in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If in the future a financial institution in which we hold funds fails or is subject to significant adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets, we could be subject to a risk of loss of all or a portion of such uninsured funds or be subject to a delay in accessing all or a portion of such uninsured funds. Any such loss or lack of access to these funds could adversely impact our short-term liquidity and ability to meet our operating expense obligations. Further, these events may make financings more difficult to obtain, and additional financing might not be available on reasonable terms, if at all; difficulties obtaining financing could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, as well as our ability to continue to grow our operations.

If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could be negatively affected.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal controls over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls in our Annual Report on Form 20-F. We are required to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in our Annual Report on Form 20-F. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which our securities are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect or financial reporting standards or interpretations change, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We will base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates will form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities and equity, and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements will include those related to revenue recognition; allowance for credit losses; valuation of ordinary shares; carrying value and useful lives of long-lived assets; loss contingencies; and the provision for income taxes and related deferred taxes. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of industry or financial analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our ordinary shares.

Additionally, we will regularly monitor our compliance with applicable financial reporting standards and review new pronouncements and drafts thereof that are relevant to us. As a result of new standards, changes to existing standards and changes in their interpretation, we might be required to change our accounting policies, alter our operational policies and implement new or enhance existing systems so that they reflect new or amended financial reporting standards, or we may be required to restate our published financial statements. Such changes to existing standards or changes in their interpretation may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial position and profit, or cause an adverse deviation from our revenue and operating profit target, which may negatively impact our financial results.

Our facilities or operations could be damaged or adversely affected as a result of prolonged power outages, natural disasters and other catastrophic events.

Our facilities or operations could be adversely affected by power outages as well as events outside of our control, such as natural disasters and other calamities. We cannot assure you that any backup systems will be adequate to protect us from the effects of fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss resulting from such natural disasters, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events. Any of the foregoing events may give rise to interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause delays in development and fabrication, the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide services. A significant power outage may disrupt our operations and could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Real or perceived errors, failures or bugs in our products and services could materially and adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and growth prospects.

The hardware and software underlying our platform and products is highly technical and complex. Our hardware and software have previously contained, and may now or in the future contain, undetected errors, bugs, or vulnerabilities. In addition, errors, failures and bugs may be contained in our software utilized in building and operating our products or may result from errors in the deployment or configuration of our platform and development tools. Some errors in our products may only be discovered after a product has been deployed or may never be generally known. In some instances, despite internal testing, we may not be able to identify the cause or causes of these problems or risks within an acceptable period of time. Any errors, bugs or vulnerabilities discovered in our products after it has been deployed, or never generally discovered, could result in interruptions in platform availability, product malfunctioning or data breaches. Since our potential customers may use our services for processes that are critical to their businesses, errors and defects, security vulnerability, service interruptions or software bugs in our platform could result in losses to our potential customers and thereby result in damage to our reputation, adverse effects upon potential customers and users, loss of such customers and relationships with third parties, significant expenditures of capital, a delay or loss in market acceptance, loss of revenue, or liability for damages. In addition, while we will include provisions in our future agreements with our future customers that attempt to limit our exposure to claims, such provisions may not be enforceable or adequate and may not otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim. Even if not successful, a claim brought against us by any of our future customers would likely be time-consuming and costly to defend and could seriously damage our reputation and brand, making it harder for us to sell our solutions and retain our future customers.

If we engage in acquisitions, divestitures, strategic investments, or strategic partnerships and fail to achieve favorable results, our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed.

We may in the future make acquisitions, divestitures, or certain investments. Any transactions that we enter into could be material to our financial condition and results of operations. The process of acquiring and integrating another company or technology could create unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. Acquisitions and investments involve a number of risks, such as:

In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, which must be assessed for impairment at least annually. In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our operating results based on this impairment assessment process, which could adversely affect our results of operations. Acquisitions and investments may also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities, which could adversely affect our share price, or result in issuances of securities with superior rights and preferences to our common shares or the incurrence of debt with restrictive covenants that limit our future uses of capital in pursuit of business opportunities.

Any failure to offer high-quality customer support could harm our relationships with our future customers and our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In deploying and using our products, our future customers will depend on our product support teams to resolve complex technical and operational issues. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in future customer demand for product support. We also may be unable to modify the nature, scope and delivery of our product support to compete with changes in product support services provided by our competitors. Increased future customer demand for product support, without corresponding revenue, could increase costs and harm our results of operations. In addition, as we continue to grow our operations, we need to be able to provide efficient product support that meets our future customers’ needs globally at scale. In order to meet these needs, we will rely on third-party vendors to fulfill requests about third-party apps and self-service product support to resolve common or frequently asked questions for Horizon products and services, which supplement our customer support teams. If we are unable to provide efficient product support globally at scale, including through the use of third-party vendors and self-service support, our ability to grow our operations could be harmed and we may need to hire additional support personnel, which could harm our results of operations. Our sales will be highly dependent on our business reputation and on positive recommendations from our future customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality product support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality product support, could harm our reputation, our ability to sell our products to prospective customers, and our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to scale and adapt our existing technology in a timely and cost-effective manner to meet our future customers’ performance and other requirements.

Our future growth is dependent upon our ability to continue to meet the needs of new customers and the expanding needs of such future customers as their use of our solutions grow. As our future customers gain more experience with our solutions, the number of endpoints and events, the amount of data transferred, processed and stored by us, the number of locations where our platform and services are being accessed may, in the future, expand rapidly. In order to meet the performance and other requirements of our future customers, we intend to continue to make significant investments to increase capacity and to develop and implement new technologies in our products and services. These technologies include hardware and infrastructure, cloud provisioning, software architecture and the team’s capacity to triage and provide direct support. We may not be successful in developing or implementing these technologies. In addition, as our business grows, we must continue to improve and expand our information technology infrastructure. It takes a significant amount of time to plan, develop and test improvements to our technologies and infrastructure, and we may not be able to accurately forecast demand or predict the results we will realize from such improvements. We rely on external ecosystems, such as operating systems, to operate and make our products and services available to future customers. If we are unable to adapt to product or policy changes in such ecosystems, or if we do not effectively operate with such ecosystems, demand for and availability of our products or services could decline. To the extent that we do not effectively scale our operations and infrastructure to meet the needs of our business, our future customer base and to maintain performance as our future customers expand their use of our solutions, we may not be able to grow as quickly as we anticipate, our future customers may reduce or cancel use of our solutions and we may be unable to compete as effectively and our business and results of operations may be harmed.

Furthermore, ongoing improvements to our infrastructure may be more expensive than we anticipate, and may not yield the expected savings in operating costs or the expected performance benefits. In addition, we may be required to re-invest any cost savings achieved from prior cloud infrastructure improvements in future infrastructure projects to maintain the levels of service required by our future customers. We may not be able to maintain or achieve cost savings from our investments, which could harm our financial results.

We utilize AI, which could expose us to liability or adversely affect our business.

We incorporate novel uses of AI technologies, including generative AI, into our operations, such as our internal software applications and our research and development activities, and may make further use of AI in our products in the future. AI is complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition from other companies who may incorporate AI into their products more quickly or more successfully than us, as well as an evolving regulatory landscape. The introduction of AI, and particularly generative AI, a relatively new and emerging technology in the early stages of commercial use, into new or existing products and our operations, may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, litigation, confidentiality, ethical concerns, or other complications that could adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results. For example, generative AI has been known to produce a false or “hallucinatory” inferences or output, and certain generative AI uses machine learning and predictive analytics, which may be flawed, insufficient, of poor quality, reflect unwanted forms of bias, or contain other errors or inadequacies, any of which may not be easily detectable. Our future customers or others may rely on or use this flawed content to their detriment, which may expose us to brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, and/or legal liability. In addition, the use of AI by other companies has resulted in, and may in the future result in, data breaches and cybersecurity incidents that implicate the personal information of AI users. Further, the use of AI presents emerging ethical and social issues, and if we enable or offer solutions that draw scrutiny or controversy due to their perceived or actual impact on future customers or on society as a whole, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm and/or legal liability.

The technologies underlying AI and its uses are subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including intellectual property, privacy, data protection, cybersecurity, consumer protection, competition, equal opportunity laws and regulations, and are expected to be subject to new laws and regulations or new applications of existing laws and regulations. AI is the subject of ongoing review by various U.S. governmental and regulatory agencies, and various U.S. states and other jurisdictions are applying, or are considering applying, their cybersecurity and data protection laws to AI or are considering general legal frameworks for AI. For example, in Europe, the EU’s AI Act was published in the Official Journal of the EU on July 12, 2024 and entered into force on August 1, 2024. The AI Act establishes, among other things, a risk-based governance framework for regulating AI systems in the EU by categorizing AI systems, based on the risks associated with such AI systems’ intended purposes, as creating unacceptable or high risks, with all other AI systems being considered low risk. This regulatory framework is expected to have a material impact on the way AI is regulated in the EU and beyond. As further indication of a trend in increased regulatory and legislative oversight of the use and development of AI, in 2024, California enacted a range of laws regulating the use and development of AI, which generally relate to transparency, privacy and fairness, among other concerns. On the other hand, Singapore has not enacted omnibus AI legislation but regulatory authorities have issued non-binding guidelines and best practices for organizations using AI. This includes the Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AI published on May 30, 2024, which seeks to address generative AI concerns while continuing to facilitate innovation in Singapore.

As a fast-evolving and complicated technology subject to significant government attention, AI-related legislation and regulation may be developed and apply to AI in unexpected ways. We may not be able to anticipate how to respond to or comply with these rapidly evolving frameworks, and we may need to expend resources to adjust our offerings in certain jurisdictions if the legal frameworks are inconsistent across jurisdictions. The cost to comply with such frameworks could be significant and may increase our operating expenses. Additionally, if we do not have sufficient rights to use the data or other material or content on which our AI technologies rely, we may incur liability through the violation of applicable laws or regulations, third-party intellectual property, privacy or other rights, or contracts to which we are a party. Further, any content or other output created by our use of AI-powered tools may not be subject to copyright protection, which may adversely affect our ability to enforce our intellectual property rights. Because AI technology itself is highly complex and rapidly developing, it is not possible to predict all of the legal, operational or technological risks that may arise relating to the use of AI.

Catastrophic events may disrupt our business.

Natural disasters, pandemics and other public health emergencies, geopolitical conflicts, social or political unrest, or other catastrophic events may cause damage or disruption to our operations, international commerce and the global economy, and thus could harm our business. We have employees and operations in Singapore and in Dublin, Ireland. Dublin, as well as many other portions of Ireland, experiences coastal and river flooding that could impact our employees. In the event of a major earthquake, hurricane, typhoon or catastrophic event such as fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, cyber-attack, war or terrorist attack in any of the regions or localities in which we operate, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our application development, lengthy interruptions in our product availability, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, all of which could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition. In the event of a power outage, the quantum computer we operate could be damaged. Superconducting quantum processors, like the one we are in the process of building in our testbed, must be maintained at ultra-low temperatures close to absolute zero to function. A power outage would cause a failure of the cryogenic cooling system, leading to a rise in temperature. This could cause significant physical damage to the delicate quantum processor and the surrounding components within the cryostat. Bringing the system back online is a deliberate operation that takes time and must follow a careful sequence of steps in order to re-cool and re-calibrate the system, which could cause a significant interruption to our research and development and our ability to validate our software solutions.

Additionally, we rely on our network and suppliers of third-party infrastructure and applications, internal technology systems and our websites for our development, marketing, internal controls, operational support, hosted services and sales activities. If these systems were to fail or be negatively impacted as a result of a malfunction, natural disaster, disease or pandemic, or catastrophic event, our ability to conduct normal business operations and deliver products to our future customers could be impaired.

As we grow our business, the need for business continuity planning and disaster recovery plans will grow in significance. If we are unable to develop adequate plans to ensure that our business functions continue to operate during and after a disaster, disease or pandemic, or catastrophic event, or if we are unable to successfully execute on those plans, our business and reputation could be harmed.

Our operations, business, and future customers could be adversely affected by climate change.

There are increasing and rapidly evolving concerns over the risks of climate change and related environmental sustainability matters. Our operations, business, and future customers could be adversely affected by climate change. The physical risks of climate change include rising average global temperatures, rising sea levels and an increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events and natural disasters. Such events and disasters could disrupt our operations or the operations of future customers or third parties on which we rely and could result in market volatility. Additionally, we may face risks related to the transition to a low-carbon economy. We could experience increased expenses resulting from strategic planning, litigation and changes to our technology, operations, products and services, access to energy and water, as well as reputational harm as a result of negative public sentiment, regulatory scrutiny and reduced stakeholder confidence, due to our response to climate change or real or perceived vulnerability to climate change-related risks. Changes in consumer preferences, our need to travel internationally and legal requirements could increase expenses or otherwise adversely impact our business, future customers and partners.

Our commercial and business operations are international in nature, subjecting us to additional risks and costs, including the ability to engage with partners in new geographies, exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, that can adversely affect our business, financial condition, revenues, results of operations or cash flows.

As we begin to generate sales and revenue, we may derive a significant portion of revenue from future international customers. There are a variety of risks and costs associated with international sales and operations, which may include making additional investments prior to the proven adoption of our solutions, the cost of conducting our business internationally and hiring and training international employees and the costs associated with complying with local law. Furthermore, we cannot predict the rate at which our platform and solutions will be accepted in international markets by potential customers.

We believe our ability to attract future customers to purchase our software development tools or services is directly correlated to the level of engagement we obtain with future customers. To the extent we are unable to effectively engage with future customers based outside of Singapore and Ireland due to our limited international footprint, we may be unable to effectively grow in international markets.

As we continue to develop and commercialize our technology, we may need to make additional investments in international markets, and the cost of complying with the local laws and regulations of each country could be significant. Furthermore, the quantum computing industry is still in its early stages of development. We cannot predict the rate at which our platform and solutions will be adopted in international markets, and our business strategy depends on the continued growth and maturity of the global quantum ecosystem.

Given our international presence, we are exposed to the effects of fluctuations in currency exchange rates. While we have primarily transacted in Singapore dollars, we may in the future generate revenues denominated in other currencies. Additionally, fluctuations in the value of the Singapore dollar and foreign currencies may make our products and services more expensive for future customers whose operations are denominated in other currencies, which could harm our business. Additionally, we incur expenses for employee compensation and other operating expenses at our facilities in their respective local currency for such locations. Fluctuations in the exchange rates between the Singapore dollar and other currencies could result in an increase to the Singapore dollar equivalent of such expenses. These fluctuations could cause our results of operations to differ from our expectations or the expectations of our investors. Additionally, such currency exchange rate fluctuations could make it more difficult to detect underlying trends in our business and results of operations.

Our international operations may subject us to greater than anticipated tax liabilities. Future changes in tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, results of operations or financial conditions.

The amount of taxes we may pay in different jurisdictions depends on the application of the tax laws of various jurisdictions, to our international business activities, changes in tax rates, new or revised tax laws or interpretations of existing tax laws and policies, and our ability to operate our business in a manner consistent with our corporate structure and intercompany arrangements. The taxing authorities of the jurisdictions in which we operate may challenge our methodologies for pricing intercompany transactions pursuant to any future intercompany arrangement or disagree with our determinations as to the income and expenses attributable to specific jurisdictions. If such a challenge or disagreement were to occur, and our position was not sustained, we could be required to pay additional taxes, interest and penalties, which could result in one-time tax charges, higher effective tax rates, reduced cash flows, and lower overall profitability of our operations. Our consolidated financial statements could fail to reflect adequate reserves to cover such a contingency. Similarly, a taxing authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection, often referred to as a “permanent establishment” under international tax treaties, and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions.

Furthermore, new income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulation or ordinances could be enacted at any time, or interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us, any of which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial performance and operating results. In particular, there has been a recent change where the Multinational Enterprise (Minimum Tax) Act 2024 implements the Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (Pillar Two) rules (please see the section entitled “Item 10E. Additional Information – Taxation -- Certain Singapore Taxation Considerations” for more information). We are currently unable to predict whether such changes will occur and, if so, the ultimate impact on our business. To the extent that such changes have a negative impact on us, including as a result of related uncertainty, these changes may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Risks Related to Litigation and Government Regulation

We are required to comply with stringent, complex and evolving laws, rules, regulations and standards in many jurisdictions, as well as contractual obligations, relating to data privacy and security. Any actual or perceived failure to comply with these requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are required to comply with stringent, complex and evolving laws, rules, regulations and standards in many jurisdictions, as well as contractual obligations, relating to data privacy and security. Ensuring compliance with such requirements may increase operating costs, impact our data processing practices and policies and the development of new products or services, and reduce operational efficiency, any of which could adversely affect our business and operations.

For example, in the United States, there are numerous federal, state and local data privacy and security laws, rules and regulations governing the collection, sharing, use, retention, disclosure, security, transfer, storage and other processing of personal information, including federal and state data privacy and security laws, data breach notification laws and data disposal laws. For example, at the federal level, we are subject to, among other laws and regulations, the rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of the Federal Trade Commission (which has the authority to regulate and enforce against unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, including acts and practices with respect to data privacy and security), as well as the Electronic Communication Privacy Act, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and the Gramm Leach Bliley Act. The United States Congress also has considered, is currently considering, and may in the future consider, various proposals for comprehensive federal data privacy and security legislation, to which we may become subject if passed.

As our operation expands, we may be subject to laws and regulations such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (collectively, the “CCPA”). The CCPA broadly defines personal information and gives California residents expanded privacy rights and protections, such as affording them the right to access and request deletion of their information and to opt out of certain sharing and sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for severe civil penalties and statutory damages for violations and a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of unencrypted personal information. This private right of action is expected to increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. Numerous other states have also enacted, or are in the process of enacting or considering, comprehensive state-level data privacy and security laws, rules and regulations that share similarities with the CCPA. Moreover, laws in all 50 U.S. states require businesses to provide notice under certain circumstances to consumers whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach.

Virtually every jurisdiction in which we operate has established its own data privacy and security legal framework with which we must comply. For example, we are required to comply with the European Union (“EU”) General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and its equivalent in the U.K. (“U.K. GDPR”), which impose stringent obligations regarding the collection, control, use, sharing, disclosure and other processing of personal data and create mandatory breach notification requirements under certain circumstances. While the GDPR and U.K. GDPR remain substantially similar for the time being, the U.K. government has announced plans and introduced legislative proposals to chart its own path on data protection and reform its relevant laws, including in ways that may differ from the GDPR. While these developments increase uncertainty with regard to data protection regulation in the U.K., even in their current, substantially similar form, the GDPR and U.K. GDPR can expose businesses to divergent parallel regimes that may be subject to potentially different interpretations and enforcement actions for certain violations and related uncertainty. Failure to comply with the GDPR or the U.K. GDPR can result in significant fines and other liability, including, under the GDPR, fines of up to EUR 20 million (or GBP 17.5 million under the U.K. GDPR) or four percent (4%) of annual global revenue, whichever is greater. European data protection authorities have already imposed fines for GDPR violations of up to, in some cases, hundreds of millions of Euros.

Legal developments in the European Economic Area (“EEA”) have created complexity and uncertainty regarding processing and transfers of personal data from the EEA to the United States and other so-called third countries outside the EEA, including in the context of website cookies. Similar complexities and uncertainties also apply to transfers from the U.K. to third countries. While we have taken steps to mitigate the impact on us, such as implementing the European Commission’s standard contractual clauses (“SCCs”) and the U.K.’s international Data Transfer Agreement (or the U.K.’s international data transfer addendum that can be used with the SCCs), the efficacy and longevity of these mechanisms remains uncertain. On July 10, 2023, the European Commission adopted an adequacy decision concluding that the U.S. ensures an adequate level of protection for personal data transferred from the EU to the U.S. under the recently adopted EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework (followed on October 12, 2023 with the adoption of an adequacy decision in the U.K. for the U.K.-U.S. Data Bridge); however, such new adequacy decision has been challenged in EU courts, and is likely to face additional challenges. Moreover, although the U.K. currently has an adequacy decision from the European Commission, such that SCCs are not required for the transfer of personal data from the EEA to the U.K., that decision will sunset in June 2025 unless extended and it may be revoked in the future by the European Commission if the U.K. data protection regime is reformed in ways that deviate substantially from the GDPR. The EU has also proposed legislation that would regulate non-personal data and establish new cybersecurity standards, and other countries, including the U.K., may similarly do so in the future. If we are otherwise unable to transfer data, including personal data, between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could adversely affect our financial results.

Further, as a Singapore-based company, we are also required to comply with the Singapore Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (“PDPA”) which governs the collection, use and disclosure of individuals’ personal data and seeks to ensure that organizations comply with a baseline standard of protection for personal data of individuals. The PDPA is administered and enforced by the Personal Data Protection Commission (“PDPC”). The PDPA requires organizations to comply with various obligations regarding the collection, use, disclosure and other processing of personal data and similarly requires organizations to comply with a mandatory breach notification obligation under certain circumstances. In addition, an organization must not transfer personal data to a country or territory outside Singapore except in accordance with the requirements prescribed under the PDPA. In this regard, an organization must ensure that the recipient of the personal data in that country outside Singapore is bound by legally enforceable obligations to provide to the transferred personal data a standard of protection that is at least comparable to the protection under the PDPA. Any improper use or disclosure of personal data and breaches of security leading to disclosure of personal data may also lead to criminal sanctions under the PDPA, reputational damage, and a direct loss of business. It is also important to note that for contraventions of the PDPA, the PDPC is empowered to impose financial penalties of up to S$1 million, or 10% of the organization’s annual turnover in Singapore (for organizations with annual turnover exceeding S$10 million), whichever is higher. The PDPC may publish enforcement decisions, which can have reputational consequences for organizations found to be in breach.

While we have implemented controls and procedures designed to comply with the requirements of the data privacy and security laws of some of the jurisdictions in which we operate, such procedures and controls may not be effective in ensuring compliance or preventing unauthorized transfers of personal data.

We are subject to U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-bribery and similar laws, non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal or civil liability and harm our business.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, other anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws in countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly to generally prohibit companies, their employees, and their third-party intermediaries from authorizing, promising, offering, providing, soliciting, or accepting, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to or from any person whether in the public or private sector. We may engage with partners and third-party intermediaries to market our services and to obtain necessary permits, licenses and other regulatory approvals. In addition, we or our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities.

We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, and of our employees, representatives, contractors, partners and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. We cannot provide any assurance that all of our employees and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible.

Detecting, investigating and resolving actual or alleged violations of anti-corruption laws can require a significant diversion of time, resources and attention from senior management. In addition, noncompliance with anti-corruption or anti-bribery laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, enforcement actions, fines, damages, other civil or criminal penalties, injunctions, suspension or debarment from contracting with certain persons, reputational harm, adverse media coverage and other collateral consequences.

Our business is exposed to risks associated with litigation, investigations and regulatory proceedings.

We may in the future face legal, administrative and regulatory proceedings, claims, demands and/or investigations involving stockholder, consumer, competition and/or other issues relating to our business on a global basis, including in connection with the Business Combination. Litigation and regulatory proceedings are inherently uncertain, and adverse rulings could occur, including monetary damages, or an injunction stopping us from engaging in certain business practices, or requiring other remedies, such as compulsory licensing of patents. An unfavorable outcome or settlement may result in a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial position and overall trends. In addition, regardless of the outcome, litigation can be costly, time-consuming and disruptive to our operations. Any claims or litigation, even if fully indemnified or insured, could damage our reputation and make it more difficult to compete effectively or to obtain adequate insurance in the future. In addition, the laws and regulations our business is subject to are complex and change frequently. We may be required to incur significant expense to comply with changes in, or remedy violations of, these laws and regulations.

Furthermore, while we maintain insurance for certain potential liabilities, such insurance does not cover all types and amounts of potential liabilities and is subject to various exclusions as well as caps on recoverable amounts. Even if we believe a claim is covered by insurance, insurers may dispute our entitlement to recovery for a variety of potential reasons, which may affect the timing and, if the insurers prevail, the amount of our recovery.

We may become subject to product liability claims, which could harm our financial condition and liquidity if we are not able to successfully defend or insure against such claims.

We may become subject to product liability claims, even those without merit, which could harm our business prospects, operating results and financial condition. We may face an inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event our development tools, or their outputs, do not perform as expected or malfunction. A successful product liability claim against us could require us to pay a substantial monetary award. Moreover, a product liability claim could generate substantial negative publicity about our quantum computing software development tools and business and inhibit or prevent the commercialization of other future quantum computers and products, which would have material adverse effects on our brand, business, prospects and operating results. Any insurance coverage might not be sufficient to cover all potential product liability claims. Any lawsuit seeking significant monetary damages either in excess of our coverage, or outside of our coverage, may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and financial condition. We may not be able to secure additional product liability insurance coverage on commercially acceptable terms or at reasonable costs when needed, particularly if we do face liability for our products and are forced to make a claim under our policy.

We are subject to requirements relating to environmental and safety regulations and environmental remediation matters, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and reputation.

We are subject to numerous governmental environmental laws and regulations governing, among other things, solid and hazardous waste storage, treatment and disposal and remediation of releases of hazardous materials. There are significant capital, operating and other costs associated with compliance with these environmental laws and regulations. Environmental laws and regulations may become more stringent in the future, which could increase costs of compliance or require us to use alternative technologies and materials in our operations.

Governmental authorities also regulate a variety of matters, including, but not limited to, health, safety and permitting in addition to the environmental matters discussed above. New legislation and regulations may require us to make material changes to our operations, resulting in significant increases to the cost of production.

Government actions and regulations, such as tariffs, trade protection measures and national security concerns may limit our ability to provide products and services to our future customers and obtain products from our suppliers, which could have a material adverse impact on our business operations, financial results and growth plans.

Though we are a Singapore based company, political challenges between the United States and countries in our supply chain, including China, and changes to trade policies, including tariff rates and customs duties, trade relations between the United States and China and other macroeconomic and national security issues could adversely impact our business. Specifically, United States-China trade relations remain uncertain. The United States administration has continued to impose tariffs on certain products imported into the United States with China as the country of origin, and China has imposed tariffs in response to the actions of the United States. The likelihood of a further increase in tariffs on goods from China and the imposition of tariffs on goods sourced from other countries has materially increased in light of comments by the new U.S. presidential administration, which has repeatedly communicated an intention to impose additional duties on imports from China, as well as on imports from other countries. The U.S. government continues to add additional entities, in China and elsewhere, to restricted party lists impacting the ability of U.S. companies to provide products and technology, and, in certain cases, services, to these entities and, in some cases, to receive products, technology or services from these entities. The U.S. government also continues to increase end-use restrictions on the provision of products, technology and services to China and other countries including end-uses related to advanced computing. The new administration in the U.S. has indicated that it will seek to continue to impose tariffs against U.S. trading partners and there may be retaliatory tariffs against the U.S. as a result. These tariffs could adversely impact trade relations and result in higher costs. International trade conflict has contributed to (i) increased pressure on the supply chain and could further result in increased energy costs; (ii) inflation, which could result in increases in the cost of developing our products, reduced purchasing power, increased price pressure and reduce or cancelled orders; (iii) increased risk of cybersecurity attacks; and (iv) general market instability, all of which could adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition. There is also a possibility of future tariffs, trade protection measures or other restrictions imposed on our products or on our future customers by the United States, China or other countries that could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, the Chinese government exercises significant control over China’s economy through the allocation of resources, control of the incurrence and payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting of monetary policy and provision of preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Changes in any of these policies, laws and regulations could adversely affect the overall economy in China or any indirect Chinese suppliers our supply chain may be exposed to, which could harm our business through higher supply costs, reduced availability or both.

Given the relatively fluid regulatory environment and existing national security concerns in China and the United States and uncertainty regarding how the U.S. government or Chinese and other foreign governments will act with respect to tariffs and international trade agreements and policies, a trade war, further governmental action related to tariffs or international trade policies, or additional tax or other regulatory changes in the future could directly and adversely impact our financial results and results of operations. We cannot predict what actions may ultimately be taken with respect to trade relations between the United States and China or other countries, what products may be subject to such actions or what actions may be taken by the other countries in retaliation. If we are unable to obtain or use components for inclusion in our products, if component prices increase significantly or if we are unable to export or sell our products to any of our future customers, our business, liquidity, financial condition and/or results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Global trade policy continues to evolve, and the ultimate impact of recent developments with respect to U.S. tariffs is unclear. On February 20, 2026, the United States Supreme Court issued a ruling striking down certain tariffs previously imposed under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”). Following the Supreme Court’s decision, the U.S. presidential administration announced its intention to invoke other laws to collect tariffs and announced new tariffs on imports from all countries, in addition to any existing non-IEEPA tariffs. There remains substantial uncertainty regarding the duration of existing and newly announced tariffs, potential changes or pauses to such tariffs, tariff levels, and whether further additional tariffs or other retaliatory actions may be imposed, modified, or suspended, and the impacts of such actions on our business. These and future changes in tariffs, trade policies, trade actions, or retaliatory trade measures in response, have resulted and may continue to result in additional costs and pricing pressures, supply chain disruptions, volatile or unpredictable customer spending patterns, and increased economic or geopolitical risks, which could adversely impact our future sales, business, financial condition, and results of operations, materially or in ways that we cannot predict.

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited.

We have incurred losses during our history; we do not expect to become profitable in the near future, and we may never achieve profitability. To the extent that we continue to generate taxable losses, unused losses will carry forward to offset future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire, if at all. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately S$30.2 million and S$17.5 million, respectively.

For example, U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards generated in taxable periods beginning after December 31, 2017, may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such net operating loss carryforwards is limited to 80% of taxable income. It is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to current federal law.

In addition, Horizon’s unutilized tax losses in Singapore can be carried forward indefinitely and are available for set-off against future taxable income, subject to compliance with the provisions of Section 37 of the Income Tax Act 1947 of Singapore (the “Singapore Income Tax Act”) and with the agreement of the Comptroller of Income Tax. In the event that (i) we are not able to comply with the relevant requirements of Section 37 of the Singapore Income Tax Act, including without limitation, there not having been any substantial change in the shareholders of Horizon and their shareholdings and there not having been any change in Horizon’s principal activities; and/or (ii) we are not able to obtain the Comptroller of Income Tax’s agreement for the carrying forward of unutilized tax losses, at the relevant time in the future, we may not be able to set-off such losses against future taxable income.

If we earn taxable income, such limitations will most likely result in increased future income tax liability and have an adverse effect on our future cash flows. We have recorded a valuation allowance related to our net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of the ultimate realization of the future benefits of those assets.

Failure to comply with existing and changing laws and regulations applicable to our business could subject us to fines and penalties and could also cause us to lose customers or negatively impact our ability to contract with customers, including those in the public sector.

Our business is subject to regulation by various local and foreign governmental agencies, including agencies responsible for monitoring and enforcing data privacy and security laws and regulations, employment and labor laws, workplace safety, product safety, environmental laws, consumer protection laws, anti-bribery laws, import and export controls, securities laws and tax laws and regulations. Increased scrutiny may also lead to new laws and regulations, or new applications of existing laws and regulations, that target topics such as AI, critical infrastructure software resiliency and concentration risk. Noncompliance by us, our employees, representatives, contractors, agents, intermediaries, or other third parties with applicable regulations or requirements could subject us to:

If any governmental sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and an increase in professional fees. Enforcement actions and sanctions could harm our business, results of operations and financial condition.

These laws and regulations impose added costs on our business, and failure by us, our employees, representatives, contractors, agents, intermediaries, or other third parties to comply with these or other applicable regulations and requirements could lead to claims for damages, penalties, termination of contracts, loss of exclusive rights in our intellectual property and temporary suspension or permanent debarment from government contracting. Any such damages, penalties, disruptions or limitations in our ability to do business with potential customers, including those in the public sector, could result in reduced sales of our products or services, substantial product inventory write-offs, reputational damage, penalties and other sanctions, any of which could harm our business, reputation and results of operations.

Additionally, as laws and regulations change in the jurisdictions in which we operate, we may be required to change our procedures, policies and products to ensure compliance with potential changes. Should this occur, the costs of compliance with and other burdens imposed by, industry-specific laws, regulations and interpretive positions may limit our future customers’ use and adoption of our services and reduce overall demand for our services. Compliance with these regulations may also require us to devote greater resources to support certain future customers, which may increase costs and lengthen sales cycles.

Risks Related to our Intellectual Property

We may be unable to obtain, maintain and protect our intellectual property rights and proprietary information such as if the scope of patent protection obtained is not sufficiently broad. Our competitors could develop and commercialize products and technology similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our products and technology may be adversely affected.

Our intellectual property is important to our business. We rely on a combination of confidentiality clauses, assignment agreements and license agreements with employees and third parties, patents, trade secrets, copyrights and trademarks to protect our intellectual property and competitive advantage, all of which offer only limited protection. The steps we take to protect our intellectual property require significant resources and may be inadequate. We will not be able to protect our intellectual property if we are unable to enforce our rights or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property. We may be required to use significant resources to obtain, monitor and protect our intellectual property. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy our platform and our products and use information that we regard as proprietary to create products and services that compete with ours. Some license provisions protecting against unauthorized use, copying, transfer and disclosure of our proprietary information may be unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions and foreign countries. In addition, we may not be able to acquire or maintain appropriate domain names in all countries in which we do business or prevent third parties from acquiring domain names that are similar to, infringe upon, diminish the value of our trademarks and other intellectual property. Furthermore, regulations governing domain names may not protect our trademarks or similar proprietary rights.

We enter into confidentiality and intellectual property agreements with our employees and consultants and enter into confidentiality agreements with the parties with whom we have strategic relationships and business alliances. These agreements may not be effective in securing ownership of our intellectual property or controlling access to our proprietary information and trade secrets. The confidentiality agreements on which we rely to protect certain technologies may be breached, may not be adequate to protect our confidential information, trade secrets and proprietary technologies and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, trade secrets or proprietary technology. Further, these agreements do not prevent our competitors or others from independently developing technology that is substantially equivalent or superior to our technology. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and confidential information, and in such cases, we likely would not be able to assert any trade secret rights against such parties. Additionally, we may from time to time be subject to opposition or similar proceedings with respect to applications for registrations of our intellectual property, including our trademarks. While we aim to acquire adequate protection of our brand through trademark registrations in key markets, occasionally third parties may have already registered or otherwise acquired rights to identical or similar marks for services that also address our market. We rely on our brand and trademarks to identify our platform and to differentiate our platform and services from those of our competitors, and if we are unable to adequately protect our trademarks third parties may use our brand names or trademarks similar to ours in a manner that may cause confusion in the market, which could decrease the value of our brand and adversely affect our business and competitive advantages.

Policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property and misappropriation of our technology and trade secrets is difficult and we may not always be aware of such unauthorized use or misappropriation. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights, unauthorized third parties may attempt to use, copy or otherwise obtain and market or distribute our intellectual property rights or technology or otherwise develop services with the same or similar functionality as our platform and products. If our competitors infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise misuse our intellectual property rights and we are not adequately protected, or if our competitors are able to develop a platform or product with the same or similar functionality as ours without infringing our intellectual property, our competitive advantage and results of operations could be harmed. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time consuming and distracting to management and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property. As a result, we may be aware of infringement by our competitors, but may choose not to bring litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights due to the cost, time and distraction of bringing such litigation. Furthermore, if we do decide to bring litigation, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims and countersuits challenging or opposing our right to use and otherwise exploit particular intellectual property, services and technology or the enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our inability to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay further sales or the implementation of our solutions, impair the functionality of our platform, prevent or delay introductions of new or enhanced solutions, result in our substituting inferior or more costly technologies into our platform or injure our reputation. Furthermore, many of our current and potential competitors have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to developing and protecting their technology or intellectual property rights than we do.

Certain intellectual property rights, including patents and trademarks, are territorial in scope and enforceable only in the jurisdictions in which they are registered. Therefore, we may be unable to prevent infringement or unauthorized use of our intellectual property in countries where we do not hold valid registrations. Securing and maintaining protection in each and every jurisdiction in which we currently operate, or may operate in the future, is costly and may not be practicable. This limitation could affect our ability to enforce our rights globally, particularly in jurisdictions with weak intellectual property enforcement regimes or where third parties have already obtained similar prior rights.

Our patent applications may not result in issued patents or our patent rights may be contested, circumvented, invalidated or limited in scope, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from interfering with the commercialization of our products.

Our patent applications may not result in issued patents, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours. The status of patents involves complex legal and factual questions and the breadth of claims allowed is uncertain. As a result, we cannot be certain that any patent applications we have or will file will result in patents being issued, or that our patents and any patents that may be issued to us will afford protection against competitors with similar technology. Numerous patents and pending patent applications owned by others exist in the fields in which we have developed and are developing our technology. In addition to those who may have patents or patent applications directed to relevant technology with an effective filing date earlier than any of our existing patents or pending patent applications, any of our existing or pending patents may also be challenged by others on the basis that they are otherwise invalid or unenforceable. Furthermore, patent applications filed in foreign countries are subject to laws, rules and procedures that differ from those of the United States, and thus we cannot be certain that foreign patent applications related to issued United States patents will be issued.

Even if our patent applications succeed and we are issued patents in accordance with them, it is still uncertain whether these patents will be contested, circumvented, invalidated or limited in scope in the future. The rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with meaningful protection or competitive advantages, and some foreign countries provide significantly less effective patent enforcement than in the United States. In addition, the claims under any patents that issue from our patent applications may not be broad enough to prevent others from developing technologies that are similar or that achieve results similar to ours. The intellectual property rights of others could also bar us from licensing and exploiting any patents that are issued from our pending applications. In addition, patents issued to us may be infringed upon or designed around by others and others may obtain patents that they need to license or design around, either of which would increase costs and may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

We may face patent infringement and other intellectual property claims that could be costly to defend, result in injunctions and significant damage awards or other costs. If third parties claim that we infringe upon or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights, our business could be adversely affected.

The computing and software industries are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patents, copyright and other intellectual property rights. Third parties may assert that our platform, solutions, technology, methods or practices infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate their intellectual property. We face the risk of claims that we have infringed upon or otherwise violated third parties’ intellectual property rights. Our future success depends in part on not infringing upon or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of others. From time to time, our competitors or other third parties may claim that we are infringing upon or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing upon or otherwise violating such rights. We may be unaware of the intellectual property rights of others that may cover some or all of our technology or conflict with our trademark rights. Any claims of intellectual property infringement or other intellectual property violations, even those without merit, could:

Any royalty or licensing agreements, if required, may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. A successful claim of infringement against us could result in our being required to pay significant damages, enter into costly settlement agreements, or prevent us from offering our platform or products, any of which could have a negative impact on our operating profits and harm our future prospects. We may also be obligated to indemnify our future customers or business partners in connection with any such litigation and to obtain licenses, modify our platform or products, or refund subscription fees, which could further exhaust our resources. Such disputes could also disrupt our platform or products, adversely affecting our future customer satisfaction and ability to attract potential customers.

We rely on certain open-source software in our systems. If licensing terms change, our business may be adversely affected.

Our platform utilizes software licensed to us by third-party authors under “open-source” licenses and we expect to continue to utilize open-source software in the future. The use of open-source software may entail greater risks than the use of third-party commercial software, as open-source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. To the extent that our platform depends upon the successful operation of the open-source software we use, any undetected errors or defects in this open-source software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our platform, delay new solution introductions, result in a failure of our platform and injure our reputation. For example, undetected errors or defects in open-source software could render us vulnerable to breaches or security attacks, and, in conjunction, make our systems more vulnerable to data breaches.

Furthermore, some open-source licenses require the release of proprietary source code combined with, linked to or distributed with such open-source software to be released to the public. If we combine, link or distribute our proprietary software with open-source software in a specific manner, we could, under some open-source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software to the public. This would allow our competitors to create similar solutions with lower development effort and time and ultimately put us at a competitive disadvantage.

Although we monitor our use of open-source software to avoid subjecting our platform to conditions we do not intend to attach to such a platform or our proprietary code, we cannot assure you that our processes for controlling such use will be effective. If we are held to have breached the terms of an open-source software license, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties to continue operating using our solution on terms that are not economically feasible, to re-engineer our solution or the supporting computational infrastructure to discontinue use of code, or to make generally available, in source code form, portions of our proprietary code. This could allow our competitors to create similar solutions with lower development effort and time and ultimately put us at a competitive disadvantage.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

Following the Closing of the Business Combination, our only significant asset is our ownership of Horizon, and such ownership may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or obtain loans to enable us to pay any dividends on our Company Ordinary Shares, pay our expenses or satisfy other financial obligations.

Following the Closing of the Business Combination, we are a holding company and do not directly own any assets other than our ownership of interests in Horizon and DMY. We depend on Horizon for distributions, loans and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations, including expenses we incur as a publicly traded company, and to pay any dividends. The earnings from, or other available assets of, Horizon may not be sufficient for us to make distributions or pay dividends, pay expenses or satisfy our other financial obligations.

We incur higher costs post-Business Combination as a result of increased legal and regulatory scrutiny associated with being a public company. Our management will be required to devote substantial time to comply with a public company’s responsibilities and corporate governance practices.

We incur significant additional legal, accounting, insurance and other expenses, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements following the Closing of our Business Combination. We will incur higher costs associated with complying with the requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and related rules implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq. The expenses incurred by public companies generally for reporting and corporate governance purposes have been increasing. Additionally, we may need to further develop our reporting and compliance infrastructure and may face challenges in complying with new requirements that may become applicable to us over time. If we fall out of compliance, we risk becoming subject to litigation or being delisted, among other potential problems.

We expect these laws and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to render some activities more time-consuming and costly, although we are currently unable to estimate these costs with any degree of certainty. Our management and other personnel are not experienced in managing a public company and will be required to devote a substantial amount of time to compliance with these requirements. We may need to hire more employees or engage outside consultants to comply with these requirements, which will increase our costs and expenses. These laws and regulations could make it more difficult or costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board or Board committees or serve as our executive officers.

In the past, shareholders of some public companies brought securities class action suits following periods of instability in the market price of these companies’ securities. Our involvement in a class action suit could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit.

Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our management team has limited experience managing and operating a U.S. public company.

Our management team has limited experience managing and operating a U.S. publicly traded company, interacting with U.S. public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to U.S. public companies. We are subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the U.S. federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These obligations and constituents will require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business. We may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of U.S. public companies. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for us to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company may require costs greater than expected. To support our operations as a U.S. public company, we plan to recruit additional qualified employees or external consultants with relevant experience, which will increase our operating costs in future periods. Notwithstanding these efforts, should the factors described previously materialize, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Reports published by analysts, including projections in those reports that differ from our actual results, could adversely affect the price and trading volume of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Public Warrants.

Our management currently expects that securities research analysts will establish and publish their own periodic projections for our business. These projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict our actual results. Trading prices of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Public Warrants may decline if our actual results do not match the projections of these securities research analysts. Similarly, if one or more of the analysts who write reports on us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our share price could decline. While our management expects research analyst coverage, if no analysts commence coverage of us or if one or more analysts cease coverage, the trading price and volume for our Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Public Warrants could be adversely affected.

We do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our Board and will depend on, among other things, applicable law, regulations, restrictions, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions, our future projects and plans and other factors that the our Board may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends depends significantly on the extent to which we receive dividends from Horizon and there can be no assurance that Horizon will pay dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Warrants will be an investor’s sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Our actual financial position and results of operations may differ materially from the unaudited pro forma financial information included in this Report.

The unaudited pro forma condensed combined financial information included in this Report is presented for illustrative purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of what our actual financial position or results of operations would have been had the Business Combination been completed on the dates indicated, or our future consolidated results of operations or financial position. See the section entitled, Item 5. “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” for more information.

Investors may face difficulties enforcing foreign court judgments against us.

Currently, substantially all of our assets are located in Singapore and Ireland. It may be difficult for investors to enforce against us judgments obtained from courts outside these jurisdictions with regard to any actions pertaining to our assets located in those jurisdictions.

In addition, certain of our directors and officers are residents of Singapore and Ireland, and the majority of the assets of such persons are located in those countries. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process upon our directors and officers who reside in Singapore and Ireland, or to enforce against them judgments obtained in courts outside Singapore and Ireland predicated upon the laws of jurisdictions other than Singapore and Ireland. Furthermore, not all jurisdictions in which we operate are parties to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. While some have bilateral treaties concerning the recognition and enforcement of foreign court judgments, they are not parties to any other multinational treaties in this regard. A civil judgment or decision from a foreign court is enforceable in certain countries only if there is a treaty between the countries, a reciprocal agreement, or if it is permitted by the domestic laws of the enforcing country. Certain countries, such as Singapore and Ireland, may establish grounds for their domestic courts to refuse the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, decisions, or even foreign arbitral awards.

Provisions in our A&R Constitution may inhibit a takeover of us, which could limit the price investors might be willing to pay in the future for our securities and could entrench management.

Our A&R Constitution contains provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that our shareholders may consider to be in their best interests. Among other provisions, subject to the right of our shareholders as specified in our A&R Constitution and applicable laws, our Board has the authority, without further action by its shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our Company Class A Ordinary Shares. Subject to applicable laws, preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in our control or make removal of management more difficult. However, under Singapore law, our Board may only exercise these rights and powers granted to them under our A&R Constitution for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in our best interests.

Claims for indemnification by the Sponsor and our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.

Provisions in our A&R Constitution provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers. Additionally, we entered into the Sponsor Indemnification Agreement with the Sponsor and Indemnification Agreements with our officers and directors at the Closing. While we have procured directors’ and officers’ liability insurance policies which cover our directors and officers, such insurance policies may not be available to us in the future at a reasonable rate and may not cover all potential claims for indemnification.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced SEC reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Company Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive to investors, which could have a material and adverse effect on us, including our growth prospects.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. We will remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of DMY’s initial public offering, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our prior second fiscal quarter, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. We intend to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to most other public companies that are classified as “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, an exemption from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that our independent registered public accounting firm provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

Furthermore, even after we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company,” as long as we continue to qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we will be exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including, but not limited to, the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; the sections of the Exchange Act creating liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 6-K containing unaudited financial and other specified information, upon the occurrence of specified significant events. In addition, we will not be required to file annual reports and financial statements with the SEC as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act, and are not required to comply with Regulation FD, which restricts the selective disclosure of material information.

As a result, our shareholders may not have access to certain information they deem important. We cannot predict if investors will find our Company Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive because it relies on these exemptions. If some investors find our Company Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market and share price for our Company Class A Ordinary Shares may be more volatile.

As a “foreign private issuer” under the rules and regulations of the SEC, we are permitted to file less or different information with the SEC than a company incorporated in the United States or otherwise subject to these rules and is permitted to follow certain home-country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain Nasdaq requirements applicable to U.S. issuers.

We are considered a “foreign private issuer” under the Exchange Act and are therefore exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act, including the proxy rules, which impose certain disclosure and procedural requirements for proxy solicitations for U.S. and other issuers. Moreover, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or within the same time frames as U.S. companies with securities registered under the Exchange Act, although we may elect to file certain periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC on a voluntary basis on the forms used by U.S. domestic issuers. We are not required to comply with Regulation FD, which imposes restrictions on the selective disclosure of material information to shareholders. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the short-swing profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules under the Exchange Act with respect to their purchases and sales of our securities.

In addition, as a “foreign private issuer”, we are permitted to follow certain home-country corporate governance practices in lieu of certain Nasdaq requirements. A foreign private issuer must disclose in its Annual Reports filed with the SEC each Nasdaq requirement with which it does not comply followed by a description of its applicable home country practice. We cannot give any assurances that we will continue to follow such corporate governance requirements in the future, and may therefore in the future rely on available Nasdaq exemptions that would allow us to follow our home country practice. Unlike the requirements of Nasdaq, we are not required, under the corporate governance practice and requirements in Singapore for companies that are not listed on the Singapore Exchange, to have our board consist of a majority of independent directors, nor are we required to have a compensation committee or a nominating and corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors, or have regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year. Such Singapore home country practices for companies that are not listed on the Singapore Exchange may afford less protection to holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we do not intend to rely on any foreign private issuer exemptions at this time. For additional information regarding the corporate governance practices we intend to follow in lieu of Nasdaq requirements, see the section of this Report entitled Item 6. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Board Practices.”

We will lose our status as a “foreign private issuer” under current SEC rules and regulations if more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities become directly or indirectly held of record by U.S. holders and one of the following is true: (i) the majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents; (ii) more than 50% of our assets are located in the United States; or (iii) our business is administered principally in the United States. If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer in the future, we will no longer be exempt from the rules described above and, among other things, we will be required to file periodic reports and annual and quarterly financial statements as if we were a company incorporated in the United States. If this were to happen, we would likely incur substantial costs in fulfilling these additional regulatory requirements and members of our management would likely have to divert time and resources from other responsibilities to ensuring these additional regulatory requirements are fulfilled.

Because Joseph Fitzsimons, our chief executive officer and Chairman of our Board, beneficially own approximately 38.3% of our outstanding Company Ordinary Shares and approximately 65.0% of the voting control of the Company as of the Closing of the Business Combination.

Because our chief executive officer, Joseph Fitzsimons owns 38.3%, of our Company Ordinary Shares and approximately 65.0% of the voting control of the Company as of the Closing of the Business Combination, he has the power to elect the majority of our directors and to approve any matter which is subject to shareholder approval. In addition, as our chief executive officer, Dr. Fitzsimons has significant authority in the implementation of our business plan. He has also historically been responsible for our product development and our present products have been the result of his research and development efforts. Dr. Fitzsimons’ interests may be different from our interests. Because of Dr. Fitzsimons’ conflict of interest, there is a risk that any actions he may take may have an adverse effect upon the success and development of our business and the price of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares.

As a result of the voting power of Dr. Fitzsimons, investors will have little, if any, power to influence our business or to approve any action submitted to shareholders for their approval. The fact that he has a controlling interest in us may, by itself, serve as a deterrent to any person seeking to obtain control of us or to enter into any business relationship which might be beneficial to the minority stockholders.

Our dual class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares may view as beneficial.

We have a dual class share structure such that our Company Ordinary Shares consist of Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Class B Ordinary Shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, each Company Class A Ordinary Share is entitled to one vote and each Company Class B Ordinary Share is entitled to three (3) votes. The holder of Company Class B Ordinary Shares would have the right to convert each Company Class B Ordinary Share into one Company Class A Ordinary Share at any time, at the election of the holder of Company Class B Ordinary Shares. Upon any sale, assignment, transfer, pledge or other disposition of the Company Class B Ordinary Shares, whether or not for value and whether or not voluntary or involuntary (with certain customary exceptions described in more detail elsewhere in this Report), such Company Class B Ordinary Shares will automatically be converted into Company Class A Ordinary Shares at an initial conversion rate of one to one, subject to adjustment by our Board. Additionally, all outstanding Company Class B Ordinary Shares will automatically be converted into Company Class A Ordinary Shares at an initial conversion rate of one to one, subject to adjustment by our Board, as follows: (x) at 5:00 p.m., Singapore time, on the first day following the date on which Dr. Fitzsimons is no longer serving as one of our directors or officers, (y) the death or incapacity of Dr. Fitzsimons, and (z) such time as the number of outstanding Company Class B Ordinary Shares is less than 50% of the total number of Company Class B Ordinary Shares outstanding as of immediately following the Amalgamation (as equitably adjusted for share splits, reverse share splits, share dividends, reorganizations, consolidations, exchanges of shares or other similar transactions). The Company Class B Ordinary Shares are also convertible into an equal number of Company Class A Ordinary Shares at any time at the option of the holder.

Company Class A Ordinary Shares are not convertible into Company Class B Ordinary Shares under any circumstances. The holder of Company Class B Ordinary Shares will, subject to applicable laws, have the ability to control matters requiring shareholders’ approval, including any amendment of the organizational documents. Any future issuances of Company Class B Ordinary Shares may be dilutive to the voting power of holders of Company Class A Ordinary Shares. Any conversions of Company Class B Ordinary Shares into Company Class A Ordinary Shares may dilute the percentage ownership of the existing holders of Company Class A Ordinary Shares within their class of Company Ordinary Shares. Such conversions may increase the aggregate voting power of the existing holders of Company Class A Ordinary Shares. Future issuances of Company Class B Ordinary Shares may also be dilutive to holders of Company Class B Ordinary Shares.

As a result of the dual class share structure and the concentration of ownership, Dr. Fitzsimons, the sole beneficial owner of Company Class B Ordinary Shares, has considerable influence over decision-making with respect to our business direction and policies. Subject to applicable laws, matters over which the Dr. Fitzsimons will, directly or indirectly, exercise significant influence include: (i) increases or decreases in the size of the Board and the election of the directors of the Board; (ii) amendments of the organizational documents; and (iii) approval of other major corporate transactions, such as merger, consolidation, or sale of assets. This disparate voting rights structure may have anti-takeover effects, and may discourage, delay or prevent a change in our control, which could have the effect of depriving other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their Company Class A Ordinary Shares or Company Class A Ordinary Shares as part of a sale of us and may reduce the price of Company Ordinary Shares.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq rules and, as a result, may rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.

In addition to being a foreign private issuer, we are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq rules, because Dr. Fitzsimons beneficially owns approximately 65.0% of our voting power. Such controlling interest beneficially owned by Dr. Fitzsimons allows him to indirectly control, subject to applicable laws, matters submitted to the shareholders for vote. For as long as we remains a controlled company under that definition, we are permitted to elect to rely, and may rely, on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including an exemption from the rule that a majority of the our Board must consist of independent directors, that we have to establish a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors or that we have independent director oversight of director nominations. However, we do not intend to rely on any controlled company exemptions at this time. For additional information regarding the corporate governance practices we intend to follow in lieu of Nasdaq requirements, see the section of this Report entitled Item 6. “Directors, Senior Management and Employees – Board Practices.”

Future sales of our securities or warrants exercisable for our Company Class A Ordinary Shares may depress our stock price.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares or securities convertible into our Company Class A Ordinary Shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future.

Upon the Closing of the Business Combination, 6,044,154 Company Class A Ordinary Shares are issuable upon the exercise of 6,044,160 outstanding Company Warrants, and 5,983,204 Company Class A Ordinary Shares are issuable upon the exercise of 5,983,204 Company Options. We may file a registration statement to register shares reserved for future issuance under our 2026 Plan (as defined below) and ESPP (as defined below). Subject to the satisfaction of applicable vesting requirements and expiration of lock-up periods discussed below, the shares issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options would be available for immediate resale in the open market.

Furthermore, 41,793,891 shares are subject to contractual lock-up obligation pursuant to the Lock-Up Agreement. When the applicable lock-up periods expire, our security holders subject to lock-up provisions will be able to sell Company Class A Ordinary Shares in the public market. Sales of a substantial number of such shares upon expiration of the lock-up provisions, the perception that such sales may occur or early release of these lock-up provisions could cause our market price to fall or make it more difficult for our security holders to sell the Company Class A Ordinary Shares they hold at a time and price that they deem appropriate.

Our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq could result in a delisting of our common stock.

If we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, Nasdaq may take steps to delist our Company Class A Ordinary Shares. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our common stock to become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares, prevent our Company Class A Ordinary Shares from dropping below the Nasdaq minimum bid price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with Nasdaq’s listing requirements.

An active, liquid trading market for our Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Public Warrants may not develop, which may limit your ability to sell our Company Class A Ordinary Shares or Company Public Warrants.

Prior to the completion of the Business Combination, there was no public market for our Company Class A Ordinary Shares or Company Public Warrants. Although we have listed our Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Public Warrants on Nasdaq under the ticker symbols “HQ” and “HQWWW,” respectively, an active trading market for our Company Class A Ordinary Shares or Company Public Warrants may never develop or be sustained.

A public trading market having the desirable characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends upon the existence of willing buyers and sellers at any given time, such existence being dependent upon the individual decisions of buyers and sellers over which neither we nor any market maker has control. The failure of an active and liquid trading market to develop and continue would likely have a material adverse effect on the value of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Public Warrants. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund operations by issuing Company Class A Ordinary Shares and Company Public Warrants.

The price of our securities may be volatile, and the value of our securities may decline.

We cannot predict the prices at which our securities will trade. The market price of our securities may fluctuate substantially. In addition, the trading price of our securities could be subject to fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our securities include the following:

Short sellers may engage in manipulative activity intended to drive down the market price of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares, which could also result in related regulatory and governmental scrutiny, among other effects.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed or intends to borrow from a third party with the intention of later buying lower priced identical securities to return to the lender. Accordingly, it is in the interest of a short seller of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares for the price to decline. At any time, short sellers may publish, or arrange for the publication of, opinions or characterizations that are intended to create negative market momentum. We may be vulnerable to such short seller attacks as a result of our limited public float following the Closing. Short selling reports may cause increased volatility in our stock price, and result in regulatory and governmental inquiries. Any inquiry or formal investigation from a governmental organization or other regulatory body, including any inquiry from the SEC or the U.S. Department of Justice, could result in a material diversion of our management’s time and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The Warrant Assumption Agreement relating to the Company Warrants provides that we have agreed that any action, proceeding or claim against it arising out of or relating in any way to such agreement will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and that we irrevocably submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction will be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. This exclusive forum provision could limit our Company Warrant holders’ ability to obtain what they believe to be a favorable judicial forum for disputes related to the Warrant Assumption Agreement.

In connection with the Business Combination, we entered into a warrant assumption and amendment agreement through an assumption of and amendment to the existing warrant agreement entered into by DMY and the warrant agent in connection with DMY’s IPO (the “Warrant Assumption Agreement”).The Warrant Assumption Agreement provides that any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to such agreement will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, which will be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. This provision will apply to claims under the Securities Act but, as discussed below, will not apply to claims under the Exchange Act.

Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision in the Warrant Assumption Agreement does not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Accordingly, the exclusive forum provision does not designate the courts of the State of New York as the exclusive forum for any derivative action arising under the Exchange Act, as there is exclusive federal jurisdiction in that instance.

Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the enforceability of the exclusive forum provision in the Warrant Assumption Agreement is uncertain, and a court may determine that such provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or any other claim for which the federal and state courts have concurrent jurisdiction. Further, compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder cannot be waived by investors in our securities.

The exclusive forum provision in the Warrant Assumption Agreement may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes related to the Warrant Assumption Agreement, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors or officers. Alternatively, if a court were to find this exclusive forum provision inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and board of directors.

We may redeem unexpired Company Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your Company Warrants worthless.

We have the ability to redeem the outstanding Company Public Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant, provided that the closing price of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for adjustments to the number of shares issuable upon exercise or the exercise price of a warrant as described in the description of securities filed as Exhibit 2.5 to this Report.) for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to proper notice of such redemption and provided that certain other conditions are met. If and when the Company Public Warrants become redeemable by us, we may exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. As a result, we may redeem the Company Public Warrants as set forth above even if the holders are otherwise unable to exercise the Company Public Warrants. Redemption of the outstanding warrants could force holders of the Company Public Warrants to (i) exercise the Company Public Warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for them to do so, (ii) sell the Company Public Warrants at the then-current market price when they might otherwise wish to hold the Company Public Warrants or (iii) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding Company Public Warrants are called for redemption, we expect would be substantially less than the market value of the Company Public Warrants. As of the date of this Report, our Company Class A Ordinary Shares have never traded above $18.00 per share, therefore neither current nor recent share prices meet or exceed the threshold that would allow us to redeem the Company Public Warrants.

In addition, we have the ability to redeem the outstanding Company Public Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.10 per warrant upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption provided that the closing price of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $10.00 per share (as adjusted for adjustments to the number of shares issuable upon exercise or the exercise price of a warrant as described in the description of securities filed as Exhibit 2.5 to this Report.) for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading-day period ending on the third trading day prior to proper notice of such redemption and provided that certain other conditions are met, including that holders will be able to exercise their warrants prior to redemption for a number of Company Class A Ordinary Shares determined based on the redemption date and the fair market value of Company Class A Ordinary Shares. The value received upon exercise of the warrants (i) may be less than the value the holders would have received if they had exercised their warrants at a later time where the underlying share price is higher and (ii) may not compensate the holders for the value of the warrants, including because the number of Company Class A Ordinary Shares received is capped at 0.361 Company Class A Ordinary Share per warrant (subject to adjustment) irrespective of the remaining life of the warrants. In addition, such redemptions may occur at a time when the Company Public Warrants are “out-of-the-money,” in which case holders thereof would lose any potential embedded value from a subsequent increase in the value of the Company Class A Ordinary Shares had such Company Public Warrants remained outstanding.

None of the Company Private Warrants will be redeemable by us so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees.

The Company Warrants will be recognized and accounted for as derivative liabilities in accordance with ASC 815 and will be recorded at fair value upon issuance with changes in fair value each period reported in earnings, which may have an adverse effect on the market price of the Company Class A Ordinary Shares.

The guidance contained in ASC 815-40 provides that because the Company Warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment thereunder, each warrant must be recorded as a liability. Accordingly, we classify each of the Company Warrants as a liability at its fair value as determined by us based upon a valuation report obtained from an independent third party valuation firm. At each reporting period (1) the accounting treatment of the Company Warrants will be re-evaluated for proper accounting treatment as a liability or equity and (2) the fair value of the liability of the Company Warrants is remeasured and the change in the fair value of the liability is recorded as other income (expense) in our income statement. Changes in the inputs and assumptions for the valuation model we use to determine the fair value of such liability may have a material impact on the estimated fair value of the embedded derivative liability. The share price of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares represents the primary underlying variable that will impact the value of the derivative instruments. Additional factors that may impact the value of the derivative instruments include the volatility of our share price, discount rates and stated interest rates. As a result, our financial statements and results of operations will fluctuate quarterly, based on various factors, such as the share price of the Company Class A Ordinary Shares, many of which are outside of our control. In addition, we may change the underlying assumptions used in our valuation model, which could in result in significant fluctuations in our results of operations. If our share price is volatile, we expect that we will recognize non-cash gains or losses on our warrants or any other similar derivative instruments each reporting period and that the amount of such gains or losses could be material. The impact of changes in fair value on earnings may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares.

The issuance of additional share capital in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, or otherwise will dilute all other shareholders.

We expect to issue additional share capital in the future that will result in dilution to all other shareholders. We may raise capital through equity financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in companies, solutions or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of the additional share capital may cause shareholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of the Company Ordinary Shares to decline.

Risks Related to Investments in Singapore Companies

Singapore take-over laws contain provisions which may vary from those in other jurisdictions.

We are subject to the Singapore Take-Over Code. The Singapore Take-Over Code contains certain provisions that may possibly delay, deter or prevent a future take-over or change in control of us. Under the Singapore Take-Over Code, except with the consent of the Securities Industry Council of Singapore (“SIC”), any person acquiring an interest, whether by a series of transactions over a period of time or not, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with him, in 30% or more of our voting rights, is required to extend a take-over offer for all the relevant class(es) of shares in our capital in accordance with the Singapore Take-Over Code. Except with the consent of the SIC, such a take-over offer is also required to be made if a person holding between 30% and 50% (both inclusive) of our voting rights, either on his own or together with parties acting in concert with him, acquires additional voting shares representing more than 1% of our voting rights in any six-month period. In the case where we have more than one class of equity share capital, a comparable take-over offer must be made for each class of shares in accordance with the Singapore Take-Over Code and the SIC should be consulted in advance in such cases. While the Singapore Take-Over Code seeks to ensure an equality of treatment among shareholders in take-over or merger situations, its provisions could substantially impede the ability of the shareholders to benefit from a change of control and, as a result, may adversely affect the market price of the ordinary shares and the ability to realize any benefit from a potential change of control. In addition, an offeror must treat all shareholders of the same class in an offeree company equally. This concentration of ownership could accelerate, delay, defer or prevent a change in our control or a successful offer under the Singapore Take-Over Code by another person.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

The legal name of the Company is Horizon Quantum Holdings Ltd. The Company was incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Singapore on August 26, 2025, as an exempt private company limited by shares governed by the Companies Act of 1967 of Singapore. The Company converted to a public company limited by shares on March 4, 2026. The Company’s registered office in Singapore is 9 Straits View, #06-07, Marina One West Tower, Singapore 018937 and its business address is 29 Media Cir. #05-22, Singapore, 138565 and its telephone number is +65 6591 8840.

We have three wholly-owned subsidiaries. Our two directly owned subsidiaries are dMY Squared Technology Group, Inc., incorporated under the laws of the State of Massachusetts, and Horizon Quantum Computing Pte. Ltd., a private company limited by shares organized under the laws of the Republic of Singapore. Horizon Quantum Computing (Ireland) Limited, a private company limited by shares and organized under the laws of the Republic of Ireland, is our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and the direct subsidiary of Horizon Quantum Computing Pte. Ltd.

On March 19, 2026, the Company consummated the previously announced Business Combination with DMY, pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement by and among DMY, the Company, Merger Sub 1, the Merger Sub 2, and Horizon. See “Explanatory Note” for additional information regarding the Company and the Business Combination. Certain additional information about the Company is included in Item 4B. “Business Overview” and Item 10C. “Material Contracts” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Our Status as a Foreign Private Issuer under the Exchange Act

We are a “foreign private issuer” under SEC rules. Consequently, for so long as we continue to meet such qualification, we will be subject to the reporting requirements under the Exchange Act applicable to foreign private issuers. We are required to file our annual report for each year with the SEC by April 30 of the following year. In addition, we will furnish reports on Form 6-K to the SEC regarding certain information that is distributed or required to be distributed by us to our shareholders.

A foreign private issuer is defined as “any foreign issuer other than a foreign government except an issuer meeting the following conditions as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter:

“(i) More than 50 percent of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer are directly or indirectly owned of record by residents of the United States; and

“(ii) Any of the following:

“(A) The majority of the executive officers or directors are United States citizens or residents;

“(B) More than 50 percent of the assets of the issuer are located in the United States; or

“(C) The business of the issuer is administered principally in the United States.”

Based on our foreign private issuer status, under existing rules and regulations, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as a U.S. company whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. We are also not required to comply with Regulation FD, which addresses certain restrictions on the selective disclosure of material information. Commencing March 18, 2026, our directors and executive officers, but not 10% shareholders, are required to file ownership reports pursuant to Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, but our directors, executive officers and 10% shareholders are not subject to “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act.

Despite our exemption due to our foreign private issuer status, we nevertheless currently expect to issue interim quarterly financial information publicly and to furnish it to the SEC on Form 6-K.

The SEC has issued a concept release relating to potential changes in the definition of foreign private issuer which could make it more difficult for a foreign company to be able to meet the definition of foreign private issuer. Depending on the nature of any change which the SEC adopts in the definition, we may cease to meet the definition of foreign private issuer, which could both increase our costs and make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Further, if we are no longer a foreign private issuer, we will not be able to take advantage of the home company exemption from certain Nasdaq corporate governance regulations and our directors, executive officers and 10% shareholders will be subject to the short-swing profit recovery provisions of Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act. See Item “16G. Corporate Governance” for information as the Nasdaq rules for which we use the home country exception to the Nasdaq rules.

Our Status as an Emerging Growth Company

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, we will be eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in their periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As long as we remain an emerging growth company we will be exempt from the auditor attestation requirement. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the prices of our securities may be more volatile.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with certain other public companies difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the closing of our initial public offering, (b) in which our total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our ordinary shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter; and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. References to “emerging growth company” in this Report have the meaning associated with that term in the JOBS Act. Under this definition of emerging growth company, we will cease to be an emerging growth company commencing with the year beginning January 1, 2027.

Functional and Reporting Currency

A substantial portion of our activity, including transactions with customers, as well as equity transactions and cash investments, are incurred in Singaporean dollars. Our management believes that the Singaporean dollar is the currency of the primary economic environment in which we operate. Thus, our functional and reporting currency is the Singaporean dollar.

Other Information

The Company is subject to certain of the informational filing requirements of the Exchange Act. Since the Company is a “foreign private issuer,” it is exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements. In addition, the Company is not required to file reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. public companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, the Company is required to file with the SEC an Annual Report on Form 20-F containing financial statements audited by an independent accounting firm. The SEC also maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports and other information that the Company files with or furnishes electronically to the SEC.

The website address of the Company is https://www.horizonquantum.com. The information contained on the website does not form a part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this Report

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this section to “the Company,” “Horizon,” “we,” “our” or “us” refer to Horizon Quantum Holdings Ltd., a Singapore public company limited by shares, and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Overview

Horizon is building software infrastructure to make quantum computers accessible to commercial enterprises and hardware providers. By bridging the gap between today’s hardware and tomorrow’s applications, Horizon seeks to equip developers, researchers, and enterprises with the quantum software infrastructure needed to solve real-world problems.

To do this, Horizon is following an ambitious plan to create development tools that can automatically accelerate code written for conventional computers on quantum computers. With this differentiated approach, Horizon is developing methods to generate quantum-accelerated solutions — exploiting quantum effects such as superposition and entanglement — from legacy code and conventional software.

Today, Horizon’s Triple Alpha software is an integrated development environment that gives users access to Horizon’s development, deployment, and execution infrastructure. It enables developers to create sophisticated, portable, hardware-agnostic quantum programs. Users can code at multiple abstraction levels, compile and optimize programs across many real quantum computers and simulators, and deploy applications as Application Programming Interfaces (“APIs”). Horizon has key collaborative relationships with leading hardware providers including Alice & Bob, Oxford Quantum Circuits Ltd., QuEra Computing Inc., and Rigetti Computing, Inc. (“Rigetti”) (see “Item 4B. Business Overview— Business Model — Hardware Vendors”).

Triple Alpha is currently in early access with select vendors. Horizon has received inbound interest in early access requests from more than 40 major corporations, 90 universities, 13 quantum software companies, and 18 national labs, government agencies and research organizations.

Horizon is still in the early stages of scaling its business. Since its inception, Horizon has incurred operating losses. Its ability to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the further development and commercialization of quantum computers and their software infrastructure.

The Quantum Software Opportunity

Since its emergence in the 1950s, conventional computing has dramatically altered the way humans live, work, and do business. As powerful as conventional computers have become, there are still many calculations they can’t perform.

Unlike conventional computers, which process information as 0s or 1s, quantum computers store and process information as quantum states. Quantum computers use qubits — which can exist simultaneously in a superposition of both 0 and 1. Qubits in superposition can explore different branches of a computation, and quantum computers can use quantum interference to extract information from that superposition to accelerate certain calculations.

Because of these capabilities, quantum computers have the potential to tackle problems that have long been intractable for conventional computers, such as simulating complex physical systems (from molecular dynamics to fluid flow), accelerating training and inference in machine learning, and solving hard optimization problems across many industries.

For decades, conventional computers improved because integrated circuits followed Moore’s Law: the number of transistors on a chip doubled about every two years, resulting in exponential growth. However, in recent years, this progress has begun to hit physical limits, with the rate of improvement in important performance metrics, such as clock speed and single thread performance, slowing or stopping entirely.

Meanwhile, the power of quantum computers is predicted to grow double exponentially with time — a phenomenon known as Neven’s Law. The number of qubits in quantum computers is doubling regularly, more frequently than transistors doubled in classical computing, but for each incremental qubit, quantum processors become up to twice as hard to simulate. As qubits scale and become more reliable, classical simulation moves out of reach.

After years of anticipation, recent advances at the quantum hardware level suggest that quantum advantage — the point at which quantum computing’s capabilities begin to surpass those of conventional computing — is drawing near. In late 2024, multi-round quantum error correction was convincingly demonstrated for the first time, paving the way for reliable quantum computers. The resources needed to produce error-free logical qubits have fallen by orders of magnitude in recent years, and multiple demonstrations have shown that classical computers can no longer easily simulate quantum ones. The Global Risk Institute’s 2024 report on the state of quantum found that most experts surveyed expect useful commercial applications for quantum computers to emerge in the next three to five years.

But hardware is only half the battle. Every computer needs software to be effective, and classical code doesn’t run on quantum machines.

While the ability to exploit quantum effects gives quantum computers their power, it also makes constructing quantum algorithms especially difficult. To achieve an advantage over classical computation, quantum algorithms must harness interference between different branches in a quantum superposition. Less than a few hundred specialists worldwide have demonstrated the ability to create new quantum algorithms. Without a deep knowledge of quantum mechanics, most developers and domain experts are forced to shoehorn their problems into a limited set of known algorithms rather than create new ones specific to their use case.

Horizon believes that the industry’s recent breakthroughs have fundamentally changed the commercial trajectory for quantum computers. However, a looming question remains: if every company had access to fault-tolerant quantum computers tomorrow, who would program them?

Horizon believes that programming quantum computers should be as accessible and straightforward as programming conventional ones. The company is pursuing the goal of making quantum computing accessible to every software developer — regardless of quantum expertise — to enable the widespread, commercial adoption of quantum computing. In pursuit of this goal, Horizon has developed techniques for automatically constructing quantum accelerated applications based on code written for conventional computers and has developed software infrastructure to close the gap between classical and quantum software development.

Triple Alpha, Horizon’s integrated development environment, aims to set the gold standard for developing and deploying applications on quantum computers. Triple Alpha contains proprietary languages and a compiler, which allow developers to create sophisticated applications that make use of advanced features such as full control flow and dynamic memory allocation in quantum programs, while leveraging Horizon’s deployment and execution infrastructure to run these programs on today’s quantum computers. See “Item 4B. Business Overview— Horizon’s Technology.”

Horizon believes that the recent pace of hardware advancement suggests that software development will become the limiting factor for real-world applications of quantum advantage. As quantum computing reaches an inflection point, Horizon believes its product development and go-to-market roadmap can deliver the software infrastructure needed to realize practical quantum advantage. While many current quantum software development tools are locked to specific hardware or limited to expressing only static circuits, Horizon expects that its hardware-agnostic approach will allow users to transfer skills and applications across machines, regardless of the vendor or underlying modality, while still taking advantage of advanced capabilities such as dynamic circuits and pulse-level control.

Corporate History

Horizon was founded in 2018 in Singapore to close the gap between quantum hardware and application. In November 2018, Horizon successfully secured seed funding. In March 2019, Horizon hired its first three employees and began operations. In early 2020, Horizon was one of the first external companies to be granted access to Rigetti’s pulse-level programming interface Quil-T, which Horizon used to demonstrate proprietary techniques for rapidly characterizing quantum processors and reducing errors.

In 2021, Horizon demonstrated key parts of its compile chain including automatic recognition of opportunities for quantum acceleration in a subset of the MATLAB programming language. In 2022, Horizon became the first start-up to host a node on Singapore’s National Quantum-Safe Network. This node enabled a collaboration with the AWS Center for Quantum Networking, Fortinet Inc., and the Centre for Quantum Technologies at the National University of Singapore to demonstrate a point-to-point, quantum-secured communications link over approximately 16 kilometers. That year, the company also introduced new techniques for enabling general control flow execution on quantum computers that lack native support for feed-forward.

In 2023, Horizon opened a second office in Dublin, Ireland. Late that year, the company launched early access to Triple Alpha, its integrated development environment, and implemented a first demonstration of interactive quantum computing enabled by the system.

In 2024, Horizon unveiled new capabilities in Triple Alpha, including support for dynamic quantum memory allocation, measurement-based quantum computing, and pulse-level control, along with a powerful new approach to program optimization that works for arbitrary instruction sets. It also initiated development of a hardware testbed at the Singapore headquarters. Designed to host and tightly integrate quantum computers with the Triple Alpha platform, the testbed takes a modular multi-vendor approach, allowing Horizon to deeply integrate its software infrastructure with different hardware configurations and to upgrade the systems over time.

In 2025, Horizon completed the assembly and integration of a fully operational quantum computer in its Singapore testbed. We also extended the capabilities of its software stack, introducing pulse optimization, which enables programmers to deploy any gate with pulses, and real-time execution, which is facilitated by compiling programs to control systems code. At the end of the year, Horizon previewed Beryllium, its object-oriented programming language.

Horizon is a founding partner of both the Southeast Asia Quantum Industry Association and the Quantum Business Network in APAC, and of the Trinity Quantum Alliance in Ireland. The company has also joined industry bodies like the Quantum Industrial Standard Association of Korea and the European Quantum Industry Consortium.

Technology Approach

The Applications Bottleneck: Three Factors Limiting Quantum Software Development

Three interrelated challenges are limiting quantum software development.

Together, these factors form an applications bottleneck — one that’s poised to slow the commercial adoption of quantum computing by constraining the development of practical, scalable software.

Horizon’s Approach to Algorithm Design

Today, practitioners generally take two broad approaches to constructing quantum algorithms.

The first approach focuses on identifying structures within a problem that a quantum computer can exploit using quantum interference, thereby producing a solution. This method requires carefully analyzing the problem, uncovering these structures and looking for opportunities to exploit known techniques, such as the quantum Fourier transform, to extract enough useful information to reveal a solution with limited classical computation. This approach requires deep expertise but often produces algorithms that are relatively straightforward to analyze, usually making it clear whether these algorithms offer an advantage over their classical counterparts. Well-known examples include Shor’s algorithm for factoring and Grover’s algorithm for unstructured search.

The second approach treats a quantum circuit as a flexible template with adjustable parameters. It uses repeated evaluations of the circuit and classical optimization to find parameter values that achieve the desired outcome. In essence, this amounts to guessing a family of circuits that might contain a circuit capable of solving the problem, then using classical optimization techniques, such as stochastic gradient descent, to tune its parameters to find a solution. Prominent examples of algorithms of this kind include the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE), the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA), and various variational quantum machine learning approaches. This approach is appealing because it is relatively straightforward to implement on cloud-based quantum computers, and it produces usable results for small problems across many tasks. However, variational algorithms are difficult to analyze, and they provide few guarantees about efficiency or scalability — factors which are key to realizing quantum advantage. They also tend to consume far more compute time than more structured, single-shot algorithms, though they are typically more robust to noise.

Horizon takes a different approach to constructing quantum algorithms. The company views algorithm construction as a compilation problem, so rather than attempting to construct algorithms manually for specific problems, it has developed techniques to enable the automatic construction of quantum algorithms from code written for conventional computers. These techniques include decomposing loops and control-flow into simple primitives that can be recognized and replaced with more efficient quantum subroutines and replacing basic algorithms and data structures with more efficient quantum implementations.

With this approach, Horizon aims to make quantum acceleration broadly applicable wherever a classical program exists or can be written, eliminating the need for a hand-crafted quantum algorithm for each new problem. Because some classical programs simply cannot be improved using quantum techniques, this approach is not guaranteed to speed up every program. However, the same is true for quantum algorithm design in general.

Horizon’s Approach to Hardware Abstraction

The evolution of programming tools developed by hardware vendors have tended to follow a common pattern. Their languages and frameworks have exposed only basic features initially, which are then expanded over time as a manufacturer adds new device capabilities. While this approach lets developers access new features as they become available, the resulting software infrastructure often evolves unevenly. As a result, developers face a moving target when writing software intended to run on future machines, which means that they can generally only begin development work for a future system once its hardware becomes available. This pattern slows down the progress of quantum computing by forcing hardware and software to develop sequentially rather than allowing for parallel development.

Most existing quantum programming frameworks are not built with hardware portability — the ability to run the same quantum program on different types of machines — in mind. Quantum programming approaches that do prioritize portability typically restrict programmers to static, gate-level quantum circuits as a means of maximizing compatibility and reach across platforms. Because static circuit evaluation is a minimum capability requirement supported by most hardware providers, this approach makes it possible to run programs on a relatively wide range of systems. However, the trade-off is limited access to hardware-specific features that differ across systems. Different systems introduce new capabilities — such as control flow and pulse-level control — at different times and in no set order. Because of the diversity of quantum hardware becoming available, fully capturing all these features while maintaining code portability has not yet been possible. As a result, portable programming approaches frequently omit features such as dynamic control, concurrent classical processing, fine-grained timing, and low-level pulse interaction, even though some devices already support them.

Horizon takes a different approach to portability and hardware abstraction. Its programming languages target an idealized abstract machine that pairs a quantum processing unit (QPU) with a classical control computer capable of issuing instructions, receiving results, keeping time, and communicating with external systems. Horizon’s languages (Beryllium, Helium, and Hydrogen) target this model. Its execution infrastructure then maps these programs onto current hardware by orchestrating multiple runs and using post-selection, segmentation, and host-side control to emulate more advanced behavior, including general control flow, classical processing, and networking. This software bridge adds some overhead in terms of the number of shots and latency, but it allows developers to express programs and protocols beyond what today’s hardware directly supports while obtaining results on today’s systems. This approach allows developers to program quantum computers in a flexible, portable, and future-proof way. In effect, it lets them focus on programming an ideal quantum computer rather than requiring that they spend their attention managing the details and limitations of individual devices.

Horizon’s Approach to Programming Abstraction

The current state of quantum programming is similar to the early days of classical computing. Most tools still require developers to build quantum circuits gate by gate, sometimes making use of libraries or Python generators. Complete, end-to-end workflows — from describing a problem at a high level to running it on hardware — mostly exist only within specific vendor ecosystems and are often not portable. As a result, developers spend much of their time dealing with the mechanics of circuit construction instead of focusing on the intent of the program.

This situation is compounded by inconsistent support for capabilities expected in future systems, such as general control flow, evaluation of classical functions over measurement results, and dynamic memory management. Some platforms already offer a subset of these features, like dynamic circuits/conditionals or selective pulse/timing access, but the level of support varies between providers.

By adding in abstraction layer by layer, Horizon’s software infrastructure is designed to make quantum programming more accessible. At its base is Hydrogen, a portable, assembly-like language that supports general control flow and concurrent classical computation. It captures core operations expected of an idealized, future quantum computer. Above Hydrogen sits Helium, a BASIC-like language that retains these capabilities while adding higher-level features, including dynamic memory allocation and automatic generation of quantum circuits from C/C++.

Beryllium, Horizon’s object-oriented programming language, sits above Helium. Horizon previewed Beryllium in December 2025 and anticipates making the language available to Triple Alpha’s early access users in the first half of 2026.

With the introduction of object-oriented quantum programming — native quantum classes, functions, and libraries — Beryllium is expected to allow developers to define reusable quantum data types analogous to those in modern classical languages by letting programmers define what quantum algorithms should do without requiring that they worry about repeated low-level details, thereby empowering them to focus on high-level operations. With Beryllium, Horizon expects that Triple Alpha users will be able to develop and implement quantum algorithms more efficiently, making use of reusable components and data structures.

Beryllium prioritizes reusability and modularity, making it easier for new programs to draw from a growing library of components. In mature software ecosystems, code modularity produces a well-documented network effect: developers create libraries, which in turn lower the effort required to develop new applications, thereby attracting more developers.

Horizon’s layered approach to quantum programming seeks to enable developers to work at their preferred level of abstraction: those working on algorithm design can start at a higher level compared to those focused on device characterization. Across these layers, each language supports user-defined instruction sets with both gate- and pulse-level control. This design lets teams leverage higher-level abstractions while still expressing low-level behavior — whether reasoning about abstract quantum information processing or engaging directly with the physics of specific processors.

Horizon is developing these layers incrementally to seek to provide a stable platform for future integration with its quantum algorithm synthesis techniques, with the ultimate goal of enabling developers to write complete quantum programs using familiar classical languages.

Cloud-first Approach

Because quantum computers are incredibly sensitive, complex machines requiring highly specialized environments, they are expensive to build, difficult to maintain, and demand a significant amount of expertise to operate. As a result, most quantum computers are not sold for on-premises use; instead, they are housed in secure, controlled facilities and accessed remotely by developers and researchers through the cloud. This model effectively allows anyone with an internet connection to run quantum algorithms, without the prohibitive cost and complexity of owning the hardware themselves.

Horizon seeks to enable developers to write, compile, and deploy quantum programs to a variety of remote quantum processors and simulators without needing to own or manage the underlying hardware. The company has taken a cloud-first approach, where the end point of software development is a deployed web API that manages the execution of the quantum program. This approach is intended to allow developers to seamlessly integrate their quantum programs with a wide range of classical software technologies, with those programs being hosted and served through Horizon’s infrastructure.

Horizon also operates its own hardware testbed. Offering both tools and hardware as a service simplifies the user experience, enables seamless deployment, and ensures that Horizon’s platform remains hardware-agnostic and scalable, empowering a broad base of developers to engage with quantum computing.

Horizon’s Technology

Horizon is designing tools that aim to set a new standard for quantum software development. The company’s core approach has been to develop the software infrastructure for the development, deployment, and execution of quantum programs, with significant technological breakthroughs achieved in the development and execution layers.

Development Infrastructure

Triple Alpha, Horizon’s integrated development environment, simplifies the process of creating quantum programs by enabling developers to code at various levels of abstraction, using Horizon’s proprietary languages. Most traditional quantum programming frameworks constrain programmers to working with static circuits, which makes algorithm design difficult, limiting what developers can express. Triple Alpha removes this constraint with its Turing-complete languages.

Beryllium is an object-oriented language that is expected to allow developers to use simple classical and quantum building blocks to progressively create richer, higher-level structures by reusing and extending what they have already defined. With Beryllium, developers can think in terms of information structure rather than qubits and low-level processing details. By making use of reusable components and data structures, Horizon believes that developers will able to focus on what quantum algorithms should do without needing to worry about repeated low-level details, which enables more efficient development and implementation of quantum algorithms.

By shifting the focus from how information is physically represented and processed in a quantum computer to how it can be structured and transformed, Beryllium is designed to raise the level of abstraction, reducing the need to manage quantum processing directly and making quantum software development more accessible to programmers without deep quantum expertise.

Triple Alpha compiles Beryllium to Helium. Helium is a BASIC-like language that simplifies the development of complex quantum programs by allowing classical and quantum operations to be expressed together in a single language. It introduces familiar control structures — loops, conditionals, subroutines — and supports concurrent classical/quantum flows. Because Helium is a Turing-complete language, developers can express algorithms of arbitrary complexity — including ones whose runtime can’t be determined in advance — unlocking a far broader class of quantum applications than traditional quantum programming framework.

Triple Alpha’s optimizing compiler then translates Helium down into Hydrogen, an assembly-level, architecture-agnostic language that can be further compiled to target specific quantum hardware. A portable, lower-level language, Hydrogen uses a structure of code blocks and conditional jumps to represent control flow constructs from Helium, such as “if” statements and “for” and “while” loops. Triple Alpha users can also work directly in Hydrogen, providing quantum computing experts with finer-grain control over the program structure.

Triple Alpha allows users to convert existing C and C++ functions directly into partial quantum circuits, making them available as callable subroutines within Helium. This eliminates the need to hand-design intricate circuits for the classical portions of quantum algorithms. The conversion of these functions into efficient quantum circuits means users can focus on error correction and quantum algorithm design without worrying about the minutiae of implementing functionality as reversible circuits or other gate-level concerns.

Once the program is in a low-level form, Triple Alpha’s program optimization engine applies peephole optimizations and other methods to simplify logic and remove redundant operations, refining circuits and performing gate sequences. It balances performance trade-offs to generate the most efficient implementation and optimizes the program for the target processor’s topology and instruction set. It outputs code in formats readable by different systems, such as QUA, OpenPulse, or QASM.

Contemporary quantum processors differ widely in instruction sets, so the program optimization engine converts code written in terms of a user-defined instruction set into the native instruction set of the target processor, in a noise-aware manner that respects the processor’s coupling constraints. Triple Alpha also quantifies the resources — such as gate count and qubit usage — required to run programs.

Horizon has developed methods to emulate the control flow and other advanced features expressible in Hydrogen on today’s quantum processors using a hybrid classical/quantum approach. As a result, developers can execute programs on almost any quantum hardware, even if the device itself lacks native support for dynamic control. The result is optimized quantum applications that can run across hardware platforms without rewriting, ensuring longevity of code as the hardware landscape evolves.

Triple Alpha gives users access to pulse-level control, enabling developers to directly manipulate the pulses sent to the quantum processor from control systems. Users who want to target specific processors with fine-grain control over their quantum program can also code at the hardware level. At this level, users can write code in Hydrogen or in system-specific languages and frameworks, such as QASM or Quil. This non portable code is customized for constraints (number of qubits, connectivity graph, etc.) specific to the target processor, and users can still take advantage of Horizon’s deployment infrastructure.

Horizon is pursuing ambitious plans to make quantum programming much more accessible to developers with experience programming in classical languages. The company expects to complement its programming languages with deeper automation efforts in algorithm design. Horizon is pioneering a process called quantum algorithm synthesis, which aims to automatically accelerate code written in classical languages. This process works by automatically refactoring classical programs into a fixed set of algorithmic building blocks that can be recognized and replaced by more efficient implementations that exploit quantum processing. The company has previously demonstrated this approach on programs written in a common subset of Matlab/Octave and holds patents on the technology (see “Item 4B. Business Overview— Intellectual Property”).

Building on the lessons learned from constructing Triple Alpha, Horizon plans to incorporate methods for algorithm synthesis into its compiler. The company’s ultimate objective in that regard is to develop a complete classical-to-quantum toolchain for major programming languages, with algorithm synthesis expected to emerge through the development of a new compiler layer. This layer would automatically generate quantum algorithms from conventional source code, preserving the exact function of the original program without requiring users to write any quantum-specific code.

This additional compiler layer would be designed to allow developers to program quantum computers in familiar classical languages — removing one of the greatest barriers to practical quantum computing.

Deployment Infrastructure

Horizon’s deployment infrastructure seeks to provide the bridge between quantum programs and front-end technologies. It follows design principles common in modern cloud infrastructure, providing a familiar framework for users. Once a quantum program has been compiled with Triple Alpha, it can be packaged and deployed as a web API. Through these deployed endpoints, users can send encoded inputs, interact with running programs, and retrieve outputs as the program is executed.

With Horizon’s deployment infrastructure, developers can integrate quantum functionality directly into other applications, whether through Python scripts, web interfaces, or even Excel macros, allowing developers to call and interact with quantum programs from familiar environments. Each deployed API includes authentication to ensure only authorized users can access or execute a program. The infrastructure also supports session management for deployed programs, maintaining isolated execution environments for multiple users or concurrent runs. This guarantees that one user’s interaction with a program does not interfere with another’s — a necessity for working in multi-user or collaborative settings.

Beyond deployment and access control, developers can manage program deployments and monitor usage within Triple Alpha. The API for a deployed quantum program allows users to control and oversee their runs, and it also allows classical applications to perform these same actions programmatically — starting, stopping, or canceling runs and monitoring real-time job status to track whether a task is queued, active, or has failed. Together, these features make Horizon’s deployment infrastructure a powerful and convenient tool for delivering quantum processing to end-user facing applications.

Horizon plans to extend its deployment infrastructure to provide developers with more granular control over program and resource management. These plans include refined access and budget controls, usage monitoring at the level of individual users and programs, and improved scheduling mechanisms for allocating access to constrained resources such as specific quantum computers. These enhancements will further strengthen Horizon’s ability to deliver secure, efficient, and scalable quantum workloads for organizations deploying quantum applications.

Execution Infrastructure

Horizon’s execution infrastructure can run programs containing loops and recursive functions, runtime user inputs, mid-circuit measurements, and even calls to classical code or networked processes, capabilities that remove many of the rigid constraints of traditional circuit-based programming approaches. Many of these advanced features are unavailable through other tools on contemporary hardware systems.

Conventional programs rely on constructs like “while” loops and recursive functions, running until a solution is found — or indefinitely, if one isn’t. They aren’t a simple list of sequential instructions, and their runtime can’t always be predetermined. However, most of today’s quantum hardware can only execute fixed-length quantum circuits — programs whose structures must be known in advance, with zero or limited native support for dynamic runtime control, such as loops, recursion, or concurrent classical computation.

Horizon’s execution infrastructure seeks to overcome this limitation with full control flow support, making it possible to execute complex programs on quantum devices that lack native support for general control flow. It extends the capabilities of quantum processors, enabling them to perform beyond their built-in limitations that prohibit runtime decisions.

Control flow in Hydrogen is expressed through blocks — like the nodes of a flow chart — each containing a list of instructions and ending in a halt, advance, or branch instruction. When the program reaches a branch point, it needs new information — a measurement result, a classical computation, or a user input — before deciding what to do next. Horizon’s execution infrastructure provides this missing information through full mid-circuit measurement support, mid-computational classical function support, and full mid-computation I/O support, enabling interactive quantum computation.

With mid-circuit measurement, the system can measure qubits while a computation is still running and immediately use those results to influence subsequent operations — a critical feature for quantum error correction and feedback-based protocols. Building on this capability, Horizon’s execution infrastructure provides full mid-computation classical function support, allowing measurement outcomes to be processed classically during runtime. Once measurements are obtained, they can be injected into classical functions and computed on a classical processor. Then, the execution infrastructure obtains the results, and the quantum program continues. The ability to trigger classical functions from quantum measurements within the same execution is a key differentiating capability to Horizon’s execution infrastructure.

Mid-computation I/O extends this interactivity to the network layer, allowing a program to communicate with external systems or users — sending intermediate results, requesting input, and pausing until a response is received — all while the program remains running. This design extends beyond traditional batch-style quantum execution, creating an interactive feedback loop that influences ongoing computation and enables interactive and adaptive quantum applications.

As part of execution management, Horizon’s infrastructure sources the information a program requires at each branch point — whether that data comes from a qubit measurement, a classical computation, or an external input. Once the needed information is obtained, execution continues following the appropriate branch. In the case of a measurement, the execution infrastructure performs the operation on hardware, records the outcome, and resumes the program using that result. When subsequent branches depend on earlier measurements, the system reruns the program with consistency checks to ensure earlier measurement outcomes match. When results diverge, the program restarts; when they agree, execution proceeds. This proprietary system makes it possible to implement complex control flow even on hardware that lacks native support for fast runtime decisions.

The execution infrastructure’s ability to perform classical computation during quantum execution enables dynamic memory management, giving quantum programs written in Helium the equivalent of the classical malloc() and free() functions. Unlike conventional circuits — where qubits can be pre-labeled and allocated before execution — programs with control flow require allocation on the fly. Triple Alpha users can signal when a qubit is no longer needed, allowing the system to release and repurpose it. At runtime, Horizon’s infrastructure manages this process automatically, determining which physical qubits should store information and tracking which qubits are free and which are in use. When a qubit is no longer needed, the system can release and repurpose it automatically. This on-the-fly allocation enables efficient use of limited hardware resources. By recycling qubits dynamically, programs can execute larger or more complex workloads without requiring additional physical qubits. While such memory management is standard in classical computing, it remains rare in quantum systems.

Horizon’s execution infrastructure also introduces control system abstraction, allowing developers to work in Hydrogen without needing to code for a specific set of control systems. The same Hydrogen program can target different quantum machines, automatically generating the appropriate set of control system instructions. Horizon’s infrastructure also connects to a range of hardware backends (processors and simulators) and manages the execution on each of these systems.

Horizon has plans to integrate its execution infrastructure more closely with control systems and quantum hardware to facilitate the real-time execution of increasingly large amounts Hydrogen’s feature set. The company expects this deeper integration to play an essential role in enabling usage of quantum error correction, fault tolerance, and other technologies that are likely critical to realizing practical quantum advantage. Horizon’s testbed provides the ideal setting for developing and testing these integrations. The first testbed system is designed to support switching between control systems, enabling collaboration with multiple control system manufacturers and providing Horizon with the flexibility needed to develop the most capable tools for quantum software development.

Horizon believes its technical progress with its development, deployment, and execution infrastructures marks the first steps toward a true quantum operating system (“OS”). A quantum OS is a specialized runtime environment that manages the unique resources of quantum hardware, such as qubits, much like a classical OS manages CPU cores and memory while also providing a bridge to software. Horizon’s execution infrastructure — with its compelling capabilities in I/O, measurement, dynamic memory management, and optimization — is designed to lay the foundation for the first true quantum OS.

Taken together, Horizon believes these advances will establish Horizon’s software infrastructure as the most capable and versatile platform for quantum application development, deployment, and execution, empowering developers with the tools needed to harness the power of quantum computing for solving challenging, real-world problems.

Hardware Testbed

Horizon is the first quantum software company to own and operate its own quantum computer. The company announced plans to establish an on-site testbed with capacity for multiple quantum computers in 2024, and its first quantum system became fully operational in the fourth quarter of 2025.

Horizon views tight integration between hardware and software as the shortest path to truly useful quantum computing. We believe having full control over both hardware and software infrastructure will provide a critical advantage in terms of software development, allowing Horizon to integrate its software directly with control systems and avoid latency issues that prevent fast feed-forward operations in remote settings. This would provide a path for real-time implementation of the full Hydrogen feature set, avoiding the overhead of the current hybrid runtime. The testbed will be connected to Triple Alpha, enabling users to deploy their quantum programs directly to its backends.

Horizon expects to integrate the testbed with conventional computing infrastructure, an ideal setting for testing and executing hybrid workloads that include both classical and quantum elements. This hands-on approach ensures Horizon’s software remains hardware-agnostic while being deeply optimized for the physical realities of quantum processors, demonstrating the company’s commitment to advancing quantum technology not just in theory but in practice.

The testbed has a modular, multi-vendor design. Rather than relying on a single supplier, Horizon has assembled a testbed made up of best-in-class components. The first testbed system combines a Rigetti Novera QPU, a Quantum Machine’s OPX1000 control system, and a Maybell Big Fridge large-volume dilution refrigerator.

To date, Horizon has invested a total of S$2.62 million (US$2.02 million) to acquire the components and build its on-site testbed and anticipates the need for an additional S$0.79 million (US$0.61 million). The additional anticipated investment will bring our total investment into our testbed to S$3.41 million (US$2.63 million).

Roadmap

Languages, compilation, and algorithm synthesis

Triple Alpha currently contains three proprietary programming languages: Helium and Hydrogen, which are currently available to early access users of Triple Alpha, and Beryllium, which the company previewed in December 2025. Horizon expects to make Beryllium available to early access users in the first half of 2026. Throughout 2026 and 2027, Horizon intends to introduce Beryllium libraries to support greater levels of abstraction in quantum algorithm construction.

During 2024 and 2025, Horizon introduced support for pulse control and measurement-based computation to better target specific hardware architectures. Over the course of 2026 and 2027, Horizon anticipates expanding the compiler capabilities to ensure that it can provide compilation to physical-level operations that include fusion operations (to better support low-level integration with photonic systems) and qubit transport (to better support low-level integration with neutral atom, trapped-ion, and other physical systems with moveable qubits) and to support fault-tolerant compilation.

By the end of 2028, Horizon intends to demonstrate an integrated compilation chain with automated algorithm construction all the way down to execution on control systems.

Runtime environment, real-time execution, and foundation of a quantum operating system

As a key component of Horizon’s execution infrastructure, the runtime environment supports several quantum operating system-like capabilities, including dynamic memory management and discoverability of system parameters. The company intends to add greater support for system services, including inter-process communication and job management. At present, execution on many systems relies on a post-selection-based process to overcome hardware limitations. Horizon expects direct execution of Hydrogen to be important to fully realizing such capabilities. Horizon aims to have runtime support for the necessary Hydrogen capabilities (without relying on post-selection) on its first testbed system by the second half of 2026, with support demonstrated on third-party systems in 2027.

Hardware testbeds, applications development, and push towards quantum advantage

Horizon’s first hardware testbed system became operational in December 2025. The company expects this quantum system to function as an environment for testing integration between Triple Alpha and control systems, and it anticipates granting Triple Alpha early access users access to this system by the end of 2026.

Horizon also expects to install a second testbed system by 2027. Unlike the first system, where the focus is purely on integration, Horizon anticipates that the second system will have sufficient qubit count and gate fidelity to place it beyond practical classical simulation, enabling the company to push towards practical quantum advantage.

To support this push, the company also intends to establish an applications team in 2026. Horizon expects that the team will act as an internal user of Triple Alpha and focus on developing algorithms to tackle a small number of high-value problems. The company already has a history of algorithm development, with team members having developed novel quantum algorithms for chemistry simulation, SAT-solving, fast linear algebra, and training and inference in machine learning.

With the establishment of a quantum advantage-capable testbed system, Horizon anticipates its in-house applications team and external Triple Alpha users will be able to test algorithms and initiate application development with the intention of achieving quantum advantage.

Horizon expects that this system will be fully operational and available to Triple Alpha users by the end of 2028.

Business Strategy

Horizon is building the software infrastructure to power the development and deployment of applications using quantum computing. At the core of this effort are tools built to help software developers make the most out of quantum computers. The company is creating the kind of software infrastructure familiar to classical developers — from high-level programming languages and optimizing compilers to the system software and runtimes needed to execute complex programs.

Horizon believes that this foundation positions it to serve an expanding market. We expect the total addressable market for quantum computing to grow rapidly in the coming decade, driven by both public and private investment and the emergence of quantum advantage. We believe that the quantum software segment will drive commercial adoption of quantum hardware, Horizon believes it is strategically placed to capitalize on this opportunity. Software infrastructure has proven to be important to creating value across every major computing wave, and, as history shows, the companies that shaped this infrastructure have tended to capture outsized value. Windows defined the PC era. iOS and Android did the same for mobile. AWS transformed web applications. VMware powered the modern data center, and Nvidia CUDA unlocked GPU computing. Horizon’s Triple Alpha platform aims to play that same foundational role for quantum computing.

Because Triple Alpha is expected to connect developers, end-users, and hardware providers, Horizon is positioned to sit at the heart of the quantum computing ecosystem, enabling the company to establish its product as the software infrastructure of choice for the industry. To advance this vision, Horizon’s multi-faceted business strategy focuses on product development, market penetration, and ecosystems collaboration. The company is pursuing three core strategies, through which it intends to capture market share. These are:

Together, these initiatives reflect a fundamentally different philosophy toward quantum software development than other quantum programing frameworks. Unlike many quantum software companies, Horizon focuses on pushing the boundaries of what today’s quantum systems can achieve, rather than simply providing tools to interact with existing capabilities built by hardware manufacturers. The company aims to develop software that expands what quantum hardware can do, advancing the technology itself instead of merely enabling access to it.

To realize this vision, accelerate technology development, expand market reach, and fuel company growth, Horizon expects to make targeted investments into four key areas:

By investing in these areas, Horizon expects to continue to take steps towards making quantum computing truly useful by removing barriers to practical quantum advantage. The company aims to advance its existing technologies to develop tools that automate the process of quantum algorithm construction, enabling a much broader community of developers to benefit from quantum acceleration — without requiring deep quantum expertise. By empowering experts in the domains where quantum computing will have the greatest impact to use these capabilities directly, Horizon aims to help unlock the technology’s full commercial potential.

The company is taking a hardware-agnostic approach to quantum software development, with programming languages that remain portable while giving developers full flexibility. Currently, the company is focused on collaborating with hardware manufacturers, with the intent of making Triple Alpha the preferred development environment for their systems. This work includes integrating hardware backends into Horizon’s systems and developing solutions to the software-infrastructure challenges unique to each hardware vendor.

Taken together, Horizon believes that these elements contribute to developing a foundational technology for quantum developers and end users that would be difficult to displace. As developers build codebases using the company’s languages and deploy their applications through its infrastructure, their programs become deeply integrated with the platform, making it costly and impractical to switch to another. As primarily a software business, Horizon expects to benefit from higher gross margins and lower capital expenditures requirements than hardware-based peers in the quantum industry. In addition, its hardware-agnostic approach can position it for success regardless of which hardware manufacturers or qubit modalities emerge as leaders in the long run.

Together, Horizon expects these factors to give it a sustainable competitive position as quantum computing transitions from experimentation to commercialization.

Business Model

Horizon has two primary paths to revenue: usage-based pricing on deployed applications and software licensing for on-premises deployment. When customers run applications through the company’s infrastructure (e.g. an API call or quantum job), the company plans to charge them based on usage. This model scales directly with customer activity, mirroring the familiar economics of traditional cloud and SaaS recurring business models.

For organizations that require on-premises control over their systems — such as research institutions, government agencies, or enterprises operating their own quantum hardware — Horizon plans to offer annual software licensing agreements that allow customers to deploy the same core technologies on their own servers or hardware.

Together, these complementary revenue streams are expected to form a hybrid business model that combines recurring cloud usage fees with longer-term enterprise subscription licensing. The result is anticipated to be a structure that provides scalability, visibility and predictability while enabling Horizon to serve cloud-native users as well as customers with specialized infrastructure needs.

By hosting the deployment and execution of customer applications, Horizon can price its services in proportion to the value they create for developers, as reflected in application usage. When developers build and deploy their quantum programs using the company’s infrastructure, those workloads run on its systems rather than simply being compiled there. This setup positions Horizon to measure usage — such as the number of API calls or quantum jobs executed — and charge accordingly, resulting in a value-based model where revenue scales as customers make more use of the company’s technology to power their applications and as those applications gain adoption.

In addition to these core streams, Horizon’s hardware testbed creates a third potential revenue source, enabling the company to offer access to its own quantum systems for running user jobs under a Quantum Computing as a Service model.

Because academia is expected to be a feeder for Horizon’s broader customer base, the company may offer discounted or free access to its software infrastructure for academic research groups. Universities are where future quantum developers and hardware scientists are trained, making academia a strategic channel for long-term engagement. By connecting early with this community, Horizon expects to help ensure that new professionals enter industry already familiar with its tools, reinforcing adoption across all three customer segments.

Horizon expects to serve three main customer groups: hardware vendors, software developers, and enterprise users. This multi-channel approach is intended to diversify revenue and reinforce the platform’s stickiness, as each customer segment is expected to contribute to and depend on the broader network of users built around the company’s technology.

Hardware Vendors

Horizon believes it will be an ideal partner for the next stage of commercialization of quantum computers and beyond. To drive adoption, quantum hardware manufacturers increasingly need development tools that enable practical applications. Through its collaboration model, Horizon seeks to provide vendors with a progressive pathway for integrating Triple Alpha with their hardware. This tiered pathway is expected to give vendors an easy on-ramp for working with Horizon, and it is expected to enable Horizon to offer a manufacturer’s hardware to Triple Alpha users at early stages of the engagement. The pathway begins with an initial integration of a vendor’s system into Triple Alpha. At later stages, the vendor has the option to collaborate more deeply, working with Horizon to achieve technical goals through Triple Alpha, and potentially pursuing joint go-to-market efforts. This approach serves Horizon’s ambition to provide the most capable development tools for each hardware platform, with an aim of Triple Alpha becoming the software infrastructure of choice for application development on that platform. In doing so, it potentially positions Triple Alpha to become the default software infrastructure for a manufacturer’s customers, while allowing the manufacturer to avoid high-risk or untested options.

Horizon has key relationships with several quantum hardware providers. The company has a joint marketing agreement with Rigetti, covering Rigetti’s Novera QPU, its newest quantum processor, and Horizon’s participation in the Novera QPU Partner Program. Each of Rigetti and Horizon granted the other party a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free fully paid-up license to use certain of its trademarks in connection with marketing the Novera QPU and Novera QPU Partner Program. Horizon has also entered annual partnership agreements with Alice & Bob, Oxford Quantum Circuits Ltd., and QuEra Computing Inc. through which each party is testing Triple Alpha on its respective hardware to enhance interoperability and integration, in each case without cost to either party. While none of these relationships has generated revenue yet, they aim to support deeper technical integration and may provide a foundation for future commercialization opportunities. However, no assurance can be given that these relationships will ever generate revenue. See “Item 3D. Risk Factors — Our business and growth are dependent on the success of our strategic relationships with third parties” and “— We are in our very early stages and have a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to forecast the future results of our operations. It is also possible quantum computing might never become commercially viable or embraced. Our technology roadmap, including the anticipated milestones and timing thereof, may change.”

Quantum Software Vendors

Horizon expects quantum software vendors to become important customers as quantum computing gains adoption. While the number of pure quantum software companies is currently limited, the software sector will be critical to realizing the potential value of quantum computing hardware. For these companies, achieving quantum advantage for industry relevant workloads is an important component of achieving commercial success. Horizon is building the development tools and software infrastructure to enable these developers to get the most out of quantum computing hardware and shorten the path to practical quantum advantage.

Early Enterprise Users

Horizon has received early access requests for Triple Alpha from more than 40 major corporations. The company expects to gain traction in domains where conventional computing is already hitting computational limits and where quantum computing appears to offer a solution. Examples include:

Competition

Several alternate approaches to quantum programming exist, including control-systems programming (e.g. QUA and LabOne Q), pulse-level frameworks (e.g. OpenPulse and Quil-T), gate-level quantum programming languages (e.g. Qiskit, PyQuil, and Cirq), model-based synthesis (Classiq’s approach), and domain libraries (e.g. OpenFermion, TensorFlow Quantum, and PennyLane).

Control-systems programming gives developers access to real-time sequencing, classical feedback, and pulse shapes and timing directly on hardware controllers. This approach maximizes expressivity for calibration, characterization, and bespoke experiments, and in principle, it allows for the construction of any program that the device can physically perform. The trade-off is portability: code written at this level is closely tied to the specific hardware system it was written for.

Pulse-level frameworks let developers specify waveforms, schedules, and calibrations within higher-level SDKs. They offer fine-grained control while integrating with broader ecosystem tooling, but portability depends on each device’s supported primitives and available calibration data. As a result, programs often need backend-specific adjustments.

Gate-level languages represent programs as abstract circuits that are later converted, or transpiled, into the native gates of a specific device. They are widely used, supported by simulators and multiple hardware providers, and offer comparatively good portability. However, they generally sacrifice direct access to analog timing and hardware-specific features, which can limit low-level optimization and experimental control.

Model-based synthesis starts from a high-level description of how to solve a problem and then automatically builds circuits tailored to run efficiently on specific hardware. This approach can boost developer productivity and broaden compatibility, but it reduces transparency and limits direct control over scheduling and pulse operations.

Domain libraries provide packaged, ready-made algorithms and integrations, with examples including chemistry tools such as OpenFermion and hybrid quantum-machine learning workflows such as TensorFlow Quantum and PennyLane. They accelerate application development, but they rely on underlying frameworks and backends, which restricts the amount of direct control developers have at the hardware level.

In practice, existing approaches make trade-offs between flexibility and portability. Control-systems layers offer a lot of flexibility but are tightly bound to specific hardware stacks. Model-based synthesis and domain libraries sacrifice low-level control to achieve broader compatibility. Horizon’s programming languages are designed to overcome this trade-off, providing precise pulse-level control and advanced control flow while maintaining broad portability across supported systems.

Triple Alpha’s advanced capabilities — such as dynamic memory management and circuit synthesis from classical code — further differentiate it from competing quantum programming approaches. With these capabilities, it provides a higher level of abstraction than most approaches while still supporting low-level control when needed. Horizon also holds patents on techniques that automatically construct accelerated quantum algorithms from classical code — moving beyond simply translating the instructions to a quantum-compatible form to actually generating quantum-accelerated implementations of the code’s functionality (see — “Intellectual Property”).

Intellectual Property

Development, know-how, and engineering skills are an essential component of Horizon’s business, resulting in the creation of its broad intellectual property portfolio. The company relies on a combination of patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, as well as contractual provisions and restrictions, to establish and protect intellectual property and other proprietary rights in the United States, Europe, and other jurisdictions.

Horizon makes use of trade secrets, patents and copyrights to protect its intellectual property. Horizon pursues patent protection when it is consistent with the company’s overall strategy for safeguarding intellectual property. Horizon’s use of trade secrets, patents and copyrights establishes a strong defensive position around its core compiler technology and its ability to bridge the gap between high-level programming and low-level hardware execution.

Horizon primarily makes use of patents to protect functionality where the mechanism is easily discoverable by users and makes use of trade secrets to protect functionality that cannot easily be reverse engineered through use of its software. Horizon also relies on copyright to protect its proprietary software code, which is owned by Horizon and forms the basis of its quantum software infrastructure.

Horizon has accumulated intellectual property that covers all the main aspects of its technology, including systems and software, and the company intends to protect its innovative inventions. Its patent portfolio includes key technologies, such as systems and methods for constructing quantum algorithms from classical programs and unique methodologies for performing quantum computation with adaptive control flow.

As of December 31, 2025, Horizon has 4 patents issued and 19 patents pending, including 1 issued US patent and 2 US pending patents. The following is a summary of its patent portfolio:

In addition to the above, Horizon also protects its intellectual property and other proprietary rights by entering into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements (or similar agreements) with employees, consultants, collaborators, contractors, and other third parties. Horizon’s trademark registrations include “Horizon Quantum,” “Horizon Quantum Computing” and “Triple Alpha.”

Leadership

Horizon’s interdisciplinary team blends deep scientific expertise with proven leadership in the technology industry. The company’s core scientific leaders — including its CEO and Chief Science Officer — bring decades of research experience in quantum computing and related fields at leading universities and research organizations. This foundation is complemented by seasoned professionals, ensuring that Horizon’s leadership is well-versed in not only groundbreaking research and practical application but also in business operations. See “Item 6A. Directors and Senior Management” for more information about our management.

Governmental Regulations

Privacy and data protection regulations

With respect to the personal data collected by us, we are required to comply with Singapore’s PDPA which governs the collection, use and disclosure of individuals’ personal data (i.e. data, whether true or not, about an individual who can be identified from that data; or from that data and other information to which the relevant organization has or is likely to have access). The PDPA seeks to ensure that organizations comply with a baseline standard of protection for personal data of individuals. The PDPA is administered and enforced by the PDPC.

The PDPA requires, inter alia, organizations to obtain the consent of individuals before collecting, using or disclosing their personal data for purposes that a reasonable person would consider appropriate in the circumstances; have mechanisms in place for individuals to withdraw their consent and reasonable security arrangements in place to prevent unauthorized access, collection, use, disclosure, copying, modification or disposal of personal data.

Any improper use or disclosure of personal data and breaches of security leading to disclosure of personal data may lead to criminal sanctions under the PDPA, reputational damage, and a direct loss of business. It is also important to note that for contraventions of the PDPA, the PDPC is empowered to impose financial penalties of up to S$1 million, or 10% of the organization’s annual turnover in Singapore (for organizations with annual turnover exceeding S$10 million), whichever is higher. The PDPC may publish enforcement decisions, which can have reputational consequences for organizations found to be in breach.

The PDPA is supplemented by subsidiary legislation, such as the Personal Data Protection Regulations 2021, the Personal Data Protection (Do Not Call Registry) Regulations 2013, and the Personal Data Protection (Notification of Data Breaches) Regulations 2021. The PDPC also issues advisory guidelines to assist organizations in interpreting and complying with the PDPA. On 23 September 2014, the PDPC issued one of the key guidelines to the PDPA, the Advisory Guidelines on Key Concepts in the Personal Data Act, which serves to illustrate and further explain the PDPA. This set of guidelines was revised on 16 May 2022 to clarify, amongst others, the definition of personal data, the consent obligation, data accuracy and data breach reporting.

We are also subject to the GDPR and applicable national supplementing laws. The GDPR imposes comprehensive data privacy compliance obligations in relation to our collection, processing, sharing, disclosure, transfer and other use of data relating to an identifiable living individual, “personal data,” including a principal of accountability and the obligation to demonstrate compliance through policies, procedures, training and audit. The GDPR also grants certain privacy rights to individuals and imposes fines for specified breaches, up to the greater of EUR 20 million or 4% of our global annual turnover, and the potential of other penalties for breaches such as regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease or change our data processing activities, enforcement notices and/or civil claims for damages.

While we endeavor to comply with all applicable laws and regulations relating to privacy, security and data protection, including the GDPR, it is possible that such requirements may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another, in particular as different EU member state regulators may differ as to their interpretation of the GDPR and the approach they may take to breaches, enforcement, complaints or the exercise of rights to access personal data by individuals. Any perceived or actual failure by us to protect confidential data, personal data, any material non-compliance with privacy, security or data protection laws or regulations or any general IT system failure may harm our reputation and credibility, adversely affect our revenues, reduce our ability to attract or retain customers, result in litigation or other actions being brought against us and the imposition of fines and, as a result, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The following diagram depicts the organizational structure of the Company as of the date of this Report:

The Company’s principal executive offices are located at 29 Media Cir. Alice@Mediapolis, #05-19 to 26, Singapore, 138565 and are leased from BP-Alice LLP with a total size of 8,383 square feet. The Company’s 1,313 square foot Ireland office is located at 24 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, D02 T296, Dublin, where it has entered an office license agreement with Glandore Business Centres for four office suites.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this section to “we”, “us”, and “our” generally refer to the Horizon unless otherwise implied by context.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of Horizon’s financial condition and results of operations together with Horizon’s consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under the section titled “Item 3  — D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this Report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future. Except as otherwise noted, all references to 2025 refer to the year ended December 31, 2025, and all references to 2024 refer to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Overview of Our Business

We are building software infrastructure to make quantum computers accessible to commercial enterprises and hardware providers. By bridging the gap between today’s hardware and tomorrow’s applications, we seek to equip developers, researchers, and enterprises with the quantum software infrastructure needed to solve real-world problems.

To do this, we are following an ambitious plan to create development tools that can automatically accelerate code written for conventional computers on quantum computers. With this differentiated approach, we are developing methods to generate quantum-accelerated solutions — exploiting quantum effects such as superposition and entanglement — from legacy code and conventional software.

Today, our Triple Alpha software is an integrated development environment that gives users access to our development, deployment, and execution infrastructure. It empowers developers to create sophisticated, portable, hardware-agnostic quantum programs. Users can code at multiple abstraction levels, compile and optimize programs across many real quantum computers and simulators, and deploy applications as APIs. We have key collaborations with leading hardware providers including Rigetti, Oxford Quantum Circuits Ltd., Alice & Bob, and QuEra Computing Inc.

Triple Alpha is currently in early access with quantum hardware vendors. We have received inbound interest in early access requests from more than 40 major corporations, more than 90 universities, 13 quantum software companies, and 18 national labs, government agencies and research organizations.

We are still in the early stages of scaling its business. Since our inception, we have incurred operating losses. Our ability to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the further development and commercialization of quantum computers and their software infrastructure.

Principal Factors Affecting Our Performance

The growth and future success of our business depend on many factors. While these factors present significant opportunities for our business, they also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below and in “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors” of this Report, that we must successfully address to achieve growth, improve our results of operations, and generate profits.

Adoption of Quantum Computing. Quantum computing is an emerging technology, and our business model depends heavily on the pace at which quantum computing achieves meaningful adoption. The adoption of quantum computing is heavily influenced by the ability of participants in the quantum industry, including ourselves, to solve technical challenges to reach “quantum advantage,” which is the point at which quantum computers can solve practical problems beyond the capabilities of classical computers. If “quantum advantage” cannot be achieved, takes longer than expected or is limited in scope, then demand for our software stack may be significantly less than expected.

Performance of Strategic Partners. An important part of our anticipated growth depends on our ability to enter into and maintain partnerships with quantum computer hardware vendors and our ability to access and integrate with such vendors’ systems. Our prospective performance may be adversely impacted if we are unable to establish meaningful relationships with such vendors or are delayed in doing so, especially with faster-growing hardware makers.

Competitive Marketplace. The market for our solutions is fragmented, rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We face competition from both traditional, larger software vendors offering developer tools and smaller companies offering point products for features and use cases. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development and in bringing products to market and also possess recognizable brands and strong institutional and commercial relationships in comparison to us.

Target Customers. We expect that our potential customers will generally be governmental agencies, large enterprises, universities and other research institutions. Our future success will depend on our ability to effectively sell our products to these categories of customers. Moreover, sales and implementation cycles for such customers tend to be longer and these customers can exert greater purchasing power compared to non-governmental agencies or smaller customers.

R&D. Since quantum computing is a rapidly evolving field, our success depends on our ability to develop and commercialize reliable and cost-effective software tools that enable software applications to harness quantum hardware. This requires substantial technical expertise and an ability to adapt to an evolving technology landscape and is, therefore, subject to significant uncertainty. If we are not able to make the necessary technical progress, then our products may not achieve commercial viability, which would impair our growth prospects.

Senior Management. Our future success depends on the continuing efforts of Dr. Joseph Fitzsimons and Dr. Si-Hui Tan. We rely on the knowledge and experience that Dr. Fitzsimons and Dr. Tan provide in quantum science and computing technology. They are the cornerstone of our research and development efforts, which have been, and will continue to be, instrumental in our ability to develop our current and future products and services. The market for such positions is intensely competitive, which could increase our costs to attract and retain talented individuals. In the event Dr. Fitzsimons or Dr. Tan were to become unavailable for any reason, including injury, illness or death, there could be a material adverse impact on our operations.

Recent Developments

The Business Combination

On March 19, 2026, the Company consummated the previously announced Business Combination with DMY, pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement. See “Explanatory Note,” “Item 7B. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Related Party Transactions” and “Item 10C. “Additional Information — Material Contracts” for additional information regarding the Business Combination.

Financings

As of the date of this Report, we have raised an aggregate of US$8,384,000 in gross proceeds from SAFE financings as follows: (a) on July 19, 2025, we entered into a SAFE for gross proceeds of US$3,000,000; (b) between October 7, 2025 and October 9, 2025, we entered into additional SAFEs for aggregate gross proceeds of US$1,000,000; (c) on November 12, 2025, we entered into a SAFE for gross proceeds of US$1,384,000; (d) on December 18, 2025, we entered into a SAFE with Harry You, DMY’s then Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Chief Financial Officer, and an affiliate of the Sponsor, for aggregate gross proceeds of US$500,000; (e) on December 29, 2025, we entered into a SAFE for gross proceeds of US$2,000,000; and (f) on January 16, 2026, we entered into a SAFE for gross proceeds of US$500,000. At close of the Business Combination, all outstanding SAFEs converted into an aggregate of 819,816 Company Class A Ordinary Shares.

On March 19, 2026, the Company consummated the PIPE Private Placement simultaneously with the Closing, issuing an aggregate of 9,126,021 Company Class A Ordinary Shares, at a purchase price per share of US$11.82, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately US$108 million. The Company also received approximately US$11 million as a result of funds disbursed from DMY’s trust account at the Closing. See the sections titled “Explanatory Note,” “Item 7B. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions — Related Party Transactions” and “Item 10C. Additional Information — Material Contracts” for additional information regarding the PIPE Private Placement.

Results of Operations

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 included elsewhere in this Report.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented:

Revenues

We are a development stage company and have not generated any material revenue to date. We intend for our revenues to be predominantly generated from our quantum software development tools. Currently, we provide limited quantum research and development services and recognize our revenues when services are delivered to the customer and all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied and generate nominal revenues in connection with these services. The current sources of revenue are not core to our long-term business model, and we do not anticipate that our current sources to be material drivers of revenue in the future.

Revenues decreased by S$0.31 million (US$0.24 million) to S$0.05 million (US$0.04 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from S$0.36 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This was primarily driven by the reduction in the number of revenue contract milestones in which Horizon provided research and development services on quantum algorithms.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, including salaries, share-based compensation, travel and benefits expenses for scientists, software engineers and other technical staff engaged in the design, development and testing of our software and hardware systems. It also includes software and other cloud services subscriptions and third-party costs associated with the operation of our hardware testbed. Research and development expenses increased by S$7.24 million, or 209%, to S$10.70 million (US$8.32 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from S$3.46 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by: (a) a S$4.35 million increase in share-based compensation expenses attributable to the vesting of employee share options; (b) a S$2.17 million increase in payroll-related expenses as a result of increased hiring of scientists and engineers; and (c) a S$0.62 million increase in costs from the setup of our hardware testbed and additional cloud service subscription costs and (d) a S$0.10 million increase in other staff related costs associated with an increase in headcount.

Selling and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, including salaries, share-based compensation, travel and benefits expenses for our marketing and commercial operations teams. It also consists of public relations, trade show and other advertising costs associated with developing partnerships and industry engagement. Selling and marketing expenses increased by S$0.80 million, or 81%, to S$1.79 million (US$1.39 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from S$0.99 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by: (a) a S$0.33 million increase in share-based compensation expenses attributable to the vesting of employee share options; (b) a S$0.41 million increase in payroll-related expenses as a result of increased hiring; and (c) a S$0.06 million increase in staff and vendor expenses associated with greater participation in industry conferences compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel related costs, including salaries, share-based compensation, travel and benefits expenses for our finance, human resources, operations and administrative teams. It also consists of expenses for professional services and compliance, such as legal, audit, accounting, consulting fees as well as insurance, facilities and other overhead expenses. General and administrative expenses increased by S$5.66 million, or 194%, to S$8.57 million (US$6.67 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from S$2.91 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was driven by: (a) a S$2.83 million increase in M&A related and other operational legal expenses; (b) an increase of S$1.69 million in share-based compensation expenses attributable to the vesting of employee share options; (c) a S$0.79 increase in payroll-related expenses due to increase in hiring; (d) a S$0.24 million increase in IT, insurance, travel expenses and other miscellaneous resulting from higher staff and operational requirements; and (e) a S$0.11 million increase in shared office rental expenses incurred by our Irish subsidiary.

Depreciation and amortization expenses

Depreciation and amortization expenses represent the allocation of our property, equipment and intangible assets over their estimated lives. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased by S$0.20 million, or 23%, to S$1.05 million (US$0.82 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from S$0.86 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by an increase of: (a) S$0.11 million from depreciation of components of operational quantum computer in Singapore; (b) an increase of S$0.07 million from depreciation of right-of-use assets recognized under lease arrangements; (c) and an increase of S$0.02 million from depreciation of additional computer and related equipment purchased to support higher staff headcount.

Interest expense

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2025, decreased only nominally versus the comparative period of the prior year.

Share-based compensation expenses

We account for share-based compensation arrangements granted to employees in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation: Stock Compensation” (“ASC 718”), by measuring the grant date fair value of the award and recognizing the resulting expense over the period during which the employee is required to perform services in exchange for the award. Equity-based compensation expense is recognized only for awards subject to performance conditions if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. We account for forfeitures when they occur.

Share-based compensation expenses recognized under research and development, selling and marketing as well as general and administrative expenses increased by S$6.37 million, or a 3993% increase, to S$6.53 million (US$5.07 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from S$0.16 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was attributable to new share option grants and related vesting activity during the year ended December 31, 2025.

Other income

Other income was primarily attributable to interest from fixed-rate deposits for the year ended December 31, 2025, and decreased nominally versus the comparative period of the prior year due to lower cash and cash equivalent balances across the year.

Foreign exchange (Loss) Gain

Foreign exchange losses increased by S$0.74 million, or 252%, to S$0.45 million (US$0.35 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025, from a gain of S$0.29 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. This was due to the strengthening of the Singapore dollar against the U.S. Dollar, which adversely impacted the remeasurement of cash and bank balances denominated in U.S. Dollars.

Change in fair value of derivative liabilities

We recognized an increase in non-cash losses of S$0.66 million (US$0.51 million) for the year ended December 31, 2025, related to the remeasurement of SAFE liabilities compared to nil for the year ended December 31, 2024. This was due to classification of SAFE notes as liabilities that are subsequently remeasured at fair value at each reporting date with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statement of operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources; Going Concern

Our operations have been financed primarily through net proceeds from the issuance by Horizon of Series A convertible preference shares prior to the consummation of the Business Combination. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of S$0.3 million (US$0.2 million) and S$6.6 million (US$5.2 million), respectively.

Our cash is primarily used in two areas, first to fund operating expenses related to the growth of our business, especially through research and development activities, including personnel related costs and overhead associated with the development and testing of our software and hardware systems. Cash is also used to support sales and marketing activities focused on building new partnerships, maintaining existing ones, funding industry engagement efforts and to support our operations in the areas of compliance, legal, accounting, facilities and other overheads. The second is capital expenditures related to the acquisition of equipment and related components to build our hardware testbed.

We incurred net losses of S$23.1 million (US$17.9 million) and S$7.5 million (US$5.8 million) during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and have an accumulated deficit of S$44.5 million (US$34.6 million) as of December 31, 2025. As previously disclosed, these conditions raised substantial doubt about Horizon’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements were issued.

The primary objective of Horizon’s capital management is to ensure that it maintains sound capital position in order to support its business and maximize shareholder value. On March 19, 2026, the Company consummated the previously announced Business Combination with DMY. Upon closing of the Business Combination, Horizon became a wholly owned subsidiary and the primary operating entity of the Company, which is now publicly traded. The closing of the Business Combination provided the Company with gross proceeds of approximately US$120 million, consisting of funds held in DMY’s trust account (after redemptions) and proceeds from a concurrent PIPE Private Placement. Accordingly, management has concluded that the conditions that previously raised substantial doubt about Horizon’s ability to continue as a going concern has been alleviated.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors including our ability to begin to recognize revenue and our revenue growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support further research and development and sales and marketing efforts. In order to finance these opportunities, we will need to raise additional capital. However, we may not be able to raise additional capital on terms acceptable to us or at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our shareholders could be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of its shareholders. Debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting its ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, or other similar arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our quantum computing technology on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or may reduce the value of our Ordinary Shares. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our quantum computing development efforts, and our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

Cash Flows

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2025, was S$13.1 million (US$10.2 million), resulting primarily from a net loss of S$23.1 million, adjusted for (a) non-cash charges of S$6.5 million in share-based compensation expense; (b) S$1.1 million in depreciation and amortization; (c) S$0.7 million in change in fair value of derivative liabilities; (d) S$0.4 million of unrealized foreign exchange loss; and (e) S$1.3 million of changes in working capital. The increase in net cash used in operating activities from the prior year was primarily related to the increase in hiring of research and development personnel and associated operational support costs.

Net cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2024, was S$7.4 million (US$5.8 million), resulting primarily from a net loss of S$7.5 million, adjusted for: (a) non-cash charges of S$0.9 million in depreciation and amortization; (b) S$0.2 million in share-based compensation; and offset by (c) S$0.7 million of changes in working capital; and (d) S$0.3 million of unrealized foreign exchange gain.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2025, was S$0.5 million (US$0.4 million) representing additions of S$0.3 million of purchases relating to computer and office equipment to support increased staff headcount and operational requirements and additions of S$0.2 million to equipment primarily related to the development of a quantum computing system.

Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024, was S$2.7 million (US$2.1 million) representing additions of S$1.7 million to equipment primarily related to the development of a quantum computing system, additions of S$0.9 million attributable to capital expenditures for office renovation works, and additions of S$0.1 million of purchases relating to computer and office equipment to support increased staff headcount and operational requirements.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2025, was S$7.6 million (US$5.9 million) for the period reflecting net proceeds from the issuances of SAFEs.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024, was nil for the period as we did not undertake any financing transactions.

Contractual Obligations

We lease office space in Singapore under three operating lease agreements with average remaining lease terms of approximately 15 months. The lease agreements provide for monthly rental payments and other service charges. See “Note 7 — Right-Of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities” in our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 included in this Report for more information. We also entered a material purchase commitment with Maybell Quantum Industries Inc., to purchase capital equipment related to its hardware testbed. The unpaid contract value of the agreement is approximately US$581 thousand, payment is required upon delivery and acceptance of the equipment, and the transaction is expected to close in the second or third fiscal quarter of 2026.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2025, and through the date of this Report, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Critical accounting estimates are those estimates made in accordance with GAAP that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the financial condition or results of operations of the company. In accounting for share-based compensation and SAFE derivative liabilities, the use of valuation methods for awards granted prior to our becoming a publicly traded company, the use of estimates in option valuation model inputs such as expected volatility, term of options, risk-free interest rates, the usage of probability-weighted expected return method, supported by use of a Monte Carlo simulation method to derive fair value changes for SAFE liabilities are subjective and the change in these assumptions can materially affect the amount of share-based compensation expense recognized in the consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, Horizon provided research and development services on quantum algorithms and revenue is recognized when services are delivered to the customer and all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied.

See “Note 2—Revenue Recognition” in our consolidated financial statements and notes for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 included in this Report.

Leases

Our office spaces in Singapore are leased under three operating lease agreements. Leases are accounted for under ASC 842. Horizon determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Right of use assets represent Horizon’s right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent Horizon’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right of use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. As Horizon’s leases do not provide an implicit rate and the implicit rate is not readily determinable, Horizon estimates its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the measurement date in determining the present value of the lease payments. Right of use assets also exclude lease incentives.

See “Note 2—Leases” in our consolidated financial statements and notes for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 included in this Report.

Share-Based Compensation

Horizon accounts for share-based compensation expense in accordance with ASC 718. Horizon measures and recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on estimated fair values on the date of the grant, recognized over the requisite service period. For awards that vest solely based on a service condition, Horizon recognizes share-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Horizon accounts for forfeitures in the period in which they occur.

See “Note 2—Share-Based Compensation” in our consolidated financial statements and notes for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 included in this Report.

Foreign Operations and Foreign Currency Translation

The currency of the primary economic environment in which the operations of Horizon are conducted is the Singapore Dollar (“SGD”). Horizon uses SGD as their functional currency. The results of Horizon’s non-Singaporean subsidiary, whose functional currency are the local currencies of the economic environment in which they operate, are translated into SGD in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

See “Note 2 — Foreign Operations Foreign Currency Translation” in our consolidated financial statements and notes for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 included in this Report.

Loss Contingencies

In the future, we may be involved in various legal proceedings, claims, and regulatory, tax or other government inquiries and investigations that arise in the ordinary course of business. Certain of these matters could include claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages. We will record a liability when we believe that a loss is probable, and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If we determine that a loss is reasonably possible and the loss or range of loss can be reasonably estimated, we will disclose the possible loss in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements. If we determine that a loss is reasonably possible, but the loss or range of loss cannot be reasonably estimated, we will state in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements that an estimate of the loss cannot be made.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Foreign Exchange Risk

We conduct operations through our Irish subsidiary and we incur expenses and record assets and liabilities in local currencies such as the Euro. We also maintain cash balances in US dollars with major financial institutions in Singapore. Accordingly, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates relative to the Singapore Dollar may impact our consolidated financial statements. For the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we reported foreign currency translation gain of approximately S$154 thousand and a loss of approximately S$17 thousand, respectively. We expect that our exposure to loss in future earnings, fair values or cash flows resulting from foreign exchange risk will increase as our operations in Ireland grow and as a result of future sales in other global markets, such as North America and Europe. We have not engaged in the hedging of foreign currency transactions to date, although we may choose to do so in the future.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows is included in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Report.

Horizon has adopted ASU 2023-07 “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures on January 1, 2024 and the adoption did not have a material impact on Horizon’s consolidated financial statements. Horizon is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-09 “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” and ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expenses Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)” on its consolidated financial statements. Please additionally refer to Note 2 for recently adopted accounting pronouncements and recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted as of the dates of the statement of financial position included in this Report.

Emerging Growth Company Status

As defined in Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act, we are an emerging growth company (“EGC”). As such, we will be eligible for and intends to rely on certain exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act, including (a) the exemption from the auditor attestation requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (b) the exemptions from say-on-pay, say-on-frequency and say-on-golden parachute voting requirements and (c) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in its periodic reports and proxy statements.

We will remain an EGC until the earliest of (1) the last day of its fiscal year during which it has total annual gross revenues of at least US$1.235 billion; (2) the last day of its fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of DMY’s initial public offering; (3) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt; or (4) the date on which the Company is deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which would occur if we have been a public company for at least 12 months and the market value of our Company Class A Ordinary Shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds US$700 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

The business and affairs of the Company are managed by or under the direction of the Board. Officers of the Company will be elected by the Board from time to time and will hold office for the term as determined by the Board. The Board currently consists of four individuals.

The following table sets forth certain information, as of the date of this Report, concerning the persons who serve as directors and executive officers of the Company. Additionally, pursuant to the IonQ Side Letter discussed under “Item 10C. – Material Contracts” below, IonQ has the right to select one initial director of the Company to serve on the Company’s Board who shall (i) qualify as an independent director under the Nasdaq Rules, (ii) be unaffiliated with IonQ and (iii) be subject to the Company’s and DMY’s approval. We will disclose IonQ’s designee by filing a Form 6-K.

Executive Officers and Directors of the Company

Dr. Joseph Fitzsimons  is our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer following the Business Combination, and has been the Chief Executive Officer of Horizon since March 2019, after founding Horizon in January 2018. Dr. Fitzsimons is an academic authority on quantum computing with extensive research and development expertise. Prior to Horizon, from May 2013 to February 2019, Dr. Fitzsimons was a professor at the Singapore University of Technology and Design, achieving the position of a tenured associate professor in 2018. In addition, from November 2010 until February 2019, Dr. Fitzsimons held various position at the Center for Quantum Technologies in Singapore, ultimately becoming a Principal Investigator in 2017, a position Dr. Fitzsimons held for the remainder of his time there. Prior to that, between October 2007 and September 2010, Dr. Fitzsimons simultaneously held positions as a Senior Research Fellow and a Junior Research Fellow within Oxford University’s Department of Materials and Merton College, respectively. Additionally, from 2006 until 2007, Dr. Fitzsimons was a Graduate Teaching Assistant at Oriel College. Dr. Fitzsimons has held multiple visiting positions at academic institutions between 2006 and 2018, included at the University of California, Berkley, University College in Dublin, Ireland and the Institute for Quantum Computing at the University of Waterloo. Dr. Fitzsimons has received several awards and distinctions, most notably from the MIT Technology Review, the Singapore National Research Foundation and the University of Oxford. Since 2008, Dr. Fitzsimons has been awarded ten research grants from a variety of governmental and academic institutions. Dr. Fitzsimons received his doctorate in 2007 from the University of Oxford’s Department of Materials, having completed a doctoral thesis titled Architectures for Quantum Computation under Restricted Controls. Prior to this, he was awarded his Bachelor of Science in theoretical physics from University College Dublin, Ireland, achieving first class honors. Dr. Fitzsimons’ work has been cited over 6,900 times, he is listed as an inventor on three patents related to quantum computing, has authored in excess of 60 publications and is a member of multiple professional societies, including as president of the Southeast Asia Quantum Industry Association and as board member of the Irish Chamber of Commerce in Singapore.

Gregory Gould is our Chief Financial Officer following the Business Combination and has been the Chief Financial Officer of Horizon since August 2025. Mr. Gould is a seasoned professional with deep investment and operational expertise in the tech sector, from AI, to FinTech, InsurTech, blockchain, retail tech and PropTech. In addition to his role at Horizon, Mr. Gould acts as a strategic advisor to Penchant Holdings, Inc., and as a venture partner with 14 Peaks Capital Advisors LLC, positions he has held since December 2024 and May 2022, respectively. Mr. Gould’s participation in 14 Peaks Capital is voluntary and advisory, and he receives no remuneration for any services he may choose to provide. 14 Peaks Capital does not participate in the quantum computing market, and Horizon does not consider Mr. Gould’s involvement with them to be a conflict of interest with Horizon’s interests or Mr. Gould’s time. From December 2023 to May 2024, Mr. Gould was the Chief Financial Officer of FitMatch Inc., a leading AI-driven ‘FitTech company that lets consumers find correct-fitting clothing. Prior to Fit, from May 2022 to September 2023, Mr. Gould was the Chief Financial Officer of Groundspeed Analytics, Inc., an InsurTech solution provider, where he rebuilt the finance team and successfully raised funding and helped drive a merger with Two Sigma Insurance Quantified, LP (a/ka/ Insurance Quantified). Earlier in his career, from January 2019 to January 2021, Mr. Gould was a Senior Vice President at Quarters Holdings GmbH, a PropTech company. From July 2017 to August 2019, was a Senior Advisor at CORESTATE Capital Holdings S.A. (XTERA: CCAP.DE), an investment manager and co-investor. Finally, Mr. Gould began his career at Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (“Goldman”), where he became a Managing Director and Co-Deputy Director of Goldman’s Global Technology Investment Research Group, leading equity and fixed income transactions. In 2023, Mr. Gould was identified as a “Top 25 CFO” of Miami by TheTopCFOs.com (f/k/a Finance & Investing), a publication focusing on business news and corporate actions related to banking, finance, and other topics relevant to public and private markets. Mr. Gould obtained his Bachelor of Science in Finance, Sloan School of Management from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in 1990.

Dr. Si-Hui Tan is our Chief Science Officer following the Business Combination and has been the Chief Science Officer of Horizon since March 2019. Dr. Tan is an accomplished academic and researcher in the field of quantum computing, with extensive experience in research and development. Prior to Horizon, from October 2013 to February 2019, Dr. Tan was a research Scientist at the Singapore University of Technology and Design, where she specialized in research and development as it pertains to quantum computation. Before her time at the Singapore University of Technology and Design, from December 2010 to October 2013, Dr. Tan was a research scientist at A*Star Data Storage Institute, where her research focused primarily on quantum optics and quantum communications. Dr. Tan has received ten academic honors and awards, most recently, as a 2025 SG Digital Leader and in 2021 she was named as a Singapore 100 Women in Tech. Dr. Tan’s publications have also been cited over 1800 times. Dr. Tan obtained her Doctor of Philosophy in Physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and her Bachelor of Science in Physics from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).

Catherine Fitzsimons will serve as the Chief Legal and Compliance Officer, EVP of Strategic Initiatives and Company Secretary of the Company beginning on May 11, 2026, and will be responsible for overseeing all the legal, regulatory, compliance and corporate governance matters relating to the Company. Since February 2015, Ms. Fitzsimons has served in various roles at Fidelity International Ltd. (“Fidelity”), ultimately achieving the title Director of Strategic Initiatives. Over the course of her time with Fidelity, Ms. Fitzsimons served as Head of Global Product Legal and provided legal support and advice in relation to Fidelity’s European and Cross-Border fund ranges. Additionally, Ms. Fitzsimons has served as a non-executive director on Fidelity’s Irish fund ranges. Prior to joining Fidelity, between May 2009 and January 2015, Ms. Fitzsimons practiced financial services law with a specific focus on asset management and investment funds, advising a wide range of domestic and international clients on all aspects of their business, including their asset management activities, and the structuring, establishment, marketing and sale of investment vehicles in Ireland and other jurisdictions. Ms. Fitzsimons is a member of the Law Society of Ireland, and has also acted as a lecturer and internal examiner. Ms. Fitzsimons is a certified investment fund director and holds a Bachelor of Civil Law and a Post-Graduate Diploma in International Financial Services Law from University College Dublin, as well as a Diploma in Applied Finance Law.

Harry L. You serves as our director following the Business Combination and previously served as the Chairman and a Director of DMY from March 3, 2022 to the date of the Merger, as well as the Chief Financial Officer of DMY from February 15, 2022 to the date of the Merger, and the Chief Executive Officer of DMY from February 26, 2025 to the date of the Merger. Mr. You is also currently the Executive Chairman of Berto Acquisition Corp. From March 3, 2022 until his resignation on March 15, 2023, Mr. You also served as the Co-Chief Executive Officer of DMY. Previously, Mr. You was the Chairman of the board of Coliseum Acquisition Corp. (“Coliseum”) from June 2023 to December 2024 and interim Chief Executive Officer and interim Chief Financial Officer of Coliseum from June 2023 to July 2023. He has served as the Executive Chairman and a director of Rain Enhancement Technologies Holdco Inc. since the company combined with Coliseum on December 31, 2024. He has also been a member of the audit committee of Broadcom Inc. (“Broadcom”) since January 2019 as well as Chairman of the Compensation Committee and a member of the Executive Committee of the board of directors of Broadcom. Previously, he was Chief Financial Officer from September 2016 to August 2019 and President in May 2019 and from September 2016 to February 2019 of GTY, a software as a service company that offers cloud-based solutions for the public sector. He was Executive Vice President in the Office of the Chairman of EMC Corporation (“EMC”) from 2008 to 2016. When Mr. You joined EMC in 2008, he oversaw corporate strategy and new business development, including mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and venture capital activity. He was Chief Executive Officer from 2005 to 2007 and Interim Chief Financial Officer from 2005 to 2006 of BearingPoint Inc. He was Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Oracle Corporation (“Oracle”) from 2004 to 2005. Prior to joining Oracle, he held several key positions in finance, including as Chief Financial Officer of Accenture Ltd. and managing director in the Investment Banking Division of Morgan Stanley. He also served as a trustee of the U.S. Olympic Committee Foundation from 2016 to 2022. Mr. You served as a director and Chairman of the audit committee of IonQ, Inc. from October 2021 to February 2025. Mr. You served as Vice Chairman of the board of GTY from February 2019 to July 2022 and as director of Coupang, Inc. from January 2021 to June 2023, Genius Sports from April 2021 to December 2022, Rush Street from September 2019 to June 2022, dMY II (a special purpose acquisition company) from June 2020 to April 2021, dMY IV (a special purpose acquisition company) from December 2020 to April 2023, and Korn/Ferry International from 2005 to 2016. Mr. You holds an M.A. in Economics from Yale University and a B.A. in Economics from Harvard College. The Board has determined that Mr. You is well-qualified to serve on our Board due to his extensive and varied deal experience throughout his career, including his experience structuring Dell Technologies Inc.’s $67 billion acquisition of EMC as EMC’s Executive Vice President, his experience as a member of IonQ’s board of directors, his network of contacts in the technology sector, and his prior special purpose acquisition company experience with DMY and eight other special purpose acquisition companies (GTY, dMY I, dMY II, dMY III, dMY IV, dMY VI, Coliseum, and Berto). 

Danielle Lambert serves as our director following the Business Combination. Currently, Ms. Lambert serves as Chief Executive Officer and Founder of Penchant Holdings, Inc. (“Penchant”), a position she has held since December 2022. Prior to Penchant, between May 2010 and February 2014, Ms. Lambert was an initial investor and served as an advisor to Nest Labs, Inc. through their acquisition by Alphabet, Inc. Additionally, between October 2000 and November 2008, Ms. Lambert served in various capacities at Apple Inc. (“Apple”), ultimately achieving the title of Vice President of Human Resources. While at Apple, Ms. Lambert played a pivotal role in building the teams behind some of Apple’s most iconic products. Ms. Lambert was selected to serve on our Board because of her extensive experience in early-stage business development and human resource expertise.

Jill Turner serves as our director following the Business Combination. Currently, Ms. Turner serves as Chief Human Resources Officer for Broadcom Inc., a position she has held since April 2021. At Broadcom, Ms. Turner is the lead global Human Resources function and is responsible for all strategic human resources activity. Prior to Broadcom, between October 2013 and March 2021, Ms. Turner served as a human recourses senior vice president for Lumen Technologies, Inc., f/k/a Century Link, Inc., (“Lumen”). Prior to Lumen, between October 2013 and January 2000, Ms. Turner held various leadership positions within the human resources department at Honeywell International Inc. Ms. Turner received both her Master of Human Resources and Industrial Relations and her Bachelor of Science in Kinesiology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ms. Turner was selected to serve on our Board due to her extensive experience in corporate leadership and human resources.

Family Relationships 

Ms. Catherine Fitzsimons is the sister of Horizon’s and the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, Joseph Fitzsimons. 

Limitation on Liability and Indemnification of Directors and Officers

Our A&R Constitution contains provisions requiring that we indemnify our directors, officers, and executives against all costs, charges, losses, expenses, and liabilities incurred by them the execution of their duties or in relation thereto, and to advance expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred in defending any action, suit or proceeding for which indemnification would be allowed, all to the extent permissible under Singapore law and the A&R Constitution. In addition, the Company has entered into an indemnification agreement with each of its directors and executive officers that provides for indemnification of that director and/or executive officer against certain claims that arise by reason of their status or service as a director or executive officer. The Company has purchased directors and officers liability insurance to cover its indemnification obligations to its directors and executive officers as well as to cover directly certain claims made against its directors and executive officers.

Horizon Executive Officer and Director Compensation

The aggregate cash compensation paid by Horizon to its executive officers and directors who, following the consummation of the Business Combination, also serve as executive officers and directors of the Company, for the year ended December 31, 2025, was S$0.95 million. This amount includes S$0.07 million set aside or accrued to provide pension, severance, retirement or similar benefits or expenses. 285,300 employee share options, covering 694,702 Company Class A Ordinary Shares, were awarded by Horizon to the same individuals during the year ended December 31, 2025. Such options have an exercise price of S$16.07 per share and an expiration date of August 15, 2035. 

As a foreign private issuer, we will comply with home country compensation disclosure requirements and certain exemptions thereunder rather than the SEC disclosure requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. Under Singapore law, Horizon is not required to disclose compensation paid to its executive officers and directors on an individual basis and this information has not otherwise been publicly disclosed.

Executive Officer and Director Compensation Following the Business Combination

Overview

The policies of the Company with respect to the compensation of its executive officers and directors following the Business Combination are administered by our Board in consultation with the compensation committee of the Board. The compensation decisions regarding our executives will be based on our need to retain those individuals who continue to perform at or above our expectations and to attract individuals with the skills necessary for us to achieve our business plan. We intend to establish an executive compensation program that is competitive with other similarly situated companies in our industry.

We believe that performance-based and equity-based compensation are an important foundation in executive compensation packages. We believe that performance-based and equity-based compensation can be an important component of the total executive compensation package for maximizing shareholder value while, at the same time, attracting, motivating and retaining high-quality executives.

Our executive officers receive a combination of cash and equity-based compensation. Our compensation committee is charged with performing an annual review of our cash and equity-based compensation programs to determine whether such programs provide appropriate incentives to our executive officers, including whether such incentives are aligned with those provided to similarly situated executive officers in its industry. In addition to the guidance provided by its compensation committee, we may utilize the services of third parties from time to time in connection with the hiring and compensation awarded to executive employees. This could include subscriptions to executive compensation surveys and other databases.

Employment Agreements

In connection with the Business Combination, we entered into employment agreements with our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Science Officer and our Chief Legal and Compliance Officer, EVP of Strategic Initiatives and Company Secretary, which agreements include confidentiality and non-disclosure restrictions and non-competition and non-solicitation restrictions that apply during employment and for certain periods following a termination of employment. This summary is qualified in its entirety by the Form of Singapore Executive Officer Employment Agreement and Form of Irish Executive Officer Employment Agreement, which are included as Exhibits 4.10 and 4.14 to this Report, respectively.

Company Incentive Plan

We have adopted the Horizon Quantum Holdings Ltd. 2026 Equity Incentive Plan, which is referred to in this Report as the “2026 Plan.” The purpose of the 2026 Plan is to enhance our ability to attract, retain and motivate persons who make important contributions to us by providing these individuals with equity ownership opportunities and/or equity-linked compensatory opportunities. Equity awards and equity-linked compensatory opportunities are intended to assist in further aligning the interests of directors, employees, and consultants with those of our shareholders. The Plan Administrator may grant awards to any of our or our subsidiaries’ directors, employees or consultants. Only employees are eligible to receive incentive share options.

Material Terms of the 2026 Plan

The material terms of the 2026 Plan are summarized below; however, the summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the 2026 Plan, which is included as Exhibit 4.9 to this Report.

Administration

The 2026 Plan will be administered by the Board or one more committees or subcommittees of the Board, which will be comprised, unless otherwise determined by the Board, solely of not less than two members who will be non-employee directors (a “Committee”), or any officer that has been delegated administrative authority pursuant to the 2026 Plan for the duration such delegation is in effect (collectively, the “Plan Administrator”). The Plan Administrator will have full power to (i) designate participants; (ii) determine the type or types of awards to be granted to a participant; (iii) determine the number of shares to be covered by, or with respect to which payments, rights, or other matters are to be calculated in connection with, awards; (iv) determine the terms and conditions of any award; (v) determine whether, to what extent, and under what circumstances awards may be settled or exercised in cash, shares, other securities, other awards or other property, or canceled, forfeited, or suspended, and the method or methods by which awards may be settled, exercised, canceled, forfeited, or suspended; (vi) determine whether, to what extent, and under what circumstances the delivery of cash, shares, other securities, other awards or other property and other amounts payable with respect to an award shall be made; (vii) interpret, administer, reconcile any inconsistency in, settle any controversy regarding, correct any defect in and/or complete any omission in the 2026 Plan and any instrument or agreement relating to, or award granted under, the 2026 Plan; (viii) establish, amend, suspend, or waive any rules and regulations and appoint such agents as the Plan Administrator shall deem appropriate for the proper administration of the 2026 Plan; (ix) accelerate the vesting or exercisability of, payment for or lapse of restrictions on, awards; (x) to reprice existing awards or to grant awards in connection with or in consideration of the cancellation of an outstanding award with a higher price; and (xi) make any other determination and take any other action that the Plan Administrator deems necessary or desirable for the administration of the 2026 Plan.

Share Reserve

The maximum aggregate number of Company Class A Ordinary Shares that may be issued under the 2026 Plan is 6,118,082, plus (B) an increase commencing on January 1, 2027 and continuing annually on each anniversary thereof through and including January 1, 2035, equal to the lesser of (i) five percent (5%) of the shares available for issuance under the 2026 Plan as of the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (ii) such smaller number of shares as determined by the Board or the Committee.

Shares issuable under the 2026 Plan may be newly issued or repurchased shares. Upon payment in shares pursuant to the exercise or settlement of an award, the number of shares available for issuance under the 2026 Plan shall be reduced only by the number of shares actually issued in such payment. If a participant pays the exercise price (or purchase price, if applicable) of an award through the tender of shares, or if the shares are tendered or withheld to satisfy any tax withholding obligations, the number of shares so tendered or withheld shall again be available for issuance pursuant to future Awards under the 2026 Plan, although such shares shall not again become available for issuance as incentive share options. Shares shall not be deemed to have been issued pursuant to the 2026 Plan with respect to any portion of an award that is settled in cash. Shares underlying any awards under the 2026 Plan that are settled in cash, forfeited, canceled, repurchased, held back upon exercise of an option or settlement of an award to cover the exercise price or tax withholding satisfied without the issuance of shares or otherwise terminated (other than by exercise) will be added back to the shares available for issuance under the 2026 Plan, although shares shall not again become available for issuance as incentive share options. Additionally, shares issued as “substitute awards” (as defined in the 2026 Plan) will not count against the 2026 Plan’s share limit.

The share reserve described herein may be subject to certain adjustments in the event of certain changes in the capitalization of the Company (see “Item 6B. Compensation — Equitable Adjustments” below).

Annual Limitation on Awards to Non-Employee Directors

The 2026 Plan contains a limitation whereby the value of all awards under the 2026 Plan and all other cash compensation paid by the Company to any non-employee director may not exceed $1,000,000 for the first calendar year a non-employee director is initially appointed to the Board, and $750,000 in any other calendar year.

Types of Awards

The 2026 Plan provides for the grant of share options, share appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted share units, performance awards, dividend equivalent awards, and other share- or cash-based awards (collectively, “awards”).

Share Options. The 2026 Plan permits the granting of both options intended to qualify as incentive share options under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and options that do not so qualify. Options granted under the 2026 Plan will be nonqualified options if they fail to qualify as incentive share options or exceed the annual limit on incentive share options. Incentive share options may only be granted to employees of the Company and its subsidiaries. Nonqualified options may be granted to any persons eligible to receive awards under the 2026 Plan.

The exercise price of each option will be determined by the Plan Administrator, but such exercise price may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of one Company Class A Ordinary Share on the date of grant if the grant could result in adverse tax consequences or, in the case of an incentive share option granted to a 10% or greater shareholder, 110% of such share’s fair market value. The term of each option will be set by the Plan Administrator and may not exceed ten (10) years after the date it is granted to any employee of the Company or its related corporations (as defined in the Singapore Companies Act) (or five (5) years for an incentive share option granted to a 10% or greater shareholder, or five (5) years after the date any option is granted to any other participant). The Plan Administrator will determine at what time or times each option may be exercised, including the ability to accelerate the vesting of such options.

Upon exercise of an option, the exercise price must be paid in full either in cash, check or, with approval of the Plan Administrator, by surrender of other shares that meet the conditions established by the Plan Administrator to avoid adverse accounting consequences to the Company, by broker-assisted cashless exercise, by delivery of a notice of “net exercise” to the Company, such other consideration and method of payment to the extent permitted by applicable law, or any combination of the foregoing methods of payment.

Share Appreciation Rights. The Plan Administrator may award share appreciation rights subject to such conditions and restrictions as it may determine. Share appreciation rights entitle the recipient to shares or cash, equal to the value of the appreciation in the Company’s share price over the exercise price, as set by the Plan Administrator and which will be at least equal to the fair market value of one Company Class A Ordinary Share on the grant date. The term of each share appreciation right will be set by the Plan Administrator and may not exceed ten years from the date of grant. The Plan Administrator will determine at what time or times each share appreciation right may be exercised, including the ability to accelerate the vesting of such share appreciation rights.

Restricted Shares. A restricted share award is an award of shares that vest in accordance with the terms and conditions established by the Plan Administrator. The Plan Administrator will determine the persons to whom grants of restricted share awards are made, the number of restricted shares to be awarded, the price (if any) to be paid for the restricted shares, the time or times within which awards of restricted shares may be subject to forfeiture, the vesting schedule and rights to acceleration thereof, and all other terms and conditions of restricted share awards. Unless otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement, a participant generally will have the rights and privileges of a shareholder as to such restricted shares, including without limitation the right to vote such restricted shares and the right to receive cash dividends, if applicable.

Restricted Share Units. Restricted share units are the right to receive shares at a future date in accordance with the terms of such grant upon the attainment of certain conditions specified by the Plan Administrator. Restrictions or conditions could include, but are not limited to, the attainment of performance goals, continuous service with the Company or its subsidiaries, the passage of time or other restrictions or conditions. The Plan Administrator determines the persons to whom grants of restricted share units are made, the number of restricted share units to be awarded, the time or times within which awards of restricted share units may be subject to forfeiture, the vesting schedule, and rights to acceleration thereof, and all other terms and conditions of the restricted share unit awards. The value of the restricted share units may be paid in shares, cash, other securities, other property, or a combination of the foregoing, as determined by the Plan Administrator.

The holders of restricted share units will have no voting rights. Prior to settlement or forfeiture, restricted share units awarded under the 2026 Plan may, at the Plan Administrator’s discretion, provide for a right to dividend equivalents.

Performance Awards. The Plan Administrator has the authority to grant share options, share appreciation rights, restricted shares, or restricted share units as a performance award, which means that such awards vest at least in part upon the attainment of one or more specified performance criteria. For each performance period, the Plan Administrator will have the sole authority to select the length of such performance period, the types of performance award to be granted, the performance criteria that will be used to establish the performance goals, and the level(s) of performance which shall result in a performance award being earned. At any time, the Plan Administrator may adjust or modify the calculation of a performance goal for a performance period, to appropriately reflect any circumstance or event that occurs during a performance period and that in the Plan Administrator’s sole discretion, warrants adjustment or modification. Depending on the type of performance award granted, the previously discussed terms and conditions will also apply to a performance award.

Performance criteria for a performance award may be based on the attainment of specific levels of performance of the Company (and/or one or more subsidiaries, divisions, business segments or operational units, or any combination of the foregoing) and may include, without limitation, any of the following: (i) net earnings or net income (before or after taxes); (ii) basic or diluted earnings per share (before or after taxes); (iii) revenue or revenue growth (measured on a net or gross basis); (iv) gross profit or gross profit growth; (v) operating profit (before or after taxes); (vi) return measures (including, but not limited to, return on assets, capital, invested capital, equity, or sales); (vii) cash flow (including, but not limited to, operating cash flow, free cash flow, net cash provided by operations and cash flow return on capital); (viii) financing and other capital raising transactions (including, but not limited to, sales of the Company’s equity or debt securities); (ix) earnings before or after taxes, interest, depreciation and/or amortization; (x) gross or operating margins; (xi) productivity ratios; (xii) share price (including, but not limited to, growth measures and total shareholder return); (xiii) expense targets; (xiv) margins; (xv) productivity and operating efficiencies; (xvi) customer satisfaction; (xvii) customer growth; (xviii) working capital targets; (xix) measures of economic value added; (xx) inventory control; (xxi) enterprise value; (xxii) sales; (xxiii) debt levels and net debt; (xxiv) combined ratio; (xxv) timely launch of new facilities; (xxvi) client retention; (xxvii) employee retention; (xxviii) timely completion of new product rollouts; (xxix) cost targets; (xxx) reductions and savings; (xxxi) productivity and efficiencies; (xxxii) strategic partnerships or transactions; and (xxxiii) personal targets, goals or completion of projects. Any one or more of the performance criteria may be used on an absolute or relative basis to measure the performance of the Company and/or one or more subsidiaries as a whole or any business unit(s) of the Company and/or one or more subsidiaries or any combination thereof, or any of the above performance criteria may be compared to the performance of a selected group of comparison or peer companies, or a published or special index that the Plan Administrator deems appropriate, or as compared to various stock market indices.

Dividend Equivalents. An award of dividend equivalents entitles the holder to be credited with an amount equal to all dividends paid on one share while the holder’s tandem award is outstanding. Dividend equivalents may be paid currently or credited to an account for the participant, settled in cash or shares, and subject to the same restriction on transferability and forfeitability as the award with respect to which the dividend equivalents are granted.

Other Share- or Cash-Based Awards. Other share-based awards may be granted either alone, in addition to, or in tandem with, other awards granted under the 2026 Plan and/or cash awards made outside of the 2026 Plan. The Plan Administrator shall have authority to determine the service providers to whom and the time or times at which other share-based awards shall be made, the amount of such other share-based awards, and all other conditions of the other share-based awards including any dividend and/or voting rights. The Plan Administrator may grant cash awards in such amounts and subject to such performance or other vesting criteria and terms and conditions as the Plan Administrator may determine.

Repricing

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the 2026 Plan, unless a repricing is approved by shareholders, in no case may the Plan Administrator (i) amend an outstanding option or share appreciation right to reduce the exercise price of the award, (ii) cancel, exchange, or surrender an outstanding option or share appreciation right in exchange for cash or other awards for the purpose of repricing the award, or (iii) cancel, exchange, or surrender an outstanding option or share appreciation right in exchange for an option or share appreciation right with an exercise price that is less than the exercise price of the original award.

Tax Withholding

Participants in the 2026 Plan are responsible for the payment of any federal, state, or local taxes that the Company or its subsidiaries are required by law to withhold upon the exercise of options or share appreciation rights or vesting of other awards. Without limitation, the Plan Administrator may, in its sole discretion, permit a participant to satisfy, in whole or in part, the foregoing withholding liability by (A) the delivery of shares (which are not subject to any pledge or other security interest) owned by the participant having a fair market value equal to such withholding liability, (B) having the Company withhold from the number of shares otherwise issuable or deliverable pursuant to the exercise or settlement of the award a number of shares with a fair market value equal to such withholding liability, (C) deducting an amount sufficient to satisfy such withholding obligation from any payment of any kind otherwise due to a participant, (D) accepting a payment from the participant in cash, by wire transfer of immediately available funds, or by check made payable to the order of the Company, or (E) if there is a public market for shares at the time the withholding obligation for a tax obligation is to be satisfied, selling shares issued pursuant to the award creating the withholding obligation. The amount withheld pursuant to any of the foregoing payment forms will be determined by the Company and may be up to (but not in excess of) the aggregate amount of such obligations based on the maximum statutory withholding rates in the participant’s jurisdiction for all tax obligations that are applicable to such taxable income.

Equitable Adjustments

In the event of a merger, consolidation, recapitalization, share split, reverse share split, reorganization, split-up, spin-off, combination, repurchase or other change in corporate structure affecting the shares, the Plan Administrator will adjust (i) the number and class of shares which may be delivered under the 2026 Plan (or number and kind of other securities or other property); (ii) the number, class and price (including the exercise or strike price of options and share appreciation rights) of shares subject to outstanding awards, (iii) any applicable performance criteria, performance period, and other terms and conditions of outstanding performance awards, and (iv) the 2026 Plan’s numerical limits.

Change in Control

In the event of any change in control (as defined in the 2026 Plan), each outstanding Award shall be assumed or an equivalent award substituted by the acquiring or successor corporation or a parent of the acquiring or successor corporation. Unless determined otherwise by the Administrator, in the event that the successor corporation refuses to assume or substitute an Award, (A) the participant shall fully vest in and have the right to exercise the Award as to all of the shares, including those as to which it would not otherwise be vested or exercisable; (B) all applicable restrictions will lapse; and (C) all performance objectives and other vesting criteria will be deemed achieved at targeted levels. If an Option or SAR is not assumed or substituted in the event of a change in control, the Administrator shall notify the participant in writing or electronically that the Option or SAR shall be exercisable, to the extent vested, for a period of up to fifteen (15) days from the date of such notice, and the Option or SAR shall terminate upon the expiration of such period.

Transferability of Awards

Unless determined otherwise by the Plan Administrator, an award may not be sold, pledged, assigned, hypothecated, transferred, or disposed of in any manner, except to a participant’s estate or legal representative, and may be exercised, during the lifetime of the participant, only by the participant.

Term

The 2026 Plan became effective upon the Closing, and, unless terminated earlier, the 2026 Plan will continue in effect for a term of ten (10) years.

Amendment and Termination

The Board may amend, alter, suspend or terminate the 2026 Plan at any time. No amendment or termination of the 2026 Plan will materially impair the rights of any participant, unless mutually agreed otherwise between the participant and the Company. Approval of the shareholders shall be required for any amendment, where required by applicable law, as well as (i) to increase the number of shares available for issuance under the 2026 Plan and (ii) to change the persons or class of persons eligible to receive awards under the 2026 Plan.

Recoupment Policy

All awards granted under the 2026 Plan, all amounts paid under the 2026 Plan, and all shares issued under the 2026 Plan shall be subject to reduction, recoupment, clawback, or recovery by the Company in accordance with applicable laws and with company policy.

Form S-8

We intend to file a registration statement on Form S-8 with the SEC covering the shares issuable under the 2026 Plan.

Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following is a general summary under current law of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations related to awards and certain transactions under the 2026 Plan, based upon the current provisions of the Code and regulations promulgated thereunder. This summary deals with the general federal income tax principles that apply and is provided only for general information. It does not describe all federal tax consequences under the 2026 Plan, nor does it describe state, local, or foreign income tax consequences or federal employment tax consequences. The rules governing the tax treatment of such awards are quite technical, so the following discussion of tax consequences is necessarily general in nature and is not complete. In addition, statutory provisions are subject to change, as are their interpretations, and their application may vary in individual circumstances. This summary is not intended as tax advice to participants, who should consult their own tax advisors.

The 2026 Plan is not qualified under the provisions of Section 401(a) of the Code and is not subject to any of the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended. The Company’s ability to realize the benefit of any tax deductions described below depends on the Company’s generation of taxable income as well as the requirement of reasonableness and the satisfaction of the Company’s tax reporting obligations.

Incentive Share Options. No taxable income is generally realized by the optionee upon the grant or exercise of an incentive share option. If shares issued to an optionee pursuant to the exercise of an incentive share option are sold or transferred after two years from the date of grant and after one year from the date of exercise, then generally (i) upon sale of such shares, any amount realized in excess of the option exercise price (the amount paid for the Shares) will be taxed to the optionee as a long-term capital gain, and any loss sustained will be a long-term capital loss, and (ii) neither the Company nor its subsidiaries will be entitled to any deduction for federal income tax purposes; provided that such incentive share option otherwise meets all of the technical requirements of an incentive share option. The exercise of an incentive share option will give rise to an item of tax preference that may result in alternative minimum tax liability for the optionee.

If the shares acquired upon the exercise of an incentive share option are disposed of prior to the expiration of the two-year and one-year holding periods described above (a “disqualifying disposition”), generally (i) the optionee will realize ordinary income in the year of disposition in an amount equal to the excess (if any) of the fair market value of the Company Class A Ordinary Shares at exercise (or, if less, the amount realized on a sale of such Shares) over the option exercise price thereof, and (ii) the Company or its subsidiaries will be entitled to deduct such amount. Special rules will apply where all or a portion of the exercise price of the incentive share option is paid by tendering shares.

If an incentive share option is exercised at a time when it no longer qualifies for the tax treatment described above, the option is treated as a nonqualified option. Generally, an incentive share option will not be eligible for the tax treatment described above if it is exercised more than three months following termination of employment (or one year in the case of termination of employment by reason of disability). In the case of termination of employment by reason of death, the three-month rule does not apply.

Nonqualified Options. No income is generally realized by the optionee at the time a nonqualified option is granted. Generally, (i) at exercise, ordinary income is realized by the optionee in an amount equal to the difference between the option exercise price and the fair market value of the Company Class A Ordinary Shares issued on the date of exercise, and the Company or its subsidiaries receive a tax deduction for the same amount, and (ii) at disposition, appreciation or depreciation after the date of exercise is treated as either short-term or long-term capital gain or loss depending on how long the shares have been held. Special rules will apply where all or a portion of the exercise price of the nonqualified option is paid by tendering shares. Upon exercise, the optionee will also be subject to Social Security taxes on the excess of the fair market value of the Company Class A Ordinary Shares over the exercise price of the option.

Share Appreciation Rights, Restricted Shares, Restricted Share Units, Dividend Equivalent Awards and Other Share- and Cash-Based Awards. The current federal income tax consequences of other awards authorized under the 2026 Plan generally follow certain basic patterns: (i) share appreciation rights are taxed and deductible in substantially the same manner as nonqualified options; (ii) nontransferable restricted shares subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture results in income recognition equal to the excess of the fair market value of the Company Class A Ordinary Shares over the price paid, if any, only at the time the restrictions lapse (unless the recipient elects to accelerate recognition as of the date of grant through a Section 83(b) election); and (iii) restricted share units, dividend equivalents, and other share- or cash-based awards are generally subject to tax at the time of payment. The Company or its subsidiaries generally should be entitled to a federal income tax deduction in an amount equal to the ordinary income recognized by the participant at the time the participant recognizes such income.

The participant’s basis for the determination of gain or loss upon the subsequent disposition of shares acquired from a share appreciation right, restricted shares, restricted share unit, dividend equivalent award, or other share-based award will be the amount paid for such shares plus any ordinary income recognized when the shares were originally delivered, and the participant’s capital gain holding period for those shares will begin on the day after they are transferred to the participant.

Performance Awards. The tax consequences of performance awards will generally mirror those of the underlying award type, each of which is discussed above.

Parachute Payments. The vesting of any portion of an award that is accelerated due to the occurrence of a change in control (such as a sale event) may cause all or a portion of the payments with respect to such accelerated awards to be treated as “parachute payments” as defined in the Code. Any such parachute payments may be non-deductible to either the Company or its subsidiaries, in whole or in part, and may subject the recipient to a non-deductible 20% federal excise tax on all or a portion of such payment (in addition to other taxes ordinarily payable).

Section 409A. The foregoing description assumes that Section 409A of the Code does not apply to an award under the 2026 Plan. In general, share options and share appreciation rights are exempt from Section 409A if the exercise price per share is at least equal to the fair market value per share of the underlying shares at the time the option or share appreciation right was granted. Restricted share awards are not generally subject to Section 409A. Restricted share units are subject to Section 409A unless they are settled within two and one-half months after the end of the later of (1) the end of the Company’s fiscal year in which vesting occurs or (2) the end of the calendar year in which vesting occurs. If an award is subject to Section 409A and the provisions for the exercise or settlement of that award do not comply with Section 409A, then the participant would be required to recognize ordinary income whenever a portion of the award vested (regardless of whether it had been exercised or settled). This amount would also be subject to a 20% federal tax and premium interest in addition to the federal income tax at the participant’s usual marginal rate for ordinary income.

2026 Employee Share Purchase Plan

The Board and our stockholders have approved and adopted the Horizon Quantum Holdings Ltd. 2026 Employee Share Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). The following summary describes the material terms of the ESPP; however, the summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the ESPP, which is included as Exhibit 4.10 to this Report.

The ESPP will provide our employees and employees of participating subsidiaries with an opportunity to acquire a proprietary interest in the Company through the purchase of Company Class A Ordinary Shares. The ESPP has two components — one which is intended to qualify as an “employee stock purchase plan” under Section 423 of the Code and one which is not intended to so qualify.

Share reserve. The initial maximum aggregate number of shares that may be purchased under the ESPP will be 917,712, which shall increase on January 1 of each of 2027 through 2035, by the lesser of (i) one percent (1%) of the shares available for issuance under the ESPP as of the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year, and (ii) such lesser number of shares as determined by the Board (collectively, the “ESPP Share Reserve”). Provided, subject to adjustment as discussed below, the share reserve can be no more than 50,000,000 Company Ordinary Shares.

Administration. The Board or a committee appointed by the Board will administer the ESPP subject to the terms and conditions of the ESPP (the “ESPP Administrator”). Among other things, the ESPP Administrator will have the authority to (i) make rules and regulations for the administration of the ESPP; (ii) interpret the terms and provisions of the ESPP; (iii) make all determinations it deems advisable for the administration of the ESPP; (iv) decide all disputes arising in connection with the ESPP; and (v) otherwise supervise the administration of the ESPP.

Eligibility. Employees eligible to participate in any offering pursuant to the ESPP generally include any employee who is employed by the Company or its subsidiaries at the beginning of the applicable offering period. However, any employee who owns (or is deemed to own as a result of attribution) 5% or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of the Company’s capital shares, or the capital shares of one of the Company’s qualifying subsidiaries in the future, or who will own such amount as a result of participation in the ESPP, will not be eligible to participate in the ESPP. The ESPP Administrator may impose additional restrictions on eligibility from time to time as set forth in the ESPP.

Offering Periods; Enrollment. Under the ESPP, eligible employees will be offered the option to purchase Company Class A Ordinary Shares at a discount over a series of offering periods. The Company shall make one or more offerings to employees to subscribe for or purchase shares under the ESPP. Offerings shall begin at such time and on such dates as the ESPP Administrator shall determine, or the first business day thereafter. Each offering commencement date shall begin a six (6)-month plan period (the “Plan Period”) during which payroll deductions shall be made and held for the purchase of shares at the end of the Plan Period. However, the ESPP Administrator may, at its discretion, choose a different Plan Period of not more than twelve (12) months for offerings. New participants may enroll by submitting an enrollment form prior to the start of an offering period. Once an employee is enrolled, participation will be automatic in subsequent offering periods. An employee’s participation automatically ends upon a termination of employment for any reason, and an employee may withdraw from an offering period at any time without affecting his or her eligibility to participate in future offering periods.

Offerings; payroll deductions. Under the ESPP, eligible employees will be offered the option to purchase Company Class A Ordinary Shares at a discount over a series of offering periods by accumulating funds through payroll deductions of between one percent (1%) and fifteen percent (15%) of the employee’s compensation. Unless otherwise determined by the ESPP Administrator, the purchase price for shares purchased under the ESPP will be eighty-five percent (85%) of the lesser of the fair market value of the Company Class A Ordinary Shares on (i) the first business day of the applicable offering period and (ii) the date of purchase. However, no participant may purchase more than that number of shares equal to that whole number determined by multiplying $2,083 by the number of full months in the Plan Period divided by the closing price as published in the Wall Street Journal (or another source selected by the ESPP Administrator) on the offering commencement date. The ESPP Administrator, in its discretion, may set a lower maximum amount of shares which may be purchased. In addition, no participant will have the right to purchase shares in an amount, when aggregated with purchase rights under all of the Company’s employee share purchase plans that are also in effect in the same calendar years, that has a fair market value of more than $25,000, determined as of the first day of the applicable offering period, for each calendar year in which that right is outstanding.

Subject to certain limitations, the number of shares that a participant purchases in each offering period is determined by dividing the total amount of payroll deductions withheld from the participant’s compensation during the offering period by the purchase price. In general, if an employee ceases to be a participant in the ESPP, the employee’s option to purchase shares under the ESPP will be automatically terminated, and the amount of the employee’s accumulated payroll deductions or other contributions will be refunded.

Adjustments upon recapitalization. If the number of outstanding Company Ordinary Shares is changed by a share dividend, recapitalization, share split, reverse share split, subdivision, combination, reclassification, or similar change in our capital structure without consideration, then the ESPP Administrator will proportionately adjust the number and class of our ordinary shares that are available under the ESPP, the purchase price and number of shares any participant has elected to purchase under the ESPP, as well as the maximum number of shares which may be issued to participants under the ESPP.

Reorganization Events. If we experience a “reorganization event” (as defined in the ESPP), the ESPP Administrator may take any one or more of the following actions regarding options outstanding during an offering on such terms as the ESPP Administrator determines: (i) provide that options shall be assumed, or substantially equivalent options shall be substituted, by the acquiring or succeeding corporation (or an affiliate thereof), (ii) provide that all outstanding options shall be terminated immediately prior to the consummation of such reorganization event and that all such outstanding options shall become exercisable to the extent of accumulated payroll deductions as of a date specified by the ESPP Administrator, (iii) provide that all outstanding options will be cancelled as of a date prior to the effective date of the Reorganization Event and that all accumulated payroll deductions will be returned to participating employees on such date, (iv) change the last day of the offering period to be the date of the consummation of such Reorganization Event and make or provide for a cash payment to each employee, (v) provide that, in connection with a liquidation or dissolution of the Company, options will convert into the right to receive liquidation proceeds (net of the option price thereof), and (vi) any combination of the foregoing.

Transferability. Rights under the ESPP are not transferable other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution.

Amendment; termination. The Board may, at any time and from time to time, amend or suspend the ESPP or any portion thereof, except that (a) if the approval of any such amendment by the shareholders of the Company is required by Section 423 of the Code, such amendment will not be effected without such approval, and (b) in no event may any amendment be made that would cause the ESPP to fail to comply with Section 423 of the Code. The ESPP may be terminated at any time by the Board, and upon such termination, all amounts in the accounts of participating employees will be promptly refunded.

Federal Income Tax Information

The following is a summary of some of the material federal income tax consequences to participants in the ESPP under current federal tax laws. This summary deals with the general tax principles that apply and is provided only for general information. Certain types of taxes, such as state and local income taxes, are not discussed. Tax laws are complex and subject to change and may vary depending on individual circumstances and from locality to locality. The summary does not discuss all aspects of income taxation that may be relevant to a participant in light of his or her personal investment circumstances. This summarized tax information is not tax advice.

The 423 Component of the ESPP, and the right of participants to make purchases thereunder, is intended to qualify under the provisions of Section 423 of the Code. The ESPP is not subject to any provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974.

Assuming the 423 Component qualifies under the Code, no taxable income will be recognized by a participant, and no deductions will be allowable to the Company, upon either the grant or the exercise of the purchase rights. Taxable income will not be recognized until there is a sale or other disposition of the shares acquired under the ESPP or in the event the participant should die while still owning the purchased shares.

If the participant sells or otherwise disposes of the purchased shares within two years after the start date of the offering period in which such shares were acquired or within one year after the purchase date of those shares, then the participant will recognize ordinary income in the year of sale or disposition equal to the amount by which the fair market value of the shares on the purchase date exceeded the purchase price paid for those shares, and the Company will be entitled to an income tax deduction, for the taxable year in which such sale or disposition occurs, equal in amount to such excess.

If the participant sells or disposes of the purchased shares more than two years after the start date of the offering period in which the shares were acquired and more than one year after the purchase date of those shares, then the participant will recognize ordinary income in the year of sale or disposition equal to the lesser of (i) the amount by which the fair market value of the shares on the sale or disposition date exceeded the purchase price paid for those shares or (ii) 15 percent (or such other discount determined by the ESPP Administrator, but not more than 15 percent) of the fair market value of the shares on the start date of that offering period, and any additional gain upon the disposition will be taxed as a long-term capital gain. The Company will not be entitled to an income tax deduction with respect to such sale or disposition.

If the participant still owns the purchased shares at the time of death, then the participant will recognize ordinary income at such time equal to the lesser of (i) the amount by which the fair market value of the shares on the date of death exceeds the purchase price or (ii) 15 percent (or such other discount determined by the ESPP Administrator, but not more than 15 percent) of the fair market value of the shares on the start date of the offering period in which those shares were acquired.

Director Independence

Because our securities are listed on Nasdaq, we will adhere to the rules of Nasdaq in determining whether a director is independent. The Board has undertaken a review of the independence of the members of the Board and determined that Harry You, Danielle Lambert, and Jill Turner qualify as “independent” as defined under the applicable Nasdaq rules.

The Nasdaq definition of “independence” includes a series of objective tests, such as the director or director nominee is not, and was not during the last three years, an employee of the Company and has not received certain payments from, or engaged in various types of business dealings with, the Company. In addition, as further required by the Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Board will make a subjective determination as to each director nominee’s independence and expects to determine that no relationships exist which, in the opinion of the Board, would interfere with such individual’s exercise of independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities as a director. In making these determinations, the Board reviews and discusses information provided by the directors with regard to each director’s business and personal activities as they may relate to the Company and its management.

Our Board is currently comprised of a majority of “independent directors” as defined in the rules of Nasdaq and applicable SEC rules.

Controlled Company

Dr. Fitzsimons holds approximately 65.0% of the voting power of our voting securities for the election of directors. As a result, we are a controlled company within the meaning of the Nasdaq rules and we may qualify for exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

Under Nasdaq rules, a controlled company is exempt from certain corporate governance requirements, including:

Controlled companies must comply with Nasdaq’s other corporate governance standards. These include having and audit committee and the special meetings of independent or non-management directors.

Although we qualify as a “controlled company,” we do not currently to rely on these exemptions and intend to fully comply with all corporate governance requirements under the listing standards of Nasdaq. However, if we were to utilize some or all of these exemptions, we would not comply with certain of the corporate governance standards of Nasdaq, which could adversely affect the protections for other shareholders.

Committees of the Board

The Board has established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. The composition and responsibilities of each of the committees of the Board are described below. Members serve on these committees until their resignation or until otherwise determined by the Board. We may establish other committees as we deem necessary or appropriate from time to time.

Audit Committee

The audit committee of the Board was established upon the Closing and currently consists of Harry You (Chair), Danielle Lambert, and Jill Turner. The Board has determined that all of the members of the audit committee qualify as “independent” under Nasdaq listing standards and Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Exchange Act, and that Harry You qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of SEC regulations. Each member of the audit committee is able to read and understand fundamental financial statements in accordance with applicable requirements. In arriving at these determinations, the Board examined each audit committee member’s scope of experience and the nature of their employment.

The primary purpose of the audit committee is to discharge the responsibilities of the Board with respect to corporate accounting and financial reporting processes, systems of internal control and financial statement audits, and to oversee our independent registered public accounting firm. Specific responsibilities of the audit committee include: