Form 20-F
Table of Contents
0000887225falseFYM5KRKRThe effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, according to the shareholders’ agreement, all critical financial and operating decisions must be agreed to by all ownership parties and the Company can exercise same voting rights as other shareholders at the board of directors. Accordingly, the entities are classified as joint ventures.The Company is planning to sell its investment in SPC Power Corporation, KEPCO SPC Power Corporation, and KV Holdings, Inc. The timing of and proceeds from such sales transaction is not specified as of December 31, 2023.According to the shareholders’ agreement, the parties have joint control over all decisions related to finance and operation. Accordingly, the entity is classified as joint ventures.Although the nominal percentage of ownership is 29%, the effective percentage of ownership is 54.24%, considering the interest of financial investors as a liability component.The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, the entity is classified as a joint venture, because all consent was required to make decisions on related activities.The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as joint ventures.The joint arrangement which the Company has joint control is structured through a separate company. The parties have joint control over the joint arrangement are classified as joint ventures, judging that they have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.The effective percentage of ownership is 37%, considering potential common stock.The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all members of the board of directors. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.The percentage of effective ownership is more than 20%. However, according to the shareholders’ agreement, decisions related principal operation must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.The nominal percentage of ownership is 75.29% and the effective percentage of ownership is 56.91%, as the Company has an obligation to provide excessive dividend income to Gunsan City when a certain rate of return defined in the shareholders’ agreement is met.During the year ended December 31, 2024, the long-term loan to Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd. was converted into equity.The effective percentage of ownership increased due to the disproportionate paid-in capital increase.The effective percentage of ownership is 14.29% due to the acquisition of treasury stocks. The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the Company exercises significant influence over the decisions related to finance and operation by virtue of right to nominate directors to the board of directors of the entity.The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the entity is classified as an associate because the Company exercises significant influence over the entity.Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%, the Company can exercise significant influence on the entity through its contractual right to appoint one director to the entity’s board of directors.The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but the Company does not hold control over the entity according to the shareholders’ agreement. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the entity is classified as an associate because the Company exercises significant influence over the decisions related to finance and operation.The effective ownership interest is 1.32%, considering convertible redeemable preferred shares.Changes in emission rights due to allowances additionally allocated or cancelled are reflected.The percentage of ownership shown above is after considering the treasury stocks and others.The percentage of ownership shown above is an effective percentage of ownership including the treasury stocks and others.The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the Company can exercise significant influence by virtue of its contractual right to appoint directors to the board of directors of the entity, and by strict decision criteria of the Company’s financial and operating policy of the board of directors.The effective percentage of ownership is 100%. However, the Government regulates the Company’s ability to make operating and financial decisions over the entity, as the Government requires maintaining arms-length transactions between KPX and the Company’s other subsidiaries. Accordingly, the entity is not classified as a consolidated subsidiary. The Company can exercise significant influence by virtue of right to nominate directors to the board of directors of the entity.Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%, the entity has been classified as an associate as the Company has significant influence on the entity considering the fact that ordinary resolutions passed at the shareholders’ meeting require the majority decision and the Company has the right to elect the entity’s directors.The effective percentage of ownership changed due to the disproportionate capital reduction of financial investors during the year ended December 31, 2023.The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the Company can exercise significant influence by virtue of its contractual right to appoint one out of four members of the steering committee of the entity. Moreover, the Company has significant financial transactions, which can affect its significant influence on the entity.The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, by the shareholders’ agreement, the Company does not hold control over relevant business while it exercises significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.Although the nominal percentage of ownership is 2.35%, the effective percentage of ownership is 25.54%, considering redeemable convertible preferred stock as a liability component. The redeemable convertible preferred stock has been repaid in the current period.The effective percentage of ownership is 34.01% considering the conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock into ordinary stock.The Company is planning to sell its investments in YTN Co., Ltd. based on the resolution of the Board of Directors on November 23, 2022, but investments in YTN Co., Ltd. are not classified as assets held-for-sale as the Company hasn’t started the active selling procedures as of December 31, 2023.The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but the Company does not hold control over relevant business while it exercises significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision Committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.YTN Co., Ltd. is not a related party of the Company as of December 31, 2024, as the sale of shares was completed for the year ended December 31, 2024.Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd. was reclassified from an associate to a joint venture for the year ended December 31, 2024.Excludes lease liabilities.Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd. was changed from an associate to a joint venture for the year ended December 31, 2023.The KEPCO Act requires KEPCO to appropriate a legal reserve equal to at least 20 percent of net income for each accounting period until the reserve equals 50 percent of KEPCO’s common stock. The legal reserve is not available for cash dividends; however, this reserve may be credited to paid-in capital or offset against accumulated deficit by the resolution of the shareholders.Applicable tax rates are 26.5%, 25.64% and 25.93% as of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.Gross amount of finance lease receivables is the net lease investment by deducting unearned finance income of ￦121,170 million. Gross amount of finance lease receivables is the net lease investment by deducting unearned finance income of ￦114,118 million.Gross amount of finance lease receivables is the net lease investment by deducting unearned finance income of ￦956,968 million. Gross amount of finance lease receivables is the net lease investment by deducting unearned finance income of ￦943,316 million.Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is reclassified as a joint venture since the entity’s material financial and operational decisions require unanimous agreement of members in the board of directors due to the shareholders’ agreement concluded during the year ended December 31, 2023.Although the investment has not yet been paid, commitment to pay 35% of investment in the future has been made.Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is reclassified as a joint venture considering the minimum number of the entity’s board of directors’ members required to agree for making decision on material financial and operational policies, as the joint shareholders’ agreement changed during the year ended December 31, 2023.Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%, the entity is reclassified as a joint venture considering the Company can exercise significant influence on the entity due to the Company’s contractual right to appoint a director to the entity’s board of directors and the minimum number of the entity’s board of directors members required to agree for making decision on material financial and operational policies in accordance with the joint shareholders’ agreement .Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is classified as a joint venture since the entity’s material financial and operational decisions require unanimous agreement of members in the board of directors.Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%, the entity is reclassified as a joint venture considering the minimum number of the entity’s board of directors’ members required to agree for making decision on material financial and operational policies as the joint shareholders’ agreement revised in the year ended December 31, 2024.The Company sold all of its shares in YTN Co., Ltd. for the year ended December 31, 2024.Reclassified from a joint venture to a subsidiary during the year ended December 31, 2022. Transactions are made before the reclassification.KEPCO-Uhde Inc. is not a related party of the Company as of December 31, 2023 as the liquidation process was completed for the year ended December 31, 2023.Changjuk Wind Power Co., Ltd. was reclassified from an associate to a subsidiary for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the amount is before reclassification to a subsidiary.Including translation effect of foreign currency lease liabilities and others.The board of directors of KEPCO Engineering & Construction Company, Inc., a subsidiary of the Company, made a resolution to sell its old office building in Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, and reclassified the buildings, structures, and land as assets held-for-sale expecting its carrying amount would be recovered through a sale transaction. In accordance with the resolution of the Board of Directors on April 1, 2022, a sales contract for the assets scheduled for sale was entered into on April 13, 2022, and the related down payment and interim payment of ￦52,666 million were recorded as long-term advance received.The board of directors of Korea Electric Power Corporation, the controlling company, made a resolution to sell the Uijeongbu substation, and reclassified the buildings and land as assets held-for-sale expecting its carrying amount would be recovered through a sale transaction during the year ended December 31, 2022. Although it is expected to take more than a year to complete the sale transaction, the Company decided that the definitive purchase contract is still valid as a result of discussions with the counterparty.‘Others’ consist of various financial assets managed by external asset management companies.Including the present value of unguaranteed residual value amounting to ￦22,910 million and ￦25,521 million, as of December 31, 2022 and 2023, respectively.Net gain (loss) on valuation of derivatives applying cash flow hedge accounting of ￦(24,415) million, ￦(3,654) million and ￦11,870 million, net of tax, are recognized as other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.The Company recognized ￦38,997 million and ￦46,444 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively, as a third-party reimbursement asset in relation to the provisions on the transmission regional support programs.The Company is planning to sell its investment in SPC Power Corporation, KEPCO SPC Power Corporation, and KV Holdings, Inc. and the timing of and proceeds from such sales transaction is not specified as of December 31, 2023.Although the Company holds majority of shares in the entities marked above by acquiring additional shares for the year ended December 31, 2024, the entities are classified as joint ventures due to the shareholders’ agreement requiring unanimous approval from the entities’ board of directors for making material decisions on financial and operational policies.The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as joint ventures.The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, according to the shareholders’ agreement, decisions related principal operation must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.According to the Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd. Investment Agreement signed in March 2011, the Company has a commitment to guarantee principal and certain returns on shares of REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co,. Ltd.). held by NH Power 2nd Co., Ltd. and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation. Since NH Power 2nd Co., Ltd. and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation have put option regarding their share of the entity, the Company was deemed to have acquired an additional 15.6% stake. As a result, the effective percentage of ownership is 46.3% in the current and prior period. In accordance with shareholders’ agreement signed during the current period, the Company has joint control with other investors in making important financial and operation decisions, so it has been reclassified from an associate to a joint venture.Although the effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all members of the board of directors.Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%, the entity is reclassified as a joint venture considering the Company can exercise significant influence on the entity due to the Company’s contractual right to appoint a director to the entity’s board of directors and the minimum number of the entity’s board of directors members required to agree for making decision on material financial and operational policies in accordance with the joint shareholders’ agreement.Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is classified as a joint venture considering the minimum number of the entity’s board of directors’ members required to agree for making decision on material financial and operational policies due to the joint shareholders’ agreement.Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is classified as a joint venture since the entity’s material financial and operational decisions require unanimous agreement of members in the board of directors due to the shareholders’ agreement.According to the REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co,. Ltd.). Investment Agreement signed in March 2011, the Company has a commitment to guarantee principal and certain returns on shares of REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co,. Ltd.). held by NH Power 2nd Co., Ltd. and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation. Since NH Power 2nd Co., Ltd. and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation have put option regarding their share of the entity, the Company was deemed to have acquired an additional 15.64% stake. As a result, the effective percentage of ownership is 46.3% in the current and prior period. In accordance with shareholders' agreement signed during the current period, the Company has joint control with other investors in making important financial and operation decisions, so it has been reclassified from an associate to a joint venture.Due to the changes in the agreement, the Company lost its control over the entity. Accordingly, the entity is reclassified to a joint venture from a subsidiary. Although the effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all members of the board of directors.The maturity of mid- to long-term CPs corresponds to contract period of commercial paper repurchase agreements.Financial information of EWP America Inc. includes that of 4 other subsidiaries, EWP Renewable Corporation, and California Power Holdings LLC, EWP ESS Holdings, LLC, and Fairhaven ESS LLC.Financial information of Energy New Industry Specialized Investment Private Investment Trust includes that of 6 other subsidiaries, BSK E-New Industry Fund VII, e-New Industry LB Fund 1, Songhyun e-New Industry Fund, BSK E-New Industry Fund X, UI Carbon-Neutrality Fund, and Magna Energy New Industrial Fund.Financial information of KOMIPO America Inc. includes that of 17 other subsidiaries including Elara Equity Holdings, LLC and CVS Equity Holdings, LLC.Financial information of Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd. includes that of 3 other subsidiaries including Columboola Solar Farm Nominees Pty., Ltd.The carrying amount of mining rights is nil, because KEPCO Australia Pty., Ltd. and KEPCO Bylong Australia Pty., Ltd. had recognized impairment losses in full.Financial information of EWP America Inc. includes that of 4 other subsidiaries, EWP Renewable Corporation, California Power Holdings LLC, EWP ESS Holdings, LLC, and Fairhaven ESS LLC.Considering treasury stocks, the effective ownership interest is 51.24%. The Company sold a portion of its stocks in the subsidiary (14.77%) during the year ended December 31, 2023.As of December 31, 2024, the annual reporting period of all subsidiaries ends on December 31, except for Mira Power Limited, Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd., Columboola Solar Farm Nominees Pty., Ltd., Columboola Solar Farm Op Trust and Columboola Solar Farm Fin Co Pty., Ltd.The Company guarantees a certain return on investments in Commerce and Industry Energy Co., Ltd. for the financial investors holding such investments. The financial investors have a right to claim the Company to sell its shares in the entity, which can be exercised 36 months after the date of acquisition.The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, this subsidiary is included in the consolidated financial statements as the Company obtained the majority of the voting power under the shareholders’ agreement.The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, this subsidiary is included in the consolidated financial statements as the Company has control over the board of directors under the shareholders’ agreement.Although the Company does not hold a stake as of December 31, 2024, considering the purpose and design of the structured entity, the Company is exposed to volatility in the profits of the structured entity. In addition, The Company has the ability to direct activities that can most significantly affect the operations of the structured entity, so it has been determined that the Company has control over the entity.Excluding preferred stocks, the percentage of ownership with voting rights is 100%.The Company used initial cost as their fair value because there was not enough information to determine fair value, and the range of the estimated fair value is wide.The shares were acquired through a debt-to-equity conversion during the year ended December 31, 2023, in accordance with the corporate rehabilitation procedures of BDI Co., Ltd. Since the Company has no capacity to exercise significant influence until the rehabilitation procedures are complete, the Company has classified the investment as financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.The entity is undergoing corporate rehabilitation procedures for the year ended December 31, 2024 and the Company cannot hold significant influence over the entity until the corporate rehabilitation procedures are completed. Therefore, investments in the entity were reclassified as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income.The Company has estimated the fair value of Set Holding by using the discounted cash flow method and has recognized the difference between its fair value and book value as gain or loss on valuation of financial assets at FVOCI in other comprehensive income or loss during the year ended December 31, 2022.The investee declared bankruptcy during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company has no capacity to exercise significant influence on the investee due to the receivership of the investee by a trustee in bankruptcy, so the investment was reclassified as financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company acquired additional shares in BDI Co., Ltd. through a debt-to-equity swap as part the entity’s corporate rehabilitation process. As the Company cannot hold significant influence over the entity until the completion of the corporate rehabilitation procedures, the Group has accounted for the investment in the entity as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income.During the year ended December 31, 2024, BDI Co., Ltd. was delisted as the Court dismissed the application for temporary injunction requiring the suspension of delisting decision and others.The Company has estimated the fair value of Set Holding by using the discounted cash flow method and has recognized the difference between its fair value and book value as gain or loss on valuation of financial assets at FVOCI in other comprehensive income or loss for the year ended December 31, 2024.The Company, together with other shareholders, has provided a guarantee for the project financing of Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd., by establishing the right of pledge on the shares of Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd. As of December 31, 2024, the book value of the securities is ￦50,721 million.The common stocks of Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd. held by the Company were pledged as collateral.The Company recorded the fair value of derivatives regarding the power supply agreement (“PPA”) of its subsidiary Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd. as other derivatives.The Company recorded the fair value of derivatives in accordance with the shareholders’ agreement of its associate, Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd., as other derivatives. In addition, the fair value of the derivatives regarding the power sales agreement of its subsidiary, Elara Energy Project, LLC, were recorded as other derivatives.In relation to the agreement to purchase hybrid bonds issued by Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd., an associate of the Company, the performance obligation as of December 31, 2024 which amounts to ￦26,422 million (￦18,752 million as of December 31, 2023) to the underwriter of the bonds was recorded as other derivative liabilities.As of December 31, 2024, the commitment amounts include the value of Shin-Hanul Unit #1, construction of which was completed during the year ended December 31, 2022. In addition, Shin-Hanul Unit #2 is in commercial operation as of December 31, 2024.Middle East and other Asian countries make up the majority of overseas revenue and non-current assets. Since the overseas revenue or non-current assets attributable to particular countries are not material, they are not disclosed individually.The amounts exclude financial assets, deferred tax assets, and net defined benefit assets.The credit limits of guarantees to KAS INVESTMENT I LLC, KAS INVESTMENT II LLC include the credit limits of guarantees to their subsidiaries.Equity investments held by the Company are excluded.Maximum exposure associated with the financial guarantee contracts is the maximum amounts of the obligation.The effect on the shareholders’ equity excluding the impact of income taxes.The effect on the equity excluding the impact of income taxes.Korea Development Bank’s interest of ￦1,056,176 million is included.Bondholders may not require prepayment in any case, and the Company has a call option to repay all of these bonds on or after 12 years from the date of issuance of the bonds, or on each interest payment date henceforth. In addition, there is a step-up clause from the date of the initial call option exercise. Although these instruments have contractual maturity dates, the contractual agreements allow the Company to indefinitely extend the maturity dates and defer the payment of interest without modification to the other terms of the instruments. When the Company decides not to pay dividends on common shares, they are not required to pay interest on the hybrid bonds. From December 7, 2024, the date when the call option become exercisable for the first time, the interest rate has increased from 4.44% to 5.10% due to the application of the step-up provision.The Company recognized an impairment loss on all of the equity securities of Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd. before the prior year, and the acquisition cost of the securities provided as collateral is ￦47,067 million.As of December 31, 2024, the Company has entered into a credit extension agreement for derivatives transactions with Nonghyup Bank, Hana Bank, and Woori Bank as ancillary to currency swap transactions.This is based on the amount of loan commitment limit.As of December 31, 2024, the Company has established guarantees for pledge for transfer of rights of long-term borrowings, pledge for insurance claims, pledge for shares, etc.The credit limits of guarantees to RE Holiday Holdings LLC include the credit limits of guarantees to their subsidiaries.Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Power Co., Ltd., an associate of the Company, has entered a contract to pay an incentive type of impounding bonus to SK Eco Plant Co., Ltd. when the Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Dam is completed. If Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Power Co., Ltd. fails to pay SK Eco Plant Co., Ltd., the Company guarantees the payment, and the amount is USD 5,000 thousandThe payment guarantee related to the gas combined cycle power project of South Jamaica Power Company Limited, a joint venture of the Company.The Company provided an EBL payment and EBL hedging guarantee to Amaala Sustainable Company for Energy LLC, an associate of the Company.Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd., a joint venture of the Company has issued the hybrid bonds. If the bonds are not repaid by December 8, 2026, the parent company and shareholders except the parent company must purchase the bonds from the acquirer. As of December 31, 2024, derivative liabilities of ￦26,422 million were recognized in relation to this obligation.The Company provided a payment guarantee to Chile Kelar project for opening L/C for Debt Service Reserve Account (DSRA), and others.The Company provided a payment guarantee to Jordan Tafila wind power project for opening L/C for Debt Service Reserve Account (DSRA).The Company has entered into an agreement prescribing the settlement of the estimated loss in case damages occur related to the fulfillment of the mandatory supply volume according to the mandatory supply agreement for coal ash.The Company has issued a guaranteed letter of credit in the amount of USD 8,000 thousand under the interlender loan agreement with Santiago Solar Power SpA.The Company guarantees to provide supplemental funding for business with respect to excessive business expenses or insufficient repayment of borrowings.The maturities cannot be presently determined.Pursuant to the guarantee agreement, the Company recognized other provisions of ￦11,804 million as the possibility of economic benefit outflow to fulfill the obligation was deemed probable and the amount could be reasonably estimated.1.84% of the contract paying interest rate is applied for five years from the date of issuance, and 3M CMT+0.35% is applied thereafter.1.87% of the contract paying interest rate is applied for five years from the date of issuance, and 3M CMT+0.35% is applied thereafter.Depending on the counterparty exercising the right, the contract may be early settled on the same date every year from June 15, 2023.To eliminate or reduce an accounting mismatch, the Company may elect to recognize the amount of change in fair value in profit or loss.On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in OCI.This represents the total guarantee amounts associated with the financial guarantee contracts. Financial guarantee liabilities which are recognized as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are ￦49,992 and ￦30,924 million, respectively.The effective percentage of ownership decreased due to the disproportionate paid-in capital increase during the year ended December 31, 2023. The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but the Company does not hold control over relevant business while it exercises significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision Committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.The effective percentage of ownership is 21.66%, considering hybrid bonds.Namjeongsusang Solar Power Operation Co., Ltd. is not a related party of the Company as of December 31, 2024, as the sale of shares was completed for the year ended December 31, 2023.Korea Electric Vehicle Charging Service is not a related party of the Company as of December 31, 2022 as the sale of shares was completed for the year ended December 31, 2022.Including a power purchase agreement (“PPA”) with CGN Yulchon Generation Co., Ltd.Included in non-financial liabilities as advance received in the consolidated statements of financial position. The revenue recognized on December 31, 2024 from the amounts included in contract liabilities at the end of the prior year is ￦247,819 million.Included in trade and other receivables, net, in the consolidated statements of financial position. 0000887225 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0000887225 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0000887225 2024-01-01 2024-12-31 0000887225 2023-12-31 0000887225 2024-12-31 0000887225 2022-12-31 0000887225 2021-12-31 0000887225 ifrs-full:OrdinarySharesMember 2023-12-31 0000887225 ifrs-full:CurrencyRiskMember 2023-12-31 0000887225 kep:MiraPowerLimitedMember 2023-12-31 0000887225 kep:KOSEPMaterialMember 2023-12-31 0000887225 kep:CommerceandIndustryEnergyMember 2023-12-31 0000887225 kep:KOSPOChileSpAMember 2023-12-31 0000887225 kep:KEPCOESCoLtdMember 2023-12-31 0000887225 kep:KOMIPOBylongMember 2023-12-31 0000887225 kep:ChitoseSolarPowerPlantMember 2023-12-31 0000887225 kep:KOSPOPowerServicesLimitadaMember 2023-12-31 0000887225 kep:KOENBylongMember 2023-12-31 0000887225 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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April
28,
2025
 
 
 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
 
Form
20-F
 
 
(Mark One)
 
☐
REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
 
☑
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024
OR
 
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
 
☐
SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report
For the transition period from    to   
Commission File Number:
001-13372
 
 
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
N/A
 
The Republic of Korea
(Translation of registrant’s name into English)
 
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 
 
55
Jeollyeok-ro
,
Naju-si,
Jeollanam-do, 58322,
Korea
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
 
Taeseop Eom, +
82 61 354 4211
, taeseop.eom@kepco.co.kr, +82 61 345 4299
55
Jeollyeok-ro
,
Naju-si,
Jeollanam-do, 58322,
Korea
(Name, telephone,
e-mail
and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)
 
 
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 
Title of each class:
 
Trading Symbol(s):
 
Name of each exchange on which registered:
Common stock, par value Won 5,000 per share
 
KEP
 
New York Stock Exchange*
American depositary shares, each representing
one-half
of share of common stock
 
KEP
 
New York Stock Exchange
 
*
Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of American depositary shares on the New York Stock Exchange, pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
 
 
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
One Hundred Year 7.95%
Zero-to-Full
Debentures, due April 1, 2096
6% Debentures due December 1, 2026
7% Debentures due February 1, 2027
6
3
⁄
4
% Debentures due August 1, 2027
 
 
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:
641,964,077 shares of common stock, par value of Won
5,000
per share
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☑
Note—Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days: Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T
(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files): Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a
non-accelerated
filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ☑     Accelerated filer
☐     Non-accelerated
filer ☐     Emerging Growth Company ☐
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to
§240.10D-1(b). Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
U.S. GAAP ☐    International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☑   Other ☐
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐
 
 
 

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

         Page  

PART I

     3  

ITEM 1.

   IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS      3  

ITEM 2.

   OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE      3  

ITEM 3.

   KEY INFORMATION      3  
  Item 3.A.    [Reserved]      3  
  Item 3.B.    Capitalization and Indebtedness      3  
  Item 3.C.    Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds      3  
  Item 3.D.    Risk Factors      3  

ITEM 4.

   INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY      33  
  Item 4.A.    History and Development of the Company      33  
  Item 4.B.    Business Overview      34  
  Item 4.C.    Organizational Structure      91  
  Item 4.D.    Property, Plant and Equipment      99  

ITEM 4A.

   UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS      100  

ITEM 5.

   OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS      100  
  Item 5.A.    Operating Results      100  
  Item 5.B.    Liquidity and Capital Resources      109  
  Item 5.C.    Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.      116  
  Item 5.D.    Trend Information      117  
  Item 5.E.    Critical Accounting Estimates      117  

ITEM 6.

   DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES      117  
  Item 6.A.    Directors and Senior Management      117  
  Item 6.B.    Compensation      122  
  Item 6.C.    Board Practices      123  
  Item 6.D.    Employees      123  
  Item 6.E.    Share Ownership      124  
  Item 6.F.    Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation      124  

ITEM 7.

   MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS      124  
  Item 7.A.    Major Shareholders      124  
  Item 7.B.    Related Party Transactions      125  
  Item 7.C.    Interests of Experts and Counsel      125  

ITEM 8.

   FINANCIAL INFORMATION      125  
  Item 8.A.    Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information      125  
  Item 8.B.    Significant Changes      128  

ITEM 9.

   THE OFFER AND LISTING      128  
  Item 9.A.    Offer and Listing Details      128  
  Item 9.B.    Plan of Distribution      130  
  Item 9.C.    Markets      130  
  Item 9.D.    Selling Shareholders      134  
  Item 9.E.    Dilution      134  
  Item 9.F.    Expenses of the Issue      134  

ITEM 10.

   ADDITIONAL INFORMATION      134  
  Item 10.A.    Share Capital      134  
  Item 10.B.    Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation      134  
  Item 10.C.    Material Contracts      142  
  Item 10.D.    Exchange Controls      142  
  Item 10.E.    Taxation      147  
  Item 10.F.    Dividends and Paying Agents      160  

 

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         Page  
  Item 10.G.    Statements by Experts      160  
  Item 10.H.    Documents on Display      160  
  Item 10.I.    Subsidiary Information      160  
  Item 10.J.    Annual Report to Security Holders      160  

ITEM 11.

   QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK      161  

ITEM 12.

   DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES      166  
  Item 12.A.    Debt Securities      166  
  Item 12.B.    Warrants and Rights      166  
  Item 12.C.    Other Securities      166  
  Item 12.D.    American Depositary Shares      166  
PART II      169  

ITEM 13.

   DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES      169  

ITEM 14.

   MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS      169  

ITEM 15.

   CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES      169  

ITEM 16.

   [RESERVED]      170  

ITEM 16A.

   AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT      170  

ITEM 16B.

   CODE OF ETHICS      170  

ITEM 16C.

   PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES      171  

ITEM 16D.

   EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEE      171  

ITEM 16E.

   PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS      171  

ITEM 16F.

   CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT      171  

ITEM 16G.

   CORPORATE GOVERNANCE      172  

ITEM 16H.

   MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE      180  

ITEM 16I.

   DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.      180  

ITEM 16J.

   INSIDER TRADING POLICIES.      181  

ITEM 16K.

   CYBERSECURITY.      181  
PART III      183  

ITEM 17.

   FINANCIAL STATEMENTS      183  

ITEM 18.

   FINANCIAL STATEMENTS      183  

ITEM 19.

   EXHIBITS      183  

INDEX OF EXHIBITS

     184  

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

     F-1  

 

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CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS AND CONVENTIONS

All references to “Korea” or the “Republic” in this annual report on Form 20-F, or this annual report, are references to the Republic of Korea. All references to the “Government” in this annual report are references to the government of the Republic of Korea. All references to “we,” “us,” “our,” “ours,” the “Company” or “KEPCO” in this annual report are references to Korea Electric Power Corporation and, as the context may require, its subsidiaries, and the possessive thereof, as applicable. All references to “the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy” and “the Ministry of Economy and Finance” include the respective predecessors thereof. All references to “tons” are to metric tons, equal to 1,000 kilograms, or 2,204.6 pounds. Any discrepancies in any table between totals and the sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding. All references to “IFRS” in this annual report are references to the International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standard Board. Unless otherwise stated, all of our financial information presented in this annual report has been prepared on a consolidated basis and in accordance with IFRS.

In addition, in this annual report, all references to:

 

  •  

“EWP” are to Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.,

 

  •  

“KHNP” are to Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.,

 

  •  

“KOMIPO” are to Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.,

 

  •  

“KOSEP” are to Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.,

 

  •  

“KOSPO” are to Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd., and

 

  •  

“KOWEPO” are to Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.,

each of which is our wholly-owned generation subsidiary.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report includes “forward-looking statements” (as defined in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), including statements regarding our expectations and projections for future operating performance and business prospects. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project” and similar words used in connection with any discussion of our future operation or financial performance identify forward-looking statements. In addition, all statements other than statements of historical facts included in this annual report are forward-looking statements. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that such expectations will prove to be correct. We caution you not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this annual report.

This annual report discloses, under the caption Item 3.D. “Risk Factors” and elsewhere, important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations (“Cautionary Statements”). All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the Cautionary Statements.

CURRENCY TRANSLATIONS AND EXCHANGE RATES

In this annual report, unless otherwise indicated, all references to “Won,” “KRW” or “W” are to the currency of Korea, all references to “U.S. dollars,” “Dollars,” “USD”, “$” or “US$” are to the currency of the United States of America; all references to “Euro”, “€” or “EUR” are references to the currency of the European

 

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Union; all references to “Yen”, “¥” or “JPY” are references to the currency of Japan; all references to “A$” or “AUD” are to the currency of Australia; all references to “HK$” or “HKD” are to the currency of Hong Kong; all references to “Fr.” or “CHF” are to the currency of Switzerland; all references to “kr” or “SEK” are to the currency of Sweden. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations from Won to U.S. dollars were made at Won 1,477.9 to US$1.00, which was the Noon Buying Rate of the Federal Reserve Board (the “Noon Buying Rate”) in effect as of December 31, 2024, which rates are available on the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board. On April 11, 2025, the Noon Buying Rate was Won 1,418.8 to US$1.00. The exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and Korean Won may be highly volatile from time to time, and no representation is made that the Won or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Won, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all.

The following table sets forth, for the periods and dates indicated, certain information concerning the Noon Buying Rate in Won per US$1.00.

 

Year Ended December 31,

    At End
of
Period		      Average(1)      High      Low  
     (Won per US$1.00)  

2020

      1,086.1        1,180.6        1,267.3        1,081.9  

2021

      1,188.6        1,144.9        1,198.7        1,081.6  

2022

      1,260.2        1,291.8        1,440.5        1,187.0  

2023

      1,291.0        1,306.8        1,362.9        1,220.3  

2024

      1,477.9        1,363.4        1,477.9        1,300.5  

October

      1,377.6        1,362.4        1,389.2        1,321.5  

November

      1,397.0        1,395.0        1,408.3        1,375.2  

December

      1,477.9        1,440.0        1,477.9        1,406.1  

2025 (through April 11)

      1,418.8        1,452.9        1,478.0        1,418.8  

January

      1,453.9        1,452.2        1,473.4        1,429.2  

February

      1,459.0        1,444.8        1,461.2        1,429.8  

March

      1,474.4        1,458.3        1,474.4        1,444.7  

April (through April 11)

      1,418.8        1,459.1        1,478.0        1,418.8  
 

Source: Federal Reserve Board

Note:

 

(1)

The average rates for annual and interim periods were calculated by taking the simple average of the Noon Buying Rates on the last day of each month during the relevant period. The average rates for the monthly periods (or a portion thereof) were calculated by taking the simple average of the daily Noon Buying Rates during the relevant month (or a portion thereof).

 

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PART I

 

ITEM 1.

IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

 

ITEM 2.

OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

 

ITEM 3.

KEY INFORMATION

 

Item 3.A.

[Reserved]

 

Item 3.B.

Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

 

Item 3.C.

Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

 

Item 3.D.

Risk Factors

Our business and operations are subject to various risks, many of which are beyond our control. If any of the risks described below actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be seriously harmed. Such risks fall primarily under the categories below:

Risks relating to KEPCO primarily include:

 

  •  

increases in fuel prices that may not be passed on to customers;

 

  •  

Government policies that may affect the industry or our operations;

 

  •  

capacity expansion plans based on projections of long-term supply and demand of electricity proving to be inadequate against actual supply and demand;

 

  •  

being subject to various environmental legislations, regulations and Government initiatives;

 

  •  

incurrence of additional indebtedness;

 

  •  

fluctuation in the value of the Won against other currencies;

 

  •  

risks associated with new business strategies and overseas expansion opportunities;

 

  •  

an increase in electricity generated by and/or sourced from independent power producers eroding our market position;

 

  •  

labor unrest and increases in labor cost;

 

  •  

risks associated with the operation of nuclear power generation facilities;

 

  •  

difficulties in the construction and operation of our facilities due to opposition from civic groups and uncertainties in maintaining permits and licenses;

 

  •  

risk management policies and procedures failing to be effective, including but not limited to failing to prevent losses in our debt and foreign currency positions;

 

  •  

limited amount and scope of insurance coverage;

 

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  •  

inability to raise share capital without the Government’s participation;

 

  •  

claims by current or previous employees for unpaid wages;

 

  •  

attacks on physical security and cybersecurity; and

 

  •  

Russia-related dealings.

Risks relating to Korea and Global Economy primarily include:

 

  •  

unfavorable financial and economic conditions in Korea;

 

  •  

tensions with North Korea;

 

  •  

being subject to Korean corporate governance and disclosure standards; and

 

  •  

risks associated with enforcing a foreign judgment against us.

Risks relating to Our American Depositary Shares (ADSs) primarily include:

 

  •  

restrictions on withdrawal and deposit of common shares under the depositary facility;

 

  •  

ownership of our shares being restricted under Korean law;

 

  •  

no preemptive rights in certain circumstances;

 

  •  

being affected by the volatility of the Korean securities market;

 

  •  

dividend payments being affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate; and

 

  •  

restriction on the depositary bank from converting and remitting dividends under emergency circumstances.

Risks Relating to KEPCO

Increases in fuel prices may adversely affect our results of operations and profitability as we may not be able to pass on the increased cost to customers at a sufficient level or at all or on a timely basis.

In 2024, fuel costs constituted 27.5% of our cost of sales, and the ratio of fuel costs to our sales was 24.3%. Our generation subsidiaries purchase substantially all of the fuel that they use (except for anthracite coal) from suppliers outside Korea at prices determined in part by prevailing market prices in currencies other than Won. For example, most of the bituminous coal requirements (which accounted for approximately 35.4% of our fuel requirements in 2024 in terms of electricity output) are imported principally from Australia, Indonesia, Russia and, to a lesser extent, South Africa and others, which accounted for approximately 18.3%, 29.8%, 12.6%, 10.3% and 29.1%, respectively, of the annual bituminous coal requirements of our generation subsidiaries in 2024. Approximately 97.2% of the bituminous coal requirements of our generation subsidiaries in 2024 were purchased under long-term contracts and the remaining 2.8% from the spot market. Pursuant to the terms of our long-term supply contracts, prices are adjusted periodically based on prevailing market conditions. In addition, our generation subsidiaries purchase a significant portion of their fuel requirements under contracts with limited duration. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Fuel Sources and Requirements.”

The prices of our main fuel types, namely, bituminous coal, oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG), fluctuate, sometimes significantly, in tandem with their international market prices. For example, the average weekly spot price of “free on board” Newcastle coal 5500 NAR (Net As Received) published on Korea Mineral Resource Information Service by Korea Mine Rehabilitation and Mineral Resources Corporation decreased from US$106.38 per ton in 2023 to US$90.79 per ton in 2024 and decreased to US$ 70.50 per ton as of March 31, 2025. The prices of oil and LNG are substantially dependent on the price of crude oil, and according to Bloomberg (Bloomberg Ticker: PGCRDUBA), the average daily spot price of Dubai crude oil decreased from US$81.93 per barrel in 2023 to US$79.67 per barrel in 2024 and decreased to US$73.38 per barrel as of April 3,

 

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2025. Furthermore, because the prices of LNG are dependent on the price of crude oil, an increase in such fuel prices can result in an increase in the prices of LNG, which, in turn, affects the cost of purchasing electricity from independent power producers. No assurance can be given that fuel prices will remain stable or will not significantly increase in the remainder of 2025 or thereafter. In addition, following the International Maritime Organization’s regulation referred to as IMO 2020 that regulates sulfur content of ships’ fuel oil, IMO 2023 was mandated from January 1, 2023. IMO 2023 regulates energy efficiency and carbon emissions of ships by setting specific indices that all ships are required to comply with such as energy efficiency and carbon emissions. Although we have seen mixed reactions in the market, there is a likelihood that installation of energy saving devices or modification of ships to improve their carbon emissions level may increase as the regulation strengthens. Such trends may significantly increase the operating cost of the shipping lines and the increased costs are expected to be passed onto customers like us via higher freight rates. If fuel prices increase substantially in the future within a short span of time, our generation subsidiaries may not be able to secure adequate fuel at commercially viable prices. In addition, any significant interruption or delay in the supply of fuel, bituminous coal in particular, from any of their suppliers may cause our generation subsidiaries to purchase fuel on the spot market at prices higher than the prices available under existing supply contracts, which would result in an increase in fuel costs.

As of January 1, 2021, we implemented a new cost pass-through tariff system to strengthen the link between our incurred costs and the tariffs charged to customers. This system also enhances transparency by separately billing fuel costs and climate/environment related costs. Previously, the electricity tariff consisted of two main components: (i) the base charge (the “Base Charge”) and (ii) the usage charge (the “Usage Charge”) based on the amount of electricity consumed by end-users. Under the new tariff system, there are new components to the tariff called the fuel cost adjusted charge (the “Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge”) and the climate/environment related charge (the “Climate/Environment Related Charge”). In principle, the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge is calculated on a quarterly basis, and the formula for calculating the amount of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge is multiplying (i) the unit price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge (the “Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge”), which is the difference between a base fuel cost (the “Base Fuel Cost”) and an actual fuel cost (the “Actual Fuel Cost”) and (ii) the amount of electricity consumed. The Base Fuel Cost is the past twelve-month average fuel price of bituminous coal, LNG and Bunker C oil as posted by the Korea Customs Service. The twelve-month average fuel price is measured by taking the average of monthly fuel prices from twelve months in between thirteen and one month prior to the time a new Base Fuel Cost becomes effective. To illustrate, the Base Fuel Cost effective from January 2023 is the average of the fuel prices from December 2021 to November 2022. The Base Fuel Cost can be adjusted upon the revision of the electricity tariff as a whole as described in the penultimate paragraph of this risk factor. On the other hand, the Actual Fuel Cost is the past three-month average fuel price of the same fuels we use to measure the Base Fuel Cost. The past three-month average fuel price is measured by taking the average of monthly fuel prices from three months in between four and one month prior to the time the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge is updated. To illustrate, for the first quarter of 2025, we used the fuel costs for September, October and November 2024 to calculate the three-month average fuel price.

The quarterly-adjusted Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge has built-in limits in view of price stability and other public policy considerations. First, there is a limit on any change in the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge to be no less than Won ±1 per kilowatt-hour. In other words, any change less than Won ±1 per kilowatt-hour will not be reflected. However, such limit does not apply if it is the first quarter during which the Base Fuel Cost has been newly updated. Second, the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge that exceeds Won ±5 per kilowatt-hour will not be reflected. In other words, the maximum adjustment that can be incorporated to the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge is equal to Won ±5 per kilowatt-hour from the Base Fuel Cost that is in effect. For example, in the third quarter of 2023, the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge was Won 10.2 per kilowatt-hour, meaning the Actual Fuel Cost was higher than the Base Fuel Cost by Won 10.2 per kilowatt-hour, but after being subjected to the limit of Won ±5 per kilowatt-hour, the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge came out to be Won 5.0 per kilowatt-hour.

 

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However, our ability to pass on fuel and other cost increases to our customers may be limited due to Government regulations on the rates charged for the electricity we supply to our customers. In addition to the built-in limits described in the preceding paragraph, the new tariff system gives discretion to the Government to not wholly or partially adjust the quarterly Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge in case of extenuating circumstances, as determined by the Government. For example, in the second and third quarter of 2021, although the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge was Won –0.2 and Won 0.0 per kilowatt-hour respectively, the Government notified us to keep it at the same Won –3.0 per kilowatt-hour as the first quarter of 2021. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we increased the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge to Won 0.0 per kilowatt-hour. In the first and second quarters of 2022, although the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge as calculated should have been Won 3.0 per kilowatt-hour as the quarterly limit of Won ±3 per kilowatt-hour had existed back then, the Government notified us to keep it at the same Won 0.0 per kilowatt-hour as the fourth quarter of 2021. The Government has cited various policy reasons for withholding quarterly adjustments, including the need to mitigate the prolonged economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the quarterly limit of Won ±3 per kilowatt-hour was repealed in the third quarter of 2022 and with the approval by the Government, we ultimately increased the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge to Won 5.0 per kilowatt-hour in the third quarter of 2022, which represented the maximum permissible increase for 2022 under the regulatory cap. From then to the second quarter of 2025, the same Won 5.0 per kilowatt-hour increment has been applied to the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge. Recently, even though the quarterly adjustment amounts calculated under our formula were Won -1.8, Won -4.0, Won -2.5, Won -6.4, Won -6.4, Won -5.1 and Won -4.2 per kilowatt-hour per each quarter from the fourth quarter of 2023 to the second quarter of 2025, respectively, the Government notified us to maintain the Unit Price at Won 5.0 per kilowatt-hour, taking into consideration our financial condition and the fact that a substantial amount of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge that should have been reflected in previous years had not previously been reflected in the electricity tariff. However, no assurance can be given that such trend will continue, and even if fuel prices and the quarterly adjustment amounts calculated under our formula were to increase, the Government may decide not to adjust the quarterly Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge to levels sufficient to offset the impact of high fuel prices or at all, and our profit margins and results of operations may accordingly be adversely affected.

Also, because the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge takes into account the fuel prices posted by Korea Customs Service, there may still be a mismatch in value between the actual prices the domestic generation companies pay for fuel in the open market and the adjustment that can be made through the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge. The domestic generation companies include not only our generation subsidiaries but also independent power producers that are not affiliated with us, and we do not have access to fuel costs incurred by the independent power producers. As such, we use fuel prices posted by Korea Customs Service, which are easily accessible to our customers, for calculating the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge.

Due to the likelihood of the Actual Fuel Cost being substantially over the adjustment limits imposed by the new tariff system and the Government’s discretion not to wholly or partially adjust the quarterly Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge in case of extenuating circumstances, there may be certain portions of the fuel costs that cannot be charged to our customers, even though those portions should have been included in the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge. In such cases, we may accumulate such portions and reflect them in what is called the total comprehensive cost (the “Total Comprehensive Cost”), which is a variable we use to calculate the Base Charge and the Usage Charge of the tariff. The Total Comprehensive Cost, which we submit each year to the Government for review, is calculated using the relevant costs according to our settled accounts from the previous year and the proposed budget for the upcoming year. Under the Total Comprehensive Cost approach, the Base Charge and the Usage Charge are established at levels that would enable us to recover fair operating costs as well as fair investment return on the capital used in our operations. For further information on fair operating costs and fair investment return, please see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers—Electricity Rates.” The Base Charge and the Usage Charge that are derived from the Total Comprehensive Cost need to be approved by the Government before they can be revised. The Government may, from time to time, consider different policy objectives to regulate the time and magnitude of such revision of the Base Charge and the Usage Charge of the electricity tariff. Therefore, changes in fuel costs may not be timely or fully reflected in the Usage Charge

 

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component of the tariff, where such adjustments are generally expected. In December 2021, there was a need to increase the Usage Charge by Won 9.8 per kilowatt-hour from January 2022 to reflect the rise in the Base Fuel Cost. With approval by the Government, we increased the Usage Charge by Won 4.9 per kilowatt-hour on April 1, 2022 and October 1, 2022 respectively, which resulted in a total increase of Won 9.8 per kilowatt-hour. Such increases were spread out into two rounds to relieve people’s hardship including the prolonged effects of COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, in October 2022, we increased the Usage Charge of the tariff by Won 7.0 to Won 11.7 per kilowatt-hour for industrial and commercial consumers and by Won 2.5 per kilowatt-hour for all other consumers, reflecting additional accumulated increases in fuel costs. In 2023, with the approval of the Government, we increased the Usage Charge by Won 11.4 and Won 8.0 per kilowatt-hour in January and May 2023, respectively, to reflect a portion of the increase in the Base Fuel Cost. Also, we increased the Usage Charge of the tariff by Won 6.7 to Won 13.5 per kilowatt-hour for large-scale industrial consumers in November 2023 to reflect additional accumulated increases in fuel costs. In its economic policy direction statement for 2023, the Government announced its plans to gradually increase the tariff in order to address our cumulative deficit by 2027. However, there is no assurance on whether such plans will be realized. On October 23, 2024, in coordination with the Government, we announced that, starting from October 24, 2024, we will increase electricity tariff on industrial consumers by an average of Won 16.1 per kilowatt-hour, representing an average increase of 9.7% from the previous tariff, while maintaining the same electricity tariff on the rest of the consumers.

Overall, despite the new tariff system, we may not be able to adjust our tariff in accordance with such system due to the reasons described above. If fuel prices increase rapidly and substantially and the current level of electricity tariff is not increased to a level sufficient to offset the impact of high fuel prices or not adjusted responsive to fuel price movements, our profit margins will be adversely affected and our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may accordingly be adversely affected. For example, from 2021 to 2023, as fuel prices increased rapidly, we experienced substantial operating and net losses. Moreover, on January 2, 2025, the Ministry of Economy and Finance announced as part of its 2025 Economic Policy Directions the Government’s initiative to limit increases to public tariffs, which may also prevent electricity tariffs from being set at levels sufficiently responsive to fuel prices and negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The Government may adopt policy measures that affect the tariff rates in order to ease the burden on certain consumers, which may burden us financially.

Previously, there have been several adjustments to the existing tariff rates for certain consumers in order to ease the burden of electricity tariff on them. However, such adjustments may not reflect changes in fuel prices at a sufficient level or at all or on a timely basis, and our business, results of operations, financial condition and profitability may suffer as a result. For example, effective on January 1, 2017, the progressive rate structure applicable to the residential sector, which applies a gradient of increasing tariff rates for heavier electricity usage, was changed from a six-tiered structure with the highest rate being no more than 11.7 times the lowest rate (which gradient system has been in place since 2005) into a three-tiered structure with the highest rate being no more than three times the lowest rate, in order to reflect the changes in the pattern of electricity consumption and reduce the electricity charges payable by consumers. Additionally, a new tariff structure was implemented to encourage energy saving by offering rate discounts to residential consumers that voluntarily reduce electricity consumption while charging special high rates to residential consumers with heavy electricity consumption during peak usage periods in the summer and the winter. Further, during July and August 2018, the residential electricity charges were reduced by temporarily relaxing the application of the then tariff structure and offering higher rate discounts to economically or otherwise disadvantaged customers to ease the burden on households that have significantly increased their use of air conditioners during a heatwave. Subsequently, a joint task force team, consisting of industry experts, scholars and Government officials, was formed, which announced a proposal for amending the tariff structure aimed to lower electricity rates for households during the summer. As a result, in July 2019, the residential electricity tariff rate system was amended to expand the usage ceiling for the first two tiers of rates (from 200 kilowatts to 300 kilowatts for the first tier and from 400 kilowatts to 450 kilowatts for the second tier)

 

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applied during July and August each year. With the implementation of the new tariff system in September 2021, residents were given an option for a new schedule of residential tariffs, which was previously only provided to our industrial and commercial customers. The new schedule, called a seasonal and hourly tariff, allows residents to be charged under a monthly Base Charge plus increments depending on time, day and season. Each household may also choose to remain on the current tariff schedule which in contrast is a progressive schedule with seasonal adjustments. Our plan is to provide this option to households in Jeju Province in Korea first as many of these households are already equipped with the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (“AMI”) and consider a nationwide rollout depending on AMI penetration rates in each region.

On the other hand, there are also policy measures that have been repealed. For example, the rate discounts offered to residential consumers who voluntarily reduced electricity consumption and those offered to traditional wet markets were abolished in December 2019. The rate discounts for electric vehicles have been terminated in June 2022 and the rate discounts for households that use less than 200 kilowatt-hours were phased out to 50% in July 2021 and was terminated in July 2022. We also discontinued the 50% discount offered to customers who installed a renewable energy generator for their own industrial and general uses by December 2023. Despite these, there can be no assurance that the current and future adjustments in electricity tariff rates and rate discounts will not have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and profitability. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers—Electricity Rates” for more information on electricity tariff charged to our consumers.

The Government may adopt policy measures to substantially restructure the Korean electric power industry or our operational structure, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and profitability.

From time to time, the Government considers various policy initiatives to foster efficiency in the Korean electric power industry and at times have adopted policy measures that have substantially modified our business and operations. For example, in January 1999, with the aim of introducing greater competition in the Korean electric power industry and thereby improving its efficiency, the Government announced a restructuring plan for the Korean electric power industry, or the Restructuring Plan. For a detailed description of the Restructuring Plan, see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Restructuring of the Electric Power Industry in Korea.” As part of this initiative, in April 2001 the Government established the Korea Power Exchange to enable the sale and purchase of electricity through a competitive bidding process, established the Korea Electricity Commission to ensure fair competition in the Korean electric power industry, and, in order to promote competition in electricity generation, split off our electricity generation business to form one nuclear generation company and five non-nuclear generation companies, in each case, to be wholly owned by us. In 2002, the Government introduced a plan to privatize one of our five non-nuclear generation subsidiaries, but this plan was suspended indefinitely in 2004 due to prevailing market conditions and other policy considerations.

In August 2010, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced the Proposal for the Improvement in the Structure of the Electric Power Industry, which was designed to promote responsible management by and improve operational efficiency of Government-affiliated electricity companies by fostering competition among them. Pursuant to this proposal, while our six generation subsidiaries continued to be our wholly-owned subsidiaries, in January 2011 the six generation subsidiaries were officially designated as “market-oriented public enterprises” (same as us) under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, whereupon the President of Korea appoints the president and the standing director who is to become a member of the audit committee of each such subsidiary; the selection of non-standing directors of each such subsidiary is subject to approval by the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance; the president of each such subsidiary is required to enter into a management contract directly with the Minister of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy; and the Committee for Management of Public Institutions (which is comprised largely of Government officials and those recommended by Government officials) conducts performance evaluation of such subsidiaries. Previously, our president appointed the president and the statutory auditor of each such subsidiary; the selection of non-standing directors of each such subsidiary was subject to approval by our president; the president of each such subsidiary

 

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entered into a management contract with our president; and our evaluation committee conducted performance evaluation of such subsidiaries. As a result of these changes, our six generation subsidiaries took on additional operational responsibilities and management autonomy with respect to construction and management of generation units and procurement of fuel, while we as the parent company continued to oversee and coordinate, among others, finances, corporate governance, overseas businesses, including nuclear export technology and overseas resource development, that jointly affect us and our generation subsidiaries. See also Item 16.G. “Corporate Governance—The Act on the Management of Public Institutions—Applications of the Act on Our Generation Subsidiaries.”

In June 2016, the Government announced the Proposal for Adjustment of Functions of Public Institutions (Energy Sector) for the purpose of streamlining the operations of Government-affiliated energy companies by discouraging them from engaging in overlapping or similar businesses with each other, reducing non-core assets and activities and improving management and operational efficiency. The initiatives contemplated in this proposal that would affect us and our generation subsidiaries include the following: (i) the generation companies should take on greater responsibilities in overseas resource exploration and production projects as these involve procurement of fuels necessary for electricity generation while fostering cooperation among each other through closer coordination, (ii) KHNP should take a greater role in export of nuclear technology, and (iii) the current system of retail sale of electricity to end-users should be liberalized to encourage more competition. In accordance therewith, we transferred a substantial portion of our assets and liabilities in our overseas resource business to our generation subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016. In addition, pursuant to this Proposal, we considered publicly offering minority stakes in our five non-nuclear generation subsidiaries, KEPCO KDN and KHNP. However, the planned sales have been put on hold, primarily due to prevailing market conditions. In any event, we plan to maintain a controlling stake in each of these subsidiaries.

Other than as set forth above, we are not aware of any specific plans by the Government to resume the implementation of the Restructuring Plan or otherwise change the current structure of the electric power industry or the operations of us or our generation subsidiaries materially in the near future. However, for reasons relating to changes in policy considerations, socio-political, economic and market conditions and/or other factors, the Government may resume the implementation of the Restructuring Plan or initiate other steps that may change the structure of the Korean electric power industry or the operations of us or our generation subsidiaries materially. Any such measures may have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the Government, which beneficially owns a majority of our shares and exercises significant control over our business and operations, may from time to time pursue policy initiatives that could directly or indirectly impact our business and operations, and such initiatives may vary from the interest and objectives of our other shareholders.

Our capacity expansion plans, which are principally based on projections on long-term supply and demand of electricity in Korea, may prove to be inadequate.

We and our generation subsidiaries make plans for expanding or upgrading our generation capacity based on the Basic Plan Relating to the Long-Term Supply and Demand of Electricity (the “Basic Plan”), which is generally revised and announced every two years by the Government. In February 2025, the Government announced the Eleventh Basic Plan which will apply from 2024 to 2038. The Eleventh Basic Plan focuses on (a) establishing an energy mix and equipment plan that comprehensively considers policy principles such as supply stability, efficiency and carbon neutrality and (b) proactively strengthening the power grid and advancing market sophistication to expand carbon-free power sources, and includes the following specific measures: (i) following the continued use of nuclear power as a carbon-free source, the Eleventh Basic Plan includes the construction of two new large nuclear power plants with an aggregate generation capacity of 2.8 gigawatts by 2038 and commercial operation of a small modular reactor with generation capacity of 0.7 gigawatts by 2035, which together with other previously planned facilities, is expected to increase nuclear power capacity from 24.7 gigawatts in 2023 to 35.2 gigawatts in 2038; (ii) aging coal-fired power plants to be gradually replaced with LNG plants and carbon-free power sources, with a principle of simultaneous replacement with the same capacity –

 

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accordingly, coal power capacity is expected to decrease from 39.2 gigawatts in 2023 to 22.2 gigawatts in 2038, while LNG power capacity is expected to increase from 43.2 gigawatts in 2023 to 69.2 gigawatts in 2038; (iii) renewable energy will be systematically expanded, including expansion of solar and wind power generation capacities and market system reforms, which is expected to increase renewable energy generation capacity from 30.0 gigawatts in 2023 to 121.9 gigawatts in 2038; (iv) through the expansion of nuclear power, renewable energy, clean hydrogen and ammonia, reaching carbon-free share of 53.0% by 2030 and 70.7% by 2038, and ultimately achieving carbon neutrality; and (v) building a power grid with sufficient capacity to accommodate carbon-free energy sources. The Eleventh Basic Plan also aims to ensure a sufficient and timely electricity supply to advanced industries such as semiconductor clusters, as well as establishing an integrated supply-demand management system and an auction market in order to further stability and power source diversification.

Accordingly, we plan to establish an Eleventh Long-Term Transmission and Substation Facilities Plan in 2025 (the “Eleventh Transmission and Substation Facilities Plan”) in accordance with the Eleventh Basic Plan. The Eleventh Transmission and Substation Facilities will apply from 2024 to 2038 and will focus on initiatives such as the timely construction of transmission and substation facilities to meet increasing demand, integration of the management system for power plants including nuclear and renewable energy, and reinforcement of the national infrastructure grid to achieve carbon neutrality.

In March 2022, the Government enacted the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality with the goal of transitioning to a carbon neutral society by 2050 through sustainable green growth. Carbon neutrality initiatives set forth in the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality includes setting medium- to long-term greenhouse gas reduction targets and implementing measures to combat the climate crisis. Accordingly, it will be important for us to cooperate with Government initiatives and minimize the environmental impact we have on the climate crisis through our operations.

Pursuant to the Special Act on the Activation of Distributed Energy enacted in June 2023, a power grid impact assessment system has been implemented since June 2024 which manages the production and consumption of electricity at regional levels, trying to prevent concentrated demand from specific areas that would require excessive expansion of the broader power grid. Additionally, in January 2024, we entered into an agreement with advanced industry companies for the construction of infrastructure facilities, which is expected to allow us to collaborate with customers and generation companies to reduce investment costs, utilize land more efficiently, and promote the timely completion of power facilities, thereby fostering new businesses.

We cannot assure that the Eleventh Basic Plan, the Eleventh Long-Term Transmission and Substation Facilities Plan, the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality, the Special Act on the Activation of Distributed Energy or the respective plans to be subsequently adopted will successfully achieve their intended goals. If there is significant variance between the projected electricity supply and demand considered in planning our capacity expansions and the actual electricity supply and demand or if these plans otherwise fail to meet their intended goals or have other unintended consequences, this may result in inefficient use of our working capital, mispricing of electricity and undue financing costs on the part of us and our generation subsidiaries, among others, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

From time to time, we may experience temporary power shortages or circumstances bordering on power shortages due to factors beyond our control, such as extreme weather conditions. Such circumstances may lead to increased end-user complaints and greater public scrutiny, which may in turn require us to modify our capacity expansion plans, and if we were to substantially modify our capacity plans, this might result in additional capital expenditures and, as a result, have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Although the Government makes significant efforts to encourage conservation of electricity, including through demand management programs, there is no assurance that such efforts will have the desired effect of substantially reducing the demand for electricity or improving efficient use thereof. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers.”

 

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We are subject to various environmental legislations, regulations and related Government initiatives, including in relation to climate change and carbon neutrality, which could cause significant compliance costs and operational liabilities.

We are subject to national, local and overseas environmental laws and regulations, including increasing pressure to reduce emission of carbon dioxide from our electricity generation. Our operations could expose us to the risk of substantial liability relating to environmental, health and safety issues, such as those resulting from the discharge of pollutants and carbon dioxide into the environment and the handling, storage and disposal of hazardous materials. We may be responsible for the investigation and remediation of environmental conditions at current or former operational sites. We may also be subject to related liabilities (including liabilities for environmental damage, third-party property damage or personal injury) resulting from lawsuits brought by the Government or private litigants. In the course of our operations, hazardous wastes may be generated, disposed of or treated at third-party-owned or -operated sites. If those sites become contaminated, we could also be held responsible for the cost of investigation and remediation of such sites for any related liabilities, as well as for civil or criminal fines or penalties.

We intend to fully comply with our environmental obligations. However, our environmental measures, including the use of, or replacement with, environment-friendly but more expensive parts and equipment and budgeting capital expenditures for the installation or modification of such facilities, may result in increased operating costs and liquidity requirement. The actual cost of installation, replacement, modification and/or operation of such equipment and related liquidity requirement may depend on a variety of factors that are beyond our control. There is no assurance that we will continue to be in material compliance with legal or regulatory requirements or satisfy social norms and expectations in the future in relation to the environment, including in respect of climate change.

In recent years, the Government has introduced and implemented a number of new measures designed to reduce greenhouse gas emission, minimize environmental damage and spur related business opportunities. Some key examples of such Government initiatives pertinent to our and our generation subsidiaries’ operations are as follows:

 

  •  

Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading System, Related Emission Reduction Targets and the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Roadmap.

 

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In accordance with the Act on Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowances enacted in May 2012, the Government implemented a greenhouse gas emission trading system under which the Government will allocate the amount of permitted greenhouse gas emission to companies by industry and a company whose business emits more carbon than the permitted amount is required to purchase the right to emit more carbon through the Korea Exchange. The categories of allowances traded include the Korean Allowance Unit (KAU), which is the emissions allowance allocated to applicable companies by the Government; Korean Credit Unit (KCU), which is a tradable unit converted from external carbon offset certifications including the Korean Offset Credit; and Korean Offset Credit (KOC), which is the verified carbon offset credit obtained by companies for reducing carbon emissions through absorption or otherwise. The greenhouse gas emission trading system has been implemented in three stages. During the first phase (2015 to 2017), the Government gradually set up and conducted test runs of the trading system to ensure its smooth operation, allocating the greenhouse gas emission allowances free of charge. During the second phase (2018 to 2020), 97% of the greenhouse gas emission allowances were allocated free of charge, with 3% allocated through an auction. During the third phase (2021 to 2025), the Government has expanded the scale of the system with aggressive greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and by allocating 10% of the greenhouse gas emission allowances through an auction. The Government is expected to announce details of the fourth phase (2026 to 2030) in July 2025.

 

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In connection with the Climate Change Response Initiatives and the 2030 National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Roadmap announced by the Government in December 2016, the Government

 

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announced the Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategies, which presents a long-term vision and national strategy for achieving carbon neutrality in 2050, and the Nationally Determined Contributions (“NDC”), which sets forth the greenhouse gas reduction targets by 2030. According to the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth to Cope with Climate Crisis established in March 2022 and NDC figures announced by the Government in October 2021, the national target emission level in 2030 was 436.6 million tons, representing a 40% reduction as compared to 2018. The target emission level for the Transformation sector (electricity and heating) as a whole, which we are part of, was 149.9 million tons and represents 44.4% reduction as compared to 2018. Following the National Basic Plan for Carbon Neutrality & Green Growth established in April 2023, the Government has mandated annual sector-specific greenhouse gas reduction targets for the next 20 years from 2023 to 2042 and measures to achieve target emission levels to be implemented and adjusted every five years. In terms of the NDC, the national target emission level in 2030 remained unchanged at 436.6 million tons, but the latest target emission level for the Transformation sector (electricity and heating) in 2030 has been lowered to 145.9 million tons, representing a 45.9% reduction compared to 2018. The Government is expected to further lower the reduction target when the updated NDC, which sets forth the greenhouse gas reduction targets by 2035, is established in 2025. We cannot assure you that the reduction target will not be further raised in the future.

 

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Adhering to such emission and greenhouse gas reduction requirement may result in significant additional compliance costs. For example, the daily market price of the Korean Allowance Units (KAU), one of the categories of allowance traded on the Korea Exchange and allocated to applicable companies by the Government, was Won 8,640 per ton in early 2015 but has generally increased since over time, with the price of KAU at Won 8,740 per ton as of April 3, 2025. We cannot predict the price of the KAUs or how much the prices will fluctuate over time, and an increase in price or any volatility may adversely affect our results of operation, financial condition and cash flows.

 

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Obligatory and Voluntary Regulation of Coal-Fired Generation Units. The Government has introduced measures to address the high level of particulate matter pollution since October 2018. A formal regulation was implemented in 2019, and the Government tried to reduce the number of operational coal-fired generation units and the emissions emitted therefrom, particularly during periods of severe particulate matter pollution (typically from the month of December to March of the next year). We have also participated in such efforts. For example, as of March 31, 2025, 53 coal-fired generation units were subject to a cap of 80% of their capacity. Additionally, the Government closed down two decrepit coal-fired generation units (Boryeong #1 and #2) in December 2020. Other coal-fired generation units, Samcheonpo #1 and #2, were decommissioned ahead of schedule in May 2021, and Honam #1 and #2 units were decommissioned in December 2021. According to the Eleventh Basic Plan, the total coal-fired power plant capacity in 2038 will decrease to 22.2 gigawatts from 39.2 gigawatts in 2023, and its percentage of total power generation capacity will decrease to 8.3% in 2038 from 27.1% in 2023. In 2023 and 2024, our generation subsidiaries introduced a voluntary regulation to lower the output of coal-fired generation units, suspending the operations and imposing a cap of 80% on the output of certain coal-fired generation units. Although such measures may be subject to change, we expect to incur significant costs associated with the compliance of such measures, including more stringent particulate matter pollution regulations, retrofitting and overall replacement of environmental facilities.

 

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Coal and LNG Consumption Taxes. Since July 1, 2014, largely based on policy considerations of tax equity among different fuel types as well as environmental concerns, consumption tax has also applied to bituminous coal, which previously was not subject to consumption tax unlike other fuel types such as LNG or bunker oil. Pursuant to the amended Individual Consumption Tax Act effective as of April 1, 2019, which involved an increase of the unit tax rate for coal by Won 10 per kilogram across the board, the base tax rate (which is subject to certain adjustments) was set at Won 46 per kilogram for

 

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bituminous coal; however, due to concerns on the potential adverse effect on industrial activities, the applicable tax rate is applied differently based on the net heat generation amount. The current tax rate for bituminous coal (without giving effect to the temporary 15% decrease as described below) is Won 43 per kilogram for net heat generation of less than 5,000 kilocalories, Won 46 per kilogram for net heat generation of 5,000 to 5,500 kilocalories and Won 49 per kilogram for net heat generation of 5,500 kilocalories or more. From July 2025, the same base tax rate of Won 46 per kilogram is expected to apply regardless of the net heat generation amount. The consumption tax and surcharge on importation of LNG is Won 12 and Won 3.8 per kilogram, respectively. However, following rapid increases in the price of LNG and bituminous coal, in order to mitigate the adverse impact of price increases in the global energy market and manage inflation, the applicable individual consumption tax rates for coal and LNG have both been temporarily decreased by 15% during the period beginning August 2022 through June 2025. Any future increase in tax rates may adversely affect our overall fuel costs and power purchase cost.

 

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Renewable Portfolio Standard. Under this program, each of our generation subsidiaries is required to generate a specified percentage of total electricity to be generated by such generation subsidiary in a given year in the form of renewable energy or, in case of a shortfall, purchase a corresponding amount of a Renewable Energy Certificate (a form of renewable energy credit) from other generation companies whose renewable energy generation surpass such percentage. Pursuant to the Act on the Promotion of the Development, Use, and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy and its Enforcement Decree, the target percentage was 12.5% in 2022, 13.0% in 2023 and 13.5% in 2024. This Act and its Enforcement Decree aim to raise target percentage to 25% by 2030, and the target percentage for each year from 2025 through 2030 as of the date of this annual report is as specified in the table below. In 2023, all six of our generation subsidiaries met the target through renewable energy generation and/or the purchase of a Renewable Energy Certificate. Our generation subsidiaries’ compliance with the 2024 target is currently under evaluation, and if any generation subsidiary is found to have failed to meet the target for 2024 or fails to meet the target for subsequent years, such generation subsidiary may become subject to fines. Accordingly, the proposed target percentages may result in additional expenses for our generation subsidiaries.

 

     2025     2026     2027     2028     2029     2030  

Target Percentage under Renewable Portfolio Standard

      14.0 %      15.0 %      17.0 %      19.0 %      22.5 %      25.0 % 

 

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Renewable Energy Expansion Plan. In December 2017, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced the Renewable Energy 3020 Plan, an initiative to increase the generation and use of renewable energy on a nationwide basis. According to the plan, the Government plans to increase the required percentage of total electricity to be generated from renewable energy sources from 7% in 2016 to 20% by 2030 and the domestic renewable energy generation capacity to 72.7 gigawatts by 2030 through the expansion of solar and wind power generation capacities to 46.5 gigawatts and 19.3 gigawatts, respectively. According to the Eleventh Basic Plan announced in February 2025, the Government has set national targets of 121.9 gigawatts in renewable energy generation capacity in 2038, with the goal of increasing the percentage of total electricity to be generated from renewable energy sources to 29.2% by 2038.

 

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New Energy Industry Fund. In January 2016, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced an initiative to promote the new energy industry by creating the New Energy Industry Fund, which is made up of funds sponsored by Government-affiliated energy companies. We contributed Won 500 billion to the funds in 2016. The purpose of these funds is to invest in substantially all frontiers of the new energy industry, including renewable energy, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, small-sized self-sustaining electricity generation grids known as “micro-grids,” among others, as well as invest in start-up companies, ventures, small to medium-sized enterprise and project businesses that engage in these businesses but have not previously attracted sufficient capital from the private sector.

 

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Environmental and safety considerations in electricity supply and demand planning. In March 2017, the Electric Utility Act was amended to the effect that starting in June 2017, future national planning for electricity supply and demand in Korea should consider the environmental and safety impacts of such planning. Accordingly, the costs related to environmental and safety impacts, such as the desulfurization costs, have been reflected in the variable cost of generating electricity of each generation unit since August 2019. In December 2019, the Regulation on the Operation of the Electricity Market was revised to reflect the cost of trading greenhouse gas emission allowances in the variable cost of generating electricity of each generation unit and the revision was implemented in January 2022.

 

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Renewable Energy 100. In line with the spread of Renewable Energy 100 (“RE100”), a global campaign by companies around the world to cover 100% of their electricity use with renewable energy by 2050, the Government introduced its own version of RE100 that allows companies and other consumers to choose energy sources from which their electricity is generated. In order for a domestic company to participate in RE100, it may purchase renewable energy through us in a competitive bidding process and be issued with a certificate of use of renewable energy, which we refer to as the Green Premium system, or enter into a power purchase agreement (“PPA”) either with a renewable energy generator through us as an intermediary (“third-party PPA”) or with a renewable energy generator directly such that the generator will supply electricity to the company without going through the existing electricity market (“direct PPA”). As of December 31, 2024, there are 11 third-party PPA of total contracted capacity of 23 megawatts and 29 direct-PPA of total contracted capacity of 413 megawatts. The use of direct PPA, particularly if it gains more widespread acceptance, may adversely affect our market share in electricity sales.

 

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2050 Carbon-Neutrality Declaration. In response to the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (“UNFCCC”)’s goal to comprehensively replace fossil fuels and achieve global net-zero emission by 2050, the Government announced in November 2020 its commitment to implement policies in all areas of the industry to achieve Korea’s carbon neutrality by 2050 and in December 2020 announced broad 2050 carbon neutrality development strategies. In May 2021, the Government established a carbon neutrality committee which issued a preliminary draft of the carbon neutrality scenario in August 2021 that was finalized in October 2021. The final version proposes two scenarios, both of them which aim to achieve net-zero domestic carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. Scenario A will completely suspend thermal power generation by 2050, while scenario B will actively utilize technologies such as carbon capture, utilization and storage (“CCUS”) while allowing some thermal power generation to continue beyond 2050. In accordance with the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth for Coping with Climate Crisis which came into effect on March 25, 2022, the carbon neutrality committee was renamed the 2050 Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth Committee. If any specific regulation or policy affecting our business is announced or implemented, we may experience increased regulatory scrutiny over carbon dioxide emission from our electricity generation activities and related projects overseas. We and our generation subsidiaries announced the 2050 Carbon-Neutrality Vision in November 2021 and will further invest in various renewable energy power generation projects, new business opportunities and core technology development with the goal of entirely replacing domestic coal power generation by 2050. In the process of pursuing such goals, our business strategy and investment plan may change from time to time and it may result in additional costs to us, including, among other things, increased production costs, additional taxes, reduced emission allowances or additional restrictions on production or operations, particularly as they may relate to our power generation business. In addition, the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 may be delayed or made impossible due to unexpected changes in policies or power market conditions, including a major shift in the supply and demand of electricity.

 

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Hydrogen Energy Related Legislations. Pursuant to the Hydrogen Economy Promotion and Hydrogen Safety Management Act as amended in February 2024 and its Enforcement Decree enacted in November 2023, the Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy designated KEPCO and other entities

 

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under the Community Energy System to purchase hydrogen-generated electricity. Under such Act, we are required to enter into contracts with hydrogen generators that are selected through competitive bidding process. The bidding market is comprised of the general hydrogen market and clean hydrogen power generation market, as categorized based on the type of fuel used. In consideration of the current ecosystem in which fuel cells are used, the general hydrogen power generation market is open to all kinds of hydrogen plants including plants using extracted or by-product hydrogen. On the other hand, the clean hydrogen power generation market is a market where only generators using clean hydrogen plants can participate. Clean hydrogen is categorized into carbon-free hydrogen, low-carbon hydrogen, and low-carbon hydrogen compounds (including ammonia) according to greenhouse gas emissions in the production and import procedure of hydrogen. The system for certifying clean hydrogen plants is based on criteria, such as the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, set by relevant enforcement ordinances. The Government has set the bidding volume for the period from 2023 to 2025 in accordance with the Tenth Basic Plan, as shown in the table below.

 

     Year of bidding market commencement  
   2023      2024      2025  
   Year of
commercial
operation
commencement		      Volume
(GWh)		      Year of
commercial
operation
commencement		      Volume
(GWh)		      Year of
commercial
operation
commencement		      Volume
(GWh)		  

General hydrogen market

      2025        1,300        2026        1,300        2027        1,300  

Clean hydrogen market

      —        —        2027        3,500        2028        3,000  

The amount of hydrogen-generated electricity to be purchased by us is determined by the Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy after taking into consideration the Basic Plan and Hydrogen Economy Implementation Basic Plan and shall be determined by multiplying (i) the total amount to be purchased in the current year by (ii) the percentage of our purchase out of the total purchased amount in the year immediately preceding the year when the bidding market for the current year has been set up. Effectively, it will mean there will be a three-year lag between the time periods in (i) and (ii). The Minister shall allow us to reflect the cost arising from the purchase of hydrogen energy into the electricity tariff.

Complying with these Government initiatives and operating programs in furtherance thereof has involved and will likely continue to involve significant costs and resources on our part, which may adversely affect our results of operation, financial condition and cash flows. We expect our future compliance costs may increase as the requirements under Government initiatives and operating programs continue to become more rigorous. We may not be able to pass on the increased cost to customers at a sufficient level or at all or on a timely basis. Further, we and our generation subsidiaries could also become subject to substantial fines and other forms of penalties for non-compliance. Even without such financial losses, increased public awareness and adverse publicity about potential impacts on climate change or environmental harm from us or our industry could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the Company adversely. In recent years, investors have also begun to show increased interest about sustainability and climate change as it relates to their investment decisions. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Environmental, Social and Governance Programs.”

According to the new tariff system which came into effect on January 1, 2021, the Government introduced an additional component to the tariff called the Climate/Environment Related Charge. Previously, our climate and environment costs were embedded in the Usage Charge component of the tariff and our consumers could not discern the exact magnitude of such costs. By separating it out as an independent component, we intend to provide more information and transparency to our customers while having the flexibility to adjust it in alignment with the underlying costs. Even though the Climate/Environment Related Charge is planned to be adjusted every year by reflecting the change in climate and environment-related costs, the Government may change the date of adjustment in consideration of different policy objectives and there is no guarantee that the Climate/Environment Related Charge will be regularly updated, even though our climate and environment-related costs will likely increase each year. If there are discrepancies between our costs and the Climate/Environment Related Charge, we

 

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may accumulate such discrepancies and reflect them in our Total Comprehensive Cost. However, the electricity rate based on the Total Comprehensive Cost needs to be approved by the Government to be revised. There is no assurance that, particularly given the wide-ranging policy priorities of the Government, it will in fact raise the electricity rate to a level sufficient to fully cover additional costs associated with implementing and operating programs as described in this risk factor and do so on a timely basis or at all. If the Government does not do so or provide us and our generation subsidiaries with other forms of assistance to offset the costs involved, our results of operation, financial condition and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected. For details, please see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers—Electricity Rates.”

We may require a substantial amount of additional indebtedness to refinance existing debt and for future capital expenditures.

We anticipate that a substantial amount of additional indebtedness will be required in the coming years in order to refinance existing debt, make capital expenditures for construction of generation plants and other facilities and/or make acquisitions, invest in renewable energy and the “new energy industry” projects and fund our overseas businesses. In 2022, 2023 and 2024, our capital expenditures in relation to the foregoing amounted to Won 13,886 billion, Won 15,518 billion and Won 16,720 billion, respectively, and our budgeted capital expenditures for 2025, 2026 and 2027 amount to Won 19,383 billion, Won 22,027 billion and Won 23,750 billion, respectively.

These businesses typically require a significant amount of capital investment, and such costs may unexpectedly and materially increase in the event of delays or other changes in circumstances, many of which are difficult to anticipate and are beyond our control. Furthermore, as fuel prices surge, our cost of purchasing electricity from domestic generation companies through the Korea Power Exchange may increase significantly. If we fail to recoup more tariff from our customers to account for such electricity sales-related costs, our debt may further increase.

From 2021 to 2023, we experienced net losses as global energy prices increased significantly and the power purchase costs increased accordingly, we issued more debt securities than before to meet increased working capital needs. On December 28, 2022, the National Assembly of Korea passed an amendment to Article 16 of KEPCO Act, which increased our debt ceiling as represented by the total outstanding debt securities on a separate basis to be no greater than five times (or six times if the Minister of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy approves that it is urgently required to resolve a business crisis) the sum of our share capital and reserves updated at the end of each year. Such share capital and reserves are calculated on a separate basis under the KEPCO Act. Before such amendment, our debt ceiling was two times the sum of our share capital and reserves. Such increase in debt ceiling will be effective until December 31, 2027 and we may make use of the new debt ceiling to issue more debt securities to cover our losses, refinance existing debt and finance new capital expenditures. However, if the sum of our share capital and reserves decreases (including as a result of continued significant net losses), our debt ceiling will decrease as well and there will be no assurance that we can meet our funding requirements for capital or operational expenditures or debt repayment obligations. If we cannot meet such requirements, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Although we are not currently experiencing material difficulties in procuring long-term and short-term borrowings, there is no assurance that we will continue to be able to do so, particularly given the potential risk of increasing financial losses and the adverse business environment as discussed above. We expect that a portion of our long-term debt will need to be paid or refinanced through foreign currency-denominated borrowings and capital raising in international capital markets. Such financing may not be available on terms commercially acceptable to us or at all, especially if the global financial markets experience significant turbulence or a substantial reduction in liquidity or due to other factors beyond our control. If we are unable to obtain financing on commercially acceptable terms on a timely basis, or at all, we may be unable to meet our funding requirements for capital expenditures or debt repayment obligations, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

 

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We and our generation subsidiaries have undertaken various programs to reduce debt and improve the overall financial health. For further information, see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Financial Soundness Plan and Related Activities.” Despite our best efforts, however, for reasons beyond our control, including macroeconomic environments, government regulations and market forces (such as international market prices for our fuels), we cannot assure whether we or our generation subsidiaries will be able to successfully reduce debt burdens or otherwise improve our financial health to a level that would be optimal for our capital structure. If we or our generation subsidiaries fail to do so or the measures taken by us or our generation subsidiaries to reduce debt levels or improve financial health have unintended adverse consequences, such developments may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The movement of Won against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may have a material adverse effect on us.

The Won has fluctuated significantly against major currencies from time to time. Even slight depreciation of Won against U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies may result in a material increase in the cost of fuel and equipment purchased by us from overseas since the prices for substantially all of the fuel materials and a significant portion of the equipment we purchase are denominated in currencies other than Won, generally in U.S. dollar.

Changes in foreign exchange rates may also impact the cost of servicing our foreign currency-denominated debt. As of December 31, 2024, 17.4% of our long-term debt (including the current portion but excluding original issue discounts and premium) without taking into consideration of swap transactions, was denominated in foreign currencies, principally U.S. dollar. In addition, even if we make payments in Won for certain fuel materials and equipment, some of these fuel materials may originate from other countries and their prices may be affected accordingly by the exchange rates between the Won and foreign currencies, especially the U.S. dollar. Since the substantial majority of our revenues are denominated in Won, we must generally obtain foreign currencies through foreign currency-denominated financings or from foreign currency exchange markets to make such purchases or service such debt. As a result, any significant depreciation of Won against the U.S. dollar or other major foreign currencies will have a material adverse effect on our profitability and results of operations.

We may not be successful in implementing new business strategies.

In 2024, we established medium to long-term business strategies for the years from 2025 to 2029. We plan to (i) establish a foundation for sustainable management through comprehensive business innovation, (ii) enhance the stability of our power supply capabilities, which is central to our core business, (iii) develop a future growth engine by leading the global energy market, and (iv) promote ESG-based responsible management across the energy industry ecosystem. To achieve such plans, we also developed 16 strategic initiatives including implementing measures to improve our financial conditions.

Due to their inherent uncertainties, such new and expanded strategic initiatives expose us to a number of risks and challenges, including the following:

 

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there may be restrictions on business diversification due to various regulations that we and our subsidiaries must comply with;

 

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new and expanded business activities may require unanticipated capital expenditures, although our revenue may not be sufficient to cover such expenditures;

 

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if domestic and foreign competitions intensify due to a limited pool of professionals and core technology to pursue new businesses, we may lose competitiveness;

 

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new and expanded business activities may result in less growth or profit than we currently anticipate, and there can be no assurance that such business activities will become profitable at the level we desire or at all;

 

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  •  

certain of our new and expanded businesses, particularly in the areas of renewable energy, require substantial government subsidies to become profitable, and such subsidies may be considerably reduced or entirely discontinued;

 

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we may fail to identify and enter into new business opportunities in a timely fashion, putting us at a disadvantage vis-à-vis competitors; and

 

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we may need to hire or retrain personnel to supervise and conduct the relevant business activities.

As part of our business strategy, we may also seek, evaluate or engage in potential acquisitions, joint ventures, strategic alliances, restructurings, combinations, rationalizations, divestments or other similar opportunities. The prospects of these initiatives are uncertain, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully implement or grow new ventures, and these ventures may prove more difficult or costly than what we originally anticipated. In addition, we regularly review the profitability and growth potential of our existing and new businesses. As a result of such review, we may decide to exit from or to reduce the resources that we allocate to new or existing ventures in the future. There is a risk that these ventures may not achieve profitability or operational efficiencies to the extent originally anticipated, and we may fail to recover investments or expenditures that we have already made. Any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We plan to pursue overseas expansion opportunities that may subject us to different or greater risks than those associated with our domestic operations.

While our operations have been primarily based in Korea, we and our generation subsidiaries are actively expanding our overseas operations on a selective basis. In particular, we and our generation subsidiaries have been expanding and plan to further expand the construction and operation of renewable energy power plants, transmission and distribution.

Overseas operations involve risks, some of which are different from those we face in our domestic operations, such as:

 

  •  

challenges of complying with multiple foreign laws and regulatory requirements, including tax laws and laws regulating our operations and investments;

 

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volatility of overseas economic conditions, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

 

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difficulties in enforcing creditors’ rights in foreign jurisdictions;

 

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risk of expropriation and exercise of sovereign immunity where the counterparty is a foreign government;

 

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difficulties in establishing, staffing and managing foreign operations;

 

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differing labor regulations;

 

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political and economic instability, natural calamities, war and terrorism;

 

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lack of familiarity with local markets and rules of competition;

 

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changes in applicable laws and regulations in Korea that affect foreign operations;

 

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obstacles to the repatriation of earnings and cash; and

 

  •  

environmental regulations and public complaints regarding greenhouse gas emitting facilities, particularly overseas coal-fired power plants.

Any failure by us to recognize or respond to these differences may adversely affect the success of our operations in those markets, which in turn could materially and adversely affect our businesses and results of

 

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operations. Moreover, such operations typically require a significant amount of capital investment, and such costs may unexpectedly and materially increase in the event of delays or other changes in circumstances, many of which are difficult to anticipate and are beyond our control.

Furthermore, although we seek to enter into overseas business opportunities in a prudent manner, some of our new international business ventures carry inherent risks that are different from our traditional business of electricity power generation, transmission and distribution. While the overseas businesses in the aggregate currently do not comprise a material portion of our overall business, the actual revenues and profitability from and investments and expenditures into such ventures may be substantially different from what we plan or anticipate and may have a material adverse impact on our overall businesses, results of operations, financial conditions and cash flows.

An increase in electricity generated by and/or sourced from independent power producers may erode our market position and hurt our business, growth prospects, revenues and profitability.

As of December 31, 2024, we and our generation subsidiaries owned approximately 55.8% of the total electricity generation capacity in Korea (excluding plants generating electricity for private or emergency use). New entrants to the electricity business will erode our market share and create significant competition, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

In particular, we compete with independent power producers with respect to electricity generation. The independent power producers accounted for 34.1% of total power generation in 2024 and 44.2% of total generation capacity as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, there were 37 independent power producers in Korean electricity market, excluding 6,500 renewable energy producers. Since 2013, private enterprises are permitted to own and operate coal-fired power plants in Korea as the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy approved plans for independent power producers to construct coal-fired power plants under the Sixth Basic Plan announced in February 2013. Under the Tenth Basic Plan announced in January 2023, three coal-fired power plants are planned to be constructed by independent power producers by 2024. Two of the three coal fired power plants planned for construction were completed by 2024, and one is expected to be completed in 2025. If this unit is completed as scheduled and/or independent power producers are permitted to build additional generation capacity (whether coal-fired or not), our market share in Korea may decrease, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, under the Community Energy System adopted by the Government in 2004, a minimal amount of electricity is supplied directly to consumers on a localized basis by independent power producers outside the cost-based pool system. Such system is used by our generation subsidiaries and most independent power producers to distribute electricity nationwide. The purpose of this system is to geographically decentralize electricity supply and thereby reduce transmission losses and improve the efficiency of energy use. These entities do not supply electricity on a national level but are licensed to supply electricity on a limited basis to their respective districts under the Community Energy System. To date, the Community Energy System has not been widely adopted, especially in light of the significant level of capital expenditure required for such direct supply. However, if the Community Energy System were to be widely adopted, it may erode our currently dominant market position in the generation and distribution of electricity in Korea and may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Although we are currently the dominant market player in the electricity distribution in Korea, we cannot assure you that our market dominance will not face potential erosion in the future. For example, in June 2016, the Government announced the Proposal for Adjustment of Functions of Public Institutions (Energy Sector), which contemplated a gradual opening of the electricity trading market to the private sector. Although the proposal was withdrawn after a year of deliberation, no assurance can be given whether parties, including civic groups or the Government, may propose or demand similar measures for electricity trading market. It is difficult to predict whether such proposals or measures may come into effect and, if so, the timing and effect of such measures,

 

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which may result in a substantial reduction of our market share of electricity distribution in Korea and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and cash flows.

See also Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Competition.”

Labor unrest or increases in labor cost may adversely affect our operations.

We and each of our generation subsidiaries have separate labor unions. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 73.5% of our and our generation subsidiaries’ employees in the aggregate were members of these labor unions. Since a six-week labor strike in 2002 by union members of our generation subsidiaries in response to a proposal to privatize of one of our generation subsidiaries, there has been no material labor dispute. However, we cannot assure you that there will not be a major labor strike or other material disruptions of operations by the labor unions of us and our generation subsidiaries if the Government resumes privatization or other restructuring initiatives or for other reasons, which may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Furthermore, the Government, as part of a response to low fertility amidst an aging population in Korea and to make the lives of workers more stable, has pledged to reduce the number of non-permanent workers and increase the employment of permanent workers, in part by transitioning from non-permanent to permanent positions in the public sector. Our generation subsidiaries have transitioned some of its non-permanent workers to permanent positions by hiring them for an indefinite period or establishing subsidiaries and hiring them through such subsidiaries. Our thermal generation subsidiaries plan to form a labor-management consultative body to transition the in-house subcontracted workers for the fuel and environmental facilities to permanent positions. Although the Government guidelines suggest that we transition the non-permanent workers to permanent positions within our existing budget for the related business, we cannot assure you that this will not result in increased costs for us or our generation subsidiaries and have an adverse impact on us or our generation subsidiaries’ financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, domestic and international policy changes may affect our relationship with our employees, such as the Government’s ratification of nine of the ten essential conventions of International Labor Organization and potential reformation of the public employee wage structure. We cannot assure you that such policy changes will not negatively affect our relationship with our employees, which may in turn adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Operation of nuclear power generation facilities inherently involves numerous hazards and risks, any of which could result in a material loss of revenues or increased expenses.

Through KHNP, we currently operate 26 nuclear-fuel generation units, among which Kori #2 has been shut down since April 8, 2023. KHNP submitted a safety evaluation report to the NSSC in April 2022 to seek approval for an extension of the life of Kori #2.

Operation of nuclear power plants is subject to certain hazards, including environmental hazards such as leaks, ruptures and discharge of toxic and radioactive substances and materials. These hazards can result in severe consequences, including personal injuries or loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property and natural resources, pollution or other environmental damage, clean-up responsibilities, regulatory investigations and penalties and suspension of operations. Nuclear power has a stable and relatively inexpensive cost structure (which is least costly among the fuel types used by our generation subsidiaries) and is the largest source of Korea’s electricity supply, accounting for 31.69% of electricity generated in Korea in 2024. Due to significantly lower unit fuel costs compared to those for thermal power plants, our nuclear power plants are generally operated at full capacity with only routine shutdowns for fuel replacement and maintenance, with limited exceptions.

From time to time, our nuclear generation units may experience unexpected shutdowns or maintenance-related stoppage. For example, following an earthquake in the vicinity in September 2016, four nuclear

 

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generation units at the Wolsong site were shut down for approximately three months as part of a preventive and safety assurance program although these units were not directly affected by the earthquake. Any prolonged or substantial breakdown, failure or suspension of operation of a nuclear unit could result in a material loss of revenues, an increase in fuel costs related to the use of alternative power sources, additional repair and maintenance costs, greater risk of litigation and increased social and political hostility to the use of nuclear power, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

In response to the damage to the nuclear facilities in Japan as a result of the tsunami and earthquake in March 2011, the Government conducted additional safety inspections on nuclear power plants by a group of experts from governmental authorities, civic groups and academia. As a result of such inspections, KHNP prepared a comprehensive safety improvement plan including installing additional automatic shut-down systems for earthquakes, extending coastal barriers for seismic waves, procuring mobile power generators and storage batteries, installing passive hydrogen removers at nuclear facilities and improving the radiology emergency medical system. KHNP has been implementing such measures, with the goal of fully implementing by December 2028. KHNP also developed 10 additional supplementary safety measures by analyzing overseas plants and its current operations, and such measures were implemented in 2023. However, there is no assurance that the adoption and implementation of such measures will be sufficient to prevent damage in the future or that additional safety measures will not be required, the adoption and/or implementation of which may be costly and have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

In January 2023, the Government announced the Tenth Basic Plan which focuses on, among other things, optimizing nuclear power sources while minimizing coal-fired power sources and developing eco-friendly power sources. Accordingly, construction of nuclear generation units in the planning stage (Shin-Hanul #3 and 4) will resume, and operation of ten other nuclear generation units including Kori #2 may continue beyond their original retirement dates in or before 2030 subject to KHNP’s intention and only upon the NSSC’s approval following a satisfactory safety evaluation. As for new nuclear plants under construction, the construction of Shin-Hanul #2 was completed in April 2024, following Shin-Hanul #1 which commenced its commercial operation in December 2022, while construction of Saeul #3 and #4 (formerly named as Shin-Kori #5 and #6) is expected to be completed in 2026. We cannot assure you that there will not be new challenges by civic groups or changes in the Government’s policies that may interfere with the construction of these or other nuclear units in the future. We may experience a loss of revenues and an increase in fuel costs (as nuclear fuel is the cheapest compared to coal, LNG or oil) as a result of such challenges, which could adversely affect our results of operation and financial condition. For example, in September 2023, a group of 40 Korean nationals brought a lawsuit against the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy to rescind the approval for the Shin-Hanul #3 and 4. In November 2023, we applied to participate in the lawsuit as a stakeholder, and the first trial is currently in progress at the Seoul Administrative Court.

As mentioned above, there are ten other nuclear generation units whose life under their initial operating license will expire by 2030 including Kori #2 which has been shut down since April 8, 2023. Under the Tenth Basic Plan, we aim to continue their operation after such expirations, but we may find it difficult to have the life of those nuclear units extended. In April 2022, KHNP submitted a safety evaluation report to the NSSC to seek approval for an extension of the life of Kori #2, which shut down in April 2023. In September 2022, KHNP also submitted a safety evaluation report to the NSSC to seek approval for an extension of the lives of Kori #3 and Kori #4, which are scheduled to shut down in September 2024 and August 2025, respectively. As future procedures will be carried out in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, it is uncertain at this time whether such extension of life will be granted. The failure to extend the life of these units would result in a loss of revenues from such units and the increase in our overall fuel costs (as nuclear fuel is cheaper compared to coal, LNG or oil), which could adversely affect our results of operation and financial condition. In addition, heightened concerns regarding the safety of operating nuclear generation units could impede with our ability to operating them for an extended period of time or at all. For example, the nuclear power plant at Wolsong #1 unit began operations in 1982 and ended its operations in 2012 pursuant to its 30-year operating license. In February 2015, the NSSC evaluated the safety of operating Wolsong #1 unit and approved its extended operation until

 

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November 2022. However, a civic group filed a lawsuit to annul such decision, and in February 2017, the Seoul Administrative Court ruled against the NSSC. The NSSC appealed this decision, and the civic group filed an injunction to suspend the operation of the Wolsong #1 unit. The civic group’s injunction was denied in July 2017. KHNP, which operated the unit pursuant to the NSSC’s initial decision, has joined this lawsuit.

In addition, the current scheme for the construction and operation of nuclear generation units may be altered in the future and we cannot assure you that the current or future policies will not have an adverse impact on our or our generation subsidiaries’ financial condition and results of operations. In the past, in keeping with previous Eighth and Ninth Basic Plans to decrease the reliance on nuclear power sources, on June 15, 2018, the board of directors of KHNP decided to (i) retire Wolsong #1 unit earlier than planned due to comprehensive evaluation of the economic viability and regional sentiment of its continuing operation and (ii) discontinue the construction of Chunji #1 and #2 as well as Daejin #1 and #2 units. On December 24, 2019, the NSSC approved the permanent shutdown of Wolsong #1 unit. From the beginning of 2018 to the end of 2019, impairment loss in connection with the property, plant and equipment of Wolsong #1 unit accrued to Won 572,216 million and reversal of impairment loss was Won 16,693 million. From the beginning of 2018 to the end of 2019, impairment loss in connection with the property, plant and equipment of Chunji #1 and #2 as well as Daejin #1 and #2 units amounted to Won 38,886 million. From the beginning of 2018 to the end of 2019, impairment loss in connection with the property, plant and equipment of Shin-Hanul #3 and #4 units accrued to Won 134,736 million. However, as the Tenth Basic Plan announced in January 2023 aims to restart the construction of Shin-Hanul #3 and #4, we recognized the reversal of all the accrued impairment losses related to the Shin-Hanul #3 and #4. The Government revised the Enforcement Decree of the Electricity Business Act in June 2021 and enacted a notice that will allow KHNP to be compensated for reasonable costs incurred in relation to the phase-out of nuclear power plants in accordance with the Government’s energy transition policy. KHNP applied for such compensation related to Wolsong #1 in June 2022. However, even if KHNP may apply for such compensation, there is no guarantee that it will cover the entire cost as the scope of such compensation has not been specifically determined yet. If KHNP cannot recoup its total cost, it may have an adverse impact on our financial condition.

The construction and operation of our generation, transmission and distribution facilities involve difficulties, such as opposition from civic groups and uncertainties in maintaining permits and licenses, which may have an adverse effect on us.

From time to time, we encounter social and political opposition against construction and operation of our generation facilities (particularly nuclear units) and, to a lesser extent, our transmission and distribution facilities. For example, we recently experienced intense opposition from local residents and civic groups to the construction of transmission lines in the Milyang area, which we resolved through various compensatory and other support programs. Such opposition delayed the completion of the project. Although we and the Government have undertaken various community programs to address concerns of residents in areas near our facilities, civic and community opposition could result in delayed construction or relocation of our planned facilities. In 2025, in order to minimize potential delays in the construction of transmission lines, we established a grid deployment department which analyzes prior site selections and complaints to identify issues and provide better solutions to prevent construction delays and establish a strategic roadmap for improving the site selection process for timely construction of transmission lines, managing the site work process, and reviewing appropriate compensation levels.

In addition, our generation, transmission and distribution facilities generally require permits and licenses from the Government before we can operate them. For example, our nuclear power plants are operated under licenses for a fixed duration of time and such licenses can only be extended upon an approval by the NSSC following a satisfactory safety evaluation. Even in the case of a satisfactory safety evaluation and following approval, a civic or other group may file a lawsuit to challenge such evaluation and approval and apply for an injunction to prevent us from operating our facilities. Such civic and community opposition and the uncertainties in maintaining permits and licenses for our facilities could give rise to a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

 

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Our risk management policies and procedures may not be fully effective at all times.

In the course of our operations, we must manage a number of risks, such as regulatory risks, market risks and operational risks. Although we devote significant resources to developing and improving our risk management policies and procedures and expect to continue to do so in the future, our risk management practices may not be fully effective at all times in eliminating or mitigating risk exposures in all market environments or against all types of risk, including risks that are unidentified or unanticipated, such as natural disasters or employee misconduct. For example, on May 18, 2021, the Gwangju District Prosecutor’s Office indicted KHNP and one of its employees for falsely reporting the results of the investigation on welding defects in the reactor head penetration pipe to the Nuclear Safety Committee. On December 15, 2022, the Gwangju District Court acquitted KHNP and its employee. The prosecutor appealed the case and it is currently being adjudicated at the Gwangju District Court. To prevent similar incidents from occurring again, KHNP is working to improve its risk monitoring and management system. For additional information, see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Nuclear Safety.”

In April 2019, a forest fire broke out in Goseong in Gangwon Province, about 210 kilometers from Seoul, causing damages to nearby towns, covering approximately 1,260 hectares. The National Forensic Service has investigated the cause of the fire and has determined that the fire seems to have been started by an electrical arc from our utility pole’s wire, which broke as a result of a strong wind. Based on this finding and follow-up investigations by the Police Department of Goseong, seven employees of KEPCO were prosecuted in connection with the fire. In October 2023, the Supreme Court of Korea (the “Supreme Court”) acquitted the employees. As of March 31, 2025, we have settled with and completed the compensation payment of Won 81.6 billion to victims. In addition, we are also compensating the fire victims by providing a number of services, such as free supply of electricity. We are also implementing measures to prevent future fires that may result from an electrical arc, including a special maintenance program to be enforced during the dry seasons between March and May. We also implemented operational measures such as tailored operation of protective devices and suspension of operation during periods of low loads and plan to change power facility designs to reflect regional and seasonal characteristics, all of which are intended to help prevent similar incidents from happening in the future. Despite our efforts, however, such incidents may occur again, and we cannot assure you that they will not have a material adverse effect on us, our reputation or our operating results.

Furthermore, our operational activities such as the generation of electricity involve inherent operating risks that may result in accidents resulting in serious injury or loss of life, environmental damage or property damage. Although we prioritize on-site safety management by engaging in communications with different stakeholders and seek to increase investments to foster a safe work environment, due to the inherent risks of our operations, no assurance can be given that there will not be future accidents.

The Serious Accident Punishment Act (“SAPA”), which imposes criminal liability on individuals and entities responsible for “serious accidents”, has taken effect since January 27, 2022. Under SAPA, the term “serious accident” encompasses not only accidents at industrial sites (e.g., at factories or construction sites), but also “public” disasters caused by defects in the design, manufacture, installation and management of products, product ingredients or public facilities/transportation. SAPA imposes criminal liability against (i) business owners or executives (as defined by the law) who fail to ensure the safety of their business operations and (ii) businesses or institutions who fail their supervisory duties. In case of willful misconduct or gross negligence, SAPA also imposes punitive damages of up to five times of the actual damages incurred. Although we have analyzed and have revised our policies, internal regulations and manuals in light of SAPA, there is no guarantee that we or our executives will not be subject to liability under SAPA, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and result of operations.

We believe we and our subsidiaries are in compliance in all material respects with internal compliance policies and procedures and all other additional safety measures initiated internally or required by regulatory and governmental agencies. Under SAPA, businesses may present as a defense against liability that they have duly

 

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performed their duties to ensure the safety and health of the participants in their business operations. However, despite all precautionary and preventative measures undertaken by us, we cannot assure you whether these measures will prove to be fully effective at all times or be sufficient to address the known and unknown risks we face or that an incident that could cause harm to our operations and reputation will not happen in the future, including due to factors beyond our control.

Our risk management procedures may not prevent losses in debt and foreign currency positions.

We manage interest rate exposure for our debt instruments by limiting our variable rate debt exposure as a percentage of our total debt and closely monitoring the movements in market interest rates. We also actively manage currency exchange rate exposure for our foreign currency-denominated liabilities by measuring the potential loss using risk analysis software and entering into currency swap contracts to hedge such exposure when the possible loss exceeds a certain risk limit, as well as holding periodic foreign exchange risk management committee meetings. To the extent we have unhedged positions or our hedging and other risk management procedures do not work as intended, including as a result of changes in global macroeconomic environment and/or other factors, our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

The amount and scope of coverage of our insurance are limited.

Substantial liability may result from the operations of our nuclear generation units, the use and handling of nuclear fuel and possible radioactive emissions associated with such nuclear fuel. KHNP carries insurance for its generation units and nuclear fuel transportation, and we believe that the level of insurance is generally adequate and is in compliance with relevant laws and regulations. In addition, KHNP is the beneficiary of Government indemnity that covers damages which the insurance cannot cover. However, such insurance is limited in terms of amount and scope of coverage and does not cover all types or amounts of losses which could arise in connection with the ownership and operation of nuclear plants. Accordingly, material adverse financial consequences could result from a serious accident or a natural disaster to the extent it is neither insured nor covered by the government indemnity.

In addition, our non-nuclear generation subsidiaries carry insurance covering certain risks, including fire, in respect of their key assets, including buildings and equipment located at their respective power plants, construction-in-progress and imported fuel and procurement in transit. Such insurance and indemnity, however, cover only a portion of the assets that these generation subsidiaries own and operate and do not cover all types or amounts of loss that could arise in connection with the ownership and operation of these power plants. In addition, our generation subsidiaries are not permitted to self-insure, and accordingly have not self-insured, against risks of their uninsured assets or business. Accordingly, material adverse financial consequences could result from a serious accident to the extent it is uninsured.

In addition, because neither we nor our non-nuclear generation subsidiaries carry any insurance against terrorist attacks, an act of terrorism would result in significant financial losses. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Insurance.”

We may not be able to raise share capital in the future without the participation of the Government.

Under applicable laws, the Government is required to directly or indirectly own at least 51% of our issued capital stock. As of December 31, 2024, the Government, directly and through Korea Development Bank (a statutory banking institution wholly owned by the Government), owned 51.1% of our issued capital stock. Accordingly, without changes in the existing Korean law, it may be difficult or impossible for us to undertake, without the participation of the Government, any equity financing in the future.

 

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We may be exposed to potential claims made by current or previous employees for unpaid wages for the past three years under the expanded scope of ordinary wages and become subject to additional labor costs arising from the broader interpretation of ordinary wages under such decision.

Under the Labor Standards Act, an employee is legally entitled to “ordinary wages.” Under the guidelines previously issued by the Ministry of Employment and Labor, ordinary wages include base salary and certain fixed monthly allowances for work performed overtime during night shifts and holidays. Prior to the Supreme Court decision described below, many companies in Korea had typically interpreted these guidelines as excluding from the scope of ordinary wages fixed bonuses that are paid other than on a monthly basis, namely on a bi-monthly, quarterly or semi-annual basis, although such interpretation had been a subject of controversy and had been overruled in a few court cases.

In December 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that regular bonuses fall under the category of ordinary wages on the condition that those bonuses are paid regularly and uniformly, and that any agreement which excludes such regular bonuses from ordinary wage is invalid. One of the key rulings provides that bonuses that are given to employees (i) on a regular and continuous basis and (ii) calculated according to the actual number of days worked (iii) that are not incentive-based must be included in the calculation of “ordinary wages.” The Supreme Court further ruled that in spite of invalidity of such agreements, employees shall not retroactively claim additional wages incurred due to such court decision, in case that such claims provide employees with unexpected benefits that substantially exceed the wage level agreed by employers and employees and cause an unpredicted increase in expenditures for their company, which would lead the company to material managerial difficulty or would be a threat to the existence of the company. In that case, such claims are not acceptable as they are unjust and are in breach of the principle of good faith. However, in December 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the claim of workers for additional wages should not be easily rejected for the reason of good faith if there is a possibility of overcoming business difficulties in the future.

Following such ruling by the Supreme Court, we and our subsidiaries became subject to a number of lawsuits filed by various industry-wide and company-specific labor unions based on claims that ordinary wage had been paid without including certain items that should have been included as ordinary wage. In July 2016, the court ruled against us, and in accordance with the court’s ruling, in August 2016 we paid Won 55.1 billion to the employees for three years of back pay plus interest. As of December 31, 2024, our subsidiaries set aside an aggregate amount of Won 274.0 billion to cover any potential future payments of additional ordinary wage in relation to the related lawsuits. We cannot presently assure you that the court will not rule against our subsidiaries in these lawsuits, or that the foregoing reserve amount will be sufficient to cover the amounts payable under the court rulings.

Furthermore, the issue of determining which labor costs should be additionally included as part of ordinary wages has not been fully resolved by the courts reviewing the lawsuits to which our subsidiaries are a party and other ordinary wage lawsuits filed against other companies. For instance, there are several cases pending review of the Supreme Court on whether the bonuses conditional to employee’s current employment status should be included as part of ordinary wages. The Supreme Court, in 2013, had ruled that such conditional bonuses are not a part of ordinary wages, yet there were several lower court cases challenging the Court’s interpretation. Although there was a case of the Supreme Court on November 2022 where it ceased the trial and dismissed the appeal against the lower court case challenging the Court’s interpretation, it is not clear from the above case whether the Supreme Court changed its previous interpretation, and there has been no Supreme Court case to clarify the Court’s interpretation since then. If the Supreme Court changes its previous interpretation in its review of the currently pending cases, it is expected to be followed by a series of lawsuits asking for additional payments of the ordinary wages. Due to such uncertainty, we cannot presently assure you that there will not be additional lawsuits in relation to ordinary wages and that we or our subsidiaries may not become liable for greater amount of damages as a result of these lawsuits. Furthermore, court decisions or labor legislations expanding the definition of ordinary wages may prospectively increase the labor costs of us and our subsidiaries. As a result,

 

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there can be no assurance that the above-described lawsuits and circumstances will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. See Item 8.A. “Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information – Legal Proceedings.”

We are subject to physical security and cybersecurity risks.

Risks from cybersecurity and physical threats to energy infrastructure are increasing. Threat actors, including sophisticated nation-state actors, continue to seek to exploit potential vulnerabilities in the electric and natural gas utility industry, grid infrastructure, and other energy infrastructure, and attacks and disruptions, both physical, cyber, and hybrid targeting physical and cyber assets, are becoming increasingly sophisticated and dynamic. Several Governmental agencies have warned of increased risks related to physical attacks, ransomware attacks and cybersecurity threats related to the energy sector and its supply chains, and that the risks may escalate during periods of heightened geopolitical tensions. The continued adoption of advanced digital technologies increases the potential magnitude of impact such attacks may have. Moreover, the rapid evolution and broader adoption of artificial intelligence (“AI”) technologies may amplify our exposure to cybersecurity threats.

A security breach of our physical assets or information systems or those of our competitors, vendors, business partners and interconnected entities could materially impact us by, among other things, impairing the availability of electricity produced and distributed by us and/or the reliability of transmission and distribution systems, damaging grid infrastructure, interrupting critical business functions, impairing the availability of vendor services and materials that we rely on to maintain our operations, or by leading to the theft or inappropriate release of certain types of information, including critical infrastructure information, system data and architecture, sensitive customer, vendor, or employee data, or other confidential data. Our reliance on vendors to provide services and equipment increases the risk to assets, systems, and data.

In December 2014, KHNP became subject to a cybersecurity attack. Hackers infiltrated the computer network of former KHNP employees and threatened to shut down some of KHNP’s nuclear plants. Even though this incident ended without jeopardizing our nuclear operation in any material respect and none of the stolen data was material to our nuclear operation or the national nuclear policy, as such attacks continue to increase in sophistication and frequency, we may be subject to a material breach or material disruption in the future.

If a significant physical or cybersecurity breach or disruption were to occur, our reputation could be negatively affected, customer confidence in us could be diminished and we could be subject to legal claims, regulatory exposure, loss of revenues, increased costs including for infrastructure repairs, or operations shutdown, all of which could materially affect our financial condition and damage our business reputation. Moreover, the amount and scope of insurance maintained against losses resulting from any such security breaches or disruptions may not be sufficient to cover losses or otherwise adequately compensate for any disruptions to business that could result from such breaches or disruptions. The continued increase in Governmental requirements related to cybersecurity and evolving threat actor-capabilities could require changes to current measures taken by us or to our business operations and could adversely affect our consolidated financial statements.

As AI technology has emerged as a key tool for maximizing efficiency and driving innovation across various sectors, its increasingly widespread adoption has also resulted in a wide array of associated security risks, increasing the need for effective response strategies. For example, we are seeking to apply AI-driven technology such as predictive analysis in the operations and management of our power grid network in order to increase efficiency and improve stability. However, this may expose our power infrastructure to attacks designed to deceive, bypass, or disable security systems and AI-driven technology used in these projects, including though AI-generated malware or other sophisticated AI-powered cyberattacks. If such attacks are successful, the consequences could be severe, including leading to blackouts or loss of important and sensitive data. We are actively trying to improve and utilize better AI technology to combat and effectively address such risks, but no assurance can be given that we will not suffer a security breach which could materially affect our financial condition and damage our business reputation.

 

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For our cybersecurity management policies, see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Cybersecurity” and Item 16.K. “Cybersecurity.”

We engage in Russia-related dealings, including purchasing fuel supply, goods and services from Russia and Russian companies, and we may be adversely impacted in a material manner by sanctions concerning Russia imposed by the United States and other jurisdictions.

In 2024, we met 12.6% of our bituminous coal requirements from coals that originated from Russia. Additionally, we also purchased uranium and conversion and enrichment services of uranium concentrates from Russian suppliers and also purchase Russian origin LNG. In 2024, the total value of all goods and services originated or purchased from Russia was approximately US$0.7 billion.

United States, among other jurisdictions, adopted and maintains economic sanctions and export/import controls against Russia. U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control’s (“OFAC”) sanctions block the property of certain designated individuals and entities, target certain sectors of the Russian economy, including the energy sector, and prohibit certain transactions by U.S. persons with certain targeted persons in targeted sectors of the Russian economy.

Since February 2022, the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and other countries have imposed a host of additional economic sanctions on Russia, Belarus, and certain related persons in response to Russia’s military activities in Ukraine. OFAC now maintains comprehensive, territory-wide sanctions on Crimea, the self-described Donetsk People’s Republic (“DNR”) and Luhansk People’s Republic (“LNR”) in Ukraine, generally prohibiting any dealings by U.S. persons with these regions. OFAC also has blocking sanctions on certain major Russian financial institutions and their affiliates, Russian oligarchs and persons active in the energy, banking and finance sectors (along with their family members) and Russian government officials, and debt and equity restrictions on certain Russian state-owned enterprises. The U.S. government imposed extensive export controls on all dual-use items destined to Russia, including technology and software, as well as certain commercial items. The U.S. government also imposed a ban on importation into the U.S. of Russian crude oil, certain petroleum products, LNG, and coal, and OFAC has also prohibited all new investments in Russia by U.S. persons, wherever located. Non-U.S. persons that engage in certain prohibited transactions concerning Russia or with certain sanctioned Russian persons or entities may be subject to sanctions if any such dealings or transactions involve a nexus to U.S. jurisdiction, and they may also be subject to secondary sanctions for providing material support to Russian entities or individuals subject to certain blocking sanctions and certain other sanctionable transactions or activities. Notably, OFAC now has broad authority to impose blocking sanctions on any person determined to operate or have operated in the metals and mining as well as energy sectors the Russian economy. Additionally, the European Union, United Kingdom, and Switzerland, among other jurisdictions, have imposed a ban on the importation of coal and certain other solid fossil fuels. The European Union has also banned the transshipment operations relating to LNG originating in or exported from Russia as well as certain related services. Korea also announced export controls on certain non-strategic items for shipment to Russia or Belarus. Other countries, including Japan, have announced plans to phase out Russian coal imports in the future. Further sanctions by the U.S., Korea, and other jurisdictions including the European Union, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom may also be forthcoming.

We source Russian fuel products from counterparties in a number of these jurisdictions, including the European Union, Japan, and Switzerland and sanctions that have been or will be imposed by these and other jurisdictions may require us to restrict or modify our operations. While the U.S. and other countries’ sanctions measures announced to date do not amount to a comprehensive embargo against Russia and Russian persons, it is not possible to predict with a reasonable degree of certainty how developments in Russia and Ukraine may impact our Russia-related business dealings, including but not limited to our purchase of fuel sources from Russia, such as bituminous coal, uranium, uranium concentrates conversion and enrichment services, and LNG or with regard to other business with Russian counterparties.

 

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Although we do not believe that our dealings related to Russia violate applicable economic sanctions, our ongoing dealings related to Russia expose us to risk. Imposition of sanctions on parties we are dealing with or planning to deal with (directly or indirectly), including our contractual counterparties and suppliers of fuel sources, has caused us and may require us in the future to suspend or terminate our relationships with them and substitute them with alternative parties in order to comply with applicable sanctions. There is no guarantee that we will be able to procure contractual terms with the alternative parties that are better or at least similar to our current terms. In addition, the current and future sanctions against Russia-related business dealings may cause the global prices of fuels including coal, uranium, and LNG to rise as the overall fuel supply will be curbed. Also, we may not be able to pursue other businesses with Russian counterparties. Our failure to comply with applicable economic sanctions or export or import controls affecting Russia or Russian companies may result in administrative, civil, or criminal penalties. Such events may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Risks Relating to Korea and the Global Economy

Unfavorable financial and economic conditions in Korea and globally may have a material adverse impact on us.

We are incorporated in Korea, where most of our assets are located and most of our income is generated. As a result, we are subject to political, economic, legal and regulatory risks specific to Korea, and our business, results of operations and financial condition are substantially dependent on the Korean consumers’ demand for electricity, which are largely dependent on developments relating to the Korean economy. As the Korean economy is, in turn, highly dependent on the health and direction of the global economy, the prices of our securities may be adversely affected by investors’ reactions to developments in other countries. In addition, due to the ongoing volatility in the global financial markets, the value of the Won relative to the U.S. dollar has also fluctuated significantly in recent years, which also may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Following the declaration of martial law by President Yoon Suk Yeol on December 3, 2024, the National Assembly voted on December 14, 2024 to impeach President Yoon Suk Yeol. On April 4, 2025, the Constitutional Court upheld the impeachment, and accordingly President Yoon Suk Yeol was removed from office. A snap presidential election will be held on June 3, 2025, in which the president-elect will take office immediately, without the usual two-month transition period. These events have the potential to disrupt the nation’s political and economic landscape, including leading to widespread protests, market volatility and temporary setbacks in various sectors of the economy, increasing uncertainty and potentially affecting businesses across the country. These events, as well as any events that may follow in the aftermath, may create a challenging environment for businesses operating in Korea, including us, and could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Factors that determine economic and business cycles in the Korean or global economy are for the most part beyond our control and inherently uncertain. In light of the high level of dependence on the global economy, any of the foregoing developments could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and financial markets and on our business and profitability.

More specifically, factors that could have an adverse impact on Korea’s economy include, among others:

 

  •  

ongoing inflation brought on by expansionary monetary policies during COVID-19 pandemic and global supply chain disruptions as affected by geopolitical conflicts in Russia, Ukraine, Israel and other Middle Eastern states;

 

  •  

increase in base rates by central banks around the world to mitigate inflation and ensuing volatility in foreign currency reserve levels, commodity prices (including oil, LNG and other fuel prices), exchange rates (particularly against the U.S. dollar), interest rates, stock market prices and inflows and outflows of foreign capital, either directly, into the stock markets, through derivatives or otherwise;

 

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  •  

difficulties in the financial sectors in the United States, Europe, China and elsewhere and increased sovereign default risks in certain countries and the resulting adverse effects on the global financial markets;

 

  •  

adverse developments in the economies of countries and regions to which Korea exports goods and services (such as the United States, Europe, China and Japan), or in emerging market economies in Asia or elsewhere that could result in a loss of confidence in the Korean economy, including potentially as a result of the Brexit;

 

  •  

tariffs introduced by countries, including the U.S., on goods imported and resulting volatility and uncertainty in the global economy, including the potential escalation of ongoing trade conflicts between the U.S., China and other countries;

 

  •  

social and labor unrest or declining consumer confidence or spending resulting from lay-offs, increasing unemployment and lower levels of income;

 

  •  

uncertainty and volatility in the market prices of Korean real estate;

 

  •  

a decrease in tax revenues and a substantial increase in the Government’s expenditures for unemployment compensation and other social programs that together could lead to an increased Government budget deficit;

 

  •  

political uncertainty, including as a result of increasing strife among or within political parties in Korea, and political gridlock within the Government or in the legislature, which prevents or disrupts timely and effective policy making to the detriment of Korean economy, as well as the impeachment and indictment of the former president following a series of scandals and social unrest, which also involved the investigation of several leading Korean conglomerates and arrest of their leaders on charges of bribery and other possible misconduct;

 

  •  

deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy, including as a result of any potential renegotiation of free trade agreements;

 

  •  

increases in social expenditures to support the aging population in Korea or decreases in economic productivity due to declining population size in Korea;

 

  •  

any other development that has a material adverse effect in the global economy, such as an act of war, the spread of terrorism or a breakout of an epidemic such as SARS, avian flu, swine flu, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Ebola or Zika virus, or natural disasters, earthquakes and tsunamis and the related disruptions in the relevant economies with global repercussions;

 

  •  

hostilities involving oil-producing countries in the Middle East and elsewhere and any material disruption in the supply of oil or a material increase in the price of oil resulting from such hostilities; and

 

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an increase in the level of tensions or an outbreak of hostilities in the Korean peninsula or between North Korea and the United States.

Any future deterioration of the Korean economy could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Tensions with North Korea could have an adverse effect on us and the market value of our shares.

Relations between Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In particular, there continues to be uncertainty regarding the long-term stability of North Korea’s political leadership since the succession of Kim Jong-un to power following the death of his father in December 2011, which has raised concerns with respect to the political and economic future of the region.

 

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There continues to be heightened security tension in the region stemming from North Korea’s hostile military and diplomatic actions, including in respect of its nuclear weapons and long-range missile programs. Recently, North Korea fired artillery shells in maritime buffer zones in November 2019 as well as from October 2022 to December 2022 and shots on a guard post of Korea in May 2020 In September 2022, North Korea legislated five conditions under which it would launch a preemptive nuclear strike. In December 2022, five North Korean drones violated Korean airspace, one of which returned to the North but the rest disappeared. In September 2023, North Korea amended constitution declaring itself to be a nuclear weapons state. In October 2024, North Korea conducted test launches of an intercontinental ballistic missile to the East Sea.

North Korea’s economy also faces severe challenges, including severe inflation and food shortages, which may further aggravate social and political tensions within North Korea. In addition, reunification of Korea and North Korea could occur in the future, which would entail significant economic commitment and expenditure by Korea that may outweigh any resulting economic benefits of reunification.

There can be no assurance that the level of tension on the Korean peninsula will not escalate in the future or that the political regime in North Korea may not suddenly collapse. Any further increase in tension or uncertainty relating to the military, political or economic stability in the Korean peninsula, including a breakdown of diplomatic negotiations over the North Korean nuclear program, occurrence of military hostilities, heightened concerns about the stability of North Korea’s political leadership or its actual collapse, a leadership crisis, a breakdown of high-level contacts or accelerated reunification could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as the price of our common shares and our American depositary shares.

We are generally subject to Korean corporate governance and disclosure standards, which differ in significant respects from those in other countries.

Companies in Korea, including us, are subject to corporate governance standards applicable to Korean public companies which differ in many respects from standards applicable in other countries, including the United States. As a reporting company registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and listed on the New York Stock Exchange, we are, and will continue to be, subject to certain corporate governance standards as mandated by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended. However, foreign private issuers, including us, are exempt from certain corporate governance standards required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or the rules of the New York Stock Exchange. We and our generation subsidiaries are also subject to a number of special laws and regulations to Government-controlled entities, including the Act on the Management of Public Institutions. For a description of significant differences in corporate governance standards, see Item 16.G. “Corporate Governance.” There may also be less publicly available information about Korean companies, such as us, than is regularly made available by public or non-public companies in other countries. Such differences in corporate governance standards and less public information could result in less than satisfactory corporate governance practices or disclosure to investors in certain countries.

You may not be able to enforce a judgment of a foreign court against us.

We are a corporation with limited liability organized under the laws of Korea. Substantially all of our directors and officers and other persons named in this annual report reside in Korea, and all or a significant portion of the assets of our directors and officers and other persons named in this annual report and substantially all of our assets are located in Korea. As a result, it may not be possible for holders of the American depository shares to affect service of process within the United States, or to enforce against them or us in the United States judgments obtained in United States courts based on the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States. There is doubt as to the enforceability in Korea, either in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of United States courts, of civil liabilities predicated on the United States federal securities laws.

 

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Risks Relating to Our American Depositary Shares (ADSs)

There are restrictions on withdrawal and deposit of common shares under the depositary facility.

Under the deposit agreement, holders of shares of our common stock may deposit those shares with the depositary bank’s custodian in Korea and obtain American depositary shares, and holders of American depositary shares may surrender American depositary shares to the depositary bank and receive shares of our common stock. However, under current Korean laws and regulations, the depositary bank is required to obtain our prior consent for the number of shares to be deposited in any given proposed deposit which exceeds the difference between (i) the aggregate number of shares deposited by us for the issuance of American depositary shares (including deposits in connection with the initial and all subsequent offerings of American depositary shares and stock dividends or other distributions related to these American depositary shares) and (ii) the number of shares on deposit with the depositary bank at the time of such proposed deposit. We have consented to the deposit of outstanding shares of common stock as long as the number of American depositary shares outstanding at any time does not exceed 80,153,810 shares. As a result, if you surrender American depositary shares and withdraw shares of common stock, you may not be able to deposit the shares again to obtain American depositary shares.

Ownership of our shares is restricted under Korean law.

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, with certain exceptions, a foreign investor may acquire shares of a Korean company without being subject to any single or aggregate foreign investment ceiling. As one such exception, certain designated public corporations, such as us, are subject to a 40% ceiling on acquisitions of shares by foreigners in the aggregate. The Financial Services Commission may impose other restrictions as it deems necessary for the protection of investors and the stabilization of the Korean securities and derivatives market.

In addition to the aggregate foreign investment ceiling set out under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, our Articles of Incorporation set a 3% ceiling on acquisition by a single investor (whether domestic or foreign) of the shares of our common stock. Any person (with certain exceptions) who holds our issued and outstanding shares in excess of such 3% ceiling cannot exercise voting rights with respect to our shares exceeding such limit.

The ceiling on aggregate investment by foreign investors applicable to us may be exceeded in certain limited circumstances, including as a result of acquisition of:

 

  •  

shares by a capitalization or stock dividends of reserves;

 

  •  

shares from paid-in capital increases created by the exercise of shareholders’ rights; or

 

  •  

shares by merger, inheritance or bequest.

A foreign investor who has acquired our shares in excess of any ceiling described above may not exercise his voting rights with respect to our shares exceeding such limit and the Financial Services Commission may take necessary corrective action against him.

Holders of our ADSs will not have preemptive rights in certain circumstances.

The Korean Commercial Act and our Articles of Incorporation require us, with some exceptions, to offer shareholders the right to subscribe for new shares in proportion to their existing ownership percentage whenever new shares are issued. If we offer any rights to subscribe for additional shares of our common stock or any rights of any other nature, the depositary bank, after consultation with us, may make the rights available to you or use reasonable efforts to dispose of the rights on your behalf and make the net proceeds available to you. The depositary bank, however, is not required to make available to you any rights to purchase any additional shares unless it deems that doing so is lawful and feasible and:

 

  •  

a registration statement filed by us under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, is in effect with respect to those shares; or

 

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  •  

the offering and sale of those shares is exempt from or is not subject to the registration requirements of the U.S. Securities Act.

We are under no obligation to file any registration statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in relation to the registration rights. If a registration statement is required for you to exercise preemptive rights but is not filed by us, you will not be able to exercise your preemptive rights for additional shares and you will suffer dilution of your equity interest in us.

The market value of your investment in our ADSs may fluctuate due to the volatility of the Korean securities market.

Our common stock is listed on the KRX KOSPI Division of the Korea Exchange, which has a smaller market capitalization and is more volatile than the securities markets in the United States and many European countries. The market value of ADSs may fluctuate in response to the fluctuation of the trading price of shares of our common stock on the Stock Market Division of the Korea Exchange. The Stock Market Division of the Korea Exchange has experienced substantial fluctuations in the prices and volumes of sales of listed securities and the Stock Market Division of the Korea Exchange has prescribed a fixed range in which share prices are permitted to move on a daily basis. Like other securities markets, including those in developed markets, the Korean securities market has experienced problems including market manipulation, insider trading and settlement failures. The recurrence of these or similar problems could have a material adverse effect on the market price and liquidity of the securities of Korean companies, including our common stock and ADSs, in both the domestic and the international markets.

The Korean government has the ability to exert substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector business community, and in the past has exerted that influence from time to time. For example, the Korean government has promoted mergers to reduce what it considers excess capacity in a particular industry and has also encouraged private companies to publicly offer their securities. Similar actions in the future could have the effect of depressing or boosting the Korean securities market, whether or not intended to do so. Accordingly, actual or perceived actions or inactions by the Korean government may cause sudden movements in the market prices of the securities of Korean companies in the future, which may affect the market price and liquidity of our common stock and ADSs.

Your dividend payments and the amount you may realize in connection with a sale of your ADSs will be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Won.

Investors who purchase the American depositary shares will be required to pay for them in U.S. dollars. Our outstanding shares are listed on the Korea Exchange and are quoted and traded in Won. Cash dividends, if any, in respect of the shares represented by the American depositary shares will be paid to the depositary bank in Won and then converted by the depositary bank into U.S. dollars, subject to certain conditions. Accordingly, fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the U.S. dollar will affect, among other things, the amounts a registered holder or beneficial owner of the American depositary shares will receive from the depositary bank in respect of dividends, the U.S. dollar value of the proceeds which a holder or owner would receive upon sale in Korea of the shares obtained upon surrender of American depositary shares and the secondary market price of the American depositary shares.

If the Government deems that certain emergency circumstances are likely to occur, it may restrict the depositary bank from converting and remitting dividends in U.S. dollars.

Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act, if the Government deems that certain emergency circumstances are likely to occur, it may impose restrictions such as requiring foreign investors to obtain prior Government approval for the acquisition of Korean securities or for the repatriation of interest or dividends

 

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arising from Korean securities or sales proceeds from disposition of such securities. These emergency circumstances include any or all of the following:

 

  •  

sudden fluctuations in interest rates or exchange rates;

 

  •  

extreme difficulty in stabilizing the balance of payments; and

 

  •  

a substantial disturbance in the Korean financial and capital markets.

The depositary bank may not be able to secure such prior approval from the Government for the payment of dividends to foreign investors when the Government deems that there are emergency circumstances in the Korean financial markets.

 

ITEM 4.

INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

 

Item 4.A.

History and Development of the Company

General Information

Our legal and corporate name is Korea Electric Power Corporation. We were established by the Government on December 31, 1981 as a statutory juridical corporation in Korea under the Korea Electric Power Corporation Act (the “KEPCO Act”) as the successor to Korea Electric Company. Our registered office is located at 55 Jeollyeok-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, 58322, Korea, and our telephone number is 82-61-345-4213. Our website address is www.kepco.co.kr.

Our agent in the United States is Korea Electric Power Corporation, North America Office, located at 7th Floor, Parker Plaza, 400 Kelby Street, Fort Lee, NJ 07024.

The Korean electric utility industry traces its origin to the establishment of the first electric utility company in Korea in 1898. On July 1, 1961, the industry was reorganized by the merger of Korea Electric Power Company, Seoul Electric Company and South Korea Electric Company, which resulted in the formation of Korea Electric Company. From 1976 to 1981, the Government acquired the private minority shareholdings in Korea Electric Company. After the Government acquired all the remaining shares of Korea Electric Company, Korea Electric Company was dissolved, and we were incorporated in 1981 and assumed the assets and liabilities of Korea Electric Company. We ceased to be wholly owned by the Government in 1989 when the Government sold 21% of our common stock. As of December 31, 2024, the Government maintained 51.1% ownership in aggregate of our common shares by direct holdings and indirect holdings through Korea Development Bank, a statutory banking institution wholly owned by the Government.

Under relevant laws of Korea, the Government is required to own, directly or indirectly, at least 51% of our capital. Direct or indirect ownership of more than 50% of our outstanding common voting stock enables the Government to control the approval of certain corporate matters relating to us that require a shareholders’ resolution, including approval of dividends. The rights of the Government and Korea Development Bank as holders of our common stock are exercised by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, based on the Government’s ownership of our common stock and a proxy received from Korea Development Bank, in consultation with the Ministry of Economy and Finance.

We operate under the general supervision of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, in consultation with the Ministry of Economy and Finance, is responsible for approving, subject to review by the Korea Electricity Commission, the electricity rates we charge our customers. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers—Electricity Rates.” We furnish reports to officials of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Economy and Finance and other Government agencies and regularly consult with such officials on matters relating to our business and affairs. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Regulation.” Our non-standing directors, who comprise a majority of our board of

 

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directors, must be appointed by the Ministry of Economy and Finance following the review and resolution of the Committee for Management of Public Institutions (which is established by law and chaired by the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance and whose members consist of Government officials and others appointed by the President of Korea based on recommendation by the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance) from a pool of candidates recommended by the director nomination committee. Our president and standing directors who concurrently serve as members of our audit committee must be appointed by the President of Korea upon the motion of the Minister of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (in the case of our president) and the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance (in the case of our standing director who concurrently serves as a member of the audit committee) and following the nomination by our director nomination committee, the review and resolution of the Committee for Management of Public Institutions and an approval at the general meeting of shareholders. See Item 6.A. “Directors and Senior Management—Board of Directors” and Item 16.G. “Corporate Governance—The Act on the Management of Public Institutions.”

 

Item 4.B.

Business Overview

Introduction

We are an integrated electric utility company engaged in the transmission and distribution of substantially all of the electricity in Korea. Through our six wholly-owned generation subsidiaries, we also generate the substantial majority of electricity produced in Korea. As of December 31, 2024, we and our generation subsidiaries owned approximately 55.8% of the total electricity generation capacity in Korea (excluding plants generating electricity primarily for private or emergency use). In 2024, we sold to our customers 549,821 gigawatt-hours of electricity. We purchase electricity principally from our generation subsidiaries and, to a lesser extent, from independent power producers. Of the 549,148 gigawatt-hours of electricity we purchased in 2024, 33.8% was generated by KHNP, our wholly-owned nuclear and hydroelectric power generation subsidiary, 34.0% was generated by our wholly-owned five non-nuclear generation subsidiaries and 32.3% was generated by independent power producers that trade electricity to us through the cost-based pool system of power trading (excluding independent power producers that supply electricity under power purchase agreements with us). Our five non-nuclear generation subsidiaries are KOSEP, KOMIPO, KOWEPO, KOSPO and EWP, each of which is wholly owned by us and is incorporated in Korea. We derive substantially all of our revenues and profit from Korea, and substantially all of our assets are located in Korea.

Our revenues are closely tied to demand for electricity in Korea. In 2024, the gross domestic product, or GDP, increased by 2.0% compared to 2023, whereas the demand for electricity in Korea increased by 0.7% compared to 2023. In 2024, we realized sales of Won 92,578 billion and net profit of Won 3,622 billion, compared to sales of Won 87,476 billion and net loss of Won 4,716 billion in 2023.

Strategy

We established our 2035 medium to long-term strategy to realize our vision of becoming a “Global Energy & Solution Leader”, driving transformation in the energy industry ecosystem. We plan to achieve this by pursuing the following eight strategic initiatives. Through these initiatives, we aim to provide better value to various stakeholders, including our country, customers and society. More specifically, our target for the country is to contribute to the achievement of national policy targets for energy transition such as establishing the foundation for carbon neutrality and to support sustainable growth by building a reliable and resilient national power grid. Our target for customers is to expand clean energy supply by enhancing digital-based customer interaction and renewable energy transactions. Our target for society is to create a future-oriented energy market by developing and commercializing carbon-neutral technology through collaboration with major stakeholders. Our eight strategic initiatives to achieve such targets are:

 

  •  

Establish a power grid system that can further contribute to achieving carbon neutrality. We plan to contribute to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050 with power grid innovation. We aim to secure grid capability for connecting renewable energy units by proactively constructing power facilities based on forecast and further enhance grid stability with intelligent and advanced grid system.

 

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  •  

Expand clean energy and promote strategic demand response. We plan to establish a foundation for expanding renewable energy by cooperating with our subsidiaries and independent power producers. Also, we aim to improve demand-side energy efficiency by collaborating with demand management business operators.

 

  •  

Lead future energy market and improve sales competitiveness. We plan to create reliable and resilient electricity system to achieve competency in future electricity market. We will also strive to expand our customized services through digital technologies and power data and establish reasonable and sustainable cost-based tariff system.

 

  •  

Lead platform-based new businesses. We plan to expand charging infrastructure and foster transition into electric vehicles. We also aim to improve energy efficiency by boosting operation of dispersed energy resources in a form of energy platform business.

 

  •  

Transform overseas business portfolio to focus on eco-friendly projects and core competencies. We plan to end our overseas coal-fired generation projects and switch substantial amount of our overseas business portfolio into eco-friendly projects. We aim to improve our competency and profitability by strengthening our overseas business capacity.

 

  •  

Secure future technologies and build a research and development (“R&D”) ecosystem. We plan to secure core technologies necessary for achieving carbon neutrality with aggressive R&D investment. In addition, we aim to introduce an R&D system based on collaboration among industries, universities and research institutes to establish a foundation for technological innovation and enhance our R&D capability.

 

  •  

Promote digitalization in overall supply chain. We aim to improve work efficiency and strengthen stability by introducing the latest digital technology and infrastructure to our business environment and developing a business model with new customer services based on data platforms.

 

  •  

Establish a highly reliable and highly efficient management system with respect to human beings and environment. We plan to establish a comprehensive ESG management system that promotes environment, safety and coexistence. Also, we aim to enhance our financial stability by pursuing management efficiency and stable profit structure.

Government Ownership and Our Interactions with the Government

The KEPCO Act requires that the Government own at least 51% of our capital stock. Direct or indirect ownership of more than 50% of our outstanding common voting stock enables the Government to control the approval of certain corporate matters which require a shareholders’ resolution, including approval of dividends. The rights of the Government and Korea Development Bank as holders of our common stock are exercised by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy in consultation with the Ministry of Economy and Finance. We are currently not aware of any plans of the Government to cease to own, directly or indirectly, at least 51% of our outstanding common stock.

We play an important role in the implementation of the Government’s national energy policy, which is established in consultation with us, among other parties. As an entity formed to serve public policy goals of the Government, we seek to maintain a fair level of profitability and strengthen our capital base in order to support the growth of our business in the long term.

The Government, through its various policy initiatives for the Korean energy industry as well as direct and indirect supervision of us and our industry, plays an important role in our business and operations. Most importantly, the electricity tariff rates we charge to our customers are regulated by the Government taking into account, among others, our needs to recover fair operating costs, make capital investments and recoup a fair return on capital invested by us, as well as the Government’s overall policy considerations, such as inflation. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers—Electricity Rates.”

 

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In addition, pursuant to the Basic Plan determined by the Government, we and our generation subsidiaries have made, and plan to make, substantial expenditures for the construction of generation plants and other facilities to meet demand for electric power. See Item 5.B. “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Requirements.”

Restructuring of the Electric Power Industry in Korea

On January 21, 1999, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy published the Restructuring Plan. The overall objectives of the Restructuring Plan consist of: (i) introducing competition and thereby increasing efficiency in the Korean electric power industry, (ii) ensuring a long-term, inexpensive and stable electricity supply, and (iii) promoting consumer convenience through the expansion of consumer choice.

The following provides further details relating to the Restructuring Plan.

Phase I

During Phase I, which served as a preparatory stage for Phase II and lasted from the announcement of the Restructuring Plan in January 1999 until April 2001, we undertook steps to split our generation business units off into one wholly-owned nuclear generation subsidiary (namely, KHNP) and five wholly-owned non-nuclear generation subsidiaries (namely, KOSEP, KOMIPO, KOWEPO, KOSPO and EWP), each with its own management structure, assets and liabilities. These steps were completed upon approval at our shareholders’ meeting in April 2001. The Government’s principal objectives in the split-off of the generation units into separate subsidiaries were to: (i) introduce competition and thereby increase efficiency in the electricity generation industry in Korea, and (ii) ensure a stable supply of electricity in Korea.

Since the implementation of Phase I, we have had a substantial monopoly over electricity transmission and distribution in Korea. Although our ownership percentage of our generation subsidiaries will depend on further adjustments to the Restructuring Plan to be adopted by the Government, we plan to retain 100% ownership of our transmission and distribution business.

Phase II

At the outset of Phase II in April 2001, the Government introduced a cost-based competitive bidding pool system under which we purchase power from our generation subsidiaries and other independent power producers for transmission and distribution to customers. For a further description of this system, see “—Purchase of Electricity—Cost-based Pool System” below.

Pursuant to the Electric Utility Act amended in December 2000, the Government established the Korea Power Exchange in April 2001. The primary function of the Korea Power Exchange is to deal with the sale of electricity and implement regulations governing the electricity market to allow for electricity distribution through a competitive bidding process. The Government also established the Korea Electricity Commission in April 2001 to regulate the Korean electric power industry and ensure fair competition among industry participants. To facilitate this goal, the Korea Power Exchange established the Electricity Market Rules relating to the operation of the bidding pool system. To amend the Electricity Market Rules, the Korea Power Exchange must have the proposed amendment reviewed by the Korea Electricity Commission and then obtain the approval of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy.

The Korea Electricity Commission’s main functions include implementation of standards and measures necessary for electricity market operation and review of matters relating to licensing participants in the Korean electric power industry. The Korea Electricity Commission also acts as an arbitrator in tariff-related disputes among participants in the Korean electric power industry and investigates illegal or deceptive activities of the industry participants.

 

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Privatization of Generation Subsidiaries

In April 2002, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy released the basic privatization plan for five of our generation subsidiaries other than KHNP. Pursuant to this plan, we commenced the process of selling our equity interest in KOSEP in 2002. According to the original plan, this process was, in principle, to take the form of a sale of management control, potentially supplemented by an initial public offering as a way of broadening the investor base. In November 2003, KOSEP submitted its application to the Korea Exchange for a preliminary screening review, which was approved in December 2003. However, in June 2004, KOSEP made a request to the Korea Exchange to delay its stock listing due to unfavorable stock market conditions at that time.

In accordance with the Proposal for Adjustment of Functions of Public Institutions (Energy Sector) announced by the Government in June 2016, we considered a sale in the public market of a minority of our shares in our five non-nuclear generation subsidiaries, KEPCO KDN and KHNP gradually. However, the planned sales have been put on hold, primarily due to prevailing market conditions. In any event, we plan to maintain a controlling stake in each of these subsidiaries.

Suspension of the Plan to Form and Privatize Distribution Subsidiaries

In 2003, the Government established a Tripartite Commission consisting of representatives of the Government, leading businesses and labor unions in Korea to deliberate on ways to introduce competition in electricity distribution, such as by forming and privatizing new distribution subsidiaries. In 2004, the Tripartite Commission recommended against pursuing such privatization initiatives but instead creating independent business divisions within us to improve operational efficiency through internal competition. Following the adoption of such recommendation by the Government in 2004 and further studies by Korea Development Institute, in 2006 we created nine “strategic business units” (which, together with our other business units, were subsequently restructured into 14 such units in February 2012) that have a greater degree of autonomy with respect to management, financial accounting and performance evaluation while having a common focus on increasing profitability.

Initiatives to Improve the Structure of Electricity Generation

In August 2010, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced the Proposal for Improvement in the Structure of the Electric Power Industry in order to resolve uncertainty related to restructuring plans for the electric power industry and maintain competitiveness of the electric power industry. Key initiatives of the proposal included the following: (i) maintain the current structure of having six generation subsidiaries and designate the six generation subsidiaries as market-oriented public enterprises, pursuant to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions in order to foster competition among the generation subsidiaries and promote efficiency in their operations, (ii) clarify the scope of the business of us and the six generation subsidiaries (namely, that we shall manage the financial structure and governance of the six generation subsidiaries and nuclear power plant and overseas resources development projects, while the six generation subsidiaries will have greater autonomy with respect to construction and management of generation units and procurement of fuel), (iii) create a nuclear power export business unit to systematically enhance our capabilities to win projects involving the construction and operation of nuclear power plants overseas, (iv) further rationalize the electricity tariff by adopting a fuel-cost based tariff system in 2011 and a voltage-based tariff system in a subsequent year, and (v) create separate accounting systems for electricity generation, transmission, distribution and sales with the aim of introducing competition in electricity sales in the intermediate future. The fuel-cost based tariff system went into effect on July 1, 2011 but the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy issued a hold order on July 29, 2011 and subsequently informed us it needs to be reassessed in light of the circumstances.

In January 2011, the Ministry of Economy and Finance created a “joint cooperation unit” consisting of officers and employees selected from the five thermal power generation subsidiaries in order to reduce inefficiencies in areas such as fuel transportation, inventories, materials and equipment and construction, etc. and

 

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allow the thermal power generation subsidiaries to continue utilizing the benefits of economy of scale after split off of our generation business units into separate subsidiaries. The purpose of the joint cooperation unit was to give greater autonomy to the generation subsidiaries with regard to power plant construction and management and fuel procurements, and thereby enhance efficiency in operating power plants. The main functions of the joint cooperation unit are as follows: (i) maintain inventories of bituminous coal through volume exchanges and joint purchases, (ii) reduce shipping and demurrage expenses through joint operation and distribution of dedicated vessels, (iii) reduce costs by sharing information on generation material inventories and (iv) sharing human resources among the five thermal power generation subsidiaries for construction projects, among other things.

Furthermore, in January 2011 the six generation subsidiaries were officially designated as “market-oriented public enterprises,” whereupon the President of Korea appoints the president and the statutory auditor of each such subsidiary; the selection of non-standing directors of each such subsidiary is subject to approval by the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance; the president of each such subsidiary is required to enter into a management contract directly with the Minister of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy; and the Public Enterprise Management Evaluation Team which is established by the Committee for Management of Public Institutions conducts performance evaluation of such subsidiaries. Previously, our president appointed the president and the statutory auditor of each such subsidiary; the selection of non-standing directors of each such subsidiary was subject to approval by our president; the president of each such subsidiary entered into a management contract with our president; and our evaluation committee conducted performance evaluation of such subsidiaries. For further details of the impact of the designation of our generation subsidiaries as “market-oriented public enterprises,” see Item 16.G. “Corporate Governance – The Act on the Management of Public Institutions.”

Proposal for Adjustment of Functions of Public Institutions (Energy Sector)

In June 2016, the Government announced the Proposal for Adjustment of Functions of Public Institutions (Energy Sector) for the purpose of streamlining the operations of Government-affiliated energy companies by discouraging them from engaging in overlapping or similar businesses with each other, reducing non-core assets and activities and improving management and operational efficiency. The initiatives contemplated in this proposal that would affect us and our generation subsidiaries include the following: (i) the generation companies should take on greater responsibilities in overseas resource exploration and production projects as these involve procurement of fuels necessary for electricity generation while fostering cooperation among each other through closer coordination, (ii) KHNP should take a greater role in export of nuclear technology, and (iii) the current system of retail sale of electricity to end-users should be liberalized to encourage more competition. In accordance therewith, we transferred a substantial portion of our assets and liabilities in our overseas resource business to our generation subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016. In addition, this Proposal contemplated selling a minority stake in our generation subsidiaries and KEPCO KDN, but the planned sales have been put on hold, as discussed above in “–Privatization of Generation Subsidiaries.”

Purchase of Electricity

Cost-based Pool System

Since April 2001, the purchase and sale of electricity in Korea is required to be made through the Korea Power Exchange, which is a statutory not-for-profit organization established under the Electric Utility Act responsible for setting the price of electricity, handling the trading and collecting relevant data for the electricity market in Korea. The suppliers of electricity in the Korean electricity market consist of our six generation subsidiaries, which were split-off from us in April 2001, and independent power producers, which numbered 37 (excluding 6,500 renewable energy producers) as of December 31, 2024. We distribute electricity purchased through the Korea Power Exchange to end users.

 

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Our Relationship with the Korea Power Exchange

The key features of our relationship with the Korea Power Exchange include the following: (i) we and our six generation subsidiaries are member corporations of the Korea Power Exchange and collectively own 100% of its share capital, (ii) three of the 11 members of the board of directors of the Korea Power Exchange are currently our or our subsidiaries’ employees, and (iii) one of our employees is currently a member in three of the key committees of the Korea Power Exchange that are responsible for evaluating the costs of producing electricity, making rules for the Korea Power Exchange and gathering and disclosing information relating to the Korean electricity market.

Notwithstanding the foregoing relationships, however, we do not have control over the Korea Power Exchange or its policies since, among others, (i) the Korea Power Exchange, its personnel, policies, operations and finances are closely supervised and controlled by the Government, namely through the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, and are subject to a host of laws and regulations, including, among others, the Electric Utility Act and the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, as well as the Articles of Incorporation of the Korea Power Exchange, (ii) we are entitled to elect no more than one-third of the Korea Power Exchange directors, and our representatives represent only a minority of its board of directors and committees (with the other members being comprised of representatives of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, employees of the Korea Power Exchange, businesspersons and/or scholars), and (iii) the role of our representatives in the policy making process for the Korea Power Exchange is primarily advisory based on their technical expertise derived from their employment within our company or our generation subsidiaries. Consistent with this view, the Finance Supervisory Service issued a ruling in 2005 that stated that we are not deemed to have significant influence or control over the decision-making process of the Korea Power Exchange relating to its business or financial affairs.

Pricing Factors

The price of electricity in the Korean electricity market is determined principally based on the cost of generating electricity using a system known as the “cost-based pool” system. Under the cost-based pool system, the price of electricity has two principal components, namely the marginal price (representing the variable cost of generating electricity) and the capacity price (representing the fixed cost of generating electricity).

Under the merit order system, the electricity purchase allocation, the system marginal price (as described below) and the final allocation adjustment are automatically determined based on an objective formula. The variable cost (including the adjusted coefficient as described below) and the capacity price are determined in advance of trading by the Cost Evaluation Committee, which is comprised of representatives from the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Korea Power Exchange, us, generation companies, scholars and researchers (the “Cost Evaluation Committee”). Accordingly, a supplier of electricity cannot exercise control over the merit order system or its operations to such supplier’s strategic advantage.

Marginal Price

The primary purpose of the marginal price is to compensate the generation companies for fuel costs, which represents the principal component of the variable costs of generating electricity. We currently refer such marginal price as the “system marginal price.”

The system marginal price represents, in effect, the marginal price of electricity at a given hour at which the projected demand for electricity and the projected supply of electricity for such hour intersect, as determined by the merit order system, which is a system used by the Korea Power Exchange to allocate which generation units will supply electricity for which hour and at what price. To elaborate, the projected demand for electricity for a given hour is determined by the Korea Power Exchange based on a forecast made one day prior to trading, and such forecast takes into account, among others, historical statistics relating to demand for electricity nationwide

 

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by day and by hour, season and on-peak-hour versus off-peak hour demand analysis. The projected supply of electricity at a given hour is determined as the aggregate of the available capacity of all generation units that have submitted bids to supply electricity for such hour. These bids are submitted to the Korea Power Exchange one day prior to trading. On September 1, 2022, the trading system was further developed to facilitate optimal decisions on market prices and allow plans for generating power to be made with more sophistication, by taking into account thermal constraints, power transmission constraints and reserving power from the stage of making the generation plan.

Under the merit order system, the generation unit with the lowest variable cost of generating electricity among all the generation units that have submitted a bid for a given hour is first awarded a purchase order for electricity up to the available capacity of such unit as indicated in its bid. The generation unit with the next lowest variable cost is then awarded a purchase order up to its available capacity in its bid, and so forth, until the projected demand for electricity for such hour is met. We refer to the variable cost of the generation unit that is the last to receive the purchase order for such hour as the system marginal price, which also represents the highest price at which electricity can be supplied at a given hour based on the demand and supply for such hour. Generation units whose variable costs exceed the system marginal price for a given hour do not receive purchase orders to supply electricity for such hour. The variable cost of each generation unit is determined by the Cost Evaluation Committee on a monthly basis and reflected in the following month based on the fuel costs two months prior to such determination. The purpose of the merit order system is to encourage generation units to reduce its electricity generation costs by making its generation process more efficient, sourcing fuels from most cost-effective sources or adopting other cost savings programs.

The final allocation of electricity supply is further adjusted on the basis of other factors, including the proximity of a generation unit to the geographical area to which power is being supplied, network and fuel constraints and the amount of power loss. This adjustment mechanism is designed to adjust for transmission losses in order to improve overall cost-efficiency in the transmission of electricity to end-users.

The price of electricity at which our generation subsidiaries sell electricity to us is determined using the following formula:

Variable cost + [System marginal price – Variable cost] * Adjusted coefficient

An adjusted coefficient applies in principle to all generation units operated by our generation subsidiaries and the coal-fired generation units operated by independent power producers. The adjusted coefficient applicable to the generation units operated by our generation subsidiaries is determined based on considerations of, among others, electricity tariff rates and the relative fair returns on investment in respect of us compared to our generation subsidiaries. The purpose of the adjusted coefficient here is to prevent electricity trading from resulting in undue imbalances as to the relative financial results among generation subsidiaries as well as between us (as the purchaser of electricity) and our generation subsidiaries (as sellers of electricity). Such imbalances may arise from excessive profit taking by base load generators (on account of their inherently cheaper fuel cost structure compared to non-base load generators) as well as from fluctuations in fuel prices (it being the case that during times of rapid and substantial rises in fuel costs which are not offset by corresponding rises in electricity tariff rates charged by us to end-users, on a non-consolidated basis our profitability will decline compared to that our generation subsidiaries since our generation subsidiaries are entitled to sell electricity to us at cost plus a guaranteed margin). In comparison, the adjusted coefficient applicable to the coal-fired generation units operated by independent power producers is determined to enable such independent power producers to recover the total costs of building and operating such units.

The adjusted coefficient is determined by the Cost Evaluation Committee in principle on an annual basis, although in exceptional cases driven by external or structural factors such as rapid and substantial changes in fuel costs, adjustments to electricity tariff rates or changes in the electricity pricing structure, the adjusted coefficient may be adjusted on a quarterly basis.

 

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Capacity Price

In addition to payment in respect of the variable cost of generating electricity, generation units receive payment in the form of capacity price, the purpose of which is to compensate them for the fixed costs of constructing generation facilities, provide incentives for construction of new generation units and maintain reliability of the nationwide electricity transmission network.

The capacity price is determined by the Cost Evaluation Committee as a function of the following factors: (i) reference capacity price, (ii) reserve capacity factor, (iii) time-of-the-day capacity coefficient and (iv) performance capacity factor introduced since June 2022 instead of fuel switching factor which was effective since October 2016. The time-of-the-day capacity coefficient are determined annually before the end of December for the subsequent twelve-month period. The reference capacity price, reserve capacity factor and the fuel switching factor are determined annually before the end of June for the subsequent twelve-month period.

The reference capacity price refers to the Won amount per kilowatt-hour payable annually for annualized available capacity indicated in the bids submitted the day before trading (provided that such capacity is actually available on the relevant day of trading), and is determined based on the construction costs and maintenance costs of a standard generation unit and related transmission access facilities, and a base rate for loading electricity. Prior to October 2016, the same reference capacity price applied uniformly to all generation units. Since October 2016, the reference capacity price applies differentially to each generation unit depending on the start year of its commercial operation. Also, since December 2022, we have reduced margins from the reference capacity price applied to all generation units reflecting the reserve capacity. Accordingly, the reference capacity price currently ranges from Won 11.00 to 14.41 per kilowatt-hour.

The reserve capacity factor relates to the requirement to maintain a standard capacity reserve margin around 17% in order to prevent excessive capacity build-up as well as induce optimal capacity investment at the regional level. The capacity reserve margin is the ratio of peak demand to the total available capacity. Under this system, generation units in a region where available capacity is insufficient to meet demand for electricity as evidenced by failing to meet the standard capacity reserve margin receive increased capacity price. Conversely, generation units in a region where available capacity exceeds demand for electricity as evidenced by exceeding the standard capacity reserve margin receive reduced capacity price. Since October 2016, the reserve capacity factor also factors in the transmission loss per generation unit in order to favor transmission of electricity from a nearby generation unit.

The time-of-the-day capacity coefficient allows hourly and seasonal adjustments in order to incentivize our generation subsidiaries to operate their generation facilities at full capacity during periods of highest demand. For example, the capacity price paid differs depending on whether the relevant hour is an “on-peak” hour, a “mid-peak” hour or an “off-peak” hour (the capacity price being highest for the on-peak hours and lowest for the off-peak hours) and the capacity price paid is highest during the months of January, July and August when electricity usage is highest due to weather conditions.

The fuel switching factor, which was introduced in October 2016 to promote environmental sensitivities to climate change, has been changed into the performance capacity factor since June 2022 to comply with the market trend that differentially compensates the capacity price for the contribution to electricity system and operational flexibility of generation units. In addition, in January 2022, the environmental contribution factor was excluded from the fuel switching factor and instead reflected in the unit thermal cost of each generation unit in order to effectively respond to the greenhouse gas reduction.

Other than subject to the aforementioned variations, the same capacity pricing mechanism applies to all generation units regardless of fuel types used.

In the Ninth Basic Plan, the government announced its plans to introduce real-time electricity trading market and supplementary service market, which have been upgraded to ensure appropriate valuation and compensation

 

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for supplementary energy sources and responses to volatility of renewable energy. Supplementary energy sources refer to power generators independent of us. The reorganization of the market system has been gradually implemented, starting with the implementation of a trading system reflecting constraints and reserves of electricity system in September 2022. In August 2023, we presented the design of the trading system, which would introduce real-time electricity trading market through which supplementary services can be traded. The new trading system was implemented in Jeju Province since June 2024. Under the new trading system, renewable energy generators exceeding one megawatt (mandatory for three megawatts) would be able to participate in market bidding.

Vesting Contract System

In May 2014, the Electric Utility Act was amended to introduce a “vesting contract” system in determining the price and quantity of electricity to be sold and purchased between the purchaser of electricity (namely, us) and the sellers of electricity (namely, our generation subsidiaries and independent power producers). Under the vesting contract system, electricity generators using base load fuels (such as nuclear, coal, hydro and by-product gas) at a particular generation unit were to be required to enter into a contract with the purchaser of electricity, which specifies, among other things, the quantity of electricity to be generated and sold at a particular generation unit and the price at which such electricity is sold, subject to certain adjustments.

The vesting contract system was introduced principally to prevent excessive profit-taking by low-cost producers of electricity using base load fuels (such as nuclear, coal, hydro and by-product gas) by replacing the adjusted coefficient as the basis for determining the guaranteed return to generation companies, as well as to enhance the stability of electricity supply by requiring long-term contractual arrangements for the purchase and sale of electricity and promote cost savings, productivity enhancements and operational efficiency by providing incentives and penalties depending on the degree to which the generation companies could supply electricity at costs below the contracted electricity prices.

In order to minimize undue shock to the electricity trading market in Korea, the vesting contract system was to be implemented in phases starting with by-product gas-based electricity in 2015. The vesting contract system for by-product gas-based electricity ended in 2020, and there are no active contracts remaining as of the end of 2024. However, we are in discussion with the Government to potentially extend the vesting contract system to wider base load fuels, including nuclear.

 

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Power Trading Results

The results of power trading, as effected through the Korea Power Exchange, for us and our generation subsidiaries and independent power producers in 2024 are as follows:

 

    

Items

   Volume
(Gigawatt
hours)		     Percentage
of Total
Volume
(%)		     Sales to
KEPCO(2)
(in
billions of
Won)		     Percentage
of Total
Sales (%)		     Unit Price
(Won/kWh)		  

Generation Companies

    KHNP     185,422       33.8       13,106       18.6       70.68  
   KOSEP     37,232       6.8       5,157       7.3       138.52  
   KOMIPO     43,951       8.0       6,856       9.7       155.99  
   KOWEPO     35,880       6.5       5,863       8.3       163.41  
   KOSPO     36,067       6.6       6,218       8.8       172.39  
   EWP     33,328       6.1       5,094       7.2       152.83  
   Others (1)     177,268       32.3       28,123       39.9       158.65  
    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

  
  

Total

     549,148       100.0       70,416       100.0       128.23  
    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

  

Energy Sources

    Nuclear     179,061       32.6       11,885       16.9       66.37  
   Bituminous coal     159,308       29.0       22,887       32.5       143.67  
   Anthracite coal     1,777       0.3       253       0.4       142.20  
   Oil     117       0.0       53       0.1       453.11  
   LNG/Combined-cycle     163,528       29.8       28,711       40.8       175.57  
   Renewables     34,499       6.3       4,780       6.8       138.56  
   Hydro     3,441       0.6       510       0.7       148.11  
   Pumped storage     4,660       0.8       975       1.4       209.25  
   Others     2,757       0.5       363       0.5       131.51  
    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

  
  

Total

     549,148       100.0       70,416       100.0       128.23  
    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

  

Load

    Base load     340,146       61.9       35,025       49.7       102.97  
   Non-base load     209,002       38.1       35,392       50.3       169.34  
    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

  
  

Total

     549,148       100.0       70,416       100.0       128.23  
    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

  
 

Notes:

 

(1)

Others represent independent power producers that trade electricity through the cost-based pool system of power trading (excluding independent power producers that supply electricity under power purchase agreements with us).

(2)

Based on the payment made by us through Korea Power Exchange.

Power Purchased from Independent Power Producers under Power Purchase Agreements

In 2024, we purchased an aggregate of 23,003 gigawatt hours of electricity generated by independent power producers under existing power purchase agreements. These independent power producers had an aggregate generation capacity of 18,805 megawatts as of December 31, 2024.

Power Generation

As of December 31, 2024, we and our generation subsidiaries had a total of 848 generation units, including nuclear, thermal, hydroelectric and internal combustion units, representing total installed generation capacity of 85,424 megawatts. Our thermal units produce electricity using steam turbine generators fired by coal, oil and LNG. Our internal combustion units use oil or diesel-fired gas turbines and our combined-cycle units are primarily LNG-fired. We also purchase power from several generation plants not owned by our generation subsidiaries.

 

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The table below sets forth as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 the number of units, installed capacity and the average capacity factor for each type of generating facilities owned by us and our generation subsidiaries.

 

     Number
of Units		      Installed
Capacity (1)		      Average Capacity
Factor (2)		  
            (Megawatts)      (%)  

Nuclear

      26        26,050        83.8  

Thermal:

         

Coal

      53        32,559        49.2  

LNG

      4        1,400        4.8  

Total thermal

      57        33,959        47.4  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Internal combustion

      209        97        38.7  

Combined-cycle(3)

      121        17,612        29.7  

Integrated gasification combined cycle(4)

      2        346        68.1  

Hydroelectric(5)

      60        5,350        13.2  

Wind

      17        189        8.8  

Solar

      310        525        11.4  

Fuel cell

      36        501        81.7  

Bio

      9        785        48.1  

Others(6)

      1        10        74.1  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total

      848        85,424        52.3  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  
 

Notes:

 

(1)

Installed capacity represents the level of output that may be sustained continuously without significant risk of damage to plant and equipment.

(2)

Average capacity factor represents the total number of kilowatt-hours of electricity generated in the indicated period divided by the total number of kilowatt-hours that would have been generated if the generation units were continuously operated at installed capacity, expressed as a percentage.

(3)

Involves generation through gas and oil.

(4)

Involves generation through coal and gasified coal.

(5)

Includes generation through pumped storage.

(6)

Includes waste-to-energy.

The expected useful life of a unit, assuming no substantial renovation, is approximately as follows: nuclear, over 40 years; thermal, over 30 years; internal combustion, over 25 years; and hydroelectric, over 55 years. Substantial renovation can extend the useful life of thermal units by up to 20 years.

We seek to achieve efficient use of fuels and diversification of generation capacity by fuel type. In the past, we relied principally upon oil-fired thermal generation units for electricity generation. The high average age of our oil-fired thermal units is attributable to our reliance on oil-fired thermal units as the primary means of electricity generation until mid-1970s. Since then, we have diversified our fuel sources and constructed relatively few oil-fired thermal units compared to units of other fuel types.

Since the oil shock in 1974, however, Korea’s power development plans have emphasized the construction of nuclear generation units. While nuclear units are more expensive to construct than thermal generation units of comparable capacity, nuclear fuel is less expensive than fossil fuels in terms of electricity output per unit cost. However, efficient operation of nuclear units requires that such plants be run continuously at relatively constant energy output levels. As it is impractical to store large quantities of electrical energy, we seek to maintain nuclear power production capacity at approximately the level at which demand for electricity is continuously stable. During those times when actual demand exceeds the usual level of electricity supply from nuclear power, we rely on units fired by fossil fuels and hydroelectric units, which can be started and shut down more quickly and

 

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efficiently than nuclear units, to meet the excess demand. Bituminous coal has been the least expensive thermal fuel per kilowatt-hour of electricity produced, and therefore our use of bituminous coal for generation takes the largest portion in excess of the stable demand level, except for meeting short-term surges in demand which require rapid start-up and shutdown. Thermal units fired by LNG, hydroelectric units and internal combustion units are the most efficient types of units for rapid start-ups and shutdowns, and therefore we use such units principally to meet short-term surges in demand. Anthracite coal is a less efficient fuel source than bituminous coal in terms of electricity output per unit cost.

Our generation subsidiaries have constructed and operated thermal and internal combustion units in order to help meet power demand. Subject to market conditions, our generation subsidiaries plan to continue to add additional thermal (other than coal-fired) and internal combustion units. These units generally take less time to complete construction than nuclear units.

The table below sets forth, for the periods indicated, the amount of electricity generated by facilities linked to our grid system and the amount of power used or lost in connection with transmission and distribution.

 

     2020      2021      2022      2023      2024      % of 2024
Gross
Generation (1)		  
     (in gigawatt hours, except percentages)  

Electricity generated by us and our generation subsidiaries:

                  

Nuclear

      160,184        158,015        176,054        180,494        188,754        31.7  

Coal

      178,808        172,419        164,271        150,855        140,805        23.6  

Oil

      1,504        1,494        352        —         —         —   

LNG

      587        1,177        1,377        878        586        0.1  

Internal combustion

      405        491        570        390        329        0.1  

Combined-cycle

      41,446        53,609        52,243        45,949        45,960        7.7  

Hydro

      4,501        4,762        5,043        5,089        6,200        1.0  

Wind

      202        195        219        190        147        0.0  

Solar

      236        493        354        373        526        0.1  

Fuel cells

      1,528        1,993        2,470        2,932        3,596        0.6  

Others(2)

      5,121        5,725        5,488        4,420        5,531        0.9  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total generation by us and our generation subsidiaries

      394,522        400,373        408,441        391,570        392,436        65.9  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Electricity generated by IPPs:

                  

Thermal

      123,856        140,983        142,992        149,092        150,889        25.3  

Hydro, other renewable and others

      33,784        35,453        42,967        47,384        52,276        8.8  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total generation by IPPs

      157,640        176,436        185,959        196,476        203,165        34.1  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Gross generation

      552,162        576,809        594,400        588,046        595,601        100.0  

Auxiliary use(3)

     21,135        21,254        22,081        20,976        21,900        3.7  

Pumped-storage(4)

      4,352        4,856        4,912        4,924        6,091        1.0  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total net generation(5)

      526,675        550,699        567,407        562,146        567,610        95.3  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Transmission and distribution losses(6)

      18,610        19,424        20,020        19,813        19,966        3.5  
 

IPPs = Independent power producers

Notes:

 

(1)

Unless otherwise indicated, percentages are based on gross generation.

(2)

From June 2024, dispatchable renewable energy in Jeju is categorized as others.

(3)

Auxiliary use represents electricity consumed by generation units in the course of generation.

 

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(4)

Pumped storage represents electricity consumed during low demand periods in order to store water which is utilized to generate hydroelectric power during peak demand periods.

(5)

Total net generation represents gross generation minus auxiliary and pumped-storage use.

(6)

Transmission and distribution losses rate represents total transmission and distribution losses divided by total net generation.

The table below sets forth our total capacity at the time of peak usage, and peak and average loads during, the indicated periods.

 

     2020      2021      2022      2023      2024  
     (Megawatts)  

Total capacity

      127,819        131,330        137,938        142,567        149,179  

Peak load

      89,091        91,141        94,509        93,615        97,115  

Average load

      62,860        65,789        67,853        67,129        67,804  

Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.

We commenced nuclear power generation activities in 1978 when our first nuclear generation unit, Kori #1, began commercial operation. On April 2, 2001, all of our nuclear and hydroelectric power generation assets and liabilities were transferred to KHNP.

At KHNP’s five power plant complexes, Kori, Saeul, Wolsong, Hanbit and Hanul (each complex located in Busan, Ulsan, Gyeongju, Yonggwang and Ulchin, respectively), it operates 26 nuclear generation units, among which Kori #2 has been shut down since April 8, 2023. KHNP submitted a safety evaluation report to the NSSC in April 2022 to seek approval for an extension of the life of Kori #2. KHNP also operates 53 hydroelectric generation units including 16 pumped storage hydro generation units as well as 67 solar generation units and one wind generation unit as of December 31, 2024.

The table below sets forth the number of units and installed capacity as of December 31, 2024 and the average capacity factor by types of generation units in 2024 including Kori #2.

 

     Number of Units      Installed Capacity (1)      Average Capacity
Factor (2)		  
            (Megawatts)      (%)  

Nuclear

      26        26,050        83.8  

Hydroelectric

      53        5,307.5        13.1  

Solar

      67        84.68        14.05  

Wind

      1        0.75        0  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

Total

      147        31,443        71.42  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     
 

Notes:

 

(1)

Installed capacity represents the level of output that may be sustained continuously without significant risk of damage to plant and equipment.

(2)

Average capacity factor represents the total number of kilowatt-hours of electricity generated in the indicated period divided by the total number of kilowatt-hours that would have been generated if the generation units were continuously operated at installed capacity, expressed as a percentage.

KHNP commenced commercial operation of Saeul #1 (formerly named as Shin-Kori #3), with a 1,400 megawatt capacity, in December 2016, and Saeul #2 (formerly named as Shin-Kori #4) began commercial operations on August 2019. KHNP commenced commercial operation of Shin-Hanul #1 and Shin-Hanul #2 in December 2022 and April 2024, respectively. KHNP is currently building two additional nuclear generation units at Saeul complexes, each with a 1,400 megawatts capacity. KHNP expects to complete these units by 2026. In

 

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June 2018, the board of directors of KHNP decided to retire Wolsong #1 unit earlier than planned due to comprehensive evaluation of the unit’s economic viability and regional sentiment of its continuing operation. The initial phase of the decommissioning of Kori #1, which primarily involves safety inspections and the removal of spent nuclear fuels, has begun after its permanent shutdown in June 2017. In April 2022, KHNP submitted a safety evaluation report to the NSSC to seek approval for an extension of the life of Kori #2, which has been shut down since April 8, 2023.

Nuclear

The table below sets forth certain information with respect to the nuclear generation units of KHNP as of December 31, 2024.

 

Unit(4)

   Reactor
Type (1)		    

Reactor Design (2)

   Turbine and
Generation (3)		     Commencement
of Operations		     Installed
Capacity		     Average
Capacity
Factor		  
                          (Megawatts)     (%)  

Kori #2

     PWR     W     GEC       1983       650       0  

Kori #3

     PWR     W     GEC, Hitachi       1985       950       100.9  

Kori #4

     PWR     W     GEC, Hitachi       1986       950       84.9  

Shin-Kori #1

     PWR     D, KEPCO E&C, W     D, GE       2011       1,000       87.8  

Shin-Kori #2

     PWR     D, KEPCO E&C, W     D, GE       2012       1,000       90.0  

Saeul #1

     PWR     D, KEPCO E&C, W     D, GE       2016       1,400       96.7  

Saeul #2

     PWR     D, KEPCO E&C, W     D, GE       2019       1,400       86.3  

Wolsong #2

     PHWR     AECL, H, K     H, GE       1997       700       83.0  

Wolsong #3

     PHWR     AECL, H     H, GE       1998       700       41.8  

Wolsong #4

     PHWR     AECL, H     H, GE       1999       700       59.1  

Shin-Wolsong #1

     PWR     D, KEPCO E&C, W     D, GE       2012       1,000       81.6  

Shin-Wolsong #2

     PWR     D, KEPCO E&C, W     D, GE       2015       1,000       76.7  

Hanbit #1

     PWR     W     W, D       1986       950       51.4  

Hanbit #2

     PWR     W     W, D       1987       950       97.6  

Hanbit #3

     PWR     H, CE, K     H, GE       1995       1,000       88.0  

Hanbit #4

     PWR     H, CE, K     H, GE       1996       1,000       86.5  

Hanbit #5

     PWR     D, CE, W, KEPCO E&C     D, GE       2002       1,000       101.6  

Hanbit #6

     PWR     D, CE, W, KEPCO E&C     D, GE       2002       1,000       78.8  

Hanul #1

     PWR     F     A       1988       950       96.0  

Hanul #2

     PWR     F     A       1989       950       86.9  

Hanul #3

     PWR     H, CE, K     H, GE       1998       1,000       77.7  

Hanul #4

     PWR     H, CE, K     H, GE       1999       1,000       79.4  

Hanul #5

     PWR     D, KEPCO E&C, W     D, GE       2004       1,000       72.9  

Hanul #6

     PWR     D, KEPCO E&C, W     D, GE       2005       1,000       94.9  

Shin-Hanul #1

     PWR     D, KEPCO E&C, W     D, GE       2022       1,400       68.4  

Shin-Hanul #2

     PWR     D, KEPCO E&C, W     D, GE       2024       1,400       102.1  
         

 

 

    

 

 

  

Total nuclear

             26,050       83.8  
         

 

 

    

 

 

  
 

Notes:

 

(1)

“PWR” means pressurized light water reactor; “PHWR” means pressurized heavy water reactor.

(2)

“W” means Westinghouse Electric Corporation (U.S.A.); “D” means Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd.; “KEPCO E&C” means KEPCO Engineering & Construction Co., Inc.; “AECL” means Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (Canada); “H” means Hanjung; “K” means Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; “CE” means Combustion Engineering (U.S.A.); “F” means Framatome (France).

(3)

“GEC” means General Electric Company (U.K.); “W” means Westinghouse Electric Corporation (U.S.A.); “A” means Alstom (France); “H” means Hanjung; “GE” means General Electric (U.S.A.); “D” means Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd.; “Hitachi” means Hitachi Ltd. (Japan).

 

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(4)

Kori #1 was permanently shut down on June 18, 2017. On December 24, 2019, the NSSC approved the permanent shutdown of Wolsong #1. Saeul #1 and 2 were formerly named as Shin-Kori #3 and 4. Shin-Hanul #1 commenced its operation on December 7, 2022. Kori #2 has been shut down since April 8, 2023 and KHNP submitted a safety evaluation report to the NSSC in April 2022 to seek approval for an extension of its life.

Under extended-cycle operations, nuclear units can be run continuously for periods longer than the conventional twelve-month period between scheduled shutdowns for refueling and maintenance. Since 1987, we have adopted the mode of extended-cycle operations for all of our pressurized light water reactor units and plan to use it for our newly constructed units. The duration of shutdown for fuel replacement, maintenance and the evaluation period for approval to start after maintenance was 1,525.9 days in the aggregate in 2024. In addition, KHNP’s nuclear units experienced an average of 0.27 unplanned shutdowns per unit in 2024. In the ordinary course of operations, KHNP’s nuclear units routinely experience damage and wear and tear, which are repaired during routine shutdown periods or during unplanned temporary suspensions of operations. No significant damage has occurred in any of KHNP’s nuclear reactors, and no significant nuclear exposure or release incidents have occurred at any of KHNP’s nuclear facilities since the first nuclear plant commenced operation in 1978.

Hydroelectric

The table below sets forth certain information relating to KHNP’s pumped-storage and hydroelectric business units, including the installed capacity as of December 31, 2024 and the average capacity factor in 2024.

 

Location of Unit

    Number
of Units		      Classification      Year
Built		      Installed
Capacity		      Average
Capacity
Factor		  
                          (Megawatts)      (%)  

Hwacheon

      4        Dam waterway        1944        108.0        26.5  

Chuncheon

      2        Dam        1965        62.28        25.1  

Euiam

      2        Dam        1967        48.0        35.0  

Cheongpyung

      4        Dam        1943        140.1        25.3  

Paldang

      4        Dam        1973        120.0        41.0  

Chilbo (Seomjingang)

      3        Basin deviation        1945        35.4        38.6  

Boseonggang

      2        Basin deviation        1937        4.5        63.6  

Kwoesan

      2        Dam        1957        2.8        33.2  

Anheung (GangLim)

      3        Dam waterway        1978        0.5        32.1  

Kangreung

      2        Basin deviation        1991        82.0        0.0  

Topyeong

      1        Dam        2011        0.045        16.1  

Muju

      1        Dam        2003        0.4        15.4  

Sancheong

      2        Dam        2001        0.995        46.1  

Yangyang

      2        Dam        2005        1.4        47.8  

Yangyang

      1        Dam        2020        0.15        47.8  

Yecheon

      1        Dam        2011        0.9        21.4  

Yecheon (Mini)

      1        Dam        2018        0.025        64.7  

Cheongpeoung

      2        Pumped Storage        1980        400.0        6.8  

Samrangjin

      2        Pumped Storage        1985        600.0        9.7  

Muju

      2        Pumped Storage        1995        600.0        10.0  

Sancheong

      2        Pumped Storage        2001        700.0        12.5  

Yangyang

      4        Pumped Storage        2006        1,000.0        11.7  

Cheongsong

      2        Pumped Storage        2006        600.0        11.0  

Yecheon

      2        Pumped Storage        2011        800.0        14.5  
  

 

 

           

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total

      53              5,307.5        13.1  
  

 

 

           

 

 

     

 

 

  

 

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Solar/Wind

The table below sets forth certain information, including the installed capacity as of December 31, 2024 and the average capacity factor in 2024, of the solar and wind power units of KHNP.

 

Location of Unit

           Classification      Year
Built		      Installed
Capacity		      Average
Capacity
Factor		  
                          (Megawatts)      (%)  

Yonggwang

                  Solar        2008-2021        21.56        14.49  

Yecheon

         Solar        2012        2.01        13.04  

Kori

         Wind        2008        0.75        0.00  

Busan

         Solar        2017-2022        7.69        16.00  

Gapyeong

         Solar        2017-2022        0.96        13.02  

Chuncheon

         Solar        2021        0.10        14.57  

Cheongsong

         Solar        2018-2024        5.28        14.95  

Kwoesan

         Solar        2018        0.25        14.57  

Boseonggang

         Solar        2018        1.99        11.27  

Samrangjin

         Solar        2019        2.77        14.24  

Yeoncheon

         Solar        2020        1.00        13.11  

Jeju

         Solar        2020-2021        14.08        12.48  

Gyeongju

         Solar        2020-2022        12.60        14.12  

Ulsan

         Solar        2023        3.99        14.90  

Sancheong

         Solar        2023        3.02        12.12  

Asan

         Solar        2023        1.00        14.37  

Haman

         Solar        2024        1.41        14.83  

Hwaseong

         Solar        2024        1.62        15.20  

Yeongcheon

         Solar        2024        0.71        16.23  

Gyeongsan

         Solar        2024        0.25        15.76  

Gumi

         Solar        2024        0.39        16.76  

Changwon

         Solar        2024        2.00        10.73  
           

 

 

     

Total

               85.43        13.92  
           

 

 

     

There has been a growing supply of renewable energy such as solar and wind power. However, as such sources of power are susceptible to weather, there has been a growing demand for more stable renewable energy such as pumped storage hydro generation, which allows for prompt on-and-off transition. Since the last construction in 2011 of Yecheon pumped storage unit, KHNP is currently in the process of building five new pumped storage units which are expected to have an aggregate generation capacity of 3.7 gigawatts. KHNP is expecting to complete construction of the new pumped storage units before 2036.

 

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Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.

The table below sets forth, by fuel type, the weighted average age and installed capacity as of December 31, 2024 and the average capacity factor and average fuel cost per kilowatt in 2024 based upon the net amount of electricity generated, of KOSEP.

 

     Weighted
Average Age
of Units		      Installed
Capacity		      Average
Capacity
Factor		      Average Fuel
Cost per kWh		  
     (Years)      (Megawatts)      (%)      (Won)  

Bituminous:

            

Samcheonpo #3, 4, 5, 6

      29.2        2,120.0        51.34        87.00  

Yeongheung #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

      15.7        5,080.0        51.26        77.34  

Yeosu # 1, 2

      10.8        668.6        47.58        104.72  

Combined cycle and internal Combustion:

            

Bundang gas turbine #1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8; steam turbine #1, 2

      31.0        922.1        27.98        207.69  

Hydro, Solar and other renewable energy

      10.5        573.0        24.06        144.01  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total

      15.9        9,363.7        48.22        92.58  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

 

Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.

 

The table below sets forth, by fuel type, the weighted average age and installed capacity as of December 31, 2024 and the average capacity factor and average fuel cost per kilowatt in 2024 based upon the net amount of electricity generated, of KOMIPO.

 

 

 

     Weighted
Average Age
of Units		      Installed
Capacity		      Average
Capacity
Factor		      Average Fuel
Cost per kWh		  
     (Years)      (Megawatts)      (%)      (Won)  

Bituminous:

            

Boryeong #3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

      29.6        3,050.0        60.5        82.1  

Shin Boryeong #1, 2

      7.4        2,038.1        58.1        77.4  

Shin Seocheon #1

      3.6        1,018.0        43.2        91.9  

Combined-cycle and internal combustion:

            

Boryeong gas turbine #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; steam
turbine #1, 2, 3

      25.7        1,350.0        7.0        201.4  

Incheon gas turbine #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; steam
turbine #1, 2, 3

      15.8        1,462.5        37.6        169.0  

Seoul gas turbine #1, 2; steam turbine #1, 2

      5.3        738.3        75.4        128.6  

Jeju gas turbine #1, 2; steam turbine #1, 2

      6.5        228.7        39.5        173.2  

Sejong gas turbine #1, 2; steam turbine #1

      11.1        530.4        70.5        123.6  

Jeju Internal Combustion Engine #1,2

      17.5        80.0        5.9        238.0  

Bio Oil:

            

Jeju #2, 3

      24.4        150.0        43.6        339.7  

Wind:

            

Yangyang #1, 2

      18.6        3.0        0.0        0.0  

Sejong Maebongsan

      15.5        8.8        0.0        0.0  

Jeju Sangmyung

      8.5        21.0        16.8        0.0  

Combined heat and power:

            

Wonju #1

      9.6        10.0        74.1        104.8  

Hydroelectric:

            

Boryeong

      15.9        7.5        19.5        0.0  

Shin Boryeong

      8.3        5.0        26.3        0.0  

Shin Seocheon

      3.6        2.6        0.0        0.0  

 

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Table of Contents
     Weighted
Average Age
of Units		      Installed
Capacity		      Average
Capacity
Factor		      Average Fuel
Cost per kWh		  
     (Years)      (Megawatts)      (%)      (Won)  

Photovoltaic (“PV”) power and fuel cell generation:

            

Boryeong (PV) site

      8.5        3.1        12.7        0.0  

Shin Boryeong (PV) site

      6.9        4.1        13.5        0.0  

Seocheon (PV) site

      6.9        3.9        12.7        0.0  

Jeju (PV) site

      7.8        4.2        11.9        0.0  

Seoul (PV) site

      13.4        1.3        14.4        0.0  

Sejong (PV) site

      7.1        0.3        12.9        0.0  

Yeosu (PV) site

      12.8        2.2        14.5        0.0  

Incheon (PV) site

      7.2        1.6        13.9        0.0  

Incheon Asiad Sports(PV) site

      0.6        2.7        13.5        0.0  

Shin Boryeong (fuel cell) site

Incheon (fuel cell) site

     

 7.2

3.6

  

 

     

 7.5

31.7

  

 

     

 80.7

90.3

  

 

     

 227.1

196.8

  

 

Seoul (fuel cell) site

      4.2        6.0        85.0        123.5  

Sejong (fuel cell) site

      4.8        5.3        86.7        148.5  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total

      17.1        10,777.8        48.9        162.15  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

 

Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.

 

The table below sets forth, by fuel type, the weighted average age and installed capacity as of December 31, 2024 and the average capacity factor and average fuel cost per kilowatt in 2024 based upon the net amount of electricity generated, of KOWEPO.

 

 

 

     Weighted
Average Age
of Units		      Installed
Capacity		      Average
Capacity
Factor		      Average Fuel
Cost per kWh		  
     (Years)      (Megawatts)      (%)      (Won)  

Bituminous:

            

Taean #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

      21.1        6,100.0        45.7        81.54  

LNG-fired:

            

Pyeongtaek #1, 2, 3, 4(1)

      43.1        1,400.0        4.8        243.37  

Combined cycle:

            

Pyeongtaek #2

      10.2        868.5        45.0        153.27  

Gunsan

      14.6        718.4        14.5        197.56  

West Incheon

      32.1        1,800.0        16.7        178.77  

Combined heat:

            

Gimpo

      1.4        350.5        74.9        111.91  

Hydroelectric:

            

Taean

      10.5        7.2        17.4        2.78  

Solar:

            

Taean

      9.5        17.3        9.6        7.91  

Pyeongtaek

      7.7        3.9        12.7        2.72  

West Incheon

      7.3        1.2        12.5        6.23  

Gunsan

      10.8        1.0        15.5        8.75  

Samryangjin

      16.7        3.0        13.0        2.27  

Sejong City

      12.7        5.0        12.1        4.22  

Gyeonggi-do

      11.9        2.5        12.4        4.13  

Yeongam

      12.1        13.3        13.9        2.03  

Goheung

      5.7        1.0        13.2        4.44  

Iwon-ho

      0.9        43.0        13.9        0.92  

Mando

      0.3        3.6        3.9        0.50  

 

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     Weighted
Average Age
of Units		      Installed
Capacity		      Average
Capacity
Factor		      Average Fuel
Cost per kWh		  
     (Years)      (Megawatts)      (%)      (Won)  

Fuel Cell:

            

West Incheon 1

      9.5        16.6        25.8        400.92  

West Incheon 2

      4.6        60.3        83.5        184.72  

Cheonan Cheongsu

      5.0        5.3        84.4        194.88  

Hwaseong Namyang

      3.6        20.2        90.5        200.69  

Gyeonggi Uiwang

      3.5        9.9        81.1        148.62  

Daejeon Hakha

      3.1        6.2        91.7        200.37  

Icheon Gwango

      2.2        9.6        92.5        142.06  

Iksan

      2.7        15.0        85.1        145.11  

Gwangju Gwangsan

      2.0        8.4        90.6        116.84  

Hwaseong Namyang 2

      1.9        19.8        97.0        182.17  

Gyeonggi Gwangju

      1.9        9.6        93.8        138.01  

Mungyeong 1

      1.1        15.0        99.2        137.46  

Daegu Suseong

      1.2        3.0        96.9        123.36  

Wind Power:

            

Hwasun

      9.2        16.0        13.7        2.92  

Jangheung

      3.3        18.0        11.9        2.22  

Integrated gasification combined cycle:

            

Taean

      8.4        346.3        68.1        83.11  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total

      13.9        11,918.4        36.3        105.96  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  
 

Notes:

 

(1)   Pyeongtaek #1, 2, 3 and 4 were converted into LNG-fired power plant in February 2020.

 

Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.

 

The table below sets forth, by fuel type, the weighted average age and installed capacity as of December 31, 2024 and the average capacity factor and average fuel cost per kilowatt in 2024 based upon the net amount of electricity generated, of KOSPO.

 

 

    

 

 

     Weighted
Average Age
of Units		      Installed
Capacity		      Average
Capacity
Factor		      Average Fuel
Cost per kWh		  
     (Years)      (Megawatts)      (%)      (Won)  

Bituminous:

            

Hadong #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

      23.3        4,000        54.4        79.7  

Samcheok #1, 2

      7.8        2,044        17.7        102.6  

Combined cycle:

            

Shin Incheon #1, 2, 3, 4

      27.5        1,800        24.1        168.7  

Busan #1, 2, 3, 4

      21.2        1,800        35.8        160.6  

Yeongwol #1

      14.2        848        1.3        222.7  

Hallim

      27.5        105        7.3        235.6  

Andong #1

      10.8        362        41.5        162.3  

Nam Jeju #1

      4.1        159        64.1        156.9  

Shin Sejong #1

      0.5        597        56.1        157.9  

Bio Oil:

            

Nam Jeju #1, 2

      18.0        200        49.9        289.6  

 

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Table of Contents
     Weighted
Average Age
of Units		      Installed
Capacity		      Average
Capacity
Factor		      Average Fuel
Cost per kWh		  
     (Years)      (Megawatts)      (%)      (Won)  

Wind power:

            

Hankyung

      19.0        21        14.8        2.8  

Seongsan

      15.0        20        18.1        1.7  

Solar

      7.6        44        13.2        0.7  

Small Hydropower

      10.7        3        15.2        56.0  

Fuel Cell

      4.5        127        80.5        186.2  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total

      18.8        12,129        36.3        119.0  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.

The table below sets forth, by fuel type, the weighted average age and installed capacity as of December 31, 2024 and the average capacity factor and average fuel cost per kilowatt in 2024 based upon the net amount of electricity generated, of EWP.

 

     Weighted
Average Age
of Units		      Installed
Capacity		      Average
Capacity
Factor		      Average Fuel
Cost per kWh		  
     (Years)      (Megawatts)      (%)      (Won)  

Bituminous:

            

Dangjin #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

      17.0        6,040        49.6        78.9  

Anthracite:

            

Donghae #1, 2

      25.8        400        56.7        117.9  

Combined cycle:

            

Ulsan gas turbine #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; steam turbine #1, 2, 3, 4

      21.0        2,072        27.6        163.0  

Ilsan gas turbine #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; steam turbine #1, 2

      30.8        900        15.3        230.9  

Mini hydro, Photovoltaic, Fuel Cell, Wind-Power, Biomass:

      3.8        263        42.2        116.9  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total

      19.1        9,675        41.8        99.5  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

 

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Table of Contents

Power Plant Remodeling and Recommissioning

Our generation subsidiaries supplement power generation capacity through remodeling or recommissioning of thermal units. Recommissioning includes installation of anti-pollution devices, modification of control systems and overall rehabilitation of existing equipment. The following table shows recent remodeling and recommissioning initiatives by our generation subsidiaries.

 

Power Plant

   

Capacity

   

Completed (Year)

   

Extension

   

Company

Taean #1 - 10

   

6,100 MW

(500 MW×8,

1,050 MW×2)

   

EP (1) upgrade (#5, 2009)

EP upgrade (#6, 2010)

EP upgrade (#2, 2016)

EP upgrade (#1, 2017)

EP upgrade (#3, 4, 2018)

SCR (2) upgrade (#2, 4, 7, 2016)

SCR upgrade (#1, 8, 2017)

SCR upgrade (#3, 5, 6, 2018)

FGD (5) upgrade (#1, 2017)

FGD upgrade (#2, 3, 4, 2018)

SCR upgrade(#7, 2022)

SCR upgrade(#8, 2023)

    Anti-pollution    KOWEPO

Pyeongtaek #1 - 4

   

1,400 MW

(350 MW×4)

    Steam turbine upgrade (#2, 3, 2014)    10-year performance-
improvement		    KOWEPO

Boryeong #3 - 6

   

2,050 MW

(#3: 550, #4~6: 500×3)

   

Retrofit (#3, 2019)

Retrofit (#4, 2023)

Conversion into LNG-fired plant (#5, 6, scheduled to be completed in 2026 and 2027)

   

Lifetime extension

Conversion into LNG-fired Plant

    KOMIPO

Boryeong #7, 8

   

1,000 MW

(500 MW×2)

   

EP upgrade (#7, 2025)

EP upgrade (#8, 2026)

    Performance-
improvement		    KOMIPO

Yeosu #1, 2

   

668.6MW

(#1:340, #2:328.6MW)

   

Boiler Type Change

(CFBC (3):#1:2016, #2:2011)

    30 years    KOSEP

Samcheonpo #5, 6

   

1,000 MW

(500 MW ×2)

   

EP upgrade (2016 ~ 2017),

FGD, SCR, WESP (6) installation

(2019~2021)

    Anti-pollution    KOSEP

Yeongheung #1, 2

   

1,600 MW

(800 MW ×2)

    EP, FGD, SCR Upgrade (2022~2025)    Anti-pollution    KOSEP

Yeongdong #1. 2

   

325 MW

(#1:125, #2:200 MW)

   

Boiler, Hybrid SCR & EP, Draft System Retrofit

(Biomass (4) #1: 2017, #2: 2020)

    Renewable energy    KOSEP

Dangjin #1 - 4

   

2,000MW

(500MW×4)

    FGD, EP, SCR upgrade (2022)    Performance-
improvement		    EWP

Dangjin #5 - 8

   

2,000MW

(500MW×4)

    FGD, EP, SCR upgrade (2024)    Performance-
improvement		    EWP

Dangjin #9 - 10

   

2,040MW

(1,020MW×2)

    FGD, EP, SCR upgrade (2026)    Performance-
improvement		    EWP

Donghae #1, 2

   

400 MW

(200 MW×2)

    FGD (2022)    Anti-pollution & modification of control systems    EWP

 

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Table of Contents

Power Plant

   

Capacity

   

Completed (Year)

   

Extension

   

Company

Hadong #1 - 8

   

4,000 MW

(500 MW×8)

   

SCR Upgrade (#5. 2016)

SCR Upgrade (#2,3,5. 2017)

SCR Upgrade (#1,4,6,7. 2018)

SCR Upgrade (#8. 2019)

FGD Upgrade (#6, 2018)

FGD Upgrade (#2, 3, 2019)

FGD Upgrade (#4 2020)

FGD Upgrade (#5 2021)

    Anti-pollution    KOSPO

Samcheok #1 - 2

   

2,044 MW

(1,022 MW×2)

   

SCR Upgrade (#2 2023)

SCR Upgrade (#1 2024)

    Anti-pollution    KOSPO
 

Notes:

 

(1)

“EP” means an electrostatic precipitation system.

(2)

“SCR” means a selective catalytic reduction system.

(3)

“CFBC” means a circulating fluidized bed combustion system.

(4)

“Biomass” means wood pallet powered plant.

(5)

“FGD” means flue-gas desulfurization designed to remove sulfur oxides.

(6)

“WESP” means wet electrostatic precipitator.

Transmission and Distribution

We currently transmit and distribute substantially all of the electricity in Korea.

As of December 31, 2024, our transmission system consisted of 35,856 circuit kilometers of lines of 765 kilovolts and others including high-voltage direct current lines, and we had 925 substations with aggregate installed transformer capacity of 368,758 megavolt-amperes.

As of December 31, 2024, our distribution system consisted of 148,176 megavolt-amperes of transformer capacity and 10,251,345 units of support with a total line length of 547,850 circuit kilometers.

We make substantial investments in our transmission and distribution systems to minimize power interruptions and improve efficiency. Our current projects principally focus on increasing the capabilities of our existing power networks and reducing transmission and distribution loss, which was 3.5% of our gross generation in 2024. To cope with increasing damages to large-scale transmission and distribution facilities, we plan to reinforce stability of our transmission and distribution facilities through stricter design and material specifications. In addition, we also plan to expand underground transmission and distribution facilities to meet customer demand for more environment-friendly facilities. In order to reduce the interruption time in power distribution, which is an indicator of the quality of electricity transmission, we also continue to invest in automation of electricity transmission and development of new transmission technologies, among others.

Some of the facilities we own and use in our distribution system use rights of way and other concessions granted by municipal and local authorities in areas where our facilities are located. These concessions are generally renewed upon expiration.

New Energy Industry Projects

Certain of our new energy industry projects are described below.

Advanced Metering Infrastructure

In July 2012, the Government implemented a master plan to build out a smart grid, which includes the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (“AMI”) roadmap. In August 2018 and February 2023, the Government

 

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updated the master plan to focus on building electricity market ecosystem and constructing smart energy consuming structure focused on energy efficiency. In accordance with such plan, we are in the process of installing “smart meters” and related communication networks and operating systems as part of the “smart grid” initiative in an effort to enhance efficiency in the power electricity industry and alleviate growing energy shortage concerns. Our goal is to complete such installation for all of the households in Korea. Smart meters refer to digital meters that record, on a real-time basis, electricity consumption within a household so that consumers will have a price-based incentive to enhance efficiency in their electricity usage. As of December 31, 2024, we have established a data communication network that enables smart meters for 2.5 million households, and we plan to establish it for remaining 20.0 million households in new replacement cycle starting from 2025. We have spent Won 1,763 billion on the AMI project as of the end of 2024 and expect to spend an additional Won 68 billion, bringing the total cost to approximately Won 1.8 trillion.

Smart Grids

Smart grids refer to next-generation networks for electricity distribution that integrate information technology into existing power grids with the aim of enabling two-way real time exchange of information between electricity suppliers and consumers for optimal efficiency in electricity use. As part of our overall business strategy, we are currently developing and implementing smart grids based on advanced information technology in order to promote more efficient allocation and use of electricity by consumers. We expect that such technology will improve efficiency and reduce electricity loss over the course of electricity transmission and distribution. We also expect that the smart grid initiative will significantly increase efficient energy consumption by providing real-time data to customers, which would in turn help to reduce greenhouse gas emission and decrease Korea’s reliance on foreign energy sources.

In alignment with the Government’s energy policy aimed at the production and consumption of environmentally sustainable electricity within the region, we undertook a grid-connected microgrid initiative tailored for energy-intensive industrial complexes. In 2022 and 2023, we secured consecutive orders for the national smart green industrial complex microgrid project and successfully built solar energy systems and energy storage systems in Gu-mi and Yeo-su industrial complexes.

Energy Storage Systems

In October 2013, as part of an endeavor to create new markets for energy demand management applications using information and communication technology, we established a business plan to roll out energy storage systems for frequency regulation nationwide. These systems involve the establishment and operation of batteries and transformers with large-sized charge and discharge capabilities adjacent to substations to transmit electricity stably with regulated frequencies and optimize the efficiency of the substation operation. This system allows full conversion of reserve capacity for frequency regulation at existing low-cost generators into electricity storage and, if operated in sizable scale, offers opportunities for substantial cost savings in the purchase of electricity.

In December 2014, we conducted a pilot project for this initiative by installing a total of 52 megawatt energy storage systems at the Seo-Anseong substation and the Shin-Yongin substation, which commenced commercial operations in July 2015. With the commencement of an energy storage system at Yeong-Ju substation in December 2023 and energy storage sytems at five other substations, including Bu-buk, in September 2024, the total capacity of our energy storage systems reached 1,404 megawatts in 2024.

Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

In order to promote the use of environment-friendly electric vehicles, we began constructing infrastructure for electric vehicles in 2009. Since 2016, we have installed electric vehicle charging stations throughout public space and residential building complexes. In 2017, we created a platform for businesses in the electric vehicle charging industry by charging for the service and making the infrastructure available to the market. We have

 

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installed 9,839 high and low speed electric vehicle charging stations by the end of 2024 and plan to expand such stations in line with the Government policy to popularize electric vehicles. We plan to continue fostering businesses and revitalizing the electronic vehicle charging market by developing the current infrastructure and providing new services.

In January 2016, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced an initiative to promote the new energy industry by creating the New Energy Industry Fund. For further details, see “—Capital Investment Program.”

Fuel Sources and Requirements

Nuclear

Uranium, the principal fuel source for nuclear power, accounted for 43.1% and 46.1% and 48.1% of the fuel requirements for electricity generation by us and our generation subsidiaries in terms of electricity generated in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

All uranium ore concentrates used by KHNP are imported from, and conversion and enrichment of such concentrates are provided by, sources outside Korea and are paid for with currencies other than Won, primarily U.S. dollars.

In order to ensure a stable supply, KHNP enters into medium and long-term contracts with various suppliers and supplements such supplies with purchases in spot markets. In 2024, KHNP purchased approximately 3,851 tons of its uranium concentrate requirement under both long-term and spot supply contracts with suppliers in Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Uzbekistan. Under the long-term supply contracts, the purchase prices of uranium concentrates are adjusted annually based on base prices and spot market prices prevailing at the time of delivery. The conversion and enrichment services of uranium concentrates are provided by suppliers in France, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Switzerland. The uranium concentrates will then be further processed by a Korean company before they are ready for use. Except for certain fixed contract prices, contract prices for processing of uranium are adjusted annually in accordance with the general rate of inflation. KHNP intends to obtain its uranium requirements in the future, in part, through purchases under medium to long-term contracts and, in part, through spot market purchases.

Coal

Bituminous coal accounted for 39.8%, 38.0% and 35.4% of the fuel requirements for electricity generation by us and our generation subsidiaries in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, and anthracite coal accounted for 0.5%, 0.5% and 0.5% of our fuel requirements for electricity generation in terms of electricity generated in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

In 2024, our generation subsidiaries purchased approximately 57.0 million tons of bituminous coal, of which approximately 29.8%, 18.3%, 12.6%, 10.3% and 29.1% were imported from Indonesia, Australia, Russia, South Africa and others, respectively. Approximately 97.2% of the bituminous coal requirements of our generation subsidiaries in 2024 were purchased under long-term contracts with the remaining 2.8% purchased in the spot market. Some of our long-term contracts relate to specific generating plants and extend through the end of the projected useful lives of such plants, subject in some cases to periodic renewal. Pursuant to the terms of our long-term supply contracts, prices are adjusted periodically based on market conditions. The average cost of bituminous coal per ton purchased under such contracts amounted to Won 231,643, Won 177,376 and Won 137,342 in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

In 2024, our generation subsidiaries purchased approximately 1 million tons of anthracite coal. The prices for anthracite coal under such contracts are set by the Government. The average cost of anthracite coal per ton purchased under such contracts was Won 224,827, Won 182,527 and Won 180,031 in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

 

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Oil

Oil accounted for 0.1%, 0.02% and 0.0% of the fuel requirements for electricity generation by us and our generation subsidiaries in terms of electricity generated in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

In 2024, our generation subsidiaries purchased approximately and 3.98 million barrels of fuel oil, substantial portion of which was purchased from domestic refiners through competitive open bidding. Purchase prices are based on the spot market price in Singapore. The average cost of oil per barrel was Won 215,729, Won 191,452 and Won 153,660 in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

LNG

LNG accounted for 13.1%, 12.0% and 11.9% of the fuel requirements for electricity generation by us and our generation subsidiaries in terms of electricity generated in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. In 2024, for use in electricity generation we purchased approximately 5.54 million tons of LNG from Korea Gas Corporation, a Government-controlled entity in which we currently own a 20.47% equity interest (excluding treasury shares). In 2024, we purchased a substantial portion of our LNG requirements for use in power generation from Korea Gas Corporation. Under the terms of the LNG contract with Korea Gas Corporation, all of our five non-nuclear generation subsidiaries jointly and severally agreed to purchase a total of 5.29 million tons of LNG in 2024, subject to an automatic price adjustment annually based on a pre-determined formula if the actual purchased amount exceeds or falls short of the contracted amount. We believe the quantities of LNG provided under such contract will be adequate to meet the needs of our generation subsidiaries for LNG for the next several years. The LNG supply contracts between our generation subsidiaries and Korea Gas Corporation generally have a term of 20 years and provide for minimum purchase requirements for our generation subsidiaries, the specific terms of which are subject to negotiation between Korea Gas Corporation and our generation subsidiaries and approval by the Government. The average cost per ton of LNG was Won 1,552,647, Won 1,391,146 and Won 1,093,407, in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. Korea Gas Corporation implemented a new individual tariffs formula, whereby the domestic power plants can negotiate lower prices directly with Korea Gas Corporation. The new formula applies to domestic power plants whose current contracts with Korea Gas Corporation expire after January 2022 and also to new power plants commencing operations from January 2022. Meanwhile, KOMIPO procures LNG directly through a contract with a brokerage firm, in addition to the amount supplied by Korea Gas Corporation and Incheon City Gas Co., Ltd. In 2024, the total amount of KOMIPO’s direct LNG procurement was 0.78 million tons, with 31.6%, 30.5%, 21.4%, 8.7% and 7.8% of the total imported from Russia, Malaysia, Australia, United States and other countries, respectively. KOWEPO procures LNG directly through contracts with brokerage firms, in addition to the amount supplied by Korea Gas Corporation. In 2024, the total amount of KOWEPO’s direct LNG procurement was 0.18 million tons, with 33%, 34%, and 33% of the total imported from the UAE, the United States, and Australia, respectively. KOSPO procures LNG directly through contracts with international oil companies, national oil companies, traders and LNG producers, in addition to the amount supplied by Korea Gas Corporation. In 2024, the total amount of KOSPO’s direct LNG procurement was 0.2 million tons, all of which was imported from the United States.

Hydroelectric

Hydroelectric power generation, including pumped storage, accounted for 1.2%, 1.3% and 1.6%, of the fuel requirements for electricity generation by us and our generation subsidiaries in terms of electricity generated in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. The availability of water for hydroelectric power depends on rainfall and competing uses for available water supplies, including residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural consumption. Pumped storage enables us to increase the available supply of water for use during periods of peak electricity demand.

Sales and Customers

Our sales depend principally on the level of demand for electricity in Korea and the rates we charge for the electricity we sell to the end-users.

 

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The table below sets forth, for the periods indicated, the annual rate of growth in Korea’s GDP and the annual rate of growth in electricity demand (measured by total annual electricity consumption) on a year-on-year basis. In 2024, the GDP increased by 2.0% compared to 2023, whereas the demand for electricity in Korea increased by 0.7% compared to 2023.

 

     2020     2021     2022     2023     2024  

Growth in GDP

      (0.7 )%      4.6 %      2.7 %      1.4 %      2.0 % 

Growth in electricity consumption

      (2.2 )%      4.7 %      2.7 %      (0.4 )%      0.7 % 

Electricity demand in Korea varies within each year for a variety of reasons other than the general growth in GDP demand. Electricity demand tends to be higher during daylight hours due to heightened commercial and industrial activities and electronic appliance use. Due to the use of air conditioning during the summer and heating during the winter, electricity demand is higher during these two seasons than the spring or the fall. Variation in weather conditions may also cause significant variation in electricity demand.

We do not use any marketing channels, including any special sales methods, to sell electricity to our customers, other than to install electricity meters on-site and take monthly readings of such meters, based upon which invoices are sent to our customers.

Demand by the Type of Usage

The table below sets forth consumption of electric power, and growth of such consumption on a year-on-year basis, by the type of usage (in gigawatt hours) for the periods indicated.

 

    2020
(GWh)		     YoY
growth
(%)		     2021
(GWh)		     YoY
growth
(%)		     2022
(GWh)		     YoY
growth
(%)		     2023
(GWh)		     YoY
growth
(%)		     2024
(GWh)		     YoY
growth
(%)		     % of
Total
2024		  

Residential

     76,303       5.0       79,915       4.7       80,996       1.4       82,348       1.7       86,989       5.6       15.8  

Commercial

     113,639       (2.2 )      119,550       5.2       127,193       6.4       130,844       2.9       134,807       3.0       24.5  

Educational

     7,515       (12.2 )      8,423       12.1       9,074       7.7       9,232       1.7       9,433       2.2       1.7  

Industrial

     278,660       (3.7 )      291,333       4.5       296,036       1.6       290,555       (1.9 )      286,212       (1.5 )      52.1  

Agricultural

     19,029       0.8       20,603       8.3       21,420       4.0       20,763       (3.1 )      21,088       1.6       3.8  

Street lighting

     3,507       (1.8 )      3,445       (1.8 )      3,424       (0.6 )      3,399       (0.7 )      3,402       0.1       0.6  

Overnight Power

     10,616       (6.7 )      10,162       (4.3 )      9,790       (3.7 )      8,825       (9.9 )      7,890       (10.6 )      1.4  
 

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

  

Total

     509,270       (2.2 )      533,431       4.7       547,933       2.7       545,966       (0.4 )      549,821       0.7       100  
 

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

  

The industrial sector represents the largest segment of electricity consumption in Korea. Demand for electricity from the industrial sector was 286,212 gigawatt hours in 2024, representing a 1.5% decrease from 2023, largely due to decreases in export and industrial demand. Demand for electricity from the commercial sector depends largely on the level and scope of commercial activities in Korea. Demand for electricity from the commercial sector increased to 134,807 gigawatt hours in 2024, representing a 3.0% increase from 2023, largely due to a 1.0% increase in the number of commercial customers and increased demand for air-conditioning and other cooling appliances during the summer months due to higher average temperatures in 2024 compared to 2023. Demand for electricity from the residential sector is largely dependent on population growth and use of heaters, air conditioners and other electronic appliances. Demand for electricity from the residential sector increased to 86,989 gigawatt hours in 2024, representing a 5.6% increase compared to 2023, largely due to a 0.6% increase in the number of residential customers and an increase in the demand for air conditioning due to abnormally higher temperatures during the summer months.

Demand Management

Our ability to provide adequate supply of electricity is principally measured by the facility reserve margin and the supply reserve margin. The facility reserve margin represents the difference between the peak usage

 

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during a year and the installed capacity at the time of such peak usage, expressed as a percentage of such peak usage. The supply reserve margin represents the difference between the peak usage in a year and the available capacity at the time of such peak usage, expressed as a percentage of such peak usage. The following table sets forth our facility reserve margin and supply reserve margin for the periods indicated.

 

     2020     2021     2022     2023     2024  

Facility reserve margin

      43.5 %      44.1 %      46.0 %      52.3 %      53.6 % 

Supply reserve margin

      9.9 %      10.5 %      11.8 %      11.4 %      8.5 % 

In addition, in accordance with the delegating regulations of the Energy Use Rationalization Act, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy designated us as a pilot operator for the Energy Efficiency Resource Standards (“EERS”) in 2018. To promote the development of energy-efficient technologies and practices, EERS sets energy savings targets for energy suppliers to pursue in proportion to their energy sales, requiring that, in 2025, we save as much as 0.2% of our 2023 electricity sales by reducing our customers’ consumption. In accordance with the EERS regulations, we plan to increase our savings target to 1% of annual electricity sales by 2031. The EERS pilot project is expected to be converted into an actual project in 2026 pursuant to the revision of the Energy Use Rationalization Act in 2025.

Electricity Rates

The Electric Utility Act and the Price Stabilization Act of 1975, each as amended from time to time, prescribe the procedures for the approval and establishment of rates charged for the electricity we sell. We submit our proposals for revisions of rates or changes in the rate structure to the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy then reviews these proposals and, following consultation with the Ministry of Economy and Finance and review by the Korea Electricity Commission, makes the final decision.

Under the Electric Utility Act and the Price Stabilization Act, electricity rates are established at the same level as the Total Comprehensive Cost that would enable us to recover our fair operating costs as well as receive a fair investment return on capital used in our operations. The fair operating costs are defined as the sum of our operating expenses attributable to our electricity supply, our adjusted income taxes and some of non-operational profit or loss.

The fair investment return on capital used in our operations represents an amount equal to the rate base multiplied by the rate of return.

The rate base is currently equal to the sum of:

 

  •  

net utility plant in service (which is equal to utility plant minus accumulated depreciation minus revaluation reserve);

 

  •  

the portion of working capital which is equal to the appropriate level of operating costs minus depreciation and other non-cash charges while taking into account the actual time of cost recovery; and

 

  •  

the portion of construction-in-progress which is charged from our retained earnings.

The amounts used for the variables in the rates are those projected by us for the periods to be covered by the rate approval.

For the purpose of determining the fair rate of return, the rate base is divided into two components in proportion to our total equity and our total debt. The rate of return permitted in relation to the debt component of the rate base is set at a level designed to approximate the weighted average interest cost on all types of borrowing for the periods covered by the rate approval. The rate of return permitted in relation to the equity component of

 

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the rate base is set by applying the capital asset pricing model which takes account of the risk-free rate, the return on the Korea Stock Price Index, KOSPI, and the correlation of the stock price of our company with KOSPI. The fair rate of return needs to be approved by the Government in accordance with the Public Notice on Detailed Licensing Standards for Power Generation Business, Electricity Rates Calculation Standards, Permissible Error Range for Electric Meters, and Electric Power System Operation Guidelines. In 2021, the approved rate of return on the debt component of the rate base was 1.77% while the approved rate of return on the equity component of the rate base was 6.62%. As a result of such approved rates of returns, the fair rate of return in 2021 was determined to be 4.06%. The rate of return for 2022 and beyond has not yet been announced.

The Electric Utility Act and the Price Stabilization Act do not specify a basis for determining the reasonableness of our operating expenses or any other items (other than the level of the fair investment return) for the purposes of the rate calculation. However, the Government exercises substantial control over our budgeting and other financial and operating decisions.

In addition to the calculations described above, a variety of other factors are considered in setting overall tariff levels. These other factors include consumer welfare, our projected capital requirements, the effect of electricity tariff on inflation in Korea and the effect of tariff on demand for electricity.

From time to time, our actual rate of return on invested capital may differ significantly from the fair rate of return on invested capital assumed for the purposes of electricity tariff approvals, for reasons, among others, related to movements in fuel prices, exchange rates and demand for electricity that differ from what is assumed for determining our fair rate of return. For example, between 1987 and 1990, the actual rate of return was above the fair rate of return due to declining fuel costs and rising demand for electricity at a rate not anticipated for purposes of determining our fair rate of return. Similarly, depreciation of the Won against the U.S. dollar accounted for our actual rates of return being lower than the fair rate of return for the period from 1996 to 2000. For the period between 2006 and 2013, our actual rates of return were lower than the fair rate of return largely due to a general increase in fuel costs and additional facility investment costs incurred, the effects of which were not offset by timely increases in our tariff rates. Between 2014 and 2016, however, largely due to a decrease in fuel costs reflective of the drop in oil prices, our actual rate of return has surpassed the fair rate of return; however, substantially all of the resulting excess has been used to fund capital expenditure and repair and maintenance, and make investments in renewable energy and other environmental programs.

Partly in response to the variance between our actual rates of return and the fair rates of return, the Government from time to time increases the electricity tariff rates, but there typically is a significant time lag for the tariff increases as such increases requires a series of deliberation processes and administrative procedures and the Government also has to consider other policy considerations, such as the inflationary effect of overall tariff increases and the efficiency of energy use from sector-specific tariff increases.

As of January 1, 2021, we implemented a new tariff system to reinforce the correlation between the costs we incur and the tariff we charge to our customers, among other changes. The new tariff system consists of three main changes.

First, we implemented a new cost pass-through tariff system to reinforce the correlation between the costs we incur and the tariff we charge to our customers and to enhance transparency by separately billing fuel costs and climate/environment related costs. Previously, the electricity tariff consisted of two main components: (i) the base charge (the “Base Charge”) and (ii) the usage charge (the “Usage Charge”) based on the amount of electricity consumed by end-users. Under the new tariff system, there are new components to the tariff called the fuel cost adjusted charge (the “Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge”) and the climate/environment related charge (the “Climate/Environment Related Charge”). In principle, the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge is calculated on a quarterly basis, and the formula for calculating the amount of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge is multiplying (i) the unit price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge (the “Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge”), which is the difference between a base fuel cost (the “Base Fuel Cost”) and an actual fuel cost (the “Actual Fuel Cost”) and

 

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(ii) the amount of electricity consumed. The Base Fuel Cost is the past twelve-month average fuel price of bituminous coal, LNG and Bunker C oil as posted by the Korea Customs Service. The twelve-month average fuel price is measured by taking the average of monthly fuel prices from twelve months in between thirteen and one month prior to the time a new Base Fuel Cost becomes effective. To illustrate, the Base Fuel Cost effective from 2023 is the average of the fuel prices from December 2021 to November 2022. The Base Fuel Cost can be adjusted upon the revision of the electricity tariff as a whole. On the other hand, the Actual Fuel Cost is the past three-month average fuel price of the same fuels we use to measure the Base Fuel Cost. The past three-month average fuel price is measured by taking the average of monthly fuel prices from three months in between four and one month prior to the time the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge is updated. To illustrate, for the first quarter of 2025, we used the fuel costs for September, October and November 2024 to calculate the three-month average fuel price.

The quarterly-adjusted Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge has built-in limits in view of price stability and other public policy considerations. First, there is a limit on any change in the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge to be no less than Won ±1 per kilowatt-hour. In other words, any change less than Won ±1 per kilowatt- hour will not be reflected. However, such limit does not apply if it is the first quarter during which the Base Fuel Cost has been newly updated. Second, the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge that exceeds Won ±5 per kilowatt-hour will not be reflected. In other words, the maximum adjustment that can be incorporated to the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge is equal to Won ±5 per kilowatt-hour from the Base Fuel Cost that is in effect. For example, in the third quarter of 2023, the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge was Won 10.2 per kilowatt-hour, meaning the Actual Fuel Cost was higher than the Base Fuel Cost by Won 10.2 per kilowatt-hour, but after being subjected to the limit of Won ±5 per kilowatt-hour, the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge came out to be Won 5.0 per kilowatt-hour.

However, our ability to pass on fuel and other cost increases to our customers may be limited due to Government regulations on the rates charged for the electricity we supply to our customers. In addition to the built-in limits described in the preceding paragraph, the new tariff system gives discretion to the Government to not wholly or partially adjust the quarterly Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge in case of extenuating circumstances, as determined by the Government. For example, in the second and third quarter of 2021, although the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge was Won –0.2 and Won 0.0 per kilowatt-hour respectively, the Government notified us to keep it at the same Won –3.0 per kilowatt-hour as the first quarter of 2021. In the fourth quarter of 2021, we increased the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge to Won 0.0 per kilowatt-hour. In the first and second quarters of 2022, although the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge as calculated should have been Won 3.0 per kilowatt-hour as the quarterly limit of Won ±3 per kilowatt-hour had existed back then, the Government notified us to keep it at the same Won 0.0 per kilowatt-hour as the fourth quarter of 2021. The Government cited different policy reasons for withholding the application of the quarterly Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge in the past, but one of the more consistent reasons has been alleviating the hardship caused by the prolonged economic effects of COVID-19 pandemic. As the quarterly limit of Won ±3 per kilowatt-hour was repealed in the third quarter of 2022 and with the approval by the Government, we ultimately increased the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge to Won 5.0 per kilowatt-hour in the third quarter of 2022, which represented the maximum permissible increase for 2022 under the regulatory cap. From then to the second quarter of 2025, the same Won 5.0 per kilowatt-hour increment has been applied to the Unit Price of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge. Even though the quarterly adjustment amounts calculated under our formula were Won -1.8, Won -4.0, Won -2.5, Won -6.4, Won -6.4, Won -5.1 and Won -4.2 per kilowatt-hour per each quarter from the fourth quarter of 2023, to the second quarter of 2025, respectively, the Government notified us to maintain the Unit Price at Won 5.0 per kilowatt-hour, taking into consideration our financial conditions and the fact that a substantial amount of the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge that should have been reflected in previous years has not previously been reflected in the electricity tariff.

Also, because the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge takes into account the fuel prices posted by Korea Customs Service, there may still be a mismatch in value between the actual prices the domestic generation companies pay for their fuels in the open market and the adjustment that can be made through the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge.

 

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The domestic generation companies include not only our generation subsidiaries but also independent power producers that are not affiliated with us and we do not have access to fuel costs incurred by the independent power producers. As such, we use fuel prices posted by Korea Customs Service, which are easily accessible to our customers, for calculating the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge.

Due to the likelihood of the Actual Fuel Cost being substantially over the adjustment limits imposed by the new tariff system and the Government’s discretion not to wholly or partially adjust the quarterly Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge in case of extenuating circumstances, there may be certain portions of the fuel costs that cannot be charged to our customers, even though those portions should have been included in the Fuel Cost Adjusted Charge. In such cases, we may accumulate such portions and reflect them in what is called the Total Comprehensive Cost, which is a variable we use to calculate the Base Charge and the Usage Charge of the tariff. The Total Comprehensive Cost, which we submit each year to the Government for review, is calculated using the relevant costs according to our settled accounts from the previous year and the proposed budget for the upcoming year. Under the Total Comprehensive Cost approach, the Base Charge and the Usage Charge are established at levels that would enable us to recover fair operating costs as well as fair investment return on the capital used in our operations. For further information on fair operating costs and fair investment return, please see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers—Electricity Rates.” The Base Charge and the Usage Charge that are derived from the Total Comprehensive Cost need to be approved by the Government before they can be revised. The Government may, from time to time, consider different policy objectives to regulate the time and magnitude of such revision of the Base Charge and the Usage Charge of the electricity tariff. Therefore, changes in the fuel costs may not be timely or fully reflected even through the Usage Charge of the tariff where they would typically be reflected. In December 2021, there was a need to increase the Usage Charge by Won 9.8 per kilowatt-hour from January 2022 to reflect the rise in the Base Fuel Cost. With approval by the Government, we increased the Usage Charge by Won 4.9 per kilowatt-hour on April 1, 2022 and October 1, 2022 respectively, which resulted in a total increase of Won 9.8 per kilowatt-hour. Such increases were spread out into two rounds to relieve people’s hardship including the prolonged effects of COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, in October 2022, we increased the Usage Charge of the tariff by Won 7.0 to Won 11.7 per kilowatt-hour on industrial and commercial consumers and by Won 2.5 per kilowatt-hour on all other consumers, reflecting additional accumulated increases in fuel costs. In 2023, with the approval of the Government, we increased the Usage Charge by Won 11.4 and Won 8.0 per kilowatt-hour in January and May 2023, respectively, to reflect a portion of the increase in the Base Fuel Cost. Also, we increased the Usage Charge of the tariff by Won 6.7 to Won 13.5 per kilowatt-hour for large-scale industrial consumers in November 2023 to reflect additional accumulated increases in fuel costs. In its economic policy direction statement for 2023, the Government announced its plans to gradually increase the tariff in order to address our cumulative deficit by 2027. However, there is no assurance on whether such plans will be realized. On October 23, 2024, in coordination with the Government, we announced that, starting from October 24, 2024, we will increase electricity tariff on industrial consumers by an average of Won 16.1 per kilowatt-hour, representing an average increase of 9.7% from the previous tariff, while maintaining the same electricity tariff on the rest of the consumers.

Also, the new tariff system introduced an additional component to the tariff called a climate/environment related charge (the “Climate/Environment Related Charge”). Previously, our climate and environment costs were embedded in the Usage Charge component of the tariff and our consumers could not discern the exact magnitude of such costs. By separating it out as an independent component, we intend to provide more information and transparency to our customers while having the flexibility to adjust it in alignment with the underlying costs. The Climate/Environment Related Charge for the coming year is calculated by multiplying (i) our total estimated costs of (A) complying with the Renewable Portfolio Standard program, the greenhouse gas emission trading system and the coal-fired generation reduction program for the current year and (B) amounts paid back to customers under the Energy Cashback program, a program offering discounts (in the form of cashbacks) to participating customers who reduce electricity consumption beyond certain thresholds in order to promote energy conservation, and then dividing it by the electricity sales projected for the coming year (the “Climate/Environment Related Base Rate”), and (ii) the amount of electricity consumed. The value of the Climate/Environment Related Base Rate for 2024 was Won 9.0 per kilowatt-hour, which has been maintained up to the

 

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date of this annual report. Even though the Climate/Environment Related Charge is planned to be adjusted every year by reflecting the change in climate and environment-related costs but the Government may change the date of adjustment in consideration of different policy objectives. If there are discrepancies between our costs and the Climate/Environment Related Charge, we may accumulate such discrepancies and reflect them in our Total Comprehensive Cost. However, the electricity rate based on the Total Comprehensive Cost needs to be approved by the Government to be revised.

The tariff rates we charge for electricity vary among the different classes of consumers, which principally consist of industrial, commercial, residential, educational and agricultural consumers. The tariff also varies depending upon the voltage used, the season, the time of usage, the rate option selected by the user and, in the residential sector, the amount of electricity used per household, as well as other factors. For example, we adjust for seasonal tariff variations by applying higher rates when demand tends to rise such as during the months of June, July and August (when the demand tends to rise due to increased use of air conditioning) and November, December, January and February (when demand tends to rise due to increased use of heating), which reflects the policy of the Korean government to cope with the rise in electricity demand during peak seasons by encouraging a more efficient use of electricity by customers. In addition, we provide discounts on tariff rates to certain users such as low income households.

Our current tariff schedule reflecting the adjustments outlined above and effective from April 1, 2025 is summarized below by the type of usage:

 

  •  

Industrial. The monthly Base Charge varies from Won 5,550 per kilowatt to Won 9,810 per kilowatt depending on the type of contract, the voltage used and the rate option. The energy Usage Charge varies from Won 88.0 per kilowatt-hour to Won 259.8 per kilowatt-hour depending on the type of contract, the voltage used, the season, the time of day and the rate option.

 

  •  

Commercial. The monthly Base Charge varies from Won 6,160 per kilowatt to Won 9,810 per kilowatt depending on the type of contract, the voltage used and the rate option. The energy Usage Charge varies from Won 83.5 per kilowatt-hour to Won 229.4 per kilowatt-hour depending on the type of contract, the voltage used, the season, the time of day and the rate option.

 

  •  

Residential. The monthly Base Charge varies from Won 730 for electricity usage of less than 200 kilowatt-hours to Won 7,300 for electricity usage in excess of 400 kilowatt-hours. During the months of July and August each year, the usage ceiling for the first two tiers of rates increased from 200 kilowatts to 300 kilowatts for the first tier and from 400 kilowatts to 450 kilowatts for the second tier. Residential tariff also includes an energy Usage Charge ranging from Won 105.0 to Won 307.3 per kilowatt-hour for electricity usage depending on the amount of usage and voltage. During the peak usage periods during summer and winter, namely the months of July and August and December to February, a higher energy Usage Charge of Won 736.2 per kilowatt-hour applies to residential consumers whose monthly electricity consumption exceeds 1,000 kilowatts hour. Also, in the case of Jeju island, in accordance with the new tariff system, residents may also opt for our new seasonal and hourly tariff schedule as an alternative. Under the new schedule, the monthly Base Charge is Won 4,310 per kilowatt. The Usage Charge varies from Won 125.8 per kilowatt-hour to Won 220.5 per kilowatt-hour depending on season and time of the day.

 

  •  

Educational. The monthly Base Charge varies from Won 5,230 per kilowatt to Won 6,980 per kilowatt depending on the voltage used and the rate option. The energy Usage Charge varies from Won 70.5 per kilowatt-hour to Won 187.1 per kilowatt-hour depending on the voltage used, the season and the rate option.

 

  •  

Agricultural. The monthly Base Charge varies from Won 360 per kilowatt to Won 1,210 per kilowatt depending on the type of usage. The energy Usage Charge varies from Won 48.3 per kilowatt-hour to Won 68.6 per kilowatt-hour depending on the type of contract, the voltage used and the season.

 

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  •  

Street-lighting. The monthly Base Charge is Won 6,290 per kilowatt and the energy Usage Charge is Won 112.6 per kilowatt-hour. For electricity capacity of less than 1 kilowatt or for places where the installation of the electricity meter is difficult, a fixed rate of Won 47.2 per watt applies, with the minimum monthly charge of Won 1,220.

In 2001, as part of implementing the Restructuring Plan, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy established the Electric Power Industry Basis Fund to enable the Government to take over certain public services previously performed by us. 3.7% of the tariff collected from our customers from December 28, 2005 through June 30, 2024, 3.2% of the tariff collected from our customers from July 1, 2024 through June 30, 2025, and 2.7% of the tariff collected from our customers from July 1, 2025 has been or will be transferred to the Electric Power Industry Basis Fund prior to us recognizing sales revenue.

Direct Power Purchase

Pursuant to the Electric Utility Act and the Enforcement Decree of the Electric Utility Act, purchasers of power capacity in excess of 30,000 Kilovolt-amps (kVA) (the threshold was previously 50,000 kVA prior to an amendment to the Enforcement Decree of the Electric Utility Act in June 2007) have been allowed to purchase electricity directly through the Korea Power Exchange. Until very recently there have been no such cases of direct purchase of electricity in Korea. However, as there has been increased interest in the market, in 2025 the Korea Power Exchange amended the Rules on Operating Electricity Market to regulate and provide market participants with clearer guidelines applicable to such direct purchases. Direct purchases of electricity may adversely affect our market share in electricity sales and, particularly if it were to gain widespread acceptance, may negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Power Development Strategy

We and our generation subsidiaries make plans for expanding or upgrading our generation capacity based on the Basic Plan, which is generally revised and announced every two years by the Government. In February 2025, the Government announced the Eleventh Basic Plan which will apply from 2024 to 2038. The Eleventh Basic Plan focuses on (a) establishing an energy mix and equipment plan that comprehensively considers policy principles such as supply stability, efficiency and carbon neutrality and (b) proactively strengthening the power grid and advancing market sophistication to expand carbon-free power sources, and includes the following specific measures: (i) following the continued use of nuclear power as a carbon-free source, the Eleventh Basic Plan includes the construction of two new large nuclear power plants with an aggregate generation capacity of 2.8 gigawatts by 2038 and commercial operation of a small modular reactor with generation capacity of 0.7 gigawatts by 2035, which together with other previously planned facilities, is expected to increase nuclear power capacity from 24.7 gigawatts in 2023 to 35.2 gigawatts in 2038; (ii) aging coal-fired power plants to be gradually replaced with carbon-free power sources and LNG plants, with a principle of simultaneous replacement with the same capacity – accordingly, coal power capacity is expected to decrease from 39.2 gigawatts in 2023 to 22.2 gigawatts in 2038, while LNG power capacity is expected to increase from 43.2 gigawatts in 2023 to 69.2 gigawatts in 2038; (iii) renewable energy will be systematically expanded, including expansion of solar and wind power generation capacities and market system reforms, which is expected to increase renewable energy generation capacity from 30.0 gigawatts in 2023 to 121.9 gigawatts in 2038; (iv) through the expansion of nuclear power, renewable energy, clean hydrogen and ammonia, reaching carbon-free share of 53.0% by 2030 and 70.7% by 2038, and ultimately achieving carbon neutrality; and (v) building a power grid with sufficient capacity to accommodate carbon-free energy sources. The Eleventh Basic Plan also aims to ensure a sufficient and timely electricity supply to advanced industries such as semiconductor clusters, as well as establishing an integrated supply-demand management system and an auction market in order to further stability and power source diversification.

Accordingly, we plan to establish the Eleventh Transmission and Substation Facilities Plan in accordance with the Eleventh Basic Plan. The Eleventh Transmission and Substation Facilities will apply from 2024 to 2038

 

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and will focus on initiatives such as the timely construction of transmission and substation facilities to meet increasing demand, integration of the management system for power plants including nuclear and renewable energy, and reinforcement of the national infrastructure grid to achieve carbon neutrality.

In March 2022, the Government enacted the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality with the goal of transitioning to a carbon neutral society by 2050 through sustainable green growth. Carbon neutrality initiatives set forth in the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality includes setting medium- to long-term greenhouse gas reduction targets and implementing measures to combat the climate crisis. Accordingly, it will be important for us to cooperate with Government initiatives and minimize the environmental impact we have on the climate crisis through our operations.

Pursuant to the Special Act on the Activation of Distributed Energy enacted in June 2023, a power grid impact assessment system has been implemented since June 2024 which manages the production and consumption of electricity at regional levels, trying to prevent concentrated demand from specific areas that would require excessive expansion of the broader power grid. Additionally, in November 2024, we entered into an agreement with advanced industry companies for the construction of infrastructure facilities, which is expected to allow us to collaborate with customers and generation companies to reduce investment costs, utilize land more efficiently, and promote the timely completion of power facilities, thereby fostering new businesses.

We cannot assure that the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality, the Special Act on the Activation of Distributed Energy, the Eleventh Basic Plan, the Eleventh Long-Term Transmission and Substation Facilities Plan or the respective plans to be subsequently adopted will successfully achieve their intended goals. If there is significant variance between the projected electricity supply and demand considered in planning our capacity expansions and the actual electricity supply and demand or if these plans otherwise fail to meet their intended goals or have other unintended consequences, this may result in inefficient use of our working capital, mispricing of electricity and undue financing costs on the part of us and our generation subsidiaries, among others, which may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Capital Investment Program

The table below sets forth, for each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, the amounts of capital expenditures for the construction of generation, transmission and distribution facilities.

 

2022     2023     2024  
(In billions of Won)  
W 13,886     W 15,518     W 16,720  

The table below sets forth the currently estimated installed capacity for new or expanded generation units to be completed by our generation subsidiaries in each year from 2025 to 2028 based on the Eleventh Basic Plan, as amended.

 

Year

    Number of Units    Type of Units    Total Installed Capacity  
               (Megawatts)  

2025

    2    LNG-combined      1,062  
   21    Renewables      108  

2026

    2    Nuclear power      2,800  
   1    LNG-combined      500  
   34    Renewables      90  

2027

    7    LNG-combined      4,270  
   12    Renewables      33  

2028

    4    LNG-combined      1,711  
   8    Renewables      76  

 

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As part of our capital investment program, we also intend to add new transmission lines and substations, continue to replace overhead lines with underground cables and improve the existing transmission and distribution systems.

The actual number and capacity of generation units and transmission and distribution facilities we construct and the timing of such construction are subject to change depending upon a variety of factors, including, among others, changes in the Basic Plan, demand growth projections, availability and cost of financing, changes in fuel prices and availability of fuel, ability to acquire necessary plant sites, environmental considerations and community opposition.

The table below sets forth, for the period from 2025 to 2027, the budgeted amounts of capital expenditures pursuant to our capital investment program, which primarily consist of budgets for the construction of generation, transmission and distribution facilities and, to a lesser extent, renewable energy generation and new energy industry projects. The budgeted amounts may vary from the actual amounts of capital expenditures for a variety of reasons, including, among others, the implementation of the Tenth Basic Plan currently in place, changes in the number of units to be constructed, the actual timing of such construction, changes in rates of exchange between the Won and foreign currencies and changes in interest rates.

 

     2025      2026      2027      Total  
     (in billions of Won)  

Generation(1):

            

Nuclear

    W 4,143      W 5,575      W 5,451      W 15,169  

Thermal

      4,471        5,102        6,257        15,829  

Renewables and others

      518        1,101        1,204        2,823  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Sub-total

      9,132        11,778        12,912        33,822  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Transmission and Distribution:

            

Transmission

      5,115        5,129        5,551        15,795  

Distribution

      3,813        3,766        3,953        11,532  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Sub-total

      8,928        8,895        9,504        27,327  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Others(2)

      1,324        1,354        1,335        4,012  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total

    W 19,383      W 22,027      W 23,750      W 65,161  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  
 

Notes:

 

(1)

The budgeted amounts for our generation facilities are based on the Ninth Basic Plan, as amended.

(2)

Principally consists of investments in telecommunications and new energy industry projects, among others.

In January 2016, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced an initiative to promote the new energy industry by creating the New Energy Industry Fund, which is made up of funds sponsored by Government-affiliated energy companies. We contributed Won 500 billion to the funds in 2016. The purpose of these funds is to invest in substantially all frontiers of the new energy industry, including renewable energy, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, small-sized self-sustaining electricity generation grids known as “micro-grids”, among others, as well as invest in start-up companies, ventures, small to medium-sized enterprise and project businesses that engage in these businesses but have not previously attracted sufficient capital from the private sector.

Furthermore, as a measure to address the high level of particulate matter pollution, in October 2018, the Government introduced a pilot regulation to lower the output of 35 coal-fired generation units to approximately 80% of their capacity that emit more than a certain amount of particulate matter. The regulation was formally implemented in January 2019, targeting 40 coal-fired power plants with high emissions of particulate matter. From March to June 2019, the scope expanded to cover 60 units in total. In addition, coal-fired generation units originally scheduled for preventive maintenance during the second half of 2019 were required to undertake such

 

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maintenance earlier in the spring of 2019. In November 2019, the Government pursued a reduction of coal-fired generation units in order to implement the Special Measures to Respond to the High Concentration Period (December to March) of Particulate Matter. We plan to continue to participate in the effort to reduce the particulate matter emissions from coal-fired generation units, not only during the winter but also during the spring. For example, as of March 31, 2025, 53 coal-fired generation units were subject to a cap of 80% of their capacity. Additionally, the Government adjusted the schedule to close down two decrepit coal-fired generation units (Boryeong #1 and #2), which were shut down in December 2020. Also, other coal-fired generation units, Samcheonpo #1 and #2, were shut down in May 2021 and Honam #1 and #2 units in December 2021. According to the Tenth Basic Plan announced in December 2022, the total coal-fired power plant capacity in 2036 will decrease to 27.1 gigawatts from 40.2 gigawatts in 2023, and its percentage of total power generation capacity will decrease to 11.3% in 2036 from 27.1% in 2023. While such measures may be subject to change, we expect to incur significant costs of complying with such measures, including in connection with more stringent particulate matter pollution regulations, retrofitting and overall replacement of environmental facilities.

We have financed, and plan to finance in the future, our capital investment programs primarily through net cash provided by our operating activities and financing in the form of debt securities and loans from domestic financial institutions, and to a lesser extent, borrowings from overseas financial institutions. In addition, in order to prepare for potential liquidity shortage, we maintain several credit facilities with financial institutions in the aggregate amounts of Won 12,519 billion and US$1,086 million on a consolidated basis, the full amount of which was available as of December 31, 2024. We, KHNP, KOMIPO and KOWEPO also maintain global medium-term note programs in the aggregate amount of US$21 billion, of which approximately US$11 billion remains currently available for future drawdown. See also Item 5.B. “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Resources.”

Environmental, Social and Governance Programs

With the ESG Promotion Strategy established in 2022, we set the direction and strategic goals to advance the sectoral strategies in each of environment, social, governance to reflect environmental changes and strengthen infrastructure for the achievement of the strategies. To reach the ESG vision and strategic goals, we have identified strategic tasks for each sector of environment, social, governance and will continue to work on them in the future.

Environmental Programs

The Environmental Policy Basic Act, the Air Quality Preservation Act, the Water Environment Conservation Act, the Marine Environment Management Act and the Waste Management Act, collectively referred in this annual report as the Environmental Acts, are the major laws of Korea that regulate atmospheric emissions, wastewater, noise and other emissions from our facilities, including power generators and transmission and distribution units. Our existing facilities are currently in material compliance with the requirements of these environmental laws and international agreements, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. Additionally, we are endeavoring to develop and implement greenhouse gas reduction strategy in line with the new climate regime set forth by the Paris Climate Agreement.

We continuously endeavor to contribute to sustainable growth (whether as an economy, a society or an ecosystem) by actively taking actions that befit our social responsibility as a corporate citizen in the energy industry. For example, in 2005, we became the first public company in Korea to join the United Nations Global Compact, an international voluntary initiative designed to hold a forum for corporations, United Nations agencies, labor and civic groups to promote reforms in economic, environmental and social policies. As part of our involvement with such initiative, we issue an annual report named the “Sustainability Report” to disclose our activities from the perspectives of economy, environment and society, in accordance with the reporting

 

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guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative, the official collaborating center of the United Nations Environment Program that works in cooperation with United Nations Secretary General. We recognize the interest in ESG within the investors’ community and are continuously pursuing safe and clean energy supply and distribution by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing our ability to respond to climate change, the details of such efforts provided through periodic sustainability reports. In addition, we made detailed disclosures on our sustainability reports in accordance with the global sustainability frameworks such as the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) and the standards of the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board from 2020. In 2024, as TCFD was merged with the International Sustainability Standards Board, we applied the IFRS S1 and S2 in “2024 Sustainability Report” instead of the TCFD recommendations, and we also applied a domestic sustainability framework, “K-ESG Guidelines,” to improve our reporting of sustainability achievements. Since 2022, we have published an integrated report covering us and our six generation subsidiaries for reporting domestic and international sustainability achievements such as energy transition, response to climate change, sustainable supply chain and safety management. In each year since 2014, we have been selected as one of the notable companies in the Asia Pacific region in the global electricity utility sector by the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices, which measures management performance in terms of contribution to sustainability.

In recognition of our efforts and achievements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in response to global climate change, in May 2013, we obtained the Carbon Trust Standard certification issued by Carbon Trust, a British nonprofit organization with the goal of establishing a sustainable, low carbon economy. In 2015, we obtained recertification from Carbon Trust by satisfying even more rigorous evaluation criteria. We are also a participant of the Carbon Disclosure Project, an international organization that promotes transparency in informational disclosure of carbon management process. From 2016 to 2021 and again in 2023, we were recognized by the Carbon Disclosure Project and received honors in the energy and utility sector.

In October 2020, we stated that we intend to focus on low-carbon and eco-friendly overseas projects, such as new and renewable energy and combined-cycle gas power generation and not pursue new projects in coal-fired power plants. For our overseas coal-fired power plant projects, we intend to sell them in multiple stages by analyzing the conditions of the sale, including the valuation of projects, identification of potential buyers, consultation with stakeholders and prioritization of better deals. We also aim to carry out our combined-cycle gas power generation projects on the condition that they adopt new technologies, such as ammonia or hydrogen co-firing and CCUS, which can reduce carbon emissions. In the long run, we aim to achieve carbon neutrality by reorganizing our business portfolio to focus on decarbonization, renewable energy and new businesses.

In December 2020, we established an Environment, Social and Governance (“ESG”) Committee within our board of directors to reinforce ESG-based management system and to ensure continuous performance in this area. Our ESG Committee is charged with resolving major management issues related to ESG, establishing ESG management strategies and business plans and checking on the overall direction of sustainable management. From 2021, we established an ESG Advisory Committee to support the ESG Committee. By operating the ESG Committee and the ESG Advisory Committee, we closely monitor the risks and opportunities related to ESG. Furthermore, our generation subsidiaries have established ESG Committees composed of non-standing directors to closely monitor ESG issues and manage ESG opportunities and risks.

We and our generation subsidiaries declared the carbon-neutrality vision called “ZERO for Green” in November 2021. The slogans for the vision include (i) “Zero Emission” of carbon in the power generation sector through bold transition to carbon-free power sources such as renewable energy and hydrogen; (ii) “Reliable Energy” to ensure stable supply to clean electricity to consumers through preemptive measures and optimal operation of the power grid; and (iii) “On Time” to secure core technology for carbon neutrality in a timely manner by dramatically expanding research and development investment. Also, in December 2021, we and our generation subsidiaries established the Carbon Neutrality Promotion Committee composed of our management and external experts to establish Company-wide strategies for carbon neutrality and to strengthen internal and external communication.

 

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To achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 as announced by the Government, the Transformation sector (electricity and heating), which includes us and accounts for 37.1% of total national greenhouse gas emissions, needs to play a leading role. The Transformation sector, in particular, needs to not only increase the proportion of renewable energy such as wind and solar power, but also support carbon reduction in other sectors such as industry, transportation, and buildings by electrifying energy consumption. As we are on the top of the value chain for the power industry as a whole, we established our role and strategy to achieve carbon-neutrality. We plan to accelerate the timely connection of planned nuclear power plants, expand renewable energy through proactive system development, lead the development of core carbon-neutral technologies, and contribute to the achievement of a carbon-neutrality in the Transformation sector by improving energy efficiency.

Furthermore, we and our generation subsidiaries issued green bonds in 2022, 2023 and 2024, total issuance with the principal amount of US$1,600 million, US$1,500 million and US$1,200 million, respectively, to expand domestic and overseas renewable energy businesses and renewable energy related facilities.

The table below sets forth the number of emission control equipment installed at thermal power plants by our generation subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024.

 

     KOSEP      KOMIPO      KOWEPO      KOSPO      EWP  

Flue Gas Desulfurization System

      12        9        10        12        10  

Selective Non-catalytic Reduction System

      2        —         2        —         2  

Selective Catalytic Reduction System

      22        28        20        37        24  

Electrostatic Precipitation System

      14        18        10        14        12  

Low NO2 Combustion System

      20        27        13        35        24  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total

      70        82        55        98        72  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

In accordance with the Act on Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowances, enacted in May 2012, the Government implemented a greenhouse gas emission trading system under which the Government will allocate the amount of permitted greenhouse gas emission to companies by industry and a company whose business emits more carbon than the permitted amount is required to purchase the right to emit more carbon through the Korea Exchange. The categories of allowances traded include the Korean Allowance Unit (KAU), which is the emissions allowance allocated to applicable companies by the Government; Korean Credit Unit (KCU), which is a tradable unit converted from external carbon offset certifications including the Korean Offset Credit; and Korean Offset Credit (KOC), which is the verified carbon offset credit obtained by companies for reducing carbon emissions through absorption or otherwise. The greenhouse gas emission trading system has been implemented in three stages. During the first phase (2015 to 2017), the Government gradually set up and conducted test runs of the trading system to ensure its smooth operation, allocating the greenhouse gas emission allowances free of charge. During the second phase (2018 to 2020), 97% of the greenhouse gas emission allowances were allocated free of charge, with 3% allocated through an auction. During the third phase (2021 to 2025), the Government has expanded the scale of the system with aggressive greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and allocating 10% of the greenhouse gas emission allowances through an auction. The Government is also expected to announce details of the fourth phase (2026 to 2030) in July 2025.

In connection with the Climate Change Response Initiatives and the 2030 National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Roadmap announced by the Government in December 2016, the Government subsequently announced the Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategies, which presents a long-term vision and national strategy for achieving carbon neutrality in 2050, and the Nationally Determined Contributions (“NDC”), which sets forth the greenhouse gas reduction targets by 2030. According to the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth to Cope with Climate Crisis established in March 2022 and the latest figures of NDC announced by the Government in March 2023, the national target level in 2030 was 436.6 million tons and represents 40% reduction as compared to 2018 and the target emission level for the Transformation sector (electricity and heating) as a whole which we are the part of was 145.9 million tons and

 

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represents 45.9% reduction as compared to 2018. In October 2021, in accordance with the Government’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, the carbon neutrality committee has proposed two scenarios, both of them which aim to achieve net-zero domestic carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. Scenario A will completely suspend thermal power generation by 2050, while scenario B will actively utilize technologies such as CCUS while allowing some thermal power generation to continue beyond 2050. Following the National Basic Plan for Carbon Neutrality & Green Growth enacted in April 2023, the Government has mandated annual sector-specific greenhouse gas reduction targets for the next 20 years from 2023 to 2042 and measures to achieve such targets to be formulated and implemented every five years. In terms of the NDC, the national target emission level remained unchanged but the latest target emission level in 2030 of Transformation sector increased to 145.9 million tons, which represents 45.9% compared to 2018 emission level.

Adhering to such emission and greenhouse gas reduction requirement may result in significant additional compliance costs. For example, the daily market price of the KAUs traded through the Korea Exchange was Won 8,640 per ton in early 2015, and the price has increased continuously thereafter, reaching its peak price at Won 42,500 per ton on April 2, 2020. Since then, the price has decreased and, as of April 3, 2025, the price has been formed around Won 8,740 per ton.

The table below sets forth the amount of annual emission from all generating facilities of our generation subsidiaries for the periods indicated. According to the Eleventh Basic Plan, the amount of CO2 emissions is expected to decrease due to the Government’s carbon-free energy conversion policy. We expect to abolish a total of 37 decrepit coal-fired power plants by 2038 and replace them with LNG power plants or carbon-free plants.

 

Year (1)

    SOx
(g/MWh)		      NOx
(g/MWh)		      TSP (2)
(g/MWh)		      CO2
(kg/MWh)		  

2020

      61        77        4        445  

2021

      57        68        4        437  

2022

      47        58        4        406  

2023

      43        49        3        383  
 

Notes:

 

(1)

The amounts of annual SOx, NOx and TSP emission for 2022 and 2023 are expected to be determined once the national statistics are confirmed.

(2)

“TSP” means Total Suspended Particles.

For additional information, see Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to KEPCO—We are subject to various environmental legislations, regulations and related Government initiatives, including in relation to climate change and carbon neutrality, which could cause significant compliance costs and operational liabilities.”

In order to comply with the current and expected environmental standards and address related legal and social concerns, we intend to continue to install additional equipment, make related capital expenditures and undertake several environment-friendly measures to foster community goodwill. For example, under the Persistent Organic Pollutants Management Act enacted in 2007, we are required to remove polychlorinated biphenyl, or PCB, a toxin, from the insulating oil of our transformers by 2025. In addition, when constructing certain large new transmission and distribution facilities, we assess and disclose their environmental impact at the planning stage of such construction, and we consult with local residents, environmental groups and technical experts to generate community support for such projects. We exercise additional caution in cases where such facilities are constructed near ecologically sensitive areas such as wetlands or preservation areas. We also make reasonable efforts to minimize any negative environmental impact, for example, by using more environment-friendly technology and hardware. Additionally, we also undertake measures to minimize losses during the transmission and distribution process by making our power distribution network more energy-efficient in terms of loss of power, as well as to lower consumption of energy, water and other natural resources. Furthermore, we and our subsidiaries acquired the ISO 14001 certification, an environmental management system widely adopted

 

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internationally, in 2007 and have made it a high priority to make our electricity generation and distribution more environment-friendly. In 2014, we were awarded the presidential award for environmental contributions as a corporate citizen, after scoring the highest among 102 corporations that competed for the award. In order to encourage the implementation of environment-friendly measures by other corporations and enhance environmental awareness at a social level, we have been disclosing our environment-related activities and achievements to the public through the Environment Information System managed by the Ministry of Environment since 2012.

Our environmental measures, including the use of environment-friendly but more expensive parts and equipment and allocation of capital expenditures for the installation of such facilities, may result in increased operating costs and liquidity requirement. The actual cost of installation and operation of such equipment and related liquidity requirement will depend on a variety of factors which may be beyond our control. There is no assurance that we will continue to be in material compliance with legal or social standards or requirements in the future in relation to the environment.

As part of our medium to long-term strategic initiatives, we plan to take other measures designed to promote the generation and use of environment-friendly or green energy. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Strategy.”

Some of our generation facilities are powered by renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, wind power and hydraulic power. While such facilities are currently insignificant as a proportion of our total generation capacity or generation volume of our generation subsidiaries, we expect that the portion will increase in the future, especially since we are required to comply with the Renewable Portfolio Standard program as described below.

The following table sets forth the generation capacity and generation volume in 2024 of our generation facilities that are powered by renewable energy sources.

 

     Generation Capacity
(megawatts)		     Generation Volume
(gigawatt-hours)		  

Hydraulic Power(1)

      650       1,523  

Wind Power

      189       147  

Solar Energy

      525       526  

Fuel Cells

      501       3,596  

Others(2)

      1,131       5,466  
  

 

 

    

 

 

  

Subtotal

      2,997       11,259  

As percentage of total(3)

     3.51 %      2.87 % 
 

Notes:

 

(1)

Excluding generation capacity and volume of pumped storage, which is generally not classified as renewable energy.

(2)

From June 2024, dispatchable renewable energy was categorized as others.

(3)

As a percentage of the total generation capacity or total generation volume, as applicable, of us and our generation subsidiaries.

In order to deal with shortage of fuel and other resources and also to comply with various environmental standards, in 2012 the Government adopted the Renewable Portfolio Standard program, which replaced the Renewable Portfolio Agreement which had been in effect from 2006 to 2011. Under this program, each of our generation subsidiaries is required to generate a specified percentage of total electricity to be generated by such generation subsidiary in a given year in the form of renewable energy or, in case of a shortfall, purchase a corresponding amount of a Renewable Energy Certificate (a form of renewable energy credit) from other generation companies whose renewable energy generation surpass such percentage. Pursuant to the Act on the Promotion of the Development, Use, and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy and its Enforcement Decree,

 

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the target percentage was 12.5% in 2022, 13.0% in 2023 and 13.5% in 2024. This Act and its Enforcement Decree aim to raise target percentage to 25% by 2030, and the target percentage for each year from 2025 through 2030 as of the date of this annual report is as specified in the table below. In 2023, all six of our generation subsidiaries met the target through renewable energy generation and/or the purchase of a Renewable Energy Certificate. Our generation subsidiaries’ compliance with the 2024 target is currently under evaluation, and if any generation subsidiary is found to have failed to meet the target for 2024 or fails to meet the target for subsequent years, such generation subsidiary may become subject to fines. Accordingly, the proposed target percentages may result in additional expenses for our generation subsidiaries.

 

     2025     2026     2027     2028     2029     2030  

Target Percentage under Renewable Portfolio Standard

      14.0 %      15.0 %      17.0 %      19.0 %      22.5 %      25.0 % 

As to how we plan to finance our capital expenditures related to our environmental programs, see “—Capital Investment Program.”

In March 2017, the Electric Utility Act was amended to the effect that starting in June 2017, future national planning for electricity supply and demand in Korea should consider the environmental and safety impacts of such planning, such as desulfurization costs. Accordingly, the costs related to environmental and safety impacts such as the desulfurization costs, have been reflected in our variable cost of generating electricity since August 2019. In December 2019, the Regulation on the Operation of the Electricity Market was revised to reflect the cost of trading greenhouse gas emission allowances in our variable cost of generating electricity and the revision was implemented in January 2022.

In line with the spread of RE100, a global campaign by companies around the world to cover 100% of their electricity use with renewable energy by 2050, the Government introduced its own version of RE100 that allows companies and other consumers to choose energy sources from which their electricity is generated. In order for a domestic company to participate in RE100, it needs to enter into either a third-party PPA or a direct PPA, or general and industrial customers may also purchase renewable energy through us in a competitive bidding process and be issued with a certificate of use of renewable energy, which we refer to as the green premium system. On June 21, 2021, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced the “Guidelines on Third-Party Power Purchase Agreements for Renewable Energy Generation” that stipulated the method of transaction of renewable energy power among third parties. The relevant legislation for the direct PPA was enacted in the National Assembly in March 2021 and has been in force since October 2021. The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy finalized and announced detailed guideline for direct PPA in September 2022. As of December 31, 2024, there are 11 third-party PPAs with total contracted capacity of 23 megawatts and 29 direct PPA with total contracted capacity of 413 megawatts, which are effective under related law and guideline. If there is an expansion in the use of direct PPA, it may adversely affect our market share in electricity sales. In addition to the PPA, the green premium system started in January 2021 and we, on behalf of Korea Energy Agency, are in charge of managing the bidding for renewable energy, receiving bid prices from winning companies, issuing a certificate of use of renewable energy to companies on a quarterly basis and receiving fees from Korea Energy Agency for our service.

Following the amendment to the Hydrogen Economy Promotion and Hydrogen Safety Management Act in February 2024 and its Enforcement Decree enacted in November 2023, the Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy has designated KEPCO and other entities under the Community Energy System to purchase hydrogen-generated electricity. Under such Act, we are required to enter into contracts with hydrogen generators that are selected through competitive bidding process.

The bidding market is comprised of the general hydrogen market and the clean hydrogen power generation market, as categorized based on the type of fuel used. In consideration of the current ecosystem in which fuel cells are used, the general hydrogen power generation market is open to all kinds of hydrogen plants including plants using extracted or by-product hydrogen. On the other hand, the clean hydrogen power generation market is

 

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a market where only generators using clean hydrogen plants are allowed to participate. Clean hydrogen is categorized into carbon-free hydrogen, low-carbon hydrogen, and low-carbon hydrogen compounds (including ammonia) according to greenhouse gas emissions in the production and import procedure of hydrogen. The system for certifying clean hydrogen plants will be put in place based on criteria, such as the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, set by relevant enforcement ordinances. The Government has set the bidding volume for the period from 2023 to 2025 in accordance with the Tenth Basic Plan, as shown in the table below.

 

     Year of bidding market commencement  
   2023      2024      2025  
   Year of
commercial
operation
commencement		      Volume
(GWh)		      Year of
commercial
operation
commencement		      Volume
(GWh)		      Year of
commercial
operation
commencement		      Volume
(GWh)		  

General hydrogen market

      2025        1,300        2026        1,300        2027        1,300  

Clean hydrogen market

      —         —         2027        3,500        2028        3,000  

The amount of hydrogen-generated electricity to be purchased by us is determined by the Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy after taking into consideration the Basic Plan and Hydrogen Economy Implementation Basic Plan and shall be determined by multiplying (i) the total amount to be purchased in the current year by (ii) the percentage of our purchase out of the total purchased amount in the year immediately preceding the year when the bidding market for the current year has been set up. Effectively, it will mean there will be a three-year lag between the time periods in (i) and (ii). The Minister shall allow us to reflect the cost arising from the purchase of hydrogen energy into the electricity tariff pursuant to the Act.

Social Programs

In 2024, as part of our safety management activities, our management has held periodic safety management review meetings. We also offer diverse support initiatives for subcontractors, promoting safety and establishing a manual-based system for management of construction sites, in order to prevent industrial accidents. We have also adopted a new management system to respond to disasters and changes in security conditions, revising the evaluation criteria framework to prioritize safety management practices of site managers.

Building goodwill with local communities is important to us in light of concerns among the local residents and civic groups in Korea regarding construction and operation of generation units, particularly nuclear generation units. The Act for Supporting the Communities Surrounding Power Plants and the Act on the Compensation and Support for Areas Adjacent to Transmission and Substation Facilities require that the generation companies and the affected local governments carry out various activities up to a certain amount annually to address neighboring community concerns. Pursuant to these Acts, we and our generation subsidiaries, in conjunction with the affected local and municipal governments, undertake various programs, including scholarships and financial assistance to low-income residents.

Under the Act for Compensation and Support for Areas Adjacent to Transmission and Substation Facilities, activities required to be undertaken under the Act are funded partly by the Electric Power Industry Basis Fund (see “—Sales and Customers—Electricity Rates”) and partly by KHNP as part of its budget. KHNP is required to make annual contributions to the affected local communities in an amount equal to Won 0.25 per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated by its nuclear generation units during the one-year period before the immediately preceding fiscal year, Won 5 million per thousand kilowatts of hydroelectric generation capacity and Won 0.5 million per thousand kilowatts of pumped-storage generation capacity. In addition, under Korean tax law, KHNP is required to pay local tax levied on its nuclear generation units in an amount equal to Won 1 (effective January 1, 2015, which reflects an increase from the previous Won 0.5 per kilowatt-hour of their generation volume in the affected areas) and Won 2 per 10 cubic meters of water used for hydroelectric generation.

The Act on the Compensation and Support for Areas Adjacent to Transmission and Substation Facilities, enacted in January 2014 with effect from July 2014, prescribes measures to be taken by power generation or

 

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transmission companies with respect to the communities adjacent to transmission and substation facilities. Under this Act, those who own land or houses in the vicinity of transmission lines and substation may claim compensation for damages or compel purchase of such properties by the power generation or transmission companies which are legally obligated in principle to pay for such damages or purchase such properties. In addition, under this Act, residents of communities adjacent to transmission and substation facilities are entitled to subsidies on electricity tariff as well as support for a variety of welfare projects and collective business ventures.

As the National Power Grid Expansion Special Act, which we hope will help us expand and build upon our power grid network by (i) requiring the Government to establish and implement a 30-year Basic Plan for National Power Grid Expansion every five years, (ii) establishing a National Power Grid Expansion Committee, (iii) deeming all requisite permits and approvals under applicable laws to be granted upon approval of the implementation plan for grid development projects, and (iv) allowing the Government to provide partial or full financial support for such projects, is set to become effective in 2025, we plan to re-evaluate compensation levels for land that is on or near transmission lines, and in collaboration with local government initiatives to improve resident welfare, including medical services.

Prior to the construction of a generation unit, our generation subsidiaries perform an environmental impact assessment which is designed to evaluate public hazards, damage to the environment and concerns of local residents. A report reflecting this evaluation and proposing measures to address the problems identified must be submitted to and approved by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy following agreement with related administrative bodies, including the Ministry of Environment prior to the construction of the unit. Our generation subsidiaries are then required to implement the measures reflected in the approved report. Despite these activities, civic community groups may still oppose the construction and operation of generation units (including nuclear units), and such opposition could adversely impact our construction plans for generation units (including nuclear units) and have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and cash flow.

Upon relocation of our corporate headquarters in November 2014, we developed and established Bitgaram Energy Valley as a smart energy hub city in Gwangju and Jeollanam-do, to attract and facilitate the growth of start-ups and research institutions related to new energy industries while contributing to the local economy, balanced regional development and job creation.

To achieve this goal, through industry-academic cooperation including partnerships with the Korea Institute of Energy Technology and the Korea Institute of Energy Research, we support the R&D efforts of companies, develop new technologies, and publish R&D results. We also seek to create new growth engines by assisting innovative companies with their technology development and commercialization as they enter the global market. As of December 31, 2024, we have signed agreements with 672 companies relating to investments in the Bitgaram Energy Valley, outperforming our target in 2024 of 670 companies. We are currently developing Bitgaram Energy Valley to establish a spontaneous industrial ecosystem, which will contribute to the power industry as well as the national economy.

Additionally, we continue to pursue businesses that promote co-prosperity with small and medium-sized enterprises (“SMEs”), such as cultivating startups, exploring for cooperative R&D projects with SMEs, and supporting export business. We also strive to strengthen the fundamental self-reliance of SMEs with continuous engagement, through improving their productivity, training specialists and also financial supports. In addition, by operating the ‘SMEs Energy Technology Market’, we are promoting cooperation between energy-related public institutions and SMEs. As of December 31, 2024, we designated 132 “innovation products” to support the early market entry and procurement linkage of technology innovation products developed by the SMEs with superior R&D capabilities.

Governance

We operate a risk management system to prevent possible risks in advance and effectively respond to them. The audit committee under the board of directors conducts audits of accounting and major management tasks and

 

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evaluates the operational status of the internal accounting management system. Since 2020, the ESG committee has also been established and operates under the board of directors to manage non-financial risks associated with environment, social, and governance issues.

We operate an ethical management system to meet our management needs and aim to make it systematic and effective. We provide the basic principles of conduct through ethical guidelines such as the Code of Ethics and the Code of Conduct, establish step-by-step strategies for the ethical management of our vision and management policies, and engage in relevant activities. See also Item 16.B. “Code of Ethics.” Also, in December 2023, we established a Compliance Office directly under our CEO, which is an independent organization to operate our risk management system. Our plan is to establish and operate a company-wide internal control system to minimize risks of corruption or misconduct.

See also Item 16.G. “Corporate Governance” for a further description of independence, diversity of our board and other committees thereunder.

Nuclear Safety

KHNP takes nuclear safety as its top priority and continues to focus on ensuring the safe and reliable operation of nuclear power plants. KHNP also focuses on enhancing corporate ethics and transparency in the operation of its plants.

KHNP has a corporate code of ethics and is firmly committed to enhancing nuclear safety, developing new technologies and improving transparency. KHNP has also established the “Statement of Safety Policy for Nuclear Power Plants” to ensure the highest level of nuclear safety. Furthermore, KHNP invests approximately 4% of its total annual sales into research and development for the enhancement of nuclear safety and operational performance.

KHNP implements comprehensive programs to monitor, ensure and improve safety of nuclear power plants. In order to enhance nuclear safety through risk-informed assessment, KHNP conducts probabilistic safety assessments, including for low power-shutdown states, for all its nuclear power plants. In order to systematically verify nuclear safety and identify the potential areas for safety improvements, KHNP performs periodic safety reviews on a 10-year frequency basis for all its operating units. These reviews have been completed for all of our nuclear power plants once or more. In order to enhance nuclear safety and plant performance, KHNP has established a maintenance effectiveness monitoring program based on the maintenance rules issued by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which covers all of KHNP’s nuclear power plants in commercial operation.

KHNP has developed the Risk Monitoring System for operating nuclear power plants, which it implements in all of its nuclear power plants. The Risk Monitoring System is intended to help ensure nuclear plant safety. In addition, KHNP has developed and implemented the Severe Accident Management Guidelines and is developing the Severe Accident Management Guidelines for Low Power-Shutdown States in order to manage severe accidents for all of its nuclear power plants.

KHNP conducts various activities to enhance nuclear safety such as quality assurance audits and reviews by the KHNP Nuclear Review. KHNP maintains a close relationship with international nuclear organizations in order to enhance nuclear safety. KHNP invites international safety review teams such as the World Association of Nuclear Operators (“WANO”) Peer Review Team to its nuclear plants for purposes of meeting international standards for independent review of its facilities. KHNP actively exchanges relevant operational information and technical expertise with its peers in other countries. For example, KHNP conducted WANO Pre-Startup Peer Reviews for Shin-Hanul #1 unit in 2024. The recommendations and findings from this event were shared with KHNP’s other nuclear plants to implement improvements at such plants. In addition, KHNP conducted the Operational Safety Review Team mission at the International Atomic Energy Agency for Saeul units 1 and 2

 

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(formerly named as Shin-Kori units 3 and 4) in the second half of 2022. The purpose of such application was to ensure that KHNP nuclear generation units reflect the global safety standards.

The average level of radiation dose per unit amounted to a relatively low level of 0.26 man-Sv in 2024, which was substantially lower than the global average of 0.58 man-Sv/year in 2024 as reported in the WANO performance indicator report.

In response to the damage to the nuclear facilities in Japan as a result of the tsunami and earthquake in March 2011, the Government conducted additional safety inspections on nuclear power plants by a group of experts from governmental authorities, civic groups and academia. As a result of such inspections, the Government required KHNP to perform 46 comprehensive safety improvement measures. As of December 31, 2024, KHNP has completed implementation of 45 measures and is currently implementing one last measure. The Government also established the Nuclear Safety & Security Commission in October 2011 for neutral and independent safety appraisals. KHNP developed ten additional measures through benchmarking of overseas cases and internal analysis of current operations. As of December 31, 2024, KHNP has completed implementation of all ten measures.

From time to time, our nuclear generation units may experience unexpected shutdowns. For example, on September 12, 2016, multiple earthquakes including a magnitude 5.8 earthquake hit the city of Gyeongju, a home to KHNP’s headquarters and Wolsong Nuclear Power Plants. Although there was no material safety issues, KHNP had manually stopped the operations of Wolsong #1, #2, #3, and #4 units according to the safety guidelines. All units have resumed their operations on December 5, 2016, with the approval by the Nuclear Power Safety Commission. KHNP finished implementing measures to improve the safety by reinforcing seismic capability of its core facilities and performing stress tests across all its nuclear power plants. In 2018, KHNP finished the implementation of such measures for 24 units and enhanced seismic capability of the core facilities to withstand a magnitude 7.0 earthquake (6.5 before implementation). As for the units under construction, Saeul #3 and 4 (formerly named as Shin-Kori #5 and #6), the core facilities will be able to withstand a magnitude 7.4 earthquake.

Low and intermediate level waste (“LILW”), and spent nuclear fuels (“SNFs”) are stored in temporary storage facilities at each nuclear site of KHNP. The temporary LILW storage facilities at the nuclear sites had been sufficient to accommodate all LILWs produced up to 2015. Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (“KORAD”) completed the construction of a LILW disposal facility in the city of Gyeongju, and government approval for its operations was obtained in December 2014.

In order to increase the storage capacity of temporary storage facilities for SNFs, KHNP has been pursuing various projects, such as installing high-density racks in SNFs pools and building dry storage facilities. Through these activities, we expect that the storage capacity for SNFs in all nuclear power plant sites will be adequate to temporarily accommodate all SNFs produced by the operation of nuclear power plants before the operation of an intermediate storage facility. In December 2021, the Government decided on the national policy for the management of SNFs (Reference: The second master plan for High-Level Radioactive waste management) to secure an intermediate storage and disposal facility. The national policy for the management of SNFs includes a temporary operation plan for on-site SNFs storage facility on nuclear power plants before the operation of the intermediate storage facility.

In 2009, the Radioactive Waste Management Act (“RWMA”) was enacted in order to centralize management of the disposal of SNFs and LILW and enhance the security and efficiency of related management processes. The RWMA designates KORAD to manage the disposal of SNFs and LILW. Pursuant to the RWMA, the Government has established the Radioactive Waste Management Fund. The management expense for LILW is paid when LILW is transferred to KORAD, and the charge for SNFs is paid based on the quantity generated every quarter. LILW-related management costs and charges for SNFs are reviewed by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy every two years.

 

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Three bills relating to the disposal of SNFs were proposed by the National Assembly as of the end of 2024. These three bills include the plan for construction and operation of an intermediate storage facility and a disposal facility. The bills were approved by the National Assembly in February 2025, and detailed regulations aimed at accelerating safety measures for the disposal of SNFs are expected to be introduced in the second half of 2025.

In addition, in February 2021, in accordance with the Government’s guidelines for strengthening the safety of nuclear power plants, the period for verifying seismic resilience of major equipment was extended. Due to safety concerns, the construction periods of Saeul #3 and #4 (formerly named as Shin-Kori #5 and #6) have been extended to February 2026 and November 2026, respectively.

All of KHNP’s nuclear plants are currently in compliance with Korean law and regulations and the safety standards of the IAEA in all material respects. For a description of certain past incidents relating to quality assurance in respect of KHNP, see Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to KEPCO—Our risk management policies and procedures may not be fully effective at all times.”

Decommissioning

Decommissioning of a nuclear power unit is the process whereby the unit is shut down at the end of its life, the fuel is removed and the unit is eventually dismantled. KHNP renewed the operating license of Kori #1, the first nuclear power plant constructed in Korea, which commenced operation in 1978, for an additional ten years in 2007. At the recommendation of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, KHNP has decided not to renew the operating license of Kori #1 and the initial phase of decommissioning (namely, safety inspection and removal of spent nuclear fuels) of Kori #1 has begun after its permanent shutdown in June 2017. In addition, Wolsong #1 permanently shut down in 2019 and is being prepared for decommissioning. KHNP retains full financial and operational responsibility for decommissioning its units.

KHNP has accumulated decommissioning costs as a liability since 1983. The decommissioning costs of nuclear facilities are defined by the Radioactive-Waste Management Act, which requires KHNP to credit annual appropriations separately. These costs are estimated based on studies conducted by the relevant committees, and are reviewed by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy every two years. As of December 31, 2024, KHNP recorded an accrual of Won 27,803.8 billion for the costs of dismantling and decontaminating existing nuclear power plants, which consisted of dismantling costs of nuclear plants of Won 23,272.4 billion and decommissioning costs of spent nuclear fuels and radioactive waste of Won 4,531.4 billion.

Overseas Activities

We are engaged in a number of overseas activities. Such activities help us diversify our revenue streams by leveraging our and our subsidiaries’ operational experience from providing a full range of services from power plant construction to specialized engineering and maintenance services. We are also able to build strategic relationships with countries that are or may become our fuel providers.

We have continuously expanded our overseas projects starting with an oil-fired power plant in Malaya, the Philippines in 1995. As of the end of December 2024, we are engaged in 33 projects in 15 countries across Asia, Middle East, Latin America, North America, Africa and Oceania. The total installed capacity amounts to 28,756 megawatts, comprising of 18,977 megawatts of coal-fired power plants, 5,600 megawatts of nuclear power plant and 4,179 megawatts of renewable energy power plants.

Throughout the years, we have sought to expand our project portfolio to include the construction and operation of conventional thermal generation units, nuclear generation units and renewable energy power plants, transmission and distribution network and mining and development of fuels. While strategically important, we believe that our overseas activities, as currently being conducted, are not in the aggregate significant in terms of scope or amount compared to our domestic activities. In addition, a number of the overseas contracts currently being pursued are based on non-binding memoranda of understanding and the details of such projects may significantly change during the course of negotiating the definitive agreements.

 

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Many of our overseas operations require a significant amount of capital investment, and such costs may unexpectedly and materially increase in the event of delays or other changes in circumstances, many of which are difficult to anticipate and are beyond our control. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to KEPCO—We may require a substantial amount of additional indebtedness to refinance existing debt and for future capital expenditures” and Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to KEPCO—We plan to pursue overseas expansion opportunities that may subject us to different or greater risks than those associated with our domestic operations.”

Generation Projects

Nuclear Generation Projects

In December 2009, following an international open bidding process, we entered into a prime contract for the original contract amount of US$18.6 billion with the Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation (“ENEC”), a state-owned nuclear energy provider of the UAE, to design and construct four civil nuclear power generation units to be located in Barakah, a region approximately 270 kilometers from Abu Dhabi, for the UAE’s peaceful nuclear energy program. Under the contract, we and our subcontractors, some of which are our subsidiaries, are to perform various duties including, among others, designing and constructing four nuclear power generation units each with a capacity of 1,400 megawatts, supplying nuclear fuel for three fuel cycles including initial loading, with each cycle currently projected to last for approximately 18 months, and providing technical support, training and education related to plant operation. The contract amount of US$18.6 billion was increased to US$19.1 billion as per the amendment signed in November 2017. As the project has yet to be completed, we are in discussions with other parties to the contract about the costs from extension of the construction period and delay liquidated damages for the UAE nuclear power plant project. We have estimated the probable economic benefit outflow resulting from these discussions related to prolongation costs and have recognized such amounts as provisions. No assurance can be given whether any costs associated with the foregoing will not exceed the amounts recognized as provisions or otherwise have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and profitability.

On October 20, 2016, in order to foster a long-term strategic partnership and stable management of the units’ post-construction, we entered into an investment agreement with ENEC to jointly establish Barakah One PJSC, a special purpose company which will oversee the operation and management of the nuclear power plant currently being constructed in Barakah, UAE. Barakah One PJSC is mainly capitalized with loans in the amount of US$19.6 billion and equity of US$4.7 billion. We have an 18% equity interest in Barakah One PJSC, and also have an 18% equity interest in Nawah Energy Company, a subsidiary of ENEC, which will also be responsible for the operation and maintenance of the Barakah nuclear power plant. On December 20, 2018, the board of directors of KEPCO resolved to invest additional US$380 million in Barakah One PJSC. With the additional investment, KEPCO’s total capital investment amount in Barakah One PJSC was expected to be US$1.28 billion. Actual capital contribution of US$1.22 billion was made in March 2025 under the related contracts. KEPCO’s equity interest in the project is 18%, which remains unchanged. The total project cost of the Barakah nuclear power plant is expected to be approximately US$29.5 billion. Barakah One PJSC successfully achieved the commercial operation of Unit #1, #2, #3, and #4 of Barakah nuclear power plant in April 2021, March 2022, February 2023 and September 2024 respectively, with an expected plant life span of 60 years. On August 25, 2022, KHNP signed a contract for the construction of turbine islands in El Dabaa nuclear power plant project in Egypt with Atomstroyexport JSC (“ASE JSC”), a subsidiary of Rosatom. ASE JSC had won an order for El Dabaa project from Egyptian Atomic Energy Agency in 2017 to build a nuclear power plant that consists of four reactors of which capacity is 1,200 megawatts each. KHNP will construct about 80 buildings and structures including turbine islands in four units of El Dabaa and supply equipment. The construction of the project began in 2023 and is planned to be completed in 2029.

On June 27, 2023, KHNP entered into a contract for construction of a tritium removal facility at Cernavoda nuclear power plant site in Romania. The procurer is S.N.NUCLEARELECTRICA S.A., a government owned organization that operates two units of CANDU reactors at Cernavoda. The value of the contract is about

 

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193 million Euros. KHNP will provide engineering (based on the design of the tritium removal facility provided by the client), procurement, construction and commissioning services. The term is 50 months and the commencement date is July 23, 2023.

Since March 2022, KHNP has been participating in a tender launched by Electrárna Dukovany II (“EDUII”), a subsidiary of České Energetické Závody, and it was selected as the preferred bidder in July 2024. Currently, KHNP is negotiating the terms of the contract with EDUII for the construction of Dukovany Unit #5 and #6.

Non-nuclear Generation Projects

We are currently engaged in two major power projects in the Philippines: (i) a minority ownership of SPC Power Corporation, a local utility corporation engaged in independent power generation, electricity distribution and other businesses, and (ii) CFBC Coal Power Plant, a 200-megawatt power plant in Cebu on a build, operate and own basis. The plant construction was completed in May 2011 and it will be operated until 2036. The project cost of the CFBC Coal Power Plant was US$451 million, which was project-financed on a limited recourse basis. To fulfill our responsibility for carbon neutrality, we are currently planning to sell our interests in SPC Power Corporation and the CFBC Coal Power Plant.

In April 2007, we formed a limited partnership with Shanxi International Electricity Group and Deutsche Bank, which was approved by the Chinese government, to develop and operate power projects in Shanxi Province, China. The total capital investment in these projects amounted to US$1.33 billion, of which our capital investment was US$450 million. We expect to participate in the operation of the project for 50 years ending in 2057. The total capacity of these projects is 10,749 megawatts and our equity interest in the partnership is 42%.

In July 2008, a consortium consisting of us and Xenel of Saudi Arabia won the bid to build, own and operate a gas-fired power plant with installed capacity of 373 megawatts in Al Qatrana, near Amman, and we entered into definitive agreements in October 2009. Construction of this project was completed in December 2011, and the plant is currently in operation and will operate until 2035. The total project cost was US$461 million, out of which the consortium made an equity contribution of US$143 million and the remainder was funded by debt financing. We and Xenel own 80:20 equity interests in the project, respectively. As part of the asset rationalization plan for our overseas projects in operation, we are planning to sell a portion of our equity interest in Al Qatrana project.

In December 2008, we formed a consortium with ACWA Power International of Saudi Arabia and submitted a bid for the 1,204-megawatt oil-fired power project in Rabigh, Saudi Arabia. In March 2009, we were selected as the preferred bidder and in July 2009, we entered into a power purchase agreement (“PPA”) with Saudi Electricity Company. Construction of the project was completed in April 2013, and we will participate in the operation of the plant for 20 years. The total project cost was approximately US$2.5 billion. We currently hold a 40.0% equity interest in the joint venture, Rabigh Electricity Company, which operates the project.

In August 2010, we led a consortium and won the bid to build, own and operate the 433-megawatt Norte II gas-fueled combined-cycle electricity generation facility in Chihuahua, Mexico, as ordered by the Commission Federal de Electricidad (“CFE”) of Mexico. The consortium established a special purpose vehicle, KST Electric Power Company (“KST”), to act as the operating entity, and in September 2010, KST entered into a PPA with CFE for 25 years until 2038. The total cost of the project was approximately US$427 million and we hold a 56% equity interest in the consortium. Our wholly-owned subsidiary, KEPCO Energy Service Company, currently manages the operation of the project.

In October 2010, a consortium that we are part of was selected by Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority, a state-run utilities provider in the UAE, as the preferred bidder in an international bidding for the construction and operation of the combined-cycle natural gas-fired electricity generation facility in Shuweihat, UAE with

 

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aggregate capacity of 1,600 megawatts. Construction was completed in July 2014 and we will operate the plant until 2039. The total project cost was approximately US$1.4 billion, of which 20% was financed through equity investments by the consortium members and the remaining 80% through debt financing.

In January 2012, a consortium consisting of us, Mitsubishi Corporation and Wartsila Development & Financial Services of Finland was selected by National Electric Power Corporation, a state-run electricity provider in Jordan, to build and operate a 573-megawatt diesel engine power project in Al Manakher. Construction of this project was completed in October 2014 and the plant is currently in operation and will be operated until 2039. The total project cost was approximately US$760 million, of which the consortium made an equity contribution of approximately US$190 million and the remainder was funded by debt financing.

In March 2013, a consortium consisting of us and Marubeni, a Japanese corporation, was selected by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Vietnam for construction and operation of a 1,200-megawatt coal-fired power plant in Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. The construction was started in July 2018 and completed in July 2022. The plant is currently in operation and will operate until 2048. The total project cost was approximately US$2.5 billion, of which 24% have been funded by equity contribution and the remaining 76% by debt financing. The share capital of the special purpose entity in charge of this project is US$568 million, and we, Marubeni and Tohoku Power hold 50%, 40% and 10% equity interest in the special purpose entity, respectively.

In November 2019, we entered into an energy conversion agreement comprising of a PPA with the Guam Power Authority for a term of 25 years to construct and operate Ukudu gas-fired power plant in Guam, United States, including a 198-megawatt gas-fired power plant. We and EWP hold 60% and 40% shares in the project, respectively. The total project cost is expected to be approximately US$708 million, and we expect to invest US$85 million for the equity interest. The construction of the project started on May 31, 2022 and the plant is planned to start operating in September 2025. The plant is expected to be operated as a base load generator, replacing old heavy fuel power plants in Guam.

In January 2020, Pulau Indah Power Plant in Malaysia, a special purpose company that we own 25% of the shares, received a Letter of Notification to develop 1,200 megawatts combined-cycle gas-fired power plant from the Energy Commission of Malaysia, the host of the project. The construction started in December 2020 and is expected to be completed by March 2025. The total project cost is expected to be approximately US$805 million, and we expect to invest approximately US$40 million for equity interest. We signed a PPA in August 2020 with Tenaga Nasional Berhad, which will be effective from March 2025 for a period of 21 years.

On June 30, 2020, the board of directors approved our plan to invest US$51 million in the expansion of two coal-fired power plants, Java 9 and Java 10, on the Indonesian island of Java. We will invest together with PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (“PLN”), an Indonesian state electricity company, and PT Barito Pacific Tbk., an Indonesian company. The total investment will be approximately US$3.39 billion and we, PLN and Barito Pacific will respectively own 15%, 51% and 34% shares in the joint venture. The joint venture will manage the construction of two units of 1,000-megawatt generation capacity. The construction of Java 9 and 10 is expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2025. The joint venture is a party to a 25-year PPA with PLN.

On October 5, 2020, the board of directors approved our plan to invest US$203 million in the construction of Vung Ang 2 coal-fired power plant in Vietnam in exchange for 40% shares in the project. The new plant will be located in Ha Tinh Province, Vietnam, adjacent to Vung Ang 1 power plant and will consist of two units with 600 megawatts generation capacity each. We started the construction in October 2021 and the power plant is expected to be completed in 2025. Diamond Generating Asia, a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Corporation, a Japanese corporation, is the main sponsor of this project. We will operate this plant together with other co-investors for 25 years.

In September 2022, we entered into an energy conversion agreement with Saudi Aramco with regard to the cogeneration plant at Jafurah, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pursuant to the agreement, we will build a

 

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cogeneration plant with a capacity of approximately 317 megawatts of electricity generation and 694 kilo pounds per hour of steam output. When the construction is complete, this plant will supply electricity and steam to Jafurah Gas Plant for twenty years. We and Saudi Aramco hold 60% and 40% shares in the project respectively and the total project cost is expected to be approximately US$529 million. We started construction in the fourth quarter of 2022 and expect to commence commercial operation in October 2025.

In November 2024, we were selected as the successful bidder with ACWA Power and Saudi Electricity Company for the Rumah 1 and Nairyah 1 gas-fired combined cycle power plant projects in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and entered into a power purchase agreement with Saudi Power Procurement Company (“SPPC”) with a term of 25 years. We will build power plants with a total capacity of 3,780 megawatts, and the total project cost is expected to be approximately US$4.1 billion. We hold a 30% share in the project, while ACWA Power and Saudi Electricity Company each hold a 35% share. We expect to commence commercial operation in the second quarter of 2028.

Renewable Energy, Transmission & Distribution Projects

We are currently pursuing overseas projects to increase sales and net profit from renewable energy and grid projects, diversify our businesses and actively address climate change. Specifically, we are looking at offshore wind power market, grid investment projects and large-scale clean development mechanism projects. We plan to expand our projects while aligning to the energy transition trend toward carbon neutrality.

Since 2004, joint ventures between us and China Datang Corporation of the People’s Republic of China have built and operated a number of wind farms in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Gansu provinces. We own 40% of these joint ventures, whose equity in the aggregate amount is approximately US$450 million. The projects are funded one-third by equity contributions and two-thirds by debt financing. As of December 31, 2024, the joint venture operates 22 wind farms with a total capacity of 1,017 megawatts and a 7-megawatt photovoltaic power station.

In December 2015, we entered into an agreement with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Jordan to build, own and operate a wind farm with installed capacity of 89.1 megawatts in Fujeij in Ma’an Governorate, Jordan. Commercial operations commenced on July 14, 2019. Total project cost of approximately US$181 million was financed 41% by our equity investment and 59% by debt financing. As part of the asset optimization plan for our overseas projects under operation, we are currently planning to sell a portion of our equity interest in Fujeij project.

In June 2015, we entered into a memorandum of understanding with Energy Product (“EP”), a Japanese local developer, to build, own and operate a photovoltaic power station with a capacity of 28 megawatts, together with a 13.7-megawatt-hour energy storage system, in Chitose, Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan. The power station began operating in July 2017. The total project cost was approximately JPY 10.9 billion, of which 20% was financed through 80:20 equity investments by us and EP. In July 2021, our 15.1% equity interest and the entire equity stake of EP was sold to NH-Amundi. As a result, we now hold 65% and NH-Amundi holds 35% of the total equity interest.

In June 2017, we won a project to build, own and operate a photovoltaic power station with a capacity of 60 megawatts and a 32 megawatt-hour energy storage system in Guam, United States for 25 years. The total project cost was approximately US$186 million, and we financed 23% of the cost through equity investment and held 100% of the equity interest. The remaining 77% was funded through debt and tax equity financing. We have entered into a PPA with Guam Power Authority in August 2018. The construction of the project started in May 2020 and commercial operation commenced in June 2022. The entire volume of electricity generated from the power station will be purchased by Guam Power Authority until 2047.

In September 2017, we entered into an agreement with Recurrent Energy to operate 3 solar photovoltaic projects in southern California, United States, with a capacity of 235 megawatts for 34 years. KEPCO partnered with Corporate Partnership Fund, a Korean private equity fund. We invested US$ 38 million in the project.

 

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In October 2018, we entered into a Share Purchase Agreement and Share Subscription Agreement to operate a photovoltaic power station with a capacity of 50 megawatts in Calatagan in the Philippines. We own 38% interest and financed PHP 2.25 billion (approximately US$ 42.8 million) for the project, of which 80% was financed through equity investments and the remaining 20% through debt financing.

In October 2019, KEPCO and Sprott Korea as a consortium entered into a Share Purchase Agreement and Shareholders Agreement with Canadian Solar INC to develop and operate a photovoltaic power station with a capacity of 294 megawatts in Sonora and other states of Mexico for 35 years. We invested US$ 41 million in the project, and the transaction marks KEPCO’s first investment in the solar market in Mexico. The project consists of three power plants, two of which are currently in operation, and the other power plant is expected to start commercial operation in 2025.

In July 2021, a consortium comprised of us, Japan’s Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc. and Électricité de France has been nominated as the successful bidder for the HVDC-VSC subsea transmission system construction and operation project of UAE announced by the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (“ADNOC”), and clinched the deal through an international tender against numerous competitors. This project will supply power for the offshore production and operations facilities of ADNOC, by constructing and operating for 35 years a subsea transmission system along 2 routes with a total length of 272 kilometers. This mega project is worth US$3.8 billion and is expected to generate a stable profit through a long-term transmission agreement with the procurer for 35 years. The construction of the project was commenced in September 2022.

In August 2023, we entered into an agreement with Ministerio de Energía y Minas to construct and expand three 138/12.5 kilovolts distribution substations in the Dominican Republic. In total, 200 megavolt-ampere of transformation facilities will be constructed, and the total project cost is expected to be approximately US$ 38 million. We will be in charge of design, procurement and construction, and we expect to complete construction of the substations by April 2025.

In September 2024, a consortium comprised of us, Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd. and Samsung C&T Corporation was awarded the Phase 4 renewable energy project in Guam. The consortium will be developing a new photovoltaic power generation station and a battery energy storage system, with expected capacities of 132 megawatts and 326 megawatt-hour, respectively. Under the power purchase agreement, the Guam Power Authority will purchase the entire volume of electricity generated from the power station for a period of 25 years. The total project cost is expected to be approximately US$ 511 million.

In October 2024, a consortium comprised of us, Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company and GD Power Development Co., Ltd was selected as a shortlisted bidder for the 2,000 megawatt Sadawi Solar PV Independent Power Plant by the SPPC. The consortium entered into the major project agreements in November 2024 and will develop a new photovoltaic power station. Under the power purchase agreement, SPPC will purchase the entire volume of electricity generated from the power station for a period of 25 years. The total project cost is expected to be approximately US$ 1.1 billion, and construction is expected to commence in the second quarter of 2025. Commercial operation is expected to begin in the second half of 2027.

Exploration and Production Projects

Previously, we were engaged in a bituminous coal mining project in Bylong, Australia. In July 2015, KEPCO Bylong submitted a development application to the State Government of New South Wales (the “NSW”) of Australia. In September 2019, the Independent Planning Commission of the NSW, i.e., the state regulator, refused to accept our development application. After many rounds of legal proceedings, our request for appeal to the High Court of Australia was finally rejected in February 2022. As of December 31, 2024, we have invested approximately KRW 810 billion in the Bylong project and the impairment loss has accrued to approximately KRW 554 billion. We are currently reviewing various alternative plans to minimize our loss.

 

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Our nuclear generation subsidiary, KHNP, is also pursuing development projects for procurements of uranium in countries including Canada, France and Niger.

Our subsidiaries, KOSEP, KOMIPO, KOWEPO, KOSPO and EWP, have been engaged in mining projects in Kalimantan, Indonesia, collectively holding a 20% equity interest in PT Bayan Resources TBK. We are currently working on a plan to sell a portion of our equity interest in such projects.

North Korea

Gaeseong Industrial Complex

Since 2005, we have provided electricity to the industrial complex located in Gaeseong, North Korea, which was established pursuant to an agreement made during the summit meeting of the two Koreas in June 2000. The Gaeseong Industrial Complex is the largest economic project between the two Koreas and is designed to combine Korea’s capital and entrepreneurial expertise with the availability of land and labor of North Korea. In March 2005, we built a 22.9 kilovolt distribution line from Munsan substation in Paju, Gyeonggi-do to the Gaeseong Industrial Complex and became the first to supply electricity to pilot zones such as ShinWon Ebenezer. In April 2006, we started to construct a 154 kilovolt, 16 kilometer transmission line connecting Munsan substation to the Gaeseong Industrial Complex as well as Pyunghwa substation in the complex and began operations in May 2007.

At the end of 2015, we supplied electricity to 254 units, including administrative agencies, support facilities and resident corporations, using a tariff structure identical to that of Korea. However, we suspended power transmission to the Gaeseong Industrial Complex since February 11, 2016 following the Government’s decision to halt operations of the industrial complex to impede North Korea’s utilization of funds from the industrial complex to finance its nuclear and missile programs. On August 14, 2018, we resumed power transmission to the facilities that are part of the Joint Liaison Office between South and North Korea but we suspended it again on June 16, 2020 in compliance with the request by the Ministry of Unification of the Korean Government. It has been reported in the media that the parties have now temporarily closed the Joint Liaison Office in accordance with the request by North Korea to stop the spread of COVID-19 and all KEPCO personnel have withdrawn from the facilities without resuming power transmission since June 16, 2020.

As of December 31, 2024, the book value of our facility located at the Gaeseong Industrial Complex was Won 0. For the year ended December 31, 2024, there are no trade receivables related to the companies residing in Gaeseong industrial complex. It is currently uncertain if we can exercise the property rights for our facility in the Gaeseong Industrial Complex. No assurance can be given that we will not experience any material losses as a result of the suspension of this project or failure of the project as a result of a breakdown or escalation of hostilities in the relationship between Korea and North Korea. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Korea and the Global Economy—Tensions with North Korea could have an adverse effect on us and the market value of our shares.”

Insurance

We and our generation subsidiaries carry insurance covering against certain risks, including fire, in respect of key assets, including buildings, equipment, machinery, construction-in-progress and procurement in transit, as well as, in the case of us, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. We and our generation subsidiaries maintain casualty and liability insurance against risks related to our business to the extent we consider appropriate. Other than KHNP, neither we nor our generation subsidiaries separately insure against terrorist attacks. These insurance and indemnity policies, however, cover only a portion of the assets that we own and operate and do not cover all types or amounts of loss that could arise in connection with the ownership and operation of these assets.

Substantial liability may result from the operations of our nuclear generation units, the use and handling of nuclear fuel and possible radioactive emissions associated with such nuclear fuel. KHNP maintains property and

 

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liability insurance against risks of its business to the extent required by the related law and regulations or considered as appropriate and otherwise self-insures against such risks. KHNP carries insurance for its generation units against certain risks, including property damage, nuclear fuel transportation and liability insurance for personal injury and property damage. KHNP carries property damage insurance covering up to US$1 billion per accident for all properties within its plant complexes, which includes property insurance coverage for acts of terrorism up to US$300 million and for breakdown of machinery up to US$300 million. In addition to the insurance on operating nuclear power generation units, KHNP has construction insurance for Saeul #3 and #4 (formerly named as Shin-Kori #5 and #6) and Shin-Hanul #3 and #4. KHNP maintains nuclear liability insurance for personal injury and third-party property damage for coverage of up to 300 million Special Drawing Rights, or SDRs, which amounts to approximately US$398.5 million, at the rate of 1 SDR = US$1.328420 as posted on the Internet homepage of the International Monetary Fund on July 31, 2024 per plant complex, for a total coverage of 1.8 billion SDRs. KHNP is also the beneficiary of a government indemnity with respect to such risks for damage claims of up to Won 300 million SDRs per nuclear plant complex, for a total coverage of 1.8 billion SDRs. Under the Nuclear Damage Compensation Act of 1969, as amended, KHNP is liable only up to 900 million SDRs, per single accident per plant complex; provided that such limitation will not apply where KHNP intentionally causes harm or knowingly fails to prevent the harm from occurring. KHNP will receive the Government’s support, subject to the approval of the National Assembly, if (i) the damages exceed the amount of insurance coverage and (ii) the Government deems such support to be necessary for the purposes of protecting damaged persons and supporting the development of nuclear energy business. KHNP carries insurance for its generation units and nuclear fuel transportation, and we believe that the level of insurance is generally adequate and is in compliance with relevant laws and regulations. In addition, KHNP is the beneficiary of government indemnity which covers a portion of liability in excess of the insurance. However, such insurance is limited in terms of amount and scope of coverage and does not cover all types or amounts of loss which could arise in connection with the ownership and operation of nuclear plants. Accordingly, material adverse financial consequences could result from a serious accident or a natural disaster to the extent it is neither insured nor covered by the government indemnity. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to KEPCO—The amount and scope of coverage of our insurance are limited.”)

Competition

As of December 31, 2024, we and our generation subsidiaries owned approximately 55.8% of the total electricity generation capacity in Korea (excluding plants generating electricity for private or emergency use). New entrants to the electricity business will erode our market share and create significant competition, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

In particular, we compete with independent power producers with respect to electricity generation. The independent power producers accounted for 34.1% of total power generation in 2024 and 44.2% of total generation capacity as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, there were 37 independent power producers in Korean electricity market, excluding 6,500 renewable energy producers. Since 2013, private enterprises are permitted to own and operate coal-fired power plants in Korea as the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy approved plans for independent power producers to construct coal-fired power plants under the Sixth Basic Plan announced in February 2013. Under the Tenth Basic Plan announced in January 2023, three coal-fired power plants are planned to be constructed by independent power producers by 2024. Two of the three coal fired power plants planned for construction were completed by 2024, and one is expected to be completed in 2025. While it remains to be seen whether construction of these generation units will be completed as scheduled, if these units were to be completed as scheduled and/or independent power producers are permitted to build additional generation capacity (whether coal-fired or not), our market share in Korea may decrease.

In addition, under the Community Energy System adopted by the Government in 2004, a minimal amount of electricity is supplied directly to consumers on a localized basis by independent power producers outside the cost-based pool system. Such system is used by our generation subsidiaries and most independent power producers to distribute electricity nationwide. The purpose of this system is to geographically decentralize

 

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electricity supply and thereby reduce transmission losses and improve the efficiency of energy use. These entities do not supply electricity on a national level but are licensed to supply electricity on a limited basis to their respective districts under the Community Energy System. To date, the Community Energy System has not been widely adopted, especially in light of the significant level of capital expenditure required for such direct supply. However, if the Community Energy System were to be widely adopted, it may erode our currently dominant market position in the generation and distribution of electricity in Korea and may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our market dominance in the electricity distribution in Korea also may face potential erosion in light of the recent Proposal for Adjustment of Functions of Public Institutions (Energy Sector) announced by the Government in June 2016. This proposal contemplates a gradual opening of the electricity trading market to the private sector although no detailed roadmap has been provided for such opening. It is currently premature to predict to what extent, or in what direction, the liberalization of the electricity trading market will happen. Nonetheless, any significant liberalization of the electricity trading market may result in substantial reduction of our market share in electricity distribution in Korea, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and cash flows.

The electric power industry, which began its liberalization process with the establishment of our power generation subsidiaries in April 2001, may become further liberalized in accordance with the Restructuring Plan. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Restructuring of the Electric Power Industry in Korea.”

In the residential sector, consumers may use natural gas, oil and coal for space and water heating and cooking. However, currently there is no practical substitute for electricity for lighting and other household appliances, which is available on commercially affordable terms.

In the commercial sector, electricity is the dominant energy source for lighting, office equipment and air conditioning. For its other uses, such as space and water heating, natural gas and, to a lesser extent, oil, provide competitive alternatives to electricity.

In the industrial sector, electricity is the dominant energy source for a number of industrial applications, including lighting and power for many types of industrial machinery and processes that are available on commercially affordable terms. For other uses, such as heating, electricity competes with oil and natural gas and potentially with gas-fired combined heating and power plants.

Regulation

We are a statutory juridical corporation established under the KEPCO Act for the purpose of ensuring a stable supply of electric power and further contributing toward the sound development of the national economy through facilitating development of electric power resources and carrying out proper and effective operation of the electricity business. The KEPCO Act (including the amendment thereto) prescribes that we engage in the following activities:

 

  1.

development of electric power resources;

 

  2.

generation, transmission, transformation and distribution of electricity and other related business activities;

 

  3.

research and development of technology related to the businesses mentioned in items 1 and 2;

 

  4.

overseas businesses related to the businesses mentioned in items 1 through 3;

 

  5.

investments or contributions related to the businesses mentioned in items 1 through 4;

 

  6.

businesses incidental to items 1 through 5;

 

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  7.

development and operation of certain real estate held by us to the extent that:

 

  a.

it is necessary to develop certain real estate held by us due to external factors, such as relocation, consolidation, conversion to indoor or underground facilities or deterioration of our substation or office; or

 

  b.

it is necessary to develop certain real estate held by us to accommodate development of relevant real estate due to such real estate being incorporated into or being adjacent to an area under planned urban development; and

 

  8.

other activities entrusted by the Government.

The KEPCO Act currently requires that our profits be applied in the following order of priority:

 

  •  

first, to make up any accumulated deficit;

 

  •  

second, to set aside 20.0% or more of profits as a legal reserve until the accumulated reserve reaches one-half of our capital;

 

  •  

third, to pay dividends to shareholders;

 

  •  

fourth, to set aside a reserve for expansion of our business;

 

  •  

fifth, to set aside a voluntary reserve for the equalization of dividends; and

 

  •  

sixth, to carry forward surplus profit.

As of December 31, 2024, the legal reserve was Won 1,605 billion, and we did not set aside a voluntary reserve. For the avoidance of doubt, all such reserves were calculated on a consolidated basis.

As we experienced net losses for the last three years as global energy prices increased significantly and the power purchase costs increased accordingly, we issued more debt securities than before to meet increased working capital requirement. On December 28, 2022, the National Assembly of Korea passed an amendment to Article 16 of KEPCO Act which increased our debt ceiling on total outstanding debt securities on a separate basis to be no greater than five times (or six times if the Minister of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy approves if it is urgently required to resolve a business crisis situation) the sum of our share capital and reserves updated at the end of each year. Such share capital and reserves are calculated on a separate basis under the KEPCO Act. Before such amendment, our debt ceiling was two times the sum of our share capital and reserves. Such increase in debt ceiling will be effective until December 31, 2027 and we may make use of the new debt ceiling to issue more debt securities to cover our losses, refinance existing debt and finance new capital expenditures. However, if the sum of our share capital and reserves decreases (including as a result of continued significant net losses), our debt ceiling will decrease as well and there will be no assurance that we can meet our funding requirements for capital or operational expenditures or debt repayment obligations, which situation could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are under the supervision of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, which has principal supervisory responsibility (in consultation with other Government agencies, such as the Ministry of Economy and Finance, as applicable) over us with respect to the appointments of our directors and our other senior management as well as approval of electricity tariff rate adjustments, among others.

Because the Government owns part of our capital stock, the Government’s Board of Audit and Inspection may audit our books.

The Electric Utility Act requires that licenses be obtained in relation to generation, transmission, distribution and sales of electricity, with limited exceptions. We hold the license to transmit, distribute and sell electricity. Each of our six generation subsidiaries holds an electricity generation license. The Electric Utility Act governs

 

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the formulation and approval of electricity rates in Korea. See “—Sales and Customers—Electricity Rates” above. An amendment to the Electric Utility Act is underway that will enable us to directly participate in the development of renewable power generation. Under the current Electric Utility Act, a single business entity cannot participate in two or more types of electric businesses. Notwithstanding the foregoing, our power generation subsidiaries are allowed to directly participate in the development of renewable power generation and we may also do so by forming new entities to participate in such development.

Our operations are subject to various laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and safety.

Financial Soundness Plan and Related Activities

In light of the general policy guideline of the Government for public institutions (including us and our generation subsidiaries) to reduce their respective overall debt levels, we and our generation subsidiaries have, in consultation with the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and the Ministry of Economy and Finance, set target debt-to-equity levels every year and undertaken various programs to reduce debt and also strived to improve the overall financial stability.

In 2022, we and our generation subsidiaries established and implemented a five-year financial soundness plan in accordance with the guidelines of the Ministry of Economy and Finance. This plan includes sale of assets (sale of non-core assets such as idle properties, investment shares, and overseas coal power plants), business adjustment (adjustment or deferral of investment without affecting stable power supply and safety management), cost reduction through intense low-budget strategies, profit growth through business system improvements, and capital expansion through revaluation of tangible assets like land. We and our generation subsidiaries have been complying with this plan to date.

In addition, since 2023, we have implemented additional measures to lower our debt levels. The measures included extension of the existing financial soundness plan, sale of additional assets (including saleable assets in the greater Seoul region and investment shares), lease of office buildings, downsizing of headquarters and business office re-organizations and launching an emergency management innovation committee within our company.

Despite our best efforts, however, for reasons beyond our control, including macroeconomic environments, government regulations and market forces (such as international market prices for our fuels), we cannot assure whether we or our generation subsidiaries will be able to successfully reduce debt burdens or otherwise improve our financial health or to a level that would be optimal for our capital structure. If we or our generation subsidiaries fail to do so or the measures taken by us or our generation subsidiaries to reduce debt levels or improve financial health have unintended adverse consequences, such developments may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Establishment of a University

In order to enhance the competitiveness of the national energy industry, cultivate high-quality talents to revitalize the Bitgaram Energy Valley, and secure a differentiated research platform to create a new energy market, we established a university in Jeollanam-do Province in the southwestern region of Korea in accordance with the Government’s five-year state management plan.

The university, which is called as Korea Institute of Energy Technology (“KENTECH”) is a research and entrepreneurship-oriented university specializing in the energy field and aims to be a small yet robust university with approximately 100 faculty members and 1,000 students. On April 17, 2020, the Ministry of Education authorized us to form a legal entity for the university. The total funding expected through 2025, which is when the university’s organization is expected to be completed, is Won 828.9 billion, excluding the land that was

 

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freely endowed to us. The funding for establishing the university will be jointly borne by us and the central and municipal governments.

For ten years after the commencement of the university in 2022, we expect to receive funding (to be used as expenses for operating the university) from the municipal government in the amount of Won 200 billion. In addition, we expect to receive funding from the central government that is at least in the same amount as we expect to receive from the municipal government. After taking into account the funding from the governments, we anticipate our contribution to the university through 2025 to be approximately Won 500 billion depending on the amount of contribution from the central government.

On August 8, 2019, our board of directors resolved to make an initial contribution of Won 60 billion for the promotion, initial operation and the design of the university campus, and the contribution was made in 2020. On March 24, 2021, a special law was passed in the National Assembly and finally enacted on April 1, 2021, giving an autonomy to the university and laying out the basis for direct financial support from the central and municipal governments. On May 21, 2021, our board resolved to make an additional contribution of Won 64.5 billion to the university and Won 41.3 billon of such contribution was made in December 2021. The remaining contribution of Won 23.2 billion was made by our affiliates. In addition, on July 15, 2022, our and our affiliates’ boards of directors decided to contribute Won 47.9 billion for funding the construction and operation of major campus facilities and completed the contribution in December 2022. In 2023, our and our affiliates’ boards of directors decided to contribute additional Won 110.6 billion, of which we contributed Won 70.8 billion and our affiliates contributed the remaining Won 39.8 billion. In 2024, our and our affiliates’ boards of directors decided to contribute an additional Won 1,778 billion, of which we contributed Won 1,138 billion and our affiliates are in the process of making a contribution of Won 640 billion.

On March 2, 2022, KENTECH held its first entrance ceremony with congratulatory remarks from the President of Korea. In 2025, the university is expected to have a total enrollment of 410 undergraduate students and 150 graduate students.

Currently, we are striving to adjust facility costs and tighten the budget of KENTECH as part of our initiative to improve our financial conditions. In order to minimize potential financial risks, we plan to let the university generate its own profits too, by, for example, attracting development funds and research and development investments and commercializing new technology among other means. Despite our efforts and anticipated funding from the municipal and central governments, we cannot assure you that the magnitude of our expected or actual contribution to the university will not have material adverse effects on our profit margins, results of operations or cash flows.

Proposed Sale and Purchase of Equity Interests

KEPCO Engineering & Construction Co., Inc.

Pursuant to the Third Phase of the Public Institution Reform Plan announced by the Government in August 2008, we conducted the initial public offering of Korea Engineering and Construction Co., Inc., or KEPCO E&C formerly known as Korea Power Engineering Co., Ltd., in December 2009 for gross proceeds to us of Won 165 billion, following which we owned 77.9% of KEPCO E&C’s shares. In furtherance of the Public Institution Reform Plan and to improve our financial profile, we sold our equity interests representing 3.1%, 4.0%, 4.5% and 0.54% of KEPCO E&C shares in November 2011, December 2013, December 2014 and December 2016, respectively, in each case to third party investors. As part of our financial soundness plan, on June 24, 2022, our board of directors decided additional sale of KEPCO E&C shares. We sold 14.77% of KEPCO E&C’s shares on December 27, 2023. We currently hold a 51.0% equity interest in KEPCO E&C.

Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.

In 2003, we privatized Korea Electric Power Industrial Development, or KEPID, formerly our wholly-owned subsidiary, by selling 51.0% of its equity interest to Korea Freedom Federation. Pursuant to the Fifth

 

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Phase of the Public Institution Reform Plan announced by the Government in 2009, we sold 20% of the KEPID shares through additional listing.

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity presents an ever-evolving challenge to the electric power industry, and we and our generation subsidiaries have identified cybersecurity as a key enterprise risk. Our operations require the continuous availability of critical information and operational technology systems, sensitive customer and employee data, and infrastructure information, all of which are targets for malicious actors. In order to effectively respond to such cybersecurity risk, we have established various cybersecurity management systems and cybersecurity threat response solutions and have also implemented other prevention and response measures.

In accordance with laws and regulations, we have established and implemented a cybersecurity management system, which is called “Cybersecurity GRC System,” through which we identify, evaluate and manage cybersecurity risks. Additionally, the National Intelligence Service and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy perform regular audits to identify, evaluate and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats in accordance with the Basic Guidelines for National Information Security and the detailed guidelines for information security issued by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy.

We have formed an Information Security Committee under the supervision of our information security department. The Information Security Committee’s responsibilities include, among others, conducting investigations into cybersecurity incidents and developing preventive strategies. Moreover, we and our generation subsidiaries have jointly established a Cybersecurity Committee, a cybersecurity oversight group comprised of senior management teams of the respective companies, including Chief Information Security Officers, to monitor cybersecurity policies and provide strategic direction for the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity risks.

We use contractual terms to impose cybersecurity requirements on third-party service providers for compliance with our cybersecurity policies, including the requirement to immediately inform us of any occurrence of cybersecurity threats during the provision of their service. We and our generation subsidiaries conduct training, policies, technical and procedural controls and mitigation plans to address risks from cybersecurity threats.

In anticipation of the amendment of the Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection in January 2020, we designated a Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) who is dedicated to cybersecurity management. In late 2020, we reorganized our security management organization to enhance its independence by transferring it from our Safety and Security Department to Co-prosperity and Cooperation Division. All material cybersecurity-related matters are promptly notified to the CISO, who provides updates on security control to the Chief Business Management Officer on a weekly basis. Under further amendment to the Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection in December 2021, our generation subsidiaries also designated a CISO and reported their designation to the Ministry of Science and ICT of the Government. In February 2025, in order to strengthen our cyber threat response system, we elevated the former team-level unit to the Information Security Department under the Business Management Division.

Since 2021, we have formed a team in collaboration with the National Intelligence Service and other institutions to participate in the international cybersecurity attack and defense exercise (Locked Shields) hosted by the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence. By participating in this exercise, we are able to enhance our ability to collaborate against cybersecurity attacks on critical infrastructure. In addition, since 2021, for the first time as a public corporation in Korea, we have started hosting annually the Electric Sector Cybersecurity Contest, in which more than 20 organizations, including our generation subsidiaries, universities, and high schools, participate. By hosting this competition, we are bolstering our capacity to respond to

 

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cybersecurity attacks on power grids jointly with our generation subsidiaries and attracting skilled information security personnel to join us.

In 2021, we introduced personal information pseudonym processing system. In order to prevent the leakage of personal information, we have also implemented Digital Rights Management (“DRM”) and personal information detection solution on our computers. To strengthen personal information protection, we assigned a dedicated staff to manage personal information protection in 2022, implemented personal information detection solution used in data transmission between internal and external networks, and established personal information exposure detection system that automatically detects when personal information is present or exposed on an Internet website.

In 2023, we implemented comprehensive measures to address ransomware threats targeting our electric power infrastructure. This included tailored solutions and reinforcement of our ICT system’s backup and recovery capabilities. Furthermore, we established and fully operationalized a backup security control center to ensure continued responses to cybersecurity threats during potential disasters. Collaborating with the Korea Internet & Security Agency, we introduced security enhancement initiatives such as the “Bug Bounty” program. Additionally, we developed and deployed automatic security vulnerability diagnosis software to identify and fix cybersecurity blind spots. Our aim is to establish a robust system that not only prevents cybersecurity threats but also enables swift responses in case of a breach.

In 2024, we participated as a representative public institution in “Cyber Summit Korea (CSK) 2024”, the first international cybersecurity event hosted by the National Intelligence Service of Korea. During this event, we took part in international cyber defense training exercises, demonstrating our enhanced cyber defense capabilities in the global energy sector. We have worked to improve our security management system for information systems and ICT service projects and have established comprehensive measures to protect personal data on our public websites. We have also worked to build a secure cloud-based working environment, prioritizing protection of sensitive company internal information as well as personal information.

With the growing adoption of AI technologies, there is an increasing demand for AI solutions tailored to KEPCO’s business areas to improve operational efficiency in the power sector. To this end, we are in the process of developing a mid-to-long-term master plan, which includes identifying areas where AI may be used and implementing them in stages. We also plan to launch pilot projects to verify the performance, usability, and security of these AI technologies. To ensure the safe use of AI platforms, we plan to apply a range of security measures in accordance with the National Intelligence Service’s “Security Guidelines for National Network Protection Systems.” These include user authentication, prevention of confidential data leakage and malicious content infiltration, and the establishment of a real-time monitoring system to detect cyber-attack attempts, such as hacking.

KHNP is also continuing to strengthen our security management system by maintaining the international security standard, ISO27001, and the Korean standard, Personal Information & Information Security Management System certification. In September 2019, KHNP established an organization dedicated to nuclear control security in accordance with the Government’s strengthened information security regulation. Also, in 2023, KHNP established the Control System Security Section within the Cyber Security Control Center to strengthen cybersecurity response capabilities.

Item 4.C. Organizational Structure

As of December 31, 2024, we have 167 subsidiaries, 98 associates and 117 joint ventures (not including any special purpose entities).

Subsidiaries

Our wholly-owned six generation subsidiaries are KHNP, KOSEP, KOMIPO, KOWEPO, KOSPO and EWP. Our non-generation subsidiaries include KEPCO E&C, KEPCO KPS, KEPCO NF, and KEPCO KDN. For

 

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a full list of our subsidiaries, including foreign subsidiaries, and their respective jurisdiction of incorporation, please see Exhibit 8.1 attached to this annual report.

Associates and Joint Ventures

An associate is an entity over which we have significant influence and that is neither a subsidiary nor a joint venture. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but does not have control or joint control over those policies. A joint venture is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement (i.e. joint ventures) have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.

The table below sets forth each of our associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2024 by name, the percentage of our shareholdings and their principal activities.

 

     Ownership
(%)		     

Principal Activities

Associates:            

Korea Gas Corporation(9)

      20.47      Importing and wholesaling LNG

Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Electricity metering and others

Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd.(1)

      15.00      Power generation

Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation equipment consignment and operation service

Korea Power Exchange(2)

      100.00      Management of power market and others

Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.(26)

      67.25      Power generation

Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.(1)

      6.85      Power generation

KNH Solar Co., Ltd.

      27.00      Power generation

SPC Power Corporation(27)

      38.00      Power generation

Gemeng International Energy Co., Ltd.

      42.00      Power generation

PT. Cirebon Electric Power

      27.50      Power generation

KNOC Nigerian East Oil Co., Ltd.(3)

      14.63      Resources development

KNOC Nigerian West Oil Co., Ltd.(3)

      14.63      Resources development

PT Wampu Electric Power

      46.00      Power generation

PT. Bayan Resources TBK

      20.00      Resources development

S-Power Co., Ltd.

      49.00      Power generation

Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Power Co., Ltd.

      25.00      Power generation

PT. Mutiara Jawa

      29.00      Manufacturing and operating floating coal terminal

Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.

      40.00      Power generation

Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.

      28.00      Power generation

Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.(4)

      33.61      Power generation

Jinbhuvish Power Generation Pvt. Ltd.(1)

      5.16      Power generation

Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.

      46.59      Power generation

GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.

      34.00      Power generation

Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Hansuwon KNP Co., Ltd.

      28.98      Electric material agency

Korea Electric Power Corporation Fund(5)

      98.09      Developing electric enterprises

Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd.(31)

      9.90      Asset management

 

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     Ownership
(%)		     

Principal Activities

Associates:            

Yaksu ESS Co., Ltd.

       29.00      Installing ESS related equipment

Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited(6)

      68.88      Construction and operation of utility plant

Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.

      20.00      Power generation

PND Solar Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd.(1)

      19.00      Power generation

YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd.(1)

      9.63      Power generation

Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd.

      20.00      R & D

ITR Co., Ltd.(30)

      8.70      R & D

STN Co., Ltd. (formerly, Structure test network Co., Ltd.)

      20.00      Technical testing and consulting

Indeck Niles Development, LLC

      50.00      Power generation

Indeck Niles Asset Management, LLC

      33.33      Power generation

Hanwha Corporation-linked Sunlight Power Special Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1

      49.00      Holding company

Suwon New Power Co., Ltd.

      39.90      Power generation

Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.

      44.00      Power generation

Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.

      40.00      Fuel cell generation

SureDataLab Co., Ltd.

      23.95      R & D

SEP Co., Ltd.

      21.26      R & D

Hankook Electric Power Information Co., Ltd.(11)

      16.16      R & D

Tronix Co., Ltd.(11)

      12.50      R & D

O2&B Global Co., Ltd.

      20.00      R & D

Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.

      20.00      Power generation

Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.(29)

      27.31      Power generation

Goesan Solar Park Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.

      35.00      Power generation

Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.

      49.25      Power generation

Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.

      30.00      Power generation

Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.

      42.58      Power generation

Muan Solar Park Co., Ltd.

      20.00      Power generation

YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.

      20.00      Power generation

Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.

      20.00      Power generation

KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd. (formerly, Daewon Green Energy Co., Ltd.)

      25.36      Power generation

G.GURU Co., Ltd.

      24.65      R & D

UD4M Co., Ltd.(8)

      12.50      R & D

Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.

      20.00      Power generation

Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.

      20.00      Power generation

Korea Energy Data Co., Ltd.

      29.37      R & D

Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.

      41.00      Power generation

Kosture Co., Ltd.(1)

      4.42      Coal recycling business

Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.

      34.00      Power generation

 

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     Ownership
(%)		     

Principal Activities

Associates:            

Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.

       45.00      Power generation

Yeomsubong Wind Power Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II

      30.00      Power generation

Haeparang Energy Co., Ltd.

      25.00      Power generation

Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.(10)

      55.14      Power generation

PlatformN. Co., Ltd.

      29.58      R & D

PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana(7)

      10.00      Power generation

Green Radiation Co., Ltd.(11)

      9.00      R & D

Future Convergence Technology Laboratory. Co., Ltd.

      20.12      R & D

Eco Motion Co., Ltd.

      20.00      R & D

REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co., Ltd.)(31)

      11.04      R & D

ACE

      20.00      R & D

Environment and Energy Co., Ltd.(11)

      10.54      R & D

Santiago Solar Power SpA

      50.00      Power generation

Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.

      29.00      Power generation

Power Embedded

      23.33      R & D

Changwon SG Energy Co., Ltd.(11)

      18.78      Power generation

Donpyung Technology. Co., Ltd.

      20.00      R & D

HORANG ENERGY Inc.

      40.00      Power generation

Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd

      36.12      Power generation

Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd.

      35.00      Power generation

Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd.(6)

      60.00      Power generation

SkyPic Inc.

      20.00      R & D

HyChangwon Fuel Cell. Co., Ltd.

      40.00      Power generation

Dreams Co.,Ltd.(11)

      11.00      R & D

DEEPAI Co.,Ltd.(11,36)

      1.20      R & D

Amaala Sustainable Company for Energy LLC(7)

      10.00      Power generation

Joint Ventures:

      

Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V.

      49.00      Holding company

Shuweihat Asia Operation & Maintenance Company(12)

      55.00      Maintenance of utility plant

Waterbury Lake Uranium L.P.(13)

      29.68      Resources development

ASM-BG Investicii AD

      50.00      Power generation

RES Technology AD

      50.00      Power generation

KV Holdings, Inc.(27)

      40.00      Power generation

KEPCO SPC Power Corporation(12,27)

      60.00      Construction and operation of utility plant

Gansu Datang Yumen Wind Power Co., Ltd.

      40.00      Power generation

Datang Chifeng Renewable Power Co., Ltd.

      40.00      Power generation

Datang KEPCO Chaoyang Renewable Power Co., Ltd.

      40.00      Power generation

Rabigh Electricity Company(14)

      40.00      Power generation

Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited

      40.00      Maintenance of utility plant

Jamaica Public Service Company Limited

      40.00      Power generation

KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.

      45.00      Manufacturing

 

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     Ownership
(%)		     

Principal Activities

Joint Ventures:            

Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.

       25.00      Power generation

Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd.(14)

      29.00      Exporting products and technology of small or medium business by proxy

Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.

      50.00      Power generation

Amman Asia Electric Power Company(12)

      60.00      Power generation

KAPES, Inc.(12)

      51.00      R & D

Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Construction and service

Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.

      29.90      Power generation

Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.(14)

      15.00      Power generation

Nghi Son 2 Power LLC

      50.00      Power generation

Kelar S.A.(12)

      65.00      Power generation

PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia

      35.00      Power generation

Incheon New Power Co., Ltd.(16)

      29.00      Power generation

Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Daehan Wind Power PSC

      50.00      Power generation

Barakah One Company(17)

      18.00      Power generation

Nawah Energy Company(17)

      18.00      Operation of utility plant

Momentum

      33.33      International thermonuclear experimental reactor construction management

Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.(18)

      29.00      Power generation

Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.

      46.00      Power generation

Chester Solar IV SpA(15)

      90.00      Power generation

Chester Solar V SpA(15)

      90.00      Power generation

Diego de Almagro Solar SpA(15)

      90.00      Power generation

South Jamaica Power Company Limited

      20.00      Power generation

Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.

      35.00      Power generation

RE Holiday Holdings LLC

      50.00      Power generation

RE Pioneer Holdings LLC

      50.00      Power generation

RE Barren Ridge 1 Holdings LLC

      50.00      Power generation

RE Astoria 2 LandCo LLC

      50.00      Power generation

RE Barren Ridge LandCo LLC

      50.00      Power generation

Laurel SpA(15)

      90.00      Power generation

KIAMCO KOWEPO Bannerton Hold Co Pty Ltd.(14)

      12.37      Power generation

Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd.(13)

      29.01      Power generation

Chester Solar I SpA(15)

      90.00      Power generation

Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation

      38.00      Power generation

Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd.(19)

      81.01      Power generation

Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd.(14)

      29.00      Power generation

Jaeun Resident Wind Power Plant Co., Ltd.(14)

      29.00      Power generation

DE Energia SpA

      49.00      Power generation

Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.

      34.00      Power generation

Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.

      49.00      Power generation

Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.

      50.00      Power generation

 

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     Ownership
(%)		     

Principal Activities

Joint Ventures:            

Horus Solar, S.A. De C.V.(20)

       14.95      Renewable power generation

Recursos Solares PV De Mexico II, S.A. De C.V.(20)

      14.95      Renewable power generation

Sunmex Renovables, S.A. De C.V.(20)

      14.95      Renewable power generation

Stavro Holding II A.B.

      20.00      Holding company

Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.

      39.00      Power generation

Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd.(14)

      19.00      Power generation

Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd.(14)

      19.00      Power generation

Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.

      25.00      Power generation

NH-Amundi Global Infrastructure Investment Private Investment Trust 21

      29.53      Holding company

Shin-han BNPP Private Investment Trust for East-West Sunlight Dream(12)

      90.00      Holding company

PT Barito Wahana Tenaga

      30.61      Power generation

Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.(19)

      50.10      Generating and distributing vapor and hot/cold water

Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.

      29.20      Power generation

Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd.(21)

      30.66      Power generation

OneEnergy Asia Limited

      40.00      Power generation

KAS Investment I LLC(13)

      29.89      Holding company

KAS Investment II LLC(13)

      29.89      Holding company

Energyco Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

CAES, LLC

      36.00      Holding company

Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.(14)

      49.00      Power generation

Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.

      28.02      Power generation

Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.

      27.10      Power generation

Pulau Indah O&M Sdn. Bhd.(14)

      40.00      Power generation

Guadalupe Solar SpA(22)

      60.00      Power generation

Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.

      42.00      Power generation

Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding, S.L.(22)

      75.00      Power generation

Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC

      20.00      Power generation

Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

KEPCO KPS CARABAO Corp.(16)

      40.00      Utility plant maintenance

Prime Swedish Holding AB

      45.00      Holding company

Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.

      46.15      Power generation

Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.(22,28)

      75.29      Power generation

CapMan Lynx SCA, SICAR

      50.00      Holding company

International Offshore Power Transmission Holding Company Limited

      35.00      Undersea transmission network operation

Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.(25)

      58.00      Power generation

Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Changwon Nu-ri Energy Co., Ltd.(14)

      61.00      Fuel cell generation

PungBack Wind Farm Corporation(24)

      32.89      Power generation

 

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     Ownership
(%)		     

Principal Activities

Joint Ventures:            

Trumbull Asset Management, LLC (25)

       78.00      Holding company

S-Power Chile SpA

      50.00      Power generation

Seungmun Green Energy

      33.00      Power generation

Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.(23)

      80.00      Power generation

Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.(13)

      29.00      Power generation

KEPCO for Power Company(32)

      60.00      Power generation

Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd.(33)

      60.00      Power generation

Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd.(22)

      65.00      Power generation

Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd.

      29.00      Power generation

Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd.(34)

      44.86      Power generation

Hadong E-factory Co., Ltd.(13)

      29.99      Power generation

Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd.(35)

      70.10      Generating and distributing vapor and hot/cold water

Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.(37)

      25.54      Recycling fly ashes

Wadi Noor Solar Power Company SAOC

      50.00      Power generation

Fairhaven Energy Storage LLC

      35.00      Power generation

Rutile BESS Holdings, LLC

      50.00      Holding company

Trumbull Development Partners, LLC(14)

      56.23      Holding company

Imha Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.(13)

      49.00      Power generation

EDFR KOWEPO AJBAN PV HOLDING LIMITED

      50.00      Holding company

Roof One Energy Co., Ltd.

      48.00      Holding company
 

Notes:

(1)

The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, we can exercise significant influence by virtue of its contractual right to appoint directors to the board of directors of the entity, and by strict decision criteria of our financial and operating policy of the board of directors.

(2)

The effective percentage of ownership is 100%. However, the Government regulates our ability to make operating and financial decisions over the entity, as the Government requires maintaining arms-length transactions between KPX and our other subsidiaries. Accordingly, the entity is not classified as a consolidated subsidiary. We can exercise significant influence by virtue of right to nominate directors to the board of directors of the entity.

(3)

The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, we can exercise significant influence by virtue of its contractual right to appoint one out of four members of the steering committee of the entity. Moreover, we have significant financial transactions, which can affect its significant influence on the entity.

(4)

The effective percentage of ownership is 34.01% considering the conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock into ordinary stock.

(5)

The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but we do not hold control over relevant business while it exercises significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision Committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.

(6)

The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but we do not hold control over the entity according to the shareholders’ agreement. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.

(7)

The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the entity is classified as an associate because we exercise significant influence over the decisions related to finance and operation.

(8)

The effective percentage of ownership is 14.29% due to the acquisition of treasury stocks. The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, we exercise significant influence over the decisions

 

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  related to finance and operation by virtue of right to nominate directors to the board of directors of the entity.
(9)

The effective percentage of ownership is 21.66%, considering hybrid bonds.

(10)

The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but we do not hold control over relevant business while it exercises significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision Committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.

(11)

The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the entity is classified as an associate because we exercise significant influence over the entity.

(12)

The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, according to the shareholders’ agreement, all critical financial and operating decisions must be agreed to by all ownership parties and we can exercise same voting rights as other shareholders at the board of directors. Accordingly, the entities are classified as joint ventures.

(13)

The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, the entity is classified as a joint venture, because all consent was required to make decisions on related activities.

(14)

According to the shareholders’ agreement, the parties have joint control over all decisions related to finance and operation. Accordingly, the entity is classified as joint ventures.

(15)

Although we hold the majority of shares in the entities by acquiring additional shares for the year ended December 31, 2024, the entities are classified as joint ventures due to the shareholders’ agreement requiring unanimous approval from the entities’ board of directors for making material decisions on financial and operational policies.

(16)

The joint arrangement which we have joint control is structured through a separate company. The parties have joint control over the joint arrangement are classified as joint ventures, judging that they have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.

(17)

The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as joint ventures.

(18)

Although the nominal percentage of ownership is 29%, the effective percentage of ownership is 54.24%, considering the interest of financial investors as a liability component.

(19)

The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.

(20)

The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, according to the shareholders’ agreement, decisions related principal operation must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.

(21)

According to the Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd. Investment Agreement signed in March 2011, we have a commitment to guarantee principal and certain returns on shares of REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co., Ltd.). held by NH Power 2nd Co., Ltd. and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation. Since NH Power 2nd Co., Ltd. and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation have put option regarding their share of the entity, we were deemed to have acquired an additional 15.6% stake. As a result, the effective percentage of ownership is 46.3% in the current and prior period. In accordance with shareholders’ agreement signed during the current period, we have joint control with other investors in making important financial and operation decisions, so it has been reclassified from an associate to a joint venture.

(22)

The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.

(23)

Although the effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all members of the board of directors.

(24)

The effective percentage of ownership is 37%, considering potential common stock.

(25)

The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all members of the board of directors. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.

(26)

The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, according to the shareholders’ agreement, we do not hold control over relevant business while we exercise significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.

 

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(27)

We are planning to sell our investment in SPC Power Corporation, KEPCO SPC Power Corporation, and KV Holdings, Inc. and the timing of and proceeds from such sales transaction have not been specified as of December 31, 2023.

(28)

The nominal percentage of ownership is 75.29% and the effective percentage of ownership is 56.91%, as we have an obligation to provide excessive dividend income to Gunsan City when a certain rate of return defined in the shareholders’ agreement is met.

(29)

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the long-term loan to Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd. was converted into equity.

(30)

Although our effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%, the entity has been classified as an associate as we have significant influence on the entity since we have the right to elect a majority of the entity’s directors.

(31)

Although our effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%, we can exercise significant influence on the entity through our contractual right to appoint one director to the entity’s board of directors.

(32)

Although our effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is classified as a joint venture since the entity’s material financial and operational decisions require unanimous agreement of the board of directors pursuant to the shareholders’ agreement.

(33)

Although our effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is classified as a joint venture considering the minimum number of directors on the entity’s board of directors required to make decisions on material financial and operational policies due to the joint shareholders’ agreement.

(34)

Although our effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%, the entity is reclassified as a joint venture considering we can exercise significant influence on the entity due to our contractual right to appoint a director to the entity’s board of directors and the minimum number of directors on the entity’s board of directors required to make decisions on material financial and operational policies in accordance with the joint shareholders’ agreement.

(35)

Although our effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is classified as a joint venture since the entity’s material financial and operational decisions require unanimous agreement of the board of directors.

(36)

The effective ownership interest is 1.32%, considering convertible redeemable preferred shares.

(37)

Although our effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%, the entity is reclassified as a joint venture considering the minimum number of directors on the entity’s board of directors to make decisions on material financial and operational policies as the joint shareholders’ agreement revised in the year ended December 31, 2024.

Item 4.D. Property, Plant and Equipment

Our property consists mainly of power generation, transmission and distribution equipment and facilities in Korea. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Power Generation,” “—Transmission and Distribution” and “—Capital Investment Program.” In addition, we own our corporate headquarters building complex at 55 Jeollyeok-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, 58322, Korea. As of December 31, 2024, the net book value of our property, plant and equipment was Won 182,983 billion. As of December 31, 2024, the net book value of our investment properties, which are accounted for separately from our property, plant and equipment, amounted to Won 229 billion. No significant amount of our properties is leased. There are no material encumbrances on our properties, including power generation, transmission and distribution equipment and facilities.

Pursuant to a Government plan announced in 2005, which mandated relocation of the headquarters of select government-invested enterprises from the Seoul metropolitan area to other provinces in Korea as part of an initiative to foster balanced economic growth in the provinces, we, our generation subsidiaries and certain of our subsidiaries relocated their respective headquarters to designated locations during 2014 and 2015. Our headquarters are currently located in Naju in Jeollanam-do, while the headquarters of our six generation subsidiaries and other subsidiaries are located in various cities outside of Seoul across Korea.

 

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In connection with the relocation of our headquarters, in September 2014 we entered into an agreement to sell the property housing our prior headquarters to a consortium consisting of members of the Hyundai Motor group for Won 10,550 billion through an open bidding. The sale was completed in September 2015.

During 2024, we completed the disposal of 116 properties on a separate basis (including residential properties, storage spaces, and substation lots that are located in Korea) which are not directly related to our operations for an aggregate sale price of approximately Won 106 billion. The book value of such properties amounted to Won 41 billion, representing 0.15% of our total real properties as of December 31, 2024. The foregoing sales reflect our ongoing efforts to improve our financial soundness through related financial stabilization plan and enhance our management efficiency, selling non-core properties that have no direct relations to electricity facilities.

 

ITEM 4A.

UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

We do not have any unresolved comments from the SEC staff regarding our periodic reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

 

ITEM 5.

OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion on our operating and financial review and prospects together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes which appear elsewhere in this annual report. Our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may materially change from time to time, for reasons including various policy initiatives (including changes to the Restructuring Plan) by the Government in relation to the Korean electric power industry, and accordingly our historical performance may not be indicative of our future performance. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Restructuring of the Electric Power Industry in Korea” and Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to KEPCO—The Government may adopt policy measures to substantially restructure the Korean electric power industry or our operational structure, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and profitability.”

 

Item 5.A.

Operating Results

Overview

We are a predominant market participant in the Korean electric power industry, and our business is heavily regulated by the Government, including with respect to the tariffs we charge to customers for the electricity we sell. In addition, our business requires a high level of capital expenditures for the construction of electricity generation, transmission and distribution facilities and is subject to a number of variable factors, including demand for electricity in Korea and fluctuations in fuel costs, which are in turn impacted by the movements in the exchange rates between the Won and other currencies.

If fuel prices rise substantially and rapidly in the future, such an increase may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and profitability. For example, our net losses in 2022 and 2023 were largely due to sustained rise in fuel costs that were neither timely nor sufficiently offset by a corresponding rise in electricity tariffs that we charge to our customers. Even though the Government from time to time increases the electricity tariff rates, such increase may be insufficient to fully offset the adverse impact from the rises in fuel costs, and since tariff increase typically require lengthy public deliberations in order to be implemented, they often occur with a significant time lag and, as a result, our results of operations and cash flows may suffer. To reinforce the correlation between the costs we incur and the tariff we charge to our customers, we have implemented a new cost pass-through tariff system since January 1, 2021. However, such system also has built-in limits and subject to the Government’s discretion. For more information, please see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers—Electricity Rates.”

 

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In addition, we expect complying with the Government’s environment-related initiatives and regulations may continue to impose significant costs and resources on us, which may adversely affect our results of operation, financial condition and cash flows. For example, we recognized Won 387 billion in 2022, Won 77 billion in 2023 and Won 164 billion in 2024 as costs to purchase greenhouse gas emission allowances. The general decrease in such costs is largely attributable to the decrease in the market price of the Korean Allowance Units (KAU), which is one of the main greenhouse gas allowances in Korea. As the price of KAUs is determined by the market, there is no guarantee that such price will not increase in the future.

Furthermore, as we are required to supply increasing amount of renewable energy, we expect the associated cost will continue to rise.

The results of our operations are largely affected by the following factors:

 

  •  

demand for electricity;

 

  •  

electricity rates we charge to our customers;

 

  •  

fuel costs; and

 

  •  

the exchange rates of Won against other foreign currencies, in particular the U.S. dollar.

Demand for Electricity

Our sales are largely dependent on the level of demand for electricity in Korea and the rates we charge for the electricity we sell.

The table below sets forth, for the periods indicated, the annual rate of growth in Korea’s GDP and the annual rate of growth in electricity demand (measured by total annual electricity consumption) on a year-on-year basis. In 2024, the GDP increased by 2.0% compared to 2023, whereas the demand for electricity in Korea increased by 0.7% compared to 2023.

 

     2020     2021     2022     2023     2024  

Growth in GDP

      (0.7 )%      4.6 %      2.7 %      1.4 %      2.0 % 

Growth in electricity consumption

      (2.2 )%      4.7 %      2.7 %      (0.4 )%      0.7 % 

Demand for electricity may be categorized either by the type of its usage or by the type of customers. The following describes the demand for electricity by the type of its usage, namely, industrial, commercial and residential:

 

  •  

The industrial sector represents the largest segment of electricity consumption in Korea. Demand for electricity from the industrial sector was 286,212 gigawatt hours in 2024, representing a 1.5% decrease from 2023, largely due to decreases in exports and industrial demand.

 

  •  

Demand for electricity from the commercial sector depends largely on the level and scope of commercial activities in Korea. Demand for electricity from the commercial sector increased to 134,807 gigawatt hours in 2024, representing a 3.0% increase from 2023, largely due to a 1.6% increase in the number of commercial customers and increased demand for air-conditioning and other cooling appliances during the summer months due to higher average temperatures in 2024 compared to 2023.

 

  •  

Demand for electricity from the residential sector is largely dependent on population growth and use of heaters, air conditioners and other electronic appliances. Demand for electricity from the residential sector increased to 86,989 gigawatt hours in 2024, representing a 5.6% increase compared to 2023, largely due to a 0.6% increase in the number of residential customers and an increase in the demand for

 

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air conditioning due to the abnormally higher temperatures during the summer months. For a discussion on demand by the type of customers, see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers—Demand by the Type of Usage.”

Since our inception, we have had the predominant market share in terms of electricity generated in Korea. As for electricity we purchase from the market for transmission and distribution to our end-users, our generation subsidiaries accounted for 70.4%, 68.3% and 67.7% in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, while the remainder was accounted for by independent power producers. As for transmission and distribution of electricity, we have historically handled, and expect to continue to handle, substantially all of such activities in Korea.

We expect that we will continue to have a dominant market share in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Korea for the foreseeable future, absent any substantial changes to the Restructuring Plan or other policy initiatives by the Government in relation to the Korean electric power industry, or an unexpected level of market penetration by independent power producers, localized electricity suppliers under the Community Energy System or increases in direct PPA. However, our market dominance in the electricity distribution in Korea may face potential erosion in light of the recent Proposal for Adjustment of Functions of Public Institutions (Energy Sector) announced by the Government in June 2016. This proposal contemplates a gradual opening of the electricity trading market to the private sector although no detailed roadmap has been provided for such opening. It is currently premature to predict to what extent, or in what direction, the liberalization of the electricity trading market will happen. Any significant liberalization of the electricity trading market may result in substantial reduction of our market share in electricity distribution in Korea, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation and cash flows. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Competition.”

Electricity Rates

Under the Electric Utility Act and the Price Stabilization Act, electricity rates are established at the level that would enable us to recover our fair operating costs as well as receive a fair investment return on capital used in our operations. From time to time, our actual rate of return on invested capital may differ significantly from the fair investment return that was assumed for the purposes of electricity tariff approvals, for reasons, among others, related to movements in fuel prices, exchange rates and demand for electricity that differs from what is assumed for determining our fair investment return. As of January 1, 2021, we implemented a new tariff system to reinforce the correlation between the costs we incur and the tariff we charge to our customers, among other changes. However, even under the new system, our ability to pass on fuel and other cost increases to our customers may be limited due to Government regulations on the electricity rates. For further discussion of the fair operating costs, the fair investment return and the new tariff system, see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers—Electricity Rates.”

Fuel Costs

Our results of operations are also significantly affected by the cost of producing electricity, which is subject to a variety of factors, including, in particular, the cost of fuel.

Cost of fuel in any given year is a function of the volume of fuels consumed and the unit fuel cost for the various types of fuel used for generation of electricity which affects the cost structure for both our generation subsidiaries and independent power producers from whom we purchase electric power. A significant change in the unit fuel costs materially impacts the costs of electricity generated by our generation subsidiaries, which mainly comprise our fuel costs under the cost of sales, as well as, to our knowledge, the costs of electricity generated by the independent power producers that sell their electricity to us (see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Purchase of Electricity—Cost-based Pool System”), which mainly comprise our purchased power costs under the cost of sales. We are however unable to provide a comparative analysis since the unit fuel cost information for independent power producers and their cost structures are proprietary information.

 

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Fuel costs constituted 34.4%, 30.1% and 27.5% of our cost of sales, and the ratio of fuel costs to our sales was 49.1%, 30.8% and 24.3% in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. Substantially all of the fuel (except for anthracite coal) used by our generation subsidiaries is imported from outside of Korea at prices determined in part by prevailing market prices in currencies other than Won. In addition, our generation subsidiaries purchase a significant portion of their fuel requirements under contracts with limited quantity and duration. Pursuant to the terms of our long-term supply contracts, prices are adjusted from time to time subject to prevailing market conditions. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Fuel Sources and Requirements.”

Coal accounted for 40.2%, 38.5% and 35.9% of our fuel requirements in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. Nuclear generation accounted for 43.1%, 46.1% and 48.1% of our fuel requirements in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. LNG accounted for 13.1%, 12.0% and 11.9% of our fuel requirements in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. Oil accounted for 0.1% and 0.02% of our fuel requirements in 2022 and 2023, respectively, and we did not use oil for our fuel requirements in 2024. In each case, the fuel requirements are measured by the amount of electricity generated by us and our generation subsidiaries and do not include electricity purchased from independent power producers. In order to ensure stable supplies of fuel materials, our generation subsidiaries enter into medium and long-term contracts with various suppliers and supplement such supplies with fuel materials purchased on spot markets.

The price of bituminous coal, which represents our largest fuel requirement, fluctuates significantly from time to time. In 2024, approximately 97.2% of the bituminous coal requirements of our generation subsidiaries was purchased under long-term contracts, and the remaining 2.8% was purchased on the spot market. The average weekly spot price of “free on board” Newcastle coal 5500 NAR (Net As Received) published through Korea Mineral Resource Information Service by Korea Mine Rehabilitation and Mineral Resources Corporation decreased from US$106.38 per ton in 2023 to US$90.79 per ton in 2024 and decreased further to US$70.50 per ton as of March 31, 2025. If the price of bituminous coal were to sharply rise, our generation subsidiaries may not be able to secure their respective bituminous coal supplies at prices commercially acceptable to them. In addition, any significant interruption or delay in the supply of fuel, bituminous coal in particular, from any of their suppliers could cause our generation subsidiaries to purchase fuel on the spot market at prices higher than contracted, resulting in an increase in fuel costs.

The prices of oil and LNG also fluctuate significantly from time to time. The prices of oil and LNG are substantially dependent on the price of crude oil, and according to Bloomberg (Bloomberg Ticker: PGCRDUBA), the average daily spot price of Dubai crude oil decreased from US$97.03 per barrel in 2022 to US$81.93 per barrel in 2023 and US$79.67 per barrel in 2024, and decreased further to US$73.38 per barrel as of April 3, 2025.

Nuclear power has a stable and relatively low-cost structure and forms a significant portion of electricity supplied in Korea. Due to significantly lower unit fuel costs compared to those for thermal power plants, our nuclear power plants are generally operated at full capacity with only routine shutdowns for fuel replacement and maintenance, with limited exceptions. In case of shortage in electricity generation resulting from stoppages of the nuclear power plants, we seek to make up for such shortage with power generated by our thermal power plants.

Because the Government heavily regulates the rates we charge for the electricity we sell (see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers—Electricity Rates”), our ability to pass on cost increases to our customers is limited.

Movements of the Won against the U.S. Dollar and Other Foreign Currencies

Korean Won has fluctuated significantly against major currencies from time to time. For fluctuations in exchange rates, see pages 1-2 of this annual report. In particular, Korean Won underwent substantial fluctuations during the global financial crisis as well as recently, and remains subject to significant volatility. The Noon Buying Rate per one U.S. dollar was Won 1,260.2 on December 31, 2022, Won 1,291.0 on December 31, 2023, Won 1,477.9 on December 31, 2024 and Won 1,418.8 as of April 11, 2025. In 2023 and 2024, the Won generally depreciated against the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies, and such depreciation has resulted in a

 

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significant increase in the cost of fuel materials and equipment purchased from overseas as well as the cost of servicing our foreign currency debt. As of December 31, 2024, 17.4% of our long-term debt (including the current portion but excluding original issue discounts and premium) without taking into consideration of swap transactions was denominated in foreign currencies, principally U.S. dollars. The prices for substantially all of the fuel materials and a significant portion of the equipment we purchase are stated in currencies other than Won, generally in U.S. dollars. Since a substantial portion of our revenues is denominated in Won, we must generally obtain foreign currencies through foreign currency-denominated financings or from foreign currency exchange markets to make such purchases or service such debt, fulfill our obligations under existing overseas investments and make new overseas investments. As a result, any significant depreciation of Won against U.S. dollar or other foreign currencies will have a material adverse effect on our profitability and results of operations. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to KEPCO—The movement of Won against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may have a material adverse effect on us.”

Recent Accounting Changes

See Note 2.(5) to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report for changes in accounting standards. We believe that these new and revised standards have no material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Material Accounting Policies

See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report for material accounting policies.

Consolidated Results of Operations

The selected consolidated financial data set forth below as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

You should read the following data with the more detailed information contained in Item 18. “Financial Statements.” Historical results do not necessarily predict future results.

 

     2022     2023     2024     2024  
     (rounded to billions of Won and millions of US$)(1)  

Sales

    W 70,546     W 87,476     W 92,578     $ 62,642  

Cost of sales

      100,904       89,700       81,964       55,460  

Gross profit (loss)

      (30,358 )      (2,223 )      10,614       7,182  

Selling and administrative expenses

      3,009       3,062       3,070       2,077  

Other income, net

      883       1,017       832       563  

Other gains, net

      243       23       85       58  

Operating profit (loss)

      (32,241 )      (4,245 )      8,461       5,725  

Finance expenses, net

      (2,913 )      (3,922 )      (4,087 )      (2,765 ) 

Profit related to associates, joint ventures and subsidiaries

      1,310       613       882       597  

Profit (loss) before income tax

      (33,844 )      (7,554 )      5,257       3,557  

Income tax benefit (expense)

      9,415       2,838       (1,635 )      (1,106 ) 

Profit (loss) for the period

      (24,429 )      (4,716 )      3,622       2,451  

Other comprehensive income (loss)

      1,247       (229 )      629       426  

Total comprehensive income (loss)

      (23,182 )      (4,945 )      4,251       2,876  
 

Note:

(1)

The financial information denominated in Won as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 has been translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate of Won 1,477.9 to US$1.00, which was the Noon Buying Rate as of December 31, 2024.

 

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2024 Compared to 2023

In 2024, our consolidated sales, which is principally derived from the sale of electric power, increased by 5.8% to Won 92,578 billion in 2024 from Won 87,476 billion in 2023 primarily reflecting an increase in sales of electric power. Our sale of electric power increased by 5.9% to Won 91,019 billion in 2024 from Won 85,940 billion in 2023, primarily due to an increase in the average unit sales price, as well as an increase in the volume of electricity sold. The volume of electricity sold increased by 0.7% to 549,821 gigawatt hours in 2024 from 545,966 gigawatt hours in 2023 primarily due to a 3.0% increase in the volume of electricity sold to the commercial sector, which represents the second largest segment of electricity consumption in Korea, to 134,807 gigawatt hours in 2024 from 130,844 gigawatt hours in 2023 as well as a 5.6% increase in the volume of electricity sold to the residential sector to 86,989 gigawatt hours in 2024 from 82,348 gigawatt hours in 2023, which was partially offset by a 1.5% decrease in the volume of electricity sold to the industrial sector, which represents the largest segment of electricity consumption in Korea, to 286,212 gigawatt hours in 2024 from 290,555 gigawatt hours in 2023. The increase in the volume of electricity sold to the commercial sector was primarily due to the rising demand for cooling caused by the higher average temperatures during the summer. The increase in the volume of electricity sold to the residential sector was primarily due to a record-long heatwave and prolonged tropical nights. The decrease in the volume of electricity sold to the industrial sector was primarily due to a decrease in industrial activities, such as the slowdown in the construction sector. The average unit sales price increased by 35.2% to Won 162.92 per kilowatt-hour in 2024 from Won 152.80 per kilowatt-hour in 2023, primarily due to an increase in the unit sales price in the residential and industrial sectors. Our sales of construction services increased by 8.2% to Won 849 billion in 2024 from Won 785 billion in 2023, primarily due to an increase in the sales amount recorded from the ongoing construction of our Guam Ukudu Combined thermal power plant project and El Dabaa nuclear power plant project as the construction projects progress over time.

Our consolidated cost of sales, which is principally derived from the purchase of power from independent power producers, raw materials used and depreciation, decreased by 8.6% to Won 81,964 billion in 2024 from Won 89,700 billion in 2023, primarily due to a 9.5% decrease in power purchase and a 22.4% decrease in raw materials used, which was partially offset by a 7.7% increase in depreciation.

Power purchase, which accounted for 42.3% and 42.7% of our cost of sales in 2024 and 2023, respectively, decreased by 9.5% to Won 34,660 billion in 2024 from Won 38,304 billion in 2023, primarily due to decreases in the unit price of power purchase. The decrease in unit price of power purchase was mainly due to a decrease in fuel costs.

Raw materials used, which accounted for 25.7% and 30.3% of our cost of sales in 2024 and 2023, respectively, decreased by 22.4% to Won 21,070 billion in 2024 from Won 27,136 billion in 2023, primarily due to decreases in fuel prices.

Depreciation expense, excluding amortization of nuclear fuel charged to fuel costs in the amounts of Won 2,217 billion and Won 1,329 billion in 2024 and 2023, respectively, increased by 0.8% to Won 11,381 billion in 2024 from Won 11,294 billion in 2023, primarily due to additional property, plant and equipment acquired in relation to the construction of new generation facilities pursuant to our capital investment program.

Other cost of sales increased by 10.1% to Won 1,726 billion in 2024 from Won 1,568 billion in 2023, primarily due to an increase in our greenhouse gas emissions and related costs. For example, we spent approximately Won 164 billion on greenhouse gas emission allowances in 2024 compared to Won 77 billion in 2023. For further information, please see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Environmental, Social and Governance Programs.”

As a cumulative result of the foregoing factors, our consolidated gross margin (loss) increased to Won 10,614 billion in 2024 from Won (2,223) billion in 2023, and our consolidated gross margin improved to a profit of 11.5% in 2024 from a loss of 2.5% in 2023. The increase in our consolidated gross margin was largely

 

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attributable to an 8.6% decrease in our consolidated cost of sales (which was mainly due to a 9.5% decrease in power purchase costs, a 22.4% decrease in raw materials used), which was accompanied by a 5.8% increase in our consolidated sales which was primarily due to a 35.2% increase in the average unit sales price.

Our consolidated selling and administrative expenses slightly increased by 0.3% to Won 3,070 billion in 2024 from Won 3,062 billion in 2023, mainly due to an increase in salaries and repairs and maintenance expenses.

Our consolidated other income, net of expenses, decreased by 18.2% to Won 832 billion in 2024 from Won 1,017 billion in 2023, mainly as a result of an increase in donations.

Our consolidated net other gains increased to Won 85 billion in 2024 from Won 23 billion in 2023, mainly as a result of an increase in gains on disposal of property, plant and equipment.

As a cumulative effect of the foregoing factors, our consolidated operating profit (loss) increased to Won 8,461 billion in 2024 from Won (4,245) billion in 2023, and our consolidated operating margin increased to 9.1% in 2024 from (4.9)% in 2023. This was mainly due to decreased fuel costs as a result of a lower price of LNG and other raw materials and decreased power purchase expenses as a result of a decrease in the unit price of power purchase due to a decrease in the system marginal price of electricity, which decreased as a result of lower fuel costs.

Our consolidated finance expenses, net, increased by 4.2% to Won 4,087 billion in 2024 from Won 3,922 billion in 2023, primarily as a result of increased losses on foreign currency translation.

Our consolidated profit related to associates, joint ventures and subsidiaries increased by 43.9% to Won 882 billion in 2024 from Won 613 billion in 2023, primarily due to an increased share in the profit of Korea Gas Corporation.

As a cumulative effect of the foregoing factors, our consolidated profit (loss) before income taxes increased to Won 5,257 billion in 2024 from Won (7,554) billion in 2023.

Our income tax expense increased to Won 1,635 billion in 2024 from an income tax benefit of Won 2,838 billion in 2023, largely as a result of the increase in profit before income tax. Our effective tax rate, which represents tax expense as a percentage of profit before income taxes, was 31.10% in 2024. See Note 41 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

As a cumulative result of the above factors, our consolidated profit (loss) increased to Won 3,622 billion in 2024 from Won (4,716) billion in 2023. Our consolidated net profit margin also increased to 3.9% in 2024 from (5.4)% in 2023. Our profit (loss) attributable to the owners of the company increased to Won 3,492 billion in 2024 from Won (4,823) billion in 2023.

Other comprehensive income (loss) increased to Won 629 billion in 2024 from Won (229) billion in 2023, largely due to an increase in net change in fair value of equity investments at fair value through other comprehensive income and share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures, net of tax.

As a cumulative result of the above factors, our consolidated total comprehensive income (loss) increased to Won 4,251 billion in 2024 from Won (4,945) billion in 2023.

2023 Compared to 2022

In 2023, our consolidated sales, which is principally derived from the sale of electric power, increased by 24.0% to Won 87,476 billion in 2023 from Won 70,546 billion in 2022, primarily due to an increase in the sales

 

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of electric power. Our sales of electric power increased by 24.2% to Won 85,940 billion in 2023 from Won 69,184 billion in 2022, primarily due to an increase in the average unit sales price that underlies the tariff charged to our customers. The average unit sales price increased by 26.8% to Won 152.80 per kilowatt-hour in 2023 from Won 120.51 per kilowatt-hour in 2022 as we increased our tariff in coordination with the Government. The volume of electricity sold decreased by 0.4% to 545,966 gigawatt hours in 2023 from 547,933 gigawatt hours in 2022, primarily due to a 1.9% decrease in the volume sold to the industrial sector, which represents the largest segment of electricity consumption in Korea. However, such decrease was partially offset by 2.9% increase to 130,844 gigawatt hours in 2023 from 127,193 gigawatt hours in 2022 in the volume sold to the commercial sector and 1.7% increase to 82,348 gigawatt hours in 2023 from 80,996 gigawatt hours in 2022 in the volume sold to the residential sector. The decrease in the volume sold to the industrial sector was primarily due to a decrease in industrial activities such as a decrease in information technology sector exports from Korea. The increase in the volume sold to the commercial sector was primarily due to heightened levels of consumption following the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to an increase in sales volume across major service industries. The increase in the volume sold to the residential sector was primarily due to increased use of air conditioners and other electronic appliances resulting from higher than usual temperatures during the summer months. Also, our sale of construction services increased by 21.3% to Won 785 billion in 2023 from Won 647 billion in 2022 primarily due to an increase in amounts recorded from ongoing construction of our nuclear complex construction projects in the United Arab Emirates.

Our consolidated cost of sales, which is principally derived from the purchase of power from independent power producers, raw materials used and depreciation, decreased by 11.1% to Won 89,700 billion in 2023 from Won 100,904 billion in 2022, primarily due to a 8.8% decrease in power purchase and 22.1% decrease in raw material used, which was partially offset by 4.7% increase in depreciation.

Power purchase, which accounted for 42.7% and 41.6% of our cost of sales in 2023 and 2022, respectively, decreased by 8.8% to Won 38,304 billion in 2023 from Won 41,985 billion in 2022, primarily due to decreases in the unit price of power purchase. The decreased unit price of power purchase was mainly due to decreased fuel costs.

Raw materials used, which accounted for 30.3% and 34.5% of our cost of sales in 2023 and 2022, respectively, decrease by 22.1% to Won 27,136 billion in 2023 from Won 34,833 billion in 2022, primarily due to decreased fuel costs.

Depreciation expense (which excludes amortization of nuclear fuel charged to fuel costs in the amounts of Won 1,329 billion and Won 1,289 billion in 2023 and 2022, respectively) increased by 4.9% to Won 11,294 billion in 2023 from Won 10,767 billion in 2022, primarily due to additional property, plant and equipment we acquired from the construction of new generation facilities pursuant to our capital investment program.

Other cost of sales decreased by 17.6% to Won 1,568 billion in 2023 from Won 1,903 billion in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in our greenhouse gas emission and related costs. We spent approximately Won 77 billion for greenhouse gas emission allowances in 2023 compared to Won 387 billion in 2022. The decrease in such spending was largely attributable to the decrease in the market price of the Korean Allowance Units (KAU), which is one of the main greenhouse gas allowances in Korea. As the price of KAUs is determined by the market, there is no guarantee that such price will decrease in the future. For further information, please see Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Environmental, Social and Governance Programs.”

As a cumulative result of the foregoing factors, our consolidated gross loss decreased to Won 2,223 billion in 2023 from Won 30,358 billion in 2022, and our consolidated gross margin improved to a loss of 2.5% in 2023 from a loss of 43.0% in 2022. The decrease in our consolidated gross loss and the improvement in consolidated gross margin were largely attributable to 24.0% increase in our consolidated sales, which was primarily due to 26.8% increase in the average unit sales price, as well as a 11.1% decrease in our consolidated cost of sales.

 

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Our consolidated selling and administrative expenses slightly increased by 1.8% to Won 3,062 billion in 2023 from Won 3,009 billion in 2022, primarily due to an increase in commission and bad debt expense.

Our consolidated other income, net of expenses, increased by 15.2% to Won 1,017 billion in 2023 from Won 883 billion in 2022, primarily as a result of an increase in customer-paid facilities for electricity use.

Our consolidated net other gains decreased to Won 23 billion in 2023 from Won 243 billion in 2022, primarily as a result of a decrease in gains on disposal of property, plant and equipment, which was partially offset by a reversal of impairment losses on property, plant and equipment.

As a cumulative effect of the foregoing factors, our consolidated operating loss decreased to Won 4,245 billion in 2023 from Won 32,241 billion in 2022, and our consolidated operating margin improved to a loss of 4.9% in 2023 from a loss of 45.7% in 2022. This was primarily due to decreased fuel costs as a result of a lower price of LNG and other raw materials and decreased power purchase expenses as a result of a decrease in the unit price of power purchase, which decreased as a result of lower fuel costs.

Our consolidated finance expenses, net, increased by 34.6% to Won 3,922 billion in 2023 from Won 2,913 billion in 2022, primarily as a result of increased interest expenses and losses on the valuation of derivatives.

Our consolidated profit related to associates, joint ventures and subsidiaries decreased by 53.2% to Won 613 billion in 2023 from Won 1,310 billion in 2022, primarily due to our decreased share in profit from Korea Gas Corporation caused by a decrease in LNG price.

As a cumulative effect of the foregoing factors, our consolidated loss before income taxes decreased by 77.7% to Won 7,554 billion in 2023 from Won 33,844 billion in 2022.

Our income tax benefit decreased to Won 2,838 billion in 2023 from Won 9,415 billion in 2022, largely as a result of the decrease in deferred tax on tax losses carry-forwards. Our effective tax rate, which represents tax expense as a percentage of profit before income taxes, was not calculated because income tax benefit was recognized in 2023. See Note 41 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

As a cumulative result of the foregoing factors, our consolidated loss decreased to Won 4,716 billion in 2023 from Won 24,429 billion in 2022. Our consolidated net profit margin also improved from a loss of 5.4% in 2023 from a loss of 34.6% in 2022. Our loss attributable to the owners of the company decreased to Won 4,823 billion in 2023 from Won 24,467 billion in 2022.

We reported consolidated other comprehensive loss of Won 229 billion in 2023 compared to consolidated other comprehensive income of Won 1,247 billion in 2022, largely due to a decrease in the remeasurement of defined benefit liability and share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures, net of tax.

As a cumulative result of the above factors, our consolidated total comprehensive loss decreased to Won 4,945 billion in 2023 from Won 23,182 billion in 2022.

Segment Results

We operate in the following business segments: transmission and distribution, nuclear power generation and thermal power generation and others. The transmission and distribution segment, which is operated by us, the parent company, consists of operations related to the transmission, distribution and sale to end-users of electricity purchased from our generation subsidiaries, as well as from independent power producers. The power generation segment, which is operated by our one nuclear generation subsidiary and five non-nuclear generation subsidiaries, consists of operations related to the generation of electricity sold to the parent company through the Korea Power Exchange. The transmission and distribution segment and the power generation segment together

 

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represent our electricity business. The remainder of our operation consists primarily of operations related to the plant maintenance and engineering service and others including mainly overseas businesses. In 2022, 2023 and 2024, the unaffiliated revenues of the power generation segment (representing the six generation subsidiaries) and all our other revenues in the aggregate amounted to only 5.9%, 4.6% and 4.2% of our consolidated revenues, respectively, and the results of operations for our business segments substantially mirror our consolidated results of operations. For further information, see Note 4 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Other

Our operations are materially affected by the policies of or factors relating to the Government. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Regulation.”

 

Item 5.B.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We expect that our capital requirements, capital resources and liquidity position may change in the course of implementing the Restructuring Plan. See Item 4.B. “—Business Overview—Restructuring of the Electric Power Industry in Korea” and Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to KEPCO—The Government may adopt policy measures to substantially restructure the Korean electric power industry or our operational structure, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and profitability.”

Capital Requirements

For the foreseeable future, we anticipate that the following will be the main drivers of our capital requirements:

 

  •  

working capital requirements, the largest component of which is fuel purchases and power purchase costs;

 

  •  

capital expenditures pursuant to our capital investment program;

 

  •  

payment of principal and interest on our existing debt; and

 

  •  

overseas investments.

In addition, if there is an unanticipated material change to the Restructuring Plan, the Basic Plan or other major policy initiatives of the Government relating to the electric power industry, or a natural disaster, such change may require a significant amount of additional capital requirements.

Capital Expenditures

We anticipate that capital expenditures will be the most significant use of our funds in the next several years. Our capital expenditures relate primarily to the construction of new generation units, maintenance of existing generation units and expansion of our transmission and distribution systems. Our capital expenditures generally follow budgets established under the Basic Plan, which contains projections relating to the supply and demand of electricity of Korea based on which we plan the construction of additional generation units and transmission systems.

Our total capital expenditures for the construction of generation, transmission and distribution facilities were Won 13,886 billion, Won 15,518 billion and Won 16,720 billion in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, and under our current budgets, are estimated to be approximately Won 19,383 billion, Won 22,027 billion and Won 23,750 billion in 2025, 2026 and 2027, respectively. We plan to finance our capital expenditures primarily through cash from operation of business, construction grants, issuance of securities in the capital markets and borrowings from financial institutions.

 

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In January 2016, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy announced an initiative to promote the new energy industry by creating the New Energy Industry Fund, which is made up of funds sponsored by Government-affiliated energy companies. We contributed Won 500 billion to the funds in 2016. The purpose of these funds is to invest in substantially all frontiers of the new energy industry, including renewable energy, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, small-sized self-sustaining electricity generation grids known as “micro-grids”, among others, as well as invest in start-up companies, ventures, small to medium-sized enterprise and project businesses that engage in these businesses but have not previously attracted sufficient capital from the private sector.

Furthermore, as part of the Comprehensive Measures against Particulate Matter and the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh Basic Plan, announced by the Government in September 2017, December 2017, December 2020 and January 2023 and February 2025 respectively, the Government set forth the following policy directions relating to coal-fired generation units: (i) 37 decrepit coal-fired generation units shall convert to LNG fuel use by 2038, (ii) in principle, construction of new coal-fired generation units shall not be planned, (iii) coal-fired generation units that are 30 years or older shall temporarily cease operations from December to February of each year from 2020, which has also been done from March to June in 2018 and 2019, (iv) coal-fired generation units shall be put through comprehensive functional and environmental upgrades and (v) coal-fired generation units shall be subject to emission standards that came into effect in January 2019 that are twice as more rigorous than the previous standards. Compliance with such measures is expected to result in significant additional costs.

We also established a research and entrepreneurship-oriented university specializing in the energy field. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Establishment of a University.” On August 8, 2019, our board of directors resolved to make an initial contribution of Won 60 billion for the promotion, initial operation and the design of the university campus, and the actual contribution was made in 2020. On May 21, 2021, our board resolved to make an additional contribution of Won 64.5 billion to the university and Won 41.3 billon of such contribution was made in December 2021. The remaining contribution of Won 23.2 billion was made by our affiliates. In addition, on July 15, 2022, our and our affiliates’ boards decided to contribute Won 47.9 billion for funding the construction and operation of major campus facilities and completed the contribution by December 2022. In 2023, our and our affiliates’ boards of directors decided to contribute additional Won 110.6 billion, of which we contributed Won 70.8 billion and our affiliates contributed the remaining Won 39.8 billion. In 2024, our and our affiliates’ boards of directors decided to contribute an additional Won 1,778 billion, of which we contributed Won 1,138 billion and our affiliates are in the process of making a contribution of Won 640 billion.

Fuel Purchases

We require significant funds to finance our operations, principally in relation to the purchase of fuels by our generation subsidiaries for generation of electricity. In 2022, 2023 and 2024, fuel costs constituted 34.4%, 30.1% and 27.5% of our cost of sales and the ratio of fuel costs to our sales was 49.1%, 30.8% and 24.3%, respectively. We plan to fund our fuel purchases primarily with net operating cash, although in cases of rapid increases in fuel prices as is the case from time to time, we may also rely on borrowings from financial institutions and issuance of debt securities in the capital markets.

 

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Repayment of Existing Debt

Payments of principal and interest on indebtedness will require considerable resources. The table below sets forth the scheduled maturities of outstanding interest-paying debt (excluding original issue discounts and premium) of us and our six wholly-owned generation subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 for each year from 2025 to 2029 and thereafter without taking into consideration of swap transactions. As of December 31, 2024, such debt represented 96.5% of our outstanding debt on a consolidated basis.

 

Year ended December 31

    Local
Currency
Borrowings		      Foreign
Currency
Borrowings		      Domestic
Debentures		      Foreign
Debentures		      Total(1)  
     (in billions of Won)  

2025

      9,446.4        —         22,530.0        4,263.0        36,239.4  

2026

      3.2        12.9        21,530.0        5,469.1        27,015.1  

2027

      4,101.6        —         15,000.0        4,741.2        23,842.8  

2028

      2,651.2        —         5,850.0        2,002.8        10,504.0  

2029

      400.1        —         7,420.0        882.0        8,702.1  

Thereafter

      54.5        —         20,260.3        1,490.1        21,804.9  

Total(1)

      16,657.0        12.9        92,590.3        18,848.2        128,108.3  
 

Note:

 

(1)

The figures may not add up to the relevant total numbers due to rounding.

We and our six wholly-owned generation subsidiaries incurred interest charges (including capitalized interest) in relation to our interest-bearing debt of Won 3,253 billion, Won 5,023 billion and Won 5,328 billion, in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. We anticipate that interest charges will increase in future years because of, among other factors, anticipated increases in our long-term debt. See “—Capital Resources” below. The weighted average rates of interest on our and our six wholly-owned generation subsidiaries’ interest-bearing long-term debt and borrowings under existing swap contracts were 3.09%, 3.33% and 3.19% in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

Overseas Investments

As part of our revenue diversification strategy, we plan to continue to make overseas investments on a selective basis, which will be funded primarily through foreign currency-denominated borrowings and debt securities issuances as well as net operating cash from such investments.

Capital Resources

The selected consolidated financial data set forth below as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

 

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You should read the following data with the more detailed information contained in Item 18. “Financial Statements.” Historical results do not necessarily predict future results.

 

     2022     2023      2024      2024  
     (rounded to billions of Won and millions of US$)(1)  

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

    W (23,478 )    W 1,522      W 15,876      $ 10,742  

Long-term debt (excluding current portion)(2)

      97,946       92,510        88,091        59,606  

Current portion of the long-term debt

      13,839       30,454        35,319        23,898  

Total long-term debt(3)

      111,982       123,163        123,646        83,663  

Won-denominated long-term debt

      95,476       104,964        102,096        69,082  

Foreign currency-denominated long-term debt

      16,506       18,199        21,550        14,581  

Other long-term liabilities(4)

      50,340       48,692        53,385        36,122  

Short-term borrowings

      8,820       10,667        9,123        6,173  

Total equity

      42,000       37,265        41,363        27,988  
 

Notes:

 

(1)

The financial information denominated in Won as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 has been translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate of Won 1,477.9 to US$1.00, which was the Noon Buying Rate as of December 31, 2024.

(2)

Long-term debt, net consists of long-term borrowings and debt securities (excluding the current portions but including original issue discounts and premiums) without taking into consideration of swap transactions.

(3)

Total long-term debt (including the current portion but excluding original issue discounts and premium) without taking into consideration of swap transactions.

(4)

Other long-term liabilities consist of total non-current liabilities of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report minus long-term debt (excluding current portion) of this table.

We have traditionally met our working capital and other capital requirements primarily from net cash provided by operating activities, issuance of debt securities and borrowings from financial institutions. Net cash provided by operating activities is primarily a function of electricity sales and fuel purchases and is also affected by increases and decreases in trade receivables, trade payables and inventory related to electricity sales and fuel purchases. Net cash provided by (or used in, as indicated by the parenthesis) operating activities was Won (23,478) billion, Won 1,522 billion and Won 15,876 billion in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, our long-term debt (excluding the current portion but including original issue discounts and premium), without taking into consideration of swap transactions, amounted to Won 97,946 billion, Won 92,510 billion and Won 88,091 billion, respectively, representing 233.2%, 248.2%, 213.0% of equity, respectively, as of such dates. As of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, the current portions of our long-term debt were Won 13,839 billion, Won 30,454 billion and Won 35,319 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, our short-term borrowings amounted to Won 8,820 billion, Won 10,667 billion and Won 9,123 billion, respectively. See Note 23 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report. Total long-term debt (including the current portion but excluding original issue discounts and premium), without taking into consideration of swap transactions, as of December 31, 2024 was Won 123,646 billion, of which Won 102,096 billion was denominated in Won and an equivalent of Won 21,550 billion was denominated in foreign currencies, primarily U.S. dollars. We, KHNP, KOMIPO and KOWEPO also maintain global medium-term note programs in the aggregate amount of US$21 billion, of which approximately US$11 billion remains currently available for future drawdown.

As we experienced net losses during 2022 and 2023 as global energy prices increased significantly and the power purchase costs increased accordingly, we issued more debt securities than before to meet increased working capital requirement. On December 28, 2022, the National Assembly of Korea passed an amendment to Article 16 of KEPCO Act which increased our debt ceiling on total outstanding debt securities on a separate basis to be no greater than five times (or six times if the Minister of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy

 

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approves if it is urgently required to resolve a business crisis situation) the sum of our share capital and reserves updated at the end of each year. Such share capital and reserves are calculated on a separate basis under the KEPCO Act. Before such amendment, our debt ceiling was two times the sum of our share capital and reserves. Such increase in debt ceiling will be effective until December 31, 2027 and we may make use of the new debt ceiling to issue more debt securities to cover our losses, refinance existing debt and finance new capital expenditures. However, if the sum of our share capital and reserves decreases (including as a result of continued significant net losses), our debt ceiling will decrease as well and there will be no assurance that we can meet our funding requirements for capital or operational expenditures or debt repayment obligations, which situation could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Subject to the implementation of our capital expenditure plan and the sale of our interests in our generation subsidiaries and other subsidiaries, our long-term debt may increase or decrease in future years. Until recently, a significant portion of our long-term debt was raised through foreign currency-denominated borrowings. Our foreign currency-denominated long-term debt (including the current portion but excluding original issue discounts and premium), without taking into consideration of swap transactions, amounted to Won 18,199 billion and Won 21,550 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively.

Our ability to incur long-term debt in the future is subject to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, the amount of capital that other Korean entities may seek to raise in capital markets. Economic, political and other conditions in Korea may also affect investor demand for our securities and those of other Korean entities. In addition, our ability to incur debt will also be affected by the Government’s policies relating to foreign currency borrowings, the liquidity of the Korean capital markets and our operating results and financial condition. In case of adverse developments in Korea, the price at which such financing may be available may not be acceptable to us.

We incur our short-term borrowings primarily through commercial papers sold to domestic financial institutions. We have not had any material difficulties in obtaining short-term borrowings. In addition, in order to prepare for potential liquidity shortage, we maintain several credit facilities with financial institutions, with Won-denominated facilities amounting to Won 12,519 billion in aggregate and foreign currency-denominated facilities amounting to US$1,086 million in aggregate. The full amount of these facilities was available as of December 31, 2024.

We may raise capital from time to time through issuance of equity securities. However, there are certain restrictions on our ability to issue equity instruments, including limitations on shareholding by foreigners. In addition, without changes in the existing KEPCO Act which requires that the Government, directly or pursuant to the Korea Development Bank Act, through Korea Development Bank, own at least 51% of our capital stock, it may be difficult or impossible for us to undertake any equity financing other than sales of treasury stock without the Government’s participation. Even if we are able to conduct equity financing with the Government’s participation, prevailing market conditions may be such that we may not be able conduct equity financing on terms that are commercially acceptable to us. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Korea and the Global Economy.”

Our total equity increased by 11.0% from Won 37,265 billion as of December 31, 2023 to Won 41,363 billion as of December 31, 2024, mainly as a result of an increase in total comprehensive income.

Liquidity

The selected consolidated financial data set forth below as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

 

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You should read the following data with the more detailed information contained in Item 18. “Financial Statements.” Historical results do not necessarily predict future results.

 

     2022     2023     2024     2024  
     (rounded to billions of Won and millions of US$)(1)  

Property, plant and equipment, net

    W 177,865     W 179,876     W 182,983     $ 123,813  

Current trade and other payables, net

      11,984       9,090       9,411       6,368  

Current financial liabilities, net

      22,704       41,140       44,466       30,087  

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities

      (23,478 )      1,522       15,876       10,742  

Net cash used in investing activities

      (14,954 )      (13,074 )      (14,093 )      (9,536 ) 

Net cash provided by financing activities

      38,998       12,662       (3,849 )      (2,604 ) 

Net working capital (deficit)(2)

      (14,768 )      (31,712 )      (34,714 )      (23,489 ) 
 

Notes:

 

(1)

The financial information denominated in Won as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 has been translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate of Won 1,477.9 to US$1.00, which was the Noon Buying Rate as of December 31, 2024.

(2)

Net working capital is defined as current assets minus current liabilities. For the periods indicated, current liabilities exceeded current assets, which resulted in working capital deficit for such periods.

Our liquidity is substantially affected by our acquisition of property, plant and equipment, fuel purchases and schedule of repayment of debt. Our property, plant and equipment increased by 1.7% from Won 179,876 billion as of December 31, 2023 to Won 182,983 billion as of December 31, 2024. As the fuel costs decreased by 16.5% from Won 26,978 billion in 2023 to Won 22,538 billion in 2024, our current trade and other payables also decreased from Won 9,090 billion as of December 31, 2023 to Won 9,411 billion as of December 31, 2024. Our current financial liabilities increased by 8.1% from Won 41,140 billion as of December 31, 2023 to Won 44,466 billion as of December 31, 2024 according to our debt repayment schedule.

Our net cash flow from operating activities increased by 943.1% to a net cash inflow of Won 15,876 billion in 2024 from a net cash inflow of Won 1,522 billion in 2023, primarily due to an increase in cash generated from sales of electricity.

Our net cash flow from investing activities decreased by 7.8% to a net cash outflow of Won 14,093 billion in 2024 from a net cash outflow of Won 13,074 billion in 2023, primarily due to an increase in net cash inflow of financial assets. Such increase reflected the disposal of financial assets under fair value through profit or loss (FVPL) treatment, which we previously acquired for temporary fund management.

Our net cash flow from financing activities decreased by 130.4% to a net cash outflow of Won 3,849 billion in 2024 from a net cash inflow of Won 12,662 billion in 2023, primarily due to an increase in repayment of long-term borrowings and debt securities to Won 25,342 billion in 2024 from Won 10,987 billion in 2023. The main reason for such increase was because we benefited from a decrease in our cost of sales, reducing our financing needs.

Due to the capital-intensive nature of our business as well as significant volatility in fuel prices, from time to time we operate with working capital deficits, and we may have substantial working capital deficits in the future. As of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, we had a working capital deficit of Won 14,768 billion, Won 31,712 billion and Won 34,714 billion, respectively. We have traditionally met our working capital and other capital requirements primarily with net cash provided by operating activities, issuance of debt securities, borrowings from financial institutions and construction grants. We also incur short-term borrowings primarily through commercial papers sold to domestic financial institutions. We have not had any material difficulties in obtaining short-term borrowings. See “—Capital Resources.”

We may face liquidity concerns in the case of sudden and sharp depreciation of the Won against major foreign currencies or depreciation over a sustained period of time. While substantially all of our revenues and our

 

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cash and cash equivalents are denominated in Won, we pay for substantially all of our fuel purchases in foreign currencies. Furthermore, as a substantial portion of our long-term debt is denominated in foreign currencies, the payment of principal and interest thereon is made in foreign currencies. In the past, we have incurred foreign currency debt principally due to the limited availability and the high cost of Won-denominated financing in Korea. However, in light of increasing sophistication of Korean capital markets and the recent increase in Won liquidity in Korean financial markets, we plan to reduce the portion of our debt which is denominated in foreign currencies, even though we intend to continue to raise certain amounts of capital through long-term foreign currency debt for purposes of maintaining diversity in our funding sources as well as paying for overseas investments and fuel procurements in foreign currencies. As of December 31, 2024, 17.4% of our long-term debt (including the current portion but excluding original issue discounts and premium), without taking into consideration of swap transactions, was denominated principally in U.S. dollars.

We enter into currency swaps and other hedging arrangements with respect to our foreign currency denominated debt only to a limited extent primarily due to the limited size of the Korean market for such derivative instrument. Such instruments include combined currency and interest rate swap agreements, interest rate swaps and foreign exchange agreements. We do not enter into derivative financial instruments for the purpose of hedging market risk resulting from fluctuations in fuel costs. Our policy is to hold or issue derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes only. See Note 12 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

We did not pay any dividends in respect of fiscal year 2022 and 2023 on a separate basis. In fiscal year of 2024, paid dividends of Won 213 per share, and the total dividend amount was Won 136.7 billion.

Contractual Obligations

The following summarizes our known contractual obligations on a consolidated basis as of December 31, 2024 and the effect such obligations are expected to have on liquidity and cash flow in future periods. See Note 45.(2) of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report for our management of short, medium and long-term funding and liquidity management requirements.

 

Contractual Obligations

    Less than
1 Year		      1~2 Years      2~5 Years      More than
5 Years		      Total(3)  
     (in billions of Won)  

Borrowings and debt securities(1)

    W 47,855        30,033        40,751        30,918        149,557  

Lease liabilities

      633        553        1,264        1,670        4,120  

Trade and other payables

      8,808        355        632        527        10,322  

Financial guarantee contracts(2)

      3,156        1,713        271        12        5,152  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total(3)

    W 60,452        32,654        42,918        33,127        169,151  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  
 

Notes:

 

(1)

These includes interest payments on the borrowings and debts for the periods indicated.

(2)

This represents the total guarantee amounts associated with the financial guarantee contracts. Financial guarantee liabilities which are recognized as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are Won 67,240 million and Won 49,992 million, respectively.

(3)

The figures may not add up to the relevant total numbers due to rounding.

For a description of our commercial commitments and contingent liabilities, see Note 50 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

We meet our coal requirements primarily through purchases of bituminous coal and anthracite coal under long-term supply contracts with domestic and foreign suppliers. Under these long-term supply contracts, purchase prices are adjusted periodically based on prevailing market conditions. We have entered into several

 

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fuel purchase agreements under which we are committed to purchasing minimum quantities of fuel, including approximately 60 to 70 million tons of bituminous coal in 2022.

We also purchase a substantial portion of our LNG requirements from Korea Gas Corporation, a related party. We negotiate annually with Korea Gas Corporation and other suppliers to purchase LNG. We have also entered into long-term transportation contracts with Pan Ocean Co., Ltd. and others.

We import all uranium ore concentrates from sources outside Korea (including Kazakhstan, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and Uzbekistan) under medium to long-term contracts and purchases in spot markets, and pay for such concentrates with currencies other than Won, primarily U.S. dollars. Except for certain fixed contract prices, contract prices for processing of uranium are adjusted annually based on base prices and spot market prices prevailing at the time of delivery.

The fuel purchase price is typically negotiated near or at the time of purchase subject to prevailing market conditions. In 2024, the fuel cost incurred to us was Won 22,538 billion. See Note 49.(2) of the notes to our consolidated financial statements for further details of these contracts.

Under the Long-term Transmission and Substation Plan approved by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, we are responsible for the construction of all of our power transmission facilities and the maintenance and repair expenses for such facilities. Also, our generation subsidiaries make plans for expanding our generation capacity based on the Basic Plan, which is generally revised and announced every two years by the Government. For a description of our commitments for acquisition of property, plant and equipment, see Note 49.(1) of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Payment guarantee

See Note 50.(2) to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report for payment guarantees and short-term credit facilities from financial institutions.

Overdraft and Others

See Note 47.(7) to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report for existing guarantees provided by us to our associates, joint ventures and others.

Other than as described in this annual report and also in Notes 47 and 50 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, we did not have any other material credit lines and guarantee commitments provided to any third parties as of December 31, 2024.

 

Item 5.C.

Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

Research and Development

In accordance with our 2035 mid-to-long-term strategy, we have set strategic objectives to transition into a management value-adding R&D system and to develop and commercialize core technologies. The five key R&D areas are: (1) improving the efficiency of management, (2) stabilizing power supply and reducing failures, (3) safety and disaster countermeasures, (4) developing future power grids and (5) leading carbon neutrality. These development goals are outlined below.

 

  •  

Improving the efficiency of management. We are developing technologies aimed at reducing transmission and distribution equipment investment costs as well as operational and maintenance costs.

 

  •  

Stabilizing power supply and reducing failures. We are developing technologies aimed at improving the stability and efficiency of power supply and reducing equipment failures.

 

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  •  

Safety and disaster countermeasures. We are developing technologies aimed at preventing disasters and security accidents in the power sector and reducing the emission of environmental pollutants.

 

  •  

Developing future power grids. We are developing technologies aimed at securing next-generation power equipment and operational technologies for efficient power supply.

 

  •  

Leading carbon neutrality. We are developing technologies aimed at promoting renewable energy and fuel efficiency for thermal power plants.

In addition, we cooperate closely with several other electric utility companies and research institutes, both foreign and domestic, on various projects to diversify the scope and scale of our research and development activities.

In 2025, consistent with the Government guidelines, we plan to invest approximately 2.61% of our annual estimated net sales on a separate basis in research and development. We and our six generation subsidiaries invested Won 889 billion, Won 865 billion and Won 859 billion in 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, and plan to invest Won 1,202 billion in 2025. We and the six generation subsidiaries have 1,487 employees engaged in research and development activities as of December 31, 2024. As a result of our research, we and the six generation subsidiaries have 5,047 registered patents and 8,060 patent applications outstanding in Korea and abroad as of December 31, 2024.

 

Item 5.D.

Trend Information

Trends, uncertainties and events which could have a material impact on our sales, liquidity and capital resources are discussed above in Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Sales and Customers,” Item 5.A. “Operating Results” and Item 5.B. “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

 

Item 5.E.

Critical Accounting Estimates

See Note 2.(4) to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report and other sections of our consolidated financial statements referred to thereunder for accounting estimates that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in our consolidated financial statements.

 

ITEM 6.

DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

 

Item 6.A.

Directors and Senior Management

Board of Directors

Under the KEPCO Act, the Act on the Management of Public Institutions and our Articles of Incorporation, our board of directors, which is required to consist of not more than 15 directors, is vested with the authority over our management. We have seven standing directors (‘sang-im-isa’ in Korean), including the president, and eight non-standing directors (‘bi-sang-im-isa’ in Korean).

Pursuant to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions and our Articles of Incorporation, we have two types of directors: standing directors and non-standing directors. Although the classification of the directors applicable to us as a statutory juridical corporation established under the KEPCO Act is different from the classification under the Korean Commercial Act, which consists of (i) an inside director (‘sa-nae-isa’ in Korean), (ii) an outside director (‘sa-oe-isa’ in Korean) and (iii) other directors who do not serve their directorship positions in full-time capacity but do not qualify as outside directors (‘gita-bi-sang-moo-isa’ in Korean), all of our non-standing directors have been, and are currently appointed from, candidates who satisfy the qualifications of an outside director under the Korean Commercial Act, as the KEPCO Act generally requires us to apply the Korean Commercial Act as applicable.

 

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The Act on the Management of Public Institutions and our Articles of Incorporation require that the number of standing directors, including our president, must be less than one-half of incumbent directors to ensure non-standing directors’ independence from the management and the role of checks and balances. Also, a senior non-standing director appointed by the Ministry of Economy and Finance becomes our chairperson of the board following the review and resolution of the Committee for Management of Public Institutions.

Standing Directors

The standing directors refer to our directors who serve their directorship positions in full-time capacity.

Our president serves as our chief executive officer and represents us and administers our day-to-day business in all matters and bears the responsibility for the management’s performance. Our president is appointed by the President of Korea upon the motion of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy following the nomination by our director nomination committee, the review and resolution of the Committee for Management of Public Institutions pursuant to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions and an approval at the general meeting of our shareholders.

In the event the president acts in violation of law or the Articles of Incorporation, is negligent in his duties, or otherwise is deemed to be significantly impeded in performing his official duties as president, the board of directors may by resolution request the Minister of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy to dismiss or recommend the dismissal of the president.

Our standing director(s) who concurrently serves as a member of the audit committee is appointed through the same appointment process applicable to our president, except that the motion for appointment is made by the Ministry of Economy and Finance instead of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. Such director is non-executive in that he or she does not participate in the management and meets the requirements of independence set forth in Section 303A.02 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

Standing directors other than our president or those who concurrently serve as members of the audit committee are appointed by our president with the approval at the general meeting of our shareholders.

The names, titles and outside occupations, if any, of the standing directors as of April 3, 2025 and the respective years in which they took office are set forth below.

 

Name (Gender)

   Age  

Position

  

Outside Occupation

  

Position Held Since

Kim, Dong-Cheol (Male)

   69   President & Chief Executive Officer   None   September 19, 2023

Jun, Young-Sang (Male)

   60   Comptroller & Auditor General and Member of the Audit Committee (Non-executive)   None   March 7, 2023

Oh, Heung-Bok (Male)

   59   Corporate Senior Vice President and Chief Financial & Strategic Planning Officer   None   February 21, 2024

Ahn, Jung-Eun (Male)

   58   Corporate Senior Vice President and Chief Business Management Officer   None   January 6, 2025

Seo, Chul-Soo (Male)

   59   Corporate Senior Vice President and Chief Power System Officer   None   December 11, 2023

Seo, Guen-Bae (Male)

   61   Corporate Senior Vice President and Chief Global & New Business Officer   None   June 26, 2023

 

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Kim, Dong-cheol has been our President & Chief Executive Officer since September 19, 2023. Prior to his current position, he served as a member of the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th National Assembly, Floor Leader of Bareun Mirae Party and People’s Party, Chairperson of Land Infrastructure and Transport Committee of the National Assembly, and Chairperson of Trade, Industry and Energy Committee. Mr. Kim received a B.A. from Seoul National University.

Jun, Young-Sang has been our Standing Director since March 7, 2023. Mr. Jun previously served as a professor of Public Administration at Konkuk University and an operation director at the Korean Association for Public Administration. Mr. Jun received a Ph.D. in Public Administration from Konkuk University.

Oh, Heung-Bok has been our Standing Director since February 21, 2024. Mr. Oh also currently serves as our Corporate Senior Vice President and Chief Financial & Strategic Planning Officer and previously served as the Head of KEPCO Academy, Vice President and Head of Human Resources Department and Vice President at KEPCO Nam-Seoul Regional Headquarter. Mr. Oh received a M.A. in Public Administration from Korea University.

Ahn, Jung-Eun has been our Standing Director since January 6, 2025. Mr. Ahn also currently serves as our Corporate Senior Vice President and Chief Business Management Officer and previously served as Executive Vice President & Chief Co-prosperity & Cooperation Officer and Vice President & Head of Office of the President. Mr. Ahn received an MBA from Helsinki School of Economics.

Seo, Chul-Soo has been our Standing Director since December 11, 2023. Mr. Seo also currently serves as our Corporate Senior Vice President and Chief Power System Officer and previously served as Vice President and Head of Transmission and Substation Construction Department, Director General of Transmission and Substation Department at KEPCO Daejeon-Sejong-Chungnam Regional Headquarter and Director General of Ulsan Regional Office at KEPCO Busan-Ulsan Regional Headquarter. Mr. Seo received a M.S. in electrical engineering from Chungnam National University.

Seo, Guen-Bae has been our Standing Director since June 26, 2023. Mr. Seo also currently serves as our Corporate Senior Vice President and Chief Global & New Business Officer and previously served as the Executive Vice President and Chief Global Business Division Officer, Vice President and Head of Global Business Development Department, and Director General of Planning and Management Office at KEPCO Busan-Ulsan Regional Headquarter. Mr. Seo received a B.A. in Economics from Seoul National University.

Non-standing Directors

The non-standing directors refer to our directors who do not serve their directorship positions in full-time capacity. The non-standing directors currently do not hold any executive positions with us or our subsidiaries.

Our non-standing directors must be appointed by the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance following the review and resolution of the Committee for Management of Public Institutions from a pool of candidates recommended by the director nomination committee. Our non-standing directors must have ample knowledge and experience in business management and cannot have a dual-role as a public servant other than as a public education officer at a public school. At least one of our non-standing directors must have held his/her office with us for at least three years and either (a) be recommended by the representative of our employees (or the representative of the labor union if there is a labor union comprising the majority of our employees) or (b) obtain consent from the majority of our employees. Our non-standing directors must be approved at the general meeting of our shareholders to become members of our audit committee.

We have reinforced the decision-making power of non-standing directors by requiring both a majority and the chairperson of the board be non-standing directors. Our non-standing directors may request any information necessary to fulfill their duties from our president, and except in special circumstances, our president must comply with such request.

 

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The names, titles and outside occupations, if any, of the non-standing directors as of April 3, 2025 and the respective years in which they took office are set forth below.

 

Name (Gender)

   Age  

Position

  

Principal Occupation

  

Position Held Since

Han, Jin-Hyun (Male)

   65  

Non-Executive Director, Chairperson of the Board of Directors

Chairperson of the Power System Committee

   Adviser of a law firm, Lee & Ko   August 30, 2023

Kim, Jong-Woon (Male)

   67  

Non-Executive Director

Member of the ESG Committee

   None   August 22, 2022

Kim, Jun-Ki (Male)

   59   Non-Executive Director, Chairperson of the ESG Committee   Seoul National University Vice-President of Planning   May 2, 2023

Kim, Sung-Eun (Female)

   68   Non-Executive Director, Chairperson of the Audit Committee  

Professor of Advanced Technology

Business, Kyung Hee University

Graduate School

   November 8, 2023

Lee, Sung-Ho (Male)

   61  

Non-Executive Director,

Member of the Audit Committee

   Professor of Business Administration, University of Seoul   November 8, 2023

Cho, Seong-Jin (Male)

   68  

Non-Executive Director

Member of the Power System Committee

   None   December 4, 2023

Kang, Hoon (Male)

   70   Non-Executive Director, Member of the ESG Committee   Attorney at Law of Barun Law LLC   May 1, 2024

Han, Jin-Hyum has been our Non-Standing Director since August 30, 2023. Mr. Han is currently the adviser of a law firm, Lee and Ko. Mr. Han previously served as Vice Minister of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and the Vice Chairman of Korea International Trade Association. Mr. Han received a B.A. from Chonnam National University, an M.A. from Korea University, and a Ph.D. from Seoul National University of Science and Technology in Economics.

Kim, Jong-Woon has been our Non-Standing Director since August 22, 2022. Mr. Kim previously served as the President of the 6th Naju City Council and a member of the 5th and 6th Naju City Council. Mr. Kim received a B.A. in Public Administration from Gwangju University.

Kim, Jun-Ki has been our Non-Standing Director since May 2, 2023. Mr. Kim is currently the vice president of planning at Seoul National University. Mr. Kim previously served as the President of Seoul National University’s Graduate School of Public Administration. Mr. Kim received a B.A. from London School of Economics, an M.A. and a Ph.D. in Public Policy from Harvard University in Economics.

Kim, Sung-Eun has been our Non-Standing Director since November 8, 2023. Ms. Kim is currently a Professor of Advanced Technology Business at Kyung Hee University Graduate School. Ms. Kim received a B.A. in Communication Studies from Ewha Womans University, an M.B.A. from Cornell University, and an M.A. in Business Tax Law Studies from University of Southern California.

Lee, Sung-Ho has been our Non-Standing Director since November 8, 2023. Mr. Lee is currently a Professor of Business Administration at University of Seoul and Vice Chairman of Korean Academic Society of Business

 

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Administration. Mr. Lee received a B.A. from Korea University, an M.B.A. from University of Wisconsin, and a Ph.D. from University of Illinois in Business Administration.

Cho, Seong-Jin has been our Non-Standing Director since December 4, 2023. Mr. Cho previously served as a Professor of Energy Science at Kyung Sung University and the Non-Executive Director of Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. Mr. Cho received a B.S. in Physics, an M.S. and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from Yonsei University.

Kang, Hoon has been our Non-Standing Director since May 1, 2024. Ms. Kang is currently a Attorney at Law of Barun Law LLC. Mr. Kang previously served as an adjunct professor of Seoul National University and Legal Secretary of the Office of the President. Mr. Kang received a B.A. in Law from Seoul National University

Term of Office of Directors

The term of our president is three years, while that of our directors (standing or non-standing, but except for the president) is two years. According to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, our president’s term cannot be terminated unless it is requested by the President of Korea pursuant to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions or upon an event as specified in our Articles of Incorporation. Under the Korean Commercial Act, if the number of directors is less than the number required under the law or the articles of incorporation, an incumbent director whose term has ended or who has resigned shall nevertheless continue his or her role as a director until a newly appointed director takes office. In such case, our directors may serve as directors beyond two years.

Resolutions of meeting of the Board of Directors

Attendance by a majority of the board members constitutes a voting quorum for our board meetings, and resolutions can be passed by a majority of the board members.

The business address of our directors is 55 Jeollyeok-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, 58322, Korea.

Audit Committee

Under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, which took effect as of April 1, 2007, we are designated as a “market-oriented public enterprise” and, as such, are required to establish an audit committee in lieu of the pre-existing board of auditors upon expiration of the term of the last remaining member of the board of auditors. In September 2007, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to establish, in lieu of the pre-existing board of auditors, an audit committee meeting the requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, the Korean Commercial Act and the amended Articles of Incorporation, we are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of three members, of which not less than two members are required to be non-standing directors. In addition, pursuant to certain amendments to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions that became effective as of January 1, 2021, in appointing the standing member of the audit committee, the director nomination committee shall recommend the person who is qualified in any of the followings: (i) a person who is qualified as a certified public accountant or an attorney and has a minimum of three years of experience in work related to such qualification, (ii) a person who has served as an assistant professor or at a higher position for at least three years in areas directly related to audit, investigation and judicial affairs, budget and accounting, investigation, planning and evaluation, etc. (hereinafter referred to as “audit-related works”) at a school under subparagraphs 1 through 5 of Article 2 of the Higher Education Act), (iii) a person who has been in charge of audit-related works for at least three years at a public institution, stock-listed corporation or research institute under Article 9(15)3 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and has experience prescribed by Presidential Decree, (iv) person who has been in charge of audit-related works for at least three years at the state or a local government and has served as a public official at the level prescribed by Presidential Decree, or (v) person with other expertise in accordance with the affairs of the relevant institution and qualified as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

 

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The roles and responsibilities of our audit committee members are to perform the functions of an audit committee meeting the requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Our audit committee was established on December 8, 2008.

On April 2, 2021, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to incorporate an amendment to the Commercial Act implemented on December 29, 2020, which requires at least one director who will serve as a member of the audit committee to be appointed separately from other directors at the meeting of shareholders.

On November 7, 2022, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to incorporate an amendment to the Commercial Act enacted on December 29, 2020. To appoint a member of the audit committee, the Articles requires affirmative votes of (i) at least a majority of the voting rights of the shareholders present at the shareholders meeting and (ii) at least one-fourth of the total voting rights issued and outstanding. In accordance with our amended Articles, if our board of directors passes a resolution, shareholders may exercise their votes by electronic means. In the case where electronic votes are allowed, it requires affirmative votes of at least a majority of the voting rights participating in the voting for appointment of a member of the audit committee.

Jun, Young-Sang, a standing director, Kim, Jae-Shin and Lee, Sung-Ho, both non-standing directors, are currently members of our audit committee. All such members of the audit committee are independent within the meaning of the Korea Exchange listing standards, the regulations promulgated under the Korean Commercial Act and the New York Stock Exchange listing standards.

ESG Committee

We established an Environment, Social and Governance (“ESG”) Committee within our board of directors to reinforce ESG-based management system and to ensure consistent performance in this area. The ESG Committee consists of four directors. As of the date of this annual report, our ESG committee consists of three non-standing directors, Kim, Jun-ki and Kim, Jong-woon, and Kang, hoon, and one standing director, Oh, Heung-bok. Our ESG Committee is charged with resolving major management issues related to ESG, establishing ESG management strategies and business plans and checking on the overall direction of sustainable management. In 2024, the ESG Committee met three times, and its major agenda included the establishment of 2024 environment management plan and publication of a sustainability report.

Power System Committee

We established the Power System Committee within our board of directors to review, evaluate and improve our major power system policies. The Power System Committee consists of four directors. As of the date of this annual report, our Power System Committee consists of three non-standing directors, Han, Jin-hyun and Cho, Seong-jin and Park, Chung-keun, and one standing director, Seo, chul-su. Our Power System Committee is responsible for reviewing and addressing major agenda items in the electric power sector, such as major implementation plans related to the power system as requested by the board of directors and inspection of the performance evaluation and feedback of major policies of the power system. In 2024, the Power System Committee convened once, and its major agenda included the initiation of major construction projects exceeding 345 kV.

 

Item 6.B.

Compensation

The aggregate amount of remuneration paid to our standing and non-standing directors consist of (i) salaries and wages paid to standing and non-standing directors, which amounted to Won 1,271 million in aggregate in 2024, and (ii) accrued retirement and severance benefits for standing directors, which amounted to Won 36 million in 2024. Under the Act on the Management of Public Institution, our executive officers include the president and the standing and non-standing directors. Standing directors, except the standing director who concurrently serves as a member of our audit committee, take executive positions with our company while the

 

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other directors, including non-standing directors, do not. We do not have any other officer who is in charge of a principal business unit, division or function, any other officer who performs a policy making function or any other person who performs similar policy making functions for us.

 

Item 6.C.

Board Practices

Under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions and our Articles of Incorporation, for appointments made after April 1, 2007, the term of office for our president is three years and the term of our office for our directors (whether standing or non-standing but not the president) is two years. Our president and directors may be reappointed for one or more additional terms of one year. In order to be reappointed, the president must be evaluated on the basis of his management performance; a standing director, on the basis of the performance of the duties for which he was elected, or if the standing director has executed an incentive bonus contract, on the basis of his performance under the contract; and a non-standing director, on the basis of his performance of the duties for which he was elected.

Our board currently does not maintain a compensation committee. See Item 16.G. “Corporate Governance.” However, we currently maintain an audit committee meeting the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act to perform the roles and responsibilities of the compensation committee. Prior to the establishment of the audit committee on December 8, 2008 pursuant to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, we maintained a board of auditors, which performed the roles and responsibilities required of an audit committee under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including the supervision of the financial and accounting audit by the independent registered public accountants.

Our president’s management contract includes benefits upon termination of his employment. The amount for termination benefits payable equals the average value of compensation for one month times the number of years the president is employed by us, provided that the president is only eligible for termination benefits after more than one year of continuous service.

The termination benefits for our standing directors are determined in accordance with our internal regulations for executive compensation. Standing directors are eligible for benefits only upon termination of employment or death following one year of continuous service.

See also Item 16.G. “Corporate Governance” for a further description of our board practices.

 

Item 6.D.

Employees

As of December 31, 2024, we and our generation subsidiaries had a total of 48,440 regular employees, almost all of whom are employed within Korea. Approximately 10.1% of our regular employees (including employees of our generation subsidiaries) are located at our head office.

The following table sets forth the number of and other information relating to our regular employees, not including directors or senior management, as of December 31, 2024.

 

     KEPCO      KHNP      KOSEP      KOMIPO      KOWEPO      KOSPO      EWP      Total  

Regular Employees

                        

Administrative

      4,995        1,141        348        448        314        385        345        7,976  

Engineers

      12,355        9,954        2,191        2,189        2,208        2,041        2,081        33,019  

Others

      5,205        1,105        260        266        217        283        109        7,445  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Total

      22,555        12,200        2,799        2,903        2,739        2,709        2,535        48,440  
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

     

 

 

  

Head Office Employees

      1,656        1,646        299        314        298        308        363        4,884  

% of total

      7.3%        13.5%        10.7%        10.8%        10.9%        11.4%        14.3%        10.1%  

Members of Labor Union

      17,528        8,770        1,955        1,886        1,843        1,835        1,787        35,604  

% of total

      77.7%        71.9%        69.8%        65.0%        67.3%        67.7%        70.5%        73.5%  

 

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We and each of our generation subsidiaries have separate labor unions. Approximately 73.5% of our and our generation subsidiaries’ employees in the aggregate are members of these labor unions, each of which negotiates a collective bargaining agreement for its members each year. Under applicable Korean law, an employee-employer cooperation committee comprised of an equal number of representatives of management and labor (which shall be no less than three and no more than ten representatives from each of management and labor) is required to be established. Accordingly, an employee-employer cooperation committee composed of eight representatives of management and eight representatives of labor has been established within our company and at each of our generation subsidiaries. The committee meets periodically to discuss various labor issues.

Since our formation in 1981, our businesses had not been interrupted by any work stoppages or strikes except in early 2002, when employees belonging to our five non-nuclear generation subsidiaries went on strike for six weeks to protest the Government’s decision to privatize such non-nuclear generation subsidiaries according to the Restructuring Plan, which privatization plan has since been suspended indefinitely. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to KEPCO—The Government may adopt policy measures to substantially restructure the Korean electric power industry or our operational structure, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and profitability.”

We believe our relations with our employees are generally good.

 

Item 6.E.

Share Ownership

As of December 31, 2024, none of our directors and members of our administrative, supervisory or management bodies own more than 0.1% of our common stock, individually or in the aggregate.

Item 6.F. Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

Not applicable.

 

ITEM 7.

MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Item 7.A. Major Shareholders

The following table sets forth information relating to certain owners of our capital stock as of December 31, 2024:

 

Title of Class

   

Identity of Person or Group

    Shares Owned      Percentage of
Class (1) (%)		  

Common stock

   

Government

      116,841,794        18.2 % 
   Korea Development Bank (2)      211,235,264        32.9 % 
     

 

 

     

 

 

  
   Subtotal      328,077,058        51.1 % 
   National Pension Service      48,233,056        7.5 % 
   Employee Stock Ownership Association      10,596,190        1.7 % 
   Directors as a group      4,116        0.0 % 
   Public (non-Koreans)      
  

Common shares

      86,736,010        13.5 % 
  

American depositary shares (3)

      10,678,238        1.7 % 
   Public (Koreans)      157,639,409        24.6 % 
     

 

 

     

 

 

  
   Subtotal      313,887,019        48.9 % 
     

 

 

     

 

 

  
   Total      641,964,077        100.0 % 
     

 

 

     

 

 

  
 

Notes:

 

(1)

Percentages are based on issued shares of common stock.

(2)

Korea Development Bank is a Government-controlled entity.

 

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(3)

The number for American depositary shares (ADSs) presented in this table is the number of common shares underlying the total outstanding ADSs. The actual number of the total outstanding ADSs, each representing one-half of a common share, is 21,356,476.

All of our shareholders have equal voting rights. See Item 10.B. “Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation—Description of Capital Stock—Voting Rights.”

Item 7.B. Related Party Transactions

We are engaged in a variety of transactions with our affiliates. We have related party transactions with Government-controlled entities such as Korea Gas Corporation, our consolidated subsidiaries and our equity investees. In addition, we engage in related party transactions with Korea Development Bank, one of our major shareholders. See Note 47 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report for a description of transaction and balances with our related parties.

In the past three years, our related party transactions principally consisted of purchases of LNG from Korea Gas Corporation and long-term borrowings from Korea Development Bank. In 2022, 2023 and 2024, we and our generation subsidiaries purchased LNG from Korea Gas Corporation in the aggregate amount of Won 11,996 billion, Won 8,874 billion and Won 6,624 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had borrowings from Korea Development Bank in the aggregate amount of Won 336 billion, which had interest rates ranging from 0.50% to 4.94%, CB rate + 0.90%, as well as 1 year KDB rate of + 0.91% for certain operating funds.

We also engage in extensive transactions with our consolidated generation subsidiaries, including the purchase of electricity from them through Korea Power Exchange, sales of electricity to them, payment and receipt of commissions for services and receivables and payables transactions. These are eliminated in the consolidation process. We also provide guarantees for certain of our affiliates. See Note 47.(7) to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report for payment guarantees. We also have certain relationships with the Korea Power Exchange. See Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Purchase of Electricity—Cost-based Pool System.”

For a further description of our transactions with our affiliates, see Note 47 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Item 7.C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

 

ITEM 8.

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

See Item 18. “Financial Statements” and our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Legal Proceedings

As of December 31, 2024, we and our subsidiaries were engaged in 722 lawsuits as a defendant and 264 lawsuits as a plaintiff. As of the same date, the total amount of damages claimed against us and our subsidiaries was Won 884 billion, for which we have made a provision of Won 488 billion as of December 31, 2024, and the total amount claimed by us and our subsidiaries was Won 770 billion as of December 31, 2024. While the outcome of any of these lawsuits cannot presently be determined with certainty, our management currently believes that the final results from these lawsuits will not have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial position or results of operations.

 

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The following are potentially significant claims pertaining to us and our subsidiaries.

In December 2013, the Supreme Court ruled that regular bonuses fall under the category of ordinary wages on the condition that those bonuses are paid regularly and uniformly, and that any agreement which excludes such regular bonuses from ordinary wage is invalid. One of the key rulings provides that bonuses that are given to employees (i) on a regular and continuous basis and (ii) calculated according to the actual number of days worked (iii) that are not incentive-based must be included in the calculation of “ordinary wages.” The Supreme Court further ruled that in spite of invalidity of such agreements, employees shall not retroactively claim additional wages incurred due to such court decision, in case that such claims provide employees with unexpected benefits that substantially exceed the wage level agreed by employers and employees and cause an unpredicted increase in expenditures for their company, which would lead the company to material managerial difficulty or would be a threat to the existence of the company. In that case, such claims are not acceptable as they are unjust and are in breach of the principle of good faith. However, in December 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the claim of workers for additional wages should not be easily rejected for the reason of good faith if there is a possibility of overcoming business difficulties in the future.

As a result of such ruling by the Supreme Court, we and our subsidiaries became subject to a number of lawsuits filed by various industry-wide and company-specific labor unions based on claims that ordinary wage had been paid without including certain items that should have been included as ordinary wage. In July 2016, the court ruled against us, and in accordance with the court’s ruling, in August 2016 we paid Won 55.1 billion to the employees for three years of back pay plus interest. As of December 31, 2024, our subsidiaries set aside an aggregate amount of Won 274.0 billion to cover any potential future payments of additional ordinary and wage in relation to the related lawsuits. All cases are currently on-going at various stages of proceedings. We cannot presently assure you that the courts will not ultimately rule against our subsidiaries in these lawsuits, or that the amount of our reserves against these lawsuits will be sufficient to cover the amounts actually payable under court rulings. Any of these developments would adversely affect our results of operations.

Furthermore, the issue of determining which labor costs should be additionally included as part of ordinary wages has not been fully resolved by the courts reviewing the lawsuits to which our subsidiaries are a party and other ordinary wage lawsuits filed against other companies. For instance, there are several cases pending review of the Supreme Court on whether the bonuses conditional to employee’s current employment status should be included as part of ordinary wages. The Supreme Court, in 2013, had ruled that such conditional bonuses are not a part of ordinary wages, yet there were several lower court cases challenging the Court’s interpretation. Although there was a case of the Supreme Court on November 2022 where it ceased the trial and dismissed the appeal against the lower court case challenging the Court’s interpretation, it is not clear from the above case whether the Supreme Court changed its previous interpretation. If the Supreme Court changes its previous interpretation in its review of the currently pending cases, it is expected to be followed by a series of lawsuits asking for additional payments of the ordinary wages. Due to such uncertainty, we cannot presently assure you that there will not be additional lawsuits in relation to ordinary wages and that we or our subsidiaries may not become liable for greater amount of damages as a result of these lawsuits. Furthermore, court decisions or labor legislations expanding the definition of ordinary wages may prospectively increase the labor costs of us and our subsidiaries. As a result, there can be no assurance that the above-described lawsuits and circumstances will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

In April 2019, a forest fire broke out in Goseong in Gangwon Province, about 210 kilometers from Seoul, causing damages to nearby towns, covering approximately 1,260 hectares. The National Forensic Service has investigated the cause of the fire and has determined that the fire seems to have been started by an electrical arc from our utility pole’s wire, which broke as a result of a strong wind. Based on this finding and follow-up investigations by the Police Department of Goseong, seven employees of KEPCO were prosecuted in connection with the fire. In October 2023, the Supreme Court acquitted the employees. As of March 31, 2025, we have settled with and completed the compensation payment of Won 81.6 billion to victims. In addition, we are also compensating the fire victims by providing a number of services, such as free supply of electricity. We are also

 

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implementing measures to prevent future fires that may result from an electrical arc, including a special maintenance program to be enforced during the dry seasons between March and May. We also implemented operational measures such as tailored operation of protective devices and suspension of operation during periods of low loads and plan to change power facility designs to reflect regional and seasonal characteristics, all of which are intended to help prevent similar incidents from happening in the future.

Our generation subsidiaries, currently and from time to time, are involved in lawsuits incidental to the conduct of their business. A significant number of such lawsuits are based on the claim that the construction and operation of the electricity generation units owned by our generation subsidiaries have impaired neighboring fish farms. Our generation subsidiaries normally pay compensation to the members of fishery associations near our power plant complex for expected losses and damages arising from the construction and operation of their power plants in advance. Despite such compensation paid by us, a claim may still be filed against our generation subsidiaries challenging the compensation paid by us.

KEPCO KDN became subject to a lawsuit filed by its labor union on a claim based on the determination of incentives under management evaluation. The claimed amount is Won 237 billion and the first trial is currently in progress

In September 2023, a group of 40 Korean nationals brought a lawsuit against the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy to rescind the approval for the construction of Shin-Hanul nuclear power plant #3 and #4. In November 2023, we applied to participate in the lawsuit as a stakeholder, and the first trial is currently in progress at the Seoul Administrative Court.

The nuclear power plant at Wolsong #1 unit began operations in 1982 and ended its operations in 2012 pursuant to its 30-year operating license. In February 2015, the NSSC evaluated the safety of operating Wolsong #1 unit and approved its extended operation until November 2022. However, on June 15, 2018, the board of directors of KHNP decided to retire Wolsong #1 unit earlier than planned due to comprehensive evaluation of the economic viability and regional sentiment of its continuing operation. On December 24, 2019, the NSSC approved the permanent shutdown of Wolsong #1 unit. The Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea carried out an investigation into whether the shutdown of Wolsong #1 unit was economically feasible and reported that the benefits of continued operations were set unreasonably low compared to the benefits of being immediately shut down, which may have led to the approval of the permanent shutdown of Wolsong #1 unit. According to the results for the investigation on October 20, 2020, KHNP established new guidelines for economic feasibility assessment in December 2021. On June 30, 2021, the Daejeon District Prosecutor’s Office indicted the former CEO of KHNP for his role in approving the early retirement of Wolsong #1 unit, which was the subject of the aforementioned investigation by the Board of Audit Inspection of Korea. The former CEO of KHNP is facing charges of breach of trust and obstruction of business and the case is currently being adjudicated at the Daejeon District Court.

We and our subsidiaries are also involved in the following arbitrations, among others.

 

  •  

Enzen, one of our subcontractors, filed an arbitration case against us over a contractual dispute in connection with the electric power IT modernization project in Kerala, India. We have not recognized any losses because the probability of economic benefit outflow is remote and the related amount cannot be reasonably determined.

On November 9, 2018, certain of our former executive and employees were convicted in a district court on charges for receiving bribes. In May 2019, the appellate court confirmed the charges.

As part of our efforts to prevent recurrence of similar cases, we have implemented the following measures:

 

  •  

Implementing web training program on integrity for all employees,

 

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  •  

Strengthening integrity and anti-corruption evaluation systems for high-ranking officers and reflecting such results in performance evaluations,

 

  •  

Increasing the punishment and penalties for employee corruption, and

 

  •  

Declaring management unaffected by conflicts of interest through banning the pursuit of private interests in the course of job performance and creating a work environment that caters integrity.

We do not believe such claims or proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, have had or will have a material adverse effect on us and our generation subsidiaries. However, we cannot assure you that this will be the case in the future, given the possibility that we may become subject to more legal and arbitral proceedings arising from changes in the environmental laws and regulations as they become applicable to us and our generation subsidiaries, and the related growth in demand for more compensation by actual and potential affected parties. Further, we cannot assure you that the above convictions and/or related events will not have an adverse effect on our reputation as well as the price of our common shares and our American depositary shares.

Dividend Policy

For our dividend policy, see Item 10.B. “Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation—Description of Capital Stock—Dividend Rights.” For a description of the tax consequences of dividends paid to our shareholders, see Item 10.E. “Taxation—Korean Taxes—Shares or ADSs—Dividends on the Shares of Common Stock or ADSs” and Item 10.E. “Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Consideration for U.S. Persons—Tax Consequences with Respect to Common Stock and ADSs—Distributions on Common Stock or ADSs.”

Item 8.B. Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

 

ITEM 9.

THE OFFER AND LISTING

Item 9.A. Offer and Listing Details

Notes

We have issued the following registered notes and debentures, which are traded principally in the over-the-counter market:

 

  •  

7.95% Zero-To-Full Debentures, due April 1, 2096 (the “7.95% Debentures”);

 

  •  

6% Debentures due December 1, 2026, (the “6% Debentures”);

 

  •  

7% Debentures due February 1, 2027 (the “7% Debentures”); and

 

  •  

6-3/4% Debentures due August 1, 2027 (the “6-3/4% Debentures,” and together with the 7.95% Debentures, the 6% Debentures and the 7% Debentures, the “Registered Debt Securities”).

Sales prices for the Registered Debt Securities are not regularly reported on any United States securities exchange or other United States securities quotation service.”

Share Capital

The principal trading market for our common stock is the Korea Exchange. Our common stock is also listed on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of ADSs. The ADSs have been issued by Citibank, N.A. as depositary and are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “KEP.” One ADS represents one-half of one share of our common stock. As of December 31, 2024, 21,356,476 ADSs representing 1.7% shares of our common stock were outstanding.

 

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Common Stock

Shares of our common stock are listed on the KRX KOSPI Market of the Korea Exchange. The table below shows the high and low closing prices on the KRX KOSPI Market of the Korea Exchange for our common stock since 2018.

 

     Closing Price  

Period

    High      Low  
     (In Won)  

2020

      

First Quarter

        28,500          16,250  

Second Quarter

      23,850        19,000  

Third Quarter

      21,950        18,700  

Fourth Quarter

      28,300        19,950  

2021

      

First Quarter

      27,150        22,700  

Second Quarter

      27,150        23,350  

Third Quarter

      25,650        23,150  

Fourth Quarter

      23,750        20,750  

Fourth Quarter

      28,300        19,950  

2022

      

First Quarter

      24,750        20,100  

Second Quarter

      23,800        21,050  

Third Quarter

      22,950        18,900  

Fourth Quarter

      22,450        16,650  

2023

      

First Quarter

      20,400        17,230  

Second Quarter

      20,600        17,890  

Third Quarter

      20,700        17,810  

Fourth Quarter

      19,650        16,190  

2024

      

First Quarter

      24,850        18,030  

Second Quarter

      22,250        19,070  

Third Quarter

      22,750        18,400  

Fourth Quarter

      24,400        19,850  

October

      23,100        19,850  

November

      24,400        21,500  

December

      24,100        20,000  

2025

      

First Quarter

      23,500        19,560  

January

      21,200        19,560  

February

      23,500        20,650  

March

      22,700        21,350  

April (through April 14)

      23,550        21,350  

 

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ADSs

The table below shows the high and low closing prices on the New York Stock Exchange for the outstanding ADSs since 2018. Each ADS represents one-half of one share of our common stock.

 

     Closing Price per ADS  

Period

     High        Low   
     (In US$)  

2020

      

First Quarter

      17.82        10.51  

Second Quarter

      15.65        10.15  

Third Quarter

      14.59        11.20  

Fourth Quarter

      16.25        11.47  

2021

      

First Quarter

      12.37        10.04  

Second Quarter

      12.18        10.39  

Third Quarter

      11.06        9.84  

Fourth Quarter

      10.04        8.77  

2022

      

First Quarter

      10.18        8.34  

Second Quarter

      9.54        8.26  

Third Quarter

      8.79        6.72  

Fourth Quarter

      8.64        5.80  

2023

      

First Quarter

      10.18        8.34  

Second Quarter

      9.54        8.26  

Third Quarter

      8.79        6.72  

Fourth Quarter

      8.64        5.80  

2024

      

First Quarter

      9.50        6.72  

Second Quarter

      8.27        6.92  

Third Quarter

      8.58        6.88  

Fourth Quarter

      9.00        6.81  

October

      8.35        7.32  

November

      9.00        7.64  

December

      8.56        6.81  

2025

      

First Quarter

      8.27        6.68  

January

      7.42        6.68  

February

      8.18        7.10  

March

      7.74        7.24  

April (through April 14)

      8.27        7.24  

 

Item 9.B.

Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

 

Item 9.C.

Markets

The Korea Exchange

The Korea Exchange began its operations in 1956, originally under the name of the Korea Stock Exchange. On January 27, 2005, pursuant to the Korea Securities and Futures Exchange Act, the Korea Exchange was officially created through the consolidation of the Korea Stock Exchange, the Korea Futures Exchange, the

 

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KOSDAQ Stock Market, Inc., or KOSDAQ, and the KOSDAQ Committee within the Korea Securities Dealers Association, which was in charge of the management of the KOSDAQ. The KRX KOSPI Market of the Korea Exchange, formerly the Korea Stock Exchange, has a single trading floor located in Seoul. The Korea Exchange is a limited liability company, the shares of which are held by (i) securities companies and futures companies that were the members of the Korea Stock Exchange or the Korea Futures Exchange and (ii) the shareholders of the KOSDAQ.

As of March 31, 2025, the aggregate market value of equity securities listed on the KOSPI of the Korea Exchange was approximately Won 2,033,508 billion. The average daily trading volume of equity securities for the first quarter of 2025 was approximately 471 million shares with an average transaction value of Won 10,884 billion.

The Korea Exchange has the power in some circumstances to suspend trading of shares of a given company or to de-list a security. The Korea Exchange also restricts share price movements. All listed companies are required to file accounting reports annually, semi-annually and quarterly and to release immediately all information that may affect trading of a security.

The Government has in the past exerted, and continues to exert, substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector business community which can have the intention or effect of depressing or boosting the market. In the past, the Government has informally both encouraged and restricted the declaration and payment of dividends, induced mergers to reduce what it considers excess capacity in a particular industry and induced private companies to publicly offer their securities.

The Korea Exchange publishes the Korea Composite Stock Price Index, or KOSPI, every ten seconds, which is an index of all equity securities listed on the KRX KOSPI Market of the Korea Exchange. On January 1, 1983, the method of computing KOSPI was changed from the Dow Jones method to the aggregate value method. In the new method, the market capitalizations of all listed companies are aggregated, subject to certain adjustments, and this aggregate is expressed as a percentage of the aggregate market capitalization of all listed companies as of the base date, January 4, 1980.

Movements in KOSPI in the past six years are set out in the following table:

 

     Opening      High      Low      Closing  

2020

      2,175.17        2,873.47        1,457.64        2,873.47  

2021

      2,944.45        3,305.21        2,839.01        2,977.65  

2022

      2,988.77        2,989.24        2,155.49        2,236.40  

2023

      2,225.67        2,667.07        2,218.68        2,655.28  

2024

      2,669.81        2,891.35        2,360.58        2,399.49  

2025 (through April 14)

      2,398.94        2,671.52        2,293.70        2,455.89  
 

Source: The Korea Exchange

Shares are quoted “ex-dividend” on the first trading day of the relevant company’s accounting period; since the calendar year is the accounting period for the majority of listed companies, this may account for the drop in KOSPI between its closing level at the end of one calendar year and its opening level at the beginning of the following calendar year. Such drop is not observed as often since the official ruling by The Ministry of Justice of Korea on January 31, 2023, that the record date for determining shareholders entitled to exercise of their voting rights at the general meeting of shareholders for declaration of dividends and the record date for determining the shareholders entitled to payment of dividends so declared may be set as different dates.

 

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With certain exceptions, principally to take account of a share being quoted “ex-dividend” and “ex-rights,” upward and downward movements in share prices of any category of shares on any day are limited under the rules of the Korea Exchange to 30% of the previous day’s closing price of the shares, rounded down as set out below:

 

Previous Day’s Closing Price (Won)

    Rounded Down to (Won)  

less than 2,000

    W 1  

2,000 to less than 5,000

      5  

5,000 to less than 20,000

      10  

20,000 to less than 50,000

      50  

50,000 to less than 200,000

      100  

200,000 to less than 500,000

      500  

500,000 or more

      1,000  
 

Source: The Korea Exchange

Note:

 

(1)

The above table is applicable since December 11, 2023.

As a consequence, if a particular closing price is the same as the price set by the fluctuation limit, the closing price may not reflect the price at which persons would have been prepared, or would be prepared to continue, if so permitted, to buy and sell shares. Orders are executed on an auction system with priority rules to deal with competing bids and offers.

Due to deregulation of restrictions on brokerage commission rates, the brokerage commission rate on equity securities transactions may be determined by the parties, subject to commission schedules being filed with the Korea Exchange by the securities companies. In addition, a securities transaction tax will generally be imposed on the transfer of shares or certain securities representing rights to subscribe for shares. A special agricultural and fishery tax of 0.15% of the sales prices will also be imposed on transfer of these shares and securities on the Korea Exchange. See Item 10.E. “Taxation—Korean Taxes.”

The number of companies listed on the KRX KOSPI Market of the Korea Exchange since 2020, the corresponding total market capitalization at the end of the periods indicated and the average daily trading volume for those periods are set forth in the following table:

 

Year

   Number
of Listed
Companies		     Total Market Capitalization on the Last
Day for Each Period		     Average Daily Trading
Volume, Value		  
  (Millions of Won)     (Thousands of U.S.
dollars)(1)		     (Thousands
of Shares)		     (Millions of Won)     (Thousands of
U.S. dollars)(1)		  

2020

     795       1,980,543,162       1,823,536,656       895,256       12,200,417       11,233,235  

2021

     818       2,203,366,546       1,853,749,408       1,039,479       15,424,224       12,976,800  

2022

     820       1,767,235,221       1,402,345,041       595,197       9,008,398       7,148,387  

2023

     834       2,126,372,516       1,649,117,819       538,210       9,602,689       7,447,409  

2024

     843       1,963,328,801       1,328,458,489       486,868       10,741,556       7,268,121  

2025 (through April 11)

     845       1,991,847,800       1,403,896,109       482,934       10,633,603       7,494,786  
 

Source: The Korea Exchange

Note:

 

(1)

Converted at the Noon Buying Rate at the end of the periods indicated.

Nextrade, Korea’s alternative trading system (ATS), commenced operations on March 4, 2025. As a result, trading hours have been extended, order types diversified, and transaction costs are expected to decrease due to fee competition. In addition, to ensure investor protection in the context of operating multiple markets, the

 

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regulatory authorities have transitioned to an integrated market supervision and oversight system. The Nextrade operates a Pre-Market session from 8:00 a.m. to 8:50 a.m. and an After-Market session from 3:30 p.m. to 8:00 p.m., in addition to the regular trading hours of the Korea Exchange. As a result, daily stock trading hours in Korea will be extended to a total of 12 hours. As of March 31, 2025, 795 stocks were trading on the ATS, including KEPCO.

The Korean securities markets are principally regulated by the Financial Services Commission and the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. The law imposes restrictions on insider trading and price manipulation, requires specified information to be made available by listed companies to investors and establishes rules regarding margin trading, proxy solicitation, takeover bids, acquisition of treasury shares and reporting requirements for shareholders holding substantial interests.

Protection of Customer’s Interest in Case of Insolvency of Financial Investment Companies with a Brokerage License

Under Korean law, the relationship between a customer and a financial investment company with a brokerage license in connection with a securities sell or buy order is deemed to be consignment, and the securities acquired by a consignment agent (i.e., the financial investment company with a brokerage license) through such sell or buy order are regarded as belonging to the customer insofar as the customer and the consignment agent’s creditors are concerned. Therefore, in the event of bankruptcy or reorganization procedures involving a financial investment company with a brokerage license, the customer of such financial investment company is entitled to the proceeds of the securities sold by such financial investment company.

When a customer places a sell order with a financial investment company with a brokerage license which is not a member of the Korea Exchange and this financial investment company places a sell order with another financial investment company with a brokerage license which is a member of the Korea Exchange, the customer is still entitled to the proceeds of the securities sold received by the non-member company from the member company regardless of the bankruptcy or reorganization of the non-member company.

Likewise, when a customer places a buy order with a non-member company and the non-member company places a buy order with a member company, the customer has the legal right to the securities received by the non-member company from the member company because the purchased securities are regarded as belonging to the customer insofar as the customer and the non-member company’s creditors are concerned.

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Korea Exchange is obliged to indemnify any loss or damage incurred by a counterparty as a result of a breach by its members. If a financial investment company with a brokerage license which is a member of the Korea Exchange breaches its obligation in connection with a buy order, the Korea Exchange is obliged to pay the purchase price on behalf of the breaching member.

As the cash deposited with a financial investment company with a brokerage license is regarded as belonging to such financial investment company, which is liable to return the same at the request of its customer, the customer cannot take back deposited cash from the financial investment company with a brokerage license if a bankruptcy or reorganization procedure is instituted against such financial investment company and, therefore, can suffer from loss or damage as a result. However, the Depositor Protection Act provides that Korean Deposit Insurance Corporation will, upon the request of the investors, pay investors up to Won 50 million per depositor per financial institution in case of such financial investment company’s bankruptcy, liquidation, cancellation of securities business license or other insolvency events (collectively, the “Insolvency Events”). On December 27, 2024, the National Assembly passed an amendment to the Depositor Protection Act to raise the deposit protection limit from the current Won 50 million to Won 100 million, which is expected to take effect during 2025. Pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, subject to certain exceptions, financial investment companies with a brokerage license are required to deposit the cash received from their customers with the Korea Securities Finance Corporation, a special entity established pursuant to the Financial Investment

 

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Services and Capital Markets Act. Set-off or attachment of cash deposits by financial investment companies with a brokerage license is prohibited. The premiums related to this insurance under the Depositor Protection Act are paid by financial investment companies with a brokerage license.

 

Item 9.D.

Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

 

Item 9.E.

Dilution

Not applicable.

 

Item 9.F.

Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

 

ITEM 10.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

 

Item 10.A.

Share Capital

Not applicable.

 

Item 10.B.

Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation

Set forth below is information relating to our capital stock, including brief summaries of material provisions of our Articles of Incorporation, the KEPCO Act, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Korean Commercial Act and certain related laws of Korea, all currently in effect. The following summaries are qualified in their entirety by reference to our Articles of Incorporation and the applicable provisions of the KEPCO Act, Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, the Korean Commercial Act, the Act on the Management of Public Institutions and certain related laws of Korea.

Objects and Purposes

We are a statutory juridical corporation established under the KEPCO Act for the purpose of ensuring “stabilization of the supply and demand of electric power, and further contributing toward the sound development of the national economy through expediting development of electric power resources and carrying out proper and effective operation of the electricity business.” The KEPCO Act and our Articles of Incorporation (Article 2) contemplate that we engage in the following activities:

 

  1.

development of electric power resources;

 

  2.

generation, transmission, transformation and distribution of electricity and other related business activities;

 

  3.

research and development of technology related to the businesses mentioned in items 1 and 2;

 

  4.

overseas businesses related to the businesses mentioned in items 1 through 3;

 

  5.

investments or contributions related to the businesses mentioned in items 1 through 4;

 

  6.

businesses incidental to items 1 through 5;

 

  7.

development and operation of certain real estate held by us to the extent that:

 

  a.

it is necessary to develop certain real estate held by us due to external factors, such as relocation, consolidation, conversion to indoor or underground facilities or deterioration of our substation or office; or

 

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  b.

it is necessary to develop certain real estate held by us to accommodate development of relevant real estate due to such real estate being incorporated into or being adjacent to an area under planned urban development; and

 

  8.

other activities entrusted by the Government.

Our registered name is “Hankook Chollryuk Kongsa” in Korean and “Korea Electric Power Corporation” in English. Our registration number in the commercial registry office is 114671-0001456.

Directors

Under the KEPCO Act and our Articles of Incorporation, our board of directors consists of our president, standing directors and non-standing directors. A majority of the board members constitutes a voting quorum, and resolutions will be passed by a majority of the board members. Directors who have an interest in certain agenda proposed to the board may not vote on such issues.

On April 2, 2021, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to accommodate new requirements under the Korean Commercial Act by requiring at least one director who will serve as a member of the audit committee to be appointed separately from other directors and adding details to the dividend record date in the article on shareholder rights.

On November 7, 2022, we further amended our Articles of Incorporation to incorporate an amendment to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions implemented on August 4, 2022, which requires a “market-oriented public enterprise” like us to appoint at least one non-standing director who has held his or her office for at least three years and either (a) is recommended by the representative of the employees (or the representative of the labor union if there is a labor union comprising the majority of the employees) or (b) obtains consent from the majority of the employees. The term of office of a labor director is two years, and candidates must be recommended and approved in accordance with the Act. In accordance with the guidelines for the management of public institutions, we have assigned labor directors in the appropriate departments or duties to ensure that they are able to carry out their responsibilities efficiently, and provide them with educational opportunities.

The standards of remuneration for our officers, including directors, shall be determined by a resolution of the board of directors, provided that the maximum amount of remuneration to be paid to our officers shall be determined by shareholder resolution and provided that the remuneration standards for the president and standing directors shall be determined by board resolution in accordance with the guideline thereon established by the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance through review and resolution of our management committee. Directors who have an interest may not participate in the meeting of the board of directors for determining the remuneration for officers.

Neither the KEPCO Act nor our Articles of Incorporation have provisions relating to (i) borrowing powers exercisable by the directors and how such borrowing powers can be varied, (ii) retirement or non-retirement of directors under an age limit requirement, or (iii) the number of shares required for a director’s qualification.

Share Capital

Currently, our authorized share capital is 1,200,000,000 shares, which consists of shares of common stock and shares of non-voting preferred stock, par value Won 5,000 per share. Under our Articles of Incorporation, we are authorized to issue up to 150,000,000 non-voting preferred shares. As of December 31, 2024, 641,964,077 common shares were issued and no non-voting preferred shares have been issued. All of the issued and outstanding common shares are fully-paid and non-assessable and are in registered form. Our shares are electronically registered with our account management institution in lieu of issuing share certificates.

 

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Description of Capital Stock

Dividend Rights

Under the KEPCO Act, we are authorized to pay preferential dividends on our shares held by public shareholders as opposed to those held by the Government. Dividends to public shareholders are distributed in proportion to the number of shares of the relevant class of capital stock owned by each public shareholder following approval by the shareholders at a general meeting of shareholders. Korea Development Bank may receive dividends in proportion to the numbers of our shares held by them. Under the Korean Commercial Act and our Articles of Incorporation, we will pay full annual dividends on newly issued shares.

Under our Articles of Incorporation, holders of non-voting preferred shares (of which there are currently none) are entitled to receive an amount not less than 8% of their par value as determined by a resolution of the board of directors at the time of their issuance. However, stock dividends shall be paid based on par value and may not exceed the amount equivalent to a half of the total amount of profit available for dividend payment.

We declare our dividend annually at the annual general meeting of shareholders which is held within three months after the end of the fiscal year. The annual dividend is paid to the shareholders on record as of the end of the fiscal year preceding the annual shareholders’ meeting. The Ministry of Justice of Korea has recently issued an official ruling to the effect that (i) a record date for determining shareholders entitled to exercise of their voting rights at the general meeting of shareholders for declaration of dividends and (ii) a record date for determining the shareholders entitled to payment of dividends so declared may be separately set. Based on the foregoing official ruling, the Government is recommending the listed companies to set the record date for determining the shareholders entitled to payment of dividends after the date of the general meeting of shareholders by resolution of their board of directors so that the investors may invest in the shares of the listed companies after checking whether the dividend is declared and the amount of dividend so declared. We are considering whether to amend our Articles of Incorporation in line with the recommendation but we cannot assure such amendment will take place.

Annual dividends may be distributed either in cash or in our shares. However, a dividend of shares must be distributed at par value, and dividends in shares may not exceed one-half of the annual dividend.

Under the Korean Commercial Act and our Articles of Incorporation, we do not have an obligation to pay any annual dividend unclaimed for five years from the payment date.

The KEPCO Act provides that we shall not pay an annual dividend unless we have made up any accumulated deficit and set aside as a legal reserve an amount equal to 20.0% or more of our net profit until our accumulated reserve reaches one-half of our stated capital.

Distribution of Free Shares

In addition to dividends in the form of shares to be paid out of retained or current earnings, the Korean Commercial Act permits us to distribute to our shareholders an amount transferred from our capital surplus or legal reserve to stated capital in the form of free shares.

Voting Rights

Holders of our common shares are entitled to one vote for each common share, except that voting rights with respect to any common shares held by us or by a corporate shareholder, more than one-tenth of whose outstanding capital stock is directly or indirectly owned by us, may not be exercised. Any person (with certain exceptions) who holds more than 3% of our issued and outstanding shares cannot exercise voting rights with respect to the shares in excess of this 3% limit. See “—Limitation on Shareholdings.” Pursuant to the Korean Commercial Act, cumulative voting is permissible in relation to the appointment of directors. Under the Korean

 

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Commercial Act, a cumulative vote can be requested by the shareholders of a corporation representing at least 1% of the total voting shares of such corporation if the relevant shareholders’ meeting is intended to elect more than two seats of the board of directors and the request for cumulative voting is made to the management of the corporation in writing at least six weeks in advance of the shareholders’ meeting. Under this new voting method, each shareholder will have multiple voting rights corresponding to the number of directors to be appointed in such voting and may exercise all such voting rights to elect one director. Shareholders are entitled to vote cumulatively unless the Articles of Incorporation expressly prohibit cumulative voting. Our current Articles of Incorporation do not prohibit cumulative voting. Except as otherwise provided by law or our Articles of Incorporation, a resolution can be adopted at a general meeting of shareholders by affirmative majority vote of the voting shares of the shareholders present or represented at a meeting, which must also represent at least one-fourth of the voting shares then issued and outstanding. The holders of our non-voting preferred shares (other than enfranchised preferred shares (as described below)) are not entitled to vote on any resolution or to receive notice of any general meeting of shareholders unless the agenda of the meeting includes consideration of a resolution on which such holders are entitled to vote. If we are unable to pay any dividend to holders of non-voting preferred shares as provided in our Articles of Incorporation, the holders of non-voting preferred shares will become enfranchised and will be entitled to exercise voting rights until such dividends are paid. The holders of these “enfranchised preferred shares” have the same rights as holders of our common shares to request, receive notice of, attend and vote at a general meeting of shareholders. Pursuant to the KEPCO Act and our Articles of Incorporation, the appointment of standing directors, the president and standing member of the audit committee are subject to shareholder approval.

Under the Korean Commercial Act, for the purpose of electing our standing member of the audit committee, a shareholder (together with certain related persons) holding more than 3% of the total shares having voting rights may not exercise voting rights with respect to shares in excess of such 3% limit and, according to the amendments to Articles of Incorporation and the Korean Commercial Act, the standing member of the audit committee should be appointed separately from other directors with the procedures and methods stipulated in Article 542-12 of the Korean Commercial Act. On November 7, 2022, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to incorporate an amendment to the Commercial Act implemented on December 29, 2020, which requires the affirmative votes of at least a majority of the voting rights of the shareholders present at the shareholders meeting for appointment of a member of the audit committee in lieu of the affirmative votes of (a) at least a majority of the voting rights of the shareholders present at the shareholders meeting and (b) at least one-fourth (1/4) of the total number of shares with the voting rights issued and outstanding if the shareholders are permitted to exercise a vote by electronic means at such shareholders meeting by the resolution of our board of directors.

The Korean Commercial Act provides that the approval by holders of at least two-thirds of those shares having voting rights present or represented at a meeting, where such shares also represent at least one-third of the total issued and outstanding shares having voting rights, is required in order to, among other things:

 

  •  

amend our Articles of Incorporation;

 

  •  

remove a director (including a member of the audit committee);

 

  •  

effect any dissolution, merger, consolidation or spin-off of us;

 

  •  

transfer the whole or any significant part of our business;

 

  •  

effect the acquisition by us of all of the business of any other company;

 

  •  

effect the acquisition by us of the business of another company that may have a material effect on our business;

 

  •  

reduce capital; or

 

  •  

issue any new shares at a price lower than their par value.

 

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Under our Articles of Incorporation, an approval by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy is required in order to amend the Articles of Incorporation. Any change to our authorized share capital requires an amendment to our Articles of Incorporation.

In addition, in the case of amendments to our Articles of Incorporation or any merger or consolidation of us or in certain other cases which affect the rights or interests of the non-voting preferred shares a resolution must be adopted by a meeting of the holders of non-voting preferred shares approving such event. This resolution may be adopted if approval is obtained from holders of at least two-thirds of those non-voting preferred shares present or represented at such meeting and such non-voting preferred shares also represent at least one-third of our total issued and outstanding non-voting preferred shares.

A shareholder may exercise his voting rights by proxy. The proxy shall present the power of attorney prior to the start of the general meeting of shareholders. Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and our Articles of Incorporation, no one other than us may solicit a proxy from shareholders.

Subject to the provisions of the deposit agreement, holders of our American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) are entitled to instruct the depositary, whose agent is the record holder of the underlying common shares, how to exercise voting rights relating to those underlying common shares.

Preemptive Rights and Issuance of Additional Shares

Authorized but unissued shares may be issued at such times and, unless otherwise provided in the Korean Commercial Act, upon such terms as our board of directors may determine. The new shares must be offered on uniform terms to all our shareholders who have preemptive rights and who are listed on the shareholders’ register as of the record date. Subject to the limitations described under “—Limitation on Shareholdings” below and with certain other exceptions, all our shareholders are entitled to subscribe for any newly issued shares in proportion to their existing shareholdings. Under the Korean Commercial Act, we may vary, without shareholder approval, the terms of such preemptive rights for different classes of shares. Public notice of the preemptive rights to new shares and their transferability must be given not less than two weeks (excluding the period during which the shareholders’ register is closed) prior to the record date. Our board of directors may determine how to distribute shares for which preemptive rights have not been exercised or where fractions of shares occur.

Our Articles of Incorporation provide that new shares that are (1) publicly offered pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, (2) issued to members of our employee stock ownership association, (3) represented by depositary receipts, (4) issued through offering to public investors, or (5) issued to investors in kind under the State Property Act may be issued pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors to persons other than existing shareholders, who in such circumstances will not have preemptive rights.

Under our Articles of Incorporation, we may issue convertible bonds or bonds with warrants each up to an aggregate principal amount of Won 2,000 billion and Won 1,000 billion, respectively, to persons other than existing shareholders. However, the aggregate principal amount of convertible bonds and bonds with warrants so issued to persons other than existing shareholders may not exceed Won 2,000 billion. The convertible bonds or bonds with warrants issued by us shall be electronically registered on the electronic registry maintained by the electronic registrar, in lieu of issuing any physical certificates representing such bonds in accordance with the Electronic Registration Act.

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and our Articles of Incorporation, members of our employee stock ownership association, whether or not they are our shareholders, have a preemptive right, subject to certain exceptions, to subscribe for up to 20.0% of any shares publicly offered pursuant to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. This right is exercisable only to the extent that the total number of shares so acquired and held by members of our employee stock ownership association does not exceed 20.0% of the total number of shares then outstanding.

 

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Liquidation Rights

In the event of our liquidation, the assets remaining after payment of all debts, liquidation expenses and taxes will be distributed among shareholders in proportion to the number of shares held. Holders of our non-voting preferred shares have no preference in liquidation.

Rights of Dissenting Shareholders

In certain limited circumstances (including, without limitation, the transfer of the whole or any significant part of our business or the merger, or consolidation upon a split-off of us with another company), dissenting holders of shares have the right to require us to purchase their shares. To exercise such right, shareholders must submit a written notice of their intention to dissent to us prior to the general meeting of shareholders or the class meeting of holders of non-voting preferred shares, as the case may be. Within 20 days after the date on which the relevant resolution is passed at such meeting, such dissenting shareholders must request us in writing to purchase their shares. We are obligated to purchase the shares of dissenting shareholders within one month after the expiration of such 20-day period. The purchase price for such shares must be determined through negotiation between the dissenting shareholders and us. Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, if we cannot agree on a price through negotiation, the purchase price will be the average of (1) the weighted average of the daily share price on the Korea Exchange for a two-month period before the date of adoption of the relevant board resolution, (2) the weighted average of the daily share price on the Korea Exchange for the one month period before such date and (3) the weighted average of the daily share price on the Korea Exchange for the one week period before such date. However, if we or dissenting shareholders who requested us to purchase their shares oppose such purchase price, the determination of a purchase price may be filed with a court. Holders of ADSs will not be able to exercise dissenter’s rights unless they have withdrawn the underlying Common Stock and become our direct shareholders.

Transfer of Shares

Under the Electronic Registration Act, the transfer of shares is effected by the electronic registration of such transfers on an electronic register pursuant to the Electronic Registration Act, under which the electronic registration of stocks, bonds and transfers thereof will be required. To assert shareholders’ right against us, the transferee must have his name and address registered on our electronic register of shareholders. For this purpose, a shareholder is required to apply for electronic registration of transfers between accounts.

These requirements do not apply to the holders of ADSs. Under current Korean regulations, the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks), financial investment companies with a dealing, brokerage or collective investment license and internationally recognized foreign custodians are authorized to act as agents and provide related services for foreign shareholders. Our transfer agent is Kookmin Bank, located at 26, Gukjegeumyung-ro 8-gil, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Korea. Certain foreign exchange controls and securities regulations apply to the transfer of our shares by non-residents of Korea or non-Koreans. See Item 9. “The Offer and Listing.”

Acquisition of Our Own Shares

Under the Korean Commercial Act, we may acquire our own shares through (1) purchases on a stock exchange or (2) purchase of the shares in proportion to the number of shares held by each shareholder on equal terms and conditions, by a resolution at a Shareholders’ meeting. The aggregate amount of the acquisition price shall not exceed the excess of our net assets, on a non-consolidated basis, over the sum of (1) our stated capital, (2) the total amount of our capital surplus reserve and earned surplus reserve which have accumulated up to the end of the previous fiscal year, (3) our earned surplus required to be accumulated for the then current fiscal year and (4) our net assets stated in the balance sheet as being increased as a result of the evaluation of the assets and liabilities in accordance with our accounting principles without being set off against any unrealized losses. In

 

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addition, under the Korean Commercial Act, we may not acquire our own shares if our net assets may fall short of the aggregate amount of the item (1) to (4) above, on a non-consolidated basis, as of the conclusion of the relevant business year of us. In general, our subsidiaries 50% or more of whose shares are owned by us may not acquire our shares.

General Meeting of Shareholders

The ordinary general meeting of our shareholders is held within three months after the end of each fiscal year, and subject to board resolution or court approval, an extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders may be held as necessary or at the request of shareholders holding an aggregate of 1.5% or more of our outstanding common shares for at least six consecutive months. Under the Korean Commercial Act, an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders may be convened at the request of our audit committee, subject to a board resolution or court approval. Holders of non-voting preferred shares may only request a general meeting of shareholders once the non-voting preferred shares have become enfranchised as described under “—Description of Capital Stock—Voting Rights” above. Written notices setting forth the date, place and agenda of the meeting must be given to shareholders at least two weeks prior to the date of the general meeting of shareholders. However, pursuant to the Korean Commercial Act and our Articles of Incorporation, with respect to holders of less than 1% of the total number of our issued and outstanding shares which are entitled to vote, notice may be given by placing at least two public notices at least two weeks in advance of the meeting in at least two daily newspapers published in Seoul or by placing a public notice in the electrical disclosure system of the Financial Supervisory Service or the Korea Exchange, at least two weeks in advance of the meeting. Currently, for giving such notice, we use an electronic disclosure system available for access at a website maintained by the Financial Supervisory Service (known as the Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System, or DART). Shareholders not on the shareholders’ register as of the record date are not entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of shareholders or attend or vote at such meeting. Holders of the enfranchised preferred shares on the shareholders’ register as of the record date are entitled to receive notice of, and to attend and vote at, the general meetings. Otherwise, holders of non-voting preferred shares are not entitled to receive notice of general meetings of shareholders or vote at such meetings.

The general meeting of shareholders is held in Naju, Jeollanam-do.

Register of Shareholders and Record Dates

Our transfer agent, Kookmin Bank, maintains the register of our shareholders at its office in Seoul, Korea. It registers transfers of our shares on the register of shareholders upon presentation of the share certificates.

The record date for annual dividends is December 31. For the purpose of determining the holders of shares entitled to annual dividends, the register of shareholders may be closed from January 1 to January 31 of each year. The Ministry of Justice of Korea has recently issued an official ruling to the effect that (i) a record date for determining shareholders entitled to exercise of their voting rights at the general meeting of shareholders for declaration of dividends and (ii) a record date for determining the shareholders entitled to payment of dividends so declared may be separately set. Based on the foregoing official ruling, the Government is recommending the listed companies to set the record date for determining the shareholders entitled to payment of dividends after the date of the general meeting of shareholders by resolution of their board of directors so that the investors may invest in the shares of the listed companies after checking whether the dividend is declared and the amount of dividend so declared. We are considering whether to amend our Articles of Incorporation in line with the recommendation but we cannot assure such amendment will take place.

Further, the Korean Commercial Act and our Articles of Incorporation permit us at least two weeks’ public notice to set a record date and/or close the register of shareholders for not more than three months for the purpose of determining the shareholders entitled to certain rights pertaining to our shares. The trading of our shares and the electronic registration of share transfer between accounts pursuant to the Electronic Registration Act in respect of them may continue while the register of shareholders is closed.

 

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Annual Report

At least one week prior to the annual general meeting of shareholders, our business report and audited consolidated financial statements must be made available for inspection at our principal office and at all branch offices. Copies of business reports, the audited non-consolidated financial statements and any resolutions adopted at the general meeting of shareholders will be available to our shareholders.

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, we must file with the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange an annual report within 90 days after the end of our fiscal year, a half-year report within 45 days after the end of the first six months of our fiscal year and quarterly reports within 45 days after the end of the first three months and nine months of our fiscal year. Following our adoption of IFRS starting in January 1, 2011 pursuant to regulatory requirements for listed companies in Korea, we are required to file annual, half-year and quarterly reports containing annual and interim financial statements and notes thereto on a consolidated basis as well as on a separate basis.

In addition, pursuant to the Enforcement Decree of the Commercial Act, when a Korean listed company convokes a meeting of shareholders, it shall provide shareholders with the annual report and the audit report by sending them via email or posting them on its website no later than a week prior to the meeting of shareholders.

Limitation on Shareholdings

No person other than the Government, our employee stock ownership association and persons who obtain an approval from the Financial Services Commission may hold for its account more than 3% of our total issued and outstanding shares. In calculating shareholdings for this purpose, shares held by your spouse and your certain relatives or by your certain affiliates (such spouses, relatives and affiliates are together referred to as “Affiliated Holders”) are deemed to be held by you. If you hold our shares in violation of this 3% limit, you are not entitled to exercise the voting rights or preemptive rights of our shares in excess of such 3% limit and the Financial Services Commission may order you to take necessary corrective action. In addition, the KEPCO Act currently requires that the Government, directly or through Korea Development Bank, own not less than 51% of our capital. For other restrictions on shareholdings, see Item 9. “The Offer and Listing.”

Change of Control

The KEPCO Act requires that the Government, directly or pursuant to the Korea Development Bank Act, through Korea Development Bank, own not less than 51% of our capital.

Disclosure of Share Ownership

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, any person whose direct or beneficial ownership of a listed company’s shares with voting rights, equity-related debt securities including convertible bonds, bonds with warrants, exchangeable bonds, certificates representing the rights to subscribe for common shares, derivatives-linked securities and depository receipts of the aforementioned securities (collectively referred to as “Equity Securities”), together with the Equity Securities directly or beneficially owned by certain related persons or by any person acting in concert with the person, accounts for 5% or more of our total outstanding Equity Securities is required to report the status and purpose (in terms of whether the purpose of shareholding is to participate in the management of the issuer) of the holdings and the material contents of the agreements relating to the Equity Securities and other matters prescribed by the Presidential Decree under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act to the Financial Services Commission of Korea and the Korea Exchange within five business days after reaching the 5% ownership interest threshold.

In addition, (A) any change in the number of the owned Equity Securities that is 1% or more of the total outstanding Equity Securities subsequent to the report or (B) any change in (i) the purpose of the shareholding or

 

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ownership of the Equity Securities (whether such shareholding or ownership is to participate in the management of the listed company or not), (ii) whether such shareholding or ownership is for a simple investment purpose or not (limited to the case where the purpose of the shareholding or ownership of the Equity Securities is not to participate in the management of the listed company), (iii) the major terms and conditions of the agreements relating to the Equity Securities owned (such as trust agreements and collateral agreements) to the extent the number of relevant Equity Securities is 1% or more of the total outstanding Equity Securities or (iv) the type of the ownership (direct ownership or holdings) to the extent the number of relevant Equity Securities is equal to or exceeds 1% of the total outstanding Equity Securities, subsequent to the report, must be reported to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange. Changes set forth in clauses (A) and (B) above must be reported within five business days from the date of such change (or by the tenth day of the month following the month in which the change described in (A) above occurs, in the case of a person (other than certain professional investors prescribed by the Presidential Decree under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act) with a purpose of simple investment, or within ten business days from the date of such change in the case of a person with a purpose of general investment with no intent to seek management control).

Notwithstanding the foregoing, certain professional investors prescribed by the Presidential Decree of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act may report the 5% ownership status and the changes described in (A) above to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange by the tenth day of the month immediately following the end of the quarter in which such 5% ownership interest is reached or the change occurs.

When filing a report to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange in accordance with the reporting requirements described above, a copy of such report must be sent to the relevant listed company. Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to sanctions such as prohibition on the exercise of voting rights with respect to the Equity Securities for which the reporting requirement was violated or fines or imprisonment. Furthermore, the Financial Services Commission may order the disposal of the Equity Securities for which the reporting requirement was violated or may impose administrative fine.

A person reporting to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange that his purpose of holding the Equity Securities is to participate in the management of the listed company is prohibited from acquiring additional Equity Securities of the listed company and exercising voting rights during the period commencing from the date on which the event triggering the reporting requirements occurs to the fifth day from the date on which the report is made.

 

Item 10.C.

Material Contracts

None.

 

Item 10.D.

Exchange Controls

General

The Foreign Exchange Transaction Act and the Presidential Decree and regulations under that Act and Decree, or collectively the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, regulate investment in Korean securities by non-residents and issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies. Non-residents may invest in Korean securities pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws. The Financial Services Commission has also adopted, pursuant to its authority under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, regulations that regulate investment by foreigners in Korean securities and issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies.

Subject to certain limitations, the Ministry of Economy and Finance has the authority to take the following actions under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws: (i) if the Government deems it necessary on account of

 

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war, armed conflict, natural disaster or grave, sudden and significant changes in domestic or foreign economic circumstances or similar events or circumstances, the Ministry of Economy and Finance may temporarily suspend performance under any or all foreign exchange transactions, in whole or in part, to which the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws apply (including suspension of payment and receipt of foreign exchange) or impose an obligation to deposit, safe-keep or sell any instruments of payment to the Bank of Korea or certain other governmental agencies or a foreign exchange equalization fund or financial institutions, or effective from July 18, 2017, impose an obligation on resident creditors to collect and recover debts owed by non-resident debtors, and (ii) if the Government concludes that the international balance of payments and international financial markets are experiencing or are likely to experience significant disruption or that the movement of capital between Korea and other countries are likely to adversely affect the Korean Won, exchange rates or other macroeconomic policies, the Ministry of Economy and Finance may take action to require any person who intends to effect or effects a capital transaction to obtain permission or to deposit a portion of the instruments of payment acquired in such transactions with the Bank of Korea or a foreign exchange equalization fund or financial institutions.

Government Review of Issuances of Debt Securities and ADSs and Report for Payments

In order for us to issue debt securities of any series outside of Korea, we are required to file a report with our designated foreign exchange bank or the Ministry of Economy and Finance on the issuance of such debt securities, depending on the issuance amount. The Ministry of Economy and Finance may at its discretion direct us to take measures as necessary to avoid undue exchange rate fluctuations before it accepts such report. Furthermore, in order for us to make payments of principal of or interest on the debt securities of any series and other amounts as provided in an indenture and such debt securities, we are required to present relevant documents to the designated foreign exchange bank at the time of each actual payment. The purpose of such presentation is to ensure that the actual remittance is consistent with the terms of the transaction reported to our designated foreign exchange bank or the Ministry of Economy and Finance.

In order for us to offer for purchase shares of our common stock held in treasury in the form of ADSs or issue shares of our common stock represented by the ADSs, we are required to file a prior report of such offer or issuance with our designated foreign exchange bank or the Ministry of Economy and Finance, depending on the offering amount. The Ministry of Economy and Finance may at its discretion direct us to take measures as necessary to avoid undue exchange rate fluctuations before it accepts such report. No further governmental approval is necessary for the initial offering and issuance of the ADSs.

In order for a depositary to acquire any existing shares of our common stock from holders of these shares of common stock (other than from us) for the purpose of issuance of depositary receipts representing these shares of common stock, the depositary would be required to obtain our consent for the number of shares to be deposited in any given proposed deposit which exceeds the difference between (1) the aggregate number of shares deposited by us or with our consent for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial and all subsequent offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions related to these ADSs) and (2) the number of shares on deposit with the depositary at the time of such proposed deposit. We may not grant this consent for the deposit of shares of our common stock in the future, if our consent is required. Therefore, a holder of ADSs who surrenders ADSs and withdraws shares of our common stock may not be permitted subsequently to deposit such shares and obtain ADSs.

In addition, we are also required to notify the Ministry of Economy and Finance upon receipt of the full proceeds from the offering of ADSs. No additional governmental approval is necessary for the offering and issuance of ADSs.

Reporting Requirements for Holders of Substantial Interests

Under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, any person whose direct beneficial ownership of a listed company’s Equity Securities, together with the Equity Securities beneficially owned by

 

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certain related persons or by any person acting in concert with such person, accounts for 5% or more of our total outstanding Equity Securities is required to report the status and purpose (namely, whether the purposes of the share ownership is to participate in the management of the issuer) of the holdings and the material contents of the agreements relating to the Equity Securities and other matters prescribed by the Presidential Decree under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange within five business days after reaching the 5% ownership interest and any change in ownership interest subsequent to the report which equals or exceeds 1.0% of the total outstanding Equity Securities is required to be reported to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange within five business days from the date of the change.

In addition, (A) any change in the number of the owned Equity Securities that is 1% or more of the total outstanding Equity Securities subsequent to the report or (B) any change in (i) the purpose of the shareholding or ownership of the Equity Securities (whether such shareholding or ownership is to participate in the management of the listed company or not), (ii) whether such shareholding or ownership is for a simple investment purpose or not (limited to the case where the purpose of the shareholding or ownership of the Equity Securities is not to participate in the management of the listed company), (iii) the major terms and conditions of the agreements relating to the Equity Securities owned (such as trust agreements and collateral agreements) to the extent the number of relevant Equity Securities is 1% or more of the total outstanding Equity Securities or (iv) the type of the ownership (direct ownership or holdings) to the extent the number of relevant Equity Securities is equal to or exceeds 1% of the total outstanding Equity Securities, subsequent to the report, must be reported to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange. Changes set forth in clauses (A) and (B) above must be reported within five business days from the date of such change (or by the tenth day of the month following the month in which the change described in (A) above occurs, in the case of a person (other than certain professional investors prescribed by the Presidential Decree under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act) with a purpose of simple investment, or within ten business days from the date of such change in the case of a person with a purpose of general investment with no intent to seek management control).

Notwithstanding the foregoing, certain professional investors prescribed by the Presidential Decree of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act may report the 5% ownership status and the changes described in (A) above to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange by the tenth day of the month immediately following the end of the quarter in which such 5% ownership interest is reached or the change occurs.

When filing a report to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange in accordance with the reporting requirements described above, a copy of such report must be sent to the relevant listed company. Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to sanctions such as prohibition on the exercise of voting rights with respect to the Equity Securities for which the reporting requirement was violated or fines or imprisonment. Furthermore, the Financial Services Commission may order the disposal of the Equity Securities for which the reporting requirement was violated or may impose administrative fine.

A person reporting to the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange that his purpose of holding the Equity Securities is to participate in the management of the listed company is prohibited from acquiring additional Equity Securities of the listed company and exercising voting rights during the period commencing from the date on which the event triggering the reporting requirements occurs to the fifth day from the date on which the report is made.

In addition to the reporting requirements described above, any person whose direct or beneficial ownership of our voting stock and/or depository receipts for our voting stock accounts for 10.0% or more of the total issued and outstanding voting stock, whom we refer to as a major shareholder, must file a report to the Securities and Futures Commission and to the Korea Exchange within five business days after the date on which the person reached such shareholding percentage. In addition, such person must file a report to the Securities and Futures Commission and to the Korea Exchange regarding any subsequent change in his/her shareholding. Such report on

 

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subsequent change in shareholding must be filed within five business days of the occurrence of any such change. Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to criminal sanctions such as fines and imprisonment.

Restrictions Applicable to ADSs

No governmental approval is necessary for the sale and purchase of ADSs in the secondary market outside Korea or for the withdrawal of shares of our common stock underlying ADSs and the delivery inside Korea of the withdrawn shares.

Special Reporting Requirement for Companies Whose Securities Are Listed on Foreign Exchanges

Under the regulations of the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange, (i) if a company listed on the Korea Exchange has submitted a public disclosure of material matters to a foreign financial investment supervisory authority pursuant to the laws of the foreign jurisdiction, then it must submit a copy of the public disclosure and a Korean translation thereof to the Financial Services Commission of Korea and the Korea Exchange, and (ii) if a company listed on the Korea Exchange is approved for listing on a foreign stock market or determined to be de-listed from the foreign stock market or actually listed on, or de-listed from, a foreign stock market, then it must submit a copy of any document, which it submitted to or received from the relevant foreign government, foreign financial investment supervisory authority or the foreign stock market, and a Korean translation thereof to the Financial Services Commission of Korea and the Korea Exchange.

Persons who have acquired shares of our common stock as a result of the withdrawal of shares of common stock underlying ADSs may exercise their preemptive rights for new shares, participate in free distributions and receive dividends on shares of our common stock without any further governmental approval.

Restrictions Applicable to Common Stock

Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws and the Regulations on Financial Investment Business (together, the “Investment Rules”), foreigners are permitted to invest, subject to certain exceptions and procedural requirements, in all shares of Korean companies unless prohibited by specific laws. Foreign investors may trade shares listed on the Korea Exchange only through the Korea Exchange except for certain limited circumstances. These circumstances include, among others, (1) odd-lot trading of shares, (2) acquisition of shares by a foreign company as a result of a merger, (3) acquisition or disposal of shares in connection with a tender offer, (4) acquisition of shares by exercise of warrant, conversion right under convertible bonds, exchange right under exchangeable bonds or withdrawal right under depositary receipts, each issued outside of Korea by a Korean company, such shares being “Converted Shares,” (5) acquisition of shares through exercise of rights under securities issued outside of Korea, (6) acquisition of shares as a result of inheritance, donation, bequest or exercise of shareholders’ rights (including preemptive rights or rights to participate in free distributions and receive dividends), (7) over-the-counter transactions between foreigners of a class of shares for which a ceiling on aggregate acquisition by foreigners (as explained below) exists and has been reached or exceeded, (8) acquisition of shares by direct investment under the Foreign Investment Promotion Law, (9) acquisition and disposal of shares on an overseas stock exchange market, if such shares are simultaneously listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market of the Korea Exchange and such overseas stock exchange, and (10) arm’s length transactions between foreigners in the event all such foreigners belong to an investment group managed by the same person.

Following the amendment and enforcement of the Regulations on Financial Investment Business as of December 14, 2023, (i) the foreign investor registration requirement has been abolished, and foreign investors are allowed to open a brokerage account with a financial investment company or financial institution in Korea only with (in case of the foreign legal entity) LEI (Legal Entity Identifier) or (in case of the foreign individual) his or her passport number (as the case may be), (ii) the scope of the over-the-counter transactions exceptionally

 

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permitted such as the transactions without change of actual owner (e.g., merger of funds, transaction between feeder fund and master fund, between asset manager and fund managed by such asset manager or between funds managed by the same asset manager) has been expanded, (iii) the use of omnibus account for foreign investors has been facilitated by abolishing the reporting requirement for trading details of the listed shares by each end-investor immediately after the settlement and (iv) the post-reporting procedures, applying to the over-the-counter transactions exceptionally permitted, have been simplified.

A foreign investor may appoint one or more standing proxies from among the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks), financial investment companies (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies) with a dealing, brokerage or collective investment license and certain eligible foreign custodians which will exercise shareholders’ rights or perform any matters related to the foregoing activities if the foreign investor does not perform these activities himself. Generally, a foreign investor may not permit any person, other than his/her standing proxy, to exercise rights relating to his shares or perform any tasks related thereto on his behalf. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with these standing proxy rules with the approval of the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service in cases deemed inevitable by reason of conflict between the laws of Korea and those of the home country of the foreign investor.

The shares of a listed Korean company owned by a foreign investor must be electronically registered in accordance with the Electronic Registration Act through an eligible custodian in Korea. Only the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks (including domestic branches of foreign banks), financial investment companies (including domestic branches of foreign financial investment companies) with a dealing, brokerage or collective investment license and certain eligible foreign custodians are eligible to be a custodian of shares for a foreign investor; provided, however, that a foreign investor is exempted from the above requirement if it (i) acquires shares publicly offered or sold outside Korea for the purpose of listing on an overseas stock exchange or (ii) acquires or disposes of shares through an overseas stock exchange if such shares are simultaneously listed on the Korea Exchange and such overseas stock exchange. Furthermore, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with this deposit requirement with the approval of the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service in circumstances where compliance with that requirement is made impracticable, including cases where compliance would contravene the laws of the home country of such foreign investor.

Under the Investment Rules, with certain exceptions, a foreign investor may acquire shares of a Korean company without being subject to any single or aggregate foreign investment ceiling. However, certain designated public corporations are subject to a 40.0% ceiling on acquisitions of shares by foreigners in the aggregate and a ceiling on acquisitions of shares by a single foreign investor provided in the Articles of Incorporation of such corporations. Of the Korean companies listed on the Korea Exchange, we are so designated. The Financial Services Commission may impose other restrictions as it deems necessary for the protection of investors and the stabilization of the Korean securities and derivatives market. Generally, the ownership of Converted Shares constitutes foreign ownership for purposes of such aggregate foreign ownership limit. However, the acquisition of Converted Shares is one of the exceptions under which foreign investors may acquire shares of designated corporations in excess of the 40.0% ceiling.

In addition to the aggregate foreign investment ceiling set out under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, our Articles of Incorporation set a 3% ceiling on acquisition by a single investor (whether domestic or foreign) of the shares of our common stock. Any person (with certain exceptions) who holds more than 3% of our issued and outstanding shares cannot exercise voting rights with respect to our shares in excess of this 3% limit.

The ceiling on aggregate investment by foreigners applicable to us may be exceeded in certain limited circumstances, including as a result of acquisition of:

 

  •  

shares by a depositary issuing depositary receipts representing such shares (whether newly issued shares or outstanding shares);

 

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  •  

Converted Shares;

 

  •  

Shares, stock option from the exercise of shareholders’ rights; or

 

  •  

shares by gift, inheritance or bequest.

A foreigner who has acquired shares in excess of any ceiling described above may not exercise his voting rights with respect to the shares exceeding such limit and the Financial Services Commission may take necessary corrective action against him.

Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, a foreign investor who intends to acquire shares must designate a foreign exchange bank at which he must open a foreign currency account and a Won account exclusively for stock investments. No approval is required for remittance into Korea and deposit of foreign currency funds in the foreign currency account. Foreign currency funds may be transferred from the foreign currency account at the time required to place a deposit for, or settle the purchase price of, a stock purchase transaction to a Won account opened at a securities company. Funds in the foreign currency account may be remitted abroad without any governmental approval.

Dividends on shares of our common stock are paid in Won. No governmental approval is required for foreign investors to receive dividends on, or the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares to be paid, received and retained in Korea. Dividends paid on, and the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares held by a non-resident of Korea must be deposited either in a Won account with the investor’s securities company or the investor’s Won account. Funds in the investor’s Won account may be transferred to his foreign currency account or withdrawn for local living expenses, provided that any withdrawal of local living expenses in excess of a certain amount should be reported to the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service. Funds in the investor’s Won account may also be used for future investment in shares or for payment of the subscription price of new shares obtained through the exercise of preemptive rights.

Financial investment companies with a securities dealing, brokerage or collective investment license are allowed to open foreign currency accounts with foreign exchange banks exclusively for accommodating foreign investors’ stock investments in Korea. Through these accounts, these securities companies and asset management companies may enter into foreign exchange transactions on a limited basis, such as conversion of foreign currency funds and Won funds, either as a counterparty to or on behalf of foreign investors without them having to open their own accounts with foreign exchange banks.

 

Item 10.E.

Taxation

Korean Taxes

The following summary describes the material Korean tax consequences of ownership of the Registered Debt Securities and ADSs. Persons considering the purchase of the Registered Debt Securities or ADSs should consult their own tax advisors with regard to the application of the Korean income tax laws to their particular situations as well as any tax consequences arising under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction. Reference is also made to a tax treaty between Korea and the United States entitled “Convention Between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and the Encouragement of International Trade and Investment,” signed on June 4, 1976 and entered into force on October 20, 1979.

The following summary of Korean tax considerations applies to you so long as you are not:

 

  •  

a resident of Korea;

 

  •  

a corporation having its head office, principal place of business or place of effective management in Korea; or

 

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  •  

engaged in a trade or business in Korea through a permanent establishment or a fixed base to which the relevant income is attributable or with which the relevant income is effectively connected.

Registered Debt Securities

Taxation of Interest

Pursuant to the Special Tax Treatment Control Law (“STTCL”), when we make payments of interest to you on the Registered Debt Securities, no amount will be withheld from such payments for, or on account of, any income taxes of any kind imposed, levied, withheld or assessed by Korea or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein, provided that Registered Debt Securities are deemed to be foreign currency-denominated bonds issued outside of Korea for the purpose of the STTCL.

If the tax exemption under the STTCL referred to above were to cease to be in effect, the rate of income tax or corporation tax applicable to the interest on the Registered Debt Securities would be 14% of income for a non-resident without a permanent establishment in Korea. In addition, local income tax would be imposed at the rate of 10.0% of the income tax or corporation tax (which would increase the total tax rate to 15.4%), unless reduction is available under an applicable income tax treaty. If you are a qualified resident in a country that has entered into a tax treaty with Korea, you may qualify for an exemption or a reduced rate of Korean withholding tax. See the discussion under “—Shares or ADSs—Tax Treaties” below for an additional explanation on treaty benefits.

In order to obtain the benefits of an exemption or a reduced withholding tax rate under a tax treaty, you must submit to us, prior to the interest payment date, such evidence of tax residence as may be required by the Korean tax authorities in order to establish your entitlement to the benefits of the applicable tax treaty.

Furthermore, Korean tax laws require the beneficial owner to submit an application for entitlement to a reduced tax rate together with the documents proving the beneficial owner of such Korean source income (including a certificate of tax residence of the beneficial owner issued by a competent authority of the country of tax residence of the beneficial owner) to a withholding obligor paying Korean source income in order to benefit from the available reduced tax rate pursuant to the relevant tax treaty. Under Korean tax laws and subject to certain exceptions, an overseas investment vehicle (which is defined as an organization established in a foreign jurisdiction that manages funds collected through investment solicitation by acquiring, disposing or otherwise investing in proprietary targets and then distributes the proceeds thereof to investors) (the “Overseas Investment Vehicle”) must obtain an application for entitlement to a reduced tax rate along with the documents proving the beneficial owner of such Korean source income (including a certificate of tax residence) from the beneficial owner and submit to the withholding obligor an overseas investment vehicle report (prepared by the Overseas Investment Vehicle) which includes a detailed statement on the beneficial owner together with the application for entitlement to a reduced tax rate received from the beneficial owner.

Due to recent amendment to the Korean tax laws, which applies for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2020, Overseas Investment Vehicles may be regarded as beneficial owners of Korean sourced income in certain situations. Pursuant to such amendment, Overseas Investment Vehicles may be treated as beneficial owners of Korean source income if one of the following conditions are met: (i) the Overseas Investment Vehicle is subject to taxation in the jurisdiction in which it resides and there is no intentional tax avoidance purpose to establishing the Overseas Investment Vehicle in the jurisdiction; (ii) the Overseas Investment Vehicle is deemed as the beneficial owner under a tax treaty; or (iii) the Overseas Investment Vehicle is unable to confirm its list of beneficial owners investing in the Overseas Investment Vehicle (if only a portion of the beneficial owners are confirmed, applies with respect to the remaining unconfirmed list of beneficial owners). Overseas Investment Vehicles that are not regarded as foreign “corporations” for purposes of the Korean tax law may be recognized as beneficial owners if one of the above conditions (ii) or (iii) are met. Starting from January 1, 2022, the above conditions (i) and (ii) are changed as follows: (i) under the applicable tax treaty, the Overseas Investment Vehicle

 

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bears tax liabilities in the country in which it is established and the Korean source income is eligible for the treaty benefits under the tax treaty; or (ii) where the Overseas Investment Vehicle does not meet the above condition (i), the Overseas Investment Vehicle is deemed to be the beneficial owner of the Korean source income under the applicable tax treaty and the Korean source income is eligible for the treaty benefits under the tax treaty. Further, Overseas Investment Vehicles that meet condition (iii) would be subject to the default statutory withholding tax rate under the Korean tax laws and the treaty withholding rates under relevant tax treaties would not apply even though the Overseas Investment Vehicles are deemed to be beneficial owners of Korean source income.

Taxation of Capital Gains

Korean tax laws currently exclude from Korean taxation gains made by a non-resident without a permanent establishment in Korea from the sale of a Registered Debt Security to another non-resident (except where a non-resident sells Registered Debt Securities to another non-resident’s permanent establishment in Korea, if any). In addition, capital gains realized from the transfer of Registered Debt Securities outside Korea by non-residents with or without permanent establishments in Korea are currently exempt from taxation by virtue of the STTCL, provided that the issuance of such Registered Debt Securities is deemed to be an overseas issuance of foreign currency-denominated bonds under the STTCL. If you sell or otherwise dispose of a Registered Debt Security through other ways than those mentioned above, any gain realized on the transaction will be taxable at ordinary Korean withholding tax rates (which is the lesser of 11.0% (including local income tax) of the gross sale proceeds or 22.0% (including local income tax) of the net gain, subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of the acquisition cost of such Registered Debt Securities and certain direct transaction costs attributable to the disposal of such Registered Debt Securities), unless an exemption is available under an applicable income tax treaty. See the discussion under “—Shares or ADSs—Tax Treaties” below for an additional explanation on treaty benefits.

In order to obtain the benefit of an exemption from tax pursuant to a tax treaty, you must submit to the purchaser or any other withholding obligor, prior to or at the time of payment, such evidence of your tax residence as the Korean tax authorities may require in support of your claim for treaty benefits.

Furthermore, Korean tax laws require the beneficial owner to submit an application for tax exemption together with the documents proving the beneficial owner of such Korean source income (including a certificate of tax residence of the beneficial owner issued by a competent authority of the country of tax residence of the beneficial owner) to a withholding obligor paying Korean source income in order to benefit from the available exemption pursuant to the relevant tax treaty. Under Korean tax laws and subject to certain exceptions, the Overseas Investment Vehicle must obtain an application for tax exemption along with the documents proving the beneficial owner of such Korean source income (including a certificate of tax residence) from the beneficial owner and forward it to the withholding obligor along with an overseas investment vehicle report (prepared by the Overseas Investment Vehicle) which includes a detailed statement on the beneficial owner together with the application for tax exemption received from the beneficial owner. The withholding obligor must submit the application and the report to the relevant tax office by the ninth day of the month following the date of the first payment of such income.

Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax

If you die while you are the holder of Registered Debt Securities, the subsequent transfer of the Registered Debt Securities by way of succession will be subject to Korean inheritance tax. Similarly, if you transfer Registered Debt Securities as a gift, the donee will be subject to Korean gift tax and you may be required to pay the gift tax if the donee fails to do so.

At present, Korea has not entered into any tax treaty relating to inheritance or gift taxes.

 

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Shares or ADSs

Dividends on the Shares of Common Stock or ADSs

We will deduct Korean withholding tax from dividends (whether in cash or in shares) paid to you at a rate of 22% (inclusive of local income tax). If you are a qualified resident in a country that has entered into a tax treaty with Korea, you may qualify for a reduced rate of Korean withholding tax. See the discussion under “—Tax Treaties” below for an additional explanation on treaty benefits.

In order to obtain the benefits of a reduced withholding tax rate under a tax treaty, you must submit to the Korea Securities Depository, prior to the dividend payment date, such evidence of tax residence as may be required by the Korean tax authorities in order to establish your entitlement to the benefits of the applicable tax treaty. Evidence of tax residence may be submitted to the Korea Securities Depository through the withholding tax agent. If we distribute to you free shares representing a transfer of certain capital reserves or asset revaluation reserves into paid-in capital, such distribution may be subject to Korean withholding tax.

Furthermore, Korean tax laws require the beneficial owner to submit an application for entitlement to a reduced tax rate together with the documents proving the beneficial owner of such Korean source income (including a certificate of tax residence of the beneficial owner issued by a competent authority of the country of tax residence of the beneficial owner) to a withholding obligor paying Korean source income in order to benefit from the available reduced tax rate pursuant to the relevant tax treaty. Under Korean tax laws and subject to certain exceptions, the Overseas Investment Vehicle must obtain an application for entitlement to a reduced tax rate along with the documents proving the beneficial owner of such Korean source income (including a certificate of tax residence) from the beneficial owner and submit to the withholding obligor an overseas investment vehicle report (prepared by the Overseas Investment Vehicle) which includes a detailed statement on the beneficial owner together with the application for entitlement to a reduced tax rate received from the beneficial owner.

If you hold common shares or ADSs and receive the dividend through an account at the Korea Securities Depository held by a foreign depositary settlement institute, you are not required to submit the application for entitlement to a reduced tax rate. However, the documents proving the beneficial owner of such Korean source income (including a certificate of tax residence of the beneficial owner) may need to be submitted to us through such foreign depositary settlement institute.

Taxation of Capital Gains

As a general rule, capital gains earned by non-residents upon the transfer of the common shares or ADSs would be subject to Korean income tax at a rate equal to the lesser of (i) 11.0% (including local income tax) of the gross proceeds realized or (ii) 22.0% (including local income tax) of the net realized gain (subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of the acquisition costs and certain direct transaction costs arising out of the transfer of such common shares or ADSs), unless such non-resident is exempt from Korean income taxation under an applicable Korean tax treaty into which Korea has entered with the non-resident’s country of tax residence. Please see the discussion under “—Tax Treaties” below for an additional explanation on treaty benefits. Even if you do not qualify for any exemption under a tax treaty, you will not be subject to the foregoing income tax on capital gains if you qualify for the relevant Korean domestic tax law exemptions discussed in the following paragraphs.

You will not be subject to Korean income taxation on capital gains realized upon the transfer of our common stocks or ADSs through the Korea Exchange if you (i) have no permanent establishment in Korea and (ii) did not own or have not owned (together with any shares owned by any entity which you have a certain special relationship with and possibly including the shares represented by the ADSs) 25.0% or more of our total issued and outstanding shares at any time during the calendar year in which the sale occurs and during the five calendar years prior to the calendar year in which the sale occurs.

 

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It should be noted that (i) capital gains earned by you (regardless of whether you have a permanent establishment in Korea) from the transfer of ADSs outside Korea will be exempted from Korean income taxation provided that ADSs are deemed to have been issued overseas under the STTCL, but (ii) if and when an owner of the underlying shares of stock transfers ADSs after conversion of the underlying shares into ADSs, the exemption described in (i) is not applicable.

If you are subject to tax on capital gains with respect to the sale of ADSs, or of shares of common stock which you acquired as a result of a withdrawal, the purchaser or, in the case of the sale of shares of common stock on the Korea Exchange or through an investment dealer or investment broker under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, an investment dealer or investment broker is required to withhold Korean tax from the sales price in an amount equal to 11.0% (including local income tax) of the gross realization proceeds and to make payment of these amounts to the Korean tax authority, unless you establish your entitlement to an exemption under an applicable tax treaty or domestic tax law or produce satisfactory evidence of your acquisition cost and transaction costs for the shares of common stock or the ADSs.

However, if you transfer the ADSs following an exchange of the underlying shares of stock owned by you for ADSs to a purchaser who is a non-resident or a foreign company without a permanent establishment in Korea, you are obligated to file an income tax return and pay tax on gain realized from such transfer unless exempt under an applicable tax treaty or domestic law. Further, if you transfer the shares of common stock outside of Korea (excluding a transfer on a foreign exchange) to non-residents or foreign companies without permanent establishments in Korea, you are obligated to file an income tax return and pay income tax on capital gain realized from such transfer unless exempt under an applicable tax treaty or domestic law. If a purchaser or an investment dealer or investment broker, as the case may be, withholds and remits the tax on capital gains derived from transfer of shares of common stock or ADSs, your obligation to file an income tax return and pay income tax will not apply.

In order to obtain the benefit of an exemption from tax pursuant to a tax treaty, you must submit to the purchaser or the investment dealer or the investment broker, or through the ADS depositary, as the case may be, prior to or at the time of payment, such evidence of your tax residence as the Korean tax authorities may require in support of your claim for treaty benefits. Please see the discussion under “—Tax Treaties” below for an additional explanation on claiming treaty benefits. Furthermore, Korean tax laws require the beneficial owner to submit an application for tax exemption together with the documents proving the beneficial of such Korean source income (including a certificate of tax residence of the beneficial owner issued by a competent authority of the country of tax residence of the beneficial owner) to a withholding obligor paying Korean source income in order to benefit from the available exemption pursuant to the relevant tax treaty. Under Korean tax laws and subject to certain exceptions, the Overseas Investment Vehicle must obtain an application for tax exemption along with the documents proving the beneficial owner of such Korean source income (including a certificate of tax residence) from the beneficial owner and forward it to the withholding obligor along with an overseas investment vehicle report (prepared by the Overseas Investment Vehicle) which includes a detailed statement on the beneficial owner together with the application for tax exemption received from the beneficial owner. The withholding obligor must submit the application and the report to the relevant tax office by the ninth day of the month following the date of the first payment of such income.

Tax Treaties

Korea has entered into a number of income tax treaties with other countries (including the United States), which would reduce or exempt Korean withholding tax on dividends on, and capital gains on transfer of, shares of our common stock or ADSs. For example, under the Korea-United States income tax treaty, reduced rates of Korean withholding tax of 16.5% or 11.0% (respectively, including local income tax, depending on your status and shareholding ratio) on dividends and an exemption from Korean withholding tax on capital gains are available to residents of the United States that are beneficial owners of the relevant dividend income or capital gains. However, under Article 17 (Investment of Holding Companies) of the Korea-United States income tax

 

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treaty, such reduced rates and exemption do not apply if (i) you are a United States corporation, (ii) by reason of any special measures, the tax imposed on you by the United States with respect to such dividends or capital gains is substantially less than the tax generally imposed by the United States on corporate profits, and (iii) 25.0% or more of your capital is held of record or is otherwise determined, after consultation between competent authorities of the United States and Korea, to be owned directly or indirectly by one or more persons who are not individual residents of the United States. Also, under Article 16 (Capital Gains) of the Korea-United States income tax treaty, the exemption on capital gains does not apply if you are an individual, and (a) you maintain a fixed base in Korea for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year and your ADSs or shares of common stock giving rise to capital gains are effectively connected with such fixed base or (b) you are present in Korea for a period or periods of 183 days or more during the taxable year.

You should inquire for yourself whether you are entitled to the benefit of an income tax treaty with Korea. It is the responsibility of the party claiming the benefits of an income tax treaty in respect of interest or dividend payments or capital gains to submit to us, the purchaser or the investment dealer or the investment broker, as applicable, the documents proving the beneficial owner of such Korean source income including a certificate as to his tax residence. In the absence of sufficient proof, we, the purchaser or the investment dealer or the investment broker, as applicable, must withhold tax at the normal rates.

Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax

If you die while holding an ADS or donate an ADS, it is unclear whether, for Korean inheritance and gift tax purposes, you will be treated as the owner of the shares of common stock underlying the ADSs. If the tax authority interprets depositary receipts as the underlying share certificates, you may be treated as the owner of the shares of common stock and your heir or the donee (or in certain circumstances, you as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance or gift tax presently at the rate of 10.0% to 50.0%, depending on the value of the ADSs or shares of common stock.

If you die while holding a share of common stock or donate a share of common stock, your heir or donee (or in certain circumstances, you as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance or gift tax at the same rate as indicated above.

At present, Korea has not entered into any tax treaty relating to inheritance or gift taxes.

Securities Transaction Tax

If you transfer shares of common stock on the Stock Market of the Korea Exchange, you will be subject to securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.03% (which will be reduced to 0% for transfers on or after January 1, 2025) and an agriculture and fishery special surtax at the rate of 0.15% of the sale price of the shares of common stock. If your transfer of the shares of common stock is not made on the Stock Market of the Korea Exchange, subject to certain exceptions you will be subject to securities transaction tax at the rate of 0.35% and will not be subject to an agriculture and fishery special surtax.

Under the Securities Transaction Tax Law, depositary receipts (such as ADSs) constitute share certificates subject to the securities transaction tax. However, a transfer of depositary receipts listed on the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ National Market or other qualified foreign exchanges will be exempt from the securities transaction tax although depositary receipts, including ADSs, constitute share certificates subject to the securities transaction tax.

In principle, the securities transaction tax, if applicable, must be paid by the transferor of the shares or rights. When the transfer is effected through the Korea Securities Depository, the Korea Securities Depository is generally required to withhold and pay the tax to the tax authorities. When such transfer is made through an investment dealer or investment broker under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act only,

 

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such investment dealer or investment broker is required to withhold and pay the tax. Where the transfer is effected by a non-resident without a permanent establishment in Korea, other than through the Korea Securities Depository or an investment dealer or investment broker, the transferee is required to withhold the securities transaction tax for payment to the Korean tax authority.

U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Persons

The following is a summary of certain U.S. federal income tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of the Registered Debt Securities, common stock and ADSs for beneficial owners of the Registered Debt Securities, common stock and ADSs that are “U.S. Persons” (as defined below). For purposes of this summary, you are a “U.S. Person” if you are any of the following for U.S. federal income tax purposes:

 

  •  

an individual citizen or resident of the United States;

 

  •  

a corporation, or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

 

  •  

an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

 

  •  

a trust if (1) it is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) it has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a United States person.

This summary is based on current law, which is subject to change (perhaps retroactively), is for general purposes only and should not be considered tax advice. This summary does not represent a detailed description of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to you and does not address the effects of the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income, U.S. federal estate and gift taxes or foreign, state, local or other tax considerations that may be relevant to you in light of your particular circumstances. The discussion set forth below is applicable to you only if (i) you are a resident of the United States for purposes of the current income tax treaty between the United States and Korea (the “Treaty”), (ii) your Registered Debt Securities, common stock or ADSs are not, for purposes of the Treaty, effectively connected with a permanent establishment in Korea and (iii) you otherwise qualify for the full benefits of the Treaty. This summary deals only with Registered Debt Securities, common stock or ADSs held as capital assets, and it does not represent a detailed description of the U.S. federal income tax consequences applicable to you if you are subject to special treatment under the U.S. federal income tax laws (including if you are a dealer in securities or currencies, a financial institution, a regulated investment company, a real estate investment trust, an insurance company, a tax-exempt organization, a person holding the Registered Debt Securities, common stock or ADSs as part of a hedging, integrated or conversion transaction, constructive sale or straddle, a person owning 10.0% or more of our stock (by vote or value), a trader in securities that elects to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for your securities holdings, a person liable for alternative minimum tax, a person required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income with respect to the Registered Debt Securities, common stock or ADSs as a result of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement, a partnership or other pass-through entity (or an investor therein), or a U.S. Person whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. dollar). We cannot assure you that a change in law will not alter significantly the tax considerations that we describe in this summary.

If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds the Registered Debt Securities, common stock or ADSs, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner of a partnership holding our Registered Debt Securities, common stock or ADSs, you should consult your tax advisor.

Because of the 100-year maturity of the One Hundred Year 7.95% Zero-to-Full Debentures, due April 1, 2096 (the “ZTF Debentures”), it is not certain whether the ZTF Debentures will be treated as debt for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The discussion below assumes that the ZTF Debentures (as well as the other

 

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Registered Debt Securities) will be treated as debt, except that a summary of the consequences to you if the ZTF Debentures were not treated as debt is provided under “Tax Consequences with Respect to Registered Debt Securities Generally—ZTF Debentures Treated as Equity” below.

The discussion below of the tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of ADSs assumes that the deposit agreement, and all other related agreements, will be performed in accordance with their terms.

You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences to you of the ownership and disposition of the Registered Debt Securities, common stock and ADSs, as well as the consequences to you arising under other United States federal tax laws and the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.

Tax Consequences with Respect to Registered Debt Securities Generally

Payments

Except as provided below with regard to original issue discount on the ZTF Debentures, interest on a Registered Debt Security will generally be taxable to you as ordinary income at the time it is paid or accrued in accordance with your method of accounting for tax purposes. Principal payments on an amortizing Registered Debt Security generally will constitute a tax-free return of capital to you to the extent of your adjusted tax basis in the Registered Debt Security, and any principal payments in excess of your adjusted tax basis generally will be taxed as capital gain.

Although interest payments to you are currently exempt from Korean taxation provided that Registered Debt Securities are deemed to be foreign currency-denominated bonds issued outside of Korea for the purpose of the STTCL (see—“Korean Taxes—Registered Debt Securities—Taxation of Interest,” above), if the Korean law providing for the exemption is repealed, then, in addition to interest payments on the Registered Debt Securities and original issue discount on the ZTF Debentures, you will be required to include in income any additional amounts paid and any Korean tax withheld from interest payments notwithstanding that you in fact did not receive such withheld tax. You may be entitled to credit such Korean tax (up to the Treaty rate), subject to applicable conditions and limitations in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). However, Treasury regulations addressing foreign tax credits (the “Foreign Tax Credit Regulations”) impose additional requirements for foreign taxes to be eligible for a foreign tax credit, and there can be no assurance that those requirements will be satisfied if you do not elect to apply the benefits of the Treaty. The Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) are considering proposing amendments to the Foreign Tax Credit Regulations. In addition, recent notices from the IRS provide temporary relief by allowing taxpayers that comply with applicable requirements to apply many aspects of the foreign tax credit regulations as they previously existed (before the release of the current Foreign Tax Credit Regulations) for taxable years ending before the date that a notice or other guidance withdrawing or modifying the temporary relief is issued (or any later date specified in such notice or other guidance). For purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit, interest income on a Registered Debt Security (including additional amounts and any Korean taxes withheld in respect thereof) and original issue discount on a ZTF Debenture will be treated as foreign source income and will generally be considered passive category income. You will generally be denied a foreign tax credit for Korean taxes imposed with respect to the Registered Debt Securities if you do not meet a minimum holding period requirement during which you are not protected from risk of loss. Instead of claiming a foreign tax credit, you may be able to deduct Korean withholding taxes on interest in computing your taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. law (including that a U.S. Person is not eligible for a deduction for otherwise creditable foreign income taxes paid or accrued in a taxable year if such U.S. Person claims a foreign tax credit for any foreign income taxes paid or accrued in the same taxable year). The rules governing the foreign tax credit and deductions for foreign taxes are complex. Investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit or a deduction under their particular circumstances.

 

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Original Issue Discount

The ZTF Debentures were issued with original issue discount (“OID”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the difference between (i) the sum of all scheduled amounts payable on the ZTF Debentures (including the interest payable on such ZTF Debentures) and (ii) the “issue price” of the ZTF Debentures. The “issue price” of each ZTF Debenture is the first price at which a substantial amount of the ZTF Debentures was sold to the public (other than to an underwriter, broker, placement agent or wholesaler). If you hold ZTF Debentures, then (subject to the discussion in “—Acquisition Premium; Bond Premium” below) you generally must include OID in gross income (as ordinary income) in advance of the receipt of cash attributable to that income, regardless of your method of accounting. However, you generally will not be required to include separately in income cash payments received on the ZTF Debentures, even if denominated as interest.

The amount of OID includible in income by the holder of a ZTF Debenture is the sum of the “daily portions” of OID with respect to the ZTF Debenture for each day during the taxable year or portion of the taxable year in which such holder held such ZTF Debenture, or “accrued OID” (for a discussion relevant to subsequent purchasers, see “—Market Discount” and “—Acquisition Premium; Bond Premium,” below). The daily portion is determined by allocating to each day in any “accrual period” a pro rata portion of the OID allocable to that accrual period. The “accrual period” for a ZTF Debenture may be of any length and may vary in length over the term of the ZTF Debenture, provided that each accrual period is no longer than one year and each scheduled payment of principal or interest occurs on the first day or the final day of an accrual period. The amount of OID allocable to any accrual period other than the final accrual period is an amount equal to the product of the ZTF Debenture’s adjusted issue price at the beginning of such accrual period and its yield to maturity (determined on the basis of compounding at the close of each accrual period and properly adjusted for the length of the accrual period). OID allocable to a final accrual period is the difference between the amount payable at maturity and the adjusted issue price at the beginning of the final accrual period. The “adjusted issue price” of a ZTF Debenture at the beginning of any accrual period is equal to its issue price increased by the accrued OID for each prior accrual period (for subsequent purchasers, determined without regard to the amortization of any acquisition or bond premium, as described below) and reduced by any payments previously made on such ZTF Debenture. Under these rules, you will have to include in income increasingly greater amounts of OID in successive accrual periods. We are required to provide information returns stating the amount of OID accrued on ZTF Debentures held of record by persons other than corporations and other exempt holders.

As discussed above, although interest payments to you are currently exempt from Korean taxation provided that Registered Debt Securities are deemed to be foreign currency-denominated bonds issued outside of Korea for the purpose of the STTCL (see—“Korean Taxes—Registered Debt Securities—Taxation of Interest,” above), if the Korean law providing for the exemption is repealed, then Korean withholding tax may be imposed at times that differ from the times at which you are required to include interest or OID in income for U.S. federal income tax purposes and this disparity may limit the amount of foreign tax credit available.

Market Discount

If you purchase a Registered Debt Security other than a ZTF Debenture for an amount that is less than its stated redemption price at maturity, or, in the case of a ZTF Debenture, its adjusted issue price, the amount of the difference will be treated as “market discount” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, unless that difference is less than a specified de minimis amount. Under the market discount rules, you will be required to treat any principal payment on, or any gain on the sale, exchange, retirement or other disposition of, a Registered Debt Security as ordinary income to the extent of the market discount that you have not previously included in income and are treated as having accrued on the Registered Debt Security at the time of the payment or disposition. In addition, you may be required to defer, until the maturity of the Registered Debt Security or its earlier disposition in a taxable transaction, the deduction of all or a portion of the interest expense on any indebtedness attributable to the Registered Debt Security. Any amount treated as ordinary income pursuant to the market discount rules generally should be treated as foreign source income.

 

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Any market discount will be considered to accrue ratably during the period from the date of acquisition to the maturity date of the Registered Debt Security, unless you elect to accrue on a constant interest method. Your election to accrue market discount on a constant interest method is to be made for the taxable year in which you acquired the Registered Debt Security, applies only to that Registered Debt Security and cannot be revoked. Special rules will apply in determining the accrual of market discount for an amortizing Registered Debt Security. You may elect to include market discount in income currently as it accrues, on either a ratable or constant interest method, in which case the rule described above regarding deferral of interest deductions will not apply. Your election to include market discount in income currently, once made, applies to all market discount obligations acquired by you on or after the first day of the first taxable year to which your election applies and may not be revoked without the consent of the IRS. You should consult your own tax advisor before making this election.

Acquisition Premium; Bond Premium

If you purchase a ZTF Debenture for an amount that is greater than its adjusted issue price but equal to or less than the sum of all amounts payable on the ZTF Debenture after the purchase date, you will be considered to have purchased that ZTF Debenture at an “acquisition premium.” Under the acquisition premium rules, the amount of OID that you must include in gross income with respect to a ZTF Debenture for any taxable year will be reduced by the portion of the acquisition premium properly allocable to that year.

If you purchase a Registered Debt Security for an amount in excess of the sum of all amounts payable on the Registered Debt Security after the purchase date other than qualified stated interest (as defined in the Code), you will be considered to have purchased the Registered Debt Security at a “premium” and, if such Registered Debt Security is a ZTF Debenture, you will not be required to include any OID in income. Interest on a debt instrument is generally treated as qualified stated interest if it is unconditionally payable in cash or property (other than debt instruments of the issuer) at least annually at a single fixed rate. The interest on the ZTF Debentures does not constitute qualified stated interest. You generally may elect to amortize any premium on a Registered Debt Security over the remaining term of the Registered Debt Security on a constant yield method as an offset to interest when includible in income under your regular accounting method. In the case of instruments that provide for alternative payment schedules, bond premium is calculated by assuming that (a) you will exercise or not exercise options in a manner that maximizes your yield, and (b) we will exercise or not exercise options in a manner that minimizes your yield (except that we will be assumed to exercise call options in a manner that maximizes your yield). If you do not elect to amortize bond premium, that premium will decrease the gain or increase the loss you would otherwise recognize on disposition of a Registered Debt Security. Your election to amortize premium on a constant yield method will also apply to all taxable debt obligations held or subsequently acquired by you on or after the first day of the first taxable year to which the election applies. You may not revoke the election without the consent of the IRS. You should consult your own tax advisor before making this election.

Sale, Exchange and Retirement of Registered Debt Securities

Upon the sale, exchange, retirement or other disposition of a Registered Debt Security, you generally will recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount you receive (not including an amount equal to any accrued qualified stated interest, which will be taxable as ordinary income to the extent not previously included in income) and your adjusted tax basis in the Registered Debt Security. Your adjusted tax basis in a Registered Debt Security other than a ZTF Debenture will generally be your cost of obtaining the Registered Debt Security, increased by any market discount previously included in income and reduced by payments of principal you receive and any bond premium that you have previously amortized. Your adjusted tax basis in a ZTF Debenture will, in general, be your cost therefor, increased by any market discount and OID previously included in income and reduced by any cash payments on the ZTF Debenture and any bond premium that you have previously amortized. Except as described above with respect to market discount, your gain or loss realized upon the sale, exchange, retirement or other disposition of a Registered Debt Security will be capital gain or loss

 

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and will generally be long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the sale, exchange, retirement or other disposition, you have held the Registered Debt Security for more than one year. Long-term capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Persons (including individuals) are eligible for reduced rates of taxation. Your ability to deduct capital losses is subject to limitations.

Except as described above with respect to market discount, your gain or loss realized upon the sale, exchange, retirement or other disposition of a Registered Debt Security will generally be treated as U.S. source gain or loss. Consequently, you may not be able to use a foreign tax credit for any Korean tax imposed on the disposition of Registered Debt Securities unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from foreign sources. However, pursuant to the Foreign Tax Credit Regulations, unless you elect to apply the benefits of the Treaty, any such Korean tax would generally not be a foreign income tax eligible for a foreign tax credit (regardless of any other income that you may have that is derived from foreign sources). In such case, the non-creditable Korean tax may reduce the amount realized upon the sale, exchange, retirement or other disposition. As discussed above, however, recent notices from the IRS provide temporary relief by allowing taxpayers that comply with applicable requirements to apply many aspects of the foreign tax credit regulations as they previously existed (before the release of the current Foreign Tax Credit Regulations) for taxable years ending before the date that a notice or other guidance withdrawing or modifying the temporary relief is issued (or any later date specified in such notice or other guidance). If any Korean tax is imposed upon the disposition of Registered Debt Securities and you apply such temporary relief, such Korean tax may be eligible for a foreign tax credit or deduction, subject to the applicable conditions and limitations. Investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit or a deduction under their particular circumstances.

ZTF Debentures Treated as Equity

If the ZTF Debentures were treated as equity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, amounts actually or deemed paid with respect to the ZTF Debentures would be deemed dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes).

You would include the amounts actually or deemed paid by us on the ZTF Debentures (before reduction for Korean withholding tax, if any) as dividend income when actually or constructively paid by us. Section 305 of the Code, which would apply to the ZTF Debentures if they were treated as equity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, requires current accrual of dividends under principles similar to the accrual of OID. Amounts treated as dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction generally allowed to U.S. corporations. In addition, it is unclear whether any amounts treated as dividends would be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation that apply to “qualified dividend income” (as described below in “—Tax Consequences with Respect to Common Stock and ADSs—Distributions on Common Stock or ADSs”).

Tax Consequences with Respect to Common Stock and ADSs

In general, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, holders of ADSs will be treated as the owners of the underlying common stock that is represented by such ADSs. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of common stock for ADSs will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.

Distributions on Common Stock or ADSs

The gross amount of distributions (other than certain pro rata distributions of common stock or rights to subscribe for common stock) to holders of common stock or ADSs (including amounts withheld in respect of Korean withholding taxes) will be taxable dividends to such holders to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Such income (including withheld taxes) will be includable in the gross income of a holder as ordinary income on the day

 

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actually or constructively received by the holder, in the case of common stock, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction generally allowed to corporations under the Code.

Subject to applicable limitations (including a minimum holding period requirement), certain dividends received by non-corporate U.S. Persons from a qualified foreign corporation may be treated as “qualified dividend income” that is subject to reduced rates of taxation. A qualified foreign corporation includes a foreign corporation that is eligible for the benefits of an income tax treaty with the United States, if such treaty contains an exchange of information provision and the U.S. Treasury Department has determined that the treaty is satisfactory for purposes of the legislation. The U.S. Treasury Department has determined that the Treaty, which contains an exchange of information provision, is satisfactory for these purposes. In addition, we believe we are eligible for the benefits of the Treaty. In addition, a foreign corporation is also treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends paid by that corporation on shares (or ADSs backed by such shares) that are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Although shares of our common stock will generally not be considered readily tradable for these purposes, U.S. Treasury Department guidance indicates that our ADSs, which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. There can be no assurance that our ADSs will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States in later years. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the foregoing rules to their particular circumstances.

The amount of any dividend paid in Won will equal the U.S. dollar value of the Won received calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date the dividend is received by the holder, in the case of common stock, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs, regardless of whether the Won are converted into U.S. dollars. If the Won received as a dividend are not converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a holder will have a basis in the Won equal to their U.S. dollar value on the date of receipt. Any gain or loss realized on a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the Won will be treated as U.S. source ordinary income or loss. The amount of any distribution of property other than cash will be the fair market value of such property on the date of distribution.

The maximum rate of withholding tax on dividends paid to you pursuant to the Treaty is 16.5%. You will be required to properly demonstrate your entitlement to the reduced rate of withholding under the Treaty (see “—Korean Taxes—Shares or ADSs —Tax Treaties”). Subject to certain conditions and limitations, Korean withholding taxes (up to the Treaty rate) may be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability. However, the Foreign Tax Credit Regulations impose additional requirements for foreign taxes to be eligible for a foreign tax credit, and there can be no assurance that those requirements will be satisfied if you do not elect to apply the benefits of the Treaty. The Department of the Treasury and the IRS are considering proposing amendments to the Foreign Tax Credit Regulations. In addition, recent notices from the IRS provide temporary relief by allowing taxpayers that comply with applicable requirements to apply many aspects of the foreign tax credit regulations as they previously existed (before the release of the current Foreign Tax Credit Regulations) for taxable years ending before the date that a notice or other guidance withdrawing or modifying the temporary relief is issued (or any later date specified in such notice or other guidance). For purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit, dividends paid on the common stock or ADSs will be treated as foreign source income and will generally be considered passive category income. You will generally be denied a foreign tax credit for Korean taxes imposed on dividends paid on common stock or ADSs if you do not meet a minimum holding period requirement during which you are not protected from risk of loss. Instead of claiming a foreign tax credit, you may be able to deduct Korean withholding taxes on dividends in computing your taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. law (including that a U.S. Person is not eligible for a deduction for otherwise creditable foreign income taxes paid or accrued in a taxable year if such U.S. Person claims a foreign tax credit for any foreign income taxes paid or accrued in the same taxable year). The rules governing the foreign tax credit and deductions for foreign taxes are complex. Investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit or a deduction under their particular circumstances, including the possible adverse impact on creditability to the extent you are entitled to a refund of any Korean tax withheld or a reduced rate of withholding.

 

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To the extent that the amount of any distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits for a taxable year, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, the distribution will first be treated as a tax- free return of capital, causing a reduction in the adjusted basis of the common stock or ADSs (thereby increasing the amount of gain, or decreasing the amount of loss, to be recognized by the investor on a subsequent disposition of the common stock or ADSs), and the balance in excess of adjusted basis will be taxed as capital gain recognized on a sale or exchange of property. Consequently, such distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits would not give rise to foreign source income and you generally would not be able to use a foreign tax credit for any Korean withholding tax imposed on such distributions unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from foreign sources. However, we do not expect to keep earnings and profits in accordance with U.S. federal income tax principles. Therefore, you should expect that a distribution will generally be reported and treated as a dividend (as discussed above).

Distributions of common stock or rights to subscribe for common stock that are received as part of a pro rata distribution to all of our shareholders generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax. Consequently, such distributions will not give rise to foreign source income and you generally will not be able to use a foreign tax credit for any Korean withholding tax imposed on such distributions unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from foreign sources.

Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of ADSs or Common Stock

Upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of ADSs or common stock, you generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized upon the sale, exchange or other disposition and your adjusted tax basis in the ADSs or common stock, both as determined in U.S. dollars. The capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if, at the time of the sale, exchange or other disposition, the ADSs or common stock have been held by you for more than one year. Long-term capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Persons (including individuals) are eligible for reduced rates of taxation. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Any gain or loss recognized by you will generally be treated as U.S. source gain or loss. Consequently, you may not be able to use a foreign tax credit for any Korean tax imposed on the disposition of ADSs or common stock unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income treated as derived from foreign sources. However, pursuant to the Foreign Tax Credit Regulations, unless you elect to apply the benefits of the Treaty, any such Korean tax would generally not be a foreign income tax eligible for a foreign tax credit (regardless of any other income that you may have that is derived from foreign sources). In such case, the non-creditable Korean tax may reduce the amount realized upon the disposition of ADSs or common stock. As discussed above, however, recent notices from the IRS provide temporary relief by allowing taxpayers that comply with applicable requirements to apply many aspects of the foreign tax credit regulations as they previously existed (before the release of the current Foreign Tax Credit Regulations) for taxable years ending before the date that a notice or other guidance withdrawing or modifying the temporary relief is issued (or any later date specified in such notice or other guidance). If any Korean tax is imposed upon the disposition of ADSs or common stock and you apply such temporary relief, such Korean tax may be eligible for a foreign tax credit or deduction, subject to the applicable conditions and limitations. Investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit or a deduction under their particular circumstances.

You should note that any Korean securities transaction tax will not be treated as a creditable foreign tax for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

 

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Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

Based upon the past and projected composition of our income and assets and the valuation of our assets, we do not believe that we were a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”) for 2024, and we do not expect to be a PFIC in 2025 or to become one in the foreseeable future, although there can be no assurance in this regard. If, however, we become a PFIC, such characterization could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences to you. For example, if we become a PFIC, our U.S. investors may become subject to increased tax liabilities under U.S. tax laws and regulations and will become subject to burdensome reporting requirements. In addition, non-corporate U.S. Persons will not be eligible for reduced rates of taxation on any dividends received from us if we are a PFIC in the taxable year in which such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year. Our PFIC status is determined on an annual basis and depends on the composition of our income and assets in each year. Specifically, we will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year if either: (i) 75% or more of our gross income in such year is passive income, or (ii) the average percentage of our assets by value in such year which produce or are held for the production of passive income (which generally includes cash) is at least 50%. We cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for 2025 or any future taxable year.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

In general, information reporting requirements will apply to payments of interest and principal on Registered Debt Securities, accruals of OID on ZTF Debentures, dividend payments in respect of the common stock or ADSs or the proceeds received on the sale, exchange, retirement or other disposition of the Registered Debt Securities, common stock or ADSs that are paid within the United States (and in certain cases, outside of the United States), unless in each case you establish that you are an exempt recipient. A backup withholding tax may apply to the payment of such amounts if you fail to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number and a certification that you are not subject to backup withholding or if you fail to report interest and dividends required to be shown on your U.S. federal income tax returns. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to you will be allowed as a refund or a credit against your U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

 

Item 10.F.

Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

 

Item 10.G.

Statements by Experts

Not applicable.

 

Item 10.H.

Documents on Display

We are subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act, and, in accordance therewith, are required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. You may inspect and copy these materials, including this annual report and the exhibits thereto, at SEC’s Public Reference Room 100 Fifth Street, N.E., Washington D.C. 20549. Please call the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference rooms. As a foreign private issuer, we are also required to make filings with the Commission by electronic means. Any filings we make electronically will be available to the public over the Internet at the Commission’s web site at http://www.sec.gov.

 

Item 10.I.

Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

 

Item 10.J.

Annual Report to Security Holders

Not applicable.

 

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ITEM 11.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our primary market risk exposures are to fluctuations in exchange rates, interest rates and fuel prices. We are exposed to foreign exchange risk related to foreign currency-denominated liabilities. As of December 31, 2024, 17.4% of our long-term debt (including the current portion but excluding original issue discounts and premium), without taking into consideration of swap transactions, was denominated in foreign currencies, principally U.S. dollar. However, a substantial portion of our revenues is denominated in Won. As a result, changes in exchange rates, particularly between the Won and the U.S. dollar, significantly affect us due to our significant amounts of foreign currency-denominated debt and the effect of such changes on the amount of funds required by us to make interest and principal payments on such debt. In order to reduce the impact of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on our results of operations, we have entered into currency swaps and other hedging arrangements with respect to our foreign currency denominated debt.

We are also exposed to foreign exchange risk related to our purchases of fuel since we obtain substantially all of our fuel materials (other than anthracite coal) directly or indirectly from sources outside Korea. Prices for such fuel materials are quoted based on prices stated in, and in many cases are paid for in, currencies other than Won. In 2024, fuel costs represented 24.3% of our sales.

We are exposed to interest rate risk due to significant amounts of debt. Upward fluctuations in interest rates increase the cost of additional debt and the interest cost of outstanding floating rate borrowings. We are also exposed to fluctuations in prices of fuel materials. In 2024, for electricity generation, uranium accounted for 48.1% of our fuel requirements, coal accounted for 35.9%, LNG accounted for 11.9%, and others accounted for 4.1%, measured in each case by the amount of electricity we generated. We did not use oil for our fuel requirements in 2024. In 2023, for electricity generation, uranium accounted for 46.1% of our fuel requirements, coal accounted for 38.5%, LNG accounted for 12.0%, oil accounted for 0.02%, and others accounted for 3.38%, measured in each case by the amount of electricity we generated.

For additional discussions of our market risks, see Item 3.D. “Risk Factors” and Item 5.B. “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Liquidity.”

We have entered into various swap contracts to hedge exchange rate risks arising from foreign currency-denominated debts. Details of currency swap contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:

 

          Contract amount      Contract
interest rate		     Contract
exchange
rate
(in won)		  

Counterparty

    Contract year    Pay      Receive      Pay     Receive  

(In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies except contract exchange rate information)

 

<Trading>

                

Standard Chartered

    2014~2029    W 102,470        USD 100,000        3.14 %      3.57 %    W 1,024.70  

Woori Bank

    2019~2027      21,708        USD 19,417        5.04 %      6.75 %      1,118.00  

Woori Bank

    2020~2025      241,320        USD 200,000        0.54 %      1.13 %      1,206.60  

Korea Development Bank

    2020~2025      241,320        USD 200,000        0.54 %      1.13 %      1,206.60  

Kookmin Bank

    2020~2025      120,660        USD 100,000        0.54 %      1.13 %      1,206.60  

Kookmin Bank

    2020~2026      76,355        USD 70,445        5.83 %      6.00 %      1,083.90  

Woori Bank

    2021~2026      118,170        USD 100,000        1.11 %      1.13 %      1,181.70  

Korea Development Bank

    2021~2026      118,170        USD 100,000        1.11 %      1.13 %      1,181.70  

Hana Bank

    2021~2026      118,170        USD 100,000        1.11 %      1.13 %      1,181.70  

Hana Bank

    2022~2025      385,800        USD 300,000        3.11 %      3.63 %      1,286.00  

Woori Bank

    2022~2025      257,200        USD 200,000        3.12 %      3.63 %      1,286.00  

JP Morgan

    2022~2027      128,600        USD 100,000        3.56 %      4.00 %      1,286.00  

Woori Bank

    2022~2027      128,600        USD 100,000        3.56 %      4.00 %      1,286.00  

Kookmin Bank

    2022~2027      128,600        USD 100,000        3.56 %      4.00 %      1,286.00  

Korea Development Bank

    2022~2026      283,820        USD 200,000        4.67 %      5.38 %      1,419.10  

Hana Bank

    2022~2026      141,910        USD 100,000        4.68 %      5.38 %      1,419.10  

JP Morgan

    2022~2026      141,910        USD 100,000        4.69 %      5.38 %      1,419.10  

 

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          Contract amount      Contract
interest rate		     Contract
exchange
rate
(in won)		  

Counterparty

    Contract year    Pay      Receive      Pay     Receive  

Woori Bank

    2022~2026    W 141,910        USD 100,000        4.68 %      5.38 %    W 1,419.10  

Korea Development Bank

    2022~2028      283,820        USD 200,000        5.12 %      5.50 %      1,419.10  

Woori Bank

    2022~2028      141,910        USD 100,000        5.13 %      5.50 %      1,419.10  

Hana Bank

    2023~2026      256,000        USD 200,000        3.97 %      5.38 %      1,280.00  

Shinhan Bank

    2023~2026      192,000        USD 150,000        3.99 %      5.38 %      1,280.00  

Kookmin Bank

    2023~2026      128,000        USD 100,000        4.03 %      5.38 %      1,280.00  

Korea Development Bank

    2023~2026      256,000        USD 200,000        4.04 %      5.38 %      1,280.00  

Bank of America

    2023~2026      128,000        USD 100,000        4.04 %      5.38 %      1,280.00  

Standard Chartered

    2023~2026      128,000        USD 100,000        4.04 %      5.38 %      1,280.00  

Woori Bank

    2023~2026      192,000        USD 150,000        4.05 %      5.38 %      1,280.00  

Shinhan Bank

    2024~2027      133,060        USD 100,000        3.53 %      4.88 %      1,330.60  

Kookmin Bank

    2024~2027      133,060        USD 100,000        3.53 %      4.88 %      1,330.60  

Korea Development Bank

    2024~2027      864,890        USD 650,000        3.53 %      4.88 %      1,330.60  

Bank of America

    2024~2027      133,060        USD 100,000        3.53 %      4.88 %      1,330.60  

Standard Chartered

    2024~2027      133,060        USD 100,000        3.53 %      4.88 %      1,330.60  

IBK Securities Co., Ltd.

    2024~2027      199,590        USD 150,000        3.53 %      4.88 %      1,330.60  

Shinhan Bank

    2024~2034      138,010        USD 100,000        3.64 %      5.13 %      1,380.10  

Hana Bank

    2024~2034      138,010        USD 100,000        3.69 %      5.13 %      1,380.10  

Woori Bank

    2024~2034      119,958        USD 86,920        3.74 %      5.13 %      1,380.10  

Nomura

    2015~2025      111,190        USD 100,000        2.60 %      3.25 %      1,111.90  

Korea Development Bank

    2015~2025      111,190        USD 100,000        2.62 %      3.25 %      1,111.90  

Woori Bank

    2015~2025      55,595        USD 50,000        2.62 %      3.25 %      1,111.90  

Hana Bank

    2015~2025      55,595        USD 50,000        2.62 %      3.25 %      1,111.90  

Woori Bank

    2017~2027      111,610        USD 100,000        2.25 %      3.13 %      1,116.10  

Korea Development Bank

    2017~2027      111,610        USD 100,000        2.31 %      3.13 %      1,116.10  

Hana Bank

    2017~2027      111,610        USD 100,000        2.31 %      3.13 %      1,116.10  

Korea Development Bank

    2018~2028      108,600        HKD 800,000        2.69 %      3.35 %      135.75  

Shinhan Bank

    2018~2028      115,387        HKD 850,000        2.66 %      3.35 %      135.75  

Korea Development Bank

    2019~2027      119,978        CHF 100,000        1.43 %      0.05 %      1,199.78  

Woori Bank

    2021~2026      222,800        USD 200,000        0.93 %      1.25 %      1,114.00  

Shinhan Bank

    2021~2026      111,400        USD 100,000        0.92 %      1.25 %      1,114.00  

Korea Development Bank

    2021~2026      111,400        USD 100,000        0.93 %      1.25 %      1,114.00  

Nonghyup Bank

    2021~2026      111,400        USD 100,000        0.93 %      1.25 %      1,114.00  

Woori Bank

    2022~2027      262,000        USD 200,000        3.62 %      4.25 %      1,310.00  

Export-Import Bank of Korea

    2022~2027      131,000        USD 100,000        3.63 %      4.25 %      1,310.00  

Kookmin Bank

    2022~2027      131,000        USD 100,000        3.62 %      4.25 %      1,310.00  

Hana Bank

    2022~2027      131,000        USD 100,000        3.61 %      4.25 %      1,310.00  

Korea Development Bank

    2022~2027      262,000        USD 200,000        3.63 %      4.25 %      1,310.00  

Export-Import Bank of Korea

    2022~2032      349,829        HKD 1,935,000        4.87 %      5.16 %      180.79  

JP Morgan

    2022~2032      75,194        HKD 415,000        5.00 %      5.16 %      181.19  

Export-Import Bank of Korea

    2023~2030      172,982        HKD 1,037,000        4.25 %      4.51 %      166.81  

Hana Bank

    2024~2028      128,940        USD 100,000        3.73 %      5.00 %      1,289.40  

JP Morgan

    2024~2028      128,940        USD 100,000        3.85 %      5.00 %      1,289.40  

Korea Development Bank

    2024~2028      257,880        USD 200,000        3.80 %      5.00 %      1,289.40  

Korea Development Bank

    2024~2028      128,940        USD 100,000        3.69 %      5.00 %      1,289.40  

Hana Bank

    2024~2029      138,540        USD 100,000        3.15 %      4.63 %      1,385.40  

Shinhan Bank

    2024~2029      138,540        USD 100,000        3.15 %      4.63 %      1,385.40  

Kookmin Bank

    2024~2029      138,540        USD 100,000        3.16 %      4.63 %      1,385.40  

Woori Bank

    2024~2029      138,540        USD 100,000        3.17 %      4.63 %      1,385.40  

Korea Development Bank

    2024~2029      138,540        USD 100,000        3.19 %      4.63 %      1,385.40  

< Cash flow hedge>

                

Kookmin Bank

    2020~2025    W 118,780        USD 100,000        1.29 %      2.13 %    W 1,187.80  

Shinhan Bank

    2020~2025      118,780        USD 100,000        1.29 %      2.13 %      1,187.80  

Hana Bank

    2020~2025      118,780        USD 100,000        1.29 %      2.13 %      1,187.80  

Korea Development Bank

    2020~2026      118,910        USD 100,000        0.61 %      1.00 %      1,189.10  

Hana Bank

    2020~2026      118,910        USD 100,000        0.61 %      1.00 %      1,189.10  

Woori Bank

    2020~2026      118,910        USD 100,000        0.62 %      1.00 %      1,189.10  

Nomura

    2017~2037      52,457        EUR 40,000        2.60 %      1.70 %      1,311.42  

 

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          Contract amount      Contract
interest rate		     Contract
exchange
rate
(in won)		  

Counterparty

    Contract year    Pay      Receive      Pay     Receive  

Nomura

    2017~2037    W  59,423        SEK 450,000        2.62 %      2.36 %    W   132.05  

Kookmin Bank

    2021~2026      114,230        USD 100,000        1.27 %      1.25 %      1,142.30  

Korea Development Bank

    2021~2026      114,230         USD 100,000        1.27 %      1.25 %      1,142.30  

Hana Bank

    2021~2026      114,230        USD 100,000        1.27 %      1.25 %      1,142.30  

Korea Development Bank

    2022~2027      123,710        USD 100,000        3.41 %      3.63 %      1,237.10  

Woori Bank

    2022~2027      123,710        USD 100,000        3.41 %      3.63 %      1,237.10  

JP Morgan

    2022~2027      123,710        USD 100,000        3.41 %      3.63 %      1,237.10  

Korea Development Bank

    2022~2025      128,560        USD 100,000        3.37 %      4.13 %      1,285.60  

Woori Bank

    2022~2025      128,560        USD 100,000        3.37 %      4.13 %      1,285.60  

Kookmin Bank

    2022~2025      128,560        USD 100,000        3.37 %      4.13 %      1,285.60  

Woori Bank

    2021~2026      220,600        USD 200,000        0.47 %      0.75 %      1,103.00  

Shinhan Bank

    2021~2026      220,600        USD 200,000        0.47 %      0.75 %      1,103.00  

Hana Bank

    2021~2026      55,150        USD 50,000        0.48 %      0.75 %      1,103.00  

Shinhan Bank

    2023~2026      132,930        USD 100,000        4.07 %      5.38 %      1,329.30  

Nonghyup Bank

    2023~2026      132,930        USD 100,000        4.05 %      5.38 %      1,329.30  

Kookmin Bank

    2023~2026      132,930        USD 100,000        4.07 %      5.38 %      1,329.30  

Woori Bank

    2020~2025      245,560        USD 200,000        0.93 %      1.75 %      1,227.80  

Hana Bank

    2020~2025      245,560        USD 200,000        0.93 %      1.75 %      1,227.80  

Korea Development Bank

    2020~2025      122,780        USD 100,000        0.93 %      1.75 %      1,227.80  

JP Morgan

    2022~2025      126,180        USD 100,000        2.80 %      3.60 %      1,261.80  

Hana Bank

    2022~2025      126,180        USD 100,000        2.80 %      3.60 %      1,261.80  

Korea Development Bank

    2022~2025      252,360        USD 200,000        2.83 %      3.60 %      1,261.80  

Woori Bank

    2022~2025      126,180        USD 100,000        2.85 %      3.60 %      1,261.80  

Woori Bank

    2023~2028      259,000        USD 200,000        3.83 %      4.88 %      1,295.00  

Korea Development Bank

    2023~2028      129,500        USD 100,000        3.85 %      4.88 %      1,295.00  

Bank of America

    2023~2028      64,750        USD 50,000        3.85 %      4.88 %      1,295.00  

Under these currency swap contracts, we recognized net valuation gain of Won 2,058 billion in 2024.

Details of interest rate contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:

In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies

 

Counterparty

Contract year

Contract amount

Contract interest rate per annum

Pay

Receive

(In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies)

< Trading>

Nomura (*1)

 2018~2038 W  30,000 3M CD + 0.10% 3.75%

Shinhan Bank

 2021~2025 100,000 2.32% 3M CD + 0.43%

Hana Bank

 2022~2027 200,000 3.02% 3M CD + 0.61%

Hana Bank

 2022~2027 200,000 3.04% 3M CD + 0.58%

Hana Bank

 2022~2027 250,000 3.38% 3M CD + 0.59%

Nomura

 2022~2027 200,000 3.55% 3M CD + 0.60%

Shinhan Bank

 2022~2027 150,000 3.53% 3M CD + 0.55%

Hana Bank

 2022~2027 200,000 3.70% 3M CD + 0.59%

Nomura

 2022~2027 300,000 3.89% 3M CD + 0.67%

Hana Bank

 2022~2027 200,000 3.93% 3M CD + 0.67%

Nomura

 2022~2027 200,000 3.80% 3M CD + 0.68%

Nomura

 2022~2027 300,000 4.04% 3M CD + 0.60%

Hana Bank

 2022~2027 100,000 4.68% 3M CD + 1.04%

Hana Bank

 2022~2027 100,000 5.45% 3M CD + 1.20%

Shinhan Bank

 2023~2028      200,000 4.27% 3M CD + 0.76%

Shinhan Bank

 2023~2028 50,000      4.27%      3M CD + 0.76%

Nomura

 2023~2028 250,000 4.13% 3M CD + 0.73%

Hana Bank

 2023~2028 200,000 3.74% 3M CD + 0.51%

Hana Bank

 2023~2028 100,000 4.19% 3M CD + 0.50%

Shinhan Bank

 2023~2028 300,000 3.81% 3M CD + 0.70%

 

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Table of Contents

Counterparty

Contract year

Contract amount

Contract interest rate per annum

Pay

Receive

(In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies)

Hana Bank

 2023~2028 200,000 3.95% 3M CD + 0.50%

Shinhan Bank

 2024~2029 200,000 3.84% 3M CD + 0.50%

Hana Bank

 2024~2027 250,000 3.72% 3M CD + 0.34%

Hana Bank

 2024~2027 250,000 3.77% 3M CD + 0.31%

Hana Bank

 2024~2027 250,000 3.31% 3M CD + 0.31%

Hana Bank

 2024~2027 200,000 3.46% 3M CD +0.53%

Shinhan Bank

 2024~2025 200,000 3.53% 3M CD + 0.35%

Nomura

 2024~2027 200,000 3.38% 3M CD + 0.50%

Hana Bank

 2024~2027 300,000 3.18% 3M CD + 0.53%

Shinhan Bank

 2024~2025 100,000 3.29% 3M CD + 0.42%

Nomura

 2017~2032 52,457 2.55% + Floating rate 2.60%

Nomura

 2017~2032 59,423 2.57% + Floating rate 2.62%

Nomura (*2)

 2021~2041 30,000 1.84% 2.60%

Nomura (*3)

 2021~2041 50,000 1.87% 2.38%

ANZ

 2022~2025 AUD 865 0.48% 3M BBSW + 0.05%

DBS Bank

 2022~2025 AUD 865 0.48% 3M BBSW + 0.05%

Societe Generale

 2022~2025 AUD 865 0.48% 3M BBSW + 0.05%

MUFG

 2022~2048 USD 155,941 3M SOFR 3.71%

Mizuho Capital Markets LLC

 2022~2048 USD 155,941 3M SOFR 1.05%

Mizuho Capital Markets LLC

 2024~2025 USD 112,194 1M SOFR 4.20%

Rabobank

 2022~2036 USD 37,130 1.83% 6M SOFR

Mizuho Capital Markets LLC

 2024~2045 USD 80,116 3M USD Synthetic Libor 1.14%

< Cash flow hedge>

Export-Import Bank of Korea

 2015~2031 USD 15,893 2.67% 6M USD Synthetic Libor

ING Bank

 2015~2031 USD 7,861 2.67% 6M USD Synthetic Libor

BNP Paribas

 2015~2031 USD 7,861 2.67% 6M USD Synthetic Libor

BNP Paribas

 2009~2027 USD 41,040 4.16% 6M USD Synthetic Libor

KFW

 2009~2027 USD 41,040 4.16% 6M USD Synthetic Libor

Export-Import Bank of Korea

 2016~2036 USD 60,977 3.00% 6M USD Synthetic Libor
 

Notes:

 

(1)

Subject to the right exercisable by the counterparty, early repayment of the contract is allowed after June 15, 2023.

(2)

1.84% of the contract paying interest rate is applied for five years from the date of issuance, and 3M CMT + 0.35% is applied thereafter.

(3)

1.87% of the contract paying interest rate is applied for five years from the date of issuance, and 3M CMT + 0.35% is applied thereafter.

Under these interest rate swap contracts, we recognized net valuation gain of Won 21 billion in 2024.

We engage in transactions denominated in foreign currencies and consequently become exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates. The carrying amounts of our foreign currency-denominated monetary assets and monetary liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 were as follows:

 

     Assets      Liabilities  

Type

      2023          2024          2023          2024    
     (In thousands of foreign currencies)  

AED

      24,441        33,465        18,143        8,795  

AUD

      4,310        26        299,795        64  

BDT

      2,260        2,252        —         —   

BWP

      777        768        —         —   

EGP

      1,665        203,044        1,941        —   

CAD

      —         2        —         61  

 

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Table of Contents
     Assets      Liabilities  

Type

      2023          2024          2023          2024    
     (In thousands of foreign currencies)  

CHF

      —         —         499,930        100,686  

DOP

      —         7,772        —         —   

EUR

      12,259        20,433        81,744        47,829  

GBP

      75        139        —         4  

HKD

      —         —         5,079,189        5,093,862  

IDR

      25,567,281        37,830,902        2,118,580        4,027,099  

INR

      1,663,705        1,037,437        387,947        225,042  

JOD

      569        902        68,448        49,128  

JPY

      921,120        23,798        8,692,604        7,483,199  

KZT

      1,510        1,510        —         —   

MGA

      3,545,076        5,452,745        495,288        248,175  

MMK

      199,518        188,021        —         —   

MYR

      2,805        2,805        —         —   

PHP

      98,154        19,401        6,750        —   

PKR

      75,206,354        68,734,242        55,531        10,418  

SAR

      937        1,087        —         —   

SEK

      —         —         452,309        449,302  

SGD

      279        291        2,191        110  

USD

      1,701,494        1,651,765        14,458,985        15,364,685  

UYU

      120,768        99,189        2,028        1,141  

VND

      848,242        733,338        —         587,003  

ZAR

      87,780        79,897        —         —   

The following analysis sets forth the sensitivity of our consolidated net income before income taxes (our “pre-tax income”) to changes in exchange rates, interest rates, electricity rates and fuel costs. For purposes of this section, we and our related parties are deemed one entity. The range of changes in such risk categories represents our view of the changes that are reasonably possible over a one-year period, although it is difficult to predict such changes as a result of adverse economic developments in Korea. See Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Korea and the Global Economy—Unfavorable financial and economic conditions in Korea and globally may have a material adverse impact on us.” The following discussion only addresses material market risks faced by us and does not discuss other risks which we face in the normal course of business, including country risk, credit risk and legal risk. Unless otherwise specified, all calculations are made under IFRS.

If the Won depreciates against the U.S. dollar and all other foreign currencies held by us by 10%, and all other variables are held constant from their levels as of December 31, 2024, we estimate that our unrealized foreign exchange translation losses will increase by Won 2,115 billion in 2024. Such sensitivity analysis is conducted for monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies other than functional currency as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, without taking into consideration of the hedge effect of swap transactions. To manage our foreign currency risk related to foreign currency-denominated receivables and payables, we have a policy of entering into currency forward agreements. In addition, to manage our foreign currency risk related to foreign currency-denominated expected sales transactions and purchase transactions, we enter into cross-currency swap agreements.

We are exposed to interest rate risk due to our borrowings with floating interest rates. If interest rates increase by 1% on all of our borrowings and debentures bearing variable interest, and all other variables are held constant as of December 31, 2024, we estimate that our profit before income taxes will decrease by Won 142 billion (not reflecting the fact that a portion of such interest may be capitalized under IFRS) in 2024. Such sensitivity analysis does not take into consideration of the hedge effect of interest rate swap transactions. To manage our interest rate risks, we, in addition to maintaining an appropriate mix of fixed and floating rate loans, have entered into certain interest rate swap agreements.

 

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We are exposed to electricity rates risk due to the rate regulation by the Government, which considers the effect of electricity rate changes on the national economy. If the electricity rate rises by 1% and all other variables are held constant as of December 31, 2024, we estimate that our profit before income taxes will increase by Won 889 billion in 2024.

We are exposed to fuel price risks due to the heavy influence of fuel costs on our sales and cost of sales. If the fuel prices of anthracite and bituminous coal, oil, LNG and others used for generation by us and our generation subsidiaries rise by 1% and all other variables are held constant as of December 31, 2024, we estimate that our profit before income taxes will decrease by Won 222 billion in 2024.

The above discussion and the estimated amounts generated from the sensitivity analyzes referred to above include “forward-looking statements,” which assume for analytical purposes that certain market conditions may occur. Accordingly, such forward-looking statements should not be considered projections by us of future events or losses.

See Note 45 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report for further related information.

 

ITEM 12.

DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

Item 12.A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

Item 12.B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

Item 12.C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

Item 12.D. American Depositary Shares

Under the terms of the Deposit Agreement in respect of our ADSs, the holder and beneficiary owners of ADSs, any party depositing or withdrawing or surrendering ADSs or ADRs, whichever applicable, may be required to pay the following fees and charges to Citibank, N.A., whose principal executive office located in 388 Greenwich St. New York, NY 10013, acting as depositary for our ADSs:

 

Item

   

Services

   

Fees

1    Taxes and other governmental charges    As applicable
2    Registration of transfer of common shares generally on our shareholders’ register, any institution authorized under the applicable law to effect book-entry transfers of securities (including Korea Securities Depositary), or any entity that presently carries out the duties of registrar for the common shares, and applicable to transfers of common shares to the name of the Depositary or its nominee on the making of deposits or withdrawals    A fee of US$1.50 or less per ADS

 

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Table of Contents

Item

   

Services

   

Fees

3    Cable, telex and facsimile transmission expenses    As applicable
4    Expenses incurred by the Depositary in the conversion of foreign currency    As applicable
5    Execution and delivery of ADRs and the surrender of ADRs    Fee of US$0.05 or less per ADS
6    Cash distribution made by the Depositary or its agent    Fee of US$0.02 or less per ADS
7    Fee for the distribution of proceeds of sales of securities or rights for distribution other than cash, common shares or rights to subscribe for shares, distribution in shares or distribution in rights to subscribe for shares    Lesser of (i) the fee for the execution and delivery of ADRs referred to above which would have been charged as a result of the deposit by the holders of securities or common shares received in exercise of rights distributed to them, but which securities or rights are instead sold by the Depositary and the net proceeds distributed and (ii) the amount of such proceeds
8    Depositary services performed in administering the ADRs (which fee shall be assessed against holders of ADSs as of the record date or dates and shall be payable at the sole discretion of the Depositary by billing such holders or by deducting such charge from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions)    Fee of US$0.02 or less per ADS per calendar year

Depositary fees payable upon the issuance and cancellation of ADSs are typically paid to the depositary by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) receiving the newly-issued ADSs from the depositary and by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) delivering the ADSs to the depositary for cancellation. The brokers in turn charge these transaction fees to their clients.

Depositary fees payable in connection with distributions of cash or securities to ADS holders and the depositary services fee are charged by the depositary to the holders of record of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date. The depositary fees payable for cash distributions are generally deducted from the cash being distributed. In the case of distributions other than cash (i.e., stock dividends, rights offerings), the depositary charges the applicable fee to the ADS record date holders concurrent with the distribution. In the case of ADSs registered in the name of the investor (whether certificated or un-certificated in direct registration), the depositary sends invoices to the applicable record date ADS holders. In the case of ADSs held in brokerage and custodian accounts via the central clearing and settlement system, the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), the depositary generally collects its fees through the systems provided by DTC (whose nominee is the registered holder of the ADSs held in DTC) from the brokers and custodians holding ADSs in their DTC accounts. The brokers and custodians who hold their clients’ ADSs in DTC accounts in turn charge their clients’ accounts the amount of the fees paid to the depositary.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the Deposit Agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set-off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder.

The fees and charges the ADS holders may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. The ADS holders will receive prior notice of such changes.

 

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Depositary Payments for the Fiscal Year 2024

The following table sets forth our expenses incurred in 2024, which were reimbursed by Citibank, N.A. in the aggregate:

 

     (In thousands
of U.S. dollars)(1)		  

Reimbursement of legal fees

    US$ —   

Contributions towards our investor relations and other financing efforts (including investor conferences, non-deal roadshows and market information services)

      —   

Other

      —   
  

 

 

  

Total

    US$   —   
  

 

 

  
 

Note:

 

(1)

Converted at the rate of W1,477.9 to US$1.00, the Noon Buying Rate in effect on December 31, 2024.

 

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Table of Contents

PART II

 

ITEM 13.

DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

Not applicable.

 

ITEM 14.

MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

 

ITEM 15.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Control

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2024. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024 were effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decision regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, for our company. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based on the framework established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of a company’s assets, (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that a company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of a company’s management and directors, and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of a company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to consolidated financial statement preparation and presentation and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 

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Following the overhaul in May 2013 by the Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway (“COSO”) of the COSO Framework relating to internal controls and adoption of the 2013 Integrated Framework of the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO Framework (2013)”), we have, effective January 1, 2014, adopted the COSO Framework (2013) and incorporated it into our internal control system for us and our subsidiaries in order to comply with the Sarbanes Oxley Act and to standardize our internal control system. As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules as promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 using criteria established by the COSO Framework (2013). Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024 based on the criteria established by the COSO Framework (2013).

Audit Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Ernst & Young Han Young has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, which is included elsewhere in this annual report.

Changes in Internal Controls

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Our adoption of the COSO Framework (2013) did not have, and is not reasonably likely to have, any material effect on our internal control over financial reporting.

We operate an integrated ERP system for a transparent and efficient management of the core ERP components, including personnel, accounting, procurement, construction and facilities maintenance. In addition, we also operate a strategic enterprise management system that includes business warehouse, management information and business planning and simulation systems. We will continue to upgrade and improve the ERP system, which is being used as our core information infrastructure.

 

ITEM 16.

[RESERVED]

 

ITEM 16A.

AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our board of directors has determined that we have at least one “audit committee financial expert” as such term is defined by the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission issued pursuant to Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Our audit committee financial experts are Kim, Sung-Eun. Such members are independent within the meaning of the Korea Exchange listing standards, the regulations promulgated under the Enforcement Decree of the Korean Commercial Act and the New York Stock Exchange listing standards.

 

ITEM 16B.

CODE OF ETHICS

We have adopted a code of ethics for our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions as required under Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, together with an insider reporting system in compliance with Section 301 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The code of ethics is available on our website www.kepco.co.kr. We have not granted any waiver, including an implicit waiver, from a provision of the code of ethics to any of the above-mentioned officers during our most recently completed fiscal year.

 

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ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees billed for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 for professional services rendered by our principal accountant for such year, for various types of services and a brief description of the nature of such services. Ernst & Young Han Young, an independent registered public accounting firm, was our principal accountant for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024.

 

     Aggregate Fees Billed During       

Type of Services

    2023      2024     

Nature of Services

     (In millions of Won)       

Audit Fees

    W 8,172      W 8,668      Audit service including interim review service for KEPCO and its subsidiaries.

Audit-Related Fees

      696        348      Comfort letter services.

Tax Fees

      48        117      Tax return and consulting advisory service.

All Other Fees

      —         —       All other services which do not meet the three categories above.
  

 

 

     

 

 

     

Total

    W 8,916      W 9,133     
  

 

 

     

 

 

     
 

The U.S. law and regulations in effect since May 6, 2003 generally require all service of the principal accountant to be pre-approved by an independent audit committee or, if no such committee exists with respect to an issuer, by the entire board of directors. We have adopted the following policies and procedures for consideration and approval of requests to engage our principal accountant to perform audit and non-audit services. If the request relates to services that would impair the independence of our principal accountant, the request must be rejected. If the service request relates to audit and permitted non-audit services for us and our subsidiaries, it must be forwarded to our audit committee and receive pre-approval.

In addition, the U.S. law and regulations permit the pre-approval requirement to be waived with respect to engagements for non-audit services aggregating no more than five percent of the total amount of revenues we paid to our principal auditors, if such engagements were not recognized by us at the time of engagement and were promptly brought to the attention of our audit committee or a designated member thereof and approved prior to the completion of the audit.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEE

Not applicable.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

Neither we nor any “affiliated purchaser,” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) of the Exchange Act, purchased any of our equity securities during the period covered by this annual report.

ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

Our independent accountant has recently changed from Ernst & Young Han Young (“E&Y”) to KPMG Samjong Accounting Corp. (“KPMG”) due to the expiration of the term of the appointment of E&Y. Under the rules of the Board of Audit and Inspection, a Government agency, relating to audits of Government-owned entities, a public accounting firm may not audit a Government-owned entity (including us) for a term exceeding six consecutive years. The fiscal year 2024 marked the sixth year of audit by E&Y of us, thus we were required to appoint a new independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, we engaged KPMG on March 14,

 

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2025, whose appointment was approved at our audit committee meeting on January 23, 2025. KPMG has begun serving as our new independent registered public accounting firm for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2026 and 2027.

E&Y’s engagement as our independent registered public accounting firm expired upon the completion of the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 and the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 and the issuance of their reports thereon April 28, 2025. The audit report of E&Y on our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 did not contain an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion and was not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles. Furthermore, in connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 there were no disagreements (as described in Item 16F(a)(1)(iv) of Form 20-F) with E&Y on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure or auditing scope or procedure, which disagreements, if not resolved to the satisfaction of E&Y, would have caused E&Y to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreement in connection with their reports. In addition, we confirm that during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 and prior to the expiration of E&Y’s engagement as our independent registered public accounting firm, there were no “reportable events” requiring disclosure pursuant to Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of Form 20-F.

During our fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 and prior to the commencement of KPMG’s term as our independent registered public accounting firm, neither we nor anyone on our behalf consulted with KPMG with respect to either (1) the application of accounting principles to a specified transaction, either completed or proposed, or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on our consolidated financial statements, and neither a written report nor oral advice was provided to us that KPMG concluded was an important factor considered by us in reaching a decision as to any accounting, auditing or financial reporting issue or (2) any matter that was either the subject of a disagreement, as defined in Item 16F(a)(1)(iv) of Form 20-F and the related instructions to Item 16F, or a reportable event, as described in Item 16F(a)(1)(v) of Form 20-F.

We provided a copy of the disclosure in this Item to E&Y and requested that E&Y furnish us with a letter addressed to the Commission stating whether it agrees with such disclosure, and if it does not agree, stating the respects in which it does not agree. A copy of E&Y’s letter dated April 28, 2025 is filed as Exhibit 15.5 to this Form 20-F.

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

We are committed to high standards of corporate governance. We are in compliance with the corporate governance provisions of the KEPCO Act, the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, the Korean Commercial Act, the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea and the Listing Rules of the Korea Exchange. We, like all other companies in Korea, must comply with the corporate governance provisions under the Korean Commercial Act, except to the extent the KEPCO Act and the Act on the Management of Public Institutions otherwise require. Our corporate governance is also affected by various regulatory guidelines, including those promulgated by the Ministry of Economy and Finance. In addition, as a company listed on the Korea Exchange, we are subject to the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea, unless otherwise provided by the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act of Korea.

The Act on the Management of Public Institutions

General Provisions

On April 1, 2007, the Act on the Management of Public Institutions took effect by abolishing and replacing the Government-invested Enterprise Management Basic Act, which was enacted in 1984. Unless stated otherwise therein, the Act on the Management of Public Institutions takes precedence over any other laws and regulations in the event of inconsistency. On April 2, 2007, pursuant to this Act the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and

 

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Finance designated us as a “market-oriented public enterprise” as defined under this Act, and we became subject to this Act accordingly. We incorporated the applicable provisions of this Act into our Articles of Incorporation by amendment thereto in September 2007.

The Act on the Management of Public Institutions sets out the rules for corporate governance for entities that are subject to this Act, including the appointment of their respective president and directors. Under this Act as it applies to us as a “market-oriented public enterprise”, (i) a senior non-standing director as appointed by the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance becomes the chairperson of our board of directors following the review and resolution of the Committee for Management of Public Institutions; (ii) our president and our standing directors who concurrently serve as members of our audit committee are appointed by the President of Korea upon the motion of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (in the case of our president) or of the Ministry of Economy and Finance (in the case of standing directors who concurrently serve as members of our audit committee), following the nomination by such enterprise’s director nomination committee, the review and resolution of the Committee for Management of Public Institutions pursuant to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions and an approval at the general meeting of our shareholders; (iii) our standing directors other than the president and those who also serve as audit committee members must be appointed by our president with the approval at the general meeting of our shareholders from a pool of candidates recommended by our director nomination committee; and (iv) our non-standing directors must be appointed by the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance following the review and resolution of the Committee for Management of Public Institutions from a pool of candidates recommended by the director nomination committee, and must (a) have ample knowledge and experience in business management who cannot be public service personnel other than a public educational official at national or public schools or (b) have held their offices in us for at least three years and either (x) be recommended by the representative of our employees (or the representative of the labor union if there is a labor union comprising the majority of our employees) or (y) obtain consent from the majority of our employees. We are required to appoint at least one non-standing director who qualifies the requirement (b) above.

The Committee for Management of Public Institutions is established pursuant to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions and is comprised of one chairperson who is the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance and the following members: (i) one Vice Minister-level public official from the Office for Government Policy Coordination as nominated by the Minister of the Office for Government Policy Coordination; (ii) one Vice Minister, Deputy Administrator or an equivalent public official of the related administrative agency as prescribed by Presidential Decree; (iii) one Vice Minister, Deputy Administrator, or an equivalent public official of the competent agency who does not fall under sub-clause (ii); and (iv) 11 or fewer persons commissioned by the President based on the recommendation of the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance from among persons in various fields including law, economy, press, academia, labor, who have good knowledge and experience in the operation and business administration of public institutions as well as good reputation for impartiality.

Our director nomination committee, which is also known as the Committee for Recommendation of Executive Officers, is comprised of non-standing directors and members appointed by the board of directors. The number of members ranges from five to 15 persons and must be decided by a resolution of the board of directors; provided that, the number of members appointed by the board of directors must be less than half of the total number of members of our director nomination committee.

Under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions and our Articles of Incorporation, the term of office is three years for our president and two years for our directors (standing and non-standing) other than our president. Our directors (including the president) may be reappointed for one or more additional terms of one year. In order to be reappointed, the president must be evaluated on the basis of his management performance; a standing director, on the basis of the performance of the duties for which he was elected, or if the standing director has executed an incentive bonus contract, on the basis of his performance under the contract; and a non-standing director, on the basis of his performance of the duties for which he was elected.

 

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Under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions and our Articles of Incorporation, a recommendation from the director nomination committee is required for the appointment of our executive officers, except in the case of reappointments. The director nomination committee consists of five to fifteen members, including private-sector members appointed by the board of directors. Non-standing directors must comprise at least a majority of the director nomination committee. One of the private-sector members must be able to represent our opinion and must not be currently employed by us. As required under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, we established an audit committee. At least two-thirds of the audit committee members must be non-standing directors, and at least one committee member must be an expert in finance or accounting. According to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, our president’s term cannot be terminated unless done so by the President of Korea pursuant to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions or upon an event as specified in our Articles of Incorporation.

As required under Act on the Management of Public Institutions, we submit to the Government by October 31 every year a report on our medium to long-term management goals. Under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, we are also required to give separate public notice of important management matters, such as our budget and financial statements, status of directors and annual reports. In addition, for purposes of providing a comparison of the management performances of Government agencies, we are required to post on a designated website a notice on a standard form detailing our management performance. Following consultation with the Minister of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and the review and resolution of the Committee for Management of Public Institutions, the Ministry of Economy and Finance must examine the adequacy and competency of Government agencies and establish plans on merger, abolishment, restructuring and privatization of public agencies. In such case, the Minister of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy must execute these plans and submit a performance report to the Ministry of Economy and Finance.

Under certain amendments to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions that became effective as of July 1, 2019, our president is required to establish a plan to appoint directors and senior management based on the gender equality, endeavor to follow such plan, and submit an annual report on our gender equality plan regarding appointment of directors and senior management to the Ministry of Economy and Finance.

Application of the Act to Our Generation Subsidiaries

On January 24, 2011, the Ministry of Economy and Finance changed the designation of our six generation subsidiaries from “other public institutions” to “market-oriented public enterprises”, each as defined in the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, and all of our generation subsidiaries accordingly amended their respective articles of incorporation in 2011 to be in compliance with this Act. As “other public institutions”, our generation subsidiaries previously were not subject to the same regulations under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions applicable to us with regards to corporate governance matters such as the appointment and dismissal of directors and the composition of the boards of directors. However, as “market-oriented public enterprises”, our generation subsidiaries are currently subject to the same such regulations that are applicable to us.

Specifically, prior to such designation, (i) our president appointed the presidents and the statutory auditors of our generation subsidiaries; (ii) the selection of non-standing directors of each such subsidiary was subject to approval by our president; (iii) the president of each such subsidiary entered into a management contract with our president; and (iv) our evaluation committee conducted performance evaluation of such subsidiaries. However, following such designation, akin to the appointment process applicable to us, (i) the President of Korea appoints the presidents and standing directors of our generation subsidiaries that concurrently serve as members of the audit committees; (ii) the selection of non-standing directors of these subsidiaries is subject to approval by the Minister of the Ministry of Economy and Finance; (iii) the president of each such generation subsidiary is required to enter into a management contract directly with the Minister of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy; and the Committee for Management of Public Institutions conducts performance evaluation of such subsidiaries.

 

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Our Control over the Generation Subsidiaries

Designation of our generation subsidiaries as “market-oriented public enterprises” was intended to promote responsible management by and improve operational efficiency of Government-affiliated electricity companies by fostering competition among them so as to provide improved service to the general public. Such designation also has had the effect of the Government exercising greater direct control over the appointment of the governing body of our generation subsidiaries (in ways that are similar how the Government exercises such control over us as our majority shareholder as well as our regulator).

In addition, the Government has imposed a number of regulations that further affect the respective operational boundaries between us and our generation subsidiaries, including as follows:

 

  •  

In August 2010, in furtherance of the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, the Ministry of Economy and Finance announced the Proposal for the Improvement in the Structure of the Electric Power Industry, which was designed to promote responsible management by and improve operational efficiency of Government-affiliated electricity companies by fostering competition among them. Key initiatives of the proposal included the following: (i) maintain the current structure of having six generation subsidiaries and designate the six generation subsidiaries as market-oriented public enterprises under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions in order to foster competition among the generation subsidiaries and promote efficiency in their operations, and (ii) clarify the scope of the business of us and the six generation subsidiaries (namely, that we shall manage the financial structure and governance of the six generation subsidiaries and nuclear power plant and overseas resources development projects, while the six generation subsidiaries will have greater autonomy with respect to construction and management of generation units and procurement of fuel, among others).

 

  •  

In January 2011, the Ministry of Economy and Finance created a “joint cooperation unit” consisting of officers and employees selected from the five thermal power generation subsidiaries in order to reduce inefficiencies in areas such as fuel transportation, inventories, materials and equipment and construction, etc. and allow the thermal power generation subsidiaries to continue utilizing the benefits of economy of scale after split off of our generation business units into separate subsidiaries. The purpose of the joint cooperation unit was to give greater autonomy to the generation subsidiaries with regard to power plant construction and management and fuel procurements, and thereby enhance efficiency in operating power plants. The main functions of the joint cooperation unit are as follows: (i) maintain inventories of bituminous coal through volume exchanges and joint purchases, (ii) reduce shipping and demurrage expenses through joint operation and distribution of dedicated vessels, (iii) reduce costs by sharing information on generation material inventories and (iv) sharing human resources among the five thermal power generation subsidiaries for construction projects, among other things.

 

  •  

In June 2016, the Government announced the Proposal for Adjustment of Functions of Public Institutions (Energy Sector) for the purpose of streamlining the operations of Government-affiliated energy companies by discouraging them from engaging in overlapping or similar businesses with each other, reducing non-core assets and activities and improving management and operational efficiency. The initiatives contemplated in this proposal that would affect us and our generation subsidiaries include the following: (i) the generation companies should take on greater responsibilities in overseas resource exploration and production projects as these involve procurement of fuels necessary for electricity generation while fostering cooperation among each other through closer coordination, (ii) KHNP should take a greater role in export of nuclear technology, and (iii) the current system of retail sale of electricity to end-users should be liberalized to encourage more competition.

However, notwithstanding these developments, we, also a government-controlled entity, remain as the sole shareholder of our generation subsidiaries and continue to exercise significant control over them in such capacity as the sole shareholder well as through other practical means as further described below.

 

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First, as the sole shareholder, we continue to have the right, under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, to approve or disapprove the appointment of key members of the governing body of our generation subsidiaries (namely, the president, the standing directors, and the non-standing directors) by way of a vote at the general shareholders meeting before such appointments are ultimately approved and made by the President of Korea (in the case of the presidents and standing directors concurrently serving as audit committee members of the generation subsidiaries) or by the president of each generation subsidiary (in the case of other standing directors of such generation subsidiary). Our right to exercise such voting right as a shareholder is also protected by the Commercial Act of Korea.

Second, in practice we retain significant control over our generation subsidiaries through the following means:

 

  •  

We are the sole purchaser of electricity produced by the generation subsidiaries and continue to have near monopoly in terms of transmitting and distributing electricity in Korea. Accordingly, we continue to have significant influence over our generation subsidiaries in the electricity industry.

 

  •  

Our president holds regular meetings (known as “CEO Meetings”) with the presidents of our generation subsidiaries for which our president determines whether and when to convene such meetings, sets the agenda for such meetings and chairs such meetings. Since significant issues that jointly affect us and our generation subsidiaries are often discussed and decided at these meetings, the leadership role exercised by our president in such meetings is significant in setting the policies and direction for us and our generation subsidiaries as a whole.

 

  •  

We maintain and operate the Affiliated Company Management Team within the parent company organizational structure. The purpose of this team is to support and coordinate the management of the generation subsidiaries. Activities of the Affiliated Company Management Team include preparation of the CEO meetings, deliberation on major issues to be discussed at CEO Meetings, convening a general meeting of shareholders of the generation subsidiaries and coordination on the decision-making process for the general meeting of shareholders of the generation subsidiaries.

Ultimately, our control over our generation subsidiaries is derived from the fact that the Government owns the majority of our shares and effectively controls us as the supervisor and regulator in a heavily regulated industry, and in effect also exercises the same degree of control over our generation subsidiaries through our sole share ownership over our generation subsidiaries as well as its statutory power of direct appointment of the governing bodies of our generation subsidiaries. In effect, we are acting as an intermediate holding company in a vertical control structure involving the Government, us and our generation subsidiaries, where the Government holds the ultimate control over both us and our generation subsidiaries and exercises its control over our generation subsidiaries in part through us acting as the sole shareholder and the parent company.

Differences between Korean and New York Stock Exchange Corporate Governance Practices

We are a “foreign private issuer” (as such term is defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act), and our ADSs are listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE. Under Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, NYSE-listed companies that are foreign private issuers are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the corporate governance provisions specified by the NYSE with limited exceptions. Under the NYSE Listed Company Manual, we as a foreign private issuer are required to disclose significant differences between NYSE’s corporate governance standards and those we follow under Korean law. The following summarizes some significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by U.S. companies listed on the NYSE under the listing rules of the NYSE.

Majority of Independent Directors on the Board

Under the NYSE listing rules, U.S. companies listed on the NYSE must have a board, the majority of which is comprised of independent directors satisfying the requirements of “independence” as set forth in Rule 10A-3

 

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under the Exchange Act. No director qualifies as “independent” unless the board of directors affirmatively determines that the director has no material relationship with the listed company (either directly or as a partner, shareholder or officer of an organization that has a relationship with us). The NYSE rules include detailed tests for determining director independence. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from these requirements.

Under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, the number of standing directors including our president must be less than one-half of incumbent directors. For a discussion on qualifications of non-standing directors, see Item 6.A. “Directors and Senior Management—Board of Directors.” Under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, a non-standing director is appointed by the Ministry of Economy and Finance following the review and resolution of the Committee for Management of Public Institutions from a pool of candidates recommended by the director nomination committee, and must (i) have ample knowledge and experience in business management or (ii) have held his or her offices for at least three years and either (a) be recommended by the representative of the employees (or the representative of the labor union if there is a labor union comprising the majority of the employees) or (b) obtain consent from the majority of the employees. We are required to appoint at least one non-standing director who qualifies the requirement (ii) above. Government officials that are not part of the teaching staff in national and public schools are ineligible to become our non-standing directors.

Executive Session

Under the NYSE listing rules, non-management directors of U.S. companies listed on the NYSE are required to meet on a regular basis without management present and independent directors must meet separately at least once per year. While no such requirement currently exists under applicable Korean law, listing standards or our Articles of Incorporation, executive sessions were held from time to time in order to promote the exchange of diverse opinions by non-standing directors.

Audit Committee

Under the NYSE listing rules, listed companies must have an audit committee that has a minimum of three members, and all audit committee members must satisfy the requirements of independence set forth in Section 303A.02 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. Our audit committee members meet the requirements of independence set forth in Section 303A.02 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act. The audit committee must be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of the work of the independent registered public accountants. Our audit committee performs the roles and responsibilities required of an audit committee under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, including the supervision of the audit by the independent registered public accountants. Under the Korea Exchange listing rules and the Korean Commercial Act, a large listed company must also establish an audit committee of which at least two-thirds of its members must be non-standing directors and whose chairperson must be a non-standing director. Under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, the Korean Commercial Act, the amended Articles of Incorporation and the Korea Exchange listing rules, we are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of three members, of which not less than two members are required to be non-standing directors. In addition, pursuant to certain amendments to the Act on the Management of Public Institutions that became effective as of January 1, 2021, in appointing the standing member of the audit committee, the director nomination committee shall recommend the person who is qualified in any of the followings: (i) a person who is qualified as a certified public accountant or an attorney and has a minimum of three years of experience in work related to such qualification, (ii) a person who has served as an assistant professor or at a higher position for at least three years in areas directly related to audit, investigation and judicial affairs, budget and accounting, investigation, planning and evaluation, etc. (hereinafter referred to as “audit related works”) at a school under subparagraphs 1 through 5 of Article 2 of the Higher Education Act), (iii) a person who has been in charge of audit-related works for at least three years at a public institution, stock-listed corporation or research institute under Article 9(15)3 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and has experience prescribed by Presidential Decree, (iv) person who has been in charge of audit-related

 

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works for at least three years at the state or a local government and has served as a public official at the level prescribed by Presidential Decree, or (v) person with other expertise in accordance with the affairs of the relevant institution and qualified as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Our audit committee is in compliance with the foregoing requirements under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, the Korean Commercial Act, the amended Articles of Incorporation and the Korea Exchange listing rules.

On April 2, 2021, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to incorporate an amendment to the Commercial Act implemented on December 29, 2020, which requires at least one director who will serve as a member of the audit committee to be appointed separately from other directors at the meeting of shareholders. Our amended Articles of Incorporation requires all three directors who will serve as a member of the audit committee to be appointed separately from other directors at the meeting of shareholders.

On November 7, 2022, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to incorporate an amendment to the Commercial Act implemented on December 29, 2020, which requires the affirmative votes of at least a majority of the voting rights of the shareholders present at the shareholders meeting for appointment of a member of the audit committee in lieu of the affirmative votes of (i) at least a majority of the voting rights of the shareholders present at the shareholders meeting and (ii) at least one-fourth (1/4) of the total number of shares with the voting rights issued and outstanding if the shareholders are permitted to exercise a vote by electronic means at such shareholders meeting by the resolution of our board of directors.

Jun, Young-Sang, a standing director, and Kim, Sung-Eun and Lee, Sung-Ho, both non-standing directors, are currently members of our audit committee. All such members of the audit committee are independent within the meaning of the Korea Exchange listing standards, the regulations promulgated under the Korean Commercial Act and the New York Stock Exchange listing standards.

Nomination/Corporate Governance Committee

Under the NYSE listing rules, U.S. companies listed on the NYSE must have a nomination/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors. In addition to identifying individuals qualified to become board members, this committee must develop and recommend to the board a set of corporate governance principles. Under the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, we are required to have a director nomination committee which consists of non-standing directors and ad hoc members appointed by our board of directors. Our standing directors and executives as well as governmental officials that are not part of the teaching staff in national and public schools are ineligible to become a member of our director nomination committee. There is no requirement to establish a corporate governance committee under applicable Korean law.

Pursuant to the NYSE listing standards, non-management directors must meet on a regular basis without management present and independent directors must meet separately at least once per year. No such requirement currently exists under applicable Korean law.

Compensation Committee

Under the NYSE listing rules, U.S. companies listed on the NYSE are required to have a compensation committee which is composed entirely of independent directors. In January 2013, the SEC approved amendments to the listing rules of NYSE and NASDAQ regarding the independence of compensation committee members and the appointment, payment and oversight of compensation consultants. The listing rules were adopted as required by Section 952 of the Dodd-Frank Act and rule 10C-1 of the Exchange Act, which direct the national securities exchanges to prohibit the listing of any equity security of a company that is not in compliance with the rule’s compensation committee director and advisor independence requirements. Certain elements of the listing rules became effective on July 1, 2013 and companies listed on the NYSE must comply with such listing rules by the earlier of the company’s first annual meeting after January 15 or October 31, 2014.

 

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No such requirement currently exists under applicable Korean law or listing standards, and we currently do not have a compensation committee.

Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

Under the NYSE listing rules, U.S. companies listed on the NYSE are required to establish corporate governance guidelines and to adopt a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees, and promptly disclose any waivers of the code for directors or executive officers. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from this requirement. Pursuant to the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we have adopted a code of ethics applicable to our President and Chief Executive Officer and all other directors and executive officers including the Chief Financial Officer and the Chief Accounting Officer, as well as all financial, accounting and other officers that are involved in the preparation and disclosure of our consolidated financial statements and internal control of financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We have also adopted an insider reporting system in compliance with Section 301 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The code of ethics applicable to our executive officers and financial officers are available on www.kepco.co.kr.

Shareholder Approval of Equity Compensation Plans

Under the NYSE listing rules, shareholders of U.S. companies listed on the NYSE are required to approve all equity compensation plans. Under Korean law and regulations, stock options can be granted to employees to the extent expressly permitted by the articles of incorporation. We currently do not have any equity compensation plans.

Annual Certification of Compliance

Under the NYSE listing rules, a chief executive officer of a U.S. company listed on the NYSE must annually certify that he or she is not aware of any violation by the company of NYSE corporate governance standards. As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to this requirement. However, in accordance with rules applicable to both U.S. companies and foreign private issuers, we are required to promptly notify the NYSE in writing if any executive officer becomes aware of any material noncompliance with the NYSE corporate governance standards applicable to us. In addition, foreign private issuers, including us, are required to submit to the NYSE an annual written affirmation relating to compliance with Sections 303A.06 and 303A.11 of the NYSE listed company manual, which are the NYSE corporate governance standards applicable to foreign private issuers. All written affirmations must be executed in the form provided by the NYSE, without modification. An annual written affirmation is required to be submitted to the NYSE within 30 days of filing with the SEC our annual report on Form 20-F. We have been in compliance with this requirement in all material respects and plan to submit such affirmation within the prescribed timeline.

Whistle Blower Protection

On May 25, 2011, the SEC adopted final rules to implement whistleblower provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, which are applicable to foreign private issuers with securities registered under the U.S. securities laws. The final rules provide that any eligible whistleblower who voluntarily provides the SEC with original information that leads to the successful enforcement of an action brought by the SEC under U.S. securities laws must receive an award of between 10 and 30 percent of the total monetary sanctions collected if the sanctions exceed US$1,000,000. An eligible whistleblower is defined as someone who provides information about a possible violation of the securities laws that he or she reasonably believes has occurred, is ongoing, or is about to occur. The possible violation does not need to be material, probably or even likely, but the information must have a “facially plausible relationship to some securities law violation”; frivolous submissions would not qualify. The final rules also prohibit retaliation against the whistleblower. While the final rules do not require employees to first report allegations of wrongdoing through a company’s corporate compliance system, they do seek to incentivize whistleblowers to utilize internal corporate compliance first by, among other things, (i) giving

 

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employees who first report information internally the benefit of the internal reporting date for purposes of the SEC program so long as the whistleblower submits the same information to the SEC within 120 days of the initial disclosure; (ii) clarifying that the SEC will consider, as part of the criteria for determining the amount of a whistleblower’s award, whether the whistleblower effectively utilized the company’s corporate compliance program or hindered the function of the program; and (iii) crediting a whistleblower who reports internally first and whose company passes the information along to the SEC, which would mean the whistleblower could receive a potentially higher award for information gathered in an internal investigation initiated as a result of the whistleblower’s internal report.

In addition, the final rules address concerns that the whistleblower rules incentivize officers, directors and those with legal, audit, compliance or similar responsibilities to abuse these positions by making whistleblower complaints to the SEC with respect to information they obtained in these roles by generally providing that information obtained through a communication subject to attorney-client privilege or as a result of legal representation would not be eligible for a whistleblower award unless disclosure would be permitted by attorney conduct rules. Accordingly, officers and directors, auditors and compliance personnel and other persons in similar roles would not be eligible to receive awards for information received in these positions unless (x) they have a reasonable basis to believe that (1) disclosure of the information is necessary to prevent the entity from engaging in conduct that is likely to cause substantial injury to the financial interests of the entity or investors; or (2) the entity is engaging in conduct that will impede an investigation of the misconduct, for example, destroying documents or improperly influencing witnesses; or (y) 120 days have passed since the whistleblower provided the information to senior responsible persons at the entity or 120 days have passed since the whistleblower received the information at a time when these people were already aware of the information.

In Korea, under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, anyone may provide or furnish the Financial Services Commission or the Securities and Futures Commission with information on unfair trading or any other violation of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. The Financial Services Commission shall keep the identity of the whistleblower confidential, and any institution, organization or company to which the whistleblower belongs may not treat the whistleblower unfavorably, directly or indirectly. In addition, the Financial Services Commission may also reward the whistleblower within the limit of the budget of the Financial Services Commission.

 

ITEM 16H.

MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

 

ITEM 16I.

DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.

Not applicable.

 

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ITEM 16J.  INSIDER TRADING POLICIES.
We have implemented policies which include provisions that provide guidance on the purchases, sales and other dispositions of our securities by our directors, officers and employees, namely Article 42 of our Guidelines for the Conduct of Officers and Employees, Article 12 of our Guidelines on the Operation of Conflict of Interest Prevention System, and Article 13 of our Code of Conduct (collectively, the “Insider Trading Policy”), with the goal of promoting compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange. As a public institution subject to the Act on the Prevention of Conflict of Interest Related to Duties of Public Servants, we are subject to stricter insider trading regulations pursuant to Article 14 of the Act and are required to implement the Guidelines on the Operation of the Conflict of Interest Prevention System in accordance with Article 33(1) of its Enforcement Decree. Furthermore, pursuant to Article 8(1) of the Act on the Prevention of Corruption and the Establishment and Management of the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission, we are also required to implement a Code of Conduct, including the Guidelines for the Conduct of Officers and Employees, which governs insider trading policies. A copy of our Insider Trading Policy is annexed to this annual report as Exhibit 11.1.
ITEM 16K.  CYBERSECURITY.
Overview
Cybersecurity presents an ever-evolving challenge to the electric power industry, and we and our generation subsidiaries have identified cybersecurity as a key enterprise risk. Our operations require the continuous availability of critical information and operational technology systems, sensitive customer and employee data, and infrastructure information, all of which are targets for malicious actors. Cybersecurity attacks, which can arise from external actors, internal threats, or through our supply chain, are continually becoming more frequent and sophisticated. Our increased reliance on technology necessarily increases cybersecurity risk. Cybersecurity incidents may cause a major disruption of our operations, and therefore materially affect our and our generation subsidiaries’ financial condition, operations, and business reputation. For more information regarding how cybersecurity threats could materially affect us and our generation subsidiaries, see Item 3.D. “Risk Factors—We are subject to physical security and cybersecurity risk” and Item 4.B. “Business Overview—Cybersecurity.”
We and our generation subsidiaries have not experienced any cybersecurity incidents in the last three years that have materially affected the business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition of us and our generation subsidiaries.
Risk Management, Strategy and Oversight
We assess and monitor cybersecurity risks to our infrastructure, new projects and third parties we engage with, especially service providers. We have established a cybersecurity management system, which is called “Cybersecurity GRC System,” through which we identify, evaluate and manage cybersecurity risks. Additionally, the National Intelligence Service and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy perform regular audits to identify, evaluate and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats in accordance with the Basic Guidelines for National Information Security and the detailed guidelines for information security issued by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy.
We have formed an Information Security Committee under the supervision of our information security department. The Information Security Committee’s responsibilities include, among others, conducting investigations into cybersecurity incidents and developing preventive strategies. Moreover, we and our generation subsidiaries have jointly established a Cybersecurity Committee, a cybersecurity oversight group comprised of senior management teams of the respective companies, including Chief Information Security Officers, to monitor cybersecurity policies and provide strategic direction for the prevention, detection, mitigation and remediation of cybersecurity risks.
 
181
We use contractual terms to impose cybersecurity requirements on third-party service providers for compliance with our cybersecurity policies, including the requirement to immediately inform us of any occurrence of cybersecurity threats during the provision of their service. We and our generation subsidiaries conduct training, policies, technical and procedural controls and mitigation plans to address risks from cybersecurity threats.
Governance
Under the supervision of the Chief Business Management Officer, our Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”), who is also a standing director and executive director of information security, is responsible for assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. The CISO has qualifications stipulated by relevant laws and extensive experience related to the management and protection of information security. All material cybersecurity-related matters are promptly notified to the CISO, who provides updates on security control to the Chief Business Management Officer on a weekly basis. Also, our Board of Directors is responsible for the oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. The Board will receive reports of material cybersecurity incidents and threats as they occur. Additionally, pursuant to the Act on the Control and Supervision on Nuclear Power Suppliers for the Prevention of Corruption in the Nuclear Power Industry, our management is charged with submitting an operational plan for cybersecurity management every two years to our board of directors, which includes plans to prevent nuclear power-related misconduct. Such plan needs to be reviewed and approved by our board of directors.
 
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PART III

 

ITEM 17.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have responded to Item 18 in lieu of responding to this item.

 

ITEM 18.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Reference is made to Item 19(a). “Exhibits” for a list of all financial statements filed as part of this annual report.

 

ITEM 19.

EXHIBITS

 

(a)

Exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report

See Index of Exhibits beginning on page 184 of this annual report.

 

(b)

Financial Statements filed as part of this Annual Report

See Index to Financial Statements on page F-1 of this annual report.

 

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INDEX OF EXHIBITS

 

  1.1(2)    Articles of Incorporation, as amended on November 7, 2022 (in English)
  2.1(3)    Form of Deposit Agreement
  8.1    List of Subsidiaries
 11.1    Insider Trading Policies
 12.1    Certifications of our Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act (Certifications under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)
 12.2    Certifications of our Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) of the Exchange Act (Certifications under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)
 13.1    Certifications of our Chief Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. 1350) (Certifications under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)
 13.2    Certifications of our Chief Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. 1350) (Certifications under Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002)
 15.1(2)    The Korea Electric Power Corporation Act, as amended on December 31, 2022 (in English)
 15.2(4)    Enforcement Decree of the Korea Electric Power Corporation Act, as amended on January 5, 2021 (in English)
 15.3(2)    The Act on the Management of Public Institutions, as amended on February 3, 2022 (in English)
 15.4(2)    Enforcement Decree of the Act on the Management of Public Institutions, as amended on December 20, 2022 (in English)
 15.5    Letter from Ernst & Young Han Young dated April 28, 2025
 97.1(1)    Policy Relating to Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation, as required by applicable listing standards adopted pursuant to 17 CFR 240.10D-1
101.INS    Inline XBRL Instance Document — the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH    Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL    Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF    Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB    Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE    Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104    The cover page for the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2024, has been formatted in Inline XBRL
 
(1)

Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s annual report on Form 20-F (No. 001-13372) previously filed on April 30, 2024.

(2)

Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s annual report on Form 20-F (No. 001-13372) previously filed on April 28, 2023.

(3)

Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form F-6 with respect to the ADSs, registered under Registration No. 333-196703.

(4)

Incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s annual report on Form 20-F (No. 001-13372) previously filed on April 30, 2021.

 

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SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf.

 

KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION
By:  

/s/ Kim, Dong-Cheol

Name:   Kim, Dong-Cheol
Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer
Date:   April 28, 2025

 

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Korea Electric Power Corporation and subsidiariesKorea Software Financial Cooperative0Incorporated on December 31, 1981 in accordance with the Korea Electric Power Corporation Act (the “KEPCO Act”)Incorporated on December 31, 1981 in accordance with the Korea Electric Power Corporation Act (the “KEPCO Act”)SEMARNAT / CFE TransmissionCENACE / CFE Transmission and othersKorea Development Bank and othersEngage in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity and development of electric power resources. KEPCO also provides power plant construction service
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
    
Page
  
     F-2  
     F-4  
     F-5  
     F-7  
     F-9  
     F-12  
     F-14  
 
F-1
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED P
UB
LIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
ON CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of
Korea Electric Power Corporation
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Korea Electric Power Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income or loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated April 28, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
 
 
Impairment of property, plant and equipment in electricity transmission and distribution business
Description of the Matter
  
The carrying amount of the Company’s property, plant and equipment (“PP&E”) as of December 31, 2024 was KRW 182,982,763 million, and an impairment loss recognized for the year then ended was KRW 11,240 million.
 
As described in note 3 (18) to the consolidated financial statements, because the carrying amount of net assets exceeded the market capitalization, the Company evaluated the cash-generating unit (“CGU”) related to electricity sales for recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the CGU with its
value-in-use
(“VIU”) amount measured using the discounted cash flow model.
  Auditing the impairment of a CGU involves subjective judgment and requires the involvement of specialists due to the highly judgmental nature of the assumptions (e.g., discount rate, future sales volume, sales price and cost of electricity purchases) used in estimating the VIU amount. These assumptions have a significant effect on the outcome of the impairment assessment.
 
F-2
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit
  
We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness, of controls over the Company’s processes for determining the VIU of the CGU. This included our evaluation of management review controls over the significant assumptions (i.e., discount rate, future sales volumes, sales prices, cost of electricity purchases) used to develop the discounted cash flow forecasts.
 
Our testing of the Company’s impairment calculation included evaluating the discounted cash flow model used by the Company by involving our valuation specialists to assist in testing the significant assumptions used to develop the cash flow forecasts and testing the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data. We assessed the accuracy of the Company’s historical projections by comparing them with actual operating results, evaluated management’s methodology for determining the discount rate used to calculate the present value of the forecasted cash flows by comparing it against our own calculated rate using both market and entity-specific information, searched for and evaluated information that corroborates or contradicts the Company’s assumptions, and performed a sensitivity analysis of the VIU estimate that could result from changes in the discount rate. Furthermore, we considered the Company’s business plan and external market data for major unobservable inputs such as future sales volumes, sales prices and cost of power purchases, that were used in estimating the VIU. For example, we compared these significant assumptions to current industry practice, market and economic trends, historical results of the Company’s business and other relevant factors.
/s/ Ernst & Young Han Young
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.
Seoul, the Republic of Korea
April 28, 2025
 
F-3
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of
Korea Electric Power Corporation
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Korea Electric Power Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”)’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income or loss, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”), and our report dated April 28, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young Han Young
Seoul, the Republic of Korea
April 28, 2025
 
F-4
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
As of December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
   
Note
          
2023
    
2024
  
               
In millions of won
  
Assets
        
Current assets
        
Cash and cash equivalents
     5,6,7,45     ￦       4,342,887       2,382,979  
Current financial assets, net
     5,6,9,11,12,13,45,47         3,107,397       3,494,717  
Trade and other receivables, net
     5,8,20,24,45,46,47         11,985,735       12,216,216  
Inventories, net
     14         8,875,615       9,769,236  
Income tax receivables
     41         69,612       78,495  
Current
non-financial
assets
     15         1,109,321       1,267,914  
Assets
held-for-sale
     16,42         45,648       45,648  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Total current assets
         29,536,215       29,255,205  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Non-current
assets
        
Non-current
financial assets, net
     5,6,9,10,11,12,13,45,47         3,546,214       4,945,990  
Non-current
trade and other receivables, net
     5,8,20,45,46,47         2,193,587       3,157,409  
Property, plant and equipment, net
     4,18,24,27,49         179,875,535       182,982,763  
Investment properties, net
     4,19,27         185,527       228,984  
Goodwill
     4,16         99,156       99,179  
Intangible assets other than goodwill, net
     4,21,27,46         1,033,984       1,046,918  
Investments in associates
     4,17         6,176,889       6,704,754  
Investments in joint ventures
     4,17         3,485,699       4,581,340  
Defined benefit assets, net
     25         70,187       40,425  
Deferred tax assets
     41         13,161,802       13,436,624  
Non-current
non-financial
assets
     4,15         350,170       328,204  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Total
non-current
assets
         210,178,750       217,552,590  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Total Assets
     4     ￦       239,714,965       246,807,795  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
(Continued) 
 
F-5
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, Continued
As of December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
   
Note
          
2023
    
2024
  
               
In millions of won
  
Liabilities
        
Current liabilities
        
Trade and other payables, net
     5,22,24,45,47     ￦       9,089,973       9,411,315  
Current financial liabilities, net
     5,12,23,45,47         41,139,726       44,465,866  
Income tax payables
     41         482,934       970,496  
Current
non-financial
liabilities
     20,28,29         7,881,663       6,327,141  
Current provisions
     26,45         2,654,125       2,793,971  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Total current liabilities
         61,248,421       63,968,789  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Non-current
liabilities
        
Non-current
trade and other payables, net
     5,22,24,45,47         4,981,957       4,609,241  
Non-current
financial liabilities, net
     5,12,23,45,47         92,944,338       88,352,359  
Non-current
non-financial
liabilities
     28,29         11,196,000       13,281,520  
Employee benefits liabilities, net
     25,45         1,035,320       1,451,547  
Deferred tax liabilities
     41         5,163,135       5,944,472  
Non-current
provisions
     26,45         25,881,044       27,837,034  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Total
non-current
liabilities
         141,201,794       141,476,173  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Total Liabilities
     4     ￦       202,450,215       205,444,962  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Equity
        
Contributed capital
     1,30,45        
Share capital
     ￦       3,209,820       3,209,820  
Share premium
         843,758       843,758  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
        4,053,578       4,053,578  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Retained earnings
     31        
Legal reserves
         1,604,910       1,604,910  
Voluntary reserves
         2,812,313       —   
Unappropriated retained earnings (undisposed deficit)
         11,921,039       18,523,337  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
        16,338,262       20,128,247  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Other components of equity
     34        
Other capital surplus
         1,600,801       1,600,812  
Accumulated other comprehensive income
         557,430       1,424,014  
Other equity
         13,294,972       12,708,585  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
        15,453,203       15,733,411  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Equity attributable to owners of the controlling company
         35,845,043       39,915,236  
Non-controlling
interests
     16,33         1,419,707       1,447,597  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Total Equity
     ￦       37,264,750       41,362,833  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Total Liabilities and Equity
     ￦       239,714,965       246,807,795  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
 
F-6
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income or Loss
For each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 202
4
 
    
Note
            
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
                  
In millions of won, except per share information
  
Sales
      4,35,45,47            
Sales of goods
      2      ￦        69,184,469       85,940,137       91,018,712  
Sales of construction services
      20           646,953       785,395       849,108  
Sales of services
            714,602       750,878       710,445  
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
           70,546,024       87,476,410       92,578,265  
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Cost of sales
      14,25,43,47            
Cost of sales of goods
            (99,441,768 )      (88,066,120 )      (80,221,013 ) 
Cost of sales of construction services
            (941,254 )      (1,003,601 )      (1,185,886 ) 
Cost of sales of services
            (520,572 )      (629,806 )      (557,261 ) 
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
           (100,903,594 )      (89,699,527 )      (81,964,160 ) 
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Gross profit (loss)
            (30,357,570 )      (2,223,117 )      10,614,105  
Selling and administrative expenses
      25,36,43,47           (3,009,422 )      (3,061,582 )      (3,070,026 ) 
Other income
      28,37           1,095,489       1,275,902       1,297,985  
Other expenses
      37           (212,150 )      (258,905 )      (465,688 ) 
Other gains, net
      38           243,122       22,686       84,884  
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Operating profit (loss)
      4           (32,240,531 )      (4,245,016 )      8,461,260  
Finance income
      5,12,39           1,833,312       1,425,031       3,448,177  
Finance expenses
      5,12,40           (4,746,791 )      (5,347,018 )      (7,535,228 ) 
Profit (loss) related to associates, joint ventures and subsidiaries
      4,16,17            
Gain on valuation of investments in associates and joint ventures
            1,393,486       804,141       937,959  
Gain on disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures
            11,091       18,204       186,066  
Reversal of impairment loss on investments in associates and joint ventures
            —        347       10,527  
Gain on disposal of investments in subsidiaries
            —        2       98  
Loss on valuation of investments in associates and joint ventures
            (55,193 )      (209,085 )      (182,507 ) 
Loss on disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures
            (1,675 )      —        (650 ) 
Loss on impairment of investments in associates and joint ventures
            (5,174 )      (19 )      (69,173 ) 
Loss on disposal of investments in subsidiaries
            (32,144 )      (564 )      —   
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
           1,310,391       613,026       882,320  
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Profit
 
(loss) before income tax
            (33,843,619 )      (7,553,977 )      5,256,529  
Income tax benefit (expense)
      41           9,414,511       2,837,833       (1,634,561 ) 
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Profit (loss) for the year
       ￦        (24,429,108 )      (4,716,144 )      3,621,968  
(Continued)
 
F-7
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income or Loss, Continued
For each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024
 
    
Note
            
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
                  
In millions of won, except per share information
  
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
      5,12,25,31,34            
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:
             
Remeasurements of defined benefit liability
      25,31      ￦        663,095       (271,724 )      (296,135 ) 
Share of other comprehensive income (loss) of associates and joint ventures
      31           12,305       (27,349 )      (6,346 ) 
Net change in fair value of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (loss)
      34           58,010       (31,665 )      100,759  
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:
             
Net change in the unrealized fair value of derivatives using cash flow hedge accounting
      5,12,34           (24,415 )      (3,654 )      11,870  
Foreign currency translation of foreign operations
      34           28,387       (17,274 )      164,628  
Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures
      34           509,487       122,994       654,225  
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the year
            1,246,869       (228,672 )      629,001  
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year
       ￦        (23,182,239 )      (4,944,816 )      4,250,969  
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Profit (loss) attributable to:
             
Owners of the controlling company
      44      ￦        (24,466,853 )      (4,822,549 )      3,491,698  
Non-controlling
interests
            37,745       106,405       130,270  
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      ￦        (24,429,108 )      (4,716,144 )      3,621,968  
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Total comprehensive income (loss) attributable to:
             
Owners of the controlling company
       ￦        (23,273,171 )      (5,032,584 )      4,070,175  
Non-controlling
interests
            90,932       87,768       180,794  
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      ￦        (23,182,239 )      (4,944,816 )      4,250,969  
        
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Earnings (loss) per share (in won)
      44            
Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share
       ￦        (38,112 )      (7,512 )      5,439  
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
 
F-8
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
For each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 202
4
 
         
Equity attributable to owners of the controlling company
    
Non-

controlling
interests
        
         
Contributed
capital
    
Retained

earnings
    
Other

components

of equity
    
Subtotal
    
Total

equity
  
         
In millions of won
  
Balance as of January 1, 2022
  
 
 ￦
 
     4,053,578       45,258,244       14,468,450       63,780,272       1,546,434       65,326,706  
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year
              
Profit (loss) for the year
       —        (24,466,853 )      —        (24,466,853 )      37,745       (24,429,108 ) 
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:
              
Remeasurements of defined benefit liability, net of tax
       —        626,769       —        626,769       36,326       663,095  
Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures, net of tax
       —        12,305       —        12,305       —        12,305  
Net change in fair value of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, net of tax
       —        —        58,008       58,008       2       58,010  
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:
              
Net change in the unrealized fair value of derivatives using cash flow hedge accounting, net of tax
       —        —        (32,437 )      (32,437 )      8,022       (24,415 ) 
Foreign currency translation of foreign operations, net of tax
       —        —        19,550       19,550       8,837       28,387  
Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures, net of tax
       —        —        509,487       509,487       —        509,487  
Transactions with owners of the Company, recognized directly in equity
              
Dividends paid
       —        —        —        —        (42,344 )      (42,344 ) 
Additional
paid-in
capital and others
       —        835       39,641       40,476       86,316       126,792  
Transactions between consolidated entities
       —        —        (1,584 )      (1,584 )      (75,791 )      (77,375 ) 
Changes in consolidation scope
       —        —        (597 )      (597 )      32,311       31,714  
Dividends paid (hybrid bond)
       —        —        —        —        (13,461 )      (13,461 ) 
Repayment of hybrid bond
       —        —        —        —        (169,537 )      (169,537 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Balance as of December 31, 2022
     ￦         4,053,578        21,431,300        15,060,518        40,545,396         1,454,860        42,000,256  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
(Continued)
 
F-9
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity, Continued
For each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024
 
         
Equity attributable to owners of the controlling company
    
Non-

controlling
interests
        
         
Contributed
capital
    
Retained

earnings
    
Other

components

of equity
    
Subtotal
    
Total

equity
  
         
In millions of won
  
Balance as of January 1, 2023
  
 
 ￦
 
     4,053,578       21,431,300       15,060,518       40,545,396       1,454,860       42,000,256  
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year
              
Profit (loss) for the year
       —        (4,822,549 )      —        (4,822,549 )      106,405       (4,716,144 ) 
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:
              
Remeasurements of defined benefit liability, net of tax
       —        (242,987 )      —        (242,987 )      (28,737 )      (271,724 ) 
Share of other comprehensive loss of associates and joint ventures, net of tax
       —        (27,349 )      —        (27,349 )      —        (27,349 ) 
Net change in fair value of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, net of tax
       —        —        (31,665 )      (31,665 )      —        (31,665 ) 
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:
              
Net change in the unrealized fair value of derivatives using cash flow hedge accounting, net of tax
       —        —        (5,078 )      (5,078 )      1,424       (3,654 ) 
Foreign currency translation of foreign operations, net of tax
       —        —        (25,950 )      (25,950 )      8,676       (17,274 ) 
Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures, net of tax
       —        —        122,994       122,994       —        122,994  
Transactions with owners of the Company, recognized directly in equity
              
Dividends paid
       —        —        —        —        (45,322 )      (45,322 ) 
Additional
paid-in
capital and others
       —        —        (1 )      (1 )      6,024       6,023  
Transactions between consolidated entities
       —        —        332,280       332,280       (73,795 )      258,485  
Changes in consolidation scope
       —        —        (48 )      (48 )      384       336  
Dividends paid (hybrid bond)
       —        —        —        —        (10,212 )      (10,212 ) 
Others
       —        (153 )     153       —        —        —   
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Balance as of December 31, 2023
     ￦         4,053,578        16,338,262        15,453,203        35,845,043         1,419,707        37,264,750  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-10
(Continued)
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity, Continued
For each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024
 
         
Equity attributable to owners of the controlling company
    
Non-

controlling
interests
        
         
Contributed
capital
    
Retained

earnings
    
Other

components

of equity
    
Subtotal
    
Total

equity
  
         
In millions of won
  
Balance as of January 1, 2024
  
 
￦
 
     4,053,578       16,338,262       15,453,203       35,845,043       1,419,707       37,264,750  
Total comprehensive income (loss) for the year
              
Profit for the year
       —        3,491,698       —        3,491,698       130,270       3,621,968  
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:
              
Remeasurements of defined benefit liability, net of tax
       —        (281,761 )      —        (281,761 )      (14,374 )      (296,135 ) 
Share of other comprehensive loss of associates and joint ventures, net of tax
       —        (6,346 )      —        (6,346 )      —        (6,346 ) 
Net change in fair value of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income, net of tax
       —        —        100,759       100,759       —        100,759  
Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:
              
Net change in the unrealized fair value of derivatives using cash flow hedge accounting, net of tax
       —        —        11,976       11,976       (106 )      11,870  
Foreign currency translation of foreign operations, net of tax
       —        —        99,624       99,624       65,004       164,628  
Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures, net of tax
       —        —        654,225       654,225       —        654,225  
Transactions with owners of the Company, recognized directly in equity
              
Dividends paid
       —        —        —        —        (126,900 )      (126,900 ) 
Additional
paid-in
capital and others
       —        —        —        —        (1,819 )      (1,819 ) 
Transactions between consolidated entities
       —        —        18       18       (13,878 )      (13,860 ) 
Changes in consolidation scope
       —        —        —        —        9       9  
Dividends paid (hybrid bond)
       —        —        —        —        (10,316 )      (10,316 ) 
Others
              
Transfer of revaluation reserve
       —        586,394       (586,394 )      —        —        —   
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Balance as of December 31, 2024
     ￦       4,053,578       20,128,247       15,733,411       39,915,236       1,447,597       41,362,833  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
 
F-11
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 202
4
 
         
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
         
In millions of won
  
Cash flows from operating activities
    
Profit (loss) for the year
   ￦       (24,429,108 )       (4,716,144)       3,621,968  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Adjustments to reconcile profit (loss) for the year to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
        
Income tax expense (benefit)
       (9,414,511 )      (2,837,833 )      1,634,561  
Depreciation
       12,305,252       12,869,089       13,833,788  
Amortization
       156,160       163,174       163,567  
Employee benefit expense
       485,700       358,730       427,980  
Bad debt expense
       29,997       101,550       60,309  
Interest expense
       2,818,546       4,451,659       4,665,095  
Loss on disposal of financial assets
       1,841       1       434  
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment
       100,066       98,120       112,018  
Loss on abandonment of property, plant and equipment
       160,909       196,697       195,697  
Loss (gain) on impairment of property, plant and equipment
       (97,425 )      17,031       11,240  
Loss on impairment of intangible assets
       164       2,865       902  
Loss on disposal of intangible assets
       116       71       111  
Increase in provisions
       2,146,979       1,611,082       1,762,526  
Loss on foreign currency translation, net
       523,285       363,659       2,366,830  
Gain on valuation of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
       (7,099 )      (152,322 )      (83,408 ) 
Loss on valuation of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
       44,329       24,015       14,247  
Valuation and transaction gain on derivative instruments, net
       (448,903 )      (323,858 )      (2,406,368 ) 
Gain on valuation of investments in associates and joint ventures, net
       (1,338,293 )      (595,056 )      (755,452 ) 
Gain on disposal of financial assets
       (11,199 )      (13,162 )      (45,493 ) 
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment
       (148,667 )      (32,196 )      (85,990 ) 
Gain on disposal of intangible assets
       (41 )      (136 )      (41 ) 
Gain on disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures
       (11,091 )      (18,204 )      (186,066 ) 
Loss on disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures
       1,675       —        650  
Loss on impairment of investments in associates and joint ventures
       5,174       19       69,173  
Reversal of impairment loss on investments in associates and joint ventures
       —        (347 )      (10,527 ) 
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries
       —        (2 )      (98 ) 
Loss on disposal of investments in subsidiaries
       32,144       564       —   
Interest income
       (340,753 )      (429,620 )      (467,525 ) 
Dividend income
       (28,875 )      (25,941 )      (70,601 ) 
Others, net
       215,943       6,910       (76,125 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
        7,181,423        15,836,559       21,131,434  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Changes in working capital:
        
Trade receivables
       (1,909,649 )      (1,484,134 )      2,702  
Non-trade
receivables
       80,444       625,993       (191,526 ) 
Accrued income
       (34,706 )      (258,993 )      (189,995 ) 
Other receivables
       80,236       56,460       101,042  
Other current assets
       (651,926 )      251,842       (656,588 ) 
Inventories
       (3,000,669 )      147,798       (1,412,713 ) 
Other
non-current
assets
       58,790       (101,576 )      108,625  
Trade payables
       2,782,474       (3,154,822 )      109,214  
Non-trade
payables
       61,737       (960,450 )      (97,540 ) 
Accrued expenses
       (191,681 )      (228,464 )      (508,199 ) 
Other current liabilities
       446,064       901,692       (2,261,294 ) 
Other
non-current
liabilities
       422,916       437,809       2,892,947  
Investments in associates and joint ventures (dividends received)
       473,700       592,812       364,287  
Provisions
       (1,564,243 )      (1,497,699 )      (1,588,396 ) 
Payments of employee benefit obligations
       (218,319 )      (281,383 )      (208,248 ) 
Plan assets
       (347,778 )      (188,566 )      (254,763 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦       (3,512,610 )      (5,141,681 )      (3,790,445 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
(Continued)
 
F-12
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, Continued
For each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024
 
         
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
         
In millions of won
  
Cash generated from operating activities
   ￦       (20,760,295 )      5,978,734       20,962,957  
Dividends received (financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income)
       28,875       25,941       12,243  
Interest paid
       (2,517,694 )      (4,245,838 )      (4,697,442 ) 
Interest received
       220,471       329,740       390,671  
Income taxes paid
       (448,857 )      (566,415 )      (792,313 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities
       (23,477,500 )      1,522,162       15,876,116  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Cash flows from investing activities
        
Proceeds from disposals of investments in associates and joint ventures
       56,171       5,806       236,624  
Acquisition of investments in associates and joint ventures
       (360,962 )      (497,634 )      (451,813 ) 
Proceeds from disposals of property, plant and equipment
       629,924       309,627       402,603  
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment
       (12,346,878 )      (13,908,373 )      (14,216,037 ) 
Proceeds from disposals of intangible assets
       279       153       428  
Acquisition of intangible assets
       (80,508 )      (74,832 )      (91,851 ) 
Proceeds from disposals of investment properties
       515       —        —   
Proceeds from disposals of financial assets
       14,182,348       4,389,228       2,615,341  
Acquisition of financial assets
       (16,496,258 )      (3,141,906 )      (2,536,994 ) 
Increase in loans
       (401,377 )      (212,994 )      (172,849 ) 
Collection of loans
       102,061       124,386       226,935  
Increase in deposits
       (237,266 )      (138,205 )      (154,503 ) 
Decrease in deposits
       141,000       130,221       152,803  
Proceeds from disposals of assets
held-for-sale
       24,205       28,727       28,727  
Receipt of government grants
       50,755       57,207       59,503  
Net cash outflow from changes in consolidation scope
       (31,350 )      (25,849 )      (2,740 ) 
Other cash outflow from investing activities, net
       (186,412 )      (119,319 )      (189,284 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Net cash used in investing activities
       (14,953,753 )      (13,073,757 )      (14,093,107 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Cash flows from financing activities
        
Proceeds from (Repayment of) short-term borrowings, net
       5,852,426       1,842,517       (1,536,401 ) 
Proceeds from long-term borrowings
       6,856,321       3,434,452       2,795,823  
Proceeds from debt securities
       36,737,757       18,402,589       20,476,245  
Repayment of long-term borrowings
       (812,428 )      (870,586 )      (654,581 ) 
Repayment of debt securities
       (9,440,260 )      (10,116,048 )      (24,687,409 ) 
Payment of lease liabilities
       (562,646 )      (574,239 )      (612,828 ) 
Settlement of derivative instruments, net
       407,627       332,263       545,483  
Change in
non-controlling
interests
       175,645       218,766       (35,986 ) 
Repayment of hybrid bond
       (169,537 )      —        —   
Dividends paid (hybrid bond)
       (13,461 )      (10,212 )      (10,316 ) 
Dividends paid
       (42,348 )      (45,323 )      (126,903 ) 
Other cash inflow (outflow) from financing activities, net
       8,803       47,703       (2,428 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
       38,997,899       12,661,882       (3,849,301 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents before effect of exchange rate fluctuations
       566,646       1,110,287       (2,066,292 ) 
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations on cash held
       32,896       (2,180 )      106,384  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
       599,542       1,108,107       (1,959,908 ) 
Cash and cash equivalents at January 1
       2,635,238       3,234,780       4,342,887  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Cash and cash equivalents at December 31
   ￦       3,234,780       4,342,887       2,382,979  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.
 
F-13
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
1.
Reporting Entity (Description of the controlling company)
Korea Electric Power Corporation (“KEPCO”) was
incorporated on December 31, 1981 in accordance with the
Korea Electric Power Corporation
Act (the “KEPCO Act”) to
engage in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity and development of electric power resources
in the Republic of Korea. KEPCO also provides power plant construction services. KEPCO’s stock was first listed on the Korea Stock Exchange on August 10, 1989 and subsequently on the New York Stock Exchange on October 27, 1994 through its depository receipts. KEPCO’s headquarters is located in
Naju-si,
Jeollanam-do.
As of December 31, 2024, KEPCO’s share capital amounts to ￦3,209,820 million and KEPCO’s shareholders are as follows:
 
    
Number of
shares
     
Percentage of
ownership
  
The Government of the Republic of Korea
      116,841,794        18.20 % 
Korea Development Bank (KDB)
      211,235,264        32.90 % 
Foreign investors
      97,414,248        15.17 % 
Other
      216,472,771        33.73 % 
  
 
 
     
 
 
  
     641,964,077        100.00 % 
  
 
 
     
 
 
  
In accordance with the Restructuring Plan enacted on January 21, 1999 by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, KEPCO spun off its power generation divisions on April 2, 2001, resulting in the establishment of six power generation subsidiaries.
 
2.
Basis of Preparation
The consolidated financial statements of KEPCO and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) were approved by the Board of Directors of KEPCO on February 28, 2025 and authorized on April 11, 2025 for the purpose of Form
20-F
filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
 
(1)
Statement of compliance
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).
 
(2)
Basis of measurement
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis, except for the following material items in the consolidated statements of financial position:
 
  ✓
financial assets at fair value through profit or loss;
 
  ✓
financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income or loss;
 
  ✓
derivative financial instruments are measured at fair value; or
 
  ✓
liabilities for defined benefit plans are recognized at the net of the total present value of defined benefit obligations less the fair value of plan assets.
 
(3)
Functional and presentation currency
These consolidated financial statements are presented in Korean won (presented as “￦”, “won” or “KRW”), which is also the functional currency of KEPCO and most of the significant operating subsidiaries.
 
(4)
Use of estimates and judgments
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
 
F-14
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
2.
Basis of Preparation, Continued
 
(4)
Use of estimates and judgments, continued
 
Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.
Meanwhile, the Company considers climate-related risks resulting from climate change and the establishment of a global greenhouse gas reduction implementation system in its estimates and assumptions. Climate-related risks increase the uncertainty of the estimates and assumptions considered in various items of the financial statements, and the Company carefully monitors climate-related changes and developments, such as new climate-related legislation, even if it does not have a material impact on current measurements.
The followings are the key assumptions and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year.
 
  (i)
Useful lives of property, plant and equipment, intangible assets other than goodwill and estimations on provision for decommissioning costs
The Company reviews the estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment at the end of each annual reporting period. Management’s assumptions could affect the determination of estimated economic useful lives.
The Company records the fair value of estimated decommissioning costs as a liability in the period in which the Company incurs a legal obligation associated with the retirement of long-lived assets that result from acquisition, construction, development and/or normal use of the assets. The Company is required to record a liability for the dismantling (demolition) of nuclear power plants and disposal of spent fuel and low and intermediate radioactive wastes. The measurement of such liability is subject to change based on change in estimated cash flow, inflation rate, discount rate, and expected timing of decommissioning.
 
  (ii)
Deferred tax
The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities of each consolidated taxpaying entity. However, the amount of deferred tax assets may be different if the Company determines the estimated future taxable income is not sufficient to realize the deferred tax assets recognized.
 
  (iii)
Valuations of financial instruments at fair values
The Company’s accounting policies and disclosures require the measurement of fair values, for both financial and
non-financial
assets and liabilities. The Company has established control framework with respect to the measurement of fair values. The valuation team regularly reviews significant unobservable inputs and valuation adjustments.
If third party information, such as broker quotes or pricing services, is used to measure fair values, then the valuation team assesses the evidence obtained from the third parties to support the conclusion that such valuations meet the requirements of IFRS including the level in the fair value hierarchy in which such valuation techniques should be classified.
When measuring the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses market observable data as far as possible. Fair values are categorized into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques as follows.
If the inputs used to measure the fair value of an asset or a liability might be categorized in different levels of the fair value hierarchy, then the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the same level of the fair value hierarchy as the lowest level input that is significant to the entire measurement. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy at the end of the reporting period during which the change has occurred.
 
  (iv)
Defined employee benefit liabilities
The Company offers its employees defined benefit plans. The cost of providing benefits is determined using the Projected Unit Credit Method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each reporting period. For actuarial valuations, certain inputs such as discount rates and future salary increases are estimated. Defined benefit plans contain significant uncertainties in estimations due to its long-term nature (refer to Note 25).
 
F-15
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
2.
Basis of Preparation, Continued
 
(4)
Use of estimates and judgments, continued
 
  (v)
Unbilled revenue
Electricity delivered but neither metered nor billed is estimated at the reporting date based on the volume of electricity delivered which can vary significantly as a result of customer usage patterns, customer mix, meter reading schedules, weather, and etc. Unbilled revenue recognized as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are ￦2,504,479 million and ￦2,492,898 million, respectively.
 
  (vi)
Construction contracts
The Company recognizes revenue over time using the cost-based input method which represents a faithful depiction of the Company’s progress towards complete satisfaction of providing the power plant construction, which has been identified as a single performance obligation. In applying the cost-based input method, it is necessary to use estimates and assumptions related to the Company’s efforts or inputs expected to be incurred. Costs incurred towards contract completion include costs associated with direct materials, labor, and other indirect costs related to contract performance. Judgment is required in estimating the costs expected to incur in completing the construction projects which involves estimating future materials, labor, contingencies and other related costs. Revenue is estimated based on the contractual amount; however, it can also be affected by uncertainties resulting from unexpected future events.
Information about critical judgments in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements is included in the following notes:
 
  ✓
Note 17 – Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures
 
  ✓
Note 18 – Property, Plant and Equipment
 
  ✓
Note 20 – Construction Contracts
 
  ✓
Note 45 – Risk Management
Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment within the next financial year is included in the following notes:
 
  ✓
Note 25 – Employment Benefits
 
  ✓
Note 41 – Income Taxes
 
(5)
Changes in accounting policies
Changes in accounting standards effective from January 1, 2024 are as follows. The Company believes that these amendments have no significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company has not early adopted any other standards, interpretations or amendments that has been issued but is not yet effective.
Amendments to IFRS 16—Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback
The amendments to IFRS 16 specify the requirements that a seller-lessee uses in measuring the lease liability arising in a sale and leaseback transaction, to ensure the seller-lessee does not recognize any amount of the gain or loss that relates to the right of use it retains.
Amendments to IAS 1—Classification of Liabilities as Current or
Non-current
The amendments to IAS 1 specify the requirements for classifying liabilities as current or
non-current.
The amendments clarify:
 
  •  
what is meant by a right to defer settlement;
 
  •  
that a right to defer must exist at the end of the reporting period;
 
  •  
that classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise its deferral right; and
 
  •  
that if under the condition that an entity settles the liability by transferring its equity instruments, the option is classified as equity instrument and the option is recognized separate from the liability as a component of equity for hybrid financial instrument, there is no impact on current or
non-current
classification.
 
F-16
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
2.
Basis of Preparation, Continued
 
(5)
Changes in accounting policies, continued
 
In addition, an entity is required to disclose when a liability arising from a loan agreement is classified as
non-current
and the entity’s right to defer settlement is contingent on compliance with future covenants within twelve months.
Amendments to IAS 7 and IFRS 7—Supplier Finance Arrangements
The amendments to IAS 7
Statement of Cash Flows
and IFRS 7
Financial Instruments
:
Disclosures
clarify the characteristics of supplier finance arrangements and require additional disclosure of such arrangements. The disclosure requirements in the amendments are intended to assist users of financial statements in understanding the effects of supplier finance arrangements on an entity’s liabilities, cash flows and exposure to liquidity risk.
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies
The accounting policies applied by the Company in these consolidated financial statements are the same as those applied by the Company in its consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, except for the changes described in Note 2.(5).
 
(1)
Basis of consolidation
The consolidated financial statements are the financial statements of the Company in which the assets, liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows of KEPCO and its subsidiaries are presented as those of a single economic entity. Subsidiaries are those entities controlled by the Company. The Company controls an entity when it is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity.
Income and expense of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income or loss from the effective date of acquisition and up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate. Total comprehensive income of subsidiaries is attributed to the owners of the Company and to the
non-controlling
interests even if this results in the
non-controlling
interests having a deficit balance.
When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies in line with those of the Company.
Transactions within the Company are eliminated during the consolidation.
Changes in the Company’s ownership interests in a subsidiary that do not result in the Company losing control over the subsidiary are accounted for as equity transactions. The carrying amounts of the Company’s interests and the
non-controlling
interests are adjusted to reflect the changes in their relative interests in the subsidiary. Any difference between the amount by which the
non-controlling
interests are adjusted and the fair value of the consideration paid or received is recognized directly in equity and attributed to owners of the Company.
When the Company loses control of a subsidiary, the income or loss on disposal is calculated as the difference between (i) the aggregate of the fair value of the consideration received and the fair value of any retained interest and (ii) the previous carrying amount of the assets (including goodwill), and liabilities of the subsidiary and any
non-controlling
interests. When assets of the subsidiary are carried at revalued amounts or fair values and the related cumulative gain or loss has been recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity, the amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity are accounted for as if the Company had directly disposed of the relevant assets (i.e., reclassified to profit or loss or transferred directly to retained earnings). The fair value of any investment retained in the former subsidiary at the date when control is lost is recognized as the fair value on initial recognition for subsequent accounting under IFRS 9 ‘Financial Instruments’ or, when applicable, the cost on initial recognition of an investment in an associate or a jointly controlled entity.
 
(2)
Business combinations
A business combination is accounted for by applying the acquisition method, unless it is a combination involving entities or businesses under common control.
 
F-17
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(2)
Business combinations, continued
 
The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred by the Company, liabilities incurred by the Company to the former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Company in exchange for control of the acquiree. Acquisition-related costs are generally recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
At the acquisition date, the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed are recognized at their fair value at the acquisition date, except that:
 
  •  
deferred tax assets or liabilities and liabilities or assets related to employee benefit arrangements are recognized and measured in accordance with IAS 12 ‘Income Taxes’ and IAS 19 ‘Employee Benefits’ respectively;
 
  •  
assets (or disposal groups) that are classified as held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5
‘Non-current
Assets Held for Sale’ are measured in accordance with that standard.
Goodwill is measured as the excess of the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any
non-controlling
interests in the acquiree, and the fair value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree (if any) over the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. If, after reassessment, net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed exceeds the sum of the consideration transferred, the amount of any
non-controlling
interests in the acquiree and the fair value of the acquirer’s previously held interest in the acquiree (if any), the excess is recognized immediately in profit or loss as a bargain purchase gain.
Non-controlling
interest that is present on acquisition day and entitles the holder to a proportionate share of the entity’s net assets in an event of liquidation, may be initially measured either at fair value or at the
non-controlling
interest’s proportionate share of the recognized amounts of the acquiree’s identifiable net assets. The choice of measurement can be elected on a
transaction-by-transaction
basis. Other types of
non-controlling
interests are measured at fair value or, when applicable, on the basis specified in other IFRSs.
When the consideration transferred by the Company in a business combination includes assets or liabilities resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement, the contingent consideration is measured at its acquisition-date fair value and included as part of the consideration transferred in a business combination. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration that qualify as measurement period adjustments are adjusted retrospectively, with corresponding adjustments against goodwill. Measurement period adjustments are adjustments that arise from additional information obtained during the ‘measurement period’ (which cannot exceed one year from the acquisition date) about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date.
The subsequent accounting for changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration that do not qualify as measurement period adjustments depends on how the contingent consideration is classified. Contingent consideration that is classified as equity is not
re-measured
at subsequent reporting dates and its subsequent settlement is accounted for within equity. Contingent consideration that is classified as an asset or a liability is
re-measured
at subsequent reporting dates in accordance with IFRS 9 ‘Financial Instruments’, or with IAS 37 ‘Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets’ as appropriate, with the corresponding gain or loss being recognized in profit or loss.
When a business combination is achieved in stages, the Company’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree is
re-measured
to fair value at the acquisition date (i.e., the date when the Company obtains control) and the resulting gain or loss, if any, is recognized in profit or loss. Amounts arising from interests in the acquiree prior to the acquisition date that have previously been recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss where such treatment would be appropriate if that interest were disposed of.
If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the combination occurs, the Company reports provisional amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete. Those provisional amounts are adjusted during the measurement period (see above), or additional assets or liabilities are recognized, to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the amounts recognized at that date.
The assets and liabilities acquired under business combinations under common control are recognized at the carrying amounts recognized previously in the consolidated financial statements of the ultimate parent. The difference between consideration transferred and carrying amounts of net assets acquired is recognized as part of share premium.
 
F-18
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(3)
Investments in associates
An associate is an entity over which the Company has significant influence and that is neither a subsidiary nor an interest in a joint venture. Significant influence is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the investee but does not
control or joint control over those policies. If the Company holds 20% ~ 50% of the voting power of the investee, it is presumed that the Company has significant influence over the investee.
The results and assets and liabilities of associates are incorporated in these consolidated financial statements using the equity method of accounting. If the investment is classified as held for sale, in which case it is accounted for in accordance with IFRS 5
‘Non-current
Assets Held for Sale’, any retained portion of an investment in associates that has not been classified as held for sale shall be accounted for using the equity method until disposal of the portion that is classified as held for sale takes place. After the disposal takes place, the Company shall account for any retained interest in associates in accordance with IFRS 9 ‘Financial Instruments’ unless the retained interest continues to be an associate, in which case the entity uses the equity method.
Under the equity method, an investment in an associate is initially recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position at cost and adjusted thereafter to recognize the Company’s share of the profit or loss and other comprehensive income of the associate. When the Company’s share of losses of an associate exceeds the Company’s interest in that associate (which includes any long-term interests that, in substance, form part of the Company’s net investment in the associate), the Company discontinues recognizing its share of further losses. Additional losses are recognized only to the extent that the Company has incurred legal or constructive obligations or made payments on behalf of the associate.
Any excess of the cost of acquisition over the Company’s share of the net fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities of an associate recognized at the date of acquisition is recognized as goodwill, which is included within the carrying amount of the investment. Any excess of the Company’s share of the net fair value of the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities over the cost of acquisition, after reassessment, is recognized immediately in profit or loss.
Upon disposal of an associate that results in the Company losing significant influence over that associate, any retained investment is measured at fair value at that date and the fair value is regarded as its fair value on initial recognition as a financial asset in accordance with IFRS 9. The difference between the previous carrying amount of the associate attributable to the retained interest and its fair value is included in the determination of the gain or loss on disposal of the associate.
In addition, the Company accounts for all amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income in relation to that associate on the same basis as would be required if that associate had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. Therefore, if a gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income by that associate would be reclassified to profit or loss on the disposal of the related assets or liabilities, the Company reclassifies the gain or loss from equity to profit or loss (as a reclassification adjustment) when it loses significant influence over that associate.
The requirements of IAS 28’ Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures’ are applied to determine whether it is necessary to recognize any impairment loss with respect to the Company’s investment in an associate. When necessary, the entire carrying amount of the investment (including goodwill) is tested for impairment in accordance with IAS 36 ‘Impairment of Assets’ as a single asset by comparing its recoverable amount (higher of value in use and fair value less costs to sell) with its carrying amount, any impairment loss recognized forms part of the carrying amount of the investment. Any reversal of that impairment loss is recognized in accordance with IAS 36 to the extent that the recoverable amount of the investment subsequently increases.
When the Company transacts with its associate, incomes and losses resulting from the transactions with the associate are recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements only to the extent of interests in the associate that are not related to the Company.
 
(4)
Joint arrangements
A joint arrangement is an arrangement of which two or more parties have joint control. Joint control is the contractually agreed sharing of control of an arrangement, which exists only when decisions about the relevant activities require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control. Joint arrangements are classified into two types - joint operations and joint ventures. A joint operation is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement (i.e., joint operators) have rights to the assets, and obligations for the liabilities, relating to the arrangement. A joint venture is a joint arrangement whereby the parties that have joint control of the arrangement (i.e., joint ventures) have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.
 
F-19
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(4)
Joint arrangements, continued
 
The classification of a joint arrangement as a joint operation or a joint venture depends upon the rights and obligations of the parties to the arrangement. The Company determines the type of joint arrangement in which it is involved by considering the structure and form of the arrangement, the terms agreed by the parties in the contractual arrangement and other facts and circumstances.
If the joint arrangement is a joint operation, the Company is to recognize and measure the assets and liabilities (and recognize the related revenues and expenses) in relation to its interest in the arrangement in accordance with relevant IFRSs applicable to the particular assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. If the joint arrangement is a joint venture, the Company is to account for that investment using the equity method accounting in accordance with IAS 28 ‘Investment in Associates and Joint Ventures’ (refer to Note 3.(3)), except when the Company is applicable to the IFRS 5
‘Non-current
Assets Held for Sale’.
 
(5)
Non-current
assets held for sale
Non-current
assets and disposal groups are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. This condition is regarded as met only when the sale is highly probable and the
non-current
asset (or disposal group) is available for immediate sale in its present condition. Management must be committed to the sale, which should be expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year from the date of classification.
When the Company is committed to a sale plan involving loss of control of a subsidiary, all of the assets and liabilities of that subsidiary are classified as held for sale when the criteria described above are met, regardless of whether the Company will retain a
non-controlling
interest in its former subsidiary after the sale.
Non-current
assets (and disposal groups) classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell.
 
(6)
Goodwill
The Company measures goodwill which acquired in a business combination at the amount recognized at the date on which it obtains control of the acquiree (acquisition date) less any accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to each cash-generating unit (CGU) that is expected to benefit from the synergies arising from the business acquired.
The Company assesses at the end of each reporting period and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount of an asset or a CGU exceeds its recoverable amount. Impairment losses are recognized in profit or loss.
Any impairment identified at the CGU level will first reduce the carrying value of goodwill and then be used to reduce the carrying amount of the other assets in the CGU on a pro rata basis. Except for impairment losses in respect of goodwill which are never reversed, an impairment loss is reversed if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.
On disposal of the relevant CGU, the amount of goodwill is included in the determination of the gain or loss on disposal.
 
(7)
Revenue from Contracts with Customers
The Company recognizes revenue by applying the five-step approach (Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer, Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract, Step 3: Determine the transaction price, Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, Step 5: Recognize revenue when the entity satisfied a performance obligation), in accordance with IFRS 15. The Company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services, excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties. Also, the Company recognizes revenue when the Company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer.
 
F-20
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(7)
Revenue from Contracts with Customers, continued
 
  (i)
Identify the performance obligations in the contract
The Company is engaged in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity and development of electric power resources, and electricity sales revenue accounts for 95.17% of consolidated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Under IFRS 15, supplying electricity is a series of distinct goods or services identified as a single performance obligation. The Company is also engaged in contracts with customers for transmission and distribution, provision of power generation byproducts, EPC business, O&M, etc. that are identified as separate performance obligations for each contract.
 
  (ii)
Variable consideration
The Company may be subject to a variation of consideration paid by the customer due to the progressive electricity billing system, discounts on electricity bills for policy purposes, penalties and delinquent payment, etc. The Company estimates an amount of variable consideration by using the expected value method that the Company expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled, and includes in the transaction price some or all of an amount of variable consideration only to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.
 
  (iii)
Performance obligations satisfied over time
The Company satisfies its performance obligations for contracts such as EPC business, O&M, etc. over time. The Company recognizes revenue based on the
percentage-of-completion
on a reasonable basis.
The Company recognizes revenue over time if one of the following criteria is met:
(a) the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the Company’s performance as the entity performs;
(b) the Company’s performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls as the asset is created or enhanced; or
(c) the Company’s performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to the entity and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date.
 
  (iv)
Adoption of the cost pass-through tariff system
The Company amended the basic supply terms and conditions with the approval of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) on December 17, 2020. The cost pass-through tariff system has been applied to the electricity rate after January 1, 2021 in accordance with the amendment. The Company expects the adoption of the new system would not affect the existing accounting policies including ‘revenue from contracts with customers’.
 
(8)
Leases
The lessee and the lessor account for each lease component separately from
non-lease
component, in the lease contracts or contracts that contain lease. However, the Company applied a practical expedient to each type of underlying asset in accounting as a lessee, and instead of separating the
non-lease
component from the lease component, it applied a method of accounting for each lease component and the related
non-lease
component as a single lease contract. The lessor’s accounting has not changed significantly. Therefore, a lease that transfers most of the risks and rewards of ownership of the underlying asset is classified as a finance lease, and a lease that does not transfer most of the risks and rewards of ownership of the underlying asset is classified as an operating lease.
 
  (i)
The Company as a lessor
In the case of finance leases, the Company recognizes the same amount of the net investment in the lease as finance lease receivables and recognizes interest income using the effective interest rate method. Income from operating leases is recognized using the straight-line basis over the lease term, and lease opening direct costs incurred during the negotiation and contract phase of the operating lease contract are added to the carrying amount of the lease asset and recognized as expenses over the lease term on a straight-line basis.
 
F-21
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(8)
Leases, continued
 
  (ii)
The Company as a lessee
 
  (a)
Right-of-use
assets
The Company recognizes
right-of-use
assets at the commencement date of the lease.
Right-of-use
assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any
re-measurement
of lease liabilities. The cost of
right-of-use
assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognized, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Unless the Company is reasonably certain to obtain ownership of the leased asset at the end of the lease term, the recognized
right-of-use
assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of its estimated useful life and the lease term.
Right-of-use
assets are subject to impairment.
 
  (b)
Lease liabilities
At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognizes lease liabilities measured at the present value of lease payments to be made over the lease term. The lease payments include fixed payments (including
in-substance
fixed payments) less any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate, and amounts expected to be paid under residual value guarantees. The lease payments also include the exercise price of a purchase option reasonably certain to be exercised by the Company and payments of penalties for terminating a lease, if the lease term reflects the Company exercising the option to terminate. The variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or a rate are recognized as expenses in the period on which the event or condition that triggers the payment occurs.
In calculating the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date if the interest rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable. After the commencement date, the amount of lease liabilities is increased to reflect the accretion of interest and reduced for the lease payments made. In addition, the carrying amount of lease liabilities is remeasured if there is a modification, a change in the lease term, a change in the
in-substance
fixed lease payments or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset.
 
  (c)
Short-term leases and leases of
low-value
assets
The Company applies the short-term leases recognition exemption to its short-term leases of machinery and equipment (i.e., those leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date and do not contain a purchase option). It also applies the leases of
low-value
assets recognition exemption to leases of office equipment that are considered to be low value. Lease payments on short-term leases and leases of
low-value
assets are recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Book value and changes in book value of
right-of-use
assets and lease liabilities during the period are described in Note 24.
 
(9)
Foreign currencies
Transactions in foreign currencies are translated to the respective functional currencies of the Company entities at exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Monetary items in foreign currencies are retranslated to the functional currency using the reporting date’s exchange rate.
Non-monetary
items that are measured at fair value in foreign currencies are retranslated to the functional currency at the exchange rate at the date that the fair value was determined, while non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currencies shall not be retranslated.
Exchange differences are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise except for:
 
  •  
Exchange differences on foreign currency borrowings relating to assets under construction for future productive use, which are included in the cost of those assets when they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs on those foreign currency borrowings;
 
  •  
Exchange differences on transactions entered into in order to hedge certain foreign currency risks (refer to note 3.(24)
 
  •  
Derivative financial instruments, including hedge accounting); and
 
F-22
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(9)
Foreign currencies, continued
 
  •  
Exchange differences on monetary items receivable from or payable to a foreign operation for which settlement is neither planned nor likely to occur (therefore forming part of the net investment in the foreign operation), which are recognized initially in other comprehensive income and reclassified from equity to profit or loss on disposal or partial disposal of the net investment.
For the purpose of presenting financial statements, the assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign operations are expressed in Korean won using exchange rates prevailing at the end of the reporting period. Income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates for the period, unless exchange rates fluctuated significantly during that period, in which case the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions are used. Exchange differences arising, if any, are recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity (if applicable, in
non-controlling
interests).
On the disposal of a foreign operation, the cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation that have been attributed to the controlling interests shall be reclassified from equity to profit or loss (as a reclassification adjustment). The cumulative amount of the exchange differences relating to that foreign operation that have been attributed to the non-controlling interests shall be derecognized, but shall not be reclassified to profit or loss.
On the partial disposal of a subsidiary that includes a foreign operation, the entity shall re-attribute the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in other comprehensive income to the non-controlling interests in that foreign operation. In any other partial disposal of a foreign operation the entity shall reclassify to profit or loss only the proportionate share of the cumulative amount of the exchange differences recognized in other comprehensive income.
Any goodwill arising on the acquisition of a foreign operation and any fair value adjustments to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities arising on the acquisition of that foreign operation shall be treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation. Thus they shall be expressed in the functional currency of the foreign operation and shall be translated at the closing rate. Such exchange differences shall be recognized in equity.
 
(10)
Borrowing costs
The Company capitalizes borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset as part of the cost of that asset. Other borrowing costs are recognized in expense as incurred. A qualifying asset is an asset that requires a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale.
Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization.
All other borrowing costs are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.
 
(11)
Government grants
Government grants are not recognized unless there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the grant’s conditions and that the grant will be received.
Benefit from a government loan at a below-market interest rate is treated as a government grant, measured as the difference between proceeds received and the fair value of the loan based on prevailing market interest rates.
 
  (i)
If the Company received grants related to assets, government grants whose primary condition is that the Company purchases, constructs or otherwise acquires long-term assets are deducted in calculating the carrying amount of the asset. The grant is recognized in profit or loss over the life of a depreciable asset as a reduced depreciation expense.
 
  (ii)
If the Company received grants related to expenses, government grants which are intended to compensate the Company for expenses incurred are recognized as other income (government grants) in profit or loss over the periods in which the Company recognizes the related costs as expenses.
 
(12)
Employee benefits
When an employee has rendered service to the Company during a period, the Company recognizes the contribution payable to a defined contribution plan in exchange for that service as a liability (accrued expense).
 
F-23
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(12)
Employee benefits, continued
 
For defined benefit pension plans and other post-employment benefits, the net periodic pension expense is actuarially determined by “Pension Actuarial System” developed by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows using interest rates of high-quality corporate bonds that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid and that have terms to maturity approximating the terms of the related pension liability. However, if there is not a deep market, market yields on government bonds are used.
Net defined benefit liability’s measurement is composed of actuarial gains and losses, return on plan assets excluding net interest on net defined benefit liability, and any change in the effect of the asset ceiling, excluding net interest, which are immediately recognized in other comprehensive income. The actuarial gains or losses recognized in other comprehensive income which will not be reclassified into net profit or loss for later periods are immediately recognized in retained earnings. Past service cost will be recognized as expenses upon the earlier of the date of change or reduction to the plan, or the date of recognizing termination benefits.
The retirement benefit obligation recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation as adjusted for unrecognized actuarial gains and losses and unrecognized past service cost, and as reduced by the fair value of plan assets. Any asset resulting from this calculation is limited to unrecognized actuarial losses and past service cost, plus the present value of available refunds and reductions in future contributions to the plan.
 
(13)
Income taxes
Income tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Current tax and deferred tax are recognized in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination, or items recognized directly in equity or in other comprehensive income.
 
  (i)
Current tax
Current tax is the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable profit or loss for the year, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. The taxable profit is different from the accounting profit for the period since the taxable profit is calculated excluding the temporary differences, which will be taxable or deductible in determining taxable profit (tax loss) of future periods, and
non-taxable
or
non-deductible
items from the accounting profit.
Current tax assets and liabilities are offset only if, the Company (a) has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts; and (b) intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
 
  (ii)
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is recognized, using the asset-liability method, in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. A deferred tax liability is recognized for all taxable temporary differences. A deferred tax asset is recognized for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which they can be utilized. However, deferred tax is not recognized for the following temporary differences: taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill, or the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting profit or loss nor taxable income.
In certain circumstances such as when accounting for leases or decommissioning costs of nuclear power plants, the carrying amount of the asset recorded is equal to the liability recognized at initial recognition. When recording its deferred tax balances, the Company considers these assets and liabilities separately on a gross basis. Accordingly, the taxable temporary difference relating to the asset and the deductible temporary difference relating to the liability are separately recognized and presented on a net basis in the consolidated financial statements.
The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities on investment properties measured at fair value, unless any contrary evidence exists, are measured using the assumption that the carrying amount of the property will be recovered entirely through sale.
 
F-24
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(13)
Income taxes, continued
 
The Company recognizes a deferred tax liability for all taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates, and interests in joint ventures, except to the extent that the Company is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. The Company recognizes a deferred tax asset for all deductible temporary differences arising from investments in subsidiaries and associates, to the extent that it is probable that the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilized.
The carrying amount of a deferred tax asset is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduces the carrying amount to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow the benefit of part or all of that deferred tax asset to be utilized.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only if there is a legally enforceable right to offset the related current tax liabilities and assets, and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority and they intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis.
 
  (iii)
Current and deferred tax for the year
Current and deferred tax are recognized in profit or loss, except when they relate to items that are recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively. Where current tax or deferred tax arises from the initial accounting for a business combination, the tax effect is included in the accounting for the business
combination.
 
(14)
Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment are initially measured at cost and after initial recognition, are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. The cost of property, plant and equipment includes expenditures arising directly from the construction or acquisition of the asset, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management and the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.
Subsequent costs are recognized in the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment at cost or, if appropriate, as separate items if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. The costs of the
day-to-day
servicing are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
Property, plant and equipment, except for land, are depreciated on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives that appropriately reflect the pattern in which the asset’s future economic benefits are expected to be consumed. For loaded nuclear fuel related to long-term raw materials and spent nuclear fuels related to asset retirement costs, the Company uses the
unit-of-production
method to measure and recognize depreciation expenses.
 
F-25
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(14)
Property, plant and equipment, continued
 
The estimated useful lives of the Company’s property, plant and equipment are as follows:
 
    
Useful lives (years)
Buildings
    8 ~ 40
Structures
    8 ~ 50
Machinery
    2 ~ 32
Vehicles
    4 ~ 5
Loaded heavy water
    30
Asset retirement costs
    18, 40, 60
Right-of-use
assets
    1 ~ 65
Ships
    9
Others
    4 ~ 30
A component that is significant compared to the total cost of property, plant and equipment is depreciated over its separate useful life.
Depreciation methods, residual values and useful lives of property, plant and equipment are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and if change is deemed appropriate, it is treated as a change in accounting estimate.
Property, plant and equipment are derecognized on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an item of property, plant and equipment, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, are recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized.
 
(15)
Investment properties 
A property held for the purpose of earning rentals or benefiting from capital appreciation is classified as investment property. Investment property is initially measured at its cost. Transaction costs are included in the initial measurement. Subsequently, investment property is carried at depreciated cost less any accumulated impairment losses.
Subsequent costs are recognized in the carrying amount of investment property at cost or, if appropriate, as separate items if it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. The costs of the
day-to-day
servicing are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.
Investment properties except for land, are depreciated on a straight-line basis over 8 ~ 40 years as estimated useful lives.
The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.
An investment property is derecognized upon disposal or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from the disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the property (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset) is included in profit or loss in the period in which the property is derecognized.
 
(16)
Intangible assets
 
  (i)
Intangible assets acquired separately
Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization is recognized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life and amortization method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses.
 
F-26
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(16)
Intangible assets, continued
 
  (ii)
Research and development
Expenditure on research activities is recognized as an expense in the period in which it is incurred. An internally-generated intangible asset arising from development (or from the development phase of an internal project) is recognized if, and only if, all of the following have been demonstrated:
 
  •  
The technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale;
 
  •  
The intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;
 
  •  
The ability to use or sell the intangible asset;
 
  •  
How the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits;
 
  •  
The availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and
 
  •  
The ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.
The amount initially recognized for internally-generated intangible assets is the sum of the expenditure incurred from the date when the intangible asset first meets the recognition criteria listed above. When the development expenditure does not meet the criteria listed above, an internally-generated intangible asset cannot be recognized and the expenditure is recognized in profit or loss in the period in which it is incurred.
Internally-generated intangible assets are reported at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses.
The estimated useful lives and amortization methods of the Company’s intangible assets are as follows:
 
    
Useful lives (years)
   
Amortization methods
Usage rights for donated assets
    10 ~ 30    Straight line
Software
    4 ~ 30    Straight line
Industrial rights
    5 ~ 30    Straight line
Development expenditures
    5    Straight line
Leasehold rights
    8 ~ 10    Straight line
Others
    3 ~ 50 or indefinite    Straight line
Mining rights
   
—
 		    Unit of production
 
  (iii)
Intangible assets acquired in a business combination
Intangible assets that are acquired in a business combination are recognized separately from goodwill are initially recognized at their fair value at the acquisition date.
Subsequent to initial recognition, intangible assets acquired in a business combination are reported at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses, on the same basis as intangible assets that are acquired separately.
 
  (iv)
Derecognition of intangible assets
An intangible asset is derecognized on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset are measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, and are recognized in profit or loss when the asset is
derecognized.
 
F-27
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(17)
Greenhouse gas emissions rights (allowances) and obligations
In accordance with the Act on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse Gas Emission Rights and its Enforcement Decree, the Company applies the following accounting policies for greenhouse gas emissions rights and obligations.
 
  (i)
Greenhouse gas emissions rights
Greenhouse gas emissions rights consist of the allowances received free of charge from the government and the ones purchased. The cost of the greenhouse gas emissions rights includes expenditures arising directly from the acquisition and any other costs incurred during normal course of the acquisition.
Greenhouse gas emissions rights are held by the Company to fulfill the legal obligation and recorded as intangible assets. To the extent that the portion to be submitted to the government within one year from the end of reporting period, the greenhouse gas emissions rights are classified as current assets. Greenhouse gas emissions rights recorded as intangible assets are initially measured at cost and substantially remeasured at cost less accumulated impairment losses.
Greenhouse gas emissions rights are derecognized on submission to the government or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal.
 
  (ii)
Greenhouse gas emissions obligations
Greenhouse gas emissions obligations are the Company’s present legal obligation to submit the greenhouse gas emissions allowances to the government and recognized when an outflow of resources is probable and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Greenhouse gas emissions obligations are measured as the sum of the carrying amount of the allocated rights that will be submitted to the government and the best estimate of expenditure required to settle the obligation at the end of the reporting period for any excess emission.
 
(18)
Impairment of
non-financial
assets other than
goodwill
At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its property, plant and equipment and intangible assets with definite useful lives to determine whether there is any indication that those assets may have been impaired. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. Where a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.
Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a
pre-tax
discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.
If the recoverable amount of an asset (or a CGU) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or CGU) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss.
When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a CGU) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, to the extent the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset (or CGU) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in profit or loss.
The Company determined that there were indications of impairment for the CGU related to electricity sales, as the carrying amount of net assets exceeded the market capitalization. Accordingly, an impairment assessment was conducted for the CGU. The Group estimated the
value-in-use
based on discounted cash flow forecasts, applying key assumptions such as the discount rate, estimates of future sales volumes, unit sales prices, and cost of power purchases. As a result of the impairment assessment, the recoverable amount exceeded the carrying amount of the CGU.
 
F-28
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(19)
Inventories
Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost of inventories for inventories in transit are measured by using specific identification method. Cost of inventories, except for those in transit, are measured under the weighted average method and consists of the purchase price, cost of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and selling expenses. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realizable value and all losses of inventories are recognized as an expense in the period the write-down or loss occurs. The amount of any reversal of any write-down of inventories, arising from an increase in net realizable value, are recognized as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognized as an expense in the period in which the reversal occurs.
 
(20)
Provisions
Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
The risks and uncertainties that inevitably surround many events and circumstances are taken into account in reaching the best estimate of a provision. Where the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined at the present value of the expected future cash flows.
Where some or all of the expenditures required to settle a provision are expected to be reimbursed by another party, the reimbursement shall be recognized when, and only when, it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received if the entity settles the obligation. The reimbursement shall be treated as a separate asset.
Provisions are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and adjusted to reflect the current best estimates. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, the provision is reversed.
 
  (i)
Provision for employment benefits
The Company determines the provision for employment benefits as the incentive payments based on the results of the individual performance evaluation or management assessment.
 
  (ii)
Provision for decommissioning costs of nuclear power plants
The Company records the fair value of estimated decommissioning costs as a liability in the period in which the Company incurs a legal obligation associated with retirement of long-lived assets that result from acquisition, construction, development and/or normal use of the assets. Accretion expense consists of
period-to-period
changes in the liability for decommissioning costs resulting from the passage of time and revisions to either the timing or the amount of the original estimate of undiscounted cash flows.
 
  (iii)
Provision for disposal of spent nuclear fuel
Under the Radioactive Waste Management Act, the Company is levied to pay the spent nuclear fuel fund for the management of spent nuclear fuel. The Company recognizes the provision of present value of the payments.
 
  (iv)
Provision for low and intermediate radioactive wastes
Under the Radioactive Waste Management Act, the Company recognizes the provision for the disposal of low and intermediate radioactive wastes in best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation.
 
  (v)
Provision for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (“PCBs”)
Under the Persistent Organic Pollutants Control Act, enacted in 2007, the Company is required to remove PCBs, a toxin, from the insulating oil of its transformers by 2025. As a result of the enactments, the Company is required to inspect the PCBs contents of transformers and dispose of PCBs in excess of safety standards under the legally settled procedures. The Company’s
 
F-29
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(20)
Provisions, continued
 
estimates and assumptions used to determine fair value can be affected by many factors, such as the estimated costs of inspection and disposal, inflation rate, discount rate, regulations and the general economy.
 
  (vi)
Provisions for the power plant region support programs
The power plant region support programs consist of scholarship programs to local students, local economy support programs, local culture support programs, environment development programs, and local welfare programs. The Company recognizes the provision in relation to the power plant region support programs.
 
  (vii)
Provisions for transmission and transformation facilities-neighboring areas support
The Company has present obligation to conduct certain programs to support neighboring areas of our transmission and transformation facilities under the Act on Assistance to Electric Power Plants-Neighboring Areas. The Company recognizes the provision of estimated amount to fulfill the obligation.
 
  (viii)
Renewable Portfolio Standard (“RPS”) provisions
RPS program is required to generate a specified percentage of total electricity to be generated in the form of renewable energy and provisions are recognized for the governmental regulations to require the production of energies from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and biomass.
 
(21)
Financial
instruments
The Company recognizes financial assets and financial liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial position when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Upon initial recognition, financial assets and financial liabilities are measured at their fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset or financial liabilities not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the asset’s acquisition or issuance.
 
  (i)
Classification and measurement of financial assets
The Company classifies financial assets into three principal categories; measured at amortized cost, fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) and fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) based on the business model in which assets are managed and their cash flow characteristics. The Company assesses the hybrid financial instrument in which derivatives embedded as a whole for classification.
 
   
Cash flow characteristics
Business model
  
Solely payments of
principal and interest
(SPPI)
  
Other than SPPI
To collect contractual cash flows
   Amortized cost   FVTPL
(*2)
Both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets
   FVOCI
(*1)
To sell financial assets
   FVTPL
 
  (*1)
To eliminate or reduce an accounting mismatch, the Company may elect to recognize the amount of change in fair value in profit or loss.
 
  (*2)
On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in the investment’s fair value in OCI.
 
  ①
A financial asset is measured at amortized cost if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL: 1) it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets to collect contractual cash flows; and 2) its contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
 
  ②
A financial asset is measured at FVOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL: 1) it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial
 
F-30
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(21)
Financial instruments, continued
 
  assets; and 2) its contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flow that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.
 
  ③
All financial assets not classified as measured at amortized cost or FVOCI as described above are measured at FVTPL. On initial recognition of equity investment that is not held for trading, the Company may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in fair value in OCI, and will not reclassify (recycle) those items in OCI to profit or loss subsequently.
 
  (ii)
Classification and measurement of financial liabilities
Financial liabilities are classified as FVTPL or other financial liabilities.
① A financial liability is classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as
held-for-trading,
it is a derivative or it is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognized in profit or loss.
② A
non-derivative
financial liability that is not classified as at FVTPL is classified as other financial liabilities. Other financial liabilities are measured initially at its fair value minus transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue. Other financial liabilities are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method.
 
  (iii)
Impairment: Financial assets and contract assets
The Company applies a forward-looking ‘expected credit loss’ (ECL) model for debt instruments, lease receivables, contractual assets, loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts.
The Company recognizes loss allowances measured on either of the
12-month
or lifetime ECL based on the extent of increase in credit risk since inception as shown in the below table.
 
Classification
  
 
  
Loss allowances
Stage 1
  
Credit risk has not increased significantly since the initial
recognition
  
12-month ECL:
   ECLs that resulted from possible default events within the 12 months after the reporting date
Stage 2
  
Credit risk has increased
significantly since the initial
recognition
   Lifetime ECL:   ECL that resulted from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument
Stage 3
   Credit-impaired    
Under IFRS 9, the Company always measures the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses for trade receivables or contract assets that result from transactions that are within the scope of IFRS 15 and that do not contain a significant financing component in accordance with IFRS 15, and if the trade receivables or contract assets include a significant financing component, the Company may choose as its accounting policy to measure the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses.
The Company has chosen to measure the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses for the trade receivables, contract assets and lease receivables that contain a significant financing component.
 
  (iv)
Derecognition
The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred or in which the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset. The Company enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognized in its consolidated statement of financial position, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets. In these cases, the transferred assets are not derecognized.
 
F-31
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(21)
Financial instruments, continued
 
The Company derecognizes a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled or expire. On derecognition of a financial liability, the difference between the carrying amount extinguished and the consideration paid (including any
non-cash
assets transferred or liabilities assumed) is recognized in profit or
loss.
 
(22)
Service Concession Arrangements
The Company recognizes revenues from construction services and operating services related to service concession arrangements in accordance with IFRS 15 ‘Revenue from Contracts with Customers’.
The Company recognizes a financial asset to the extent that it has an unconditional contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset for the construction services and an intangible asset to the extent that it receives a right (license) to charge users of the public service. Borrowing costs attributable to the arrangement are recognized as an expense in the period in which they are incurred unless the Company has a contractual right to receive an intangible asset (a right to charge users of the public service). In this case, borrowing costs attributable to the arrangement are capitalized during the construction phase of the arrangement.
 
(23)
Derivative financial instruments, including hedge accounting
The Company enters into a variety of derivative arrangements to manage its exposure to interest rate and foreign exchange rate risk, including foreign exchange forward contracts, interest rate swaps and cross currency swaps and others.
Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value. The resulting gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss immediately unless the derivative is designated and effective as a hedging instrument, in such case the timing of the recognition in profit or loss depends on the nature of the hedge relationship.
A derivative with a positive fair value is recognized as a financial asset; a derivative with a negative fair value is recognized as a financial liability. A derivative is presented as a
non-current
asset or a
non-current
liability if the remaining maturity of the instrument is more than 12 months and it is not expected to be realized or settled within 12 months. Other derivatives are presented as current assets or current liabilities.
 
  (i)
Separable embedded derivatives
Derivatives embedded in other financial instruments or other host contracts are treated as separate derivatives when their risks and characteristics are not closely related to those of the host contracts and when the host contracts are not measured at FVTPL.
An embedded derivative is presented as a
non-current
asset or a
non-current
liability if the remaining maturity of the hybrid instrument to which the embedded derivative is part of, is more than 12 months and it is not expected to be realized or settled within 12 months. All other embedded derivatives are presented as current assets or current liabilities.
 
  (ii)
Hedge accounting
The Company designates certain hedging instruments, which include derivatives, embedded derivatives and
non-derivatives
in respect of foreign currency risk, as either fair value hedges or cash flow hedges. Hedges of foreign exchange risk on firm commitments are accounted for as cash flow hedges.
At the inception of the hedge relationship, the entity documents the relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged item, along with its risk management objectives and its strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. Furthermore, at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, the Company documents whether the hedging instrument is highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged item.
 
  (iii)
Fair value hedges
Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as fair value hedges are recognized in profit or loss immediately, together with any changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk. The changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument and the change in the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk relating to the hedged items are recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income or loss.
 
F-32
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
3.
Material Accounting Policies, Continued
 
(23)
Derivative financial instruments, including hedge accounting, continued
 
Hedge accounting is discontinued when the Company revokes the hedging relationship, when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or when it no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. The fair value adjustment to the carrying amount of the hedged item arising from the hedged risk is amortized and recognized as profit or loss from that date.
 
  (iv)
Cash flow hedges
The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is recognized in other comprehensive income. The gain or loss relating to the ineffective portion is recognized immediately in profit or loss, and is included in the ‘finance income and expense’.
Amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity are reclassified to profit or loss in the periods when the hedged item is recognized in profit or loss, in the same line of the consolidated statement of comprehensive income or loss as the recognized hedged item. However, when the forecast transaction that is hedged results in the recognition of a
non-financial
asset or a
non-financial
liability, the gains or losses previously accumulated in equity are transferred from equity and included in the initial measurement of the cost of the
non-financial
asset or
non-financial
liability.
Hedge accounting is discontinued when the Company revokes the hedging relationship, when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or it no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. Any gain or loss accumulated in equity at that time remains in equity and is recognized when the forecast transaction is ultimately recognized in profit or loss. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the gain or loss accumulated in equity is recognized immediately in profit or loss.
 
4.
Segment, Geographic and Other Information
 
(1)
Segment determination and explanation of the measurements
The Company’s operating segments are its business components that generate discrete financial information that is reported to and regularly reviewed by chief operating decision makers of the Company including but not limited to the Chief Executive Officer, for the purpose of resource allocation and assessment of segment performance. The Company’s reportable segments are ‘Transmission and distribution’, ‘Electric power generation (Nuclear)’, ‘Electric power generation
(Non-nuclear)’,
‘Plant maintenance & engineering service’ and ‘Others’; others mainly represent the business unit that manages the Company’s foreign operations.
Segment operating profit or loss is determined the same way that consolidated operating profit or loss is determined under IFRS without any adjustment for corporate allocations. The accounting policies used by each segment are consistent with the accounting policies used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. Segment assets and liabilities are determined based on separate financial statements of the entities instead of on a consolidated basis. There are various transactions between the reportable segments, including sales of property, plant and equipment and so on, that are conducted on an
arm’s-length
basis at market prices that would be applicable to an independent third party. For subsidiaries which are in a different segment from that of its immediate parent company, their carrying amount in separate financial statements is eliminated in the consolidating adjustments in the tables below. In addition, consolidation adjustments in the table below include adjustments of the amount of investment in associates and joint ventures from the cost basis amount reflected in segment assets to that determined using equity method in the consolidated financial statements.
 
F-33
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
4.
Segment, Geographic and Other Information, Continued
 
(2)
Financial information of the segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, are as follows:
 
         
2022
  
Segment
        
Total segment
revenue
    
Intersegment
revenue
    
Revenue
from
external
customers
    
Depreciation
and
amortization
    
Interest
income
    
Interest
expense
    
Profit (loss)
related to
associates,
joint
ventures and
subsidiaries
    
Employee
benefit
expense
    
Loss on
abandonment
of property,
plant and
equipment
    
Increase in
provisions, net
          
Operating
profit (loss)
  
         
In millions of won
  
Transmission and distribution
   ￦       68,239,707       1,922,354       66,317,353       4,130,004       67,076       1,420,802       980,146       180,114       157,784       611,534         (33,623,874 ) 
Electric power generation (Nuclear)
       10,386,091       10,254,271       131,820       4,034,774       45,789       557,218       (753 )      82,466       —        624,221         761,109  
Electric power generation
(Non-nuclear)
       41,944,339       39,252,851       2,691,488       4,091,081       53,242       694,559       329,112       140,067       —        619,947         289,001  
Plant maintenance & engineering service
       2,975,062       2,516,699       458,363       123,168       14,003       1,405       1,886       82,070       —        213,671         239,529  
Others
       2,750,231       1,803,231       947,000       211,719       195,966       195,860       —        53,017       3,125       9,463         333,547  
Consolidation adjustments
       (55,749,406 )      (55,749,406 )      —        (129,334 )      (35,323 )      (51,298 )      —        (52,034 )      —        68,143         (239,843 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
      
 
 
  
  ￦       70,546,024       —        70,546,024       12,461,412       340,753       2,818,546       1,310,391       485,700       160,909       2,146,979         (32,240,531 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
      
 
 
  
Finance income
                             1,833,312  
                         
 
 
  
Finance expense
                             (4,746,791 ) 
                         
 
 
  
Gain related to associates, joint ventures and subsidiaries
                             1,310,391  
                         
 
 
  
Loss before income tax
                         ￦       (33,843,619 ) 
                         
 
 
  
 
F-34
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
4.
Segment, Geographic and Other Information, Continued
 
(2)
Financial information of the segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, are as follows, continued:
 
         
2023
  
Segment
        
Total segment
revenue
    
Intersegment
revenue
    
Revenue
from
external
customers
    
Depreciation
and
amortization
    
Interest
income
    
Interest
expense
    
Profit (loss)
related to
associates,
joint
ventures and
subsidiaries
    
Employee
benefit
expense
    
Loss on
abandonment
of property,
plant and
equipment
    
Increase in
provisions, net
          
Operating
profit (loss)
  
         
In millions of won
  
Transmission and distribution
   ￦       85,082,542       1,728,602       83,353,940       4,258,909       92,380       2,826,916       314,373       127,038       182,742       419,564         (6,153,936 ) 
Electric power generation (Nuclear)
       10,798,378       10,666,260       132,118       4,403,610       69,209       687,743       (2,639 )      62,280       —        585,630         819,838  
Electric power generation
(Non-nuclear)
       35,159,641       32,253,979       2,905,662       4,180,939       65,403       741,282       301,681       109,151       13,863       352,058         929,210  
Plant maintenance & engineering service
       3,091,022       2,626,190       464,832       129,628       23,638       1,270       (389 )      52,890       —        206,215         355,284  
Others
       2,175,972       1,556,114       619,858       204,322       226,243       258,877       —        48,105       92       444         89,302  
Consolidation adjustments
       (48,831,145 )      (48,831,145 )      —        (145,145 )      (47,253 )      (64,429 )      —        (40,734 )      —        47,171         (284,714 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
      
 
 
  
  ￦       87,476,410       —        87,476,410       13,032,263       429,620       4,451,659       613,026       358,730       196,697       1,611,082         (4,245,016 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
      
 
 
  
Finance income
                             1,425,031  
                         
 
 
  
Finance expense
                             (5,347,018 ) 
                         
 
 
  
Gain related to associates, joint ventures and subsidiaries
                             613,026  
                         
 
 
  
Loss before income tax
                         ￦       (7,553,977 ) 
                         
 
 
  
 
F-35
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
4.
Segment, Geographic and Other Information, Continued
 
(2)
Financial information of the segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, are as follows, continued:
 
         
2024
  
Segment
        
Total
segment
revenue
    
Intersegment
revenue
    
Revenue
from
external
customers
    
Depreciation
and
amortization
    
Interest
income
    
Interest
expense
    
Profit (loss)
related to
associates,
joint
ventures and
subsidiaries
    
Employee
benefit
expense
    
Loss on
abandonment
of property,
plant and
equipment
    
Increase in
provisions, net
          
Operating
profit
  
         
In millions of won
  
Transmission and distribution
   ￦       90,825,950       2,217,014       88,608,936       4,368,806       86,889       2,946,080       578,973       156,144       171,134       745,016         3,542,715  
Electric power generation (Nuclear)
       13,447,880       13,118,098       329,782       5,182,841       72,760       786,491       (20,548 )      68,273       —        343,963         1,442,490  
Electric power generation
(Non-nuclear)
       31,563,589       29,186,796       2,376,793       4,252,872       67,835       704,678       138,347       113,146       2,744       511,174         2,662,597  
Plant maintenance & engineering service
       3,266,873       2,765,640       501,233       164,749       26,262       7,144       185,548       70,891       —        241,073         417,667  
Others
       2,283,458       1,521,937       761,521       218,505       271,709       336,718       —        47,039       —        2,409         96,984  
Consolidation adjustments
       (48,809,485 )      (48,809,485 )      —        (190,418 )      (57,930 )      (116,016 )      —        (27,513 )      21,819       (81,109 )        298,807  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
      
 
 
  
  ￦       92,578,265       —        92,578,265       13,997,355       467,525       4,665,095       882,320       427,980       195,697       1,762,526         8,461,260  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
      
 
 
  
Finance income
                             3,448,177  
                         
 
 
  
Finance expense
                             (7,535,228 ) 
                         
 
 
  
Gain related to associates, joint ventures and subsidiaries
                             882,320  
                         
 
 
  
Profit before income tax
                         ￦       5,256,529  
                         
 
 
  
 
F-36
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
4.
Segment, Geographic and Other Information, Continued
 
(3)
Information related to segment assets and segment liabilities as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
         
2023
  
Segment
        
Segment

assets
    
Investments
in associates
and joint
ventures
    
Acquisition of

non-current

assets
    
Segment
liabilities
  
         
In millions of won
  
Transmission and distribution
   ￦       138,838,342       5,872,000       7,636,677       120,181,250  
Electric power generation (Nuclear)
       70,535,018       169,155       3,070,528       45,660,916  
Electric power generation
(Non-nuclear)
       66,265,884       3,567,345       3,490,863       38,415,202  
Plant maintenance & engineering service
       4,271,409       54,088       203,352       1,549,863  
Others
       13,378,229       —        736,155       6,480,959  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Segment totals
       293,288,882       9,662,588       15,137,575       212,288,190  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Consolidation adjustments:
          
Elimination of inter-segment amounts
       (46,071,077 )      —        (390,686 )      (11,463,805 ) 
Equity method adjustment
       2,997,016       —        —        —   
Deferred taxes
       1,636       —        —        1,629,280  
Others
       (10,501,492 )      —        —        (3,450 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      (53,573,917 )      —        (390,686 )      (9,837,975 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Consolidated totals
   ￦       239,714,965       9,662,588       14,746,889       202,450,215  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
         
2024
  
Segment
        
Segment

assets
    
Investments
in associates
and joint
ventures
    
Acquisition of

non-current

assets
    
Segment
liabilities
  
         
In millions of won
  
Transmission and distribution
   ￦       139,472,103       6,839,513       8,417,992       120,083,068  
Electric power generation (Nuclear)
       72,508,359       171,956       2,629,626       47,082,862  
Electric power generation
(Non-nuclear)
       66,834,569       4,272,928       3,862,287       36,363,754  
Plant maintenance & engineering service
       4,522,610       1,697       160,978       1,508,112  
Others
       14,977,126       —        195,451       7,073,716  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Segment totals
       298,314,767       11,286,094       15,266,334       212,111,512  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Consolidation adjustments:
          
Elimination of inter-segment amounts
       (43,890,249 )      —        (185,981 )      (8,819,612 ) 
Equity method adjustment
       4,032,207       —        —        —   
Deferred taxes
       1,557       —        —        2,152,192  
Others
       (11,650,487 )      —        —        870  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      (51,506,972 )      —        (185,981 )      (6,666,550 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Consolidated totals
   ￦       246,807,795       11,286,094       15,080,353       205,444,962  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-37
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
4.
Segment, Geographic and Other Information, Continued
 
(4)
Geographic information
Electricity sales, the main operations of the Company, are conducted in the Republic of Korea. The following information on revenue from external customers and
non-current
assets is determined by the location of the customers and of the assets:
 
Geographical unit
         
Revenue from external customers
    
Non-current
assets
(*2)
  
          
2022
    
2023
    
2024
    
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
          
In millions of won
  
Domestic
    ￦       69,142,730       86,242,808       91,286,837       183,707,117       186,384,115       191,214,679  
Overseas (*1)
        1,403,294       1,233,602       1,291,428       4,724,416       4,822,845       4,757,463  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦       70,546,024       87,476,410       92,578,265       188,431,533       191,206,960       195,972,142  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  (*1)
Middle East and other Asian countries make up the majority of overseas revenue and
non-current
assets. Since the overseas revenue or
non-current
assets attributable to particular countries are not material, they are not disclosed individually.
 
  (*2)
The amounts exclude financial assets, deferred tax assets, and net defined benefit assets. 
 
(5)
Information on significant
customers
There is no single customer which accounts for 10% or more of the Company’s revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024.
 
F-38
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
5.
Classification of Financial Instruments
 
(1)
Classification of financial assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
         
2023
  
         
Financial assets
at fair value
through profit or
loss
    
Financial assets
at fair value
through other
comprehensive
income
    
Financial assets
at amortized cost
    
Derivative assets
(applying hedge
accounting)
    
Total
  
         
In millions of won
  
Current assets
            
Cash and cash equivalents
   ￦       —        —        4,342,887       —        4,342,887  
Current financial assets
            
Current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
       2,054,021       —        —        —        2,054,021  
Current financial assets at amortized costs
       —        —        28,905       —        28,905  
Current derivative assets
       227,434       —        —        80,298       307,732  
Other financial assets
       —        —        716,739       —        716,739  
Trade and other receivables
       —        —        11,985,735       —        11,985,735  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      2,281,455       —        17,074,266       80,298       19,436,019  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Non-current
assets
            
Non-current
financial assets
            
Non-current
financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
       657,264       —        —        —        657,264  
Non-current
financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
       —        502,443       —        —        502,443  
Non-current
financial assets at amortized costs
       —        —        9,938       —        9,938  
Non-current
derivative assets
       503,514       —        —        189,148       692,662  
Other financial assets
       —        —        1,683,907       —        1,683,907  
Trade and other receivables
       —        —        2,193,587       —        2,193,587  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      1,160,778       502,443       3,887,432       189,148       5,739,801  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦       3,442,233       502,443       20,961,698       269,446       25,175,820  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-39
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
5.
Classification of Financial Instruments, Continued
 
(1)
Classification of financial assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
         
2024
  
         
Financial assets
at fair value
through profit or
loss
    
Financial assets
at fair value
through other
comprehensive
income
    
Financial assets
at amortized cost
    
Derivative assets
(applying hedge
accounting)
    
Total
  
         
In millions of won
  
Current assets
            
Cash and cash equivalents
   ￦       —        —        2,382,979       —        2,382,979  
Current financial assets
            
Current financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
       1,456,895       —        —        —        1,456,895  
Current financial assets at amortized costs
       —        —        20,418       —        20,418  
Current derivative assets
       396,477       —        —        364,077       760,554  
Other financial assets
       —        —        1,256,850       —        1,256,850  
Trade and other receivables
       —        —        12,216,216       —        12,216,216  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      1,853,372       —        15,876,463       364,077       18,093,912  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Non-current
assets
            
Non-current
financial assets
            
Non-current
financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
       719,277       —        —        —        719,277  
Non-current
financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
       —        674,850       —        —        674,850  
Non-current
financial assets at amortized costs
       —        —        9,815       —        9,815  
Non-current
derivative assets
       1,450,050       —        —        480,560       1,930,610  
Other financial assets
       —        —        1,611,438       —        1,611,438  
Trade and other receivables
       —        —        3,157,409       —        3,157,409  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      2,169,327       674,850       4,778,662       480,560       8,103,399  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦       4,022,699       674,850       20,655,125       844,637       26,197,311  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-40
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
5.
Classification of Financial Instruments, Continued
 
(2)
Classification of financial liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Financial liabilities

at fair value through

profit or loss
     
Financial liabilities
recognized at
amortized cost
     
Derivative liabilities
(applying hedge
accounting)
     
Total
  
           
In millions of won
  
Current liabilities
               
Borrowings
    ￦        —         16,446,821        —         16,446,821  
Debt securities
         —         24,674,526        —         24,674,526  
Derivative liabilities
         18,379        —         —         18,379  
Trade and other payables
         —         9,089,973        —         9,089,973  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        18,379        50,211,320        —         50,229,699  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Non-current
liabilities
               
Borrowings
         —         3,392,831        —         3,392,831  
Debt securities
         —         89,117,652        —         89,117,652  
Derivative liabilities
         410,291        —         23,564        433,855  
Trade and other payables
         —         4,981,957        —         4,981,957  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        410,291        97,492,440        23,564        97,926,295  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        428,670        147,703,760        23,564        148,155,994  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
           
2024
  
           
Financial liabilities

at fair value through

profit or loss
     
Financial liabilities
recognized at
amortized cost
     
Derivative liabilities
(applying hedge
accounting)
     
Total
  
           
In millions of won
  
Current liabilities
               
Borrowings
    ￦        —         17,540,585        —         17,540,585  
Debt securities
         —         26,901,367        —         26,901,367  
Derivative liabilities
         23,914        —         —         23,914  
Trade and other payables
         —         9,411,315        —         9,411,315  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        23,914        53,853,267        —         53,877,181  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Non-current
liabilities
               
Borrowings
         —         3,118,796        —         3,118,796  
Debt securities
         —         84,972,652        —         84,972,652  
Derivative liabilities
         256,018        —         4,893        260,911  
Trade and other payables
         —         4,609,241        —         4,609,241  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        256,018        92,700,689        4,893        92,961,600  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        279,932        146,553,956        4,893        146,838,781  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-41
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
5.
Classification of Financial Instruments, Continued
 
(3)
Classification of comprehensive income (loss) from financial instruments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
               
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
               
In millions of won
  
Cash and cash equivalents
   
Interest income
    ￦       51,872       100,205       102,505  
  
Gain (loss) on foreign currency transactions and translations
        22,158       (2,073 )      17,498  
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
   
Interest income
        58,540       65,470       54,385  
  
Dividends income
        1,994       4,193       4,813  
  
Gain on valuation of derivatives
        336,049       144,797       1,396,350  
  
Gain on transaction of derivatives
        205,298       130,230       129,471  
  
Gain (loss) on valuation of financial assets
        (37,230 )      128,307       69,161  
  
Gain on disposal of financial assets
        9,358       13,161       45,059  
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
   
Dividends income
        26,881       21,748       65,788  
Financial assets at amortized cost
   
Interest income
        1,308       2,929       2,859  
  
Gain (loss) on foreign currency transactions and translations
        5,087       (1,774 )      5,568  
Loans
   
Interest income
        33,545       44,029       45,511  
  
Gain on foreign currency transactions and translations
        596       127       3,685  
Trade and other receivables
   
Interest income
        164,653       168,303       209,675  
  
Gain on foreign currency transactions and translations
        1,019       27,363       121,193  
Short-term financial instruments
   
Interest income
        15,827       34,260       31,766  
  
Gain on foreign currency transactions and translations
        3,513       —        —   
Long-term financial instruments
   
Interest income
        14,371       14,183       20,562  
  
Gain on foreign currency transactions and translations
        1       —        3  
Other financial assets
   
Interest income
        637       241       262  
Derivatives (applying hedge accounting)
   
Gain on valuation of derivatives (profit or loss)
        149,888       76,814       410,088  
  
Gain (loss) on valuation of derivatives (equity, before tax)
        (93,699 )      (10,539 )      21,443  
  
Gain on transaction of derivatives
        54,422       19,604       14,801  
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
   
Gain (loss) on valuation of derivatives
        (345,313 )      961       52,515  
  
Gain (loss) on transaction of derivatives
        (110,236 )      (80,640 )      146,417  
Financial liabilities carried at amortized cost
   
Interest expense of borrowings and debt securities
        2,142,220       3,636,887       3,805,062  
  
Loss on repayment of financial liabilities
        (15 )      —        —   
  
Interest expense of trade and other payables
        204,078       200,440       191,918  
  
Interest expense of others
        472,248       614,332       668,115  
  
Other finance income
        927       4,971       8,882  
  
Other finance expenses
        167       1,796       4,177  
  
Loss on foreign currency transactions and translations
        (936,269 )      (420,203 )      (2,643,230 ) 
Derivatives (applying hedge accounting)
   
Gain on valuation of derivatives (profit or loss)
        83,594       11,627       244,758  
  
Gain (loss) on valuation of derivatives (equity, before tax)
        28,647       2,021       (1,137 ) 
  
Gain on transaction of derivatives
        75,201       20,465       11,968  
 
F-42
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
6.
Restricted Deposits
Restricted deposits as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
                
2023
     
2024
  
                
In millions of won
  
Cash and cash equivalents
   
Escrow accounts
    ￦        3,010        3,280  
  
Deposits for government project and others
         26,969        30,812  
  
Collateral provided for borrowings
         190,525        211,522  
  
Collateral provided for lawsuit
         54        54  
  
Deposits for transmission regional support program
         9,481        8,959  
  
Deposits for other business purposes
         5,550        4,187  
Short-term financial instruments
   
Restriction on withdrawal related to
‘win-win
growth program’ for small and medium enterprises and others
         80,500        83,520  
  
Collateral provided for borrowings
         24,728        85,569  
Non-current
financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
   
Decommissioning costs of nuclear power plants
         271,047        296,496  
Long-term financial instruments
   
Guarantee deposits for banking accounts at oversea
s
branches
         36        22  
  
Collateral provided for borrowings
         28,245        6,500  
  
Decommissioning costs of nuclear power plants
         655,030        660,000  
Other
non-current
assets
   
Deposits for other business purposes
         7,558        9,150  
        
 
 
     
 
 
  
      ￦        1,302,733        1,400,071  
        
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
7.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
          
2023
     
2024
  
          
In millions of won
  
Cash
    ￦       14,070        17,941  
Other demand deposits
        1,780,548        1,712,130  
Short-term deposits classified as cash equivalents
        1,107,687        548,611  
Short-term investments classified as cash equivalents
        1,440,582        104,297  
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦       4,342,887        2,382,979  
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-43
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
8.
Trade and Other Receivables
 
(1)
Trade and other receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Gross
amount
     
Allowance for

doubtful accounts
     
Present value

discount
     
Book
value
  
           
In millions of won
  
Current assets
               
Trade receivables
    ￦        11,239,601        (230,058 )       —         11,009,543  
Other receivables
         1,034,655        (53,683 )       (4,780 )       976,192  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        12,274,256        (283,741 )       (4,780 )       11,985,735  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Non-current
assets
               
Trade receivables
         207,668        (2,587 )       —         205,081  
Other receivables
         2,080,830        (80,270 )       (12,054 )       1,988,506  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        2,288,498        (82,857 )       (12,054 )       2,193,587  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        14,562,754        (366,598 )       (16,834 )       14,179,322  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
           
2024
  
           
Gross
amount
     
Allowance for

doubtful accounts
     
Present value

discount
     
Book
value
  
           
In millions of won
  
Current assets
               
Trade receivables
    ￦        11,266,202        (167,028 )       —         11,099,174  
Other receivables
         1,160,945        (39,817 )       (4,086 )       1,117,042  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        12,427,147        (206,845 )       (4,086 )       12,216,216  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Non-current
assets
               
Trade receivables
         1,089,787        (93,746 )       —         996,041  
Other receivables
         2,272,127        (100,351 )       (10,408 )       2,161,368  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        3,361,914        (194,097 )       (10,408 )       3,157,409  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        15,789,061        (400,942 )       (14,494 )       15,373,625  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-44
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
8.
Trade and Other Receivables, Continued
 
(2)
Other receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Gross
amount
     
Allowance for

doubtful accounts
    
Present value
discount
    
Book
value
  
           
In millions of won
  
Current assets
             
Non-trade
receivables
    ￦        393,859        (49,626 )      (53 )      344,180  
Accrued income
         133,033        —        —        133,033  
Deposits
         317,541        (4 )      (4,727 )      312,810  
Finance lease receivables (*1)
         75,661        (2,761 )      —        72,900  
Others
         114,561        (1,292 )      —        113,269  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
        1,034,655        (53,683 )      (4,780 )      976,192  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Non-current
assets
             
Non-trade
receivables
         198,453        (54,182 )      (102 )      144,169  
Accrued income
         7,342        —        —        7,342  
Deposits
         441,721        (263 )      (11,952 )      429,506  
Finance lease receivables (*2)
         1,173,500        (2,495 )      —        1,171,005  
Others
         259,814        (23,330 )      —        236,484  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
        2,080,830        (80,270 )      (12,054 )      1,988,506  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦        3,115,485        (133,953 )      (16,834 )      2,964,698  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
(*1)  Gross amount of finance lease receivables is the net lease investment by deducting unearned finance income of ￦114,118 million.
 
(*2)  Gross amount of finance lease receivables is the net lease investment by deducting unearned finance income of ￦943,316 million.
 
   
   
           
2024
  
           
Gross
amount
     
Allowance for

doubtful accounts
    
Present value
discount
    
Book
value
  
           
In millions of won
  
Current assets
             
Non-trade
receivables
    ￦        403,248        (35,041 )      (21 )      368,186  
Accrued income
         112,941        —        —        112,941  
Deposits
         293,712        (4 )      (4,065 )      289,643  
Finance lease receivables (*1)
         92,130        (3,480 )      —        88,650  
Others
         258,914        (1,292 )      —        257,622  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
        1,160,945        (39,817 )      (4,086 )      1,117,042  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Non-current
assets
             
Non-trade
receivables
         243,813        (62,222 )      (41 )      181,550  
Accrued income
         21,395        —        —        21,395  
Deposits
         486,868        (414 )      (10,367 )      476,087  
Finance lease receivables (*2)
         1,264,269        (1,775 )      —        1,262,494  
Others
         255,782        (35,940 )      —        219,842  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
        2,272,127        (100,351 )      (10,408 )      2,161,368  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦        3,433,072        (140,168 )      (14,494 )      3,278,410  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  (*1)
Gross amount of finance lease receivables is the net lease investment by deducting unearned finance income of ￦121,170 million.
 
  (*2)
Gross amount of finance lease receivables is the net lease investment by deducting unearned finance income of ￦956,968 million.
 
F-45
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
8.
Trade and Other Receivables, Continued
 
(3)
Trade and other receivables are classified as financial assets at amortized cost and are measured using the effective interest rate method. No interest is accrued for trade receivables related to electricity for the duration between the billing date and the payment due dates. However once trade receivables are overdue, the Company imposes a monthly interest rate of 1.5% on the overdue trade receivables. The Company holds deposits of three months’ expected electricity usage for customers requesting temporary usage and customers with delinquent payments.
 
(4)
Aging analysis of trade receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Trade receivables: (not overdue)
    ￦        11,120,582        12,010,590  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Trade receivables: (impairment reviewed)
         326,687        345,399  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Less than 60 days
         6,403        12,289  
60 ~ 90 days
         55,802        59,427  
90 ~ 120 days
         20,535        21,642  
120 days ~ 1 year
         58,350        56,107  
Over 1 year
         185,597        195,934  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        11,447,269        12,355,989  
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts
         (232,645 )       (260,774 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        11,214,624        12,095,215  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
At the end of each reporting period, the Company assesses whether the credit to trade receivables is impaired. The Company recognizes loss allowances for trade receivables individually when there is any objective evidence that trade receivables are impaired and significant and classifies the trade receivables that are not individually assessed as the trade receivables subject to be assessed on a collective basis. Also, the Company recognizes loss allowances based on an ‘expected credit loss’ (ECL) model.
 
(5)
Aging analysis of other receivables as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Other receivables: (not overdue)
    ￦        2,857,337        3,212,146  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Other receivables: (impairment reviewed)
         258,148        220,926  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Less than 60 days
         5        318  
60 ~ 90 days
         27,634        34,267  
90 ~ 120 days
         727        1,786  
120 days ~ 1 year
         69,651        59,567  
Over 1 year
         160,131        124,988  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        3,115,485        3,433,072  
Less: allowance for doubtful accounts
         (133,953 )       (140,168 ) 
Less: present value discount
         (16,834 )       (14,494 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        2,964,698        3,278,410  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
At the end of each reporting period, the Company assesses whether the credit to other receivables is impaired. The Company recognizes loss allowances for other receivables individually when there is any objective evidence that other receivables are impaired and significant, and classifies the other receivables that are not individually assessed as the other receivables subject to be assessed on a collective basis. Also, the Company recognizes loss allowances based on an ‘expected credit loss’ (ECL) model.
 
F-46
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
8.
Trade and Other Receivables, Continued
 
(6)
Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
           
Trade
receivables
    
Other
receivables
    
Trade
receivables
    
Other
receivables
    
Trade
receivables
    
Other
receivables
  
           
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
    ￦        205,339       82,710       199,000       109,453       232,645       133,953  
Bad debt expense
         27,078       4,220       68,385       24,290       48,160       21,937  
Write-off
         (26,319 )      (1,103 )      (26,109 )      (4,472 )      (17,157 )      (23,177 ) 
Reversal
         (3,444 )      (37 )      (5,577 )      (1,942 )      (12,928 )      (587 ) 
Others
         (3,654 )      23,663       (3,054 )      6,624       10,054       8,042  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Ending balance
    ￦        199,000       109,453       232,645       133,953       260,774       140,168  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
9.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Profit or Loss
 
(1)
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
                                         
 
  
 
 
  
2023
 
  
2024
 
 
  
 
 
  
Current
 
  
Non-current
 
  
Current
 
  
Non-current
 
 
  
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
Beneficiary Certificate
  
￦
  
 
  
 
130,363
 
  
 
107,252
 
  
 
313
 
  
 
152,054
 
Cooperative
  
      
  
 
— 
 
  
 
6,735
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
6,872
 
Others (*)
  
      
  
 
1,923,658
 
  
 
376,602
 
  
 
1,456,582
 
  
 
405,309
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
      
  
 
2,054,021
 
  
 
490,589
 
  
 
1,456,895
 
  
 
564,235
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Financial assets designated as at fair value through profit or loss
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
Debt with embedded derivatives
  
      
  
 
— 
 
  
 
166,675
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
155,042
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
￦
  
 
  
 
2,054,021
 
  
 
657,264
 
  
 
1,456,895
 
  
 
719,277
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
(*)
‘Other’ includes MMT which is composed of government bonds, RP(Repurchase Paper), CP(Commercial Paper), etc.
 
(2)
Details of income (loss) from financial assets at fair value through profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
                         
 
  
 
 
  
2023
 
  
2024
 
 
  
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
Beneficiary certificate
  
￦
  
 
  
 
(59
) 
  
 
34,481
 
Cooperative
  
      
  
 
272
 
  
 
118
 
Debt with embedded derivatives
  
      
  
 
2,934
 
  
 
2,435
 
Others
  
      
  
 
207,984
 
  
 
136,383
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
￦
  
 
  
 
211,131
 
  
 
173,417
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
F-47
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income
 
(1)
Changes in financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
                                                         
 
  
 
 
  
2023
 
 
  
 
 
  
Beginning
balance
 
  
Acquisition
 
  
Disposal
 
 
Valuation
 
 
Others
 
  
Ending

balance
 
 
  
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
Equity securities
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
 
      
 
      
  
      
Listed
  
￦
  
 
  
 
300,057
 
  
 
430
 
  
 
— 
 
 
 
(15,433
) 
 
 
— 
 
  
 
285,054
 
Unlisted
  
      
  
 
202,243
 
  
 
9,550
 
  
 
(5,332
) 
 
 
5,445
 
 
 
856
 
  
 
212,762
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
      
  
 
502,300
 
  
 
9,980
 
  
 
(5,332
) 
 
 
(9,988
) 
 
 
856
 
  
 
497,816
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Debt securities
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
 
      
 
      
  
      
Corporate bond
  
      
  
 
529
 
  
 
4,080
 
  
 
— 
 
 
 
18
 
 
 
— 
 
  
 
4,627
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
      
  
 
502,829
 
  
 
14,060
 
  
 
(5,332
) 
 
 
(9,970
) 
 
 
856
 
  
 
502,443
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Current financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
  
￦
  
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
Non-current financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
  
      
  
 
502,829
 
  
 
14,060
 
  
 
(5,332
) 
 
 
(9,970
) 
 
 
856
 
  
 
502,443
 
     
 
  
 
 
  
2024
 
 
  
 
 
  
Beginning
balance
 
  
Acquisition
 
  
Disposal
 
 
Valuation
 
 
Others
 
  
Ending

balance
 
 
  
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
Equity securities
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
 
      
 
      
  
      
Listed
  
￦
  
 
  
 
285,054
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
(170
) 
 
 
73,891
 
 
 
1,321
 
  
 
360,096
 
Unlisted
  
      
  
 
212,762
 
  
 
4,000
 
  
 
— 
 
 
 
88,256
 
 
 
4,691
 
  
 
309,709
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
      
  
 
497,816
 
  
 
4,000
 
  
 
(170
) 
 
 
162,147
 
 
 
6,012
 
  
 
669,805
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Debt securities
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
 
      
 
      
  
      
Corporate bond
  
      
  
 
4,627
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
 
 
418
 
 
 
— 
 
  
 
5,045
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
      
  
 
502,443
 
  
 
4,000
 
  
 
(170
) 
 
 
162,565
 
 
 
6,012
 
  
 
674,850
 
 
  
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Current financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
  
￦
  
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
Non-current financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
  
      
  
 
502,443
 
  
 
4,000
 
  
 
(170
) 
 
 
162,565
 
 
 
6,012
 
  
 
674,850
 
 
F-48
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
   
2023
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Listed
            
Korea District Heating Corp.
     2,264,068       19.55 %    ￦       173,201       55,356       55,356  
KG Mobility Co., Ltd. (formerly, Ssangyong Motor Co., Ltd.)
     12,205       0.01 %        428       106       106  
SM Korea Line Corp.
     180       0.00 %        1       —        —   
Namkwang Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.
     46       0.00 %        15       —        —   
Bumyang Construction Co., Ltd.
     35       0.00 %        2       —        —   
ELCOMTEC Co., Ltd.
     32,875       0.04 %        217       43       43  
PAN Ocean Co., Ltd.
     1,492       0.00 %        14       6       6  
STX Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.
     68,874       0.24 %        537       806       806  
Codes Combine Co., Ltd.
     291       0.00 %        1       1       1  
PT Adaro Energy Tbk.
     480,000,000       1.50 %        65,028       95,505       95,505  
Denison Mines Corp.
     58,284,000       6.54 %        84,134       131,790       131,790  
Fission Uranium Corp.
     100,000       0.01 %        41       105       105  
SangSangin Industry Co., Ltd.
     1,457       0.01 %        38       3       3  
Vitzrosys Co., Ltd.
     399       0.00 %        2       —        —   
EMnI Co., Ltd.
     628       0.00 %        25       1       1  
Vissem electronics, Co., Ltd.
     301       0.00 %        11       1       1  
KC Industry Co., Ltd.
     139       0.00 %        6       —        —   
Aone Alform Co., Ltd.
     2,672       0.04 %        19       4       4  
Ihsung CNI Co., Ltd.
     142,860       4.81 %        1,500       1,327       1,327  
BDI Co., Ltd. (*3)
     6,390,478       32.54 %        —        —        —   
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
          325,220       285,054       285,054  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Unlisted (*1)
            
Hwan Young Steel Co., Ltd.
     10,916       0.14 %    ￦       1,092       97       97  
SAMBO AUTO. Co., Ltd.
     15,066       0.02 %        38       38       38  
Mobo Co., Ltd.
     504       0.00 %        14       14       14  
Dae Kwang Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
     589       0.07 %        6       6       6  
Sanbon Department Store
     828       0.01 %        124       3       3  
Miju Steel Mfg. Co., Ltd.
     1,097       0.23 %        50       50       50  
Sungwon Co., Ltd.
     117       0.07 %        29       29       29  
IMHWA Corp.
     329       0.11 %        5       5       5  
DALIM Special Vehicle Co., Ltd.
     58       0.08 %        10       10       10  
Moonkyung Silica Co., Ltd.
     42       0.56 %        —        —        —   
Sungkwang Timber Co., Ltd.
     3       0.08 %        5       5       5  
KS Remicon Co., Ltd.
     12       0.04 %        3       3       3  
Joongang Platec Co., Ltd.
     3,591       0.75 %        72       35       35  
Pyungsan SI Co., Ltd.
     434       0.01 %        4       4       4  
Samgong Development Co., Ltd.
     12       0.01 %        7       7       7  
Joongang Development Co., Ltd.
     540       0.12 %        8       8       8  
Newasia Co., Ltd. (formerly, AJS Co., Ltd.)
     12,906       0.23 %        32       32       32  
MSE Co., Ltd.
     429       0.13 %        9       9       9  
Ilrim Nano Tec Co., Ltd.
     1,520       0.07 %        15       15       15  
Ilsuk Co., Ltd.
     152       0.17 %        10       10       10  
Zyle Daewoo Motor Sales Co., Ltd.
     22       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Daewoo Development Co., Ltd.
     8       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Seyang Inc.
     537       0.05 %        27       30       30  
Seungri Enterprise Co., Ltd.
     93       0.05 %        3       3       3  
Shin-E P&C Co., Ltd.
     1,569       0.64 %        110       2       2  
Ejung Ad Co., Ltd.
     132       0.09 %        3       3       3  
Solvus Co., Ltd.
     1,056       0.04 %        3       3       3  
Myung Co., Ltd.
     89       0.05 %        2       2       2  
 
F-49
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2023
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Biwang Industry Co., Ltd.
     406       0.04 %    ￦       2       2       2  
Young Sung Co., Ltd.
     89       0.40 %        26       26       26  
Yuil Industrial Electronics Co., Ltd.
     804       0.32 %        15       15       15  
Woojin Industry Corporation
     3       0.00 %        16       16       16  
Kwang Sung Industry Co., Ltd.
     325       0.35 %        7       7       7  
Futech Mold Co., Ltd.
     274       0.27 %        14       14       14  
Woojoo Environment Ind. Co., Ltd.
     101       0.11 %        13       13       13  
Hyungji Esquire Co., Ltd.
     61       0.02 %        22       22       22  
Morado Co., Ltd.
     209       0.04 %        2       2       2  
Myung Sung Tex Co., Ltd.
     20       0.00 %        2       2       2  
Kwang Sung Co., Ltd.
     610       0.53 %        31       31       31  
Seen Business and Technology co., Ltd.
     29,424       0.73 %        148       7       7  
Woobang Construction Co., Ltd.
     8       0.00 %        8       8       8  
Shin Pyung Co., Ltd.
     6       0.03 %        3       3       3  
JMC Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.
     2,724       0.10 %        27       2       2  
Najin Steel Co., Ltd.
     37       0.06 %        5       5       5  
Sinkwang Industry Co., Ltd.
     1,091       1.68 %        5       5       5  
Elephant & Friends Co., Ltd.
     563       0.61 %        3       3       3  
Mireco Co., Ltd.
     109       0.25 %        11       11       11  
L&K Industry Co., Ltd.
     1,615       0.60 %        24       24       24  
JO Tech Co., Ltd.
     1,263       0.62 %        25       25       25  
Kendae Printing Co., Ltd.
     422       0.60 %        21       21       21  
Dauning Co., Ltd.
     231       0.41 %        6       6       6  
Korea Trecision Co., Ltd.
     22       0.45 %        5       5       5  
Hurim Biocell Co., Ltd.
     1,021       0.00 %        5       5       5  
Sunjin Power Tech Co., Ltd.
     4,941       0.92 %        247       32       32  
Beer Yeast Korea Inc.
     1,388       0.43 %        7       7       7  
B CON Co., Ltd.
     96       1.16 %        6       6       6  
Ace Integration Co., Ltd.
     105       0.09 %        24       24       24  
AceInti Agricultural Co., Ltd.
     16       0.02 %        5       5       5  
KyungDong Co., Ltd.
     130       0.01 %        1       1       1  
ChunWon Development Co., Ltd.
     193       0.19 %        39       39       39  
SungLim Industrial Co., Ltd.
     29       0.03 %        1       1       1  
Korea Minerals Co., Ltd.
     191       0.05 %        134       1       1  
HyoDong Development Co., Ltd.
     128       0.16 %        25       1       1  
JoHyun Co., Ltd.
     350       1.56 %        18       18       18  
KC Co., Ltd.
     5,107       0.17 %        26       26       26  
SeongJi Industrial Co., Ltd.
     41       0.05 %        1       1       1  
Seyang Precision Ind.Co., Ltd.
     829       0.23 %        41       41       41  
Dooriwon Food System Co., Ltd.
     13       0.27 %        1       1       1  
Sung Kwang Co., Ltd.
     23       0.37 %        6       6       6  
Shinheung petrol. Co., Ltd.
     699       0.14 %        35       35       35  
Samsung Tech Co., Ltd.
     486       1.28 %        97       36       36  
Younil Metal Co., Ltd.
     41       0.21 %        21       21       21  
Sevenvalley JC (formerly, CJ Paradise Co., Ltd.)
     24       0.02 %        12       12       12  
Han Young Technology Company Co., Ltd.
     35       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Ptotronics Co., Ltd.
     843       0.42 %        84       6       6  
NFT Co., Ltd.
     136       0.40 %        8       8       8  
Hyundaitech Co., Ltd.
     1,363       0.87 %        27       27       27  
Dasan Material Co., Ltd.
     29       0.04 %        22       22       22  
Fish World Co., Ltd.
     47       0.21 %        2       2       2  
 
F-50
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2023
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
SG Shinsung Engineering and Construction Co., Ltd.
     10       0.00 %    ￦       6       —        —   
Samdo Industry Electric Co.,Ltd.
     48       0.02 %        1       1       1  
Taejung Industries Co.,Ltd.
     9,268       0.30 %        5       5       5  
Shinsei Trading Co., Ltd.
     64       0.72 %        6       6       6  
Dynamic Co., Ltd.
     111       0.19 %        3       3       3  
Green Alchemy Co.,Ltd.
     38,202       1.48 %        191       17       17  
KM Leatech Co., Ltd.
     1,648       0.98 %        8       8       8  
Semist Co.,Ltd.
     555       0.80 %        3       3       3  
Sewon Bus Co.,Ltd.
     12       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Enertec Co., Ltd.
     7,937       0.19 %        44       44       44  
Sangji Co., Ltd.
     20       0.26 %        4       4       4  
Bellie Doughnuts Co., Ltd.
     169       0.19 %        10       10       10  
Set Holding (*2)
     1,100,220       2.50 %        229,255       165,923       165,923  
Choheung packing Co., Ltd.
     61       0.13 %        12       12       12  
Jaewoo Co., Ltd.
     359       0.24 %        11       11       11  
Wooyang HC Co., Ltd
     1,375       0.01 %        159       13       13  
TheYeonriji Co., Ltd.
     116       0.10 %        6       6       6  
Flusys Co., Ltd.
     9       0.08 %        2       2       2  
DongSeo Electronics Co., Ltd.
     347       0.07 %        17       17       17  
Daewoo Display Co., Ltd.
     177       0.03 %        5       5       5  
NTS Co., Ltd.
     143       0.22 %        36       36       36  
AID CO., Ltd.
     1,212       0.57 %        36       36       36  
Changwon Eco-friendly farming Corp.
     3       0.01 %        —        —        —   
Kumo Hitech Co., Ltd.
     6,697       0.53 %        100       32       32  
Kyung Pyo Industry Co., Ltd.
     186       0.76 %        19       19       19  
Doosung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.
     53       0.06 %        5       5       5  
Samjoo Hightech Co., Ltd.
     522       0.08 %        3       3       3  
Samkwang Chemical Co., Ltd.
     204       1.27 %        51       51       51  
Shinseung Chemical Indust
r
y Co., Ltd.
     5       0.01 %        60       —        —   
KJ Alloy Co., Ltd.
     368       0.20 %        7       7       7  
SM Hi-tech Co., Ltd.
     22       0.39 %        22       22       22  
Puruen Environment Co., Ltd.
     967       1.34 %        19       19       19  
Miretech Co., Ltd.
     9,111       0.27 %        18       18       18  
Sejin Hightech Co., Ltd.
     17,980       0.16 %        18       18       18  
Eun Sung Enterprise Co., Ltd.
     1,131       0.72 %        17       17       17  
Shinyoung Textiles Co., Ltd.
     523       1.01 %        52       23       23  
Ilwoo Steel Co., Ltd.
     41       0.28 %        17       17       17  
Dong-un Tech Co., Ltd.
     1,159       6.28 %        81       34       34  
Wongwang Door Corp.
     575       1.00 %        29       29       29  
Mansu Co.,Ltd.
     344       0.25 %        15       15       15  
Eanskorea Co., Ltd.
     39       0.05 %        2       2       2  
Youngdongseafood Co., Ltd.
     165       0.33 %        8       8       8  
Hyunwoo Winstar Co., Ltd.
     1       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Sungchang Tech Co., Ltd.
     159       0.31 %        19       19       19  
Yuchang Industry Co., Ltd.
     90       0.11 %        5       5       5  
Jeongpum Co., Ltd.
     322       0.35 %        16       16       16  
Korea Steel Power Co., Ltd.
     2,761       1.88 %        55       2       2  
Amanex Co., Ltd.
     10       0.02 %        9       9       9  
Dae-A Leisure Co., Ltd.
     23       0.00 %        4       4       4  
 
F-51
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2023
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Caffe Bene Co.,Ltd.
     1,908       0.03 %    ￦       9       9       9  
Jinhung Packaging Co., Ltd.
     4,329       3.02 %        22       22       22  
Donglim Eng Co., Ltd.
     26       0.11 %        3       3       3  
SIP Co., Ltd.
     274       0.55 %        7       7       7  
Daeji Product Co., Ltd.
     15       0.05 %        1       —        —   
SSET Co., Ltd.
     181       0.30 %        18       18       18  
Sewon PM Tech Co., Ltd.
     963       1.11 %        48       48       48  
Dawon Yuhwa Co., Ltd.
     506       1.94 %        25       25       25  
Ewon materials Co., Ltd. (formerly, Shinwoo Toptech Co., Ltd.)
     834       0.51 %        83       6       6  
KMLC Co., Ltd.
     281       0.14 %        22       22       22  
Seinfood Co., Ltd.
     13       0.17 %        7       7       7  
TaeSung Eco-Tech. Co., Ltd.
     1,368       4.55 %        34       34       34  
Kukex Inc.
     639       0.05 %        3       3       3  
Youngshin Plus Co., Ltd.
     104       0.12 %        5       5       5  
Chang won Engineering Co., Ltd.
     22       0.00 %        4       4       4  
Samsung Silup Co., Ltd.
     47       0.19 %        5       5       5  
Samwon Bio Tech Co., Ltd.
     390       0.25 %        6       6       6  
IZU KOREA Co., Ltd.
     48       0.00 %        2       2       2  
Dongdo CNP Co., Ltd.
     234       0.36 %        6       6       6  
S.I.T. Co.,
 
Ltd
.
     2,213       0.44 %        22       22       22  
Taejin Hiech Co., Ltd.
     78       0.26 %        3       3       3  
Headone Co.,Ltd.
     69       0.12 %        7       7       7  
E-Won Solutech Co., Ltd.
     158       0.16 %        40       40       40  
KPL Circuit Co., Ltd.
     283       0.08 %        14       14       14  
Road Solar Co., Ltd.
     12       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Han Mi Flexible Co., Ltd.
     143       0.20 %        43       43       43  
Millennium PNT Co., Ltd.
     227       0.37 %        6       6       6  
Dae Myung Co., Ltd.
     114       0.08 %        3       3       3  
Young San Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.
     74       0.11 %        7       7       7  
Samchungwon Co., Ltd.
     15       0.24 %        2       2       2  
Wooyang Frozen Foods Co., Ltd.
     66       0.82 %        27       27       27  
Nanomic Co., Ltd.
     94       0.63 %        38       38       38  
Samsung Nonferrous Metal Co., Ltd.
     89       0.26 %        9       9       9  
Daewha Fuel Pump Ind., Ltd.
     83       0.05 %        10       10       10  
WorldCnM Inc.
     131       1.09 %        10       10       10  
Superone Co., Ltd.
     1,585       1.45 %        8       8       8  
Buyoung Panji Co., Ltd.
     478       0.44 %        12       12       12  
International Paint Korea Co., Ltd.
     111       0.48 %        11       11       11  
EI Lighting Co., Ltd.
     358       0.36 %        18       18       18  
Yooseung Co., Ltd.
     10       0.08 %        1       1       1  
Sungkwang Co., Ltd.
     48       0.35 %        2       2       2  
Ajin KSB Co., Ltd.
     204       0.31 %        18       18       18  
Sewon Ceramic Co., Ltd.
     530       1.01 %        5       5       5  
Choyang Tech Co., Ltd.
     465       1.01 %        23       23       23  
TK Co., Ltd.
     307       0.70 %        15       15       15  
Arari Co., Ltd.
     14       0.05 %        1       1       1  
C&S Corporation Co., Ltd.
     1,304       0.01 %        13       13       13  
Global The One of Korea Co., Ltd.
     62       0.06 %        3       3       3  
 
F-52
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2023
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Steellife Co., Ltd.
     85       0.06 %    ￦       4       4       4  
Geumhan Co., Ltd.
     498       0.24 %        7       7       7  
Mokgan Co., Ltd.
     5       0.02 %        1       1       1  
Wenex Co., Ltd.
     373       0.53 %        19       19       19  
Sulim Co., Ltd.
     30       0.20 %        6       6       6  
Shinkwang Engineering
     24       0.36 %        2       2       2  
Ek Cookware Co., Ltd.
     60       0.04 %        1       1       1  
KTTW Co., Ltd.
     28       0.05 %        2       2       2  
Avajar Co., Ltd.
     1,061       0.01 %        1       1       1  
Woosung I.B. Co., Ltd.
     7,071       0.07 %        14       14       14  
CAP Korea Co., Ltd.
     16       0.30 %        3       3       3  
MSM Co., Ltd.
     25       0.08 %        —        —        —   
Ddpopstyle Co., Ltd.
     22       0.14 %        1       1       1  
Finemetal Co., Ltd.
     49       0.08 %        1       1       1  
Sungkyeong Co., Ltd.
     52       0.24 %        2       2       2  
Newko Co., Ltd.
     331       0.06 %        10       10       10  
Dongsung Mulsan Co., Ltd.
     137       0.34 %        14       14       14  
Pizzakorea Co., Ltd.
     42       0.18 %        9       9       9  
Geumdani Co., Ltd.
     2,377       1.82 %        36       36       36  
Mezzanine I-pack Co., Ltd.
     38       0.02 %        1       1       1  
Ltop Co., Ltd.
     36       0.06 %        7       7       7  
Simile Aluminium Co., Ltd.
     428       0.31 %        9       9       9  
GT Tooling Co., Ltd.
     604       0.17 %        6       6       6  
Team Korea Co., Ltd.
     4,782       0.37 %        24       24       24  
Donghwa TCA Co., Ltd.
     1,012       0.30 %        25       25       25  
Hankook Piaget Co., Ltd.
     4       0.01 %        1       1       1  
Coco Food Co., Ltd.
     648       1.24 %        33       33       33  
Woori Industry Co., Ltd.
     102       1.05 %        21       21       21  
Ssangyong Youngweol Plant Service&Engineering Co., Ltd.
     83       0.07 %        4       1       1  
SH Co., Ltd.
     39       0.20 %        8       8       8  
Daeyoung Co., Ltd.
     75       0.01 %        8       8       8  
Getron Co., Ltd.
     7,259       0.20 %        37       4       4  
Jungmun Co., Ltd.
     19       0.26 %        2       2       2  
JM Tech Co., Ltd.
     403       0.67 %        82       10       10  
SGC Energy Co., Ltd.
     580,000       5.00 %        2,900       6,249       6,249  
Le Soleil KHNP LLC
     137,600       19.00 %        1,376       1,376       1,376  
Ihsung CNI Co., Ltd.
     127,660       4.30 %        1,500       1,937       1,937  
H Robotics Co., Ltd.
     903,601       8.05 %        4,000       5,639       5,639  
Good Tcells Co., Ltd.
     11,364       0.33 %        500       399       399  
IPS Bio Co., Ltd.
     1,975       3.13 %        1,000       897       897  
Nine B Co., Ltd.
     5,000       4.96 %        1,000       1,000       1,000  
Choigang-gujo Co., Ltd.
     61       0.45 %        6       1       1  
Hosungsteel Co., Ltd.
     323       0.26 %        14       3       3  
Uktae IND. Co., Ltd.
     140       0.12 %        7       1       1  
JFC Co., Ltd.
     16       0.01 %        2       2       2  
Hyundai Tech Co., Ltd.
     28       0.69 %        10       10       10  
Daeil Co., Ltd.
     301       0.42 %        15       2       2  
 
F-53
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2023
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Daehyeon Recycle Co., Ltd.
     59       0.61 %    ￦       12       12       12  
Metal Link Inc. Co., Ltd.
     709       0.17 %        35       4       4  
Pipetec Korea Co., Ltd.
     50       0.07 %        10       1       1  
SungJin Tech Co., Ltd.
     803       1.20 %        24       8       8  
Yujin E&C Co., Ltd.
     29       0.18 %        6       —        —   
Daishin Logistics Co., Ltd.
     13       0.09 %        1       1       1  
JinSung Engineering Co., Ltd.
     18       0.30 %        18       18       18  
Yongho Industry Co., Ltd.
     157       0.22 %        32       1       1  
Wow tech Co., Ltd.
     369       0.75 %        11       11       11  
World Power Tech Co., Ltd.
     16       0.28 %        24       24       24  
PBM Auto Co., Ltd.
     1,001       1.06 %        10       10       10  
K2 Motors Co., Ltd.
     54       0.28 %        1       1       1  
CL Tech Co., Ltd.
     801       2.25 %        40       40       40  
Mirae Industry Co., Ltd.
     39       0.04 %        6       6       6  
Gentak Korea Co., Ltd.
     301       0.31 %        8       8       8  
Sungjin Chemical Co., Ltd.
     118       0.36 %        4       4       4  
LMAT Co., Ltd.
     198       0.04 %        20       20       20  
Poong Lim Industrial Co., Ltd.
     25       0.00 %        38       38       38  
Dae Sung GeoTech Co., Ltd.
     631       1.28 %        32       32       32  
Saeheemang Co., Ltd.
     756       0.60 %        15       15       15  
Vornech Co., Ltd.
     431       0.37 %        11       2       2  
Woojin Formtech Co., Ltd.
     76       0.08 %        8       1       1  
Korea Engineer Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
     114       0.26 %        6       1       1  
Sinwa J&K Co., Ltd.
     476       0.28 %        5       5       5  
Owon E&G Co., Ltd.
     132       0.20 %        4       4       4  
Guseong Co., Ltd.
     141       0.20 %        3       3       3  
Irefarm Co., Ltd.
     45       0.30 %        3       3       3  
Haenarae Agricultural Corp.
     15       0.03 %        2       2       2  
DECO&E Co., Ltd.
     1,261       0.00 %        2       2       2  
Design Beyond Co., Ltd.
     17       0.19 %        2       2       2  
LBK Co., Ltd.
     8       0.05 %        1       1       1  
Duckwon industrial Co., Ltd.
     32       0.43 %        13       13       13  
ASPT Co., Ltd.
     64       0.82 %        19       19       19  
SIMA Co., Ltd.
     29       0.05 %        3       3       3  
Jingkang Resources Co., Ltd.
     90       1.57 %        13       13       13  
Eslin Co., Ltd.
     39       0.14 %        8       8       8  
CIC Tech Co., Ltd.
     96       0.54 %        10       10       10  
Orano Expansion
     5,742,405       4.72 %        —        —        —   
Fourever Co., Ltd.
     44       0.10 %        4       4       4  
Myungil Metal Co., Ltd.
     80       0.10 %        4       4       4  
Daeshin ECM Co., Ltd.
     182       0.30 %        9       9       9  
Greencarbon Co., Ltd.
     79       0.06 %        1       1       1  
Sunkoo Co., Ltd.
     4       0.10 %        2       2       2  
Jians Construction Co., Ltd.
     45       0.01 %        2       4       4  
DH trading Co., Ltd.
     891       0.04 %        178       —        —   
Sangsin Co., Ltd.
     29       0.09 %        15       15       15  
Steel focus Co., Ltd.
     154       0.20 %        4       4       4  
Kamada Korea Co., Ltd.
     437       0.33 %        22       22       22  
Fosys Co., Ltd.
     19       0.08 %        4       4       4  
 
F-54
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2023
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
GB precision Co., Ltd.
     137       0.57 %    ￦       1       1       1  
Ewon Art Co., Ltd.
     185       0.61 %        9       9       9  
DI Tech Co., Ltd.
     3       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Hans AD Co., Ltd.
     33       0.35 %        2       2       2  
Chaegim Environment Development Co., Ltd.
     158       0.01 %        3       3       3  
Daesung Stain Co., Ltd.
     32       0.32 %        2       2       2  
YSM Co., Ltd.
     281       2.07 %        14       14       14  
U&I Co., Ltd.
     50       0.22 %        5       5       5  
World One Co., Ltd.
     401       0.58 %        10       10       10  
Yewon Co., Ltd.
     24       0.02 %        1       —        —   
TSNT Co., Ltd.
     119       0.00 %        24       24       24  
Shinsung Tech Co., Ltd.
     314       0.01 %        16       16       16  
Loft Garden Co., Ltd.
     1       0.04 %        —        —        —   
Handon Co., Ltd.
     74       0.25 %        11       11       11  
GH Tech Co., Ltd.
     82       0.22 %        3       3       3  
Daeo Co., Ltd.
     13       0.23 %        4       4       4  
Bokwang Co., Ltd.
     76       0.00 %        15       15       15  
Samkum Industry Co., Ltd.
     201       0.48 %        40       40       40  
Dyntex Korea Co., Ltd.
     75       0.28 %        15       15       15  
Mirae Engineering Co., Ltd.
     66       0.15 %        1       1       1  
Ilshin Tech Co., Ltd.
     36       0.00 %        7       7       7  
Sukwon Co., Ltd.
     2,885       0.59 %        29       29       29  
Hae-sung Metal Co., Ltd.
     159       0.17 %        3       3       3  
White&Clean Foods Co., Ltd.
     330       0.00 %        3       3       3  
Michang Cable Co., Ltd.
     1,096       0.13 %        16       16       16  
G.M Foods Co., Ltd.
     57       0.16 %        9       9       9  
Wecan Global Inc. Co., Ltd.
     165       0.08 %        8       8       8  
Daeju Steel Co., Ltd.
     11       0.20 %        1       1       1  
Hyundai Glass Co., Ltd.
     860       0.83 %        43       43       43  
MEC Co., Ltd.
     16,468       1.17 %        41       41       41  
Daeyeoneco Co., Ltd.
     151       0.00 %        15       15       15  
Hyesung Cable&Communication Inc.
     762       0.39 %        38       38       38  
Sangjin Co., Ltd.
     428       0.35 %        21       21       21  
Topis Co., Ltd.
     246       0.71 %        14       14       14  
Iksan-guwon Co., Ltd.
     563       0.00 %        11       11       11  
Korea Remicon Co., Ltd.
     36       0.03 %        5       5       5  
New Tech Co., Ltd.
     23       0.15 %        2       2       2  
Segeon Co., Ltd.
     124       0.00 %        4       4       4  
MS Tech Co., Ltd.
     9       0.15 %        1       1       1  
J.I Steel Co., Ltd.
     21       0.00 %        2       2       2  
HNT Co., Ltd.
     172       0.00 %        9       9       9  
Taejin Co., Ltd.
     27       0.08 %        3       3       3  
Macroad Co., Ltd.
     953       0.17 %        10       10       10  
Woongjin Energy Co., Ltd.
     94       0.00 %        9       9       9  
Common Computer Co., Ltd.
     3,856       1.64 %        1,000       1,154       1,154  
Fine Powerex Co., Ltd.
     72,633       4.58 %        1,500       1,772       1,772  
Eunsung Industrial Co., Ltd.
     3       0.03 %        1       1       1  
KPE Co., Ltd.
     51       0.19 %        13       13       13  
Dongbangfarms Co., Ltd.
     904       0.55 %        41       5       5  
 
F-55
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2023
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Sungdo Pack Co., Ltd.
     15       0.06 %    ￦       1       1       1  
Coffeenie Co., Ltd.
     2       0.00 %        1       1       1  
Medi Pharma Plan Co., Ltd.
     1,075       0.26 %        108       8       8  
Woori Ascon Co., Ltd.
     25       0.34 %        10       10       10  
Dong Shin Hydraulies Co., Ltd.
     9,460       0.14 %        47       47       47  
Cheonwoo E.P.S Co., Ltd.
     371       1.10 %        19       19       19  
Koa Tech Co., Ltd.
     1,244       0.77 %        12       12       12  
SKE Cable Co., Ltd.
     120       0.08 %        6       6       6  
Hi Korea Co., Ltd.
     1,845       1.94 %        185       185       185  
Daeheung Engineering Co., Ltd.
     65       0.01 %        1       1       1  
Etapol Co., Ltd.
     1,361       0.54 %        41       41       41  
Yoongwon Korea Co., Ltd. (formerly, Yoongwon International Co., Ltd.)
     157       1.47 %        31       31       31  
Avoh Ceramic&Bath Co., Ltd.
     173       0.14 %        3       3       3  
Dongyang R.P.F. Industrial Co., Ltd.
     59       0.03 %        2       2       2  
Yuil Engineering Co., Ltd.
     14       0.03 %        1       1       1  
Taesan Co., Ltd.
     146       0.69 %        35       35       35  
Seokjin E&T Co., Ltd.
     81       0.06 %        8       8       8  
Agencore Co., Ltd.
     175,779       8.32 %        2,200       2,200       2,200  
SamHong Machinery. EMC Co., Ltd.
     476,192       8.98 %        5,000       5,000       5,000  
Thermo Tec Co., Ltd.
     446       0.03 %        4       4       4  
DaeYang Hydro Co., Ltd.
     6       0.02 %        1       1       1  
SangMoo Steel Co., Ltd.
     24       0.04 %        2       2       2  
Jungin Distribution Co., Ltd.
     17       0.00 %        3       3       3  
TheSun Co., Ltd.
     77       0.06 %        1       1       1  
Daewoong and Technology Co., Ltd.
     423       1.14 %        42       42       42  
ChoungHwa Precise Co., Ltd.
     428       0.08 %        43       4       4  
Snopa Co., Ltd.
     458       0.01 %        5       5       5  
Aloha Factory Co., Ltd.
     2,970       3.70 %        1,000       739       739  
Dailyshot Co., Ltd.
     1,695       1.85 %        1,001       1,001       1,001  
Samhyup Co., Ltd.
     376       0.91 %        38       38       38  
Gogang Aluminum Co., Ltd.
     828       1.52 %        41       41       41  
Taekwang Paper Board Co., Ltd.
     133       0.49 %        23       23       23  
NY Tech Co., Ltd.
     33       0.15 %        2       2       2  
Dongbang Metal Co., Ltd.
     1,985       0.32 %        20       20       20  
Samwang Co., Ltd.
     170       0.25 %        17       17       17  
Yurim CNF Co., Ltd.
     15       0.23 %        2       2       2  
Guseul Co., Ltd.
     89       0.23 %        9       9       9  
Gaone International Co., Ltd.
     54       0.29 %        14       14       14  
Dongyang Pratech Co., Ltd.
     265       1.21 %        29       29       29  
Samjin Placo Co., Ltd.
     661       0.52 %        33       33       33  
MS Steel Industrial Co., Ltd.
     167       0.40 %        8       8       8  
STS Global Co., Ltd.
     9       0.04 %        1       1       1  
Y Tech Co., Ltd.
     855       0.65 %        34       34       34  
J&J Tech Co.
     14       0.22 %        1       1       1  
Shield Board Co., Ltd.
     165       0.15 %        3       3       3  
SFC International Co., Ltd.
     11       0.01 %        1       1       1  
Hana ITM Inc.
     8,443       0.70 %        84       84       84  
 
F-56
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2023
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Jeuvis Co., Ltd.
     191       0.30 %    ￦       2       2       2  
JBM Co., Ltd.
     662       0.34 %        20       20       20  
Jungwoo Metal Solution Co., Ltd.
     27       0.08 %        2       2       2  
MS Precision Co., Ltd.
     220       0.16 %        22       22       22  
YM Tech Co., Ltd.
     2       0.01 %        1       1       1  
C&C ENG Co., Ltd.
     439       1.59 %        22       22       22  
Daejoo E&G Co., Ltd.
     133       0.00 %        27       27       27  
Taeyoung Precision Co., Ltd.
     31       0.22 %        1       1       1  
Shin Heung Precision Co., Ltd.
     93       4.63 %        4       4       4  
TaeGwang P&C Co., Ltd.
     530       0.90 %        13       13       13  
KyeongGwang Tech Co., Ltd.
     244       1.04 %        7       7       7  
Altron Jeonju Co., Ltd.
     34,846       1.34 %        697       5       5  
SKD Korea Co., Ltd.
     40       0.28 %        20       20       20  
Moohan Enterprise Co., Ltd.
     63       0.12 %        3       3       3  
Value Invest Korea Co., Ltd.
     8       0.00 %        2       2       2  
Beomju Co., Ltd.
     1,037       0.60 %        42       42       42  
C&A Industries Co., Ltd.
     42,062       0.26 %        21       21       21  
Vehicle System Co., Ltd.
     225       0.19 %        23       23       23  
CH Solution Co., Ltd.
     1,456       0.16 %        4       4       4  
HNT Co., Ltd.
     8,567       0.09 %        9       9       9  
Sunquen Co., Ltd.
     4       0.01 %        —        —        —   
Hapdong Co., Ltd.
     7,096       1.08 %        106       106       106  
Shabath Co., Ltd.
     48       0.04 %        6       6       6  
Woori Elec Co., Ltd.
     102       0.17 %        5       5       5  
Dong-Yang Special Casting Co., Ltd.
     1,027       0.41 %        21       21       21  
DYC Co., Ltd.
     638       1.73 %        96       96       96  
Haegang Industry Co., Ltd.
     1,687       1.13 %        25       25       25  
Daone Co., Ltd.
     860       0.23 %        9       9       9  
Yeowoon Co., Ltd.
     3       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Evertrue Co., Ltd.
     15       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Black Materials Co., Ltd.
     37,038       8.31 %        500       500       500  
K Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
     8,622       0.25 %        1,078       1,078       1,078  
Seohan Food Co., Ltd.
     83       0.19 %        2       2       2  
Andong Trading Corporation Co., Ltd.
     42       0.00 %        2       2       2  
RMK Co., Ltd.
     63       0.90 %        22       22       22  
Shinjin International Corporation Co., Ltd.
     4       0.01 %        1       1       1  
Asan Wood
     6,391       1.03 %        64       64       64  
Seil Textile Co., Ltd.
     16       0.15 %        3       3       3  
JSL Co., Ltd.
     51       0.49 %        3       3       3  
3i Powergen Inc.
     —        15.00 %        1,482       —        —   
PT. Kedap Sayaaq
     671       10.00 %        18,540       —        —   
Mediquitous Co., Ltd.
     5,080       0.64 %        1,250       1,250       1,250  
Monit Co., Ltd.
     166,667       14.29 %        1,000       1,000       1,000  
Enersys Co., Ltd.
     9,763       19.62 %        2,050       2,050       2,050  
Kalman Co., Ltd.
     23,172       10.02 %        1,000       1,000       1,000  
HiMet Corporation Co., Ltd.
     1,754,386       13.93 %        5,000       5,000       5,000  
Wonil Image Maker Inc.
     16       0.04 %        —        —        —   
Ohbaksa.com Co., Ltd.
     52       0.23 %        3       3       3  
Hanyang Electric Co., Ltd.
     918       3.27 %        92       92       92  
 
F-57
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2023
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Geumchang Synthetic Fiber Co., Ltd.
     119       1.02 %    ￦       12       12       12  
Sung Min Fishery Co., Ltd.
     371       0.09 %        4       4       4  
Dreamfact Co., Ltd.
     77       0.10 %        3       3       3  
Donyworld Co., Ltd.
     125       0.68 %        10       10       10  
Dongsuh Companies Inc.
     18       0.23 %        2       2       2  
Dondodam Co., Ltd.
     262       0.34 %        13       13       13  
Vision Food Co., Ltd.
     1,732       1.00 %        86       86       86  
Aone Metal Co., Ltd.
     156       0.89 %        16       16       16  
Ecoplus Co., Ltd.
     2,786       0.91 %        3       3       3  
Libechen Co., Ltd.
     151       0.13 %        8       8       8  
Hongin Co., Ltd.
     18       0.03 %        5       5       5  
Bolim Co., Ltd.
     37       0.10 %        5       5       5  
Neo Life Co., Ltd.
     19       0.04 %        —        —        —   
Daehong Industry Co., Ltd.
     1,152       1.01 %        85       85       85  
T-Eng Co., Ltd.
     123       1.05 %        25       25       25  
Badanuri
     8       0.10 %        2       2       2  
Daeyoung Co., Ltd.
     178       0.56 %        63       63       63  
Ki Soo Precision Co., Ltd.
     325       0.44 %        98       98       98  
DNGV
     5,516       0.14 %        11       11       11  
BJ Korea
     446       0.81 %        40       40       40  
R&S Co., Ltd.
     291       0.61 %        4       4       4  
Daekyoung Co., Ltd.
     85       0.66 %        17       17       17  
Gunsan Bio Energy Co., Ltd. (*4)
     200,000       18.87 %        1,000       —        —   
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
          295,627       212,762       212,762  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Debt securities (*1)
        
Aron Flying Ship Co., Ltd.
     —        —      ￦       491       547       547  
Ino Platech Co., Ltd.
     —        —          1,080       1,080       1,080  
Daebon Tech Co., Ltd.
     —        —          3,000       3,000       3,000  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
          4,571       4,627       4,627  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      ￦       625,418       502,443       502,443  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  (*1)
The Company used initial cost as their fair value because there was not enough information to determine fair value, and the range of the estimated fair value is wide.
 
  (*2)
The Company has estimated the fair value of Set Holding by using the discounted cash flow method and has recognized the difference between its fair value and book value as gain or loss on valuation of financial assets at FVOCI in other comprehensive income or loss during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 
  (*3)
The shares were acquired through a debt-to-equity conversion during the year ended December 31, 2023, in accordance with the corporate rehabilitation procedures of BDI Co., Ltd. Since the Company has no capacity to exercise significant influence until the rehabilitation procedures are complete, the Company has classified the investment as financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. 
 
  (*4)
The investee declared bankruptcy during the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company has no capacity to exercise significant influence on the investee due to the receivership of the investee by a trustee in bankruptcy, so the investment was reclassified as financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.
 
F-58
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Listed
            
Korea District Heating Corp.
     2,264,068       19.55 %    ￦       173,201       93,733       93,733  
KG Mobility Co., Ltd.
     12,205       0.01 %        428       46       46  
SM Korea Line Corp.
     180       0.00 %        1       —        —   
Namkwang Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd.
     46       0.00 %        15       —        —   
Bumyang Construction Co., Ltd.
     35       0.00 %        2       —        —   
ELCOMTEC Co., Ltd.
     32,875       0.04 %        217       34       34  
PAN Ocean Co., Ltd.
     1,492       0.00 %        14       5       5  
HD Hyundai Marine Engine Co., Ltd.
(formerly, STX Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.)
     61,455       0.22 %        430       1,503       1,503  
Codes Combine Co., Ltd.
     291       0.00 %        1       —        —   
PT Almatri Resources Indonesia (formerly, PT Adaro Energy Tbk.)
     480,000,000       1.60 %        65,028       106,259       106,259  
Denison Mines Corp.
     58,284,000       7.46 %        84,134       155,766       155,766  
Paladin Energy (formerly, Fission Uranium Corp.
     100,000       0.01 %        41       74       74  
KS Industry Co., Ltd (formerly, SangSangin Industry Co., Ltd.)
     1,457       0.01 %        38       3       3  
Vitzrosys Co., Ltd.
     399       0.00 %        2       —        —   
EMnI Co., Ltd.
     628       0.00 %        25       1       1  
Vissem electronics, Co., Ltd.
     301       0.00 %        11       1       1  
KC Industry Co., Ltd.
     139       0.00 %        6       —        —   
Aone Alform Co., Ltd.
     2,672       0.04 %        19       3       3  
Ihsung CNI Co., Ltd.
     142,860       4.43 %        1,500       1,314       1,314  
Kodaco Co., Ltd.
     131,698       0.85 %        1,317       1,354       1,354  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
          326,430       360,096       360,096  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Unlisted
(*1)
            
Set Holding (*2)
     1,100,220       2.50 %    ￦       229,255       258,974       258,974  
SGC Greenpower Co., Ltd.
     580,000       5.00 %        2,900       5,570       5,570  
Le Soleil KHNP LLC
     137,600       19.00 %        1,376       1,376       1,376  
Ihsung CNI Co., Ltd. (Unlisted)
     127,660       3.96 %        1,500       2,160       2,160  
H Robotics Co., Ltd.
     903,601       7.05 %        4,000       331       331  
Good Tcells Co., Ltd.
     11,364       0.33 %        500       571       571  
IPS Bio Co., Ltd.
     1,975       3.13 %        1,000       896       896  
Nine B Co., Ltd.
     5,000       4.96 %        1,000       1,000       1,000  
Orano Expansion
     5,742,405       4.72 %        —        —        —   
Common Computer Co., Ltd.
     3,856       1.64 %        1,000       1,189       1,189  
Fine Powerex Co., Ltd.
     72,633       4.58 %        1,500       1,610       1,610  
Agencore Co., Ltd.
     175,779       8.08 %        2,200       2,514       2,514  
SamHong Machinery Co., Ltd.
     617,535       11.06 %        7,000       8,318       8,318  
Aloha Factory Co., Ltd.
     2,970       3.70 %        1,000       552       552  
Dailyshot Co., Ltd.
     1,695       1.85 %        1,001       1,250       1,250  
Mediquitous Co., Ltd.
     5,080       0.58 %        1,250       1,442       1,442  
Black Materials Co., Ltd.
     37,038       8.31 %        500       500       500  
Monit Co., Ltd.
     166,667       7.14 %        1,000       1,000       1,000  
3i Powergen Inc.
     —        15.00 %        1,482       —        —   
Enersys Co., Ltd.
     9,763       19.62 %        2,050       2,050       2,050  
Kalman Co., Ltd.
     23,172       9.54 %        1,000       1,000       1,000  
Himet Co., Ltd.
     1,754,386       13.93 %        5,000       5,000       5,000  
PT. Kedap Sayaaq
     671       10.00 %        18,540       —        —   
 
F-59
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Joongang Platec Co., Ltd.
     3,591       0.75 %    ￦       72       35       35  
Pioneer Gas Power Limited (*5)
     123,200,010       38.50 %        49,831       —        —   
Bobaek C&S Co., Ltd.
     13,246       0.87 %        2,000       2,000       2,000  
BDI Co., Ltd. (*3,4)
     6,390,478       32.50 %        —        —        —   
Hwan Young Steel Co., Ltd.
     10,916       0.14 %        1,092       97       97  
SAMBO AUTO. Co., Ltd.
     15,066       0.02 %        38       38       38  
Mobo Co., Ltd.
     504       0.00 %        14       14       14  
Dae Kwang Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
     589       0.07 %        6       6       6  
Sanbon Department Store
     828       0.01 %        124       3       3  
Miju Steel Mfg. Co., Ltd.
     1,097       0.23 %        50       50       50  
Sungwon Co., Ltd.
     117       0.07 %        29       29       29  
IMHWA Corp.
     329       0.11 %        5       5       5  
DALIM Special Vehicle Co., Ltd.
     58       0.08 %        10       10       10  
Moonkyung Silica Co., Ltd.
     42       0.56 %        —        —        —   
Sungkwang Timber Co., Ltd.
     3       0.08 %        5       5       5  
KS Remicon Co., Ltd.
     12       0.04 %        3       3       3  
Pyungsan SI Co., Ltd.
     434       0.01 %        4       4       4  
Samgong Development Co., Ltd.
     12       0.01 %        7       7       7  
Joongang Development Co., Ltd.
     540       0.12 %        8       8       8  
Newasia Co., Ltd.
     12,906       0.23 %        32       32       32  
MSE Co., Ltd.
     429       0.13 %        9       9       9  
Ilrim Nano Tec Co., Ltd.
     1,520       0.07 %        15       15       15  
Ilsuk Co., Ltd.
     152       0.17 %        10       10       10  
Zyle Daewoo Motor Sales Co., Ltd.
     22       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Daewoo Development Co., Ltd.
     8       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Seyang Inc.
     537       0.05 %        27       30       30  
Seungri Enterprise Co., Ltd.
     93       0.05 %        3       3       3  
Shin-E P&C Co., Ltd.
     1,569       0.64 %        110       2       2  
Ejung Ad Co., Ltd.
     132       0.09 %        3       3       3  
Solvus Co., Ltd.
     1,056       0.04 %        3       3       3  
Myung Co., Ltd.
     89       0.05 %        2       2       2  
Biwang Industry Co., Ltd.
     406       0.04 %        2       2       2  
Young Sung Co., Ltd.
     89       0.40 %        27       27       27  
Yuil Industrial Electronics Co., Ltd.
     804       0.32 %        16       16       16  
Woojin Industry Corporation
     3       0.00 %        16       16       16  
Kwang Sung Industry Co., Ltd.
     325       0.35 %        7       7       7  
Woojoo Environment Ind. Co., Ltd.
     101       0.11 %        13       13       13  
Hyungji Esquire Co., Ltd.
     61       0.02 %        22       23       23  
Morado Co., Ltd.
     209       0.04 %        2       2       2  
Myung Sung Tex Co., Ltd.
     20       0.00 %        2       2       2  
Kwang Sung Co., Ltd.
     610       0.53 %        31       31       31  
Seen Business and Technology co., Ltd.
     29,424       0.73 %        147       7       7  
Woobang Construction Co., Ltd.
     8       0.00 %        8       8       8  
Shin Pyung Co., Ltd.
     6       0.03 %        3       3       3  
JMC Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.
     2,724       0.10 %        27       2       2  
Najin Steel Co., Ltd.
     37       0.06 %        5       5       5  
Sinkwang Industry Co., Ltd.
     1,091       1.68 %        5       6       6  
Elephant & Friends Co., Ltd.
     563       0.61 %        3       3       3  
Mireco Co., Ltd.
     109       0.25 %        11       11       11  
 
F-60
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
L&K Industry Co., Ltd.
     1,615       0.60 %    ￦       24       24       24  
JO Tech Co., Ltd.
     1,263       0.62 %        25       25       25  
Kendae Printing Co., Ltd.
     422       0.60 %        21       21       21  
Dauning Co., Ltd.
     231       0.41 %        6       6       6  
Korea Trecision Co., Ltd.
     22       0.45 %        5       5       5  
Hurim Biocell Co., Ltd.
     1,021       0.00 %        5       5       5  
Beer Yeast Korea Inc.
     1,388       0.43 %        7       7       7  
B CON Co., Ltd.
     96       1.16 %        6       6       6  
Ace Integration Co., Ltd.
     105       0.09 %        23       23       23  
AceInti Agricultural Co., Ltd.
     16       0.02 %        5       5       5  
KyungDong Co., Ltd.
     130       0.01 %        1       1       1  
ChunWon Development Co., Ltd.
     193       0.19 %        39       39       39  
SungLim Industrial Co., Ltd.
     29       0.03 %        1       1       1  
Korea Minerals Co., Ltd.
     191       0.05 %        135       1       1  
HyoDong Development Co., Ltd.
     128       0.16 %        25       1       1  
JoHyun Co., Ltd.
     350       1.56 %        18       18       18  
KC Co., Ltd.
     5,107       0.17 %        26       26       26  
SeongJi Industrial Co., Ltd.
     41       0.05 %        1       1       1  
Seyang Precision Ind.Co., Ltd.
     829       0.23 %        41       41       41  
Dooriwon Food System Co., Ltd.
     13       0.27 %        1       1       1  
Sung Kwang Co., Ltd.
     23       0.37 %        6       6       6  
Shinheung petrol. Co., Ltd.
     699       0.14 %        35       35       35  
Samsung Tech Co., Ltd.
     486       1.28 %        97       36       36  
Sevenvalley JC
     24       0.02 %        12       12       12  
Han Young Technology Company Co., Ltd.
     35       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Ptotronics Co., Ltd.
     843       0.42 %        84       6       6  
Hyundaitech Co., Ltd.
     1,363       0.87 %        27       27       27  
Dasan Material Co., Ltd.
     29       0.04 %        22       22       22  
Fish World Co., Ltd.
     47       0.21 %        2       2       2  
Samdo Industry Electric Co.,Ltd.
     48       0.02 %        —        —        —   
Shinsei Trading Co., Ltd.
     64       0.72 %        5       5       5  
Dynamic Co., Ltd.
     111       0.19 %        3       3       3  
Green Alchemy Co.,Ltd.
     38,202       1.48 %        191       17       17  
KM Leatech Co., Ltd.
     1,648       0.98 %        8       8       8  
Semist Co.,Ltd.
     555       0.80 %        3       3       3  
Sewon Bus Co.,Ltd.
     12       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Enertec Co., Ltd.
     7,937       0.19 %        44       44       44  
Bellie Doughnuts Co., Ltd.
     169       0.19 %        10       10       10  
Choheung packing Co., Ltd.
     61       0.13 %        12       12       12  
Jaewoo Co., Ltd.
     359       0.24 %        12       11       11  
Wooyang HC Co., Ltd
     1,375       0.01 %        159       13       13  
TheYeonriji Co., Ltd.
     116       0.10 %        6       6       6  
Flusys Co., Ltd.
     9       0.08 %        2       2       2  
DongSeo Electronics Co., Ltd.
     347       0.07 %        17       17       17  
Daewoo Display Co., Ltd.
     177       0.03 %        5       5       5  
NTS Co., Ltd.
     143       0.22 %        36       36       36  
AID CO., Ltd.
     1,212       0.57 %        36       36       36  
Changwon Eco-friendly farming Corp.
     3       0.01 %        —        —        —   
Kumo Hitech Co., Ltd.
     6,697       0.53 %        100       32       32  
 
F-61
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Kyung Pyo Industry Co., Ltd.
     186       0.76 %    ￦       19       19       19  
Doosung Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.
     53       0.06 %        5       5       5  
Samjoo Hightech Co., Ltd.
     522       0.08 %        3       3       3  
Samkwang Chemical Co., Ltd.
     204       1.27 %        51       51       51  
Shinseung Chemical Indust
r
y Co., Ltd.
     5       0.01 %        60       —        —   
KJ Alloy Co., Ltd.
     368       0.20 %        7       7       7  
SM Hi-tech Co., Ltd.
     22       0.39 %        22       22       22  
Puruen Environment Co., Ltd.
     967       1.34 %        20       20       20  
Miretech Co., Ltd.
     9,111       0.27 %        18       18       18  
Sejin Hightech Co., Ltd.
     17,980       0.16 %        18       18       18  
Eun Sung Enterprise Co., Ltd.
     1,131       0.72 %        17       17       17  
Shinyoung Textiles Co., Ltd.
     523       1.01 %        52       23       23  
Ilwoo Steel Co., Ltd.
     41       0.28 %        16       17       17  
Dong-un Tech Co., Ltd.
     1,159       6.28 %        81       34       34  
Wongwang Door Corp.
     575       1.00 %        29       29       29  
Eanskorea Co., Ltd.
     39       0.05 %        2       2       2  
Youngdongseafood Co., Ltd.
     165       0.33 %        8       8       8  
Hyunwoo Winstar Co., Ltd.
     1       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Sungchang Tech Co., Ltd.
     159       0.31 %        10       19       19  
Yuchang Industry Co., Ltd.
     90       0.11 %        5       5       5  
Jeongpum Co., Ltd.
     322       0.35 %        16       16       16  
Korea Steel Power Co., Ltd.
     2,761       1.88 %        55       2       2  
Caffe Bene Co.,Ltd.
     1,908       0.03 %        9       9       9  
Jinhung Packaging Co., Ltd.
     4,329       3.02 %        22       22       22  
Donglim Eng Co., Ltd.
     26       0.11 %        3       3       3  
SIP Co., Ltd.
     274       0.55 %        7       7       7  
Daeji Product Co., Ltd.
     15       0.05 %        1       —        —   
SSET Co., Ltd.
     181       0.30 %        18       18       18  
Sewon PM Tech Co., Ltd.
     963       1.11 %        48       48       48  
Dawon Yuhwa Co., Ltd.
     506       1.94 %        25       25       25  
Ewon materials Co., Ltd.
     834       0.51 %        83       6       6  
KMLC Co., Ltd.
     281       0.14 %        22       22       22  
Seinfood Co., Ltd.
     13       0.17 %        7       7       7  
TaeSung Eco-Tech. Co., Ltd.
     1,368       4.55 %        34       34       34  
Kukex Inc.
     639       0.05 %        3       3       3  
Chang won Engineering Co., Ltd.
     22       0.00 %        4       4       4  
Samsung Silup Co., Ltd.
     47       0.19 %        5       5       5  
Samwon Bio Tech Co., Ltd.
     390       0.25 %        6       6       6  
IZU KOREA Co., Ltd.
     48       0.00 %        2       2       2  
Dongdo CNP Co., Ltd.
     234       0.36 %        6       6       6  
S.I.T. Co.,Ltd
.
     2,213       0.44 %        22       22       22  
Taejin Hiech Co., Ltd.
     78       0.26 %        3       3       3  
Headone Co.,Ltd.
     69       0.12 %        7       7       7  
E-Won Solutech Co., Ltd.
     158       0.16 %        40       40       40  
KPL Circuit Co., Ltd.
     283       0.08 %        14       14       14  
Road Solar Co., Ltd.
     12       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Han Mi Flexible Co., Ltd.
     143       0.20 %        43       43       43  
Millennium PNT Co., Ltd.
     227       0.37 %        6       6       6  
Dae Myung Co., Ltd.
     114       0.08 %        3       3       3  
 
F-62
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Young San Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.
     74       0.11 %    ￦       7       7       7  
Samchungwon Co., Ltd.
     15       0.24 %        2       2       2  
Wooyang Frozen Foods Co., Ltd.
     66       0.82 %        27       27       27  
Nanomic Co., Ltd.
     94       0.63 %        38       38       38  
Samsung Nonferrous Metal Co., Ltd.
     89       0.26 %        9       9       9  
Daewha Fuel Pump Ind., Ltd.
     83       0.05 %        10       10       10  
WorldCnM Inc.
     131       1.09 %        10       10       10  
Superone Co., Ltd.
     1,585       1.45 %        8       8       8  
Buyoung Panji Co., Ltd.
     478       0.44 %        12       12       12  
International Paint Korea Co., Ltd.
     111       0.48 %        11       11       11  
EI Lighting Co., Ltd.
     358       0.36 %        18       18       18  
Yooseung Co., Ltd.
     10       0.08 %        1       1       1  
Sungkwang Co., Ltd.
     48       0.35 %        2       2       2  
Ajin KSB Co., Ltd.
     204       0.31 %        18       18       18  
Sewon Ceramic Co., Ltd.
     530       1.01 %        5       5       5  
Choyang Tech Co., Ltd.
     465       1.01 %        23       23       23  
TK Co., Ltd.
     307       0.70 %        15       15       15  
Arari Co., Ltd.
     14       0.05 %        1       1       1  
C&S Corporation Co., Ltd.
     1,304       0.01 %        13       13       13  
Global The One of Korea Co., Ltd.
     62       0.06 %        3       3       3  
Steellife Co., Ltd.
     85       0.06 %        4       4       4  
Geumhan Co., Ltd.
     498       0.24 %        7       7       7  
Mokgan Co., Ltd.
     5       0.02 %        1       1       1  
Wenex Co., Ltd.
     373       0.53 %        19       19       19  
Sulim Co., Ltd.
     30       0.20 %        6       6       6  
Shinkwang Engineering
     24       0.36 %        2       2       2  
Ek Cookware Co., Ltd.
     60       0.04 %        1       1       1  
KTTW Co., Ltd.
     28       0.05 %        2       2       2  
Avajar Co., Ltd.
     1,061       0.01 %        1       1       1  
Woosung I.B. Co., Ltd.
     7,071       0.07 %        14       14       14  
CAP Korea Co., Ltd.
     16       0.30 %        3       3       3  
MSM Co., Ltd.
     25       0.08 %        —        —        —   
Ddpopstyle Co., Ltd.
     22       0.14 %        —        —        —   
Finemetal Co., Ltd.
     49       0.08 %        1       1       1  
Sungkyeong Co., Ltd.
     52       0.24 %        2       2       2  
Newko Co., Ltd.
     331       0.06 %        10       10       10  
Dongsung Mulsan Co., Ltd.
     137       0.34 %        14       14       14  
Pizzakorea Co., Ltd.
     42       0.18 %        9       9       9  
Geumdani Co., Ltd.
     2,377       1.82 %        36       36       36  
Mezzanine I-pack Co., Ltd.
     38       0.02 %        1       1       1  
Ltop Co., Ltd.
     36       0.06 %        7       7       7  
Simile Aluminium Co., Ltd.
     428       0.31 %        9       9       9  
GT Tooling Co., Ltd.
     604       0.17 %        6       6       6  
Team Korea Co., Ltd.
     4,782       0.37 %        24       24       24  
Donghwa TCA Co., Ltd.
     1,012       0.30 %        25       25       25  
Hankook Piaget Co., Ltd.
     4       0.01 %        —        —        —   
Coco Food Co., Ltd.
     648       1.24 %        32       32       32  
Woori Industry Co., Ltd.
     102       1.05 %        20       20       20  
 
F-63
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Ssangyong Youngweol Plant Service&Engineering Co., Ltd.
     83       0.07 %    ￦       4       1       1  
SH Co., Ltd.
     39       0.20 %        8       8       8  
Daeyoung Co., Ltd.
     75       0.01 %        8       8       8  
Getron Co., Ltd.
     7,259       0.20 %        36       4       4  
Jungmun Co., Ltd.
     19       0.26 %        2       2       2  
JM Tech Co., Ltd.
     403       0.67 %        81       10       10  
Choigang-gujo Co., Ltd.
     61       0.45 %        6       1       1  
Hosungsteel Co., Ltd.
     323       0.26 %        14       3       3  
Uktae IND. Co., Ltd.
     140       0.12 %        7       1       1  
JFC Co., Ltd.
     16       0.01 %        2       2       2  
Hyundai Tech Co., Ltd.
     28       0.69 %        10       10       10  
Daeil Co., Ltd.
     301       0.42 %        15       2       2  
Daehyeon Recycle Co., Ltd.
     59       0.61 %        12       12       12  
Metal Link Inc. Co., Ltd.
     709       0.17 %        35       4       4  
Pipetec Korea Co., Ltd.
     50       0.07 %        10       1       1  
SungJin Tech Co., Ltd.
     803       1.20 %        24       8       8  
Yujin E&C Co., Ltd.
     29       0.18 %        6       —        —   
Daishin Logistics Co., Ltd.
     13       0.09 %        1       1       1  
JinSung Engineering Co., Ltd.
     18       0.30 %        18       18       18  
Yongho Industry Co., Ltd.
     157       0.22 %        32       2       2  
Wow tech Co., Ltd.
     369       0.75 %        11       11       11  
World Power Tech Co., Ltd.
     16       0.28 %        24       24       24  
PBM Auto Co., Ltd.
     1,001       1.06 %        10       10       10  
K2 Motors Co., Ltd.
     54       0.28 %        1       1       1  
CL Tech Co., Ltd.
     801       2.25 %        40       40       40  
Mirae Industry Co., Ltd.
     39       0.04 %        6       6       6  
Gentak Korea Co., Ltd.
     301       0.31 %        8       8       8  
Sungjin Chemical Co., Ltd.
     118       0.36 %        4       4       4  
LMAT Co., Ltd.
     198       0.04 %        20       20       20  
Poong Lim Industrial Co., Ltd.
     25       0.00 %        38       38       38  
Dae Sung GeoTech Co., Ltd.
     631       1.28 %        32       32       32  
Saeheemang Co., Ltd.
     756       0.60 %        15       15       15  
Vornech Co., Ltd.
     431       0.37 %        11       2       2  
Woojin Formtech Co., Ltd.
     76       0.08 %        8       1       1  
Korea Engineer Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
     114       0.26 %        6       1       1  
Sinwa J&K Co., Ltd.
     476       0.28 %        5       5       5  
Owon E&G Co., Ltd.
     132       0.20 %        4       4       4  
Guseong Co., Ltd.
     141       0.20 %        4       4       4  
Irefarm Co., Ltd.
     45       0.30 %        3       3       3  
Haenarae Agricultural Corp.
     15       0.03 %        2       2       2  
DECO&E Co., Ltd.
     1,261       0.00 %        2       2       2  
Design Beyond Co., Ltd.
     17       0.19 %        2       2       2  
LBK Co., Ltd.
     8       0.05 %        2       2       2  
Duckwon industrial Co., Ltd.
     32       0.43 %        13       13       13  
ASPT Co., Ltd.
     64       0.82 %        19       19       19  
SIMA Co., Ltd.
     29       0.05 %        3       3       3  
Jingkang Resources Co., Ltd.
     90       1.57 %        13       13       13  
 
F-64
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
CIC Tech Co., Ltd.
     96       0.54 %    ￦       10       10       10  
Fourever Co., Ltd.
     44       0.10 %        4       4       4  
Myungil Metal Co., Ltd.
     80       0.10 %        4       4       4  
Daeshin ECM Co., Ltd.
     182       0.30 %        9       9       9  
Greencarbon Co., Ltd.
     79       0.06 %        1       1       1  
Sunkoo Co., Ltd.
     4       0.10 %        2       2       2  
Jians Construction Co., Ltd.
     45       0.01 %        2       4       4  
DH trading Co., Ltd.
     891       0.04 %        178       —        —   
Sangsin Co., Ltd.
     29       0.09 %        16       16       16  
Steel focus Co., Ltd.
     154       0.20 %        5       5       5  
Kamada Korea Co., Ltd.
     437       0.33 %        23       23       23  
Fosys Co., Ltd.
     19       0.08 %        4       4       4  
GB precision Co., Ltd.
     137       0.57 %        1       1       1  
Ewon Art Co., Ltd.
     185       0.61 %        9       9       9  
DI Tech Co., Ltd.
     3       0.00 %        1       —        —   
Hans AD Co., Ltd.
     33       0.35 %        2       2       2  
Chaegim Environment Development Co., Ltd.
     158       0.01 %        4       3       3  
Daesung Stain Co., Ltd.
     32       0.32 %        2       1       1  
U&I Co., Ltd.
     50       0.22 %        5       5       5  
World One Co., Ltd.
     401       0.58 %        10       10       10  
Yewon Co., Ltd.
     24       0.02 %        1       1       1  
TSNT Co., Ltd.
     119       0.00 %        24       24       24  
Shinsung Tech Co., Ltd.
     314       0.01 %        16       16       16  
Loft Garden Co., Ltd.
     1       0.04 %        —        —        —   
Handon Co., Ltd.
     74       0.25 %        11       11       11  
GH Tech Co., Ltd.
     82       0.22 %        3       3       3  
Daeo Co., Ltd.
     13       0.23 %        4       4       4  
Bokwang Co., Ltd.
     76       0.00 %        15       15       15  
Samkum Industry Co., Ltd.
     201       0.48 %        40       40       40  
Dyntex Korea Co., Ltd.
     75       0.28 %        15       15       15  
Mirae Engineering Co., Ltd.
     66       0.15 %        1       1       1  
Ilshin Tech Co., Ltd.
     36       0.00 %        7       7       7  
Sukwon Co., Ltd.
     2,885       0.59 %        29       29       29  
White&Clean Foods Co., Ltd.
     330       0.00 %        3       3       3  
Michang Cable Co., Ltd.
     1,096       0.13 %        16       16       16  
G.M Foods Co., Ltd.
     57       0.16 %        9       9       9  
Wecan Global Inc. Co., Ltd.
     165       0.08 %        8       8       8  
Daeju Steel Co., Ltd.
     11       0.20 %        1       —        —   
Hyundai Glass Co., Ltd.
     860       0.83 %        43       43       43  
MEC Co., Ltd.
     16,468       1.17 %        41       41       41  
Daeyeoneco Co., Ltd.
     151       0.00 %        15       15       15  
Hyesung Cable&Communication Inc.
     762       0.39 %        38       38       38  
Sangjin Co., Ltd.
     428       0.35 %        21       21       21  
Iksan-guwon Co., Ltd.
     563       0.00 %        11       11       11  
Korea Remicon Co., Ltd.
     36       0.03 %        5       5       5  
New Tech Co., Ltd.
     23       0.15 %        2       2       2  
Segeon Co., Ltd.
     124       0.00 %        4       4       4  
MS Tech Co., Ltd.
     9       0.15 %        1       1       1  
J.I Steel Co., Ltd.
     21       0.00 %        2       2       2  
 
F-65
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
HNT Co., Ltd.
     172       0.00 %    ￦       9       9       9  
Taejin Co., Ltd.
     27       0.08 %        3       3       3  
Macroad Co., Ltd.
     953       0.17 %        10       10       10  
Woongjin Energy Co., Ltd.
     94       0.00 %        9       9       9  
Eunsung Industrial Co., Ltd.
     3       0.03 %        —        —        —   
KPE Co., Ltd.
     51       0.19 %        13       13       13  
Dongbangfarms Co., Ltd.
     904       0.55 %        40       4       4  
Altron Jeonju Co., Ltd.
     34,846       1.34 %        697       5       5  
K Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
     8,622       0.25 %        1,078       1,078       1,078  
Shinjin International Corporation Co., Ltd.
     4       0.01 %        1       1       1  
RMK Co., Ltd.
     63       0.90 %        22       22       22  
Andong Trading Corporation Co., Ltd.
     42       0.00 %        2       2       2  
Seokjin E&T Co., Ltd.
     81       0.06 %        8       8       8  
Seohan Food Co., Ltd.
     83       0.19 %        2       2       2  
JSL Co., Ltd.
     51       0.49 %        3       3       3  
Seil Textile Co., Ltd.
     16       0.15 %        3       3       3  
Sungdo Pack Co., Ltd.
     15       0.06 %        1       1       1  
Coffeenie Co., Ltd.
     2       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Medi Pharma Plan Co., Ltd.
     1,075       0.26 %        108       7       7  
Woori Ascon Co., Ltd.
     25       0.34 %        10       10       10  
Cheonwoo E.P.S Co., Ltd.
     371       1.10 %        19       19       19  
Koa Tech Co., Ltd.
     1,244       0.77 %        12       12       12  
SKE Cable Co., Ltd.
     120       0.08 %        6       6       6  
Hi Korea Co., Ltd.
     1,845       1.94 %        185       21       21  
Daeheung Engineering Co., Ltd.
     65       0.01 %        1       1       1  
Etapol Co., Ltd.
     1,361       0.54 %        41       41       41  
Yoongwon Korea Co., Ltd.
     157       1.47 %        31       31       31  
Avoh Ceramic&Bath Co., Ltd.
     173       0.14 %        3       3       3  
Dongyang R.P.F. Industrial Co., Ltd.
     59       0.03 %        2       2       2  
Yuil Engineering Co., Ltd.
     14       0.03 %        1       1       1  
Taesan Co., Ltd.
     146       0.69 %        35       35       35  
Thermo Tec Co., Ltd.
     446       0.03 %        4       4       4  
DaeYang Hydro Co., Ltd.
     6       0.02 %        1       1       1  
SangMoo Steel Co., Ltd.
     24       0.04 %        2       2       2  
Jungin Distribution Co., Ltd.
     17       0.00 %        3       3       3  
TheSun Co., Ltd.
     77       0.06 %        1       1       1  
ChoungHwa Precise Co., Ltd.
     428       0.08 %        43       4       4  
Snopa Co., Ltd.
     458       0.01 %        5       5       5  
SKD Korea Co., Ltd.
     40       0.28 %        20       20       20  
Samhyup Co., Ltd.
     376       0.91 %        38       38       38  
Gogang Aluminum Co., Ltd.
     828       1.52 %        41       41       41  
Taekwang Paper Board Co., Ltd.
     133       0.49 %        23       23       23  
NY Tech Co., Ltd.
     33       0.15 %        2       2       2  
Dongbang Metal Co., Ltd.
     1,985       0.32 %        20       20       20  
Samwang Co., Ltd.
     170       0.25 %        17       17       17  
Guseul Co., Ltd.
     89       0.23 %        9       9       9  
Gaone International Co., Ltd.
     54       0.29 %        14       14       14  
Dongyang Pratech Co., Ltd.
     265       1.21 %        29       29       29  
Samjin Placo Co., Ltd.
     661       0.52 %        33       33       33  
 
F-66
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
MS Steel Industrial Co., Ltd.
     167       0.40 %    ￦       8       8       8  
STS Global Co., Ltd.
     9       0.04 %        —        —        —   
Y Tech Co., Ltd.
     855       0.65 %        34       34       34  
J&J Tech Co.
     14       0.22 %        1       1       1  
Shield Board Co., Ltd.
     165       0.15 %        3       3       3  
SFC International Co., Ltd.
     11       0.01 %        1       1       1  
Hana ITM Inc.
     8,443       0.70 %        84       84       84  
Jeuvis Co., Ltd.
     191       0.30 %        2       2       2  
JBM Co., Ltd.
     662       0.34 %        20       20       20  
Jungwoo Metal Solution Co., Ltd.
     27       0.08 %        2       2       2  
MS Precision Co., Ltd.
     220       0.16 %        22       22       22  
YM Tech Co., Ltd.
     2       0.01 %        —        —        —   
C&C ENG Co., Ltd.
     439       1.59 %        22       22       22  
Daejoo E&G Co., Ltd.
     133       0.00 %        27       27       27  
Taeyoung Precision Co., Ltd.
     31       0.22 %        —        —        —   
Shin Heung Precision Co., Ltd.
     93       4.63 %        4       4       4  
TaeGwang P&C Co., Ltd.
     530       0.90 %        13       13       13  
KyeongGwang Tech Co., Ltd.
     244       1.04 %        7       7       7  
Wonil Image Maker Inc.
     16       0.04 %        —        —        —   
Vehicle System Co., Ltd.
     225       0.19 %        23       23       23  
Moohan Enterprise Co., Ltd.
     63       0.12 %        3       3       3  
C&A Industries Co., Ltd.
     42,062       0.26 %        21       21       21  
CH Solution Co., Ltd.
     1,456       0.16 %        4       4       4  
Value Invest Korea Co., Ltd.
     8       0.00 %        2       2       2  
HNT Co., Ltd.
     8,567       0.09 %        9       9       9  
Sunquen Co., Ltd.
     4       0.01 %        —        —        —   
Shabath Co., Ltd.
     48       0.04 %        6       6       6  
Woori Elec Co., Ltd.
     102       0.17 %        6       6       6  
Dong-Yang Special Casting Co., Ltd.
     1,027       0.41 %        21       21       21  
Haegang Industry Co., Ltd.
     1,687       1.13 %        25       25       25  
Daone Co., Ltd.
     860       0.23 %        9       9       9  
Yeowoon Co., Ltd.
     3       0.00 %        1       1       1  
Evertrue Co., Ltd.
     15       0.00 %        —        1       1  
Libechen Co., Ltd.
     151       0.13 %        8       8       8  
Hongin Co., Ltd.
     149       0.22 %        45       45       45  
Bolim Co., Ltd.
     37       0.10 %        5       5       5  
Neo Life Co., Ltd.
     19       0.04 %        —        —        —   
T-Eng Co., Ltd.
     123       1.05 %        25       25       25  
Badanuri
     8       0.10 %        2       2       2  
Ki Soo Precision Co., Ltd.
     325       0.44 %        98       27       27  
DNGV
     5,516       0.14 %        11       11       11  
BJ Korea
     446       0.81 %        40       40       40  
R&S Co., Ltd.
     291       0.61 %        4       4       4  
Daekyoung Co., Ltd.
     85       0.66 %        17       17       17  
Dongyang Environment
     141       0.38 %        7       7       7  
KEE Co., Ltd.
     64       0.63 %        13       13       13  
Asia Platech Co., Ltd.
     932       3.59 %        47       47       47  
HyoChang Industrial Co., Ltd
     10,930       0.59 %        5       5       5  
 
F-67
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
Semin Environmental Design Co., Ltd.
     14       0.04 %    ￦       —        —        —   
JungAng PNA Co., Ltd.
     385       0.61 %        8       8       8  
CNEGS Co., Ltd.
     80       0.07 %        7       7       7  
HaeDeuRim Co., Ltd.
     70       0.41 %        11       11       11  
CMTI Co., Ltd.
     65       0.15 %        2       2       2  
JMT Co., Ltd.
     6,133       0.39 %        15       15       15  
SeJung Precision Industrial Co., Ltd.
     141       0.43 %        14       14       14  
SGTech
     30       0.66 %        3       3       3  
OhBakSaDatkeom Co., Ltd.
     52       0.23 %        3       3       3  
GeumChangHwaseom Co., Ltd.
     119       1.02 %        12       12       12  
SeongMinSusan Co., Ltd.
     371       0.09 %        4       4       4  
DreamFact Co., Ltd.
     77       0.10 %        3       3       3  
DonEWorld Co., Ltd.
     125       0.68 %        10       10       10  
DongSuh Co., Ltd.
     18       0.23 %        2       2       2  
Dondodam Co., Ltd.
     262       0.34 %        13       13       13  
Vision Food Co., Ltd.
     1,732       1.00 %        87       87       87  
A One Metal Co., Ltd.
     156       0.89 %        16       16       16  
ECO Plus Co., Ltd.
     2,786       0.91 %        3       3       3  
Seong An Synthetics Co., Ltd.
     200,684       2.91 %        2,007       2,007       2,007  
DaeWoon Tech Co., Ltd.
     106       0.26 %        3       3       3  
KoWEEO Co., Ltd.
     38       0.05 %        2       2       2  
IK Co., Ltd.
     14       0.06 %        1       1       1  
Eco Join Co., Ltd.
     145       0.03 %        2       2       2  
Yuk Hwawon Co., Ltd.
     567       0.25 %        12       12       12  
Yun Hwawon FND Co., Ltd.
     496       0.84 %        25       25       25  
GoRyeoInSam Co., Ltd.
     197       0.41 %        30       30       30  
HyeJin IND Co., Ltd.
     77       0.26 %        4       4       4  
Cheongsong JungAng Aluminum Co., Ltd.
     1,300       0.14 %        20       20       20  
Easy Tape Co., Ltd.
     144       0.30 %        14       14       14  
Gyeonganaseukon
     51       0.85 %        10       10       10  
Biseullo Co., Ltd.
     11       0.03 %        1       1       1  
Cest Co., Ltd.
     152       1.43 %        76       76       76  
MDT Co., Ltd.
     57       0.30 %        6       6       6  
KDP Sieori Co., Ltd.
     511       0.50 %        6       6       6  
KREMS Co., Ltd.
     868       0.81 %        347       347       347  
Hanam Industrial Co., Ltd.
     87       0.80 %        13       13       13  
R Light Co., Ltd.
     437       0.41 %        5       5       5  
Daewon SNP Co., Ltd.
     2,656       0.44 %        93       93       93  
Goryeo Filter Co.,Ltd.
     31       0.07 %        2       2       2  
Daehan Special Metal Co., Ltd.
     2,326       5.89 %        931       931       931  
Hungaforming Co., Ltd.
     397       0.64 %        20       20       20  
HyeopJin PL Co., Ltd.
     7,889       0.72 %        39       39       39  
Seun Co., Ltd.
     61       0.69 %        3       3       3  
AOS Co., Ltd.
     25       0.16 %        1       1       1  
SamHan Industrial Co., Ltd.
     215       0.45 %        3       3       3  
YangJI EnterPrise Co., Ltd.
     16       0.04 %        3       3       3  
GyungNam Metal Co., Ltd.
     698       0.07 %        17       17       17  
Yoolim industrial Co., Ltd.
     1,560       1.98 %        234       234       234  
Haemirae Co., Ltd.
     57       0.25 %        4       4       4  
 
F-68
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares
    
Ownership
          
Acquisition cost
    
Book value
    
Fair value
  
                     
In millions of won
  
KROPC Co., Ltd.
     1,297       1.19 %    ￦       26       26       26  
Mirae Seesco Co. Ltd.
     17       0.04 %        2       2       2  
SungMin Industrial Co., Ltd.
     229       2.80 %        34       34       34  
Kunyang Co., Ltd.
     44       0.12 %        4       4       4  
CAT Co., Ltd.
     40       0.27 %        3       3       3  
JeongJin Nurimaru Co., Ltd.
     218       1.08 %        33       33       33  
GeunHo Precision Co., Ltd.
     1,770       0.98 %        133       133       133  
HwaIn Inemtek Co., Ltd.
     327       0.60 %        43       43       43  
TS Steel Co., Ltd.
     202       0.13 %        20       20       20  
SaeHan Food Co., Ltd.
     23       0.40 %        5       5       5  
SamYeong Engineer Co., Ltd.
     501       0.55 %        10       10       10  
GumYoung General Co., Ltd.
     6,522       0.06 %        13       13       13  
SaeUm Global Co., Ltd.
     207       0.06 %        5       5       5  
Work life balance Co., Ltd.
     9       0.92 %        1       1       1  
YuJin Hightech Co., Ltd.
     152       0.58 %        15       15       15  
GOC Co., Ltd.
     4,415       0.16 %        44       44       44  
Fraijour Queen Co., Ltd.
     73       0.56 %        3       3       3  
Wnt Co., Ltd.
     57       0.19 %        6       6       6  
Tae Gwang Engineer Co., Ltd.
     406       2.60 %        41       41       41  
GSB Co., Ltd.
     370       1.03 %        37       37       37  
MCI Co., Ltd.
     760       0.12 %        23       23       23  
Wonchang steel Co., Ltd.
     66       0.16 %        7       7       7  
GukWon Construction Co., Ltd.
     9       0.00 %        —        —        —   
Friend Co., Ltd.
     2,745       0.46 %        55       55       55  
AppleLind Networks Co., Ltd.
     2,417       0.12 %        11       11       11  
HSC Co., Ltd.
     7,174       2.69 %        36       36       36  
ChangShin Plant Co., Ltd.
     108       1.40 %        22       22       22  
PyeongKang Precision Co., Ltd.
     3       0.01 %        —        —        —   
ShinSung Co., Ltd.
     66       0.58 %        13       13       13  
DreamHightech Co., Ltd.
     137       0.16 %        7       7       7  
WooHo Construction Co., Ltd.
     35       0.02 %        2       2       2  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
          352,191       309,709       309,709  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Debt securities (*1)
        
Aron Flying Ship Co., Ltd.
     —        —      ￦       491       535       535  
Ino Platech Co., Ltd.
     —        —          1,080       1,194       1,194  
Daebon Tech Co., Ltd.
     —        —          3,000       3,316       3,316  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
          4,571       5,045       5,045  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      ￦       683,192       674,850       674,850  
       
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  (*1)
The Company used initial cost as their fair value because there was not enough information to determine fair value, and the range of the estimated fair value is wide.
 
  (*2)
The Company has estimated the fair value of Set Holding by using the discounted cash flow method and has recognized the difference between its fair value and book value as gain or loss on valuation of financial assets at FVOCI in other comprehensive income or loss for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 
F-69
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
10.
Financial Assets at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income, Continued
 
(2)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
  (*3)
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company acquired additional shares in BDI Co., Ltd. through a debt-to-equity swap as part the entity’s corporate rehabilitation process. As the Company cannot hold significant influence over the entity until the completion of the corporate rehabilitation procedures, the Group has accounted for the investment in the entity as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income.
 
  (*4)
During the year ended December 31, 2024, BDI Co., Ltd. was delisted as the Court dismissed the application for temporary injunction requiring the suspension of delisting decision and others.
 
  (*5)
The entity is undergoing corporate rehabilitation procedures for the year ended December 31, 2024 and the Company cannot hold significant influence over the entity until the corporate rehabilitation procedures are completed. Therefore, investments in the entity were reclassified as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income.
 
11.
Financial Assets at Amortized Cost
Financial assets at amortized cost as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Financial assets

at amortized cost
     
Book

value
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Government bonds
    ￦        1,528        1,528  
Others
         37,315        37,315  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        38,843        38,843  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Current
    ￦        28,905        28,905  
Non-current
         9,938        9,938  
 
           
2024
  
           
Financial assets

at amortized cost
     
Book

value
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Government bonds
    ￦        1,160        1,160  
Others
         29,073        29,073  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        30,233        30,233  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Current
    ￦        20,418        20,418  
Non-current
         9,815        9,815  
 
F-70
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
12.
Derivatives
 
(1)
Derivatives as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
Current
     
Non-current
     
Current
     
Non-current
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Derivative assets
               
Currency forward
    ￦        18,019        —         12,153        —   
Currency swap
         274,782        527,701        733,374        1,630,570  
—Trading
         196,013        347,689     
372,445
   
1,159,600
—Hedging
         78,769        180,012     
360,929
   
470,970
Interest rate swap
         12,124        129,570        9,571        176,138  
—Trading
         12,124        129,570     
9,571
   
176,138
—Hedging
         —         —       —     — 
Others (*2, 3)
         2,807        35,391        5,456        123,902  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        307,732        692,662        760,554        1,930,610  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Derivative liabilities
               
Currency forward
    ￦        4,755        —         132        —   
Currency swap
         6,867        287,824        1,640        36,328  
—Trading
         6,867        264,260     
1,640
   
31,433
—Hedging
         —         23,564      —    
4,895
Interest rate swap
         —         48,238        127        76,356  
—Trading
         —         48,238     
127
   
76,356
—Hedging
         —         —       —     — 
Others (*1,2)
         6,757        97,793        22,015        148,227  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        18,379        433,855        23,914        260,911  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
  (*1)
In relation to the agreement to purchase hybrid bonds issued by Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd., an associate of the Company, the performance obligation as of December 31, 2024 which amounts to ￦26,422 million (￦18,752 million as of December 31, 2023) to the underwriter of the bonds was recorded as other derivative liabilities.
 
  (*2)
The Company recorded the fair value of derivatives in accordance with the shareholders’ agreement of its associate, Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd., as other derivatives. In addition, the fair value of the derivatives regarding the power sales agreement of its subsidiary, Elara Energy Project, LLC, were recorded as other derivatives.
 
  (*3)
The Company recorded the fair value of derivatives regarding the power supply agreement (“PPA”) of its subsidiary Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd. as other derivatives.
 
F-71
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
12.
Derivatives, Continued
 
(2)
Currency forward contracts which are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Counterparty
   
Contract

date
     
Maturity

date
           
Contract amounts
           
Contract

exchange rate

(in won)
  
        
Pay
    
Receive
         
    
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies
except contract exchange rate information
  
Woori Bank
      2024.12.30        2025.01.03      ￦       8,836       USD 6,000      ￦       1,472.60  
Woori Bank
      2024.12.30        2025.01.06          7,363       USD 5,000          1,472.50  
Morgan Stanley
      2024.12.30        2025.01.10          17,645       USD 12,000          1,470.45  
Kookmin Bank
      2024.12.30        2025.01.14          17,640       USD 12,000          1,470.00  
Busan Bank
      2024.12.30        2025.01.16          17,622       USD 12,000          1,468.50  
Korea Development Bank
      2024.12.30        2025.01.17          17,627       USD 12,000          1,468.95  
Shinhan Bank
      2024.12.30        2025.01.21          17,619       USD 12,000          1,468.25  
SMBC
      2024.11.06        2025.01.13          22,201       USD 16,000          1,387.54  
SMBC
      2024.11.07        2025.01.13          12,559       USD 9,000          1,395.42  
SMBC
      2024.11.07        2025.01.31          12,551       USD 9,000          1,394.59  
SMBC
      2024.11.11        2025.01.07          12,529       USD 9,000          1,392.15  
SMBC
      2024.11.29        2025.02.07          13,917       USD 10,000          1,391.72  
SMBC
      2024.12.04        2025.01.31          12,692       USD 9,000          1,410.19  
MUFG
      2024.12.10        2025.02.13          11,395       USD 8,000          1,424.38  
Mizuho Bank
      2024.12.13        2025.01.07          12,886       USD 9,000          1,431.75  
Korea Development Bank
      2024.12.16        2025.01.07          27,247       USD 19,000          1,434.04  
Hana Bank
      2024.12.19        2025.01.23          13,032       USD 9,000          1,448.00  
SMBC
      2024.12.24        2025.02.07          36,283       USD 25,000          1,451.33  
Shinhan Bank
      2024.12.26        2025.01.07          10,238       USD 7,000          1,462.63  
MUFG
      2024.12.30        2025.01.23          11,755       USD 8,000          1,469.36  
MUFG
      2024.11.29        2025.01.02          1,951       USD 1,400          1,393.35  
MUFG
      2024.11.29        2025.01.03          3,622       USD 2,600          1,393.15  
Kookmin Bank
      2024.12.02        2025.01.06          7,001       USD 5,000          1,400.25  
Nonghyup Bank
      2024.12.03        2025.01.06          7,010       USD 5,000          1,401.90  
MUFG
      2024.12.03        2025.01.06          7,002       USD 5,000          1,400.35  
JP Morgan
      2024.12.18        2025.01.21          7,171       USD 5,000          1,434.15  
MUFG
      2024.12.20        2025.01.24          7,244       USD 5,000          1,448.75  
Kookmin Bank
      2024.12.20        2025.01.24          7,243       USD 5,000          1,448.60  
MUFG
      2024.12.23        2025.01.27          7,239       USD 5,000          1,447.80  
Mizuho Bank
      2024.12.23        2025.01.27          7,239       USD 5,000          1,447.80  
JP Morgan
      2024.12.24        2025.01.27          7,261       USD 5,000          1,452.15  
Nonghyup Bank
      2024.12.24        2025.01.27          7,261       USD 5,000          1,452.20  
Woori Bank
      2024.12.26        2025.01.31          7,309       USD 5,000          1,461.70  
Hana Bank
      2024.12.26        2025.01.31          7,308       USD 5,000          1,461.55  
Nonghyup Bank
      2024.12.27        2025.01.31          6,881       USD 4,670          1,473.35  
Korea Citi Bank
      2024.12.16        2025.01.13          2,865       USD 2,000          1,432.65  
Korea Citi Bank
      2024.12.19        2025.01.13          11,607       USD 8,000          1,450.88  
Korea Citi Bank
      2024.12.26        2025.01.27          5,911       USD 4,000          1,477.76  
Korea Citi Bank
      2024.12.26        2025.01.27          2,956       USD 2,000          1,477.76  
Korea Citi Bank
      2024.12.26        2025.01.27          2,927       USD 2,000          1,463.66  
HSBC
      2024.12.19        2025.01.23          4,350       USD 3,000          1,450.05  
HSBC
      2024.12.19        2025.01.23          4,348       USD 3,000          1,449.35  
JP Morgan
      2024.12.24        2025.01.24          30,058       USD 20,700          1,452.07  
SMBC
      2024.12.16        2025.01.13          5,733       USD 4,000          1,433.20  
SMBC
      2024.12.26        2025.01.27          8,791       USD 6,000          1,465.15  
 
F-72
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
12.
Derivatives, Continued
 
(2)
Currency forward contracts which are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Counterparty
   
Contract

date
     
Maturity

date
           
Contract amounts
           
Contract

exchange rate

(in won)
  
        
Pay
    
Receive
         
    
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies
except contract exchange rate information
  
SMBC
      2024.12.26        2025.01.27      ￦       2,955       USD 2,000      ￦       1,477.65  
Nonghyup Bank
      2024.12.09        2025.01.10          15       USD 10          1,433.60  
Nonghyup Bank
      2024.12.16        2025.01.13          2,867       USD 2,000          1,433.65  
Busan Bank
      2024.12.18        2025.01.13          4,515       USD 3,148          1,434.27  
Hana Bank
      2024.12.19        2025.01.13          8,704       USD 6,000          1,450.70  
Woori Bank
      2024.11.28        2025.02.03          4,619       USD 3,317          1,392.70  
Standard Chartered
      2024.11.28        2025.02.03          6,964       USD 5,000          1,392.80  
Busan Bank
      2024.11.28        2025.02.03          6,965       USD 5,000          1,392.90  
JP Morgan
      2024.11.28        2025.02.03          6,965       USD 5,000          1,392.90  
HSBC
      2024.12.20        2025.02.26          10,112       USD 7,000          1,444.50  
Bank of America
      2024.12.20        2025.02.26          8,667       USD 6,000          1,444.55  
Shinhan Bank
      2024.12.27        2025.03.05          8,798       USD 6,000          1,466.32  
Hana Bank
      2024.12.27        2025.03.05          10,264       USD 7,000          1,466.25  
Woori Bank
      2024.12.30        2025.03.05          7,356       USD 5,000          1,471.10  
Hana Bank
      2024.12.30        2025.03.05          8,797       USD 6,000          1,466.18  
Shinhan Bank
      2024.12.30        2025.03.05          7,325       USD 5,000          1,464.92  
Busan Bank
      2024.12.30        2025.03.05          4,395       USD 3,000          1,464.85  
 
F-73
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
12.
Derivatives, Continued
 
(3)
Currency swap contracts which are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
   
Contract year
          
Contract amount
    
Contract interest rate
        
Contract
exchange rate

(in won)
  
Counterparty
  
Pay
    
Receive
    
Pay
  
Receive
      
   
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies except contract exchange rate information
  
Standard Chartered
     2014~2029     ￦       102,470       USD 100,000     3.14%   3.57%   ￦       1,024.70  
Woori Bank
     2019~2027         21,708       USD 19,417     5.04%   6.75%       1,118.00  
Woori Bank
     2020~2025         241,320       USD 200,000     0.54%   1.13%       1,206.60  
Korea Development Bank
     2020~2025         241,320       USD 200,000     0.54%   1.13%       1,206.60  
Kookmin Bank
     2020~2025         120,660       USD 100,000     0.54%   1.13%       1,206.60  
Kookmin Bank
     2020~2026         76,355       USD 70,445     5.83%   6.00%       1,083.90  
Woori Bank
     2021~2026         118,170       USD 100,000     1.11%   1.13%       1,181.70  
Korea Development Bank
     2021~2026         118,170       USD 100,000     1.11%   1.13%       1,181.70  
Hana Bank
     2021~2026         118,170       USD 100,000     1.11%   1.13%       1,181.70  
Hana Bank
     2022~2025         385,800       USD 300,000     3.11%   3.63%       1,286.00  
Woori Bank
     2022~2025         257,200       USD 200,000     3.12%   3.63%       1,286.00  
JP Morgan
     2022~2027         128,600       USD 100,000     3.56%   4.00%       1,286.00  
Woori Bank
     2022~2027         128,600       USD 100,000     3.56%   4.00%       1,286.00  
Kookmin Bank
     2022~2027         128,600       USD 100,000     3.56%   4.00%       1,286.00  
Korea Development Bank
     2022~2026         283,820       USD 200,000     4.67%   5.38%       1,419.10  
Hana Bank
     2022~2026         141,910       USD 100,000     4.68%   5.38%       1,419.10  
JP Morgan
     2022~2026         141,910       USD 100,000     4.69%   5.38%       1,419.10  
Woori Bank
     2022~2026         141,910       USD 100,000     4.68%   5.38%       1,419.10  
Korea Development Bank
     2022~2028         283,820       USD 200,000     5.12%   5.50%       1,419.10  
Woori Bank
     2022~2028         141,910       USD 100,000     5.13%   5.50%       1,419.10  
Hana Bank
     2023~2026         256,000       USD 200,000     3.97%   5.38%       1,280.00  
Shinhan Bank
     2023~2026         192,000       USD 150,000     3.99%   5.38%       1,280.00  
Kookmin Bank
     2023~2026         128,000       USD 100,000     4.03%   5.38%       1,280.00  
Korea Development Bank
     2023~2026         256,000       USD 200,000     4.04%   5.38%       1,280.00  
Bank of America
     2023~2026         128,000       USD 100,000     4.04%   5.38%       1,280.00  
Standard Chartered
     2023~2026         128,000       USD 100,000     4.04%   5.38%       1,280.00  
Woori Bank
     2023~2026         192,000       USD 150,000     4.05%   5.38%       1,280.00  
Shinhan Bank
     2024~2027         133,060       USD 100,000     3.53%   4.88%       1,330.60  
Kookmin Bank
     2024~2027         133,060       USD 100,000     3.53%   4.88%       1,330.60  
Korea Development Bank
     2024~2027         864,890       USD 650,000     3.53%   4.88%       1,330.60  
Bank of America
     2024~2027         133,060       USD 100,000     3.53%   4.88%       1,330.60  
Standard Chartered
     2024~2027         133,060       USD 100,000     3.53%   4.88%       1,330.60  
IBK Securities Co., Ltd.
     2024~2027         199,590       USD 150,000     3.53%   4.88%       1,330.60  
Shinhan Bank
     2024~2034         138,010       USD 100,000     3.64%   5.13%       1,380.10  
Hana Bank
     2024~2034         138,010       USD 100,000     3.69%   5.13%       1,380.10  
Woori Bank
     2024~2034         119,958       USD 86,920     3.74%   5.13%       1,380.10  
Nomura
     2015~2025         111,190       USD 100,000     2.60%   3.25%       1,111.90  
Korea Development Bank
     2015~2025         111,190       USD 100,000     2.62%   3.25%       1,111.90  
Woori Bank
     2015~2025         55,595       USD 50,000     2.62%   3.25%       1,111.90  
Hana Bank
     2015~2025         55,595       USD 50,000     2.62%   3.25%       1,111.90  
Woori Bank
     2017~2027         111,610       USD 100,000     2.25%   3.13%       1,116.10  
Korea Development Bank
     2017~2027         111,610       USD 100,000     2.31%   3.13%       1,116.10  
Hana Bank
     2017~2027         111,610       USD 100,000     2.31%   3.13%       1,116.10  
Korea Development Bank
     2018~2028         108,600       HKD 800,000     2.69%   3.35%       135.75  
 
F-74
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
12.
Derivatives, Continued
 
(3)
Currency swap contracts which are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
   
Contract year
          
Contract amount
    
Contract interest rate
        
Contract
exchange rate

(in won)
  
Counterparty
  
Pay
    
Receive
    
Pay
  
Receive
      
   
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies except contract exchange rate information
  
Shinhan Bank
     2018~2028     ￦       115,387       HKD 850,000     2.66%   3.35%   ￦       135.75  
Korea Development Bank
     2019~2027         119,978       CHF 100,000     1.43%   0.05%       1,199.78  
Woori Bank
     2021~2026         222,800       USD 200,000     0.93%   1.25%       1,114.00  
Shinhan Bank
     2021~2026         111,400       USD 100,000     0.92%   1.25%       1,114.00  
Korea Development Bank
     2021~2026         111,400       USD 100,000     0.93%   1.25%       1,114.00  
Nonghyup Bank
     2021~2026         111,400       USD 100,000     0.93%   1.25%       1,114.00  
Woori Bank
     2022~2027         262,000       USD 200,000     3.62%   4.25%       1,310.00  
Export-Import Bank of Korea
     2022~2027         131,000       USD 100,000     3.63%   4.25%       1,310.00  
Kookmin Bank
     2022~2027         131,000       USD 100,000     3.62%   4.25%       1,310.00  
Hana Bank
     2022~2027         131,000       USD 100,000     3.61%   4.25%       1,310.00  
Korea Development Bank
     2022~2027         262,000       USD 200,000     3.63%   4.25%       1,310.00  
Export-Import Bank of Korea
     2022~2032         349,829       HKD 1,935,000     4.87%   5.16%       180.79  
JP Morgan
     2022~2032         75,194       HKD 415,000     5.00%   5.16%       181.19  
Export-Import Bank of Korea
     2023~2030         172,982       HKD 1,037,000     4.25%   4.51%       166.81  
Hana Bank
     2024~2028         128,940       USD 100,000     3.73%   5.00%       1,289.40  
JP Morgan
     2024~2028         128,940       USD 100,000     3.85%   5.00%       1,289.40  
Korea Development Bank
     2024~2028         257,880       USD 200,000     3.80%   5.00%       1,289.40  
Korea Development Bank
     2024~2028         128,940       USD 100,000     3.69%   5.00%       1,289.40  
Hana Bank
     2024~2029         138,540       USD 100,000     3.15%   4.63%       1,385.40  
Shinhan Bank
     2024~2029         138,540       USD 100,000     3.15%   4.63%       1,385.40  
Kookmin Bank
     2024~2029         138,540       USD 100,000     3.16%   4.63%       1,385.40  
Woori Bank
     2024~2029         138,540       USD 100,000     3.17%   4.63%       1,385.40  
Korea Development Bank
     2024~2029         138,540       USD 100,000     3.19%   4.63%       1,385.40  
 
F-75
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
12.
Derivatives, Continued
 
(4)
Currency swap contracts which are designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
   
Contract year
           
Contract amount
    
Contract interest rate
        
Contract
exchange rate

(in won)
  
Counterparty
   
Pay
    
Receive
    
Pay
  
Receive
      
                                              
   
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies except contract exchange rate information
  
Kookmin Bank
     2020~2025     ￦        118,780       USD 100,000     1.29%   2.13%   ￦       1,187.80  
Shinhan Bank
     2020~2025          118,780       USD 100,000     1.29%   2.13%       1,187.80  
Hana Bank
     2020~2025          118,780       USD 100,000     1.29%   2.13%       1,187.80  
Korea Development Bank
     2020~2026          118,910       USD 100,000     0.61%   1.00%       1,189.10  
Hana Bank
     2020~2026          118,910       USD 100,000     0.61%   1.00%       1,189.10  
Woori Bank
     2020~2026          118,910       USD 100,000     0.62%   1.00%       1,189.10  
Nomura
     2017~2037          52,457       EUR 40,000     2.60%   1.70%       1,311.42  
Nomura
     2017~2037          59,423       SEK 450,000     2.62%   2.36%       132.05  
Kookmin Bank
     2021~2026          114,230       USD 100,000     1.27%   1.25%       1,142.30  
Korea Development Bank
     2021~2026          114,230       USD 100,000     1.27%   1.25%       1,142.30  
Hana Bank
     2021~2026          114,230       USD 100,000     1.27%   1.25%       1,142.30  
Korea Development Bank
     2022~2027          123,710       USD 100,000     3.41%   3.63%       1,237.10  
Woori Bank
     2022~2027          123,710       USD 100,000     3.41%   3.63%       1,237.10  
JP Morgan
     2022~2027          123,710       USD 100,000     3.41%   3.63%       1,237.10  
Korea Development Bank
     2022~2025          128,560       USD 100,000     3.37%   4.13%       1,285.60  
Woori Bank
     2022~2025          128,560       USD 100,000     3.37%   4.13%       1,285.60  
Kookmin Bank
     2022~2025          128,560       USD 100,000     3.37%   4.13%       1,285.60  
Woori Bank
     2021~2026          220,600       USD 200,000     0.47%   0.75%       1,103.00  
Shinhan Bank
     2021~2026          220,600       USD 200,000     0.47%   0.75%       1,103.00  
Hana Bank
     2021~2026          55,150       USD 50,000     0.48%   0.75%       1,103.00  
Shinhan Bank
     2023~2026          132,930       USD 100,000     4.07%   5.38%       1,329.30  
Nonghyup Bank
     2023~2026          132,930       USD 100,000     4.05%   5.38%       1,329.30  
Kookmin Bank
     2023~2026          132,930       USD 100,000     4.07%   5.38%       1,329.30  
Woori Bank
     2020~2025          245,560       USD 200,000     0.93%   1.75%       1,227.80  
Hana Bank
     2020~2025          245,560       USD 200,000     0.93%   1.75%       1,227.80  
Korea Development Bank
     2020~2025          122,780       USD 100,000     0.93%   1.75%       1,227.80  
JP Morgan
     2022~2025          126,180       USD 100,000     2.80%   3.60%       1,261.80  
Hana Bank
     2022~2025          126,180       USD 100,000     2.80%   3.60%       1,261.80  
Korea Development Bank
     2022~2025          252,360       USD 200,000     2.83%   3.60%       1,261.80  
Woori Bank
     2022~2025          126,180       USD 100,000     2.85%   3.60%       1,261.80  
Woori Bank
     2023~2028          259,000       USD 200,000     3.83%   4.88%       1,295.00  
Korea Development Bank
     2023~2028          129,500       USD 100,000     3.85%   4.88%       1,295.00  
Bank of America
     2023~2028          64,750       USD 50,000     3.85%   4.88%       1,295.00  
 
F-76
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
12.
Derivatives, Continued
 
(5)
Interest rate swap contracts which are not designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Counterparty
   
Contract
year
           
Contract amount
     
Contract interest rate per annum
  
Pay
        
Receive
    
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies
Nomura (*1)
      2018~2038       ￦        30,000      3M CD + 0.10%       3.75%
Shinhan Bank
      2021~2025          100,000      2.32%       3M CD + 0.43%
Hana Bank
      2022~2027          200,000      3.02%       3M CD + 0.61%
Hana Bank
      2022~2027          200,000      3.04%       3M CD + 0.58%
Hana Bank
      2022~2027          250,000      3.38%       3M CD + 0.59%
Nomura
      2022~2027          200,000      3.55%       3M CD + 0.60%
Shinhan Bank
      2022~2027          150,000      3.53%       3M CD + 0.55%
Hana Bank
      2022~2027          200,000      3.70%       3M CD + 0.59%
Nomura
      2022~2027          300,000      3.89%       3M CD + 0.67%
Hana Bank
      2022~2027          200,000      3.93%       3M CD + 0.67%
Nomura
      2022~2027          200,000      3.80%       3M CD + 0.68%
Nomura
      2022~2027          300,000      4.04%       3M CD + 0.60%
Hana Bank
      2022~2027          100,000      4.68%       3M CD + 1.04%
Hana Bank
      2022~2027          100,000      5.45%       3M CD + 1.20%
Shinhan Bank
      2023~2028          200,000      4.27%       3M CD + 0.76%
Shinhan Bank
      2023~2028          50,000      4.27%       3M CD + 0.76%
Nomura
      2023~2028          250,000      4.13%       3M CD + 0.73%
Hana Bank
      2023~2028          200,000      3.74%       3M CD + 0.51%
Hana Bank
      2023~2028          100,000      4.19%       3M CD + 0.50%
Shinhan Bank
      2023~2028          300,000      3.81%       3M CD + 0.70%
Hana Bank
      2023~2028          200,000      3.95%       3M CD + 0.50%
Shinhan Bank
      2024~2029          200,000      3.84%       3M CD + 0.50%
Hana Bank
      2024~2027          250,000      3.72%       3M CD + 0.34%
Hana Bank
      2024~2027          250,000      3.77%       3M CD + 0.31%
Hana Bank
      2024~2027          250,000      3.31%       3M CD + 0.31%
Hana Bank
      2024~2027          200,000      3.46%       3M CD + 0.53%
Shinhan Bank
      2024~2025          200,000      3.53%       3M CD + 0.35%
Nomura
      2024~2027          200,000      3.38%       3M CD + 0.50%
Hana Bank
      2024~2027          300,000      3.18%       3M CD + 0.53%
Shinhan Bank
      2024~2025          100,000      3.29%       3M CD + 0.42%
Nomura
      2017~2032          52,457      2.55% + Floating rate       2.60%
Nomura
      2017~2032          59,423      2.57% + Floating rate       2.62%
Nomura (*2)
      2021~2041          30,000      1.84%       2.60%
Nomura (*3)
      2021~2041          50,000      1.87%       2.38%
ANZ
      2022~2025          AUD 865      0.48%       3M BBSW + 0.05%
DBS Bank
      2022~2025          AUD 865      0.48%       3M BBSW + 0.05%
Societe Generale
      2022~2025          AUD 865      0.48%       3M BBSW + 0.05%
MUFG
      2022~2048          USD 155,941      3M SOFR       3.71%
Mizuho Capital Markets LLC
      2022~2048          USD 155,941      3M SOFR       1.05%
Mizuho Capital Markets LLC
      2024~2025          USD 112,194      1M SOFR       4.20%
Rabobank
      2022~2036          USD 37,130      1.83%       6M SOFR
Mizuho Capital Markets LLC
      2024~2045          USD 80,116      3M USD Synthetic Libor       1.14%
 
  (*1)
Depending on the counterparty exercising the right, the contract may be early settled on the same date every year from June 15, 2023.
 
  (*2)
1.84% of the contract paying interest rate is applied for five years from the date of issuance, and 3M CMT+0.35% is applied thereafter.
 
  (*3)
1.87% of the contract paying interest rate is applied for five years from the date of issuance, and 3M CMT+0.35% is applied thereafter.
 
F-77
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
12.
Derivatives, Continued
 
(6)
Interest rate swap contracts which are designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Counterparty
   
Contract
year
     
Contract amount
     
Contract interest rate per annum
  
  
Pay
   
Receive
  
           
In thousands of USD
              
Export-Import Bank of Korea
      2015~2031        USD 15,893      2.67%      6M USD Synthetic Libor  
ING Bank
      2015~2031        USD 7,861      2.67%      6M USD Synthetic Libor  
BNP Paribas
      2015~2031        USD 7,861      2.67%      6M USD Synthetic Libor  
BNP Paribas
      2009~2027        USD 35,221      4.16%      6M USD Synthetic Libor  
KFW
      2009~2027        USD 35,221      4.16%      6M USD Synthetic Libor  
Export-Import Bank of Korea
      2016~2036        USD 56,175      3.00%      6M USD Synthetic Libor  
 
(7)
Gain and loss on valuation and transaction of derivatives for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows and included in finance income and expenses in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income or loss:
 
       
Net income effects of
valuation gain (loss)
    
Net income effects of
transaction gain (loss)
    
Other

comprehensive
income (loss) (*)
  
       
2022
    
2023
    
2024
    
2022
    
2023
    
2024
    
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
                                                           
       
In millions of won
        
Currency forward
   ￦     (20,570 )      510       12,021       (2,710 )      34,216       78,237       —        —        —   
Currency swap
       155,937       269,795       2,058,411       234,195       38,282       190,000       (102,969 )      (11,411 )      18,622  
- Trading
       (77,618 )      181,342    
1,403,564
     104,572       (1,244 )   
163,231
     —        —      — 
- Hedging
       233,555       88,453    
654,847
     129,623       39,526    
26,769
     (102,969 )      (11,411 )   
18,622
Interest rate swap
       66,341       (16,377 )      21,270       (6,800 )      10,400       18,834       37,917       2,893       1,684  
- Trading
       66,341       (16,377 )   
21,270
     (6,800 )      10,400    
18,834
     —        —      — 
- Hedging
       —        —      —      —        —      —      37,917       2,893    
1,684
Other derivatives
       22,510       (19,729 )      12,009       —        6,761       15,586       —        —        —   
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
    ￦   224,218     234,199     2,103,711     224,685     89,659     302,657     (65,052)     (8,518)     20,306  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  (*)
Net gain (loss) on valuation of derivatives applying cash flow hedge accounting of ￦
(24,415) million, ￦(3,654) million and ￦11,870 million,
net of tax, are recognized as other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. 
 
13.
Other Financial Assets
 
(1)
Other financial assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
    
2024
  
           
Current
    
Non-current
    
Current
    
Non-current
  
           
In millions of won
  
Loans
    ￦        139,178       966,421       115,161       901,953  
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts
         (10 )      (80,783 )      (5,156 )      (66,838 ) 
Less: Present value discount
         (1,007 )      (35,468 )      (1,084 )      (35,888 ) 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
        138,161       850,170       108,921       799,227  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Long-term / short-term financial instruments
         578,578       833,737       1,147,929       812,211  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
     ￦        716,739       1,683,907       1,256,850       1,611,438  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-78
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
13.
Other Financial Assets, Continued
 
(2)
Loans as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Face value
     
Allowance for
doubtful accounts
    
Present value
discount
    
Carrying value
  
           
In millions of won
  
Short-term loans
             
Loans for tuition
    ￦        30,497        —        (1,007 )      29,490  
Loans for housing
         35,560        —        —        35,560  
Other loans
         73,121        (10 )      —        73,111  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
        139,178        (10 )      (1,007 )      138,161  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Long-term loans
             
Loans for tuition
         419,684        (24,745 )      (35,468 )      359,471  
Loans for housing
         301,840        —        —        301,840  
Loans for related parties
         222,014        (43,640 )      —        178,374  
Other loans
         22,883        (12,398 )      —        10,485  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
        966,421        (80,783 )      (35,468 )      850,170  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦        1,105,599        (80,793 )      (36,475 )      988,331  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
           
2024
  
           
Face value
     
Allowance for
doubtful accounts
    
Present value
discount
    
Carrying value
  
           
In millions of won
  
Short-term loans
             
Loans for tuition
    ￦        34,484        (5,156 )      (1,084 )      28,244  
Loans for housing
         43,171        —        —        43,171  
Other loans
         37,506        —        —        37,506  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
        115,161        (5,156 )      (1,084 )      108,921  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Long-term loans
             
Loans for tuition
         364,685        (4,888 )      (35,888 )      323,909  
Loans for housing
         266,208        —        —        266,208  
Loans for related parties
         260,227        (61,950 )      —        198,277  
Other loans
         10,833        —        —        10,833  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
        901,953        (66,838 )      (35,888 )      799,227  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦        1,017,114        (71,994 )      (36,972 )      908,148  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
(3)
Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts of loans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2022
    
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
    ￦        52,677       54,837        80,793  
Bad debt expense
         2,180       16,394        3,727  
Write-off
         —        —         (12,526 ) 
Other
         (20 )      9,562        —   
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
Ending balance
    ￦        54,837       80,793        71,994  
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-79
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
13.
Other Financial Assets, Continued
 
(4)
Long-term and short-term financial instruments as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
Current
     
Non-current
     
Current
     
Non-current
  
           
In millions of won
  
Time deposits
    ￦        363,286        145,336        823,806        135,995  
CD
         —         —         40,000        —   
Others
         215,292        688,401        284,123        676,216  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        578,578        833,737        1,147,929        812,211  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
14.
Inventories
Inventories as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Acquisition cost
     
Valuation allowance
     
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
Raw materials
    ￦        4,624,638        (1,387 )       4,623,251  
Merchandises
         335        —         335  
Work-in-progress
         187,304        —         187,304  
Finished goods
         97,272        (57 )       97,215  
Supplies
         2,930,978        —         2,930,978  
Inventories-in-transit
         1,021,797        —         1,021,797  
Other inventories
         14,735        —         14,735  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        8,877,059        (1,444 )       8,875,615  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
           
2024
  
           
Acquisition cost
     
Valuation allowance
     
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
Raw materials
    ￦        4,914,250        (1,573 )       4,912,677  
Merchandises
         1,733        —         1,733  
Work-in-progress
         220,110        —         220,110  
Finished goods
         96,390        (630 )       95,760  
Supplies
         3,358,831        —         3,358,831  
Inventories-in-transit
         1,160,238        —         1,160,238  
Other inventories
         19,887        —         19,887  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        9,771,439        (2,203 )       9,769,236  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
The reversal of the allowance for loss on inventory valuation deducted from the cost of sales for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 amounts to ￦18,162 million, ￦9,974 million and ￦9,182 million, respectively.
The amounts of loss from inventory valuation included in other gains
,
 
n
e
t
 for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 were ￦14,528 million, ￦9,936 million and ￦9,941 million, respectively.
 
F-80
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
15.
Non-Financial Assets
Non-financial assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
Current
     
Non-current
     
Current
     
Non-current
  
           
In millions of won
  
Advanced payments
    ￦        300,350        75,489        467,156        66,174  
Prepaid expenses
         440,079        214,022        431,087        221,922  
Others (*)
         368,892        60,659        369,671        40,108  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        1,109,321        350,170        1,267,914        328,204  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
  (*)
Details of others as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
Current
     
Non-current
     
Current
     
Non-current
  
           
In millions of won
  
Greenhouse gas emissions rights
    ￦        25,246        —         211,969        —   
Other quick assets
         343,646        60,659        157,702        40,108  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦          368,892         60,659          369,671         40,108  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries
 
(1)
Consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
Percentage of ownership (%)
  
Subsidiaries
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
  2023  
    
  2024  
  
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Engineering & Construction Company, Inc. (*1)
   Engineering and construction for utility plant and others   Korea     51.00 %      51.00 % 
KEPCO Plant Service & Engineering Co., Ltd.
   Utility plant maintenance and others   Korea     51.00 %      51.00 % 
KEPCO Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd.
   Nuclear fuel   Korea     96.36 %      96.36 % 
KEPCO KDN Co., Ltd.
   Electric power information technology and others   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO International HongKong Ltd.
   Holding company   Hong Kong     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO International Philippines Inc.
   Holding company   Philippines     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Gansu International Ltd.
   Holding company   Hong Kong     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Philippines Holdings Inc.
   Holding company   Philippines     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Philippines Corporation
   Operation of utility plant   Philippines     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Ilijan Corporation
   Construction and operation of utility plant   Philippines     51.00 %      51.00 % 
KEPCO Neimenggu International Ltd.
   Holding company   Hong Kong     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Shanxi International Ltd.
   Holding company   Hong Kong     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOMIPO Global Pte Ltd.
   Holding company   Singapore     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Netherlands B.V.
   Holding company   Netherlands     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Australia Pty., Ltd.
   Resources development   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOSEP Australia Pty., Ltd.
   Resources development   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOMIPO Australia Pty., Ltd.
   Resources development   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOWEPO Australia Pty., Ltd.
   Resources development   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOSPO Australia Pty., Ltd.
   Resources development   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Middle East Holding Company
   Holding company   Bahrain     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Qatrana Electric Power Company
   Construction and operation of utility plant   Jordan     80.00 %      80.00 % 
KHNP Canada Energy Ltd.
   Holding company   Canada     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Bylong Australia Pty., Ltd.
   Resources development   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Korea Waterbury Uranium Limited Partnership
   Resources development   Canada     80.03 %      80.12 % 
 
F-81
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(1)
Consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
           
Percentage of ownership (%)
  
Subsidiaries
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
  2023  
    
  2024  
  
KEPCO Holdings de Mexico
   Holding company   Mexico     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KST Electric Power Company, S.A.P.I. de C.V.
   Construction and operation of utility plant   Mexico     56.00 %      56.00 % 
KEPCO Energy Service Company
   Operation of utility plant   Mexico     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Netherlands S3 B.V.
   Holding company   Netherlands     100.00 %      100.00 % 
PT. KOMIPO Pembangkitan Jawa Bali
   Operation of utility plant   Indonesia     51.00 %      51.00 % 
PT. Cirebon Power Service (*2)
   Operation of utility plant   Indonesia     27.50 %      27.50 % 
KOWEPO International Corporation
   Operation of utility plant   Philippines     99.99 %      99.99 % 
KOSPO Jordan LLC
   Operation of utility plant   Jordan     100.00 %      100.00 % 
EWP America Inc.
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
EWP Renewable Corporation
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KNF Canada Energy Limited
   Holding company   Canada     100.00 %      100.00 % 
EWP Barbados 1 SRL
   Holding company   Barbados     100.00 %      100.00 % 
California Power Holdings, LLC
   Power generation   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     62.01 %      62.01 % 
PT. Tanggamus Electric Power
   Power generation   Indonesia     52.50 %      52.50 % 
Gyeongju Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     70.00 %      70.00 % 
KOMIPO America Inc.
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
PT. EWP Indonesia
   Holding company   Indonesia     99.96 %      99.99 % 
KEPCO Netherlands J3 B.V.
   Holding company   Netherlands     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Korea Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Global One Pioneer B.V.
   Holding company   Netherlands     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Global Energy Pioneer B.V.
   Holding company   Netherlands     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Mira Power Limited (*3)
   Power generation   Pakistan     76.00 %      76.00 % 
KOSEP Material Co., Ltd.
   Recycling fly ashes   Korea     86.22 %      86.22 % 
Commerce and Industry Energy Co., Ltd. (*4)
   RDF power generation   Korea     85.03 %      85.03 % 
KEPCO KPS Philippines Corp.
   Utility plant maintenance and others   Philippines     99.99 %      99.99 % 
KOSPO Chile SpA
   Holding company   Chile     100.00 %      100.00 % 
PT. KOWEPO Sumsel Operation And Maintenance Services
   Utility plant maintenance and others   Indonesia     95.00 %      —   
Hee Mang Sunlight Power Co., Ltd.
   Operation of utility plant   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Fujeij Wind Power Company
   Operation of utility plant   Jordan     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOSPO Youngnam Power Co., Ltd.
   Operation of utility plant   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Chitose Solar Power Plant LLC
   Power generation   Japan     65.00 %      65.00 % 
KEPCO ES Co., Ltd.
   Energy service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOSPO Power Services Ltda.
   Utility plant maintenance and others   Chile     65.00 %      65.00 % 
Energy New Industry Specialized Investment Private Investment Trust
   Holding company   Korea     99.01 %      99.01 % 
KOEN Bylong Pty., Ltd.
   Resources development   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOMIPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.
   Resources development   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOWEPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.
   Resources development   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOSPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.
   Resources development   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
EWP Bylong Pty., Ltd.
   Resources development   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOWEPO Lao International
   Utility plant maintenance and others   Laos     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Mangilao Holdings LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Mangilao Investment LLC
   Holding company   USA     80.06 %      69.55 % 
KEPCO Mangilao Solar, LLC
   Power generation   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Jeju Hanlim Offshore Wind Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     79.03 %      79.03 % 
PT. Siborpa Eco Power
   Construction and operation of utility plant   Indonesia     55.00 %      55.00 % 
BSK E-New Industry Fund VII
   Holding company   Korea     81.67 %      81.67 % 
e-New Industry LB Fund 1
   Holding company   Korea     76.11 %      76.11 % 
Songhyun e-New Industry Fund
   Holding company   Korea     80.65 %      80.65 % 
BSK E-New Industry Fund X
   Holding company   Korea     66.80 %      66.80 % 
PT. Korea Energy Indonesia
   Utility plant maintenance and others   Indonesia     95.00 %      95.00 % 
KOLAT SpA
   Utility plant maintenance and others   Chile     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO California, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO Mojave Holdings, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Incheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     60.00 %      60.00 % 
KOEN Service Co., Ltd.
   Facility maintenance and service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
 
F-82
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(1)
Consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
           
Percentage of ownership (%)
  
Subsidiaries
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
  2023  
    
  2024  
  
KOMIPO Service Co., Ltd.
   Facility maintenance and service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOWEPO Service Co., Ltd.
   Facility maintenance and service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOSPO Service Co., Ltd.
   Facility maintenance and service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
EWP Service Co., Ltd.
   Facility maintenance and service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
PT. KOMIPO Energy Indonesia
   Utility plant maintenance and others   Indonesia     95.00 %      95.00 % 
KNF Partners Co., Ltd.
   Facility maintenance and service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOSPO USA Inc.
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOSPO Niles LLC (formerly, Nambu USA LLC)
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Tamra Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     63.00 %      63.00 % 
KEPCO MCS Co., Ltd.
   Electric meter reading and others   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO FMS Co., Ltd.
   Security service and others   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Firstkeepers Co., Ltd.
   Facility maintenance and service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Secutec Co., Ltd.
   Security service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
SE Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     84.80 %      84.80 % 
Mangilao Intermediate Holdings LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO CSC Co., Ltd.
   Facility maintenance and service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOAK Power Limited
   Hydro power facility maintenance   Pakistan     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOMIPO Europe B.V.
   Holding company   Netherlands     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Haenanum Energy Fund
   Holding company   Korea     99.64 %      99.64 % 
Paju Ecoenergy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     89.00 %      89.00 % 
Guam Ukudu Power LLC
   Power generation   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
K-SOLAR SHINAN Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     90.00 %      90.00 % 
KPS Partners Co., Ltd.
   Facility maintenance and service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO E&C Service Co., Ltd.
   Facility maintenance and service   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Moha solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Ogiri Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     70.00 %      70.00 % 
KHNP USA LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOMIPO Vanphong Power Service LLC
   Utility plant maintenance and others   Vietnam     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Energy Innovation Fund I
   Holding company   Korea     71.91 %      71.91 % 
KHNP Chile SpA
   Holding company   Chile     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Yeong Yang Apollon Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Yeong Yang Corporation Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
SolarVader Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Yeong Yang Innovation Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Yeong Yang Horus Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Yeong Yang Solar Management Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
LSG Hydro Power Limited
   Holding company   Pakistan     99.80 %      99.99 % 
KOEN Bio Co., Ltd.
   Wood pellet utilization business   Korea     70.00 %      70.00 % 
KOMIPO Energy Solution America, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Elara Investment Holdings, LLC (*5)
   Holding company   USA     0.10 %      0.10 % 
Elara Equity Holdings, LLC
   Holding company   USA     54.00 %      54.00 % 
Elara Class B Holdings, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Elara Class B Member, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Elara Development Holdings, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOMIPO Development, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Elara Energy Holdings, LLC
   Holding company   USA     43.94 %      61.62 % 
Elara Energy Project, LLC
   Power generation   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOMIPO Iberian Solar Group, S.L.U.
   Holding company   Spain     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Jeongam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     80.00 %      80.00 % 
KOWEPO Europe B.V.
   Holding company   Netherlands     100.00 %      100.00 % 
CVS Equity Holdings, LLC
   Holding company   USA     81.34 %      80.96 % 
CVS Class B Holdings, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
CVS Development Holdings, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
CVS Development, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
CVS Class B Member, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
CVS Energy Holdings, LLC
   Holding company   USA     70.79 %      62.62 % 
Concho Valley Energy, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
 
F-83
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(1)
Consolidated subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
           
Percentage of ownership (%)
  
Subsidiaries
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
  2023  
    
  2024  
  
Concho Valley Solar, LLC
   Power generation   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Yeongdeok Sunrise Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     70.00 %      70.00 % 
UI Carbon-Neutrality Fund
   Holding company   Korea     78.97 %      78.97 % 
KA Power Limited
   Power generation   Pakistan     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Western Power Changgi Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     100.00 %      100.00 % 
EWP Australia Pty., Ltd.
   Holding company   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd. (*3,6)
   Holding company   Australia     74.04 %      74.04 % 
Digital Innovation Growth Fund
   Holding company   Korea     76.92 %      76.92 % 
J Wind First, LLC (*7)
   Company specializing in liquidization   Korea     —        —   
KEPCO Holding Company
   Holding company   Saudi Arabia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO for Maintenance Company
   Utility plant maintenance and others   Saudi Arabia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOSPO Trumbull LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Changjuk Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     73.00 %      73.00 % 
Chile Solar JV SpA
   Power generation   Chile     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KEPCO KPS South Africa Pty., Ltd.
   Utility plant maintenance and others   Republic of
South Africa		     100.00 %      98.96 % 
KOWEPO Holding Limited
   Holding company   United Arab
Emirates		     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Magna Energy New Industrial Fund
   Holding company   Korea     82.00 %      71.30 % 
Columboola Solar Farm Nominees Pty., Ltd. (*3)
   Power generation   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Columboola Solar Farm Op Trust (*3)
   Power generation   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Columboola Solar Farm Fin Co Pty., Ltd. (*3)
   Holding company   Australia     100.00 %      100.00 % 
EWP ESS Holdings, LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
Fairhaven ESS LLC
   Holding company   USA     100.00 %      100.00 % 
KOSPO Rutile, LLC
   Holding company   USA     —        100.00 % 
Sprott Chile Solar I SpA
   Holding company   Chile     —        100.00 % 
 
(*1)
Considering treasury stocks, the effective ownership interest is 51.24%. The Company sold a portion of its stocks in the subsidiary (14.77%) during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 
(*2)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, this subsidiary is included in the consolidated financial statements as the Company obtained the majority of the voting power under the shareholders’ agreement.
 
(*3)
As of December 31, 2024, the annual reporting period of all subsidiaries ends on December 31, except for Mira Power Limited, Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd., Columboola Solar Farm Nominees Pty., Ltd., Columboola Solar Farm Op Trust and Columboola Solar Farm Fin Co Pty., Ltd.
 
(*4)
The Company guarantees a certain return on investments in Commerce and Industry Energy Co., Ltd. for the financial investors holding such investments. The financial investors have a right to claim the Company to sell its shares in the entity, which can be exercised 36 months after the date of acquisition.
 
(*5)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, this subsidiary is included in the consolidated financial statements as the Company has control over the board of directors under the shareholders’ agreement.
 
(*6)
Excluding preferred stocks, the percentage of ownership with voting rights is 100%.
 
(*7)
Although the Company does not hold a stake as of December 31, 2024, considering the purpose and design of the structured entity, the Company is exposed to volatility in the profits of the structured entity. In addition, The Company has the ability to direct activities that can most significantly affect the operations of the structured entity, so it has been determined that the Company has control over the entity.
 
(2)
Subsidiaries newly included in and excluded from consolidation for the year ended December 31, 2024 are as follows:
Subsidiaries included in consolidation during the year ended December 31, 2024.
 
Subsidiaries
   
Reason
KOSPO Rutile, LLC
    New investment
Sprott Chile Solar I SpA
    New investment
 
F-84
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(2)
Subsidiaries newly included in and excluded from consolidation for the year ended December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Subsidiaries excluded from consolidation during the year ended December 31, 2024.
 
Subsidiaries
   
Reason
PT. KOWEPO Sumsel Operation and Maintenance Services
    Liquidation
 
(3)
Summary of financial information of consolidated subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
2023
  
Subsidiaries
          
Total

assets
     
Total

liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (Loss)

for the period
  
           
In millions of won
  
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    ￦        70,535,018        45,660,916        10,798,378        151,638  
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
         13,158,245        6,964,695        7,761,713        196,522  
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
         15,309,205        10,368,698        7,611,821        (1,844 ) 
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
         12,710,246        7,648,441        6,915,233        126,519  
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
         13,405,076        7,807,334        7,298,989        226,811  
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
         11,683,112        5,626,034        5,571,885        139,013  
KEPCO Engineering & Construction Company, Inc.
         854,704        307,396        545,092        32,654  
KEPCO Plant Service & Engineering Co., Ltd.
         1,585,380        318,597        1,523,031        161,849  
KEPCO Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd.
         1,101,960        622,157        284,066        43,533  
KEPCO KDN Co., Ltd.
         733,434        301,713        738,833        65,495  
KEPCO International HongKong Ltd.
         133,915        —         —         8,795  
KEPCO International Philippines Inc.
         72,830        —         —         4,891  
KEPCO Gansu International Ltd.
         7,226        608        —         (23 ) 
KEPCO Philippines Holdings Inc.
         180,592        96        —         8,802  
KEPCO Philippines Corporation
         2,607        —         —         127  
KEPCO Ilijan Corporation
         142,711        800        —         3,718  
KEPCO Neimenggu International Ltd.
         284,280        4,346        —         15,021  
KEPCO Shanxi International Ltd.
         707,447        329,539        —         (3,875 ) 
KOMIPO Global Pte Ltd.
         411,249        32,900        —         17,174  
KEPCO Netherlands B.V.
         141,088        45        —         3,856  
KEPCO Australia Pty., Ltd.
         749        34        —         131  
KOSEP Australia Pty., Ltd.
         79,308        7,990        29,675        10,665  
KOMIPO Australia Pty., Ltd.
         86,077        4,014        29,676        9,248  
KOWEPO Australia Pty., Ltd.
         86,074        3,571        29,675        9,001  
KOSPO Australia Pty., Ltd.
         32,828        3,923        29,675        10,329  
KEPCO Middle East Holding Company
         121,015        107,611        —         (1,548 ) 
Qatrana Electric Power Company
         491,627        208,707        26,779        20,949  
KHNP Canada Energy Ltd.
         155,242        12,379        —         392  
KEPCO Bylong Australia Pty., Ltd.
         44,557        465,231        —         (16,669 ) 
Korea Waterbury Uranium Limited Partnership
         20,772        44        —         (67 ) 
KEPCO Holdings de Mexico
         1,171        2,621        —         (121 ) 
KST Electric Power Company, S.A.P.I. de C.V.
         631,348        490,470        93,843        19,657  
KEPCO Energy Service Company
         2,028        716        10,193        251  
KEPCO Netherlands S3 B.V.
         70,613        16,710        —         1,769  
PT. KOMIPO Pembangkitan Jawa Bali
         17,303        3,929        23,639        1,579  
PT. Cirebon Power Service
         2,936        714        9,457        672  
KOWEPO International Corporation
         —         10        —         —   
KOSPO Jordan LLC
         19,387        3,881        17,665        7,082  
EWP America Inc. (*1)
                46,954        4,032        14,549        895  
KNF Canada Energy Limited
         2,261        34        —         (56 ) 
EWP Barbados 1 SRL
            434,690            14,217             2,448          36,566  
Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         180,176        214,822        80,630        (28,549 ) 
 
F-85
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(3)
Summary of financial information of consolidated subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Subsidiaries
        
Total

assets
     
Total

liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (Loss)

for the period
  
         
In millions of won
  
PT. Tanggamus Electric Power
    ￦         214,892        150,483        2,127        (2,230 ) 
Gyeongju Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         90,616            49,982             19,807        6,716  
KOMIPO America Inc. (*2)
         579,403        318,295        39,323        3,376  
PT. EWP Indonesia
         90,650        132        —         9,590  
KEPCO Netherlands J3 B.V.
         153,324        13,634        —           15,289  
Korea Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         334,444        143,827        40,313        6,497  
Global One Pioneer B.V.
         143        44        —         (85 ) 
Global Energy Pioneer B.V.
         336        44        —         (81 ) 
Mira Power Limited
         403,843        318,557        2,683        (1,590 ) 
KOSEP Material Co., Ltd.
         4,974        542        4,834        908  
Commerce and Industry Energy Co., Ltd.
         73,671        29,611        33,050        (2,901 ) 
KEPCO KPS Philippines Corp.
         5,775        884        4,608        97  
KOSPO Chile SpA
         166,643        75,619        —         —   
PT. KOWEPO Sumsel Operation And Maintenance Services
         26        260        —         —   
Hee Mang Sunlight Power Co., Ltd.
         5,877        2,403        689        202  
Fujeij Wind Power Company
         216,082        158,081        —         15,067  
KOSPO Youngnam Power Co., Ltd.
         360,026        255,761        410,173        (7,965 ) 
Chitose Solar Power Plant LLC
         98,911        84,228        14,447        2,059  
KEPCO ES
 
Co., Ltd.
         322,529        15,367        14,151        5,384  
KEPCO Solar Co., Ltd.
         246,273        36,127        23,234        8,367  
KOSPO Power Services Ltda.
         6,976        7,086        17,634        (211 ) 
Energy New Industry Specialized Investment Private Investment Trust (*3)
         454,888        3,364        24,030        10,812  
KOEN Bylong Pty., Ltd.
         11        128        —         —   
KOMIPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.
         13        147        —         (20 ) 
KOWEPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.
         12        142        —         (43 ) 
KOSPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.
         388        541        —         (20 ) 
EWP Bylong Pty., Ltd.
         13        13        —         46  
KOWEPO Lao International
         13,038        223        10,270        6,268  
KEPCO Mangilao Holdings LLC
         90,445        41,898        775        785  
Mangilao Investment LLC
         206,714        15        —         (1 ) 
KEPCO Mangilao Solar, LLC
         206,600        1,918        13,593        826  
Jeju Hanlim Offshore Wind Co., Ltd.
         459,229        388,171        —         (3,032 ) 
PT. Siborpa Eco Power
         12,209        3        —         (52 ) 
PT. Korea Energy Indonesia
         1,878        101        1,897        132  
KOLAT SpA
         46,958        352        2,237        1,820  
KEPCO California, LLC
         46,606        6,823        613        (385 ) 
KEPCO Mojave Holdings, LLC
         93,233        78,328        —         (3,901 ) 
Incheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
         259,169        237,409        96,924        (4,112 ) 
KOEN Service Co., Ltd.
         11,470        8,745        38,164        305  
KOMIPO Service Co., Ltd.
         7,944        4,777        37,525        960  
KOWEPO Service Co., Ltd.
         10,300        6,584        36,421        264  
KOSPO Service Co., Ltd.
         6,122        4,182        30,369        703  
EWP Service Co., Ltd.
         5,487        3,790        26,767        176  
PT. KOMIPO Energy Indonesia
         2,983        250        2,023        38  
KNF partners Co., Ltd.
         2,589        1,106        6,380        340  
KOSPO USA Inc.
         378,732        377        —         (6,351 ) 
Nambu USA LLC
         297,370        230        —         (732 ) 
Tamra Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
            120,460            83,161            18,570           1,089  
KEPCO MCS Co., Ltd.
         111,189        73,940        307,146        (4,757 ) 
KEPCO FMS Co., Ltd.
         21,310        18,142        107,336        1,895  
Firstkeepers Co., Ltd.
         18,698        12,437        90,575        2,689  
Secutec Co., Ltd.
         16,038        11,797        72,284        699  
 
F-86
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(3)
Summary of financial information of consolidated subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Subsidiaries
        
Total

assets
     
Total

liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (Loss)

for the period
  
         
In millions of won
  
SE Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    ￦      147,251        114,737        40,326        (1,305 ) 
Mangilao Intermediate Holdings LLC
         206,771        114,954        —         (5,293 ) 
KEPCO CSC Co., Ltd.
         15,985        12,170            49,502           2,644  
KOAK Power Limited
         15,000        528        —         714  
KOMIPO Europe B.V.
         86,109        69        1,183        109  
Haenanum Energy Fund
         7,415        3        47        (1 ) 
Paju Ecoenergy Co., Ltd.
         60,653        2,146        15,351        (357 ) 
Guam Ukudu Power LLC
            749,837           720,795        —         (19,904 ) 
K-SOLAR SHINAN Co., Ltd.
         298,866        281,676        37,137        (6,896 ) 
KPS Partners Co., Ltd.
         3,503        1,776        12,921        183  
KEPCO E&C Service Co., Ltd.
         7,167        1,938        16,454        1,505  
Moha solar Co., Ltd.
         27,213        29,363        —         112  
Ogiri Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         1,032        31        —         (9 ) 
KHNP USA LLC
         1,517        140        1,142        166  
KOMIPO Vanphong Power Service LLC
         26,819        3,768        21,396        10,879  
Energy Innovation Fund I
         43,725        419        —         (766 ) 
KHNP Chile SpA
         5,555        4,219        —         (66 ) 
Yeong Yang Apollon Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         1,529        1,427        219        42  
Yeong Yang Corporation Co., Ltd.
         1,519        1,418        216        39  
SolarVader Co., Ltd.
         1,529        1,421        219        40  
Yeong Yang Innovation Co., Ltd.
         1,510        1,418        210        32  
Yeong Yang Horus Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         1,502        1,418        206        28  
Yeong Yang Solar Management Co., Ltd.
         1,540        1,420        224        46  
LSG Hydro Power Limited
         717        8        —         (219 ) 
KOEN Bio Co., Ltd.
         1,010        585        2,467        372  
KOMIPO Iberian Solar Group, S.L.U.
         79,666        66,874        —         (931 ) 
Jeongam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         75,744        63,219        8,154        (958 ) 
KOWEPO Europe B.V.
         107        3,177        —         (44,685 ) 
Yeongdeok Sunrise Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         94,615        74,842        —         (383 ) 
KA Power Limited
         3,173        172        —         126  
Western Power Changgi Solar Co., Ltd.
         46,950        40,815        7,036        2,011  
EWP Australia Pty., Ltd.
         52,734        —         325        337  
Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd. (*4)
         311,259        213,822        10,072        3,217  
Digital Innovation Growth Fund
         11,624        96        —         (266 ) 
J Wind First, LLC
         52,304        52,304        2,540        —   
KEPCO Holding Company
         3,307        —         —         (23 ) 
KEPCO for Maintenance Company
         118        —         —         (45 ) 
KOSPO Trumbull LLC
         25        —         —         (10 ) 
Changjuk Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         24,364        3,049        6,230        744  
Chile Solar JV SpA
         98,705        75,472        9,050        (2,768 ) 
KEPCO KPS South Africa Pty., Ltd.
         9,222        4,236        8,512        834  
KOWEPO Holding Limited
         1,323        1,371        —         (49 ) 
 
  (*1)
Financial information of EWP America Inc. includes that of 4 other subsidiaries, EWP Renewable Corporation, and California Power Holdings LLC, EWP ESS Holdings, LLC, and Fairhaven ESS LLC.
 
  (*2)
Financial information of KOMIPO America Inc. includes that of 17 other subsidiaries including Elara Equity Holdings, LLC and CVS Equity Holdings, LLC.
 
  (*3)
Financial information of Energy New Industry Specialized Investment Private Investment Trust includes that of 6 other subsidiaries, BSK E-New Industry Fund VII, e-New Industry LB Fund 1, Songhyun e-New Industry Fund, BSK E-New Industry Fund X, UI Carbon-Neutrality Fund, and Magna Energy New Industrial Fund.
 
F-87
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(3)
Summary of financial information of consolidated subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
  (*4)
Financial information of Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd. includes that of 3 other subsidiaries including Columboola Solar Farm Nominees Pty., Ltd.
 
2024
  
Subsidiaries
          
Total
assets
     
Total

liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (loss)

for the period
  
           
In millions of won
  
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    ￦        72,508,359        47,082,862        13,447,880        567,267  
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
         13,203,109        6,447,903        6,527,922        382,336  
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
         14,849,596        9,513,087        7,088,426        225,196  
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
         13,309,836        7,708,730        6,193,922        361,725  
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
         13,184,059        7,101,465        6,430,487        311,530  
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
         12,287,969        5,592,569        5,322,832        467,885  
KEPCO Engineering & Construction Company, Inc.
         945,384        367,910        553,363        58,513  
KEPCO Plant Service & Engineering Co., Ltd.
         1,675,776        355,479        1,534,269        170,967  
KEPCO Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd.
         1,060,367        562,604        397,595        48,061  
KEPCO KDN Co., Ltd.
         846,361        222,119        781,646        215,791  
KEPCO International HongKong Ltd.
         149,757        1,611        —         7,596  
KEPCO International Philippines Inc.
         13,720        78        —         40,427  
KEPCO Gansu International Ltd.
         8,233        693        —         (5 ) 
KEPCO Philippines Holdings Inc.
         202,810        173        —         49,999  
KEPCO Philippines Corporation
         2,990        4        —         120  
KEPCO Ilijan Corporation
         58,752        615        —         4,549  
KEPCO Neimenggu International Ltd.
         323,519        4,839        —         10,891  
KEPCO Shanxi International Ltd.
         811,971        366,377        —         13,677  
KOMIPO Global Pte Ltd.
         454,052        2,716        —         15,618  
KEPCO Netherlands B.V.
         155,632        109        —         4,237  
KEPCO Australia Pty., Ltd.
         226        —         —         (4,017 ) 
KOSEP Australia Pty., Ltd.
         55,461        7,847        31,935        10,139  
KOMIPO Australia Pty., Ltd.
         94,760        3,214        31,935        6,253  
KOWEPO Australia Pty., Ltd.
         93,353        2,736        31,935        4,978  
KOSPO Australia Pty., Ltd.
         39,606        3,221        31,935        8,768  
KEPCO Middle East Holding Company
         136,740        129,721        —         (7,668 ) 
Qatrana Electric Power Company
         554,387        207,773        28,465        24,062  
KHNP Canada Energy Ltd.
         180,220        20,431        —         506  
KEPCO Bylong Australia Pty., Ltd.
         45,420        552,861        —         (69,620 ) 
Korea Waterbury Uranium Limited Partnership
         20,773        62        —         (142 ) 
KEPCO Holdings de Mexico
         670        3,025        —         (1,032 ) 
KST Electric Power Company, S.A.P.I. de C.V.
         654,086        532,766        67,656        24,713  
KEPCO Energy Service Company
         2,257        1,198        9,361        146  
KEPCO Netherlands S3 B.V.
         81,554        19,084        —         978  
PT. KOMIPO Pembangkitan Jawa Bali
         18,014        3,684        21,567        969  
PT. Cirebon Power Service
         3,004        823        10,515        586  
KOWEPO International Corporation
         —         11        —         —   
KOSPO Jordan LLC
         36,620        22,271        17,477        4,312  
EWP America Inc. (*1)
         49,381        3,120        14,888        332  
KNF Canada Energy Limited
         2,337        30        —         (67 ) 
EWP Barbados 1 SRL
         469,387        1,463        —         28,937  
Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         160,060        226,650        60,769        (31,941 ) 
PT. Tanggamus Electric Power
         232,963        155,119        6,136        4,216  
Gyeongju Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         87,987        41,547        18,550        5,817  
KOMIPO America Inc. (*2)
         633,218        328,237        18,806        9,662  
PT. EWP Indonesia
         101,015        84        —         6,115  
KEPCO Netherlands J3 B.V.
         174,130        15,748        —         7,378  
Korea Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         336,687        131,463        41,489        14,607  
 
F-88
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(3)
Summary of financial information of consolidated subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Subsidiaries
        
Total
assets
     
Total

liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (loss)

for the period
  
         
In millions of won
  
Global One Pioneer B.V.
    ￦      150        64        —         (130 ) 
Global Energy Pioneer B.V.
         363        69        —         (131 ) 
Mira Power Limited
         443,556        332,629        4,213        11,499  
KOSEP Material Co., Ltd.
         6,111        539        5,016        1,108  
Commerce and Industry Energy Co., Ltd.
         65,954        25,841        35,054        (3,638 ) 
KEPCO KPS Philippines Corp.
         6,403        594        7,372        422  
KOSPO Chile SpA
         186,200        83,705        —         (1,185 ) 
Hee Mang Sunlight Power Co., Ltd.
         5,875        2,355        567        46  
Fujeij Wind Power Company
         245,967        171,610        —         14,962  
KOSPO Youngnam Power Co., Ltd.
         371,946        257,626        412,037        10,275  
Chitose Solar Power Plant LLC
         93,435        78,709        14,453        2,553  
KEPCO ES Co., Ltd.
         318,648        6,087        6,384        8,758  
KEPCO Solar Co., Ltd.
         240,555        29,240        20,788        6,210  
KOSPO Power Services Ltda.
         8,118        6,363        17,005        1,924  
Energy New Industry Specialized Investment Private Investment Trust (*3)
         483,585        3,358        —         22,608  
KOEN Bylong Pty., Ltd.
         15        165        —         (12 ) 
KOMIPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.
         15        172        —         (17 ) 
KOWEPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.
         15        168        —         (17 ) 
KOSPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.
         202        425        —         (57 ) 
EWP Bylong Pty., Ltd.
         15        13        —         2  
KOWEPO Lao International
         17,335        2,247        11,891        4,823  
KEPCO Mangilao Holdings LLC
         99,669        52,732        810        (7,804 ) 
Mangilao Investment LLC
         224,646        18        —         —   
KEPCO Mangilao Solar, LLC
         226,509        247        16,907        3,634  
Jeju Hanlim Offshore Wind Co., Ltd.
         590,613        524,640        10,872        (5,067 ) 
PT. Siborpa Eco Power
         13,877        3        —         (38 ) 
PT. Korea Energy Indonesia
         9,146        5,524        4,550        1,171  
KOLAT SpA
         49,452        406        2,880        1,090  
KEPCO California, LLC
         52,627        7,464        645        (507 ) 
KEPCO Mojave Holdings, LLC
         101,912        90,646        —         (3,950 ) 
Incheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
         249,022        233,049        91,097        (5,805 ) 
KOEN Service Co., Ltd.
         10,072        7,186        39,482        323  
KOMIPO Service Co., Ltd.
         8,123        4,728        38,415        657  
KOWEPO Service Co., Ltd.
         8,422        6,678        40,875        314  
KOSPO Service Co., Ltd.
         7,199        4,593        32,422        949  
EWP Service Co., Ltd.
         5,291        3,851        27,101        27  
PT. KOMIPO Energy Indonesia
         5,177        1,273        6,433        874  
KNF partners Co., Ltd.
         2,875        1,182        6,700        286  
KOSPO USA Inc.
         725,984        321        —         (6,099 ) 
KOSPO Niles LLC (formerly, Nambu USA LLC)
         326,651        51        —         9,947  
Tamra Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         112,747        74,809        19,937        1,551  
KEPCO MCS Co., Ltd.
         94,305        67,881        292,011        (9,033 ) 
KEPCO FMS Co., Ltd.
         16,330        18,815        108,560        1,126  
Firstkeepers Co., Ltd.
         24,800        13,930        95,836        4,546  
Secutec Co., Ltd.
         17,416        11,980        78,011        1,968  
SE Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         126,012        93,330        41,251        178  
Mangilao Intermediate Holdings LLC
         230,079        126,833        —         (1,277 ) 
KEPCO CSC Co., Ltd.
         17,430        11,516        49,443        2,944  
KOAK Power Limited
         16,961        322        —         (75 ) 
KOMIPO Europe B.V.
         84,899        123        890        (6,403 ) 
Haenanum Energy Fund
         7,415        3        493        445  
 
F-89
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(3)
Summary of financial information of consolidated subsidiaries as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Subsidiaries
        
Total
assets
     
Total

liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (loss)

for the period
  
         
In millions of won
  
Paju Ecoenergy Co., Ltd.
    ￦      61,836        2,635        16,306        697  
Guam Ukudu Power LLC
         940,137        960,812        112,782        (39,280 ) 
K-SOLAR SHINAN Co., Ltd.
         279,204        263,030        34,148        907  
KPS Partners Co., Ltd.
         4,264        2,298        14,053        487  
KEPCO E&C Service Co., Ltd.
         8,437        1,738        16,861        1,578  
Moha solar Co., Ltd.
         25,946        28,391        —         (273 ) 
Ogiri Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         1,077        21        77        55  
KHNP USA LLC
         2,170        400        1,196        186  
KOMIPO Vanphong Power Service LLC
         39,147        3,592        26,235        9,951  
Energy Innovation Fund I
         40,554        894        —         (899 ) 
KHNP Chile SpA
         6,081        4,818        —         (60 ) 
Yeong Yang Apollon Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         1,422        1,324        194        (4 ) 
Yeong Yang Corporation Co., Ltd.
         1,403        1,314        190        (12 ) 
SolarVader Co., Ltd.
         1,413        1,317        195        (12 ) 
Yeong Yang Innovation Co., Ltd.
         1,407        1,314        188        1  
Yeong Yang Horus Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         1,395        1,314        184        (3 ) 
Yeong Yang Solar Management Co., Ltd.
         1,415        1,318        198        (23 ) 
LSG Hydro Power Limited
         629        12        —         (187 ) 
KOEN Bio Co., Ltd.
         1,179        683        1,570        90  
KOMIPO Iberian Solar Group, S.L.U.
         76,858        69,709        —         (3,786 ) 
Jeongam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         70,772        60,170        7,094        (2,113 ) 
KOWEPO Europe B.V.
         35        3,511        —         (181 ) 
Yeongdeok Sunrise Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         112,863        87,437        7,717        3,555  
KA Power Limited
         6,620        3,375        —         (207 ) 
Western Power Changgi Solar Co., Ltd.
         43,393        36,938        6,461        321  
EWP Australia Pty., Ltd.
         67,756        358        —         12,457  
Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd. (*4)
         342,603        222,480        8,349        20,622  
Digital Innovation Growth Fund
         11,989        172        —         1,745  
J Wind First, LLC
         54,456        54,456        2,992        —   
KEPCO Holding Company
         3,727        —         —         (35 ) 
KEPCO for Maintenance Company
         12,192        10,078        2,726        1,838  
KOSPO Trumbull LLC
         336,425        —         —         —   
Changjuk Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         25,434        2,815        5,983        686  
Chile Solar JV SpA
         96,796        81,288        9,862        (5,411 ) 
KEPCO KPS South Africa Pty., Ltd.
         10,784        4,688        19,713        266  
KOWEPO Holding Limited
         9,108        888        —         7,679  
KOSPO Rutile, LLC
         147        —         —         —   
Sprott Chile Solar I SpA
         8,682        27        —         1  
 
  (*1)
Financial information of EWP America Inc. includes that of 4 other subsidiaries, EWP Renewable Corporation, California Power Holdings LLC, EWP ESS Holdings, LLC, and Fairhaven ESS LLC.
 
  (*2)
Financial information of KOMIPO America Inc. includes that of 17 other subsidiaries including Elara Equity Holdings, LLC and CVS Equity Holdings, LLC.
 
  (*3)
Financial information of Energy New Industry Specialized Investment Private Investment Trust includes that of 6 other subsidiaries, BSK E-New Industry Fund VII, e-New Industry LB Fund 1, Songhyun e-New Industry Fund, BSK E-New Industry Fund X, UI Carbon-Neutrality Fund, and Magna Energy New Industrial Fund.
 
  (*4)
Financial information of Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd. includes that of 3 other subsidiaries including Columboola Solar Farm Nominees Pty., Ltd.
 
F-90
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(4)
Significant restrictions on abilities to subsidiaries are as follows:
 
Company
   
Nature and extent of any significant restrictions
Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Acquisition or disposal of assets of more than ￦10 billion, change in the capacity of cogeneration units (except for the change due to performance improvement of equipment, maintenance) will require unanimous consent of all directors of the entity.
KOSPO Youngnam Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends may be payable only when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. The Company’s shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of financial institutions.
Jeongam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends may be payable only when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied, and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Also, payments to the contracting party may be restricted depending on the financial management priority of the contract. The Company’s shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior consent of other stakeholders including shareholders or financial institutions.
Incheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
    Acquisition or disposal of assets of more than ￦20 billion, change in the capacity of cogeneration units (except for the change due to performance improvement of equipment, maintenance) will require unanimous consent of all directors of the entity.
Gyeongju Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends and settlement amounts for O&M and renewable energy certificate may be payable only when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied, and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Korea Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends and settlement amounts for renewable energy certificate may be payable only when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. The Company’s equity interest in the subsidiary may not be transferred either wholly or partially without prior written consent of financial institutions.
Jeju Hanlim Offshore Wind Co., Ltd.
    Prior approval from the lender is required when withdrawing funds (major expenditure, REC settlement, dividend payment, etc.) according to the loan agreement.
Yeongdeok Sunrise Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends may be payable only when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied.
Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd.
    Dividends may be payable only when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied.
Guam Ukudu Power LLC
    Dividends may be payable only when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Disposing or transferring assets either as a whole or as a part is restricted, and the Company’s equity interest in the subsidiary may not be transferred either wholly or partially without prior consent of other stakeholders including financial institutions.
Mira Power Limited
    The Company’s equity interest may not be transferred either wholly or partially without prior consent of other stakeholders.
Chile Solar JV SpA
    The Company’s equity interest may not be transferred either wholly or partially without prior consent of other stakeholders.
 
F-91
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(4)
Significant restrictions on abilities to subsidiaries are as follows, continued:
 
Company
   
Nature and extent of any significant restrictions
K-SOLAR SHINAN Co., Ltd.
    Dividends may be payable only when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. The Company’s equity interest may not be transferred either wholly or partially without prior consent of other stakeholders until five years have elapsed after the commencement of the operation.
Western Power Changgi Solar Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends to investors are only payable when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied, and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Also, the Company’s equity interest may not be transferred either wholly or partially without prior written consent of financial institutions.
Chitose Solar Power Plant LLC
    Capital expenditure may be incurred only upon prior consent of financial institutions. The issuance of securities to third parties, including current investors, is restricted, and the amount of paid-in capital cannot either increase, be written off or decrease.
Mangilao Intermediate Holdings LLC
    Changes or termination of the O&M contract, and delays in the EPC contract may not be made without the prior written consent of the majority of the lenders, and dividends can be implemented only after repayment of the loan is completed.
Fujeij Wind Power Company
    Incurring additional borrowings not specified in the loan agreement, or changing the PPA schedule or the EPC contract without the lender’s prior written consent is restricted. Also, commercial operation before acquiring wind turbine is restricted without prior consent from the EPC contractor. In addition, capital acquisition and new share issuance other than dividends payment to investors are restricted.
Qatrana Electric Power Company
    Dividends payment, repayment of capital investment, and settlement for O&M can only be made when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior consent of financial institutions is obtained.
KST Electric Power Company, S.A.P.I. de C.V.
    Disposal of assets exceeding $5 million per year is restricted, and the debt ratio is required to be maintained below 90%. Additionally, capital and cost expenditures that do not meet the conditions in the loan agreement are restricted.
 
(5)
As of December 31, 2024, the Company has following entitlements in relation to its subsidiaries as per its shareholder’s agreements:
 
Company
   
Unrecognized Commitments
Jeongam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    When the Company requests other shareholders to transfer shares after the completion of the power generation complex, the Company has a right to purchase the shares at fair value.
Changjuk Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    When other shareholders want to sell their shares after the performance guarantee period of wind power generators stipulated in the equipment supply contract is completed, the Company has an obligation to purchase the shares at fair value after consulting with the parties on the timing and size of the acquisition, taking in to account financial conditions, business conditions, and other circumstances.
Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd.
    The Company holds a call option to purchase the shares held by another shareholder at 80% of the stock’s valuation in the event of a breach of obligation specified in the shareholder agreement.
 
F-92
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(6)
Details of non-controlling interests prior to intra-Company eliminations as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
2022
  
Description
          
KEPCO Ilijan
Corporation
    
KEPCO Plant
Service &
Engineering
Co., Ltd.
    
KEPCO
Engineering &

Construction
Company, Inc.
    
Others
    
Total
  
           
In millions of won
  
Percentage of ownership
         49.00 %      49.00 %      33.92 %     
Current assets
    ￦        230,031       861,705       372,031       1,147,973       2,611,740  
Non-current assets
         1,101       693,748       443,502       4,942,229       6,080,580  
Current liabilities
         (3,642 )      (316,497 )      (243,796 )      (841,521 )      (1,405,456 ) 
Non-current liabilities
         —        (28,205 )      (28,323 )      (2,944,145 )      (3,000,673 ) 
Net assets
         227,490       1,210,751       543,414       2,304,536       4,286,191  
Book value of non-controlling interests
         111,470       593,268       184,326       565,796       1,454,860  
Sales
         23,263       1,425,913       505,291       1,709,390       3,663,857  
Profit for the year
         16,455       97,881       17,954       91,566       223,856  
Profit for the year attributable to non-controlling interests
         8,063       47,962       6,090       (24,370 )      37,745  
Cash flows from operating activities
         68,475       81,419       4,918       231,653       386,465  
Cash flows from investing activities
         22,604       27,372       18,712       (747,507 )      (678,819 ) 
Cash flows from financing activities before dividends to
non-controlling
interests
         (9,609 )      (33,187 )      (7,260 )      582,580       532,524  
Dividends to non-controlling interests
         (8,834 )      (26,438 )      (3,071 )      (4,001 )      (42,344 ) 
Effect of exchange rate fluctuation
         8,807       (486 )      5       (11,023 )      (2,697 ) 
Net increase of cash and cash equivalents
         81,443       48,680       13,304       51,702       195,129  
2023
  
Description
          
KEPCO Ilijan
Corporation
    
KEPCO Plant
Service &
Engineering
Co., Ltd.
    
KEPCO
Engineering &

Construction
Company, Inc.
    
Others
    
Total
  
           
In millions of won
  
Percentage of ownership
         49.00 %      49.00 %      48.76 %     
Current assets
    ￦        142,023       953,211       446,900       1,193,078       2,735,212  
Non-current assets
         688       632,169       407,804       4,639,760       5,680,421  
Current liabilities
         (252 )      (313,249 )      (249,899 )      (1,009,791 )      (1,573,191 ) 
Non-current liabilities
         (548 )      (5,348 )      (57,497 )      (2,737,589 )      (2,800,982 ) 
Net assets
         141,911       1,266,783       547,308       2,085,458       4,041,460  
Book value of non-controlling interests
         69,536       620,723       266,867       462,581       1,419,707  
Sales
         —        1,523,031       545,092       1,212,372       3,280,495  
Profit for the year
         3,718       161,849       32,654       63,145       261,366  
Profit for the year attributable to non-controlling interests
         1,822       79,306       15,922       9,355       106,405  
Cash flows from operating activities
         1,086       (35,492 )      39,985       368,415       373,994  
Cash flows from investing activities
         84       26,915       (19,345 )      (508,844 )      (501,190 ) 
Cash flows from financing activities before dividends to
non-controlling
interests
         (93,348 )      (36,433 )      (6,687 )      119,109       (17,359 ) 
Dividends to non-controlling interests
         (643 )      (28,775 )      (5,250 )      (20,866 )      (55,534 ) 
Effect of exchange rate fluctuation
         5,135       (454 )      (35 )      2,813       7,459  
Net increase (decrease) of cash and cash equivalents
         (87,686 )      (74,239 )      8,668       (39,373 )      (192,630 ) 
 
F-93
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(6)
Details of non-controlling interests prior to intra-Company eliminations as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Description
          
KEPCO
Ilijan
Corporation
    
KEPCO
Plant
Service &
Engineering
Co., Ltd.
    
KEPCO
Engineering &

Construction
Company, Inc.
    
Others
    
Total
  
     
 
In millions of won
 
Percentage of ownership
         49.00 %      49.00 %      48.76 %     
Current assets
    ￦        58,291       1,033,936       568,226       1,284,969       2,945,422  
Non-current assets
         461       641,840       377,158       4,814,101       5,833,560  
Current liabilities
         (280 )      (341,918 )      (359,629 )      (1,282,746 )      (1,984,573 ) 
Non-current liabilities
         (335 )      (13,561 )      (8,281 )      (2,578,521 )      (2,600,698 ) 
Net assets
         58,137       1,320,297       577,474       2,237,803       4,193,711  
Book value of non-controlling interests
         28,487       646,946       281,576       490,588       1,447,597  
Sales
         —        1,534,269       553,363       1,032,246       3,119,878  
Profit for the year
         4,549       170,967       58,513       120,682       354,711  
Profit for the year attributable to non-controlling interests
         2,229       83,774       28,531       15,736       130,270  
Cash flows from operating activities
         5,034       538,151       46,528       345,168       934,881  
Cash flows from investing activities
         —        (379,243 )      (31,761 )      (195,587 )      (606,591 ) 
Cash flows from financing activities before dividends to
non-controlling
interests
         (64,696 )      (63,535 )      (11,104 )      (161,447 )      (300,782 ) 
Dividends to non-controlling interests
         (36,759 )      (47,584 )      (9,552 )      (43,321 )      (137,216 ) 
Effect of exchange rate fluctuation
         12,321       1,362       447       28,762       42,892  
Net increase (decrease) of cash and cash equivalents
         (84,100 )      49,151       (5,442 )      (26,425 )      (66,816 ) 
 
(7)
Changes in goodwill
 
  (i)
Details of goodwill as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Acquisition cost
    ￦        101,738        101,761  
Less: Accumulated impairment
         (2,582 )       (2,582 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Carrying book value
    ￦        99,156        99,179  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
  (ii)
Changes in goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
          
2023
  
          
Beginning
    
Increase
     
Decrease
     
Impairment
    
Others
    
Ending
  
          
In millions of won
        
Acquisition cost
    ￦       100,093       1,859        —         —        (214 )      101,738  
Less: Accumulated impairment
        —        —         —         (2,582 )      —        (2,582 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Carrying book value
    ￦       100,093       1,859        —         (2,582 )      (214 )      99,156  
    
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
          
2024
  
          
Beginning
    
Increase
     
Decrease
     
Impairment
    
Others
    
Ending
  
          
In millions of won
  
Acquisition cost
    ￦       101,738       —         —         —        23       101,761  
Less: Accumulated impairment
        (2,582 )      —         —         —        —        (2,582 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Carrying book value
    ￦       99,156       —         —         —        23       99,179  
    
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-94
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
16.
Consolidated Subsidiaries, Continued
 
(8)
Disposals of subsidiaries
The Company has completed the liquidation process of PT. KOWEPO Sumsel Operation and Maintenance Services and KEPCO Lebanon SARL for the year ended December 31, 2024. In addition, the Company has completed the liquidation process of its subsidiaries KHNP Spain, S.L. and KEPCO US Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 
(9)
Cash dividends received from subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively, are as follows:
 
Subsidiaries
  
 
 
  
2022
 
  
2023
 
  
2024
 
 
  
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    ￦        136,010        1,560,120        —   
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
         4,808        340,710        —   
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
         24,694        291,558        —   
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
         —         344,756        —   
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
         —         293,027        —   
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
         4,866        300,436        —   
KEPCO Engineering & Construction Company, Inc.
         5,983        7,114        10,039  
KEPCO Plant Service & Engineering Co., Ltd.
         27,517        29,952        49,529  
KEPCO Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd.
         11,184        15,178        20,976  
KEPCO KDN Co., Ltd.
         36,986        185,549        —   
KEPCO ES Co., Ltd.
         1,707        9,480        3,180  
KEPCO Solar Co., Ltd.
         1,409        16,023        5,021  
KEPCO MCS Co., Ltd.
         —         15,353        —   
KEPCO International HongKong Ltd.
         9,044        5,962        7,753  
KEPCO Philippines Corporation
         2,375        24,246        —   
KEPCO Ilijan Corporation
         9,195        1,298        41,234  
KEPCO Philippines Holdings Inc.
         34,913        1,386        44,557  
KOSPO Australia Pty., Ltd.
         31,386        —         —   
KEPCO Netherlands B.V.
         16,795        3,124        4,638  
Qatrana Electric Power Company
         2,751        6,511        1,056  
KEPCO KPS Philippines Corp.
         302        —         —   
Tamra Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         2,877        3,863        —   
KEPCO Netherlands S3 B.V.
         4,005        2,477        —   
PT. KOMIPO Pembangkitan Jawa Bali
         859        578        603  
PT. EWP Indonesia
         4,262        —         9,555  
Gyeongju Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         2,100        6,300        —   
KOSPO Power Services Ltda
.
         305        1,201        —   
KEPCO Netherlands J3 B.V.
         46,510        13,144        8,820  
PT. Cirebon Power Service
         241        12,673        256  
Chitose Solar Power Plant LLC
         639        1,386        1,882  
Fujeij Wind Power Company
         15,102        6,047        8,563  
KOSPO Jordan LLC
         11,450        6,089        7,901  
EWP America Inc.
         3,887        —         1,039  
KOWEPO Lao International
         12,106        —         3,631  
KEPCO Neimenggu International Ltd.
         —         4,058        11,393  
KST Electric Power Company, S.A.P.I. de C.V.
         —         3,145        34,146  
KOMIPO Global Pte Ltd.
         —         31,066        —   
KOSPO Australia Pty., Ltd.
         —         12,558        —   
Changjuk Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         —         4,015        —   
EWP Barbados 1 SRL
         —         12,987        —   
KEPCO Energy Service Company
         —         629        310  
Chile Solar JV SpA
         —         1,127        —   
Haenanum Energy Fund
       —     —       443  
KEPCO International Philippines Inc.
       —     —       96,843  
KOSEP Australia Pty., Ltd.
       —     —       33,940  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        466,268        3,575,130        407,308  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-95
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
2023
  
Investees
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
Percentage of
ownership
        
Acquisition
cost
    
Book

value
  
   
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                              
Korea Gas Corporation
   Importing and wholesaling LNG   Korea   20.47%   ￦       94,500       1,970,643  
Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
   Electricity metering and others   Korea   29.00%       4,727       29,500  
YTN Co., Ltd. (*1)
   Broadcasting   Korea   21.43%       59,000       52,303  
Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*2)
   Power generation   Korea   15.00%       5,725       12,001  
Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation equipment consignment and operation service   Korea   29.00%       88,885       118,173  
Korea Power Exchange (*3)
   Management of power market and others   Korea   100.00%       127,839       274,286  
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*28)
   Power generation   Korea   67.25%       12,637       13,530  
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd. (*2)
   Power generation   Korea   6.85%       46,373       26,834  
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   27.00%       1,296       3,194  
SPC Power Corporation (*29)
   Power generation   Philippines   38.00%       20,635       78,931  
Gemeng International Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   China   42.00%       516,007       705,812  
PT. Cirebon Electric Power
   Power generation   Indonesia   27.50%       40,365       134,259  
KNOC Nigerian East Oil Co., Ltd. (*4)
   Resources development   Nigeria   14.63%       12       —   
KNOC Nigerian West Oil Co., Ltd. (*4)
   Resources development   Nigeria   14.63%       12       —   
PT Wampu Electric Power
   Power generation   Indonesia   46.00%       21,292       34,555  
PT. Bayan Resources TBK
   Resources development   Indonesia   20.00%       615,860       619,207  
S-Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   49.00%       132,300       162,765  
Pioneer Gas Power Limited
   Power generation   India   38.50%       49,831       —   
Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Laos   25.00%       87,426       116,378  
PT. Mutiara Jawa
   Manufacturing and operating floating coal terminal   Indonesia   29.00%       2,978       5,168  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd. (*5)
   Recycling fly ashes   Korea   25.54%       686       —   
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       1,740       —   
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       262,740       287,624  
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd. (*17)
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       261,000       254,929  
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   40.00%       72,000       145,026  
Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   28.00%       194       294  
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd. (*6)
   Power generation   Korea   33.61%       148,105       87,203  
Jinbhuvish Power Generation Pvt. Ltd. (*2)
   Power generation   India   5.16%       9,000       —   
Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   46.59%       5,190       1,483  
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   34.00%       204,000       259,085  
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       1,230       2,804  
Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       5,243       3,259  
Hansuwon KNP Co., Ltd.
   Electric material agency   Korea   28.98%       537       467  
Korea Electric Power Corporation Fund (*7)
   Developing electric enterprises   Korea   98.09%       20,847       23,421  
Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd. (*33)
   Asset management   Korea   9.90%       297       1,213  
Daegu clean Energy Co., Ltd.
   Renewable power generation   Korea   28.00%       140       —   
Yaksu ESS Co., Ltd.
   Installing ESS related equipment   Korea   29.00%       210       285  
Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited (*8,17)
   Construction and operation of utility plant   Nepal   68.88%       110,332       110,573  
Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   20.00%       26,800       24,638  
PND Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       1,250       1,510  
Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd. (*2)
   Power generation   Korea   19.00%       3,610       7,947  
YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd. (*2)
   Power generation   Korea   9.63%       533       133  
Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       1,189       8  
Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea   20.00%       300       170  
ITR Co., Ltd. (*32)
   R & D   Korea   10.00%       50       —   
STN Co., Ltd. (formerly, Structure test network Co., Ltd.)
   Technical testing and consulting   Korea   20.00%       25       391  
Indeck Niles Development, LLC
   Power generation   USA   50.00%       263,825       335,401  
Indeck Niles Asset Management, LLC
   Power generation   USA   33.33%       —        93  
Hanwha Corporation-linked Sunlight Power Special Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1
   Holding company   Korea   49.00%       6,482       6,496  
 
F-96
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
Percentage of
ownership
        
Acquisition
cost
    
Book

value
  
   
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                              
Suwon New Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   39.90%   ￦       798       1,022  
Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   44.00%       4,757       5,155  
Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.
   Fuel cell generation   Korea   40.00%       5,560       4,723  
SureDataLab Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea   23.95%       126       114  
SEP Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea   21.26%       27       —   
Hankook Electric Power Information Co., Ltd. (*13)
   R & D   Korea   16.49%       38       214  
Tronix Co., Ltd. (*13)
   R & D   Korea   12.50%       75       220  
O2&B Global Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea   20.00%       25       21  
Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   20.00%       1,570       2,822  
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.90%       1       —   
Goesan Solar Park Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       1,276       2,877  
Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   35.00%       11,022       14,420  
Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   49.25%       7,880       12,394  
Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   30.00%       714       246  
Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   42.58%       706       941  
Muan Solar park Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   20.00%       4,400       6,830  
YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   20.00%       360       570  
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   20.00%       5,651       7,665  
KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd. (formerly, Daewon Green Energy Co., Ltd.)
   Power generation   Korea   25.36%       3,910       7,779  
G.GURU Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea   24.65%       493       167  
UD4M Co., Ltd. (*10)
   R & D   Korea   12.50%       75       150  
Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   20.00%       190       380  
Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   20.00%       195       406  
Korea Energy Data Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea   29.37%       60       36  
Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   41.00%       5,695       7,870  
KOSTURE Co., Ltd. (*2)
   Coal recycling business   Korea   4.42%       7       8  
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   34.00%       12,570       19,426  
Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   45.00%       9,540       8,900  
Yeomsubong Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*11)
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       1,411       871  
Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II
   Power generation   Korea   30.00%       7,965       10,100  
Haeparang Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   25.00%       2,241       2,104  
Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd. (*12)
   Power generation   Korea   55.14%       21,037       37,191  
Boulder Solar III, LLC
   Power generation   USA   30.00%       715       754  
PlatformN. Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea   29.58%       105       —   
PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana (*9)
   Power generation   Indonesia   10.00%       26,710       76,597  
Green Radiation Co., Ltd. (*13)
   R & D   Korea   10.00%       20       26  
Future Convergence Technology Laboratory. Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea   20.12%       76       36  
Eco Motion Co., Ltd. (formerly, SC E&G. Co,. Ltd.)
   R & D   Korea   20.00%       90       267  
REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (*33)
   R & D   Korea   16.67%       81       120  
ACE
   R & D   Korea   20.00%       25       2  
Environment and Energy Co., Ltd. (*13)
   R & D   Korea   10.54%       11       9  
Santiago Solar Power SpA
   Power generation   Chile   50.00%       13,851       11,769  
Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       904       760  
Power Embedded
   R & D   Korea   23.33%       70       70  
Changwon SG Energy Co., Ltd. (*13)
   Power generation   Korea   18.78%       900       783  
Donpyung Technology. Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea   20.00%       125       254  
HORANG ENERGY Inc.
   Power generation   Korea   40.00%       4,240       4,149  
Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd
   Power generation   Korea   36.12%       2,375       2,375  
Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   35.00%       4,771       2,981  
Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd. (*21)
   Power generation   Korea   60.00%       8,400       8,323  
         
 
 
    
 
 
  
        ￦       3,509,099       6,176,889  
         
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-97
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
Percentage of
ownership
        
Acquisition
cost
    
Book

value
  
   
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                              
Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V.
   Holding company   Netherlands   49.00%   ￦       44,405       69,902  
Shuweihat Asia Operation & Maintenance Company (*14)
   Maintenance of utility plant   Cayman   55.00%       30       1,818  
Waterbury Lake Uranium L.P. (*15)
   Resources development   Canada   30.65%       26,602       22,612  
ASM-BG Investicii AD
   Power generation   Bulgaria   50.00%       9,846       14,739  
RES Technology AD
   Power generation   Bulgaria   50.00%       11,922       14,383  
KV Holdings, Inc. (*29)
   Power generation   Philippines   40.00%       2,103       5,186  
KEPCO SPC Power Corporation (*14,29)
   Construction and operation of utility plant   Philippines   75.20%       94,579       196,544  
Gansu Datang Yumen Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   China   40.00%       16,621       6,315  
Datang Chifeng Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   China   40.00%       121,928       186,739  
Datang KEPCO Chaoyang Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   China   40.00%       39,872       43,207  
Rabigh Electricity Company
   Power generation   Saudi arabia   40.00%       109,743       235,051  
Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited
   Maintenance of utility plant   Saudi arabia   40.00%       70       4,964  
Jamaica Public Service Company Limited
   Power generation   Jamaica   40.00%       301,910       349,866  
KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.
   Manufacturing   Korea   45.00%       833       18,680  
Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   25.00%       2,100       6,669  
Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd. (*16)
   Exporting products and technology of small or medium business by proxy   Korea   29.00%       290       615  
Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   50.00%       1,856       5,187  
Amman Asia Electric Power Company (*14)
   Power generation   Jordan   60.00%       111,476       223,424  
KAPES, Inc. (*14)
   R & D   Korea   51.00%       5,629       —   
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       3,480       4,743  
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
   Construction and service   Korea   29.00%       290       5,708  
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.90%       52,700       35,083  
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*16)
   Power generation   Korea   15.00%       3,000       3,443  
Nghi Son 2 Power LLC
   Power generation   Vietnam   50.00%       175,261       417,989  
Kelar S.A. (*14)
   Power generation   Chile   65.00%       78,060       131,529  
PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia
   Power generation   Indonesia   35.00%       57,039       90,151  
Incheon New Power Co., Ltd. (*18)
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       461       298  
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       15,370       16,591  
Daehan Wind Power PSC
   Power generation   Jordan   50.00%       7,493       16,426  
Barakah One Company (*19)
   Power generation   UAE   18.00%       118       —   
Nawah Energy Company (*19)
   Operation of utility plant   UAE   18.00%       296       330  
MOMENTUM
   International thermonuclear experimental reactor construction management   France   33.33%       1       209  
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd. (*20)
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       46,225       26,430  
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   46.00%       17,475       23,380  
Chester Solar IV SpA
   Power generation   Chile   45.00%       1,700       484  
Chester Solar V SpA
   Power generation   Chile   45.00%       525       191  
Diego de Almagro Solar SpA
   Power generation   Chile   45.00%       2,091       954  
South Jamaica Power Company Limited
   Power generation   Jamaica   20.00%       20,430       43,109  
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   35.00%       17,850       22,191  
RE Holiday Holdings LLC
   Power generation   USA   50.00%       42,948       84,092  
RE Pioneer Holdings LLC
   Power generation   USA   50.00%       27,891       54,081  
RE Barren Ridge 1 Holdings LLC
   Power generation   USA   50.00%       28,021       58,154  
RE Astoria 2 LandCo LLC
   Power generation   USA   50.00%       5,188       6,937  
RE Barren Ridge LandCo LLC
   Power generation   USA   50.00%       2,187       2,441  
Laurel SpA
   Power generation   Chile   45.00%       1,222       613  
KIAMCO KOWEPO Bannerton Hold Co Pty Ltd (*16)
   Power generation   Australia   12.37%       4,095       3,719  
Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*15)
   Power generation   Korea   29.01%       3,200       3,756  
Chester Solar I SpA
   Power generation   Chile   45.00%       1,181       1,238  
Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation
   Power generation   Philippines   38.00%       47,903       58,130  
 
F-98
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
Percentage of
ownership
        
Acquisition
cost
    
Book

value
  
   
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                              
Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd. (*21)
   Power generation   Korea   81.01%   ￦       26,400       23,419  
Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd. (*16)
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       2,900       2,665  
Jaeun Resident Wind Power Plant Co., Ltd. (*16)
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       2,494       2,214  
DE Energia SpA
   Power generation   Chile   49.00%       8,364       9,703  
Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   34.00%       25,661       26,753  
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   49.00%       2,940       3,122  
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   50.00%       12,000       10,435  
HORUS SOLAR, S.A. DE C.V. (*22)
   Renewable power generation   Mexico   14.95%       5,068       11,181  
RECURSOS SOLARES PV DE MEXICO II, S.A. DE C.V. (*22)
   Renewable power generation   Mexico   14.95%       3,678       10,935  
SUNMEX RENOVABLES, S.A. DE C.V. (*22)
   Renewable power generation   Mexico   14.95%       1,678       3,541  
Stavro Holding II A.B.
   Holding company   Sweden   20.00%       18,566       18,263  
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   39.00%       7,020       17,953  
Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd. (*16)
   Power generation   Korea   19.00%       6,460       9,637  
Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*16)
   Power generation   Korea   19.00%       2,637       3,022  
Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.
   Power generation   Malaysia   25.00%       24,339       25,603  
NH-Amundi Global Infrastructure Investment Private Investment Trust 21
   Holding company   Korea   29.53%       19,897       21,897  
Shin-han BNPP Private Investment Trust for East-West Sunlight Dream (*14)
   Holding company   Korea   90.00%       14,916       15,487  
PT Barito Wahana Tenaga
   Power generation   Indonesia   30.61%       59,574       156,994  
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd. (*21)
   Generating and distributing vapor and hot/cold water   Korea   50.10%       49,344       25,549  
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.20%       29,200       5,285  
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Dayone Energy Co., Ltd.) (*23)
   Power generation   Korea   30.66%       71,070       —   
OneEnergy Asia Limited
   Power generation   Vietnam   40.00%       195,130       289,966  
KAS INVESTMENT I LLC (*15)
   Holding company   USA   29.89%       23,437       15,784  
KAS INVESTMENT II LLC (*15)
   Holding company   USA   29.89%       23,343       15,709  
Energyco Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       1,659       2,140  
CAES, LLC
   Holding company   USA   36.00%       19,414       20,380  
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc. (*16)
   Power generation   Korea   49.00%       7,512       10,348  
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   28.02%       510       1,058  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   27.10%       352       352  
Pulau Indah O&M Sdn. Bhd. (*24)
   Power generation   Malaysia   60.00%       —        —   
Guadalupe Solar SpA (*24)
   Power generation   Chile   60.00%       1,397       1,200  
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   42.00%       10,752       10,229  
Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding, S.L. (*24)
   Power generation   Spain   75.00%       10,564       8,119  
Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       3,089       4,024  
Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       386       569  
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       5,858       9,072  
Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC
   Power generation   Korea   20.00%       2,211       2,542  
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       6,531       5,515  
KEPCO KPS CARABAO Corp. (*18)
   Utility plant maintenance   Philippines   40.00%       93       —   
Prime Swedish Holding AB
   Holding company   Sweden   45.00%       36,227       38,789  
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   46.15%       12,959       15,736  
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd. (*24,30)
   Power generation   Korea   75.29%       19,091       22,429  
CapMan Lynx SCA, SICAR
   Holding company   Luxembourg   50.00%       9,601       —   
International Offshore Power Transmission Holding Company Limited
   Undersea transmission network operation   UAE   35.00%       —        1,423  
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*27)
   Power generation   Korea   58.00%       9,329       12,228  
Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea   29.00%       5,741       8,386  
Changwon Nu-ri Energy Co., Ltd. (*16)
   Fuel cell generation   Korea   61.00%       8,095       8,027  
PungBack Wind Farm Corporation (*26)
   Power generation   Korea   32.89%       7,885       7,940  
 
F-99
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
Percentage of
ownership
          
Acquisition
cost
    
Book

value
  
   
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                
Trumbull Asset Management, LLC (*27)
   Holding company   USA     78.00%     ￦       1       936  
S-Power Chile SpA
   Power generation   Chile     50.00%         127       64  
Seungmun Green Energy
   Power generation   Korea     33.00%         8,973       9,757  
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd. (*25)
   Power generation   Korea     80.00%         3,020       3,580  
Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.(*15)
   Power generation   Korea     29.00%         10,498       9,608  
KEPCO for Power Company (*34)
   Power generation   Saudi arabia     60.00%         3,083       435  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*35)
   Power generation   Korea     60.00%         11,494       13,932  
Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd.(*24)
   Power generation   Korea     65.00%         3,250       3,195  
Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00%         3,663       3,663  
Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd. (*36)
   Power generation   Korea     18.71%         1,560       1,560  
Hadong E-factory Co., Ltd.(*15)
   Power generation   Korea     29.99%
      350       349  
Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd. (*37)
   Generating and distributing vapor and hot/cold water   Korea     55.00%         3,850       3,850  
Wadi Noor Solar Power Company SAOC
   Power generation   Oman     50.00%         847       846  
Fairhaven Energy Storage LLC (*31)
   Power generation   USA     35.00%         —        —   
         
 
 
    
 
 
  
            2,431,604       3,485,699  
         
 
 
    
 
 
  
        ￦       5,940,703       9,662,588  
         
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
(*1)
The Company is planning to sell its investments in YTN Co., Ltd. based on the resolution of the Board of Directors on November 23, 2022, but investments in YTN Co., Ltd. are not classified as assets held-for-sale as the Company hasn’t started the active selling procedures as of December 31, 2023.
 
(*2)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the Company can exercise significant influence by virtue of its contractual right to appoint directors to the board of directors of the entity, and by strict decision criteria of the Company’s financial and operating policy of the board of directors.
 
(*3)
The effective percentage of ownership is 100%. However, the Government regulates the Company’s ability to make operating and financial decisions over the entity, as the Government requires maintaining arms-length transactions between KPX and the Company’s other subsidiaries. Accordingly, the entity is not classified as a consolidated subsidiary. The Company can exercise significant influence by virtue of right to nominate directors to the board of directors of the entity.
 
(*4)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the Company can exercise significant influence by virtue of its contractual right to appoint one out of four members of the steering committee of the entity. Moreover, the Company has significant financial transactions, which can affect its significant influence on the entity.
 
(*5)
Although the nominal percentage of ownership is 2.35%, the effective percentage of ownership is 25.54%, considering redeemable convertible preferred stock as a liability component. The redeemable convertible preferred stock has been repaid in the current period.
 
(*6)
The effective percentage of ownership is 34.01% considering the conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock into ordinary stock.
 
(*7)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but the Company does not hold control over relevant business while it exercises significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision Committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.
 
(*8)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but the Company does not hold control over the entity according to the shareholders’ agreement. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.
 
(*9)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the entity is classified as an associate because the Company exercises significant influence over the decisions related to finance and operation.
 
(*10)
The effective percentage of ownership is 14.29% due to the acquisition of treasury stocks. The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the Company exercises significant influence over the decisions related to finance and operation by virtue of right to nominate directors to the board of directors of the entity.
 
F-100
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
(*11)
The effective percentage of ownership increased due to the disproportionate paid-in capital increase.
 
(*12)
The effective percentage of ownership decreased due to the disproportionate paid-in capital increase during the year ended December 31, 2023. The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but the Company does not hold control over relevant business while it exercises significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision Committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.
 
(*13)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the entity is classified as an associate because the Company exercises significant influence over the entity.
 
(*14)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, according to the shareholders’ agreement, all critical financial and operating decisions must be agreed to by all ownership parties and the Company can exercise same voting rights as other shareholders at the board of directors. Accordingly, the entities are classified as joint ventures.
 
(*15)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, the entity is classified as a joint venture, because all consent was required to make decisions on related activities.
 
(*16)
According to the shareholders’ agreement, the parties have joint control over all decisions related to finance and operation. Accordingly, the entity is classified as joint ventures.
 
(*17)
The effective percentage of ownership changed due to the disproportionate capital reduction of financial investors during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 
(*18)
The joint arrangement which the Company has joint control is structured through a separate company. The parties have joint control over the joint arrangement are classified as joint ventures, judging that they have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.
 
(*19)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as joint ventures.
 
(*20)
Although the nominal percentage of ownership is 29%, the effective percentage of ownership is 54.24%, considering the interest of financial investors as a liability component.
 
(*21)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.
 
(*22)
The percentage of effective ownership is more than 20%. However, according to the shareholders’ agreement, decisions related principal operation must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.
 
(*23)
According to the REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co,. Ltd.). Investment Agreement signed in March 2011, the Company has a commitment to guarantee principal and certain returns on shares of REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co,. Ltd.). held by NH Power 2nd Co., Ltd. and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation. Since NH Power 2nd Co., Ltd. and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation have put option regarding their share of the entity, the Company was deemed to have acquired an additional 15.64% stake. As a result, the effective percentage of ownership is 46.3% in the current and prior period. In accordance with shareholders’ agreement signed during the current period, the Company has joint control with other investors in making important financial and operation decisions, so it has been reclassified from an associate to a joint venture.
 
(*24)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.
 
(*25)
Due to the changes in the agreement, the Company lost its control over the entity. Accordingly, the entity is reclassified to a joint venture from a subsidiary. Although the effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all members of the board of directors.
 
(*26)
The effective percentage of ownership is 37%, considering potential common stock.
 
(*27)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all members of the board of directors. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.
 
(*28)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, by the shareholders’ agreement, the Company does not hold control over relevant business while it exercises significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.
 
(*29)
The Company is planning to sell its investment in SPC Power Corporation, KEPCO SPC Power Corporation, and KV Holdings, Inc. The timing of and proceeds from such sales transaction is not specified as of December 31, 2023.
 
F-101
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
(*30)
The nominal percentage of ownership is 75.29% and the effective percentage of ownership is 56.91%, as the Company has an obligation to provide excessive dividend income to Gunsan City when a certain rate of return defined in the shareholders’ agreement is met.
 
(*31)
Although the investment has not yet been paid, commitment to pay 35% of investment in the future has been made.
 
(*32)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%, the entity has been classified as an associate as the Company has significant influence on the entity considering the fact that ordinary resolutions passed at the shareholders’ meeting require the majority decision and the Company has the right to elect the entity’s directors.
 
(*33)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%, the Company can exercise significant influence on the entity through its contractual right to appoint one director to the entity’s board of directors.
 
(*34)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is reclassified as a joint venture since the entity’s material financial and operational decisions require unanimous agreement of members in the board of directors due to the shareholders’ agreement concluded during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 
(*35)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is reclassified as a joint venture considering the minimum number of the entity’s board of directors’ members required to agree for making decision on material financial and operational policies, as the joint shareholders’ agreement changed during the year ended December 31, 2023.
 
(*36)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%, the entity is reclassified as a joint venture considering the Company can exercise significant influence on the entity due to the Company’s contractual right to appoint a director to the entity’s board of directors and the minimum number of the entity’s board of directors members required to agree for making decision on material financial and operational policies in accordance with the joint shareholders’ agreement .
 
(*37)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is classified as a joint venture since the entity’s material financial and operational decisions require unanimous agreement of members in the board of directors.
 
2024
  
Investees
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
Percentage of
ownership
          
Acquisition
cost
    
Book

value
  
   
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                
Korea Gas Corporation (*9)
   Importing and wholesaling LNG   Korea     20.47 %    ￦       94,500       2,289,304  
Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
   Electricity metering and others   Korea     29.00 %        4,727       30,177  
Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*1)
   Power generation   Korea     15.00 %        5,725       11,693  
Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation equipment consignment and operation service   Korea     29.00 %        88,885       87,393  
Korea Power Exchange (*2)
   Management of power market and others   Korea     100.00 %        127,839       273,962  
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*26)
   Power generation   Korea     67.25 %        12,637       13,559  
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd. (*1)
   Power generation   Korea     6.85 %        46,373       31,093  
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     27.00 %        1,296       2,165  
SPC Power Corporation (*27)
   Power generation   Philippines     38.00 %        20,635       107,574  
Gemeng International Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   China     42.00 %        516,007       728,338  
PT. Cirebon Electric Power
   Power generation   Indonesia     27.50 %        40,365       157,530  
KNOC Nigerian East Oil Co., Ltd. (*3)
   Resources development   Nigeria     14.63 %        12       —   
KNOC Nigerian West Oil Co., Ltd. (*3)
   Resources development   Nigeria     14.63 %        12       —   
PT Wampu Electric Power
   Power generation   Indonesia     46.00 %        21,292       39,268  
PT. Bayan Resources TBK
   Resources development   Indonesia     20.00 %        615,860       717,376  
S-Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     49.00 %        132,300       180,372  
Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Laos     25.00 %        87,426       73,065  
PT. Mutiara Jawa
   Manufacturing and operating floating coal terminal   Indonesia     29.00 %        2,978       5,735  
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        1,740       —   
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        262,740       284,542  
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        261,000       241,814  
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     40.00 %        72,000       139,059  
Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     28.00 %        194       360  
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd. (*4)
   Power generation   Korea     33.61 %        148,105       91,351  
 
F-102
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
Percentage of
ownership
          
Acquisition
cost
    
Book

value
  
   
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                
Jinbhuvish Power Generation Pvt. Ltd. (*1)
   Power generation   India     5.16 %    ￦       9,000       —   
Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     46.59 %        5,190       1,490  
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     34.00 %        204,000       279,432  
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        1,230       2,535  
Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        5,243       2,334  
Hansuwon KNP Co., Ltd.
   Electric material agency   Korea     28.98 %        537       674  
Korea Electric Power Corporation Fund (*5)
   Developing electric enterprises   Korea     98.09 %        11,210       13,353  
Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd. (*31)
   Asset management   Korea     9.90 %        297       1,268  
YaksuESS Co., Ltd.
   Installing ESS related equipment   Korea     29.00 %        210       162  
Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited (*6)
   Construction and operation of utility plant   Nepal     68.88 %        110,332       170,955  
Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     20.00 %        26,800       24,217  
PND solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        1,250       1,735  
Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd. (*1)
   Power generation   Korea     19.00 %        3,610       8,493  
YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd. (*1)
   Power generation   Korea     9.63 %        533       41  
Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        1,189       —   
Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea     20.00 %        300       197  
ITR Co., Ltd. (*30)
   R & D   Korea     8.70 %        50       —   
STN Co., Ltd.
   Technical testing and consulting   Korea     20.00 %        25       407  
Indeck Niles Development, LLC
   Power generation   USA     50.00 %        249,274       370,970  
Indeck Niles Asset Management, LLC
   Power generation   USA     33.33 %        —        60  
Hanwha Corporation-linked Sunlight Power Special Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1
   Holding company   Korea     49.00 %        6,108       6,119  
Suwon New Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     39.90 %        798       914  
Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     44.00 %        4,757       5,155  
Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.
   Fuel cell generation   Korea     40.00 %        5,560       5,301  
SureDataLab Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea     23.95 %        126       48  
SEP Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea     21.26 %        27       —   
Hankook Electric Power Information Co., Ltd. (*11)
   R & D   Korea     16.16 %        38       212  
Tronix Co., Ltd. (*11)
   R & D   Korea     12.50 %        75       146  
O2&B Global Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea     20.00 %        25       —   
Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     20.00 %        1,570       2,772  
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd. (*29)
   Power generation   Korea     27.31 %        11,214       7,908  
Goesan Solar Park Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        1,276       3,133  
Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     35.00 %        11,022       16,137  
Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     49.25 %        7,880       13,701  
Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     30.00 %        714       250  
Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     42.58 %        706       1,030  
Muan Solar park Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     20.00 %        4,400       6,267  
YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     20.00 %        360       617  
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     20.00 %        5,651       8,298  
KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     25.36 %        3,910       8,230  
G.GURU Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea     24.65 %        493       34  
UD4M Co., Ltd. (*8)
   R & D   Korea     12.50 %        75       121  
Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     20.00 %        190       512  
Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     20.00 %        195       579  
Korea Energy Data Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea     29.37 %        60       23  
Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     41.00 %        5,695       9,306  
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     34.00 %        12,570       22,909  
Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     45.00 %        9,540       17,672  
Yeomsubong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        1,411       603  
Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II
   Power generation   Korea     30.00 %        7,965       11,301  
Haeparang Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     25.00 %        2,241       1,950  
Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd. (*10)
   Power generation   Korea     55.14 %        21,037       37,110  
PlatformN. Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea     29.58 %        105       —   
 
F-103
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
Percentage of
ownership
          
Acquisition
cost
    
Book

value
  
   
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                
PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana (*7)
   Power generation   Indonesia     10.00 %    ￦       26,710       96,846  
Green Radiation Co., Ltd. (*11)
   R & D   Korea     9.00 %        20       —   
Future Convergence Technology Laboratory. Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea     20.12 %        76       22  
Eco Motion Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea     20.00 %        90       229  
REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (*31)
   R & D   Korea     11.04 %        81       155  
ACE
   R & D   Korea     20.00 %        25       5  
Environment and Energy Co., Ltd. (*11)
   R & D   Korea     10.54 %        11       3  
Santiago Solar Power SpA
   Power generation   Chile     50.00 %        13,851       6,961  
Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        904       846  
Power Embedded
   R & D   Korea     23.33 %        70       68  
Changwon SG Energy Co., Ltd. (*11)
   Power generation   Korea     18.78 %        900       682  
Donpyung Technology. Co., Ltd.
   R & D   Korea     20.00 %        125       281  
HORANG ENERGY Inc.
   Power generation   Korea     40.00 %        4,240       3,808  
Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd
   Power generation   Korea     36.12 %        2,375       2,375  
Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     35.00 %        4,771       2,810  
Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd. (*6)
   Power generation   Korea     60.00 %        8,400       7,908  
SkyPic Inc.
   R & D   Korea     20.00 %        26       26  
HyChangwon Fuel Cell. Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     40.00 %        9,396       9,278  
Dreams Co.,Ltd. (*11)
   R & D   Korea     11.00 %        11       11  
DEEPAI Co.,Ltd. (*11, 36)
   R & D   Korea     1.20 %        11       11  
Amaala Sustainable Company for Energy LLC (*7)
   Power generation   Saudi Arabia     10.00 %        18       18  
         
 
 
    
 
 
  
        ￦       3,394,833       6,704,754  
         
 
 
    
 
 
  
<Joint ventures>
                                
Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V.
   Holding company   Netherlands     49.00 %    ￦       44,405       86,450  
Shuweihat Asia Operation & Maintenance Company (*12)
   Maintenance of utility plant   Cayman     55.00 %        30       2,138  
Waterbury Lake Uranium L.P. (*13)
   Resources development   Canada     29.68 %        20,753       23,756  
ASM-BG Investicii AD
   Power generation   Bulgaria     50.00 %        9,846       16,936  
RES Technology AD
   Power generation   Bulgaria     50.00 %        11,922       15,069  
KV Holdings, Inc. (*27)
   Power generation   Philippines     40.00 %        2,103       6,921  
KEPCO SPC Power Corporation (*12,27)
   Construction and operation of utility plant   Philippines     60.00 %        94,579       159,139  
Gansu Datang Yumen Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   China     40.00 %        16,621       7,919  
Datang Chifeng Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   China     40.00 %        121,928       204,516  
Datang KEPCO Chaoyang Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   China     40.00 %        39,872       48,325  
Rabigh Electricity Company(*13)
   Power generation   Saudi arabia     40.00 %        109,743       269,893  
Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited
   Maintenance of utility plant   Saudi arabia     40.00 %        70       8,311  
Jamaica Public Service Company Limited
   Power generation   Jamaica     40.00 %        301,910       412,616  
KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.
   Manufacturing   Korea     45.00 %        833       18,758  
Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     25.00 %        2,100       6,993  
Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd. (*14)
   Exporting products and technology of small or medium business by proxy   Korea     29.00 %        290       696  
Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     50.00 %        1,856       5,771  
Amman Asia Electric Power Company (*12)
   Power generation   Jordan     60.00 %        111,476       268,864  
KAPES, Inc. (*12)
   R & D   Korea     51.00 %        5,629       —   
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        3,480       4,833  
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
   Construction and service   Korea     29.00 %        290       6,054  
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.90 %        52,700       36,599  
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*14)
   Power generation   Korea     15.00 %        3,000       3,729  
Nghi Son 2 Power LLC
   Power generation   Vietnam     50.00 %        175,261       563,079  
Kelar S.A. (*12)
   Power generation   Chile     65.00 %        78,060       152,367  
PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia
   Power generation   Indonesia     35.00 %        57,039       100,580  
Incheon New Power Co., Ltd. (*16)
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        461       302  
 
F-104
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
Percentage of
ownership
          
Acquisition
cost
    
Book

value
  
   
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %    ￦       15,370       15,456  
Daehan Wind Power PSC
   Power generation   Jordan     50.00 %        7,493       21,327  
Barakah One Company (*17)
   Power generation   UAE     18.00 %        118       —   
Nawah Energy Company (*17)
   Operation of utility plant   UAE     18.00 %        296       392  
MOMENTUM
  
International thermonuclear
experimental reactor construction
management
 		  France     33.33 %        1       195  
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd. (*18)
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        46,225       30,513  
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     46.00 %        17,475       26,146  
Chester Solar IV SpA (*15)
   Power generation   Chile     90.00 %        2,776       1,452  
Chester Solar V SpA (*15)
   Power generation   Chile     90.00 %        634       262  
Diego de Almagro Solar SpA (*15)
   Power generation   Chile     90.00 %        2,902       1,700  
South Jamaica Power Company Limited
   Power generation   Jamaica     20.00 %        20,430       48,760  
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     35.00 %        17,850       25,331  
RE Holiday Holdings LLC
   Power generation   USA     50.00 %        42,948       89,780  
RE Pioneer Holdings LLC
   Power generation   USA     50.00 %        27,891       55,622  
RE Barren Ridge 1 Holdings LLC
   Power generation   USA     50.00 %        28,021       59,806  
RE Astoria 2 LandCo LLC
   Power generation   USA     50.00 %        5,188       8,119  
RE Barren Ridge LandCo LLC
   Power generation   USA     50.00 %        2,187       2,857  
Laurel SpA (*15)
   Power generation   Chile     90.00 %        2,156       1,432  
KIAMCO KOWEPO Bannerton Hold Co Pty Ltd (*14)
   Power generation   Australia     12.37 %        4,095       1,149  
Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*13)
   Power generation   Korea     29.01 %        3,200       4,317  
Chester Solar I SpA (*15)
   Power generation   Chile     90.00 %        1,316       1,649  
Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation
   Power generation   Philippines     38.00 %        47,903       63,695  
Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd. (*19)
   Power generation   Korea     81.01 %        26,400       23,277  
Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd. (*14)
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        2,900       2,590  
Jaeun Resident Wind Power Plant Co., Ltd. (*14)
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        2,494       2,045  
DE Energia SpA
   Power generation   Chile     49.00 %        8,364       11,062  
Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     34.00 %        25,661       26,867  
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     49.00 %        2,940       3,230  
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     50.00 %        12,000       11,640  
HORUS SOLAR, S.A. DE C.V. (*20)
   Renewable power generation   Mexico     14.95 %        5,068       1,488  
RECURSOS SOLARES PV DE MEXICO II, S.A. DE C.V. (*20)
   Renewable power generation   Mexico     14.95 %        3,678       4,452  
SUNMEX RENOVABLES, S.A. DE C.V. (*20)
   Renewable power generation   Mexico     14.95 %        1,678       1,687  
Stavro Holding II A.B.
   Holding company   Sweden     20.00 %        18,566       16,459  
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     39.00 %        7,020       22,793  
Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd. (*14)
   Power generation   Korea     19.00 %        6,460       11,828  
Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*14)
   Power generation   Korea     19.00 %        2,637       2,851  
Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.
   Power generation   Malaysia     25.00 %        39,052       50,721  
NH-Amundi Global Infrastructure Investment Private Investment Trust 21
   Holding company   Korea     29.53 %        20,857       15,433  
Shin-han BNPP Private Investment Trust for East-West Sunlight Dream (*12)
   Holding company   Korea     90.00 %        14,848       15,496  
PT Barito Wahana Tenaga
   Power generation   Indonesia     30.61 %        59,574       207,565  
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd. (*19)
   Generating and distributing vapor and hot/cold water   Korea     50.10 %        49,344       46,158  
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.20 %        29,200       48,031  
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd. (*21)
   Power generation   Korea     30.66 %        71,070       —   
OneEnergy Asia Limited
   Power generation   Vietnam     40.00 %        258,011       465,349  
KAS INVESTMENT I LLC (*13)
   Holding company   USA     29.89 %        23,437       6,078  
KAS INVESTMENT II LLC (*13)
   Holding company   USA     29.89 %        23,343       6,040  
Energyco Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        1,659       2,322  
CAES, LLC
   Holding company   USA     36.00 %        19,414       20,659  
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc. (*14)
   Power generation   Korea     49.00 %        7,512       11,334  
 
F-105
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
  
Key operation activities
  
Location
  
Percentage of
ownership
          
Acquisition
cost
    
Book

value
  
   
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     28.02 %    ￦       510       1,160  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     27.10 %        352       —   
Pulau Indah O&M Sdn. Bhd. (*14)
   Power generation   Malaysia     40.00 %        —        —   
Guadalupe Solar SpA (*22)
   Power generation   Chile     60.00 %        1,397       781  
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     42.00 %        10,752       10,859  
Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding, S.L. (*22)
   Power generation   Spain     75.00 %        10,564       —   
Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        3,089       890  
Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        386       333  
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        5,858       10,636  
Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC
   Power generation   Korea     20.00 %        2,211       2,715  
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        6,531       7,840  
KEPCO KPS CARABAO Corp. (*16)
   Utility plant maintenance   Philippines     40.00 %        93       —   
Prime Swedish Holding AB
   Holding company   Sweden     45.00 %        35,410       37,559  
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     46.15 %        12,959       15,768  
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd. (*22,28)
   Power generation   Korea     75.29 %        19,091       23,163  
CapMan Lynx SCA, SICAR
   Holding company   Luxembourg     50.00 %        9,601       —   
International Offshore Power Transmission Holding Company Limited
   Undersea transmission network operation   UAE     35.00 %        —        11,038  
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*25)
   Power generation   Korea     58.00 %        9,329       12,147  
Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        5,741       11,613  
Changwon Nu-ri Energy Co., Ltd. (*14)
   Fuel cell generation   Korea     61.00 %        8,095       7,658  
PungBack Wind Farm Corporation (*24)
   Power generation   Korea     32.89 %        7,885       7,760  
Trumbull Asset Management, LLC (*25)
   Holding company   USA     78.00 %        1       1,297  
S-Power Chile SpA
   Power generation   Chile     50.00 %        127       159  
Seungmun Green Energy
   Power generation   Korea     33.00 %        8,973       12,745  
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd. (*23)
   Power generation   Korea     80.00 %        3,020       3,309  
Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.(*13)
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        10,498       8,643  
KEPCO for Power Company (*32)
   Power generation   Saudi arabia     60.00 %        3,083       17,906  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*33)
   Power generation   Korea     60.00 %        11,494       14,759  
Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd.(*22)
   Power generation   Korea     65.00 %        3,250       2,566  
Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd.
   Power generation   Korea     29.00 %        3,663       3,841  
Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd. (*34)
   Power generation   Korea     44.86 %        9,600       8,846  
Hadong E-factory Co., Ltd.(*13)
   Power generation   Korea     29.99 %        350       344  
Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd. (*35)
   Generating and distributing vapor and hot/cold water   Korea     70.10 %        53,977       51,768  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd. (*37)
   Recycling fly ashes   Korea     25.54 %        686       —   
Wadi Noor Solar Power Company SAOC
   Power generation   Oman     50.00 %        847       1,392  
Fairhaven Energy Storage LLC
   Power generation   USA     35.00 %        1,505       —   
Rutile BESS Holdings, LLC
   Holding company   USA     50.00 %        106       1  
Trumbull Development Partners, LLC (*14)
   Holding company   USA     56.23 %        304,836       355,379  
Imha Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.(*13)
   Power generation   Korea     49.00 %        7,174       6,351  
EDFR KOWEPO AJBAN PV HOLDING LIMITED
   Holding company   UAE     50.00 %        1       85  
Roof One Energy Co., Ltd.
   Holding company   Korea     48.00 %        2,000       2,000  
         
 
 
    
 
 
  
            2,880,964       4,581,340  
         
 
 
    
 
 
  
        ￦       6,275,797       11,286,094  
         
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
(*1)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the Company can exercise significant influence by virtue of its contractual right to appoint directors to the board of directors of the entity, and by strict decision criteria of the Company’s financial and operating policy of the board of directors.
 
(*2)
The effective percentage of ownership is 100%. However, the Government regulates the Company’s ability to make operating and financial decisions over the entity, as the Government requires maintaining arms-length transactions between KPX and the Company’s other subsidiaries. Accordingly, the entity is not classified as a consolidated subsidiary. The Company can exercise significant influence by virtue of right to nominate directors to the board of directors of the entity.
 
F-106
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
(*3)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the Company can exercise significant influence by virtue of its contractual right to appoint one out of four members of the steering committee of the entity. Moreover, the Company has significant financial transactions, which can affect its significant influence on the entity.
 
(*4)
The effective percentage of ownership is 34.01% considering the conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock into ordinary stock.
 
(*5)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but the Company does not hold control over relevant business while it exercises significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision Committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.
 
(*6)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but the Company does not hold control over the entity according to the shareholders’ agreement. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.
 
(*7)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the entity is classified as an associate because the Company exercises significant influence over the decisions related to finance and operation.
 
(*8)
The effective percentage of ownership is 14.29% due to the acquisition of treasury stocks. The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the Company exercises significant influence over the decisions related to finance and operation by virtue of right to nominate directors to the board of directors of the entity.
 
(*9)
The effective percentage of ownership is 21.66%, considering hybrid bonds.
 
(*10)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50% but the Company does not hold control over relevant business while it exercises significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision Committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.
 
(*11)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%. However, the entity is classified as an associate because the Company exercises significant influence over the entity.
 
(*12)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, according to the shareholders’ agreement, all critical financial and operating decisions must be agreed to by all ownership parties and the Company can exercise same voting rights as other shareholders at the board of directors. Accordingly, the entities are classified as joint ventures.
 
(*13)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, the entity is classified as a joint venture, because all consent was required to make decisions on related activities.
 
(*14)
According to the shareholders’ agreement, the parties have joint control over all decisions related to finance and operation. Accordingly, the entity is classified as joint ventures.
 
(*15)
Although the Company holds majority ownership in the entity due to the acquisition of additional shares during the year ended December 31, 2024, the entity is classified as a joint venture since the entity’s material financial and operational decisions require unanimous agreement of members in the board of directors due to the shareholders’ agreement.
 
(*16)
The joint arrangement which the Company has joint control is structured through a separate company. The parties have joint control over the joint arrangement are classified as joint ventures, judging that they have rights to the net assets of the arrangement.
 
(*17)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as joint ventures.
 
(*18)
Although the nominal percentage of ownership is 29%, the effective percentage of ownership is 54.24%, considering the interest of financial investors as a liability component.
 
(*19)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.
 
(*20)
The effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%. However, according to the shareholders’ agreement, decisions related principal operation must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.
 
(*21)
According to the Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd. Investment Agreement signed in March 2011, the Company has a commitment to guarantee principal and certain returns on shares of REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co,. Ltd.). held by NH Power 2nd Co., Ltd. and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation. Since NH Power 2nd Co., Ltd. and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation have put option regarding their share of the entity, the Company was deemed to have acquired an additional 15.6% stake. As a result, the effective percentage of ownership is 46.3% in the current and prior period. In accordance with shareholders’ agreement signed during the current period, the Company has joint control with other investors in making important financial and operation decisions, so it has been reclassified from an associate to a joint venture.
 
(*22)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all ownership parties. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.
 
F-107
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(1)
Investments in associates and joint ventures as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
(*23)
Although the effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all members of the board of directors.
 
(*24)
The effective percentage of ownership is 37%, considering potential common stock.
 
(*25)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, decisions in relevant activities must be agreed by all members of the board of directors. Accordingly, the entity is classified as a joint venture.
 
(*26)
The effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%. However, by the shareholders’ agreement, the Company does not hold control over relevant business while it exercises significant influence by participating in the Investment Decision committee. Accordingly, the entity is classified as an associate.
 
(*27)
The Company is planning to sell its investment in SPC Power Corporation, KEPCO SPC Power Corporation, and KV Holdings, Inc. and the timing of and proceeds from such sales transaction is not specified as of December 31, 2023.
 
(*28)
The nominal percentage of ownership is 75.29% and the effective percentage of ownership is 56.91%, as the Company has an obligation to provide excessive dividend income to Gunsan City when a certain rate of return defined in the shareholders’ agreement is met.
 
(*29)
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the long-term loan to Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd. was converted into equity.
 
(*30)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%, the entity has been classified as an associate as the Company has significant influence on the entity considering the fact that ordinary resolutions passed at the shareholders’ meeting require the majority decision and the Company has the right to elect the entity’s directors.
 
(*31)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 20%, the Company can exercise significant influence on the entity through its contractual right to appoint one director to the entity’s board of directors.
 
(*32)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is more than
50
%, the entity is classified as a joint venture since the entity’s material financial and operational decisions require unanimous agreement of members in the board of directors due to the shareholders’ agreement.
 
(*33)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is more than
50
%, the entity is classified as a joint venture considering the minimum number of the entity’s board of directors’ members required to agree for making decision on material financial and operational policies due to the joint shareholders’ agreement.
 
(*34)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%,
the entity is reclassified as a joint venture considering the Company can exercise significant influence on the entity due to the Company’s contractual right to appoint a director to the entity’s board of directors and the minimum number of agreement required from the members in the board of directors in order to make decisions on the entity’s material financial and operational policies in accordance with the joint shareholders’ agreement.
 
(*35)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is more than 50%, the entity is classified as a joint venture since the entity’s material financial and operational decisions require unanimous agreement of members in the board of directors.
 
(*36)
The effective ownership interest is
1.32
%, considering convertible redeemable preferred shares.
 
(*37)
Although the Company’s effective percentage of ownership is less than 50%,
the entity was reclassified as a joint venture considering the minimum number of agreement required from the members in the board of directors in order to make decisions on the entity’s material financial and operational policies in accordance with the revised joint shareholders’ agreement for the year ended December 31, 2024. 
 
(2)
The fair value of associates which are actively traded on an open market and have a readily available market value as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
Investees
          
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
         
Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
    ￦        69,298        88,489  
Korea Gas Corporation
         466,830        655,830  
YTN Co., Ltd.(*)
         54,180        —   
SPC Power Corporation
         92,219        130,063  
PT. Bayan Resources TBK
         11,090,934        12,298,501  
 
  (*)
The Company sold all of its shares in YTN Co., Ltd. for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 
F-108
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
2023
  
Investees
         
Beginning
balance
     
Acquisitions
     
Disposals
    
Dividends
received
    
Share of
profit

(loss)
    
Other
comprehensive
income

(loss)
    
Others
    
Ending
balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                                       
Korea Gas Corporation
   ￦        2,085,296        —         —        —        (155,819 )      47,220       (6,054 )      1,970,643  
Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
        31,078        —         —        (2,156 )      1,790       —        (1,212 )      29,500  
YTN Co., Ltd.
        55,027        —         —        (540 )      (1,147 )      (14 )      (1,023 )      52,303  
Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        12,158        —         —        (2,272 )      2,115       —        —        12,001  
Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.
        119,791        —         —        (3,555 )      2,159       —        (222 )      118,173  
Korea Power Exchange
        275,126        —         —        —        4,575       —        (5,415 )      274,286  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        14,501        —         —        —        —        —        (14,501 )      —   
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        13,049        —         —        —        481       —        —        13,530  
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
        26,727        —         —        —        143       (12 )      (24 )      26,834  
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
        2,883        —         —        —        311       —        —        3,194  
SPC Power Corporation
        70,868        —         —        (2,669 )      9,667       1,065       —        78,931  
Gemeng International Energy Co., Ltd.
        578,821        102,854        —        (12,527 )      41,280       565       (5,181 )      705,812  
PT. Cirebon Electric Power
        135,114        —         —        (10,770 )      7,519       —        2,396       134,259  
KNOC Nigerian East Oil Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        (7 )      (213 )      220       —   
KNOC Nigerian West Oil Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        (7 )      (196 )      203       —   
PT Wampu Electric Power
        37,743        —         —        (3,850 )      (268 )      224       706       34,555  
PT. Bayan Resources TBK
        684,719        —         —        (344,360 )      252,406       26,500       (58 )      619,207  
S-Power Co., Ltd.
        141,128        —         —        —        21,637       —        —        162,765  
Pioneer Gas Power Limited
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Eurasia Energy Holdings
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Power Co., Ltd.
        115,584        —         —        —        (848 )      1,642       —        116,378  
PT. Mutiara Jawa
        3,597        —         —        (459 )      1,936       94       —        5,168  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
        288,893        —         —        —        (1,240 )      —        (29 )      287,624  
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
        —         258,100        —        —        (3,171 )      —        —        254,929  
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
        133,823        —         —        (70,040 )      81,258       —        (15 )      145,026  
Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
        278        —         —        —        16       —        —        294  
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.
        89,300        —         —        —        (2,568 )      —        471       87,203  
Jinbhuvish Power Generation Pvt. Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        1,555        —         —        —        (72 )      —        —        1,483  
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
        260,145        —         —        (21,846 )      21,240       —        (454 )      259,085  
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
        2,849        —         —        (408 )      363       —        —        2,804  
Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        4,395        —         —        —        (1,137 )      —        1       3,259  
Gunsan Bio Energy Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Hansuwon KNP Co., Ltd.
        280        —         —        —        187       —        —        467  
Korea Electric Power Corporation Fund
        28,842        —         (2,266 )      —        (2,865 )      (290 )      —        23,421  
Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd.
        1,184        —         —        (89 )      118       —        —        1,213  
Daegu clean Energy Co., Ltd.
        12        —         —        —        —        —        (12 )      —   
Yaksu ESS Co., Ltd.
        486        —         —        —        (201 )      —        —        285  
Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited
        69,940        40,103        —        —        (325 )      855       —        110,573  
Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        25,044        —         —        —        (406 )      —        —        24,638  
PND Solar Co., Ltd.
        1,403        —         —        —        107       —        —        1,510  
Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
        7,631        —         —        (874 )      1,198       (8 )      —        7,947  
YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd.
        156        —         —        —        (23 )      —        —        133  
Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.
        1,571        —         —        —        (1,563 )      —        —        8  
Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd.
        93        —         —        —        77       —        —        170  
ITR Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        (33 )      —        33       —   
STN Co., Ltd. (formerly, Structure test network Co., Ltd.)
        366        —         —        —        25       —        —        391  
Namjeongsusang Solar Power Operation Co., Ltd.
        373        —         (217 )      —        (156 )      —        —        —   
 
F-109
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
         
Beginning
balance
     
Acquisitions
     
Disposals
    
Dividends
received
    
Share of
profit

(loss)
    
Other
comprehensive
income

(loss)
    
Others
     
Ending
balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                                        
Indeck Niles Development, LLC
   ￦        302,038        —         —        —        32,067       (3,623 )      4,919        335,401  
Indeck Niles Asset Management, LLC
        94        —         —        (337 )      334       —        2        93  
Hanwha Corporation-linked Sunlight Power Special Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1
        6,932        —         (428 )      (373 )      366       (1 )      —         6,496  
Suwon New Power Co., Ltd.
        919        —         —        —        103       —        —         1,022  
Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.
        5,133        —         —        (644 )      666       —        —         5,155  
Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.
        4,420        —         —        —        303       —        —         4,723  
SureDataLab Co., Ltd.
        177        —         —        —        (63 )      —        —         114  
SEP Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —         —   
Hankook Electric Power Information Co., Ltd.
        220        —         —        —        (6 )      —        —         214  
Tronix Co., Ltd.
        66        —         —        —        154       —        —         220  
O2&B Global Co., Ltd.
        36        —         —        —        (15 )      —        —         21  
Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.
        2,562        —         —        (340 )      600       —        —         2,822  
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        (414 )      414       —         —   
Goesan Solar Park Co., Ltd.
        2,591        —         —        —        286       —        —         2,877  
Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
        13,010        —         —        —        1,410       —        —         14,420  
Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
        8,951        —         —        —        3,443       —        —         12,394  
Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        872        —         —        —        (626 )      —        —         246  
Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.
        859        —         —        —        82       —        —         941  
Muan Solar park Co., Ltd.
        7,838        —         —        (2,680 )      1,672       —        —         6,830  
YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.
        586        —         —        (100 )      84       —        —         570  
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
        8,662        —         —        (1,400 )      403       —        —         7,665  
KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd. (formerly, Daewon Green Energy Co., Ltd.)
        4,485        —         —        —        3,294       —        —         7,779  
G.GURU Co., Ltd.
        300        —         —        —        (133 )      —        —         167  
UD4M Co., Ltd.
        161        —         —        —        (11 )      —        —         150  
Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
        352        —         —        —        28       —        —         380  
Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
        316        —         —        —        90       —        —         406  
Korea Energy Data Co., Ltd.
        62        —         —        —        (26 )      —        —         36  
Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
        4,277        —         —        —        3,593       —        —         7,870  
KOSTURE Co., Ltd.
        1        6        —        —        1       —        —         8  
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        20,040        —         —        (3,723 )      3,109       —        —         19,426  
Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        9,155        —         —        —        (204 )      (51 )      —         8,900  
Yeomsubong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        62        1,316        —        —        (507 )      —        —         871  
Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II
        7,461        —         —        —        2,639       —        —         10,100  
Haeparang Energy Co., Ltd.
        2,188        —         —        —        (84 )      —        —         2,104  
Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.
        23,199        7,249        —        —        (709 )      —        7,452        37,191  
Boulder Solar III, LLC
        744        —         —        —        —        —        10        754  
PlatformN. Co., Ltd.
        84        —         —        —        (84 )      —        —         —   
PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana
        69,035        —         —        —        7,328       (891 )      1,125        76,597  
Green Radiation Co., Ltd.
        11        —         —        —        15       —        —         26  
Future Convergence Technology Laboratory. Co., Ltd.
        50        —         —        —        (14 )      —        —         36  
Eco Motion Co., Ltd. (formerly, SC E&G. Co,. Ltd.)
        214        —         —        —        53       —        —         267  
REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co,. Ltd.)
        166        —         —        —        (72 )      —        26        120  
ACE
        20        —         —        —        (18 )      —        —         2  
Environment and Energy Co., Ltd.
        10        —         —        —        (1 )      —        —         9  
Santiago Solar Power SpA
        13,373        —         —        —        (1,522 )      (82 )      —         11,769  
Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
        903        —         —        —        (143 )      —        —         760  
Power Embedded
        —         70        —        —        —        —        —         70  
Changwon SG Energy Co., Ltd.
        —         900        —        —        (117 )      —        —         783  
 
F-110
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
         
Beginning
balance
     
Acquisitions
     
Disposals
    
Dividends
received
    
Share of
profit

(loss)
    
Other
comprehensive
income

(loss)
    
Others
    
Ending
balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                                       
Donpyung Technology. Co., Ltd.
   ￦        —         125        —        —        154       —        (25 )      254  
HORANG ENERGY Inc.
        —         4,240        —        —        (91 )      —        —        4,149  
Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd
        —         2,375        —        —        —        —        —        2,375  
Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        —         4,771        —        —        (1,790 )      —        —        2,981  
Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        8,323       8,323  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦        5,844,464        422,109        (2,911 )      (486,012 )      334,379       73,198       (8,338 )      6,176,889  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                       
KEPCO-Uhde Inc.
   ￦        17        —         —        —        (10 )      —        (7 )      —   
Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V.
        66,452        —         —        (512 )      (440 )      4,402       —        69,902  
Shuweihat Asia Operation & Maintenance Company
        1,631        —         —        (1,077 )      1,237       27       —        1,818  
Waterbury Lake Uranium L.P.
        21,750        —         —        —        70       792       —        22,612  
ASM-BG Investicii AD
        14,555        —         —        (697 )      680       201       —        14,739  
RES Technology AD
        15,133        —         —        (697 )      (513 )      460       —        14,383  
KV Holdings, Inc.
        9,659        —         —        —        280       161       (4,914 )      5,186  
KEPCO SPC Power Corporation
        179,594        —         —        —        13,224       3,726       —        196,544  
Gansu Datang Yumen Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        6,024        —         —        —        316       (25 )      —        6,315  
Datang Chifeng Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
        191,982        —         —        (14,293 )      9,012       38       —        186,739  
Datang KEPCO Chaoyang Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
        44,398        —         —        (1,771 )      639       (59 )      —        43,207  
Rabigh Electricity Company
        214,607        —         —        (6,263 )      28,456       (1,749 )      —        235,051  
Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited
        5,113        —         —        (2,994 )      2,759       86       —        4,964  
Jamaica Public Service Company Limited
        331,407        —         —        (15,715 )      32,862       7,959       (6,647 )      349,866  
KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.
        17,090        —         —        (833 )      2,423       —        —        18,680  
Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.
        6,719        —         —        (1,169 )      1,119       —        —        6,669  
Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd.
        698        —         —        —        (83 )      —        —        615  
Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.
        4,754        —         —        —        433       —        —        5,187  
Amman Asia Electric Power Company
        220,254        —         —        (15,636 )      17,833       973       —        223,424  
KAPES, Inc.
        —         —         —        (1,162 )      1,162       —        —        —   
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        4,819        —         —        (522 )      446       —        —        4,743  
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
        5,543        —         —        (44 )      349       —        (140 )      5,708  
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
        32,044        —         —        —        3,039       —        —        35,083  
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        3,151        —         —        —        292       —        —        3,443  
Nghi Son 2 Power LLC
        408,839        —         —        —        14,742       (5,592 )      —        417,989  
Kelar S.A.
        117,137        —         —        —        11,655       848       1,889       131,529  
PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia
        92,907        —         —        (12,641 )      9,679       338       (132 )      90,151  
Incheon New Power Co., Ltd.
        198        —         —        (69 )      147       —        22       298  
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
        17,336        —         —        —        (745 )      —        —        16,591  
Daehan Wind Power PSC
        13,923        —         —        —        2,437       66       —        16,426  
Barakah One Company
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Nawah Energy Company
        315        —         —        —        10       5       —        330  
MOMENTUM
        345        —         —        (365 )      208       21       —        209  
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.
        29,360        —         —        —        (2,856 )      —        (74 )      26,430  
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        20,713        —         —        (2,688 )      5,355       —        —        23,380  
Chester Solar IV SpA
        181        —         —        —        324       (21 )      —        484  
Chester Solar V SpA
        156        —         —        —        35       (3 )      3       191  
Diego de Almagro Solar SpA
        540        —         —        —        447       (37 )      4       954  
South Jamaica Power Company Limited
        46,437        —         —        (7,667 )      3,709       630       —        43,109  
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        19,218        —         —        —        2,977       —        (4 )      22,191  
RE Holiday Holdings LLC
        85,370        —         —        (1,549 )      (1,425 )      1,696       —        84,092  
RE Pioneer Holdings LLC
        55,172        —         —        (1,162 )      (2,089 )      2,160       —        54,081  
RE Barren Ridge 1 Holdings LLC
        3,350        —         —        (3,087 )      (1,733 )      59,624       —        58,154  
 
F-111
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
         
Beginning
balance
     
Acquisitions
     
Disposals
    
Dividends
received
    
Share of
profit

(loss)
    
Other
comprehensive
income

(loss)
    
Others
    
Ending
balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                       
RE Astoria 2 LandCo LLC
   ￦        6,599        —         —        (354 )      575       117       —        6,937  
RE Barren Ridge LandCo LLC
        2,333        —         —        (161 )      228       41       —        2,441  
Laurel SpA
        554        —         —        —        64       (14 )      9       613  
KIAMCO KOWEPO Bannerton Hold Co Pty Ltd
        3,651        —         —        —        (23 )      91       —        3,719  
Chile Solar JV SpA
        9,819        —         —        —        3,569       1,276       (14,664 )      —   
Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        4,263        —         —        (865 )      358       —        —        3,756  
Chester Solar I SpA
        1,314        —         —        —        (71 )      (29 )      24       1,238  
Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation
        56,902        —         —        (6,025 )      6,025       1,228       —        58,130  
Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd.
        23,551        —         —        —        (132 )      —        —        23,419  
Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd.
        3,470        —         —        —        (805 )      —        —        2,665  
Jaeun Resident Wind Power Plant Co., Ltd.
        2,236        —         —        —        (22 )      —        —        2,214  
DE Energia SpA
        9,536        —         —        —        —        167       —        9,703  
Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.
        26,859        —         —        —        212       (318 )      —        26,753  
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
        3,367        —         —        (392 )      147       —        —        3,122  
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        10,864        —         —        —        (429 )      —        —        10,435  
HORUS SOLAR, S.A. DE C.V.
        6,976        —         —        —        3,594       611       —        11,181  
RECURSOS SOLARES PV DE MEXICO II, S.A. DE C.V.
        4,899        —         —        —        4,088       1,948       —        10,935  
SUNMEX RENOVABLES, S.A. DE C.V.
        1,657        —         —        —        1,482       402       —        3,541  
Stavro Holding II A.B.
        17,171        —         —        —        (17 )      149       960       18,263  
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
        16,233        —         —        —        1,720       —        —        17,953  
Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd.
        9,879        —         —        (592 )      350       —        —        9,637  
Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        3,205        —         —        (514 )      331       —        —        3,022  
Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.
        26,814        —         —        (27 )      671       (2,360 )      505       25,603  
NH-Amundi Global Infrastructure Investment Private Investment Trust 21
        21,723        928        (1,092 )      (1,568 )      1,906       —        —        21,897  
Shin-han BNPP Private Investment Trust for East-West Sunlight Dream
        15,587        —         (96 )      —        (4 )      —        —        15,487  
PT Barito Wahana Tenaga
        137,047        —         —        —        20,546       (599 )      —        156,994  
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.
        10,758        —         —        —        14,791       —        —        25,549  
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        5,285       —        —        5,285  
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Dayone Energy Co., Ltd.)
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
OneEnergy Asia Limited
        172,218        79,182        —        —        39,091       (525 )      —        289,966  
KAS INVESTMENT I LLC
        18,247        —         —        —        (2,223 )      (240 )      —        15,784  
KAS INVESTMENT II LLC
        18,173        —         —        —        (2,225 )      (239 )      —        15,709  
Energyco Co., Ltd.
        2,190        —         —        —        (50 )      —        —        2,140  
CAES, LLC
        20,805        —         —        —        (860 )      114       321       20,380  
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
        8,471        —         —        —        1,877       —        —        10,348  
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
        1,168        —         —        —        (110 )      —        —        1,058  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
        352        —         —        —        —        —        —        352  
Pulau Indah O&M Sdn. Bhd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Guadalupe Solar SpA
        913        —         —        —        322       (35 )      —        1,200  
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        10,411        —         —        —        (182 )      —        —        10,229  
Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding, S.L.
        10,565        —         —        —        (2,034 )      —        (412 )      8,119  
Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.
        3,155        —         —        —        869       —        —        4,024  
Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.
        391        —         —        —        178       —        —        569  
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
        10,490        —         —        —        (1,418 )      —        —        9,072  
Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC
        1,856        516        —        —        170       —        —        2,542  
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        3,493        —         —        —        2,022       —        —        5,515  
KEPCO KPS CARABAO Corp.
        177        —         —        —        (184 )      7       —        —   
Prime Swedish Holding AB
        36,245        820        —        —        (236 )      —        1,960       38,789  
 
F-112
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
         
Beginning
balance
     
Acquisitions
     
Disposals
    
Dividends
received
    
Share of
profit

(loss)
    
Other
comprehensive
income

(loss)
    
Others
    
Ending
balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                       
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
   ￦        11,832        —         —        —        3,904       —        —        15,736  
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.
        27,544        —         —        —        (5,115 )      —        —        22,429  
CapMan Lynx SCA, SICAR
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
International Offshore Power Transmission Holding Company Limited
        —         —         —        —        338       1,085       —        1,423  
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        14,464        —         —        (870 )      (1,366 )      —        —        12,228  
Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.
        5,557        —         —        —        2,829       —        —        8,386  
Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        1,387        7,000        —        —        (25 )      (39 )      (8,323 )      —   
Changwon Nu-ri Energy Co., Ltd.
        497        7,595        —        —        (27 )      (38 )      —        8,027  
Hasami Wind Farm Corporation
        1,589        —         (1,586 )      —        (3 )      —        —        —   
PungBack Wind Farm Corporation
        6,743        —         —        —        1,197       —        —        7,940  
Trumbull Asset Management, LLC
        246        1        —        —        693       —        (4 )      936  
S-Power Chile SpA
        127        —         —        —        (70 )      4       3       64  
Seungmun Green Energy
        9,054        —         —        —        703       —        —        9,757  
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.
        3,066        —         —        —        514       —        —        3,580  
Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        —         10,498        —        —        (890 )      —        —        9,608  
Kepco for Power Company
        —         3,083        —        —        (2,109 )      25       (564 )      435  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        (2,820 )      2,251       —        14,501       13,932  
Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        —         3,250        —        —        (55 )      —        —        3,195  
Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd.
        —         3,663        —        —        —        —        —        3,663  
Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd.
        —         1,560        —        —        —        —        —        1,560  
Hadong E-factory Co., Ltd.
        —         350        —        —        —        (1 )      —        349  
Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd.
        —         3,850        —        —        —        —        —        3,850  
Wadi Noor Solar Power Company SAOC
        —         847        —        —        —        (1 )      —        846  
Fairhaven Energy Storage LLC
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
       3,147,584        123,143        (2,774 )      (106,801 )      260,677       79,554       (15,684 )      3,485,699  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦        8,992,048        545,252        (5,685 )      (592,813 )      595,056       152,752       (24,022 )      9,662,588  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
2024
  
Investees
         
Beginning
balance
     
Acquisitions
     
Disposals
    
Dividends
received
    
Share of
profit

(loss)
    
Other
comprehensive
income

(loss)
    
Others
    
Ending
balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                                       
Korea Gas Corporation
   ￦        1,970,643        —         —        —        248,385       36,628       33,648       2,289,304  
Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
        29,500        —         —        (2,801 )      3,124       —        354       30,177  
YTN Co., Ltd.
        52,303        —         (52,303 )      —        —        —        —        —   
Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        12,001        —         —        (1,420 )      1,112       —        —        11,693  
Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.
        118,173        —         —        (3,555 )      2,712       —        (29,937 )      87,393  
Korea Power Exchange
        274,286        —         —        —        2,768       (59 )      (3,033 )      273,962  
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        13,530        —         —        —        29       —        —        13,559  
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
        26,834        —         —        —        4,301       —        (42 )      31,093  
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
        3,194        —         —        (1,620 )      591       —        —        2,165  
SPC Power Corporation
        78,931        —         —        (13,529 )      13,412       28,760       —        107,574  
Gemeng International Energy Co., Ltd.
        705,812        —         —        (22,908 )      (33,472 )      78,870       36       728,338  
PT. Cirebon Electric Power
        134,259        —         —        —        4,144       —        19,127       157,530  
KNOC Nigerian East Oil Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        (12,334 )      1,621       10,713       —   
KNOC Nigerian West Oil Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        1,519       1,475       (2,994 )      —   
PT Wampu Electric Power
        34,555        —         —        (3,765 )      3,495       152       4,831       39,268  
 
F-113
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
 
Investees
 
 
 
  
Beginning
balance
 
  
Acquisitions
 
  
Disposals
 
 
Dividends
received
 
 
Share of
profit

(loss)
 
 
Other
comprehensive
income

(loss)
 
 
Others
 
 
Ending
balance
 
 
 
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
<Associates>
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
PT. Bayan Resources TBK
   ￦        619,207        —         —        (168,698 )      187,634       79,332       (99 )      717,376  
S-Power Co., Ltd.
        162,765        —         —        —        17,607       —        —        180,372  
Pioneer Gas Power Limited
        —       —     —    —    —    —    —    — 
Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Power Co., Ltd.
        116,378        —         —        —        (20,217 )      11,861       (34,957 )      73,065  
PT. Mutiara Jawa
        5,168        —         —        —        103       464       —        5,735  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
        287,624        —         —        —        (3,026 )      —        (56 )      284,542  
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
        254,929        —         —        —        (13,115 )      —        —        241,814  
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
        145,026        —         —        (30,080 )      24,145       —        (32 )      139,059  
Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
        294        —         —        —        66       —        —        360  
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.
        87,203        —         —        —        4,141       —        7       91,351  
Jinbhuvish Power Generation Pvt. Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        1,483        —         —        —        7       —        —        1,490  
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
        259,085        —         —        —        20,323       —        24       279,432  
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
        2,804        —         —        (344 )      75       —        —        2,535  
Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        3,259        —         —        —        (910 )      —        (15 )      2,334  
Hansuwon KNP Co., Ltd.
        467        —         —        —        207       —        —        674  
Korea Electric Power Corporation Fund
        23,421        —         (9,637 )      —        479       (910 )      —        13,353  
Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd.
        1,213        —         —        (89 )      144       —        —        1,268  
Daegu clean Energy Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
YaksuESS Co., Ltd.
        285        —         —        —        (123 )      —        —        162  
Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited
        110,573        —         —        —        7,392       52,990       —        170,955  
Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        24,638        —         —        —        (421 )      —        —        24,217  
PND solar Co., Ltd.
        1,510        —         —        —        225       —        —        1,735  
Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
        7,947        —         —        (477 )      1,024       —        (1 )      8,493  
YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd.
        133        —         —        —        (92 )      —        —        41  
Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.
        8        —         —        —        (8 )      —        —        —   
Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd.
        170        —         —        —        27       —        —        197  
ITR Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        (12 )      —        12       —   
STN Co., Ltd.
        391        —         —        —        16       —        —        407  
Indeck Niles Development, LLC
        335,401        —         (14,551 )      (10,591 )      12,909       47,802       —        370,970  
Indeck Niles Asset Management, LLC
        93        —         —        (416 )      373       10       —        60  
Hanwha Corporation-linked Sunlight Power Special Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1
        6,496        —         (374 )      (360 )      358       (1 )      —        6,119  
Suwon New Power Co., Ltd.
        1,022        —         —        —        (108 )      —        —        914  
Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.
        5,155        —         —        (523 )      523       —        —        5,155  
Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.
        4,723        —         —        —        578       —        —        5,301  
SureDataLab Co., Ltd.
        114        —         —        —        (66 )      —        —        48  
SEP Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Hankook Electric Power Information Co., Ltd.
        214        —         —        —        (2 )      —        —        212  
Tronix Co., Ltd.
        220        —         —        —        (74 )      —        —        146  
O2&B Global Co., Ltd.
        21        —         —        —        (21 )      —        —        —   
Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.
        2,822        —         —        (560 )      510       —        —        2,772  
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
        —         9,525        —        —        (1,560 )      (57 )      —        7,908  
Goesan Solar Park Co., Ltd.
        2,877        —         —        —        256       —        —        3,133  
Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
        14,420        —         —        —        1,717       —        —        16,137  
Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
        12,394        —         —        (1,905 )      3,212       13       (13 )      13,701  
Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        246        —         —        —        4       —        —        250  
Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.
        941        —         —        —        89       —        —        1,030  
Muan Solar park Co., Ltd.
        6,830        —         —        (1,400 )      837       —        —        6,267  
YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.
        570        —         —        (60 )      110       —        (3 )      617  
 
F-114
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
         
Beginning
balance
     
Acquisitions
     
Disposals
    
Dividends
received
    
Share of
profit

(loss)
    
Other
comprehensive
income

(loss)
    
Others
    
Ending
balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                                       
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
   ￦        7,665        —         —        —        633       —        —        8,298  
KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        7,779        —         —        —        451       —        —        8,230  
G.GURU Co., Ltd.
        167        —         —        —        (133 )      —        —        34  
UD4M Co., Ltd.
        150        —         —        —        (29 )      —        —        121  
Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
        380        —         —        —        132       —        —        512  
Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
        406        —         —        —        173       —        —        579  
Korea Energy Data Co., Ltd.
        36        —         —        —        (13 )      —        —        23  
Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
        7,870        —         —        —        1,436       —        —        9,306  
KOSTURE Co., Ltd.
        8        —         (7 )      —        (1 )      —        —        —   
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        19,426        —         —        (1,767 )      5,250       —        —        22,909  
Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        8,900        —         —        —        8,772       —        —        17,672  
Yeomsubong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        871        —         —        —        (268 )      —        —        603  
Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II
        10,100        —         —        —        1,201       —        —        11,301  
Haeparang Energy Co., Ltd.
        2,104        —         —        —        (154 )      —        —        1,950  
Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.
        37,191        —         —        —        (81 )      —        —        37,110  
Boulder Solar III, LLC
        754        —         (754 )      —        —        —        —        —   
PlatformN. Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana
        76,597        —         —        —        6,051       2,782       11,416       96,846  
Green Radiation Co., Ltd.
        26        —         —        —        (26 )      —        —        —   
Future Convergence Technology Laboratory. Co., Ltd.
        36        —         —        —        (14 )      —        —        22  
Eco Motion Co., Ltd.
        267        —         —        —        (38 )      —        —        229  
REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd.
        120        —         —        —        59       —        (24 )      155  
ACE
        2        —         —        —        3       —        —        5  
Environment and Energy Co., Ltd.
        9        —         —        —        (4 )      (2 )      —        3  
Santiago Solar Power SpA
        11,769        —         —        —        (4,877 )      69       —        6,961  
Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
        760        —         —        —        86       —        —        846  
Power Embedded
        70        —         —        —        (2 )      —        —        68  
Changwon SG Energy Co., Ltd.
        783        —         —        —        (101 )      —        —        682  
Donpyung Technology. Co., Ltd.
        254        —         —        —        27       —        —        281  
HORANG ENERGY Inc.
        4,149        —         —        —        (341 )      —        —        3,808  
Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd
        2,375        —         —        —        —        —        —        2,375  
Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        2,981        —         —        —        (145 )      (26 )      —        2,810  
Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        8,323        —         —        —        (415 )      —        —        7,908  
SkyPic Inc.
        —         26        —        —        —        —        —        26  
HyChangwon Fuel Cell. Co., Ltd.
        —         9,396        —        —        (118 )      —        —        9,278  
Dreams Co.,Ltd.
        —         11        —        —        —        —        —        11  
DEEPAI Co.,Ltd.
        —         11        —        —        —        —        —        11  
Amaala Sustainable Company for Energy LLC
        —         18        —        —        —        —        —        18  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦        6,176,889        18,987        (77,626 )      (266,868 )      502,636       341,774       8,962       6,704,754  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                       
Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V.
   ￦        69,902        —         —        —        1,709       14,839       —        86,450  
Shuweihat Asia Operation & Maintenance Company
        1,818        —         —        (1,200 )      1,262       258       —        2,138  
Waterbury Lake Uranium L.P.
        22,612        —         —        —        74       1,070       —        23,756  
ASM-BG Investicii AD
        14,739        —         —        —        1,413       784       —        16,936  
RES Technology AD
        14,383        —         —        —        (145 )      831       —        15,069  
KV Holdings, Inc.
        5,186        —         —        (989 )      720       574       1,430       6,921  
KEPCO SPC Power Corporation
        196,544        —         —        (28,591 )      16,714       (25,528 )      —        159,139  
Gansu Datang Yumen Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        6,315        —         —        —        812       792       —        7,919  
Datang Chifeng Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
        186,739        —         —        (10,624 )      7,772       20,629       —        204,516  
 
F-115
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
         
Beginning
balance
     
Acquisitions
     
Disposals
     
Dividends
received
    
Share of
profit

(loss)
    
Other
comprehensive
income

(loss)
    
Others
    
Ending
balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                        
Datang KEPCO Chaoyang Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
   ￦        43,207        —         —         (591 )      813       4,896       —        48,325  
Rabigh Electricity Company
        235,051        —         —         (7,270 )      17,147       24,965       —        269,893  
Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited
        4,964        —         —         —        2,461       886       —        8,311  
Jamaica Public Service Company Limited
        349,866        —         —         (15,215 )      28,849       49,463       (347 )      412,616  
KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.
        18,680        —         —         (833 )      911       —        —        18,758  
Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.
        6,669        —         —         (667 )      991       —        —        6,993  
Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd.
        615        —         —         —        81       —        —        696  
Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.
        5,187        —         —         —        584       —        —        5,771  
Amman Asia Electric Power Company
        223,424        —         —         (8,171 )      20,485       33,126       —        268,864  
KAPES, Inc.
        —         —         —         (1,095 )      1,095       —        —        —   
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        4,743        —         —         (435 )      525       —        —        4,833  
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
        5,708        —         —         —        419       —        (73 )      6,054  
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
        35,083        —         —         —        1,516       —        —        36,599  
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        3,443        —         —         —        286       —        —        3,729  
Nghi Son 2 Power LLC
        417,989        —         —         —        45,889       99,201       —        563,079  
Kelar S.A.
        131,529        —         —         —        4,739       (2,498 )      18,597       152,367  
PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia
        90,151        —         —         (8,349 )      6,138       14,122       (1,482 )      100,580  
Incheon New Power Co., Ltd.
        298        —         —         —        4       —        —        302  
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
        16,591        —         —         —        (1,135 )      —        —        15,456  
Daehan Wind Power PSC
        16,426        —         —         —        1,779       3,122       —        21,327  
Barakah One Company
        —         —         —         —        —        —        —        —   
Nawah Energy Company
        330        —         —         —        14       48       —        392  
MOMENTUM
        209        —         —         (225 )      196       15       —        195  
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.
        26,430        —         —         —        4,103       —        (20 )      30,513  
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        23,380        —         —         —        2,766       —        —        26,146  
Chester Solar IV SpA
        484        1,076        —         —        (216 )      108       —        1,452  
Chester Solar V SpA
        191        108        —         —        (66 )      29       —        262  
Diego de Almagro Solar SpA
        954        810        —         —        (160 )      96       —        1,700  
South Jamaica Power Company Limited
        43,109        —         —         (2,895 )      2,704       5,842       —        48,760  
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        22,191        —         —         —        3,144       —        (4 )      25,331  
RE Holiday Holdings LLC
        84,092        —         —         —        (3,139 )      8,827       —        89,780  
RE Pioneer Holdings LLC
        54,081        —         —         —        (2,910 )      4,451       —        55,622  
RE Barren Ridge 1 Holdings LLC
        58,154        —         —         (1,966 )      (1,546 )      5,164       —        59,806  
RE Astoria 2 LandCo LLC
        6,937        —         —         (404 )      594       992       —        8,119  
RE Barren Ridge LandCo LLC
        2,441        —         —         (170 )      237       349       —        2,857  
Laurel SpA
        613        934        —         —        (228 )      113       —        1,432  
KIAMCO KOWEPO Bannerton Hold Co Pty Ltd
        3,719        —         —         —        9       435       (3,014 )      1,149  
Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        3,756        —         —         —        560       —        1       4,317  
Chester Solar I SpA
        1,238        134        —         —        184       93       —        1,649  
Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation
        58,130        —         —         (6,107 )      6,523       5,149       —        63,695  
Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd.
        23,419        —         —         —        (142 )      —        —        23,277  
Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd.
        2,665        —         —         —        (75 )      —        —        2,590  
Jaeun Resident Wind Power Plant Co., Ltd.
        2,214        —         —         —        (169 )      —        —        2,045  
DE Energia SpA
        9,703        —         —         —        —        1,359       —        11,062  
Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.
        26,753        —         —         —        253       (139 )      —        26,867  
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
        3,122        —         —         —        108       —        —        3,230  
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        10,435        —         —         —        1,209       —        (4 )      11,640  
HORUS SOLAR, S.A. DE C.V.
        11,181        —         —         —        (9,636 )      (57 )      —        1,488  
RECURSOS SOLARES PV DE MEXICO II, S.A. DE C.V.
        10,935        —         —         —        (6,540 )      57       —        4,452  
SUNMEX RENOVABLES, S.A. DE C.V.
        3,541        —         —         —        (1,724 )      (130 )      —        1,687  
 
F-116
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
         
Beginning
balance
     
Acquisitions
     
Disposals
    
Dividends
received
    
Share of
profit

(loss)
    
Other
comprehensive
income

(loss)
    
Others
    
Ending
balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                       
Stavro Holding II A.B.
   ￦        18,263        —         —        —        (2,326 )      (676 )      1,198       16,459  
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
        17,953        —         —        —        4,840       —        —        22,793  
Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd.
        9,637        —         —        —        2,191       —        —        11,828  
Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        3,022        —         —        (301 )      130       —        —        2,851  
Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.
        25,603        14,713        —        —        (816 )      11,221       —        50,721  
NH-Amundi Global Infrastructure Investment Private Investment Trust 21
        21,897        959        —        —        (6,896 )      —        (527 )      15,433  
Shin-han BNPP Private Investment Trust for East-West Sunlight Dream
        15,487        —         (68 )      (87 )      164       —        —        15,496  
PT Barito Wahana Tenaga
        156,994        —         —        —        24,435       26,136       —        207,565  
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.
        25,549        —         —        —        20,609       —        —        46,158  
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        5,285        —         —        —        32,284       —        10,462       48,031  
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
OneEnergy Asia Limited
        289,966        62,880        —        —        47,346       65,157       —        465,349  
KAS INVESTMENT I LLC
        15,784        —         —        —        (12,916 )      3,210       —        6,078  
KAS INVESTMENT II LLC
        15,709        —         —        —        (12,867 )      3,198       —        6,040  
Energyco Co., Ltd.
        2,140        —         —        —        182       —        —        2,322  
CAES, LLC
        20,380        —         —        (663 )      340       (1,687 )      2,289       20,659  
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
        10,348        —         —        (661 )      1,647       —        —        11,334  
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
        1,058        —         —        —        102       —        —        1,160  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
        352        —         —        —        —        —        (352 )      —   
Pulau Indah O&M Sdn. Bhd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Guadalupe Solar SpA
        1,200        —         —        —        (431 )      12       —        781  
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        10,229        —         —        —        630       —        —        10,859  
Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding, S.L.
        8,119        —         —        —        (5,852 )      (2,626 )      359       —   
Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.
        4,024        —         —        —        (3,134 )      —        —        890  
Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.
        569        —         —        —        (236 )      —        —        333  
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
        9,072        —         —        —        1,564       —        —        10,636  
Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC
        2,542        —         —        —        173       —        —        2,715  
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        5,515        —         —        —        2,325       —        —        7,840  
KEPCO KPS CARABAO Corp.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Prime Swedish Holding AB
        38,789        —         —        —        (3,782 )      —        2,552       37,559  
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
        15,736        —         —        —        32       —        —        15,768  
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.
        22,429        —         —        —        734       —        —        23,163  
CapMan Lynx SCA, SICAR
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
International Offshore Power Transmission Holding Company Limited
        1,423        —         —        —        (65 )      9,680       —        11,038  
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        12,228        —         —        —        (81 )      —        —        12,147  
Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.
        8,386        —         —        —        3,227       —        —        11,613  
Changwon Nu-ri Energy Co., Ltd.
        8,027        —         —        —        (369 )      —        —        7,658  
PungBack Wind Farm Corporation
        7,940        —         —        —        (180 )      —        —        7,760  
Trumbull Asset Management, LLC
        936        —         —        —        212       149       —        1,297  
S-Power Chile SpA
        64        —         —        —        74       21       —        159  
Seungmun Green Energy
        9,757        —         —        —        2,988       —        —        12,745  
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.
        3,580        —         —        —        (271 )      —        —        3,309  
Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        9,608        —         —        —        (912 )      (53 )      —        8,643  
Kepco for Power Company
        435        —         —        —        (570 )      18,041       —        17,906  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd.
        13,932        —         —        —        827       —        —        14,759  
Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd.
        3,195        —         —        —        (629 )      —        —        2,566  
Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd.
        3,663        —         —        —        178       —        —        3,841  
Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd.
        1,560        8,040        —        —        (1,473 )      —        719       8,846  
 
F-117
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
         
Beginning
balance
     
Acquisitions
     
Disposals
    
Dividends
received
    
Share of
profit

(loss)
    
Other
comprehensive
income

(loss)
    
Others
    
Ending
balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                       
Hadong E-factory Co., Ltd.
   ￦        349        —         —        —        (5 )      —        —        344  
Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd.
        3,850        50,127        —        —        (1,519 )      (690 )      —        51,768  
Wadi Noor Solar Power Company SAOC
        846        —         —        —        (5,170 )      5,716       —        1,392  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.
        —         —         —        —        —        —        —        —   
Fairhaven Energy Storage LLC
        —         1,505        —        —        (854 )      29       (680 )      —   
Rutile BESS Holdings, LLC
        —         106        —        —        (106 )      1       —        1  
Trumbull Development Partners, LLC
        —         304,836        —        —        7,976       42,567       —        355,379  
Imha Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
        —         7,174        —        —        (823 )      —        —        6,351  
EDFR KOWEPO AJBAN PV HOLDING LIMITED
        —         1        —        —        (72 )      156       —        85  
Roof One Energy Co., Ltd.
        —         2,000        —        —        —        —        —        2,000  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
       3,485,699        455,403        (68 )      (97,509 )      252,816       453,895       31,104       4,581,340  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦        9,662,588        474,390        (77,694 )      (364,377 )      755,452       795,669       40,066       11,286,094  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
(4)
Summary of financial information of associates and joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
2023
  
Investees
          
Total assets
     
Total
liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (loss) for

the year
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                   
Korea Gas Corporation
    ￦        57,254,666        47,428,628        44,555,995        (747,428 ) 
Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
         174,788        73,065        354,850        21,170  
YTN Co., Ltd.
         352,188        108,108        130,450        (3,616 ) 
Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         83,062        3,380        32,525        14,098  
Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.
         738,107        330,616        107,367        7,446  
Korea Power Exchange
         366,092        91,806        119,182        4,443  
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         42,243        26,200        5,529        716  
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
         1,120,453        716,752        451,527        4,043  
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
         12,142        314        3,535        1,394  
SPC Power Corporation
         287,249        28,485        106,926        27,946  
Gemeng International Energy Co., Ltd.
         7,507,274        5,189,729        2,963,614        33,580  
PT. Cirebon Electric Power
         665,365        177,150        265,054        27,341  
KNOC Nigerian East Oil Co., Ltd.
         27,029        112,017        —         (50 ) 
KNOC Nigerian West Oil Co., Ltd.
         29,157        107,300        —         (50 ) 
PT Wampu Electric Power
         206,943        131,823        20,155        (582 ) 
PT. Bayan Resources TBK
         4,447,335        2,018,870        4,675,174        1,670,522  
S-Power Co., Ltd.
         762,398        427,807        1,012,050        44,730  
Pioneer Gas Power Limited
         274,693        532,005        551        (49,745 ) 
Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Power Co., Ltd.
         1,370,110        900,713        171,978        (5,674 ) 
PT. Mutiara Jawa
         27,296        9,474        16,160        7,999  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.
         22,544        39,895        8,028        (1,776 ) 
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         89,861        107,834        24,017        920  
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
         5,374,233        4,372,531        1,580,545        152  
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
         5,381,984        4,665,083        1,419,436        (7,388 ) 
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
         1,222,968        832,633        1,040,219        201,635  
Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
         1,618        573        575        82  
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.
         1,337,529        1,042,681        1,744,247        (8,608 ) 
 
F-118
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(4)
Summary of financial information of associates and joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
          
Total assets
     
Total
liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (loss) for

the year
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                   
Jinbhuvish Power Generation Pvt. Ltd.
    ￦        61,227        12,644        —         —   
Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         5,277        2,094        —         (145 ) 
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
         1,932,098        1,170,085        876,826        62,471  
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         14,140        4,471        4,225        1,772  
Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         160,299        149,060        69,108        (3,920 ) 
Hansuwon KNP Co., Ltd.
         3,063        899        7,618        645  
Korea Electric Power Corporation Fund
         23,981        108        332        (2,921 ) 
Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd.
         13,628        1,371        5,130        1,254  
Daegu clean Energy Co., Ltd.
         368        324        —         (1 ) 
Yaksu ESS Co., Ltd.
         5,697        4,717        508        (691 ) 
Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited
         327,057        167,792        82,720        (3,186 ) 
Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         370,778        247,675        —         (2,034 ) 
PND Solar Co., Ltd.
         34,804        30,127        5,413        373  
Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
         169,180        128,481        26,266        7,206  
YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd.
         38,720        38,173        5,593        (241 ) 
Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.
         69,667        72,325        948        (5,392 ) 
Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd.
         1,151        303        643        87  
ITR Co., Ltd.
         480        490        144        (234 ) 
STN Co., Ltd. (formerly, Structure test network Co., Ltd.)
         1,818        127        771        178  
Indeck Niles Development, LLC
         1,157,838        675,638        318,392        64,813  
Indeck Niles Asset Management, LLC
         307        29        1,081        1,001  
Hanwha Corporation-linked Sunlight Power Special Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1
         13,444        186        820        747  
Suwon New Power Co., Ltd.
         3,448        1,130        2,318        341  
Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.
         287,838        276,840        11,267        1,513  
Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.
         139,352        127,545        22,671        2,426  
SureDataLab Co., Ltd.
         890        416        548        (263 ) 
SEP Co., Ltd.
         45        117        —         (7 ) 
Hankook Electric Power Information Co., Ltd.
         2,270        974        1,672        223  
Tronix Co., Ltd.
         4,564        2,807        2,718        578  
O2&B Global Co., Ltd.
         369        264        242        (73 ) 
Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         136,382        124,745        16,360        2,999  
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
         303,462        309,185        —         (3,031 ) 
Goesan Solar Park Co., Ltd.
         50,659        40,738        6,530        985  
Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         152,496        113,407        23,448        4,063  
Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
         85,571        60,302        29,907        7,019  
Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         56,906        56,087        9,261        (2,088 ) 
Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         6,813        4,650        1,039        193  
Muan Solar park Co., Ltd.
         204,168        171,642        31,532        8,648  
YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.
         20,566        17,717        3,483        420  
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
         258,076        223,831        37,742        3,119  
KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd. (formerly, Daewon Green Energy Co., Ltd.)
         143,157        112,651        58,423        13,407  
G.GURU Co., Ltd.
         818        142        162        (540 ) 
UD4M Co., Ltd.
         1,242        194        1,066        (59 ) 
Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
         16,563        14,913        2,580        140  
Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
         16,739        14,707        2,646        451  
Korea Energy Data Co., Ltd.
         313        191        348        (87 ) 
Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
         138,761        119,779        23,523        9,191  
KOSTURE Co., Ltd.
         196        22        208        16  
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         196,810        139,675        35,000        13,138  
Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         217,335        197,676        6,052        (497 ) 
Yeomsubong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         32,742        30,586        —         (1,753 ) 
Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II
         133,053        106,419        15,190        8,797  
 
F-119
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(4)
Summary of financial information of associates and joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
          
Total assets
     
Total
liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (loss) for

the year
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                   
Haeparang Energy Co., Ltd.
    ￦        40,698        32,359        —         (335 ) 
Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         165,283        97,997        22,663        (812 ) 
Boulder Solar III, LLC
         1,929        —         —         —   
PlatformN. Co., Ltd.
         184        394        404        (566 ) 
PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana
         3,372,539        2,606,566        434,806        73,285  
Green Radiation Co., Ltd.
         1,038        812        298        100  
Future Convergence Technology Laboratory. Co., Ltd.
         479        302        —         (70 ) 
Eco Motion Co., Ltd. (formerly, SC E&G. Co,. Ltd.)
         1,664        329        633        372  
REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co,. Ltd.)
         1,801        1,081        856        —   
ACE
         385        348        53        (30 ) 
Environment and Energy Co., Ltd.
         89        —         —         (4 ) 
Santiago Solar Power SpA
         88,687        65,149        —         (2,994 ) 
Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
         17,092        14,470        135        (495 ) 
Power Embedded
         298        2        —         (2 ) 
Changwon SG Energy Co., Ltd.
         5,738        1,649        436        (703 ) 
Donpyung Technology. Co., Ltd.
         2,039        643        1,664        93  
HORANG ENERGY Inc.
         64,736        54,923        —         (389 ) 
Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd
         24,702        25,730        —         (4,864 ) 
Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         40,801        32,285        —         (5,116 ) 
Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         46,016        32,262        —         (100 ) 
<Joint ventures>
                                   
Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V.
         142,680        20        —         897  
Shuweihat Asia Operation & Maintenance Company
         4,421        1,116        3,194        2,249  
Waterbury Lake Uranium L.P.
         74,320        550        —         —   
ASM-BG Investicii AD
         68,837        39,359        10,931        1,359  
RES Technology AD
         58,152        29,387        5,969        (1,027 ) 
KV Holdings, Inc.
         12,968        2        20        367  
KEPCO SPC Power Corporation
         288,140        26,778        222,773        17,270  
Gansu Datang Yumen Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         61,657        45,869        10,684        791  
Datang Chifeng Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
         812,124        345,277        117,833        25,055  
Datang KEPCO Chaoyang Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
         166,959        58,942        23,638        1,597  
Rabigh Electricity Company
         2,556,848        1,855,234        304,727        51,539  
Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited
         40,339        27,928        31,301        6,676  
Jamaica Public Service Company Limited
         2,332,019        1,491,199        1,400,582        87,307  
KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.
         42,363        460        14,344        5,386  
Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         31,863        5,188        9,197        4,473  
Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd.
         2,398        277        2,044        (229 ) 
Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.
         13,065        2,691        3,397        892  
Amman Asia Electric Power Company
         719,388        347,015        21,772        33,811  
KAPES, Inc.
         203,066        165,475        32,294        2,150  
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         31,183        14,938        6,570        1,540  
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
         21,534        1,853        11,248        1,203  
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
         565,972        447,820        502,889        10,435  
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         73,854        50,936        13,523        1,944  
Nghi Son 2 Power LLC
         3,775,717        2,939,740        825,701        33,505  
Kelar S.A.
         691,104        493,325        112,201        12,488  
PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia
         704,274        446,700        111,138        21,854  
Incheon New Power Co., Ltd.
         1,404        377        3,781        485  
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
         201,776        144,565        54,575        (1,581 ) 
Daehan Wind Power PSC
         144,260        111,407        17,880        4,951  
Barakah One Company
         35,586,640        36,901,367        1,243,735        (230,503 ) 
Nawah Energy Company
         569,982        568,147        555,338        34  
MOMENTUM
         13,449        12,821        23,160        624  
 
F-120
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(4)
Summary of financial information of associates and joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
          
Total assets
     
Total
liabilities
     
Sales
    
Profit (loss) for

the year
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                  
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.
    ￦        515,354        429,204        380,130       (5,146 ) 
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         225,286        175,530        36,326       11,672  
Chester Solar IV SpA
         12,435        11,504        2,119       395  
Chester Solar V SpA
         4,124        4,002        696       141  
Diego de Almagro Solar SpA
         15,785        13,907        3,114       931  
South Jamaica Power Company Limited
         482,866        267,307        240,664       18,833  
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         237,663        174,261        111,225       11,480  
RE Holiday Holdings LLC
         340,773        172,589        21,178       664  
RE Pioneer Holdings LLC
         257,091        148,929        14,136       (2,164 ) 
RE Barren Ridge 1 Holdings LLC
         213,491        97,184        11,915       (1,979 ) 
RE Astoria 2 LandCo LLC
         14,116        242        1,014       823  
RE Barren Ridge LandCo LLC
         4,980        97        393       329  
Laurel SpA
         10,665        9,768        1,646       169  
KIAMCO KOWEPO Bannerton Hold Co Pty Ltd
         30,081        84        —        (182 ) 
Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         54,086        41,352        6,780       1,240  
Chester Solar I SpA
         12,846        10,712        1,620       214  
Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation
         146,304        37,922        16,420       9,121  
Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         34,905        5,994        —        (162 ) 
Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd.
         83,147        80,102        —        (925 ) 
Jaeun Resident Wind Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         95,529        87,893        181       (80 ) 
DE Energia SpA
         28,017        21,416        5,006       21,118  
Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.
         96,980        19,299        3,789       589  
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
         21,612        15,241        2,216       299  
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         124,550        103,766        211       (858 ) 
HORUS SOLAR, S.A. DE C.V.
         210,868        160,006        20,586       26,865  
RECURSOS SOLARES PV DE MEXICO II, S.A. DE C.V.
         239,548        180,912        4,920       24,984  
SUNMEX RENOVABLES, S.A. DE C.V.
         156,696        133,032        —        6,232  
Stavro Holding II A.B.
         91,342        28        —        (87 ) 
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         346,793        304,142        39,907       4,823  
Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         326,429        279,779        35,280       4,506  
Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         67,150        51,247        8,751       1,741  
Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.
         800,300        720,459        431       2,095  
NH-Amundi Global Infrastructure Investment Private Investment Trust 21
         72,465        97        7,569       7,080  
Shin-han BNPP Private Investment Trust for East-West Sunlight Dream
         17,230        22        38       (3 ) 
PT Barito Wahana Tenaga
         512,846        —         —        72,320  
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.
         428,042        380,935        119,530       29,511  
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         695,684        677,583        312,592       53,343  
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Dayone Energy Co., Ltd.)
         441,975        498,353        212,997       5,544  
OneEnergy Asia Limited
         2,181,165        1,520,032        1,149,944       94,298  
KAS INVESTMENT I LLC
         52,806        —         (7,436 )      (7,437 ) 
KAS INVESTMENT II LLC
         52,555        1        (7,444 )      (7,445 ) 
Energyco Co., Ltd.
         54,336        49,816        6,599       (173 ) 
CAES, LLC
         48,495        5        —        (2,388 ) 
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
         79,924        58,887        12,679       4,266  
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         18,636        15,896        2,378       106  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
         73,435        79,367        8,249       (1,125 ) 
Pulau Indah O&M Sdn. Bhd.
         —         —         —        —   
Guadalupe Solar SpA
         10,646        8,811        1,684       626  
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         150,813        126,853        —        (453 ) 
Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding, S.L.
         94,972        86,049        —        (2,712 ) 
Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.
         109,716        102,143        3,561       2,975  
Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.
         14,096        12,299        652       615  
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         145,956        115,347        38,907       (4,892 ) 
 
F-121
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(4)
Summary of financial information of associates and joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
          
Total assets
     
Total
liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (loss) for

the year
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                   
Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC
    ￦        12,825        115        2,128        850  
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         142,703        125,602        13,568        6,570  
KEPCO KPS CARABAO Corp.
         375        468        —         (467 ) 
Prime Swedish Holding AB
         83,699        218        —         (524 ) 
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
         177,924        146,175        29,246        8,460  
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.
         144,435        108,848        23,523        (974 ) 
CapMan Lynx SCA, SICAR
         139,262        132,430        1,427        (12,401 ) 
International Offshore Power Transmission Holding Company Limited
         6,555        2,486        —         (195 ) 
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         60,535        39,452        9,361        (2,354 ) 
Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         153,927        126,998        46,679        5,609  
Changwon Nu-ri Energy Co., Ltd.
         13,183        29        —         (44 ) 
PungBack Wind Farm Corporation
         70,330        51,804        —         (255 ) 
Trumbull Asset Management, LLC
         1,697        497        5,955        887  
S-Power Chile SpA
         2,240        2,390        1,327        (139 ) 
Seungmun Green Energy
         144,600        115,034        10,879        2,127  
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.
         9,838        5,362        1,051        624  
Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         111,682        78,552        —         (3,069 )
KEPCO for Power Company
         235,212        234,487        —         (3,610 )
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         26,606        3,385        7,384        3,752  
Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         4,916        —         —         (84 )
Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         13,831        1,395        —         (71 )
Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd.
         11,243        5,462        —         (1,343 )
Hadong E-factory Co., Ltd.
         1,544        399        —         (13 )
Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd.
         7,000        —         —         —   
Wadi Noor Solar Power Company SAOC
         70,963        69,288        —         —   
Fairhaven Energy Storage LLC
         —         —         —         —   
2024
  
Investees
          
Total assets
     
Total

liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (loss) for

the year
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                   
Korea Gas Corporation
    ￦        57,669,638        46,843,282        38,388,740        1,148,985  
Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
         213,423        109,367        361,690        14,587  
Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         123,787        46,156        23,400        7,415  
Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.
         698,653        295,095        109,081        9,354  
Korea Power Exchange
         365,652        91,690        120,586        1,795  
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         35,917        19,831        5,155        213  
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
         1,117,771        651,892        397,332        61,893  
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
         8,110        93        2,671        2,359  
SPC Power Corporation
         301,805        18,716        72,191        35,657  
Gemeng International Energy Co., Ltd.
         8,301,632        5,803,020        2,907,291        (66,765 ) 
PT. Cirebon Electric Power
         742,634        169,796        281,041        15,070  
KNOC Nigerian East Oil Co., Ltd.
         30,834        127,760        —         (31 ) 
KNOC Nigerian West Oil Co., Ltd.
         33,230        122,351        —         (31 ) 
PT Wampu Electric Power
         209,724        124,358        19,146        7,598  
PT. Bayan Resources TBK
         5,338,900        2,100,603        4,700,051        1,285,816  
S-Power Co., Ltd.
         739,732        369,429        734,607        35,889  
Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Power Co., Ltd.
         1,414,921        979,112        182,433        (81,032 ) 
PT. Mutiara Jawa
         28,266        8,489        13,455        4,094  
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         95,570        108,793        47,999        4,787  
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
         5,129,641        4,125,053        1,310,775        2,823  
 
F-122
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(4)
Summary of financial information of associates and joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
          
Total assets
     
Total

liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (loss) for

the year
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                   
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
    ￦        5,359,845        4,667,564        635,026        (10,547 ) 
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
         1,052,048        678,140        841,818        58,855  
Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
         1,666        385        476        135  
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.
         1,350,004        1,044,020        1,360,809        10,453  
Jinbhuvish Power Generation Pvt. Ltd.
         67,903        14,023        —         —   
Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         5,419        2,220        —         53  
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
         1,910,960        1,089,101        535,012        59,776  
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         11,767        3,025        3,805        908  
Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         142,943        134,894        66,924        (3,140 ) 
Hansuwon KNP Co., Ltd.
         4,324        1,444        7,949        716  
Korea Electric Power Corporation Fund
         13,676        67        1,880        488  
Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd.
         14,037        1,229        5,003        1,450  
YaksuESS Co., Ltd.
         5,295        4,738        749        (423 ) 
Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited
         666,316        419,386        123,848        10,732  
Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         547,208        426,210        —         (2,105 ) 
PND solar Co., Ltd.
         32,025        26,570        5,331        737  
Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
         157,873        114,299        25,081        5,963  
YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd.
         36,659        37,065        5,194        (953 ) 
Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.
         81,798        85,848        1,942        (1,392 ) 
Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd.
         1,303        318        1,209        146  
ITR Co., Ltd.
         720        898        130        (510 ) 
STN Co., Ltd.
         1,870        99        666        108  
Indeck Niles Development, LLC
         1,234,170        704,296        284,855        32,491  
Indeck Niles Asset Management, LLC
         211        32        1,157        1,120  
Hanwha Corporation-linked Sunlight Power Special Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1
         12,665        178        722        689  
Suwon New Power Co., Ltd.
         15,427        13,338        5,072        (229 ) 
Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.
         260,641        249,642        9,658        1,188  
Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.
         130,520        117,267        49,187        1,465  
SureDataLab Co., Ltd.
         660        461        675        (291 ) 
SEP Co., Ltd.
         45        118        —         (1 ) 
Hankook Electric Power Information Co., Ltd.
         2,381        991        2,135        58  
Tronix Co., Ltd.
         4,824        3,659        2,578        42  
O2&B Global Co., Ltd.
         453        485        149        (104 ) 
Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         128,131        116,742        16,246        2,552  
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
         441,227        412,276        10,812        (6,845 ) 
Goesan Solar Park Co., Ltd.
         48,924        38,119        6,143        884  
Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         149,528        105,535        22,600        4,049  
Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
         79,709        51,776        28,110        6,064  
Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         53,335        52,503        10,889        13  
Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         6,680        4,309        1,035        208  
Muan Solar park Co., Ltd.
         188,303        158,595        27,641        5,152  
YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.
         18,321        15,238        3,506        589  
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
         237,359        199,954        36,948        3,530  
KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         135,307        103,023        41,289        2,131  
G.GURU Co., Ltd.
         273        133        103        (535 ) 
UD4M Co., Ltd.
         1,076        227        1,142        (170 ) 
Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
         16,139        13,833        2,665        656  
Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
         16,323        13,428        2,737        863  
Korea Energy Data Co., Ltd.
         212        134        167        (104 ) 
Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
         148,460        125,975        45,534        5,768  
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         187,927        120,551        32,534        15,536  
Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         234,506        195,354        68,010        11,494  
Yeomsubong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         45,468        44,236        —         (924 ) 
 
F-123
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(4)
Summary of financial information of associates and joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
          
Total assets
     
Total

liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (loss) for

the year
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                   
Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II
    ￦        136,360        105,721        18,376        4,005  
Haeparang Energy Co., Ltd.
         63,749        56,030        758        (620 ) 
Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         160,225        93,086        20,376        (147 ) 
PlatformN. Co., Ltd.
         162        223        430        139  
PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana
         3,831,992        2,863,534        543,340        60,512  
Green Radiation Co., Ltd.
         521        663        613        (272 ) 
Future Convergence Technology Laboratory. Co., Ltd.
         384        277        —         (83 ) 
Eco Motion Co., Ltd.
         1,830        684        350        82  
REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd.
         2,921        1,518        1,010        232  
ACE
         359        308        27        14  
Environment and Energy Co., Ltd.
         31        —         —         (36 ) 
Santiago Solar Power SpA
         85,063        71,139        4,862        (9,488 ) 
Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
         15,300        12,382        2,259        210  
Power Embedded
         400        112        —         (7 ) 
Changwon SG Energy Co., Ltd.
         4,878        1,328        3,342        (539 ) 
Donpyung Technology. Co., Ltd.
         2,205        673        2,317        135  
HORANG ENERGY Inc.
         94,637        85,678        —         (947 ) 
Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd
         43,206        43,942        —         (62 ) 
Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         122,937        114,908        —         (1,165 ) 
Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         120,001        106,939        121        (692 ) 
SkyPic Inc.
         167        37        3        (7 ) 
HyChangwon Fuel Cell. Co., Ltd.
         114,580        91,679        —         (309 ) 
Dreams Co.,Ltd.
         233        183        208        (49 ) 
DEEPAI Co.,Ltd.
         813        449        240        (319 ) 
Amaala Sustainable Company for Energy LLC
         697,354        697,158        —         —   
<Joint ventures>
                                   
Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V.
         176,569        137        —         (370 ) 
Shuweihat Asia Operation & Maintenance Company
         4,215        328        3,574        2,293  
Waterbury Lake Uranium L.P.
         80,803        761        —         —   
ASM-BG Investicii AD
         68,437        34,565        12,815        2,824  
RES Technology AD
         57,356        27,219        7,395        (292 ) 
KV Holdings, Inc.
         17,304        1        1,778        1,799  
KEPCO SPC Power Corporation
         291,538        26,307        190,296        28,108  
Gansu Datang Yumen Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         63,240        43,443        10,721        944  
Datang Chifeng Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
         900,001        388,711        115,297        17,722  
Datang KEPCO Chaoyang Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
         180,827        60,016        26,678        2,031  
Rabigh Electricity Company
         2,651,843        1,873,439        353,677        63,270  
Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited
         40,983        20,205        30,841        5,840  
Jamaica Public Service Company Limited
         2,649,022        1,656,068        1,490,606        76,611  
KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.
         47,498        5,423        6,919        2,510  
Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         28,837        865        8,452        3,963  
Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd.
         2,976        574        3,635        290  
Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.
         11,709        168        3,219        1,214  
Amman Asia Electric Power Company
         791,478        343,371        22,776        34,047  
KAPES, Inc.
         299,380        257,858        43,699        6,224  
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         29,174        12,618        6,508        1,810  
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
         22,701        1,828        12,983        1,444  
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
         533,211        409,989        430,679        4,890  
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         69,249        44,422        12,636        2,156  
Nghi Son 2 Power LLC
         4,412,970        3,286,814        921,504        91,777  
Kelar S.A.
         715,489        486,293        112,110        9,733  
PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia
         754,514        467,144        106,081        17,705  
Incheon New Power Co., Ltd.
         1,267        227        2,777        36  
 
F-124
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(4)
Summary of financial information of associates and joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
          
Total assets
     
Total

liabilities
     
Sales
    
Profit (loss) for

the year
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                  
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
    ￦        192,083        138,787        51,233       (4,558 ) 
Daehan Wind Power PSC
         173,637        130,982        18,496       3,584  
Barakah One Company
         43,235,235        45,056,439        1,636,730       (53,778 ) 
Nawah Energy Company
         701,247        699,068        566,077       40  
MOMENTUM
         7,422        6,836        22,770       586  
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.
         493,595        399,918        338,750       7,344  
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         217,987        162,218        32,114       7,971  
Chester Solar IV SpA
         12,649        12,309        1,941       (676 ) 
Chester Solar V SpA
         4,260        4,321        631       (176 ) 
Diego de Almagro Solar SpA
         16,301        15,161        2,625       (667 ) 
South Jamaica Power Company Limited
         532,323        288,501        250,519       14,460  
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         225,765        153,391        110,002       5,960  
RE Holiday Holdings LLC
         363,750        184,188        20,251       (1,413 ) 
RE Pioneer Holdings LLC
         272,900        161,657        13,343       (3,168 ) 
RE Barren Ridge 1 Holdings LLC
         224,922        105,310        12,905       (1,301 ) 
RE Astoria 2 LandCo LLC
         16,514        276        1,060       848  
RE Barren Ridge LandCo LLC
         5,826        110        411       342  
Laurel SpA
         10,897        10,471        1,522       (557 ) 
KIAMCO KOWEPO Bannerton Hold Co Pty Ltd
         33,736        150        —        70  
Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         53,374        38,705        6,788       1,599  
Chester Solar I SpA
         12,935        11,454        1,395       (745 ) 
Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation
         166,126        37,872        19,412       8,733  
Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         34,377        5,643        —        (176 ) 
Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd.
         86,708        83,921        —        (399 ) 
Jaeun Resident Wind Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         95,657        88,605        —        (380 ) 
DE Energia SpA
         32,263        24,853        —        3,163  
Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.
         90,750        12,732        3,645       743  
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
         21,036        14,444        2,060       232  
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         146,697        123,504        11,948       2,334  
HORUS SOLAR, S.A. DE C.V.
         170,018        184,014        35,080       (43,774 ) 
RECURSOS SOLARES PV DE MEXICO II, S.A. DE C.V.
         238,276        223,019        19,178       (37,720 ) 
SUNMEX RENOVABLES, S.A. DE C.V.
         182,159        170,906        —        (15,771 ) 
Stavro Holding II A.B.
         82,407        114        —        (11,632 ) 
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         347,831        292,737        46,361       12,443  
Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         318,641        260,459        34,509       10,880  
Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         61,678        46,675        7,051       682  
Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.
         1,054,236        873,923        40,818       (2,896 ) 
NH-Amundi Global Infrastructure Investment Private Investment Trust 21
         52,533        271        3,054       (23,354 ) 
Shin-han BNPP Private Investment Trust for East-West Sunlight Dream
         17,251        33        227       182  
PT Barito Wahana Tenaga
         678,043        —         —        74,744  
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.
         463,574        375,343        142,400       41,124  
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         738,857        586,152        467,225       124,830  
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd.
         421,954        480,084        139,134       294  
OneEnergy Asia Limited
         3,237,191        2,137,600        424,036       100,781  
KAS INVESTMENT I LLC
         20,361        28        (40,343 )      (43,213 ) 
KAS INVESTMENT II LLC
         20,233        28        (40,189 )      (43,048 ) 
Energyco Co., Ltd.
         50,310        45,161        6,221       629  
CAES, LLC
         49,267        —         —        946  
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
         76,903        53,853        12,361       3,992  
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         18,236        15,133        2,262       191  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
         68,249        74,213        8,300       (390 ) 
Pulau Indah O&M Sdn. Bhd.
         1        2        —        24  
 
F-125
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(4)
Summary of financial information of associates and joint ventures as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
          
Total assets
     
Total

liabilities
     
Sales
     
Profit (loss) for

the year
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                   
Guadalupe Solar SpA
    ￦        10,477        9,339        1,408        (574 ) 
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         180,001        154,541        4,785        1,480  
Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding, S.L.
         187,118        194,881        3,262        (13,206 ) 
Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.
         99,288        102,522        7,118        (5,518 ) 
Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.
         12,845        11,861        1,490        (101 ) 
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         145,162        109,158        37,392        2,415  
Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC
         13,694        119        2,470        865  
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         143,725        118,608        21,048        7,349  
KEPCO KPS CARABAO Corp.
         226        835        —         (513 ) 
Prime Swedish Holding AB
         143,102        62,354        8,911        (8,404 ) 
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
         174,255        142,437        28,059        2,190  
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.
         144,887        104,284        22,154        4,939  
CapMan Lynx SCA, SICAR
         3,319        134,790        —         (4,808 ) 
International Offshore Power Transmission Holding Company Limited
         33,191        1,650        —         (213 ) 
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         55,697        34,754        9,261        (536 ) 
Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         149,904        111,846        45,239        9,512  
Changwon Nu-ri Energy Co., Ltd.
         71,179        58,630        333        (606 ) 
PungBack Wind Farm Corporation
         148,157        130,116        —         (536 ) 
Trumbull Asset Management, LLC
         2,572        910        4,501        486  
S-Power Chile SpA
         2,779        2,778        1,369        108  
Seungmun Green Energy
         142,213        103,593        46,712        9,026  
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.
         10,245        6,108        1,214        26  
Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         210,853        181,052        —         (5,391 ) 
KEPCO for Power Company
         644,110        614,267        —         (1,058 ) 
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         28,067        3,468        6,431        2,169  
Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         4,130        181        —         (967 ) 
Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         125,961        112,910        3,169        615  
Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd.
         22,939        6,960        —         (2,767 ) 
Hadong E-factory Co., Ltd.
         2,331        1,204        —         (17 ) 
Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd.
         75,474        1,899        —         (2,410 ) 
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.
         21,109        1,981        3,352        (1,357 ) 
Wadi Noor Solar Power Company SAOC
         492,407        481,139        —         (1,477 ) 
Fairhaven Energy Storage LLC
         2,071        82        —         (14 ) 
Rutile BESS Holdings, LLC
         7,353        7,350        —         (211 ) 
Trumbull Development Partners, LLC
         1,582,082        1,042,712        —         14,174  
Imha Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
         36,412        23,546        —         (1,679 ) 
EDFR KOWEPO AJBAN PV HOLDING LIMITED
         37,776        37,606        —         (143 ) 
Roof One Energy Co., Ltd.
         9,305        5,209        —         (46 ) 
 
F-126
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(5)
Financial information of associates and joint ventures reconciled to the Company’s investments in consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
2023
  
Investees
          
Net assets
    
Percentage
of ownership(*)
    
Share in

net assets
    
Investment

differential
     
Intercompany

transaction
    
Others
    
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                                   
Korea Gas Corporation
    ￦           9,826,038       20.47 %        2,011,390       —         —        (40,747 )      1,970,643  
Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
         101,723       29.00 %      29,500       —         —        —        29,500  
YTN Co., Ltd.
         244,080       21.43 %      52,303       —         —        —        52,303  
Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         79,682       15.00 %      11,952               49        —        —        12,001  
Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.
         407,491       29.00 %      118,173       —         —        —        118,173  
Korea Power Exchange
         274,286       100.00 %      274,286       —         —        —        274,286  
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         16,043       67.25 %      10,788       2,742        —        —        13,530  
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
         403,701       6.85 %      27,654       —         —        (820 )      26,834  
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
         11,828       27.00 %      3,194       —         —        —        3,194  
SPC Power Corporation
         258,764       38.00 %      98,330       —         —        (19,399 )      78,931  
Gemeng International Energy Co., Ltd.
         2,317,545       42.00 %      973,369       —         —        (267,557 )      705,812  
PT. Cirebon Electric Power
         488,215       27.50 %      134,259       —         —        —            134,259  
KNOC Nigerian East Oil Co., Ltd.
         (84,988 )      14.63 %      (12,434 )      —         —             12,434       —   
KNOC Nigerian West Oil Co., Ltd.
         (78,143 )      14.63 %      (11,432 )      —         —        11,432       —   
PT Wampu Electric Power
         75,120       46.00 %      34,555       —         —        —        34,555  
PT. Bayan Resources TBK
         2,428,465       20.00 %      485,693       209,894        —        (76,380 )      619,207  
S-Power Co., Ltd.
         334,591       49.00 %      163,950       —         (1,185 )      —        162,765  
Pioneer Gas Power Limited
         (257,311 )      38.50 %      (99,058 )      22,278        —        76,780       —   
Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Power Co., Ltd.
         469,397       25.00 %      117,349       305        (987 )      (289 )      116,378  
PT. Mutiara Jawa
         17,822       29.00 %      5,168       —         —        —        5,168  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.
         (17,351 )      25.54 %      (4,431 )      —         —        4,431       —   
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         (17,973 )      29.00 %      (5,212 )      —         —        5,212       —   
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
         1,001,702       29.00 %      290,494       —         (2,870 )      —        287,624  
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
         716,901       29.00 %      207,901       48,531        (1,503 )      —        254,929  
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
         390,335       40.00 %      156,134       3,559        (14,667 )      —        145,026  
Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
         1,045       28.00 %      293       —         —        1       294  
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.
         294,848       34.01 %      100,278       1,757        (2,249 )      (12,583 )      87,203  
Jinbhuvish Power Generation Pvt. Ltd.
         48,583       5.16 %      2,526       —         —        (2,526 )      —   
Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         3,183       46.59 %      1,483       —         —        —        1,483  
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
         762,013       34.00 %      259,085       —         —        —        259,085  
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         9,669       29.00 %      2,804       —         —        —        2,804  
Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         11,239       29.00 %      3,259       —         —        —        3,259  
Hansuwon KNP Co., Ltd.
         2,164       28.98 %      627       —         —        (160 )      467  
Korea Electric Power Corporation Fund
         23,873       98.09 %      23,417       —         —        4       23,421  
Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd.
         12,257       9.90 %      1,213       —         —        —        1,213  
Daegu clean Energy Co., Ltd.
         44       28.00 %      12       —         —        (12 )      —   
Yaksu ESS Co., Ltd.
         980       29.00 %      284       1        —        —        285  
Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited
         159,265       68.88 %      109,701       872        —        —        110,573  
Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         123,103       20.00 %      24,620       18        —        —        24,638  
PND Solar Co., Ltd.
         4,677       29.00 %      1,356       154        —        —        1,510  
Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
         40,699       19.00 %      7,733       214        —        —        7,947  
YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd.
         547       9.63 %      53       300        —        (220 )      133  
Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.
         (2,658 )      29.00 %      (771 )      779        —        —        8  
Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd.
         848       20.00 %      170       —         —        —        170  
ITR Co., Ltd.
         (10 )      10.00 %      (1 )      —         —        1       —   
STN Co., Ltd. (formerly, Structure test network Co., Ltd.)
         1,691       20.00 %      338       53        —        —        391  
Indeck Niles Development, LLC
         482,200       50.00 %      241,100       90,074        —        4,227       335,401  
Indeck Niles Asset Management, LLC
         278       33.33 %      93       —         —        —        93  
Hanwha Corporation-linked Sunlight Power Special Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1
         13,258       49.00 %      6,496       —         —        —        6,496  
Suwon New Power Co., Ltd.
         2,318       33.05 %      766       —         256       —        1,022  
 
F-127
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(5)
Financial information of associates and joint ventures reconciled to the Company’s investments in consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
          
Net assets
    
Percentage
of ownership(*)
    
Share in

net assets
    
Investment

differential
     
Intercompany

transaction
    
Others
     
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                                    
Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.
    ￦        10,998       44.00 %      4,839       316        —        —         5,155  
Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.
         11,807       40.00 %      4,723       —         —        —         4,723  
SureDataLab Co., Ltd.
         474       23.95 %      114       —         —        —         114  
SEP Co., Ltd.
         (72 )      21.26 %      (15 )      —         —        15        —   
Hankook Electric Power Information Co., Ltd.
         1,296       16.49 %      214       —         —        —         214  
Tronix Co., Ltd.
         1,757       12.50 %      220       —         —        —         220  
O2&B Global Co., Ltd.
         105       20.00 %      21       —         —        —         21  
Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         11,637       20.00 %      2,328       494        —        —         2,822  
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
         (5,723 )      29.90 %      (1,711 )      24        —        1,687        —   
Goesan Solar Park Co., Ltd.
         9,921       29.00 %      2,877       —         —        —         2,877  
Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         39,089       35.00 %      13,681       739        —        —         14,420  
Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
         25,269       49.05 %      12,394       —         —        —         12,394  
Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         819       30.00 %      246       —         —        —         246  
Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         2,163       42.58 %      921       20        —        —         941  
Muan Solar park Co., Ltd.
         32,526       20.00 %      6,505       325        —        —         6,830  
YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.
         2,849       20.00 %      570       —         —        —         570  
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
         34,245       20.00 %      6,849       816        —        —         7,665  
KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd. (formerly, Daewon Green Energy Co., Ltd.)
         30,506       25.36 %      7,735       44        —        —         7,779  
G.GURU Co., Ltd.
         676       24.65 %      167       —         —        —         167  
UD4M Co., Ltd.
         1,048       14.29 %      150       —         —        —         150  
Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
         1,650       20.00 %      330       50        —        —         380  
Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
         2,032       20.00 %      406       —         —        —         406  
Korea Energy Data Co., Ltd.
         122       29.37 %      36       —         —        —         36  
Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
         18,982       41.00 %      7,783       87        —        —         7,870  
KOSTURE Co., Ltd.
         174       4.42 %      8       —         —        —         8  
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         57,135       34.00 %      19,426       —         —        —         19,426  
Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         19,659       45.00 %      8,847       53        —        —         8,900  
Yeomsubong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         2,156       29.00 %      625       246        —        —         871  
Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II
         26,634       30.00 %      7,990       2,110        —        —         10,100  
Haeparang Energy Co., Ltd.
         8,339       25.00 %      2,084       20        —        —         2,104  
Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         67,286       55.00 %      37,009       182        —        —         37,191  
Boulder Solar III, LLC
         1,929       30.00 %      579       175        —        —         754  
PlatformN. Co., Ltd.
         (210 )      29.58 %      (62 )      —         —        62        —   
PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana
         765,973       10.00 %      76,597       —         —        —         76,597  
Green Radiation Co., Ltd.
         226       10.00 %      23       3        —        —         26  
Future Convergence Technology Laboratory. Co., Ltd.
         177       20.12 %      36       —         —        —         36  
Eco motion Co., Ltd. (formerly, SC E&G. Co,. Ltd.)
         1,335       20.00 %      267       —         —        —         267  
REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co,. Ltd.)
         720       16.67 %      120       —         —        —         120  
ACE
         37       20.00 %      7       —         (5 )      —         2  
Environment and Energy Co., Ltd.
         89       10.54 %      9       —         —        —         9  
Santiago Solar Power SpA
         23,538       50.00 %      11,769       —         —        —         11,769  
Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
         2,622       29.00 %      760       —         —        —         760  
Power Embedded
         296       23.33 %      69       1        —        —         70  
Changwon SG Energy Co., Ltd.
         4,089       18.78 %      768       15        —        —         783  
Donpyung Technology. Co., Ltd.
         1,396       20.00 %      279       —         (25 )      —         254  
HORANG ENERGY Inc.
         9,813       40.00 %      3,925       224        —        —         4,149  
Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd
         (1,028 )      36.10 %      (370 )      2,270        —        475        2,375  
Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         8,516       35.00 %      2,981       —         —        —         2,981  
Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         13,754       60.00 %      8,252       71        —        —         8,323  
 
F-128
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(5)
Financial information of associates and joint ventures reconciled to the Company’s investments in consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
          
Net assets
    
Percentage
of ownership(*)
    
Share in

net assets
    
Investment

differential
     
Intercompany

transaction
    
Others
    
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                   
Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V.
    ￦        142,660       49.00 %      69,902       —         —        —        69,902  
Shuweihat Asia Operation & Maintenance Company
         3,305       55.00 %      1,818       —         —        —        1,818  
Waterbury Lake Uranium L.P.
         73,770       30.65 %      22,612       —         —        —        22,612  
ASM-BG Investicii AD
         29,478       50.00 %      14,739       —         —        —        14,739  
RES Technology AD
         28,765       50.00 %      14,383       —         —        —        14,383  
KV Holdings, Inc.
         12,966       40.00 %      5,186       —         —        —        5,186  
KEPCO SPC Power Corporation
         261,362       75.20 %      196,544       —         —        —        196,544  
Gansu Datang Yumen Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         15,788       40.00 %      6,315       —         —        —        6,315  
Datang Chifeng Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
         466,847       40.00 %      186,739       —         —        —        186,739  
Datang KEPCO Chaoyang Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
         108,017       40.00 %      43,207       —         —        —        43,207  
Rabigh Electricity Company
         701,614       40.00 %      280,646       —         (45,692 )      97       235,051  
Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited
         12,411       40.00 %      4,964       —         —        —        4,964  
Jamaica Public Service Company Limited
         840,820       40.00 %      336,328       29,357        —        (15,819 )      349,866  
KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.
         41,903       45.00 %      18,856       —         —        (176 )      18,680  
Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         26,675       25.00 %      6,669       —         —        —        6,669  
Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd.
         2,121       29.00 %      615       —         —        —        615  
Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.
         10,374       50.00 %      5,187       —         —        —        5,187  
Amman Asia Electric Power Company
         372,373       60.00 %      223,424       —         —        —        223,424  
KAPES, Inc.
         37,591       51.00 %      19,171       —         (22,186 )      3,015       —   
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         16,245       29.00 %      4,711       32        —        —        4,743  
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
         19,681       29.00 %      5,708       —         —        —        5,708  
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
         118,152       29.90 %      35,327       3        —        (247 )      35,083  
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         22,918       15.00 %      3,437       6        —        —        3,443  
Nghi Son 2 Power LLC
         835,977       50.00 %      417,989       —         —        —        417,989  
Kelar S.A.
         197,779       65.00 %      128,557       2,972        —        —        131,529  
PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia
         257,574       35.00 %      90,151       —         —        —        90,151  
Incheon New Power Co., Ltd.
         1,027       29.00 %      298       —         —        —        298  
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
         57,211       29.00 %      16,591       —         —        —        16,591  
Daehan Wind Power PSC
         32,853       50.00 %      16,426       —         —        —        16,426  
Barakah One Company
         (1,314,727 )      18.00 %      (236,651 )      —         95,932       140,719       —   
Nawah Energy Company
         1,835       18.00 %      330       —         —        —        330  
MOMENTUM
         628       33.33 %      209       —         —        —        209  
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.
         86,150       54.24 %      46,728       84        —        (20,382 )      26,430  
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         49,756       46.00 %      22,888       492        —        —        23,380  
Chester Solar IV SpA
         931       45.00 %      419       65        —        —        484  
Chester Solar V SpA
         122       45.00 %      55       136        —        —        191  
Diego de Almagro Solar SpA
         1,878       45.00 %      846       108        —        —        954  
South Jamaica Power Company Limited
         215,559       20.00 %      43,112       —         —        (3 )      43,109  
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         63,402       35.00 %      22,191       —         —        —        22,191  
RE Holiday Holdings LLC
         168,184       50.00 %      84,092       —         —        —        84,092  
RE Pioneer Holdings LLC
         108,162       50.00 %      54,081       —         —        —        54,081  
RE Barren Ridge 1 Holdings LLC
         116,307       50.00 %      58,154       —         —        —        58,154  
RE Astoria 2 LandCo LLC
         13,874       50.00 %      6,937       —         —        —        6,937  
RE Barren Ridge LandCo LLC
         4,883       50.00 %      2,441       —         —        —        2,441  
Laurel SpA
         897       45.00 %      403       210        —        —        613  
KIAMCO KOWEPO Bannerton Hold Co Pty Ltd
         29,997       12.37 %      3,710       9        —        —        3,719  
Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         12,734       29.01 %      3,695       61        —        —        3,756  
Chester Solar I SpA
         2,134       45.00 %      960       278        —        —        1,238  
Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation
         108,382       38.00 %      41,185       —         —        16,945       58,130  
Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         28,911       81.01 %      23,419       —         —        —        23,419  
 
F-129
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(5)
Financial information of associates and joint ventures reconciled to the Company’s investments in consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
          
Net assets
    
Percentage
of ownership(*)
    
Share in

net assets
    
Investment

differential
    
Intercompany

transaction
    
Others
    
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                  
Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd.
    ￦        3,045       29.00 %      883       1,782       —        —        2,665  
Jaeun Resident Wind Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         7,636       29.00 %      2,214       —        —        —        2,214  
DE Energia SpA
         6,601       49.00 %      3,235       —        —        6,468       9,703  
Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.
         77,681       34.00 %      26,412       341       —        —        26,753  
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
         6,371       49.00 %      3,122       —        —        —        3,122  
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         20,784       50.00 %      10,392       43       —        —        10,435  
HORUS SOLAR, S.A. DE C.V.
         50,862       14.95 %      7,601       3,580       —        —        11,181  
RECURSOS SOLARES PV DE MEXICO II, S.A. DE C.V.
         58,636       14.95 %      8,764       2,171       —        —        10,935  
SUNMEX RENOVABLES, S.A. DE C.V.
         23,664       14.95 %      3,536       5       —        —        3,541  
Stavro Holding II A.B.
         91,314       20.00 %      18,263       —        —        —        18,263  
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         42,651       38.90 %      16,592       1,361       —        —        17,953  
Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         46,650       19.00 %      8,864       773       —        —        9,637  
Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         15,903       19.00 %      3,022       —        —        —        3,022  
Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.
         79,841       25.00 %      19,960       5,643       —        —        25,603  
NH-Amundi Global Infrastructure Investment Private Investment Trust 21
         72,368       29.53 %      21,370       527       —        —        21,897  
Shin-han BNPP Private Investment Trust for East-West Sunlight Dream
         17,208       90.00 %      15,487       —        —        —        15,487  
PT Barito Wahana Tenaga
         512,846       30.61 %      156,994       —        —        —        156,994  
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.
         47,107       50.10 %      23,601       3,137       (1,189 )      —        25,549  
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         18,101       29.20 %      5,285       —        —        —        5,285  
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Dayone Energy Co., Ltd.)
         (56,378 )      46.30 %      (26,103 )      —        (826 )      26,929       —   
OneEnergy Asia Limited
         661,133       40.00 %      264,454       25,512       —        —        289,966  
KAS INVESTMENT I LLC
         52,806       29.89 %      15,784       —        —        —        15,784  
KAS INVESTMENT II LLC
         52,554       29.89 %      15,709       —        —        —        15,709  
Energyco Co., Ltd.
         4,520       29.00 %      1,311       829       —        —        2,140  
CAES, LLC
         48,490       36.00 %      17,457       2,923       —        —        20,380  
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
         21,037       49.00 %      10,309       39       —        —        10,348  
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         2,740       28.02 %      768       290       —        —        1,058  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
         (5,932 )      27.10 %      (1,607 )      352       —        1,607       352  
Pulau Indah O&M Sdn. Bhd.
         —        60.00 %      —        —        —        —        —   
Guadalupe Solar SpA
         1,835       60.00 %      1,102       98       —        —        1,200  
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         23,960       42.00 %      10,063       166       —        —        10,229  
Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding, S.L.
         8,923       75.00 %      6,692       1,427       —        —        8,119  
Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.
         7,573       29.00 %      2,196       1,828       —        —        4,024  
Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.
         1,797       29.00 %      521       48       —        —        569  
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         30,609       29.00 %      8,877       195       —        —        9,072  
Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC
         12,710       20.00 %      2,542       —        —        —        2,542  
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         17,101       29.00 %      4,959       556       —        —        5,515  
KEPCO KPS CARABAO Corp.
         (93 )      40.00 %      (37 )      —        —        37       —   
Prime Swedish Holding AB
         83,481       45.00 %      37,566       1,223       —        —        38,789  
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
         31,749       46.15 %      14,652       1,084       —        —        15,736  
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.
         35,587       56.91 %      20,251       —        —        2,178       22,429  
CapMan Lynx SCA, SICAR
         6,832       50.00 %      3,416       —        —        (3,416 )      —   
International Offshore Power Transmission Holding Company Limited
         4,069       35.00 %      1,425       (2 )      —        —        1,423  
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         21,083       58.00 %      12,228       —        —        —        12,228  
Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         26,929       29.00 %      7,809       577       —        —        8,386  
Changwon Nu-ri Energy Co., Ltd.
         13,154       61.00 %      8,024       3       —        —        8,027  
PungBack Wind Farm Corporation
         18,526       37.00 %      6,855       1,085       —        —        7,940  
Trumbull Asset Management, LLC
         1,200       78.00 %      936       —        —        —        936  
 
F-130
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(5)
Financial information of associates and joint ventures reconciled to the Company’s investments in consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
  
Investees
          
Net assets
    
Percentage
of ownership(*)
    
Share in

net assets
    
Investment

differential
     
Intercompany

transaction
     
Others
     
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                     
S-Power Chile SpA
    ￦        (150 )      50.00 %      (75 )      139        —         —         64  
Seungmun Green Energy
         29,566       33.00 %      9,757       —         —         —         9,757  
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.
         4,476       80.00 %      3,580       —         —         —         3,580  
Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         33,130       29.00 %      9,608       —         —         —         9,608  
KEPCO for Power Company
         725       60.00 %      435       —         —         —         435  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         23,221       60.00 %      13,932       —         —         —         13,932  
Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         4,916       65.00 %      3,195       —         —         —         3,195  
Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         12,436       29.00 %      3,607       56        —         —         3,663  
Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd.
         5,781       18.71 %      1,082       478        —         —         1,560  
Hadong E-factory Co., Ltd.
         1,145       29.99 %      343       6        —         —         349  
Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd.
         7,000       55.00 %      3,850       —         —         —         3,850  
Wadi Noor Solar Power Company SAOC
         1,675       50.00 %      837       9        —         —         846  
Fairhaven Energy Storage LLC
         —        35.00 %      —        —         —         —         —   
 
(*)
The percentage of ownership shown above is after considering the treasury stocks and others.
 
F-131
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(5)
Financial information of associates and joint ventures reconciled to the Company’s investments in consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
          
Net assets
    
Percentage
of ownership(*)
    
Share in


net assets
    
Investment

differential
     
Intercompany

transaction
    
Others
    
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                                   
Korea Gas Corporation
    ￦          10,826,356       21.66 %        2,344,989       —                 —        (55,685 )      2,289,304  
Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
         104,056       29.00 %      30,177       —         —        —        30,177  
Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         77,631       15.00 %      11,644       49        —        —        11,693  
Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.
         403,558       29.00 %      117,033       —         —        (29,640 )      87,393  
Korea Power Exchange
         273,962       100.00 %      273,962       —         —        —        273,962  
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         16,086       67.25 %      10,818       2,741        —        —        13,559  
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
         465,879       6.85 %      31,913       —         —        (820 )      31,093  
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
         8,017       27.00 %      2,165       —         —        —        2,165  
SPC Power Corporation
         283,089       38.00 %      107,574       —         —        —        107,574  
Gemeng International Energy Co., Ltd.
         2,498,612       42.00 %      1,049,417       —         —        (321,079 )      728,338  
PT. Cirebon Electric Power
         572,838       27.50 %      157,530       —         —        —        157,530  
KNOC Nigerian East Oil Co., Ltd.
         (96,926 )      14.63 %      (14,180 )      —         —             14,180       —   
KNOC Nigerian West Oil Co., Ltd.
         (89,121 )      14.63 %      (13,038 )      —         —        13,038       —   
PT Wampu Electric Power
         85,366       46.00 %      39,268       —         —        —        39,268  
PT. Bayan Resources TBK
         3,238,297       20.00 %      647,659       146,097        —        (76,380 )      717,376  
S-Power Co., Ltd.
         370,303       49.00 %      181,448       —         (1,076 )      —        180,372  
Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy Power Co., Ltd.
         435,809       25.00 %      108,953       305        (946 )      (35,247 )      73,065  
PT. Mutiara Jawa
         19,777       29.00 %      5,735       —         —        —        5,735  
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         (13,223 )      29.00 %      (3,835 )      —         —        3,835       —   
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
         1,004,588       29.00 %      291,331       —         (6,789 )      —        284,542  
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
         692,281       29.00 %      200,761       46,872        (5,819 )      —        241,814  
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
         373,908       40.00 %      149,563       3,559        (14,064 )      1       139,059  
Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
         1,281       28.00 %      359       —         —        1       360  
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.
         305,984       34.01 %      104,065       1,757        (1,889 )      (12,582 )      91,351  
Jinbhuvish Power Generation Pvt. Ltd.
         53,880       5.16 %      2,780       —         —        (2,780 )      —   
Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         3,199       46.59 %      1,490       —         —        —        1,490  
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
         821,859       34.00 %      279,432       —         —        —        279,432  
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         8,742       29.00 %      2,535       —         —        —        2,535  
Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         8,049       29.00 %      2,334       —         —        —        2,334  
Hansuwon KNP Co., Ltd.
         2,880       28.98 %      835       —         —        (161 )     674  
Korea Electric Power Corporation Fund
         13,609       98.09 %      13,349       —         —        4       13,353  
Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd.
         12,808       9.90 %      1,268       —         —        —        1,268  
YaksuESS Co., Ltd.
         557       29.00 %      161       1        —        —        162  
Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited
         246,930       68.88 %      170,083       872        —        —        170,955  
Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         120,998       20.00 %      24,199       18        —        —        24,217  
PND solar Co., Ltd.
         5,455       29.00 %      1,582       154        —        (1 )     1,735  
Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
         43,574       19.00 %      8,279       214        —        —        8,493  
YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd.
         (406 )      9.63 %      (39 )      300        —        (220 )     41  
Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.
         (4,050 )      29.00 %      (1,175 )      779        —        396       —   
Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd.
         985       20.00 %      197       —         —        —        197  
ITR Co., Ltd.
         (178 )      8.70 %      (15 )      —         —        15       —   
STN Co., Ltd.
         1,771       20.00 %      354       53        —        —        407  
Indeck Niles Development, LLC
         529,874       50.00 %      264,936       101,361        —        4,673       370,970  
Indeck Niles Asset Management, LLC
         179       33.33 %      60       —         —        —        60  
Hanwha Corporation-linked Sunlight Power Special Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1
         12,487       49.00 %      6,119       —         —        —        6,119  
Suwon New Power Co., Ltd.
         2,089       30.15 %      630       —         284       —        914  
Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.
         10,999       44.00 %      4,839       316        —        —        5,155  
Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.
         13,253       40.00 %      5,301       —         —        —        5,301  
SureDataLab Co., Ltd.
         199       23.95 %      48       —         —        —        48  
SEP Co., Ltd.
         (73 )      21.26 %      (15 )      —         —        15       —   
 
F-132
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(5)
Financial information of associates and joint ventures reconciled to the Company’s investments in consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
          
Net assets
    
Percentage
of ownership(*)
    
Share in


net assets
    
Investment

differential
     
Intercompany

transaction
    
Others
    
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                                   
Hankook Electric Power Information Co., Ltd.
    ￦        1,390       16.16 %      225       —         —        (13 )      212  
Tronix Co., Ltd.
         1,165       12.50 %      146       —         —        —        146  
O2&B Global Co., Ltd.
         (32 )      20.00 %      (6 )      —         —        6       —   
Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         11,389       20.00 %      2,278       494        —        —        2,772  
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
         28,951       27.31 %      7,908       —         —        —        7,908  
Goesan Solar Park Co., Ltd.
         10,805       29.00 %      3,133       —         —        —        3,133  
Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
         43,993       35.00 %      15,398       739        —        —        16,137  
Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
         27,933       49.05 %      13,701       —         —        —        13,701  
Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         832       30.00 %      250       —         —        —        250  
Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         2,371       42.58 %      1,010       20        —        —        1,030  
Muan Solar park Co., Ltd.
         29,708       20.00 %      5,942       325        —        —        6,267  
YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.
         3,083       20.00 %      617       —         —        —        617  
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
         37,405       20.00 %      7,482       816        —        —        8,298  
KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         32,284       25.36 %      8,186       44        —        —        8,230  
G.GURU Co., Ltd.
         140       24.65 %      34       —         —        —        34  
UD4M Co., Ltd.
         849       14.29 %      121       —         —        —        121  
Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
         2,306       20.00 %      462       50        —        —        512  
Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
         2,895       20.00 %      579       —         —        —        579  
Korea Energy Data Co., Ltd.
         78       29.37 %      23       —         —        —        23  
Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
         22,485       41.00 %      9,219       87        —        —        9,306  
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         67,376       34.00 %      22,909       —         —        —        22,909  
Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         39,152       45.00 %      17,619       53        —        —        17,672  
Yeomsubong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         1,232       29.00 %      357       246        —        —        603  
Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II
         30,639       30.00 %      9,191       2,110        —        —        11,301  
Haeparang Energy Co., Ltd.
         7,719       25.00 %      1,930       20        —        —        1,950  
Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.
         67,139       55.00 %      36,928       182        —        —        37,110  
PlatformN. Co., Ltd.
         (61 )      29.58 %      (18 )      —         —        18       —   
PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana
         968,458       10.00 %      96,846       —         —        —        96,846  
Green Radiation Co., Ltd.
         (142 )      10.00 %      (14 )      3        —        11       —   
Future Convergence Technology Laboratory. Co., Ltd.
         107       20.12 %      22       —         —        —        22  
Eco motion Co., Ltd.
         1,146       20.00 %      229       —         —        —        229  
REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd.
         1,403       11.04 %      155       —         —        —        155  
ACE
         51       20.00 %      10       —         (5 )      —        5  
Environment and Energy Co., Ltd.
         31       10.54 %      3       —         —        —        3  
Santiago Solar Power SpA
         13,924       50.00 %      6,961       —         —        —        6,961  
Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
         2,918       29.00 %      846       —         —        —        846  
Power Embedded
         288       23.33 %      67       1        —        —        68  
Changwon SG Energy Co., Ltd.
         3,550       18.78 %      667       15        —        —        682  
Donpyung Technology. Co., Ltd.
         1,532       20.00 %      306       —         (25 )      —        281  
HORANG ENERGY Inc.
         8,959       40.00 %      3,584       224        —        —        3,808  
Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd
         (736 )      36.12 %      (266 )      2,375        —        266       2,375  
Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         8,029       35.00 %      2,810       —         —        —        2,810  
Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         13,062       60.00 %      7,837       71        —        —        7,908  
SkyPic Inc.
         130       20.00 %      26       —         —        —        26  
HyChangwon Fuel Cell. Co., Ltd.
         22,901       40.00 %      9,161       117        —        —        9,278  
Dreams Co.,Ltd.
         50       11.00 %      6       5        —        —        11  
DEEPAI Co.,Ltd.
         364       1.32 %      5       6        —        —        11  
Amaala Sustainable Company for Energy LLC
         196       10.00 %      20       —         —        (2 )      18  
 
F-133
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(5)
Financial information of associates and joint ventures reconciled to the Company’s investments in consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
          
Net assets
    
Percentage
of ownership(*)
    
Share in


net assets
    
Investment

differential
     
Intercompany

transaction
    
Others
    
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                   
Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V.
    ￦        176,432       49.00 %      86,450       —         —        —        86,450  
Shuweihat Asia Operation & Maintenance
Company
         3,887       55.00 %      2,138       —         —        —        2,138  
Waterbury Lake Uranium L.P.
         80,042       29.68 %      23,756       —         —        —        23,756  
ASM-BG Investicii AD
         33,872       50.00 %      16,936       —         —        —        16,936  
RES Technology AD
         30,137       50.00 %      15,069       —         —        —        15,069  
KV Holdings, Inc.
         17,303       40.00 %      6,921       —         —        —        6,921  
KEPCO SPC Power Corporation
         265,231       60.00 %      159,139       —         —        —        159,139  
Gansu Datang Yumen Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         19,797       40.00 %      7,919       —         —        —        7,919  
Datang Chifeng Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
         511,290       40.00 %      204,516       —         —        —        204,516  
Datang KEPCO Chaoyang Renewable Power Co., Ltd.
         120,811       40.00 %      48,325       —         —        —        48,325  
Rabigh Electricity Company
         778,404       40.00 %      311,362       —         (40,752 )      (717 )      269,893  
Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited
         20,778       40.00 %      8,311       —         —        —        8,311  
Jamaica Public Service Company Limited
         992,954       40.00 %      397,182       29,357        —        (13,923 )      412,616  
KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.
         42,075       45.00 %      18,934       —         —        (176 )      18,758  
Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         27,972       25.00 %      6,993       —         —        —        6,993  
Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd.
         2,402       29.00 %      696       —         —        —        696  
Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.
         11,541       50.00 %      5,771       —         —        —        5,771  
Amman Asia Electric Power Company
         448,107       60.00 %      268,864       —         —        —        268,864  
KAPES, Inc.
         41,522       51.00 %      21,176       —         (25,107 )      3,931       —   
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         16,556       29.00 %      4,801       32        —        —        4,833  
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
         20,873       29.00 %      6,054       —         —        —        6,054  
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
         123,222       29.90 %      36,843       3        —        (247 )      36,599  
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         24,827       15.00 %      3,723       6        —        —        3,729  
Nghi Son 2 Power LLC
         1,126,156       50.00 %      563,079       —         —        —        563,079  
Kelar S.A.
         229,196       65.00 %      148,978       3,389        —        —        152,367  
PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia
         287,370       35.00 %      100,580       —         —        —        100,580  
Incheon New Power Co., Ltd.
         1,040       29.00 %      302       —         —        —        302  
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
         53,296       29.00 %      15,456       —         —        —        15,456  
Daehan Wind Power PSC
         42,655       50.00 %      21,327       —         —        —        21,327  
Barakah One Company
         (1,821,204 )      18.00 %      (327,817 )      —         153,104       174,713       —   
Nawah Energy Company
         2,179       18.00 %      392       —         —        —        392  
MOMENTUM
         586       33.33 %      195       —         —        —        195  
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.
         93,677       54.24 %      50,810       84        —        (20,381 )      30,513  
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         55,769       46.00 %      25,654       492        —        —        26,146  
Chester Solar IV SpA
         340       90.00 %      306       1,146        —        —        1,452  
Chester Solar V SpA
         (61 )      90.00 %      (55 )      317        —        —        262  
Diego de Almagro Solar SpA
         1,140       90.00 %      1,026       674        —        —        1,700  
South Jamaica Power Company Limited
         243,822       20.00 %      48,764       —         —        (4 )      48,760  
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         72,374       35.00 %      25,331       —         —        —        25,331  
RE Holiday Holdings LLC
         179,562       50.00 %      89,780       —         —        —        89,780  
RE Pioneer Holdings LLC
         111,243       50.00 %      55,622       —         —        —        55,622  
RE Barren Ridge 1 Holdings LLC
         119,612       50.00 %      59,806       —         —        —        59,806  
RE Astoria 2 LandCo LLC
         16,238       50.00 %      8,119       —         —        —        8,119  
RE Barren Ridge LandCo LLC
         5,716       50.00 %      2,857       —         —        —        2,857  
Laurel SpA
         426       90.00 %      382       1,050        —        —        1,432  
KIAMCO KOWEPO Bannerton Hold Co Pty Ltd
         33,586       12.37 %      4,155       9        —        (3,015 )      1,149  
Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         14,669       29.01 %      4,256       61        —        —        4,317  
Chester Solar I SpA
         1,481       90.00 %      1,333       316        —        —        1,649  
Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation
         128,254       38.00 %      48,737       —         —        14,958       63,695  
Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         28,734       81.01 %      23,277       —         —        —        23,277  
Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd.
         2,787       29.00 %      808       1,782        —        —        2,590  
 
F-134
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(5)
Financial information of associates and joint ventures reconciled to the Company’s investments in consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
          
Net assets
    
Percentage
of ownership(*)
    
Share in


net assets
    
Investment

differential
    
Intercompany

transaction
    
Others
    
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                  
Jaeun Resident Wind Power Plant Co., Ltd.
    ￦        7,052       29.00 %      2,045       —        —        —        2,045  
DE Energia SpA
         7,410       49.00 %      3,631       —        —        7,431       11,062  
Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.
         78,018       34.00 %      26,526       341       —        —        26,867  
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
         6,592       49.00 %      3,230       —        —        —        3,230  
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         23,193       50.00 %      11,597       43       —        —        11,640  
HORUS SOLAR, S.A. DE C.V.
         (13,996 )      14.95 %      (2,092 )      3,580       —        —        1,488  
RECURSOS SOLARES PV DE MEXICO II, S.A. DE C.V.
         15,257       14.95 %      2,281       2,171       —        —        4,452  
SUNMEX RENOVABLES, S.A. DE C.V.
         11,253       14.95 %      1,682       5       —        —        1,687  
Stavro Holding II A.B.
         82,293       20.00 %      16,459       —        —        —        16,459  
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         55,094       38.90 %      21,432       1,361       —        —        22,793  
Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         58,182       19.00 %      11,055       773       —        —        11,828  
Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         15,003       19.00 %      2,851       —        —        —        2,851  
Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.
         180,313       25.00 %      45,078       5,643       —        —        50,721  
NH-Amundi Global Infrastructure Investment Private Investment Trust 21
         52,262       29.53 %      15,433       527       —        (527 )      15,433  
Shin-han BNPP Private Investment Trust for East-West Sunlight Dream
         17,218       90.00 %      15,496       —        —        —        15,496  
PT Barito Wahana Tenaga
         678,043       30.61 %      207,565       —        —        —        207,565  
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.
         88,231       50.10 %      44,204       3,137       (1,183 )      —        46,158  
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         152,705       29.20 %      44,590       —        —        3,441       48,031  
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd.
         (58,130 )      46.30 %      (27,938 )      —        (785 )     28,723       —   
OneEnergy Asia Limited
         1,099,591       40.00 %      439,837       25,512       —        —        465,349  
KAS INVESTMENT I LLC
         20,333       29.89 %      6,078       —        —        —        6,078  
KAS INVESTMENT II LLC
         20,205       29.89 %      6,040       —        —        —        6,040  
Energyco Co., Ltd.
         5,149       29.00 %      1,493       829       —        —        2,322  
CAES, LLC
         49,267       36.00 %      17,736       2,923       —        —        20,659  
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
         23,050       49.00 %      11,295       39       —        —        11,334  
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
         3,103       28.02 %      870       290       —        —        1,160  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
         (5,964 )      27.10 %      (1,616 )      352       —        1,264       —   
Pulau Indah O&M Sdn. Bhd.
         (1 )      40.00 %      —        —        —        —        —   
Guadalupe Solar SpA
         1,138       60.00 %      683       98       —        —        781  
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         25,460       42.00 %      10,693       166       —        —        10,859  
Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding, S.L.
         (7,763 )      75.00 %      (5,822 )      1,427       —        4,395       —   
Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.
         (3,234 )      29.00 %      (938 )      1,828       —        —        890  
Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.
         984       29.00 %      285       48       —        —        333  
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         36,004       29.00 %      10,441       195       —        —        10,636  
Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC
         13,575       20.00 %      2,715       —        —        —        2,715  
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         25,117       29.00 %      7,284       556       —        —        7,840  
KEPCO KPS CARABAO Corp.
         (609 )      40.00 %      (244 )      —        —        244       —   
Prime Swedish Holding AB
         80,748       45.00 %      36,336       1,223       —        —        37,559  
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
         31,818       46.15 %      14,684       1,084       —        —        15,768  
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.
         40,603       51.94 %      21,090       —        —        2,073       23,163  
CapMan Lynx SCA, SICAR
         (131,471 )      50.00 %      (65,735 )      —        —        65,735       —   
International Offshore Power Transmission Holding Company Limited
         31,541       35.00 %      11,040       (2 )      —        —        11,038  
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         20,943       58.00 %      12,147       —        —        —        12,147  
Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         38,058       29.00 %      11,036       577       —        —        11,613  
Changwon Nu-ri Energy Co., Ltd.
         12,549       61.00 %      7,655       3       —        —        7,658  
PungBack Wind Farm Corporation
         18,041       37.00 %      6,675       1,085       —        —        7,760  
Trumbull Asset Management, LLC
         1,662       78.00 %      1,297       —        —        —        1,297  
S-Power Chile SpA
         1       50.00 %      1       158       —        —        159  
Seungmun Green Energy
         38,620       33.00 %      12,745       —        —        —        12,745  
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.
         4,137       80.00 %      3,309       —        —        —        3,309  
Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         29,801       29.00 %      8,643       —        —        —        8,643  
 
F-135
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(5)
Financial information of associates and joint ventures reconciled to the Company’s investments in consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Investees
          
Net assets
     
Percentage
of ownership(*)
    
Share in


net assets
     
Investment

differential
     
Intercompany

transaction
    
Others
    
Book value
  
           
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                                     
KEPCO for Power Company
    ￦        29,843        60.00 %      17,906        —         —        —        17,906  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd.
         24,599        60.00 %      14,759        —         —        —        14,759  
Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         3,949        65.00 %      2,566        —         —        —        2,566  
Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd.
         13,051        29.00 %      3,785        56        —        —        3,841  
Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd.
         15,979        44.86 %      7,167        1,679        —        —        8,846  
Hadong E-factory Co., Ltd.
         1,127        29.99 %      338        6        —        —        344  
Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd.
         73,575        70.10 %      51,575        193        —        —        51,768  
Samchuck
         19,128        25.54 %      4,885        —         —        (4,885 )      —   
Wadi Noor Solar Power Company SAOC
         11,268        50.00 %      5,634        9        (4,251 )      —        1,392  
Fairhaven Energy Storage LLC
         1,989        35.00 %      696        —         —        (696 )      —   
Rutile BESS Holdings, LLC
         3        50.00 %      1        —         —        —        1  
Trumbull Development Partners, LLC
         539,370        56.23 %      303,288        52,091        —        —        355,379  
Imha Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
         12,866        49.00 %      6,305        46        —        —        6,351  
EDFR KOWEPO AJBAN PV HOLDING LIMITED
         170        50.00 %      85        —         —        —        85  
Roof One Energy Co., Ltd.
         4,096        48.00 %      1,966        34        —        —        2,000  
 
(*)
The percentage of ownership shown above is an effective percentage of ownership including the treasury stocks and others.
 
(6)
As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, unrecognized equity interest in investments in associates and joint ventures whose book value has been reduced to zero due to accumulated losses are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
Unrecognized
equity interest
    
Accumulated

unrecognized
equity interest
     
Unrecognized
equity interest
    
Accumulated

unrecognized
equity interest
  
                                  
           
In millions of won
  
Eurasia Energy Holdings
    ￦        (203 )      —         —        —   
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd.
         937       27,954        769       28,723  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.
         3,625       4,431        895       5,326  
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         (14,956 )      —         —        —   
Barakah One Company
         46,746       140,719        33,994       174,713  
Pioneer Gas Power Limited (*)
         19,835       76,712        —        —   
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
         (460 )      —         —        —   
KAPES, Inc.
         (145 )      3,015        916       3,931  
ITR Co., Ltd.
         (4 )      1        14       15  
SEP Co., Ltd.
         1       15        —        15  
International Offshore Power Transmission
Holding Company Limited
         (23,378 )      —         —        —   
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
         (258 )      5,212        (1,377 )      3,835  
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
         (14 )      —         —        —   
PlatformN. Co., Ltd.
         62       62        (44 )      18  
KEPCO KPS CARABAO Corp.
         37       37        207       244  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
         —        —         1,264       1,264  
Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.
         —        —         396       396  
O2&B Global Co., Ltd.
         —        —         6       6  
Pulau Indah O&M Sdn. Bhd.
         —        —         1       1  
Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding, S.L.
         —        —         4,395       4,395  
Green Radiation Co., Ltd.,
         —        —         11       11  
Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd.,
         —        —         266       266  
CapMan Lynx SCA, SICAR
         —        —         31,090       31,090  
 
  (*)
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the investment therein was reclassified from investment in an associate to a financial asset measured at fair value through other comprehensive income.
 
F-136
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(7)
As of December 31, 2024, shareholders’ agreements on investments in associates and joint ventures that may cause future economic resource or cash outflows are as follows:
 
  (i)
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd.
In the case where non-controlling shareholders decide to dispose of their shares in Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd. after the warrant period in the EPC contract of defect repair for wind power generator has expired, the Company acquires those shares at fair value. The acquisition is to be made after the conditions of the acquisition are discussed among the parties involved, with consideration of various factors such as financial status and business situation.
 
  (ii)
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
In the case where non-controlling shareholders decide to dispose of their shares in Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd. after commercial operation of the power plant has started, the Company acquires those shares at fair value. The acquisition is to be made after the conditions of the acquisition are discussed among the parties involved, with the careful consideration of various factors such as financial status and business situation.
 
  (iii)
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
The Company reserves the right to participate in the transfer of shares in Daeryun Power Co., Ltd. on the same terms as Daeryun E&S Co., Ltd., if Daeryun E&S Co., Ltd. wishes to transfer its shares in Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
 
  (iv)
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.
The Company has a right to purchase all the shares of Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd. held by the financial investors at the yield-based transfer amount agreed with the shareholders. The Company can exercise its right 5, 10 and 13 years after the date of the investment. Also, the Company has a right to purchase all or part of the shares of Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd. held by Lotte Engineering & Construction Co. at the yield-based transfer amount agreed with the shareholders.
 
  (v)
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
In case the Company intends to purchase all or part of the shares from Daehan Green Energy Co., Ltd., which is a non-controlling shareholder, Daehan Green Energy Co., Ltd. has an obligation to evaluate the shares at fair value and transfer them to the Company.
 
 
(
vi)
Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.
The Company has an obligation to purchase certain shares in Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd. from financial investors holding certain shares in Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd. (i.e., IBK and others) when any of the financial investors claim to sell the Company’s shares at a certain point of time in the future. The Company also has the right to claim Hyundai Steel Company, another operating investor of Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd., to sell its shares at a certain point of time in the future, and is obliged to sell the Company’s shares to Hyundai Steel Company or a third party designated by Hyundai Steel Company when Hyundai Steel Company requests the Company to sell its shares.
 
  (vii)
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
The Company has the right to claim Unison Co., Ltd. to transfer its shares in Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd. either as a whole or as a part after the completion of the power generation complex, and if the Company exercises its right to claim transfer, Unison Co., Ltd. is obliged to transfer such shares at fair value to the Company or a third party designated by the Company.
 
  (viii)
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
The Company has a right to purchase shares owned by Daemyung Energy Co., Ltd., within the range of
18
%, for
3
years after the commencement of the operation.
 
  (ix)
Seungmun Green Energy
According to the special conditions of the REC trading contract, a connected entity may demand the sale of ownership stakes held by other investors to the connected entity, or the investors may acquire new stakes or modify business documents through a capital increase in Seungmun Green Energy with prior written consent from the trustee. In the event that other investors sell their stakes to the connected entity, they may demand that the connected entity purchase their stakes in the future if certain conditions are met.
 
F-137
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(7)
As of December 31, 2024, shareholders’ agreements on investments in associates and joint ventures that may cause future economic resource or cash outflows are as follows, continued:
 
  (x)
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.
If shareholders of Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd. other than the Company intend to sell their shares after the elapse of warranty period for wind power generators specified in the EPC contract, the Company has preferential right to other parties and third parties to take over the shares that the shareholders want to sell at fair value by reaching agreement with the shareholders on the timing of sales and volume of shares to be sold considering the financial conditions, management conditions and others.
 
  (xi)
HORANG ENERGY Inc.
The Company has the right to purchase all or partial shares of HORANG ENERGY Inc. held by other shareholders after three years have elapsed from the date of commencing the operations under the unanimous agreement of all shareholders. The Company also has an obligation to sell its shares in HORANG ENERGY Inc. either as a whole or as a part to CNcore Co., Ltd. after three years have elapsed from the date of commencing the operations upon the claim of CNcore Co., Ltd., under the unanimous agreement of all shareholders.
 
  (xii)
Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd.
The Company has an obligation to purchase certain shares from Narae Energy Co., Ltd. at fair value when Narae Energy Co., Ltd. intends to sell its shares in Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd. on the exercise date agreed upon in accordance with the shareholders’ agreement. If Narae Energy Co., Ltd. becomes the largest equity holder by selling, assigning, or transferring shares in accordance with the shareholders’ agreement, the Company is obligated to guarantee the drag-along right that allows Narae Energy Co., Ltd. to sell the shares held by both shareholders under the same conditions.
 
  (xiii)
Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd.
The Company has the right to acquire the shares held by M Eco Co., Ltd. at fair value on the date when it has been third, seventh, and tenth year from the beginning date of commercial operation. However, if M Eco Co., Ltd. transfers its shares to the entity holding the majority of shares in M Eco Co., Ltd., its right to transfer shares to the shareholder prevails the Company’s right to acquire shares from M Eco Co., Ltd.
 
(8)
Significant restrictions on the Company’s abilities on associates or joint ventures as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Company
   
Nature and extent of any significant restrictions
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of financial institutions.
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interests on subordinated loans or dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior consent of the financial institutions.
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
    Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the prior written consent of other shareholders.
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
    Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the board of directors.
Daehan Wind Power PSC
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Also, shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the stakeholders.
Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Before the commencement of the operation, shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the prior written consent of other shareholders.
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid to shareholders when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior consent of interested parties. All or part of the stocks held cannot be transferred without the written consent of the financial institution and if the conditions for the O&M utilization rate are not met or if a payment deferment is necessary due to the fulfillment of the obligation to provide funds, the contract amount will be paid in a subordinated order.
 
F-138
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(8)
Significant restrictions on the Company’s abilities on associates or joint ventures as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Company
   
Nature and extent of any significant restrictions
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interests on subordinated loans or dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the shareholders’ agreement are satisfied. Also, shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of other stakeholders including shareholders and financial institutions.
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the shareholders’ agreement are satisfied. Also, shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the written consent of the other shareholders.
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and consent of the financial institutions is obtained. Also, shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the written consent of the financial institutions.
Indeck Niles Asset Management, LLC
    Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the stakeholders.
Indeck Niles Development, LLC
    Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the stakeholders.
Chester Solar IV SpA
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Also, shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the stakeholders.
Chester Solar V SpA
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Also, shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the stakeholders.
Diego de Almagro Solar SpA
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Also, shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the stakeholders.
Laurel SpA
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Also, shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the stakeholders.
Chester Solar I SpA
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Also, shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the stakeholders.
Kelar S.A.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Also, shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the stakeholders.
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends and settlement amount for renewable energy certificate can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied.
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Also, principals and interests on subordinated loans can only be paid when written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Also, principals and interests on subordinated loans shall not be paid until the payment conditions are satisfied.
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends and settlement amount for renewable energy certificate can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Also, principals and interests on subordinated loans can only be paid when written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends and settlement amount for renewable energy certificate can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Jamaica Public Service Company Limited
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied.
DE Energia SpA
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied.
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Dividends and settlement amount for renewable energy certificate can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends and settlement amount for renewable energy certificate can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Also, principals and interests on subordinated loans can only be paid when prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
 
F-139
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(8)
Significant restrictions on the Company’s abilities on associates or joint ventures as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Company
   
Nature and extent of any significant restrictions
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied.
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interests on subordinated loans or dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied, and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the stakeholders including other shareholders financial institutions. Also, either of Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Company, and Unison Co., Ltd. shall not transfer their shares to others wholly or partially until 4 years have passed from the completion of power complex without the written consent from the other party. In case the shares of each party become less than 10% of outstanding shares after the transfer, it also requires the written consent from the other party.
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred for 3 years after the commencement of operation, and also cannot be transferred or disposed to the third party in a way not permitted in the financial documents without prior written consent of an agent bank.
KPE green energy Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
    Dividends and settlement amount for renewable energy certificate can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied, or permitted by related financing contracts, or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
    Payment of dividends or repayment of loans such as subordinated loans to the investors can only be made when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied, and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Seungmun Green Energy
    Dividends and settlement amount for renewable energy certificate can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Trumbull Asset Management, LLC
    Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without the consent of the stakeholders.
HORANG ENERGY Inc.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred before three years have passed after the commencement of operation, and also cannot be transferred or disposed to the third party in a way not permitted in the financial documents without prior written consent of an agent bank.
Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
    Payment of dividends or repayment of loans such as subordinated loans to the investors can be made only when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can be paid either when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or when prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends can be paid only when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior consent of the stakeholders.
 
F-140
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(8)
Significant restrictions on the Company’s abilities on associates or joint ventures as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Company
   
Nature and extent of any significant restrictions
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends can be paid either when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or when prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends can be paid either when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or when prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends can be paid either when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or when prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Muan Solar Park Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions is obtained.
YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends can be paid either when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or when prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest payments on subordinated loans or dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions is obtained.
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest payments on subordinated loans or dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions is obtained.
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends can be paid either when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or when prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends can be paid either when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or when prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends can be paid either when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or when prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest payments on subordinated loans or dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions is obtained. When the internal rate of return defined in shareholders’ agreement is met, any excessive dividend income must be provided to Gunsan City.
Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.
    Dividends and settlement amounts for renewable energy certificate can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions is obtained.
PungBack Wind Farm Corporation
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends can be paid either when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or when prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interest on subordinated loans or dividends can be paid either when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or when prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. In addition, the Company cannot transfer all or part of its shares without the consent of other shareholders until five years have elapsed from the date of issuance of the acquisition notice after the comprehensive completion of the EPC contract for the project, and shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of the financial institutions is obtained.
 
F-141
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
17.
Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures, Continued
 
(8)
Significant restrictions on the Company’s abilities on associates or joint ventures as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Company
   
Nature and extent of any significant restrictions
Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends to investors are only possible when the conditions in the loan agreement are met or prior written consent from the financial institution is obtained, and subordinated loans cannot be paid to investors before the loan principal and interest are fully repaid. Additionally, all or part of the shares held cannot be transferred without the consent of other shareholders before the commencement of commercial operation of this business. The entity’s stocks may not be transferred to a third party or otherwise disposed of in a manner not permitted in the financial documents without the prior written consent of the agent bank.
Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited
    The Company must maintain a minimum percentage of ownership (50%) until the project completion date and thereafter.
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
    The Company cannot transfer all or part of its shares without the consent of stakeholders until three years have passed since the start of commercial operation of the business.
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
    The Company cannot transfer all or part of its shares without the consent of stakeholders until three years have passed since the start of commercial operation of the business.
S-Power Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without prior consent of the stakeholders is obtained.
South Jamaica Power Company Limited
    Dividends can be paid only when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied and prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
Rutile BESS Holdings, LLC
    Shares cannot be either wholly or partially transferred without prior written consent of other stakeholders.
Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd.
    Dividends and payables from settlement for renewable energy certificates can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or a prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained.
HyChangwon Fuel Cell. Co., Ltd.
    Principals and interests on subordinated loans or dividends can only be paid when all conditions of the loan agreement are satisfied or prior written consent of financial institutions is obtained. In addition, the Company cannot transfer all or part of its shares until five years have elapsed from the date of issuance of the acquisition notice. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without obtaining prior written consent of the financial institutions.
Roof One Energy Co., Ltd.
    Dividends can only be paid when all conditions prescribed in the loan agreement are satisfied. Shares cannot be wholly or partially transferred without obtaining prior consent of the stakeholders.
Amaala Sustainable Company for Energy LLC
    Dividends may be payable only when all conditions prescribed in the loan agreement between Amaala Sustainable Company for Energy LLC and financial institution are satisfied.
 
F-142
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
18.
Property, Plant and Equipment
 
(1)
Property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Acquisition

cost
     
Government

grants
    
Accumulated

depreciation
    
Accumulated
impairment

losses
    
Book

value
  
           
In millions of won
  
                                        
Land
    ￦        14,426,253        (27,404 )      —        (28,165 )      14,370,684  
Buildings
         25,236,830        (46,227 )      (11,870,875 )      (5,751 )      13,313,977  
Structures
         86,010,823        (157,881 )      (35,111,297 )      (9,525 )      50,732,120  
Machinery
         113,735,035        (119,824 )      (59,381,603 )      (536,386 )      53,697,222  
Ships
         17,845        —        (5,480 )      —        12,365  
Vehicles
         421,349        (2,837 )      (337,859 )      (116 )      80,537  
Equipment
         2,341,242        (5,932 )      (1,909,992 )      (375 )      424,943  
Tools
         1,354,532        (62 )      (1,190,057 )      (1 )      164,412  
Construction-in-progress
         32,031,297        (173,474 )      —        (22,795 )      31,835,028  
Right-of-use assets
         6,041,794        —        (2,678,051 )      —        3,363,743  
Asset retirement costs
         17,007,088        —        (7,127,091 )      (146,423 )      9,733,574  
Others
         16,255,667        —        (14,108,737 )      —        2,146,930  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦        314,879,755            (533,641 )      (133,721,042 )         (749,537 )      179,875,535  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
           
2024
  
           
Acquisition

cost
     
Government

grants
    
Accumulated

depreciation
    
Accumulated
impairment

losses
    
Book

value
  
           
In millions of won
  
                                        
Land
    ￦        14,577,296        (27,403 )      —        (29,241 )      14,520,652  
Buildings
         26,217,223        (41,718 )      (12,812,659 )      (7,103 )      13,355,743  
Structures
         89,573,695        (149,737 )      (37,762,078 )      (18,678 )      51,643,202  
Machinery
         122,610,077        (105,546 )      (65,120,941 )      (533,405 )      56,850,185  
Ships
         17,870        —        (7,336 )      —        10,534  
Vehicles
         452,812        (2,745 )      (371,245 )      (116 )      78,706  
Equipment
         2,512,223        (3,915 )      (2,073,752 )      (375 )      434,181  
Tools
         1,428,994        (1,306 )      (1,255,257 )      (1 )      172,430  
Construction-in-progress
         31,307,153        (223,566 )      —        (22,795 )      31,060,792  
Right-of-use assets
         6,031,076        —        (2,984,680 )      —        3,046,396  
Asset retirement costs
         18,283,796        —        (8,388,929 )      (146,423 )      9,748,444  
Others
         17,198,254        —        (15,136,756 )      —        2,061,498  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦        330,210,469             (555,936)       (145,913,633 )         (758,137 )      182,982,763  
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-143
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
18.
Property, Plant and Equipment, Continued
 
(2)
Changes in property, plant and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
  
 
 
  
2023
 
 
  
 
 
  
Beginning
balance
 
 
Acquisition
 
  
Disposal
 
 
Depreciation
 
 
Impairment
(*)
 
 
Others
 
 
Ending

balance
 
 
  
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                    
Land
    ￦        14,270,937       23,519        (15,302 )      —        —        118,934       14,398,088  
(Government grants)
         (27,405 )      —         1       —        —        —        (27,404 ) 
Buildings
         13,292,200       3,706        (6,221 )      (938,549 )      —        1,009,068       13,360,204  
(Government grants)
         (50,437 )      —         —        5,070       —        (860 )      (46,227 ) 
Structures
         50,449,235       18,486        (311,877 )      (2,828,065 )      —        3,562,222       50,890,001  
(Government grants)
         (165,608 )      —         1,611       9,562       —        (3,446 )      (157,881 ) 
Machinery
         54,191,785       184,532        (195,673 )      (6,062,471 )      (6,331 )      5,705,204       53,817,046  
(Government grants)
         (127,126 )      —         1,230       17,413       —        (11,341 )      (119,824 ) 
Ships
         13,476       —         —        (1,812 )      —        701       12,365  
Vehicles
         87,687       5,778        (76 )      (40,760 )      —        30,745       83,374  
(Government grants)
         (2,045 )      —         —        960       —        (1,752 )      (2,837 ) 
Equipment
         435,741       62,291        (264 )      (206,894 )      —        140,001       430,875  
(Government grants)
         (6,608 )      —         —        2,011       —        (1,335 )      (5,932 ) 
Tools
         178,501       30,598        (364 )      (78,487 )      —        34,226       164,474  
(Government grants)
         (99 )      —         —        38       —        (1 )      (62 ) 
Construction-in-progress
         28,041,471       14,069,968        (1,511 )      —        (10,700 )      (10,090,726 )      32,008,502  
(Government grants)
         (135,926 )      5,544        —        —        —        (43,092 )      (173,474 ) 
Right-of-use assets
         3,711,125       261,862        (2,613 )      (536,517 )      —        (70,114 )      3,363,743  
Asset retirement costs
         11,288,967       —         —        (1,251,446 )      —        (303,947 )      9,733,574  
Others
         2,419,437       1,290        —        (958,649 )      —        684,852       2,146,930  
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦        177,865,308       14,667,574        (531,059 )      (12,868,596 )      (17,031 )      759,339       179,875,535  
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
 
(*)
The Company calculated the actual damage in relation to the fire incident at Taean IGCC gas refinery in January 2023, and recognized ￦6,331 million as an impairment loss. In addition, as the recoverable amount of construction-in-progress of Guam Ukudu Power LLC, a subsidiary of the Group, is less than the book value, ￦10,700 million was recognized as an impairment loss for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 
 
  
 
 
  
2024
 
 
  
 
 
  
Beginning
balance
 
 
Acquisition
 
  
Disposal
 
 
Depreciation
 
 
Impairment
 
 
Others
 
 
Ending

balance
 
 
  
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                    
Land
    ￦        14,398,088       28,390        (38,162 )      —        —        159,739       14,548,055  
(Government grants)
         (27,404 )      —         1       —        —        —        (27,403 ) 
Buildings
         13,360,204       3,767        (13,366 )      (984,288 )      (1,351 )      1,032,495       13,397,461  
(Government grants)
         (46,227 )      —         —        4,508       —        1       (41,718 ) 
Structures
         50,890,001       16,201        (303,046 )      (2,873,012 )      (9,154 )      4,071,949       51,792,939  
(Government grants)
         (157,881 )      —         1,330       9,458       —        (2,644 )      (149,737 ) 
Machinery
         53,817,046       341,652        (199,670 )      (6,311,423 )      (735 )      9,308,861       56,955,731  
(Government grants)
         (119,824 )      —         522       16,076       —        (2,320 )      (105,546 ) 
Ships
         12,365       —         —        (1,865 )      —        34       10,534  
Vehicles
         83,374       4,311        (223 )      (43,837 )      —        37,826       81,451  
(Government grants)
         (2,837 )      —         8       1,233       —        (1,149 )      (2,745 ) 
Equipment
         430,875       84,020        (236 )      (210,376 )      —        133,813       438,096  
(Government grants)
         (5,932 )      —         —        2,118       —        (101 )      (3,915 ) 
Tools
         164,474       32,825        (68 )      (82,603 )      —        59,108       173,736  
(Government grants)
         (62 )      —         —        341       —        (1,585 )      (1,306 ) 
Construction-in-progress
         32,008,502       14,335,323        —        —        —        (15,059,467 )      31,284,358  
(Government grants)
         (173,474 )      6,806        75       —        —        (56,973 )      (223,566 ) 
Right-of-use assets
         3,363,743       132,495        (2,252 )      (538,995 )      —        91,405       3,046,396  
Asset retirement costs
         9,733,574       —         —        (1,809,280 )      —        1,824,150       9,748,444  
Others
         2,146,930       1,704        —        (1,011,161 )      —        924,025       2,061,498  
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦        179,875,535       14,987,494        (555,087 )      (13,833,106 )      (11,240 )      2,519,167       182,982,763  
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-144
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
18.
Property, Plant and Equipment, Continued
 
(2)
Changes in property, plant and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
(3)
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company’s subsidiaries including Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. have recognized proceeds and costs from selling items produced before its intended use, by accounting ￦101,609 million (￦38,149 million for the year ended December 31, 2023) as revenue and ￦77,549 million (￦45,578 million for the year ended December 31, 2023) as expense in profit or loss.

19.
Investment Properties
 
(1)
Investment properties as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Acquisition
cost
     
Government
grants
     
Accumulated
depreciation
     
Book

value
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Land
    ￦        172,594        —         —         172,594  
Buildings
         20,043        (22 )       (7,088 )       12,933  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦             192,637             (22 )           (7,088 )           185,527  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
           
2024
  
           
Acquisition
cost
     
Government
grants
     
Accumulated
depreciation
     
Book

value
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Land
    ￦        210,509        —         —         210,509  
Buildings
         32,517        (22 )       (14,020 )       18,475  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦             243,026             (22 )         (14,020 )           228,984  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(2)
Changes in investment properties for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Beginning
balance
     
Disposal
     
Depreciation
     
Others
     
Ending
balance
  
                                           
           
In millions of won
  
Land
    ￦        194,417        —         —         (21,823 )       172,594  
Buildings
         13,890          —         (494 )       (441 )       12,955  
(Government grants)
         (21 )       —         1            (2 )       (22 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        208,286        —         (493 )       (22,266 )       185,527  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
           
2024
  
           
Beginning
balance
     
Disposal
     
Depreciation
     
Others
     
Ending
balance
  
                                           
           
In millions of won
  
Land
    ￦        172,594        —         —         37,915        210,509  
Buildings
         12,955          —         (683 )       6,225        18,497  
(Government grants)
         (22 )       —         1            (1 )       (22 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        185,527        —         (682 )       44,139        228,984  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-145
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
19.
Investment Properties, Continued
 
(3)
Income and expenses related to investment properties for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:

           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Rental income
    ￦        10,519        11,594  
Operating and maintenance expenses related to rental income
         (507 )       (716 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        10,012        10,878  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  

(4)
Fair value of investment properties as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
Book value
     
Fair value
     
Book value
     
Fair value
  
           
In millions of won
  
Land
    ￦        172,594        258,478        210,509        337,379  
Buildings
         12,933        13,437        18,475        19,094  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        185,527        271,915        228,984        356,473  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
The Company determined the fair value of investment property on the transition date based on valuations conducted by an independent valuation firm that is independent of the Company. The valuation firm has appropriate qualifications and experience in the valuation of real estate in the Republic of Korea, and the valuation was conducted using a comparison method, which is a method of obtaining economic value based on the marketability of the property. The fair values of the investment properties as of the reporting date were determined in consideration of the fluctuation on the publicly announced individual land price after the IFRS transition date (January 1, 2010).
 
(5)
All of the Company’s investment properties are held under freehold interests.
 
20.
Construction Contracts
 
(1)
Changes in total contract amount in which revenue is not yet recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2022
  
           
Beginning

balance
     
Increase
(decrease) (*)
     
Recognized as

revenue
     
Ending
balance
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Nuclear power plant construction in overseas and others
    ￦          2,783,935            3,457,964           (646,953 )         5,594,946  
 
  (*)
For the year ended December 31, 2022, the increased balance of contracts from new orders is ￦3,578,599 million and the decreased balance of contracts due to changes in scope of construction work and foreign exchange impact is ￦81,401 million.
 
           
2023
  
           
Beginning

balance
     
Increase
(decrease) (*)
     
Recognized as

revenue
     
Ending
balance
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Nuclear power plant construction in overseas and others
    ￦          5,594,946              986,049           (785,395 )         5,795,600  
 
  (*)
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the increased balance of contracts from new orders is ￦1,029,165 million and the decreased balance of contracts due to changes in scope of construction work and foreign exchange impact is ￦43,116 million.
 
F-146
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
20.
Construction Contracts, Continued
 
(1)
Changes in total contract amount in which revenue is not yet recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
           
2024
  
           
Beginning

balance
     
Increase
(decrease) (*)
     
Recognized as

revenue
     
Ending
balance
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Nuclear power plant construction in overseas and others
    ￦          5,795,600            1,190,281           (849,108 )         6,136,773  
 
  (*)
For the year ended December 31, 2024, the increased balance of contracts from new orders is ￦1,299,281 million and the decreased balance of contracts due to changes in scope of construction work and foreign exchange impact is ￦109,000 million.

(2)
Accumulated earned revenue, expense and others related to the Company’s construction contracts in progress as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Accumulated

earned revenue
     
Accumulated

expense
     
Accumulated

profit
     
Unearned

advance receipts
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Nuclear power plant construction in overseas and others
    ￦         22,996,785         22,382,628          614,157            74,253  
 
           
2024
  
           
Accumulated

earned revenue
     
Accumulated

expense
     
Accumulated

profit
     
Unearned

advance receipts
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Nuclear power plant construction in overseas and others
    ￦         24,255,432         24,008,579          246,853            80,069  
 
(3)
Gross amount due from customers recognized as contract assets and due to customers recognized as contract liabilities for contract work as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
Contract
assets (*1)
     
Contract
liabilities (*2)
     
Contract
assets (*1)
     
Contract
liabilities (*2)
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Nuclear power plant construction in overseas and others
    ￦        183,204        270,789        1,159,085        161,778  
 
  (*1)
Included in trade and other receivables, net, in the consolidated statements of financial position.
 
  (*2)
Included in
non-financial
liabilities as advance received in the consolidated statements of financial position. The revenue recognized on December 31, 2024 from the amounts included in contract liabilities at the end of the prior year is ￦247,819 million.
 
(4)
The Company is in discussions with the contracting parties about the extension of construction period and liquidated damages for the UAE nuclear power plant project. The Company has estimated the probable economic benefit outflow resulting from these discussions related to prolongation costs and has recognized such amounts as provision.
 
F-147
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
21.
Intangible Assets other than Goodwill
 
(1)
Intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
  
 
 
 
2023
 
 
  
 
 
 
Acquisition
cost
 
 
Government
grants
 
 
Accumulated
amortization
 
 
Accumulated
impairment
losses
 
 
Book

value
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
In millions of won
 
Software
    ￦       1,083,537       (413 )      (885,677 )      (19 )      197,428  
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights
        105,827       —        (73,158 )      (9,178 )      23,491  
Mining rights
        643,625       —        (57,549 )      (553,911 )      32,165  
Development expenditures
        966,530       (2,121 )      (911,096 )      —        53,313  
Intangible assets under development
        94,916       (2,458 )      —        (8,903 )      83,555  
Usage rights of donated assets and others
        592,739       —        (447,352 )      (136 )      145,251  
Leasehold rights
        28,185       —        (24,256 )      —        3,929  
Greenhouse gas emissions rights
        107,086       —        —        —        107,086  
Others
        599,958       (322 )      (199,865 )      (12,005 )      387,766  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦         4,222,403             (5,314 )        (2,598,953 )          (584,152 )          1,033,984  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
2024
 
 
  
 
 
 
Acquisition
cost
 
 
Government
grants
 
 
Accumulated
amortization
 
 
Accumulated
impairment
losses
 
 
Book

value
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
In millions of won
 
Software
    ￦       1,156,641       (844 )      (976,633 )      (19 )      179,145  
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights
        107,040       —        (71,231 )      (9,178 )      26,631  
Mining rights
        670,083       —        (66,938 )      (573,723 )      29,422  
Development expenditures
        1,011,550       (939 )      (937,877 )      —        72,734  
Intangible assets under development
        96,544       (3,473 )      —        (8,903 )      84,168  
Usage rights of donated assets and others
        592,680       —        (459,165 )      (136 )      133,379  
Leasehold rights
        28,185       —        (25,216 )      (538 )      2,431  
Greenhouse gas emissions rights
        135,534       —        —        —        135,534  
Others
        620,366       (229 )      (224,410 )      (12,253 )      383,474  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦         4,418,623             (5,485 )        (2,761,470 )          (604,750 )          1,046,918  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-148
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024

21.
Intangible Assets other than Goodwill, Continued
 
(2)
Changes in intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
  
 
 
 
2023
 
 
  
 
 
 
Beginning
balance
 
 
Acquisition
 
 
Disposal
 
 
Amortization
 
 
Impairment
 
 
Others
 
 
Ending
balance
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
In millions of won
 
Software
    ￦       203,007       12,837       (18 )      (86,174 )      —        68,189       197,841  
(Government grants)
        (174 )      —        —        85       —        (324 )      (413 ) 
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights
        28,013       319       (70 )      (4,918 )      (180 )     327       23,491  
Mining rights
        38,525       2,164       —        (10,289 )      —        1,765       32,165  
Development expenditures
        54,505       —        —        (25,614 )      —        26,543       55,434  
(Government grants)
        (3,477 )      —        —        1,356       —        —        (2,121 ) 
Intangible assets under development
        67,722       51,282       —        —        —        (32,991 )      86,013  
(Government grants)
        (2,108 )      —        —        —        —        (350 )      (2,458 ) 
Usage rights of donated assets and others
        157,143       —        —        (11,857 )      —        (35 )      145,251  
Leasehold rights
        4,888       —        —        (959 )      —        —        3,929  
Greenhouse gas emissions rights
        43,960       8,577       (1 )      (2 )      —        54,552       107,086  
Others
        364,727       4,136       (119 )      (24,895 )      (103 )     44,342       388,088  
(Government grants)
        (67 )      —        —        93       —        (348 )      (322 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦           956,664           79,315              (208 )        (163,174 )     (283 )     161,670           1,033,984  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
2024
 
 
  
 
 
 
Beginning
balance
 
 
Acquisition
 
 
Disposal
 
 
Amortization
 
 
Impairment
 
 
Others
 
 
Ending
balance
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
In millions of won
 
Software
    ￦       197,841       18,249       (4 )      (88,985 )      —        52,888       179,989  
(Government grants)
        (413 )      —        —        229       —        (660 )      (844 ) 
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights
        23,491       576       (44 )      (4,846 )      —        7,454       26,631  
Mining rights
        32,165       —        (100 )      (5,798 )      —        3,155       29,422  
Development expenditures
        55,434       —        —        (25,830 )      —        44,069       73,673  
(Government grants)
        (2,121 )      —        —        1,364       —        (182 )      (939 ) 
Intangible assets under development
        86,013       69,878       —        (14 )      —        (68,236 )      87,641  
(Government grants)
        (2,458 )      —        —        —        —        (1,015 )      (3,473 ) 
Usage rights of donated assets and others
        145,251       36       —        (11,903 )      —        (5 )      133,379  
Leasehold rights
        3,929       —        —        (960 )      (538 )      —        2,431  
Greenhouse gas emissions rights
        107,086       123       —        (416 )      —        28,741       135,534  
Others
        388,088       3,997       (394 )      (26,501 )      (364 )      18,877       383,703  
(Government grants)
        (322 )      —        —        93       —        —        (229 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦         1,033,984           92,859              (542 )          (163,567 )             (902 )       85,086           1,046,918  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-149
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024

 
21.
Intangible Assets other than Goodwill, Continued
 
(3)
Significant specific intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
2023
Type
   
Description
   
Currency
   
Amount
     
Remaining useful lives
                       
    
In millions of won and thousands of Australian dollars
Software
    S/4HANA ERP license    KRW      5,742      3 years and 11 months
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights
    Contributions to APR NRC DC    KRW      16,697      4 years
Mining rights
    Mining rights of Bylong mine    AUD      —       —  (*)
Usage rights of donated assets and others
    Sejong Haengbogdosi sharing charge    KRW      13,235      2 years and 11 months
   Right of use electricity and gas supply facility (Community district of Songdo)    KRW      6,853      6 years and 6 months
Others
    Occupancy and use of public waters    KRW      70,800      13 years and 1 month
   Greenhouse gas emissions rights    KRW      107,086      — 
   Business rights    KRW      148,964      25 years and 11 months
 
(*)
The carrying amount of mining rights is nil, because KEPCO Australia Pty., Ltd. and KEPCO Bylong Australia Pty., Ltd. had recognized impairment losses in full.

2024
Type
   
Description
   
Currency
   
Amount
     
Remaining useful lives
                       
    
In millions of won and thousands of Australian dollars
Software
    S/4HANA ERP license    KRW      4,276      2 years and 11 months
Copyrights, patents rights and other industrial rights
    Contributions to APR NRC DC    KRW      12,523      3 years
Mining rights
    Mining rights of Bylong mine    AUD      —       —  (*)
Usage rights of donated assets and others
    Sejong Haengbogdosi sharing charge    KRW      8,697      1 year and 11 months
   Right of use electricity and gas supply facility (Community district of Songdo)    KRW      5,799      5 years and 6 months
Others
    Occupancy and use of public waters    KRW      65,389      12 years and 1 month
   Greenhouse gas emissions rights    KRW      135,534      — 
   Business rights    KRW      143,216      24 years and 11 months
 
(*)
The carrying amount of mining rights is nil, because KEPCO Australia Pty., Ltd. and KEPCO Bylong Australia Pty., Ltd. had recognized impairment losses in full.
 
(4)
For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, the Company recognized research and development expenses of
￦
727,810 million,
￦
717,561 million and
￦
773,931, respectively.
 
F-150
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
22.
Trade and Other Payables
Trade and other payables as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
Current
     
Non-current
     
Current
     
Non-current
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Trade payables
    ￦        4,341,482        —         4,494,504        —   
Non-trade
payables
         2,140,906        1,716,345        2,224,036        1,432,421  
Accrued expenses
         1,859,765        23,148        1,983,697        22,259  
Leasehold deposits received
         2,548        1,042        3,211        3,237  
Other deposits received
         127,933        33,723        97,276        45,012  
Lease liabilities
         612,765        3,195,115        603,492        3,095,964  
Dividends payable
         4,574        —         5,063        —   
Others(*)
         —         12,584        36        10,348  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦          9,089,973         4,981,957        9,411,315        4,609,241  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
(*)   Details of others as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
    
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
Current
     
Non-current
     
Current
     
Non-current
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Advance received from local governments
    ￦        —         3,069        —         2,689  
Others
         —         9,515        36        7,659  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦                —                 12,584               36           10,348  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
23.
Borrowings and Debt Securities

(1)
Borrowings and debt securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Current liabilities
         
Short-term borrowings
    ￦        10,667,335        9,122,792  
Current portion of long-term borrowings
         5,780,638        8,434,330  
Current portion of debt securities
         24,681,439        26,908,467  
Less: Current portion of discount on long-term borrowings
         (1,152 )       (16,537 ) 
Less: Current portion of discount on debt securities
         (7,176 )       (7,100 ) 
Add: Current portion of premium on debt securities
         263        —   
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        41,121,347        44,441,952  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Non-current
liabilities
         
Long-term borrowings
         3,407,514        3,153,867  
Debt securities
         89,293,561        85,149,391  
Less: Discount on long-term borrowings
         (14,683 )       (35,071 ) 
Less: Discount on debt securities
         (175,909 )       (176,739 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        92,510,483        88,091,448  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        133,631,830        132,533,400  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-151
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024

 
23.
Borrowings and Debt Securities, Continued
 
(2)
Repayment schedule of borrowings and debt securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
2023
  
Type
          
Borrowings
     
Debt Securities  
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Less than 1 year
    ￦        16,447,973        24,681,439  
1~ 5 years
         1,649,696        64,342,617  
Over 5 years
         1,757,818        24,950,944  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦         19,855,487        113,975,000  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
2024
  
Type
          
Borrowings
     
Debt Securities  
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Less than 1 year
    ￦        17,557,122        26,908,467  
1~ 5 years
         1,488,840        63,087,182  
Over 5 years
         1,665,027        22,062,209  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦         20,710,989        112,057,858  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  

(3)
Short-term borrowings as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
2023
 
Type
 
Creditor
 
Interest rate (%)
 
 
Maturity
 
 
Foreign

currency
 
 
 
 
 
Local

currency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In millions of won and thousands of USD
 
Local short-term borrowings
   DB Financial Investment and others     4.00~4.84      
2024.01.05
~2024.12.31
  
 
     —      ￦       6,180,339  
Local short-term borrowings
   Nonghyup Bank and others     3M CD+0.98~1.12      
2024.05.26
~2024.11.20
  
 
     —          4,300,000  
Local short-term borrowings
   Korea Development Bank     Standard overdraft
rate+1.06		  
 		     2024.02.24       —          30,000  
Local short-term borrowings
   Export-Import Bank of Korea     3M Bank debenture
rate+0.34		  
 		     2024.12.27       —          50,000  
Foreign short-term borrowings
   Export-Import Bank of Korea     5.49       2024.09.27       USD 40,000         51,576  
Foreign short-term borrowings
   Kookmin Bank     SOFR(1M)+0.95       2024.02.16       USD 40,000         51,576  
Local bank overdraft
   Woori Bank and others    
 
Standard overdraft
rate+1.37
4.63~5.34
  
 
 
    
2024.01.05
~2024.02.23
  
 
     —          3,844  
           
 
 
  
          ￦       10,667,335  
           
 
 
  
 
F-152
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
23.
Borrowings and Debt Securities, Continued
 
(3)
Short-term borrowings as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
 
Type
 
Creditor
 
Interest rate (%)
 
 
Maturity
 
 
Foreign

currency
 
 
 
 
 
Local

currency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In millions of won and thousands of USD
 
Local short-term borrowings
   Yuanta Securities Co., Ltd. and others     3.27~4.60      
2025.01.07
~2025.12.31
  
 
     —      ￦       4,953,348  
Local short-term borrowings
   Nonghyup Bank and others     3M CD+
0.23
~
0.65

4.17
 		    
2025.01.02
~2025.11.20
  
 
     —          3,934,600  
Foreign short-term borrowings
   Hana Bank     SOFR(1M)+0.90       2025.08.12       USD 40,000         58,800  
Local bank overdraft
   Korea Development Bank     3.85       2025.04.28       —          100,000  
Local bank overdraft
   Woori Bank and others    
 
Standard overdraft
rate+1.37
4.20
  
 
 
    
2025.02.21
~2025.03.28
  
 
     —          76,044  
           
 
 
  
          ￦       9,122,792  
           
 
 
  
 
(4)
Long-term borrowings as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
2023
 
Type
 
Interest rate (%)
 
Maturity
 
Foreign

currency
 
 
Local

currency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In millions of won
 
Local long-term borrowings
 
Korea Development Bank
   Others   0.50   2024~2044     —      ￦ 1,758  
  Facility   2.60~4.94   2025~2042     —        53,052  
  Facility   CB rate+0.90   2029     —        9,985  
  Operating funds   1yr KDB rate+
0.91
   2024     —        40,000  
Hana Bank and others
   Commercial Paper   3M CD+0.13~
1.20
   2024~2028     —        5,350,000  
  Facility   4.60   2028     —        6,558  
  Facility   3yr KTB
rate
-2.50
   2028     —        3,156  
Export-Import Bank of Korea
   Project loans   1.00   2026     —        7,365  
  Facility   1.32   2028     —        80,000  
  Operating funds   3M Bank debenture rate +0.66   2026     —        40,000  
Korea Energy Agency
  
Development of power
resources
  
3yr KTB
rate
-2.25
2.25
   2024~2028     —        9,176  
  Facility   3yr KTB rate-1.50   2024     —        163  
  Project loans   —    2033     —        1,197  
Shinhan Bank and others
   Facility   CB rate+0.90~1.10   2028~2029     —        16,825  
  Operating funds   6M Bank debenture rate+0.93   2025     —        20,000  
  Commercial Paper   3M CD+0.38   2025     —        150,000  
  Others   3.95   2034     —        73,425  
  Others   Standard overdraft rate+1.00   2034     —        73,425  
Kookmin Bank
   Facility  
1yr Bank debenture rate+0.78
3M CD+1.79~2.10
5.04
   2025~2037     —        186,032  
Woori Bank
   Facility  
Standard overdraft
rate+1.60
3M CD+1.90
5.04
   2034~2042     —        101,172  
 
F-153
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
23.
Borrowings and Debt Securities, Continued
 
(4)
Long-term borrowings as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2023
 
Type
 
Interest rate (%)
 
Maturity
 
Foreign

currency
 
 
Local

currency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In millions of won
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
IBK
   Facility   4.00~5.80   2042~2044     —        30,690  
Nonghyup Bank
   Facility   3M CD+2.00~2.10   2030~2041     —        22,517  
Others
   Facility   3.50~6.80   2028~2042     —        735,722  
  Facility  
CB rate+1.10
3M CD+2.10
1.75~3.30
   2024~2041     —        51,509  
  PF Refinancing   CB rate+1.25   2030     —        6,680  
  PF Refinancing   4.10   2030     —        18,556  
  Securitized debts (*)   3M CD+1.80   2025     —        52,060  
  Others   4.40~7.90   2025~2039     —        113,973  
  Others   1.80~4.50   2031~2034     —        49,879  
         
 
 
  
                            ￦  7,304,875   
         
 
 
  
2023
 
Type
 
Interest rate (%)
 
Maturity
 
 
Foreign

currency
 
 
Local

currency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies
 
Foreign long-term borrowings
 
Korea Energy Agency
   Project loans   —      2026       USD 8,744     ￦ 11,274  
Export-Import Bank of Korea and others
   Direct Loan and others   6M Synthetic Libor+1.80~3.20     2036       USD 78,347       101,020  
  Direct Loan and others   6M Synthetic Libor+2.25~3.70     2027       JOD 62,385       113,390  
  Facility   6M Synthetic
Libor+1.70~2.50
SOFR(1M)+1.83		     2029~2031       USD 120,916       155,909  
Korea Development Bank and others
   EBL   SOFR(1M)+0.86     2025       USD 142,049       183,157  
POSCO E&C and others
   Shareholder’s loan   5.60~8.00     2025       USD 10,770       13,887  
  Shareholder’s loan   8.00     2031       JOD 5,419       9,850  
Samsung Life Insurance and others
   Syndicated Loan   3.10~8.00     2032       JPY 4,350,671       39,707  
Woori Bank and others
   Syndicated Loan   JPY 6M Tibor+1.84     2032       JPY 2,399,088       21,896  
Solar Construction Lending, LLC
   Facility   5.00     2025       USD 29,894       38,545  
Kiwoom Solar Power Professional Investor Private Placement Investment Trust V
   Senior borrowing   3.90     2029       EUR 40,478       57,745  
IFC and others
   Facility   SOFR(3M)+1.99
SOFR(6M)+5.00
3M BSBY+1.70
6.05~6.62		     2024~2031       USD 655,922       845,746  
Hanwha US Solar Private Fund 1 and others
   Facility   6.00     2039       USD 60,674       78,233  
DBS Bank and others
   Facility   1M BBSY+1.40~2.25     2025       AUD 185,086       162,891  
Nonghyup Bank and others
   Facility   10.40     2039      
USD 38,799
       50,027  
         
 
 
  
            1,883,277  
         
 
 
  
            9,188,152  
Less: Discount on long-term borrowings
         (15,835 ) 
Less: Current portion of long-term borrowings
         (5,780,638 ) 
Add: Current portion of discount on long-term borrowings
         1,152  
     
 
 
  
                        ￦ 3,392,831  
     
 
 
  

F-15
4
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
23.
Borrowings and Debt Securities, Continued
 
(4)
Long-term borrowings as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
(*)
The main reasons for early repayment of securitized debts as of December 31, 2023 are as follows:
 
Type
 
Details
Non-payment
of proceeds
 
Where the consignor fails to pay the principal to the trustee
Guarantees for supplemental funding
 
Where the consignor fails to fulfill guarantees for supplemental funding
Additional trust obligation
 
Where the consignor fails to fulfill the additional trust obligation
Event of default
 
In case the event of default occurs under the ABL loan agreement
The Company is responsible for collateral obligations (fund supplementation) and liability guarantees for entrusted assets.
 
2024
  
Type
  
Interest rate (%)
  
Maturity
  
Foreign

currency
    
Local

currency
  
                         
   
In millions of won
  
Local long-term borrowings
 
Korea Development Bank
   Others   0.50   2025~2044     —      ￦ 1,424  
  Facility   2.60~4.94   2025~2042     —        51,960  
  Facility   CB rate+0.90   2029     —        9,486  
Hana Bank and others
   Commercial Paper   3M CD+0.31~1.20   2025~2029     —        7,550,000  
  Facility   4.60   2028     —        4,904  
  Facility   3yr KTB
rate
-1.25
   2028     —        2,492  
Export-Import Bank of Korea
   Project loans   1.00   2026     —        4,419  
  Facility   1.32   2025~2028     —        64,000  
  Operating funds   3M bank debenture rate+0.66   2026     —        50,000  
Korea Energy Agency
  
Development of power
resources
 		 
3yr KTB
rate
-2.25
1.75
   2025~2028     —        7,494  
  Project loans   —    2033     —        1,197  
Shinhan Bank and others
   Facility   CB rate+0.90~1.10   2028~2029     —        13,995  
  Operating funds   6M bank debenture rate+0.93~1.03   2025~2027     —        50,000  
  Others   3.95   2034     —        67,733  
  Others   Standard overdraft rate+1.00   2034     —        67,733  
Kookmin Bank
   Facility  
3M CD+1.79
5.53~5.63
   2030~2037     —        167,945  
  Operating funds   1yr bank debenture rate+0.78   2025     —        20,000  
Woori Bank
   Facility   3M CD+1.90
5.12~5.61		   2034~2042     —        100,071  
IBK
   Facility   4.00~5.80   2042~2044     —        30,690  
Nonghyup Bank
   Facility   5.53~5.63   2030~2041     —        36,351  
Others
   Facility   3.30~6.80   2028~2042     —        801,687  
  Facility  
CB rate+1.10
2.25~5.63
   2028~2041     —        24,517  
  PF Refinancing   CB rate+1.25   2030     —        5,726  
  PF Refinancing   4.10   2030     —        15,905  
  Securitized debts (*)   3M CD+1.80   2025     —        54,236  
  Others   4.40~7.90   2025~2039     —        113,362  
  Others   2.00~6.15   2031~2034     —        49,826  
         
 
 
  
                            ￦  9,367,153   
         
 
 
  
 
F-15
5
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
23.
Borrowings and Debt Securities, Continued
 
(4)
Long-term borrowings as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
2024
  
Type
  
Interest rate (%)
  
Maturity
    
Foreign

currency
    
Local

currency
  
                           
   
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies
  
Foreign long-term borrowings
 
Korea Energy Agency
   Project loans   —      2026       USD 8,744     ￦ 12,853  
Export-Import Bank of Korea and others
   Direct Loan and others   6M Synthetic Libor+1.80~3.20     2036       USD 72,163       106,080  
  Direct Loan and others   6M Synthetic Libor+2.25~3.70     2027       JOD 44,126       91,437  
  Facility  
SOFR+0.43
SOFR(1M)+1.83
     2029~2031       USD 112,672       165,628  
Korea Development Bank and others
   EBL   SOFR(1M)+0.86     2025       USD 149,592       219,900  
POSCO E&C and others
   Shareholder’s loan   5.60~8.00     2025~2026       USD 10,145       14,914  
  Shareholder’s loan   8.00     2031       JOD 4,853       10,056  
Samsung Life Insurance and others
   Syndicated Loan   3.10~8.00     2025~2032       JPY 3,937,987       36,878  
Woori Bank and others
   Syndicated Loan   JPY 6M Tibor+1.84     2025       JPY 2,178,069       20,397  
Solar Construction Lending, LLC
   Facility   5.00     2025       USD 28,303       41,605  
Kiwoom Solar Power Professional Investor Private Placement Investment Trust V
   Senior borrowing   3.90     2029       EUR 38,139       58,304  
IFC and others
   Facility  
SOFR(3M)+1.60~1.99
SOFR(6M)+5.00

6.19~7.22		     2026~2032       USD 772,852       1,136,092  
Hanwha US Solar Private Fund 1 and others
   Facility   6.00     2038       USD 60,743       89,292  
DBS Bank and others
   Facility   1M BBSY+1.40~2.25     2025       AUD 178,729       163,301  
Nonghyup Bank and others
   Facility   10.40     2039       USD 36,943       54,307  
         
 
 
  
            2,221,044  
         
 
 
  
            11,588,197  
Less: discount on long-term borrowings
         (51,608 ) 
Less: current portion of long-term borrowings
         (8,434,330 ) 
Add: current portion of discount on long-term borrowings
         16,537  
     
 
 
  
                        ￦ 3,118,796  
     
 
 
  
 
(*)
The main reasons for early repayment of securitized debts as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
  
Details
Non-payment
of proceeds
   Where the consignor fails to pay the principal to the trustee
Guarantees for supplemental funding
   Where the consignor fails to fulfill guarantees for supplemental funding
Additional trust obligation
   Where the consignor fails to fulfill the additional trust obligation
Event of default
   In case the event of default occurs under the ABL loan agreement
The Company is responsible for collateral obligations (fund supplementation) and liability guarantees for entrusted assets.
 
F-15
6
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
23.
Borrowings and Debt Securities, Continued
 
(5)
Local debt securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
  
Issue date
 
  
Maturity
 
  
Interest rate (%)
 
  
 
 
  
2023
 
 
2024
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
Electricity Bonds
      2012.03.27 ~ 2024.12.17        2025.01.03 ~ 2052.04.21        1.43~5.99      ￦        67,730,000       63,960,000  
Corporate Bonds (*)
      2009.10.16 ~ 2024.10.04        2025.01.10 ~ 2054.06.28        1.28~10.00           29,887,353       28,727,353  
Corporate Bonds
      2021.05.26 ~ 2023.12.28        2041.05.25 ~ 2043.09.15        1.71~3.78           41,578       41,578  
              
 
 
    
 
 
  
        97,658,931       92,728,931  
Less: Discount on local debt securities
 
         (54,826 )      (51,149 ) 
Less: Current portion of local debt securities
 
         (23,141,584 )      (22,621,584 ) 
Add: Current portion of discount on local debt securities
 
         4,712       2,124  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦        74,467,233       70,058,322  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
(*)
Among the corporate bonds, each holder of Hee Mang Sunlight Power Co., Ltd.’s private equity bonds, amounting to ￦1,584 million, may exercise the early redemption rights on the 5th year (March 31, 2021) from the date of issuance of the bonds and every year on March 31 thereafter, until the year before the redemption date.
 
(6)
Foreign debt securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
    
2023
  
Type
   
Issue date
   
Maturity
   
Interest rate (%)
   
Foreign currency
          
Local currency
  
                                   
    
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies
  
FY-96
    1996.04.01~1996.12.06    2026.12.01~2096.04.01    6.00~7.95      USD 278,701     ￦       359,357  
FY-97
    1997.01.31~1997.08.04    2027.02.01~2027.08.01    6.75~7.00      USD 314,717         405,796  
FY-04
    2004.04.23    2034.04.23    5.13      USD 286,920         369,955  
FY-14
    2014.07.30    2029.07.30    3.57      USD 100,000         128,940  
FY-15
    2015.06.15    2025.06.15    3.25      USD 300,000         386,820  
FY-17
    2017.07.25    2027.07.25    3.13      USD 300,000         386,820  
FY-17
    2017.10.30    2037.10.30    1.70      EUR 40,000         57,064  
FY-17
    2017.11.16    2037.11.16    2.36      SEK 450,000         58,050  
FY-18
    2018.03.13    2028.03.13    3.35      HKD 1,650,000         272,349  
FY-19
    2019.02.27    2024.02.27    0.13      CHF 200,000         305,364  
FY-19
    2019.06.24    2024.06.24    2.50      USD 500,000         644,700  
FY-19
    2019.07.19    2024.07.19~2027.07.19    0.00~0.05      CHF 300,000         458,046  
FY-19
    2019.10.30    2024.10.30    3M BBSW+0.97      AUD 300,000         264,024  
FY-19
    2019.12.19    2037.12.31    3.30~5.70      USD 342,753         441,946  
FY-20
    2020.02.03    2025.02.03    2.13      USD 300,000         386,820  
FY-20
    2020.05.06    2025.05.06    1.75      USD 500,000         644,700  
FY-20
    2020.06.15    2025.06.15    1.13      USD 500,000         644,700  
FY-20
    2020.08.03    2026.02.03    1.00      USD 300,000         386,820  
FY-21
    2021.01.27    2026.01.27    0.75      USD 450,000         580,230  
FY-21
    2021.04.27    2026.04.27    1.25      USD 500,000         644,700  
FY-21
    2021.08.09    2026.08.09    1.25      USD 300,000         386,820  
FY-21
    2021.09.24    2026.09.24    1.13      USD 300,000         386,820  
FY-22
    2022.04.21    2027.04.21    3.63      USD 300,000         386,820  
FY-22
    2022.05.06    2025.05.06    3.60      USD 500,000         644,700  
FY-22
    2022.06.14    2025.06.14~2027.06.14    3.63~4.00      USD 800,000         1,031,520  
FY-22
    2022.06.28    2025.06.28    4.13      USD 300,000         386,820  
FY-22
    2022.07.27    2027.07.27    4.25      USD 700,000         902,580  
FY-22
    2022.10.06    2026.04.06~2028.04.06    5.38~5.50      USD 800,000         1,031,520  
FY-22
    2022.10.06~2022.11.01    2032.10.06    5.16      HKD 2,350,000         387,891  
FY-23
    2023.06.07    2030.06.07    4.51      HKD 1,037,000         171,167  
FY-23
    2023.07.12    2028.07.12    4.88      USD 350,000         451,290  
FY-23
    2023.07.18    2028.07.18    5.00      USD 500,000         644,700  
FY-23
    2023.07.31    2026.07.31    5.38      USD 1,000,000         1,289,400  
FY-23
    2023.09.21    2026.09.21    5.38      USD 300,000         386,820  
               
 
 
  
         16,316,069  
Less: Discount on foreign debt securities
          (128,259 ) 
Add: Premium on foreign debt securities
          263  
Less: Current portion of foreign debt securities
          (1,539,855 ) 
Add: Current portion of discount on foreign debt securities
          2,464  
Less: Current portion of premium on foreign debt securities
          (263 ) 
      
 
 
  
     ￦       14,650,419  
      
 
 
  
 
F-15
7
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
23.
Borrowings and Debt Securities, Continued
 
(6)
Foreign debt securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
    
2024
  
Type
   
Issue date
   
Maturity
   
Interest rate (%)
   
Foreign currency
          
Local currency
  
                                   
    
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies
  
FY-96
    1996.04.01~1996.12.06    2026.12.01~2096.04.01    6.00~7.95      USD 278,701     ￦       409,690  
FY-97
    1997.01.31~1997.08.04    2027.02.01~2027.08.01    6.75~7.00      USD 314,717         462,634  
FY-04
    2004.04.23    2034.04.23    5.13      USD 286,920         421,772  
FY-14
    2014.07.30    2029.07.30    3.57      USD 100,000         147,000  
FY-15
    2015.06.15    2025.06.15    3.25      USD 300,000         441,000  
FY-17
    2017.07.25    2027.07.25    3.13      USD 300,000         441,000  
FY-17
    2017.10.30    2037.10.30    1.70      EUR 40,000         61,149  
FY-17
    2017.11.16    2037.11.16    2.36      SEK 450,000         59,954  
FY-18
    2018.03.13    2028.03.13    3.35      HKD 1,650,000         312,345  
FY-19
    2019.07.19    2027.07.19    0.05      CHF 100,000         162,638  
FY-19
    2019.12.19    2037.12.31    3.30~5.70      USD 326,929         480,586  
FY-20
    2020.02.03    2025.02.03    2.13      USD 300,000         441,000  
FY-20
    2020.05.06    2025.05.06    1.75      USD 500,000         735,000  
FY-20
    2020.06.15    2025.06.15    1.13      USD 500,000         735,000  
FY-20
    2020.08.03    2026.02.03    1.00      USD 300,000         441,000  
FY-21
    2021.01.27    2026.01.27    0.75      USD 450,000         661,500  
FY-21
    2021.04.27    2026.04.27    1.25      USD 500,000         735,000  
FY-21
    2021.08.09    2026.08.09    1.25      USD 300,000         441,000  
FY-21
    2021.09.24    2026.09.24    1.13      USD 300,000         441,000  
FY-22
    2022.04.21    2027.04.21    3.63      USD 300,000         441,000  
FY-22
    2022.05.06    2025.05.06    3.60      USD 500,000         735,000  
FY-22
    2022.06.14    2025.06.14~2027.06.14    3.63~4.00      USD 800,000         1,176,000  
FY-22
    2022.06.28    2025.06.28    4.13      USD 300,000         441,000  
FY-22
    2022.07.27    2027.07.27    4.25      USD 700,000         1,029,000  
FY-22
    2022.10.06    2026.04.06~2028.04.06    5.38~5.50      USD 800,000         1,176,000  
FY-22
    2022.10.06~2022.11.01    2032.10.06    5.16      HKD 2,350,000         444,855  
FY-23
    2023.06.07    2030.06.07    4.51      HKD 1,037,000         196,304  
FY-23
    2023.07.12    2028.07.12    4.88      USD 350,000         514,500  
FY-23
    2023.07.18    2028.07.18    5.00      USD 500,000         735,000  
FY-23
    2023.07.31    2026.07.31    5.38      USD 1,000,000         1,470,000  
FY-23
    2023.09.21    2026.09.21    5.38      USD 300,000         441,000  
FY-24
    2024.01.31    2027.01.31    4.88      USD 1,200,000         1,764,000  
FY-24
    2024.07.29    2029.07.29    4.63      USD 500,000         735,000  
               
 
 
  
         19,328,927  
Less: discount on foreign debt securities
          (132,690 ) 
Less: current portion of foreign debt securities
          (4,286,883 ) 
Add: current portion of discount on foreign debt securities
          4,976  
      
 
 
  
     ￦       14,914,330  
      
 
 
  
 
(7)
Changes in borrowings and debt securities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
    
2024
  
           
Borrowings
    
Debt

Securities
    
Total
    
Borrowings
    
Debt

Securities
    
Total
  
           
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
    ￦        15,420,176       105,185,189       120,605,365       19,839,652       113,792,178       133,631,830  
Cash flow
         4,406,382       8,286,542       12,692,924       604,841       (4,211,164 )      (3,606,323 ) 
Effect of exchange rate fluctuations
         13,210       322,143       335,353       250,661       2,294,022       2,544,683  
Others
         (116 )      (1,696 )      (1,812 )      (35,773 )      (1,017 )      (36,790 ) 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦        19,839,652       113,792,178       133,631,830       20,659,381       111,874,019       132,533,400  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-15
8
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
24.
Leases
Company as a lessee
 
(1)
Lease contracts
The Company applies the short-term leases recognition exemption to its lease contracts that have a lease term of 12 months or less from the commencement date, and recognized ￦172,711 million and ￦152,644 million respectively, as expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024. The Company also applies the leases of
low-value
assets recognition exemption to leases contracts with underlying assets considered to be low value (i.e., approximately less than ￦5 million), and recognized ￦4,659 million and ￦3,121 million respectively, as expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024. The Company has lease contracts for various items such as consecutive voyage charter contracts, power purchase agreements (PPA), real estate lease contracts including buildings, switchyard, and land for electric substation, vehicles, and other equipment.
 
(2)
Right-of-use
assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Acquisition

cost
     
Accumulated

depreciation
     
Book

value
  
                             
           
In millions of won
  
Land
    ￦        937,481        (281,621 )       655,860  
Buildings
         188,017        (97,444 )       90,573  
Structures
         46,573        (9,217 )       37,356  
Machinery
         26,453        (20,510 )       5,943  
Ships
         4,137,168        (1,823,863 )       2,313,305  
Vehicles
         59,208        (33,717 )       25,491  
Others (*)
         646,894        (411,679 )       235,215  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦          6,041,794          (2,678,051 )         3,363,743  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
  (*)
Including a power purchase agreement (“PPA”) with CGN Yulchon Generation Co., Ltd.
 
           
2024
  
           
Acquisition

Cost
     
Accumulated

depreciation
     
Book

value
  
                             
           
In millions of won
  
Land
    ￦        1,017,114        (339,512 )       677,602  
Buildings
         214,258        (108,417 )       105,841  
Structures
         52,983        (12,124 )       40,859  
Machinery
         54,654        (27,594 )       27,060  
Ships
         3,946,265        (2,015,172 )       1,931,093  
Vehicles
         59,402        (38,482 )       20,920  
Others (*)
         686,400        (443,379 )       243,021  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦          6,031,076          (2,984,680 )         3,046,396  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
  (*)
Including a power purchase agreement (“PPA”) with CGN Yulchon Generation Co., Ltd.
 
F-1
5
9
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
24.
Leases, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in
right-of-use
assets for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Beginning
balance
     
Increase
     
Depreciation
     
Decrease
     
Others
     
Ending
balance
  
                                                  
           
In millions of won
  
Land
    ￦        661,799        2,696        (57,461 )       (126 )       48,952        655,860  
Buildings
         74,856        24,622        (32,591 )       (904 )       24,590        90,573  
Structures
         23,965        49        (2,471 )       (273 )       16,086        37,356  
Machinery
         835        —         (94 )       —         5,202        5,943  
Ships
         2,596,863        199,538        (382,298 )       —         (100,798 )       2,313,305  
Vehicles
         14,716        21,097        (10,464 )       (1,008 )       1,150        25,491  
Others
         338,091        13,860        (51,138 )       (302 )       (65,296 )       235,215  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        3,711,125           261,862           (536,517 )           (2,613 )           (70,114 )        3,363,743  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
           
2024
  
           
Beginning
balance
     
Increase
     
Depreciation
     
Decrease
     
Others
     
Ending
balance
  
                                                  
           
In millions of won
  
Land
    ￦        655,860        12,369        (65,245 )       (117 )       74,735        677,602  
Buildings
         90,573        61,397        (48,371 )       (399 )       2,641        105,841  
Structures
         37,356        4,115        (4,595 )       —         3,983        40,859  
Machinery
         5,943        26,200        (7,083 )       —         2,000        27,060  
Ships
         2,313,305        —         (363,032 )       (1,656 )       (17,524 )       1,931,093  
Vehicles
         25,491        11,042        (14,167 )       (77 )       (1,369 )       20,920  
Others
         235,215        17,372        (36,502 )       (3 )       26,939        243,021  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        3,363,743           132,495           (538,995 )           (2,252 )            91,405          3,046,396  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(4)
Lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Less than 1 year
    ￦        641,525        632,878  
1 ~ 5 years
         1,898,845        1,817,340  
More than 5 years
         1,694,730        1,670,416  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        4,235,100        4,120,634  
Less: Discount
         (427,220 )       (421,178 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Present value of lease payment
    ￦        3,807,880        3,699,456  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(5)
The details of the liquidity classification of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Current lease liabilities
    ￦        612,765        603,492  
Non-current
lease liabilities
         3,195,115        3,095,964  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        3,807,880        3,699,456  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-16
0
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
24.
Leases, Continued
 
(6)
Changes in lease liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
           
Beginning
balance
     
Increase
     
Decrease
     
Interest
expenses
     
Others (*)
     
Ending
balance
  
           
In millions of won
  
Lease liabilities
    ￦          4,163,143             253,495            (661,665 )             87,426            (34,519 )        3,807,880  
 
  (*)
Including translation effect of foreign currency lease liabilities and others.
 
           
2024
  
           
Beginning
balance
     
Increase
     
Decrease
     
Interest
expenses
     
Others (*)
     
Ending
balance
  
           
In millions of won
  
Lease liabilities
    ￦          3,807,880             119,161            (695,466 )             82,638            385,243          3,699,456  
 
  (*)
Including translation effect of foreign currency lease liabilities and others.
 
(7)
Details of expense relating to lease contracts as lessee for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Depreciation of
right-of-use
assets
    ￦        536,517        538,995  
Interest expenses of lease liabilities
         87,426        82,638  
Leases expenses for short-term leases
         172,711        152,644  
Leases expenses for leases of
low-value
assets
         4,659        3,121  
Variable lease payments
         62,006        12,420  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦           863,319            789,818   
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(8)
The total cash outflow related to the lease contracts, including cash outflows due to short-term leases and leases of
low-value
assets, amounts to
￦
901,041 million and
￦
863,651 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively.
Company as a lessor
 
(1)
Finance lease contracts
The Company entered into power purchase agreements (“PPA”) with Jordan Electric Power Company to provide a 373MW level Qatrana gas combined power plant over a
25-year
lease term, and an 89.1MW level Fujeij wind power plant over a
20-year
lease term. In addition, the Company provides
1
6
energy storage system installation projects and
238
energy efficiency contracts as finance leases with a lease term of 2 to 11 years. Also, the Company entered into a PPA with the Comission Federal de Electricidad in Mexico to provide for 25 years (from December 2013 to November 2038) all electricity generated from the power plant after completion of its construction and collect rates consisting of fixed costs (to recover the capital) and variable costs during the contracted period.
 
(2)
Profit and loss related to finance lease for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Finance income on the net investment in the lease
    ￦           118,695            120,770   
 
F-16
1
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
24.
Leases, Continued
 
(3)
Maturity analysis of the lease payments receivable and reconciliation of the undiscounted lease payments to the net investment in the lease as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Less than 1 year
    ￦        189,779        213,300  
1 ~ 2 years
         182,743        217,747  
2 ~ 3 years
         179,428        204,867  
3 ~ 4 years
         178,074        193,379  
4 ~ 5 years
         168,221        184,436  
More than 5 years
         1,408,350        1,420,807  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        2,306,595        2,434,536  
Less: Unearned finance income
         (1,057,434 )       (1,078,138 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Net investment in the lease (*)
    ￦        1,249,161        1,356,398  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
  (*)
Including the present value of unguaranteed residual value amounting to ￦25,521 million and ￦31,857 million, as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively.
The implicit interest rate for a lease term is determined on the lease contract date. The implicit interest rate of the finance lease contracts is from 0.00% up to 17.15% per year as of December 31, 2024. (prior year : 0.00% ~ 17.03%)
 
(4)
Changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts of finance lease receivables for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
    ￦             4,505              5,256   
Bad debt expense
         751        —   
Reversal
         —         (1 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Ending balance
    ￦        5,256        5,255  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
25.
Employment Benefits
 
(1)
Employment benefit obligations as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Net defined benefit asset
    ￦        70,187        40,425  
Net defined benefit obligations
          1,033,409          1,449,837   
Other long-term employee benefit obligations
         1,911        1,710  
 
(2)
Principal assumptions used for actuarial valuation as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
    
2023
   
2024
Discount rate
    4.06%~5.44%    3.38%~5.06%
Future salary and benefit levels
    4.82%    4.83%
Weighted average duration
    9.52 years    9.89 years
 
F-16
2
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
25.
Employment Benefits, Continued
 
(3)
Details of expense relating to defined benefit plans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Current service cost
    ￦        496,722        373,802        430,308  
Interest cost
         116,256        190,257        184,169  
Expected return on plan assets
         (73,484 )       (163,074 )       (141,108 ) 
Past service cost
         125        —         —   
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        539,619        400,985        473,369  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Expenses described above are recognized in those items below in the consolidated financial statements.
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Cost of sales
    ￦        404,243         285,209          340,165   
Selling and administrative expenses
          81,457         73,521        87,815  
Others
(Construction-in-progress
and others)
         53,919        42,255        45,389  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        539,619        400,985        473,369  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
In addition, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, employee benefit obligations expenses of, ￦101,369 million, ￦85,560 million and ￦87,998 million, respectively, are recognized as cost of sales, and ￦28,301 million, ￦16,012 million and ￦16,221 million, respectively, are recognized as selling and administrative expenses, and ￦14,827 million, ￦15,639 million and ￦15,701 million, respectively, are recognized as
construction-in-progress
and others, relates to the Company’s defined contribution plans.
 
(4)
Details of defined benefit obligations as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Present value of defined benefit obligation from funded plans
    ￦        4,312,702        4,960,645  
Fair value of plan assets
         (3,349,480 )       (3,551,233 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Net liabilities incurred from defined benefit plans
    ￦        963,222        1,409,412  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(5)
Changes in the present value of defined benefit obligations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
    ￦         3,776,715          4,312,702   
Current service cost
         373,802        430,308  
Interest cost
         190,257        184,169  
Remeasurement component
         409,635        425,671  
Past service cost
         —         —   
Actual payments
         (437,734 )       (392,336 ) 
Others
         27        131  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Ending balance
    ￦        4,312,702        4,960,645  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-16
3
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
25.
Employment Benefits, Continued
 
(6)
Changes in the fair value of plan assets for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
    ￦         3,149,414          3,349,480   
Expected return
         163,074        141,108  
Remeasurement component
         4,777        (10,030 ) 
Contributions by the employers
         188,566        254,763  
Actual payments
         (156,351 )       (184,088 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Ending balance
    ￦        3,349,480        3,551,233  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(7)
Details of the fair value of plan assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Equity instruments
    ￦        5,326        2,308  
Debt instruments
         697,907        413,522  
Bank deposits
         611,821        452,158  
Others(*)
         2,034,426        2,683,245  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
     ￦      3,349,480       3,551,233   
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
  (*)
‘Others’ consist of various financial assets managed by external asset management companies.
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, actual returns on plan assets amounted to ￦167,851 million and ￦131,078 million, respectively.
 
(8)
Remeasurement components recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Actuarial gain from changes in financial assumptions
    ￦           429,810            320,582   
Experience adjustments, etc.
         (20,175 )       105,089  
Expected return
         (4,777 )       10,030  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
     ￦      404,858      435,701  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Remeasurement components recognized as other comprehensive income or loss are included in retained earnings.
In addition, gain on accumulated remeasurement component amounting to ￦29,229 million and loss on accumulated remeasurement component amounting to ￦95,694 million have been recognized as other comprehensive income or loss as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively.
 
F-16
4
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
26.
Provisions
 
(1)
Provisions as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
          
2023
    
2024
  
        
Current
    
Non-current
    
Current
    
Non-current
  
                                
          
In millions of won
  
Employment benefits
           
Provisions for employment benefits
    ￦       999,691       —        1,093,625       —   
Litigation
           
Litigation provisions
        5,299       171,719       9,350       479,071  
Decommissioning cost
           
Nuclear plants
        81,684       21,565,203       79,501       23,192,872  
Spent fuel
        940,585       1,985,149       799,384       2,124,361  
Radioactive waste
        67,572       1,840,513       84,485       1,677,306  
PCBs
        —        57,944       —        39,389  
Other recovery provisions
        —        36,082       —        50,407  
Others
           
Power plant regional support program
        130,034       —        130,256       —   
Transmission regional support program (*)
        256,006       —        302,631       —   
Provisions for financial guarantee
        25,534       24,458       26,440       4,484  
Provisions for RPS
        36,074       —        —        —   
Provisions for greenhouse gas emissions obligations
        18,672       —        156,463       —   
Others
        92,974       199,976       111,836       269,144  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦       2,654,125       25,881,044       2,793,971       27,837,034  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  (*)
The Company recognized ￦38,997 million and ￦46,444 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively, as a
third-party
reimbursement asset in relation to the provisions on the transmission regional support programs.
 
F-16
5
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
26.
Provisions, Continued
 
(2)
Changes in provisions for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
         
2023
  
         
Beginning
balance
    
Increase in
provision
    
Payment
    
Reversal
    
Others
    
Ending

balance
  
                                           
         
In millions of won
  
Employment benefits
              
Provisions for employment benefits
   ￦       1,045,058       834,102       (877,933 )      (1,536 )      —        999,691  
Litigation
              
Litigation provisions
       181,179       151,189       (67,478 )      (87,872 )      —        177,018  
Decommissioning cost
              
Nuclear plants
       23,035,427       572,379       (62,035 )      (1,898,935 )      51       21,646,887  
Spent fuel
       1,426,918       1,877,827       (379,011 )      —        —        2,925,734  
Radioactive waste
       1,990,007       89,054       (86,823 )      (84,153 )      —        1,908,085  
PCBs
       88,359       1,699       (17,100 )      (15,014 )      —        57,944  
Other recovery provisions
       32,770       1,319       (432 )      —        2,425       36,082  
Others
              
Power plant regional support program
       144,504       51,814       (66,284 )      —        —        130,034  
Transmission regional support program
       239,235       177,520       (160,749 )      —        —        256,006  
Provisions for financial guarantee
       67,240       10,215       (25,174 )      (2,251 )      (38 )      49,992  
Provisions for RPS
       24,339       620,855       (609,120 )      —        —        36,074  
Provisions for greenhouse gas emissions obligations
       298,876       77,207       (298,859 )      (58,552 )      —        18,672  
Others
       217,781       181,756       (101,601 )      (3,816)       (1,170 )      292,950  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦       28,791,693       4,646,936       (2,752,599 )      (2,152,129 )      1,268       28,535,169  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
         
2024
  
         
Beginning
balance
    
Increase in
provision
    
Payment
    
Reversal
    
Others
    
Ending

balance
  
                                           
         
In millions of won
  
Employment benefits
              
Provisions for employment benefits
   ￦       999,691       1,226,957       (1,127,746 )      (5,379 )      102       1,093,625  
Litigation
              
Litigation provisions
       177,018       373,328       (26,040 )      (35,885 )      —        488,421  
Decommissioning cost
              
Nuclear plants
    
 
21,646,887
 
     1,692,508       (66,971 )      —        (51 )      23,272,373  
Spent fuel
    
 
2,925,734
 
     842,753       (463,388 )      (381,354 )      —        2,923,745  
Radioactive waste
    
 
1,908,085
 
     113,342       (56,907 )      (202,729 )      —        1,761,791  
PCBs
    
 
57,944
 
     7,049       (25,604 )      —        —        39,389  
Other recovery provisions
    
 
36,082
 
     4,479       (879 )   
 
— 
 
     10,725       50,407  
Others
              
Power plant regional support program
    
 
130,034
 
     55,761       (55,539 )   
 
— 
 
     —        130,256  
Transmission regional support program
    
 
256,006
 
     202,882       (156,257 )   
 
— 
 
     —        302,631  
Provisions for financial guarantee
    
 
49,992
 
     11,347       (25,723 )   
 
(5,086
) 
     394       30,924  
Provisions for RPS
    
 
36,074
 
     891,143       (862,039 )   
 
(65,178
) 
     —        —   
Provisions for greenhouse gas emissions obligations
       18,672       164,438       (17,659 )      (5,611 )      (3,377 )      156,463  
Others
       292,950       294,954       (126,693 )      (2,441 )      (77,790 )      380,980  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦       28,535,169       5,880,941       (3,011,445 )      (703,663 )      (69,997 )      30,631,005  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
 
F-16
6
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
26.
Provisions, Continued
 
(3)
Greenhouse gas emissions rights and obligations:
 
  (i)
Allowances received free of charge from the government for each planned period as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
    
3rd planned period
  
    
2021
     
2022
     
2023
     
2024
     
2025
     
Total
  
                                           
    
In ten thousands of
tons(tCO2-eq)
  
Allowances received free of charge from the government
      15,362        14,495        14,729        12,103        12,103        68,792  

 
(ii)
Changes in greenhouse gas emissions rights for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
 
 
3rd commitment period
 
 
 
2022
 
 
2023
 
 
2024
 
 
2025
 
 
Total
 
 
 
Quantity
 
 
Amount
 
 
Quantity
 
 
Amount
 
 
Quantity
 
 
Amount
 
 
Quantity
 
 
Amount
 
 
Quantity
 
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In ten thousands of
tons(tCO2-eq),
millions of won
 
Beginning (*)
 
 
14,704
 
 
 
192,005
 
 
 
14,204
 
 
 
18,785
 
 
 
8,088
 
 
 
12,884
 
 
 
8,065
 
 
 
12,292
 
 
 
45,061
 
 
 
235,966
 
Purchase (Sell)
 
 
1,315
 
 
 
135,040
 
 
 
707
 
 
 
67,506
 
 
 
73
 
 
 
14,839
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
2,095
 
 
 
217,385
 
Government Submission
 
 
(15,972
) 
 
 
(302,918
) 
 
 
(484
) 
 
 
(39,837
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(16,456
) 
 
 
(342,755
) 
Carry Forward (Borrowing)
 
 
(45
) 
 
 
(24,127
) 
 
 
(231
) 
 
 
(28,266
) 
 
 
568
 
 
 
79,430
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
292
 
 
 
27,037
 
ETC
 
 
(2
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
6,940
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(7,185
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(5,419
) 
 
 
(2
) 
 
 
(5,664
) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ending
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
14,196
 
 
 
25,128
 
 
 
8,729
 
 
 
99,968
 
 
 
8,065
 
 
 
6,873
 
 
 
30,990
 
 
 
131,969
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(*)
Changes in emission rights due to allowances additionally allocated or cancelled are reflected.
 
  
 
3rd commitment period
 
  
 
2023
 
 
 
2024
 
 
 
2025
 
  
 
Total
 
  
 
Quantity
 
 
 
Amount
 
 
 
Quantity
 
 
 
Amount
 
 
 
Quantity
 
  
 
Amount
 
  
 
Quantity
 
 
 
Amount
 
  
 
In ten thousands of tons(tCO2-eq), millions of won
 
Beginning (*)
  
 
14,829
 
 
 
25,128
 
 
 
11,952
 
 
 
99,968
 
 
 
9,288
 
  
 
6,873
 
  
 
36,069
 
 
 
131,969
 
Purchase (Sell)
  
 
1,536
 
 
 
135,837
 
 
 
1,674
 
 
 
174,991
 
 
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
3,210
 
 
 
310,828
 
Government Submission
  
 
(14,780
) 
 
 
(39,968
) 
 
 
(657
) 
 
 
(53,727
) 
 
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
(15,437
) 
 
 
(93,695
) 
Carry Forward (Borrowing)
  
 
(1,585
) 
 
 
(129,188
) 
 
 
1,043
 
 
 
44,430
 
 
 
828
 
  
 
128,417
 
  
 
286
 
 
 
43,659
 
ETC
  
 
— 
 
 
 
8,191
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(53,693
) 
 
 
— 
 
  
 
244
 
  
 
— 
 
 
 
(45,258
) 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ending
  
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
14,012
 
 
 
211,969
 
 
 
10,116
 
  
 
135,534
 
  
 
24,128
 
 
 
347,503
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

  (*)
Changes in emission rights due to allowances additionally allocated or cancelled are reflected.
 
  (iii)
The Company does not have greenhouse gas emissions rights pledged as collateral as of December 31, 2024.
 
  (iv)
The Company does not hold any greenhouse gas emissions rights prepared for generating a profit from short-term fluctuations in price as of December 31, 2024.
 
  (v)
The estimated greenhouse gas emission of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2024 is 14,432 ten thousand tons.
 
F-16
7
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
27.
Government Grants
 
(1)
Government grants as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
          
2023
     
2024
  
                     
          
In millions of won
  
Land
      ￦       27,404        27,403  
Buildings
        46,227        41,718  
Structures
        157,881        149,737  
Machinery
        119,824        105,546  
Vehicles
        2,837        2,745  
Equipment
        5,932        3,915  
Tools
        62        1,306  
Construction-in-progress
        173,474        223,566  
Investment properties
        22        22  
Software
        413        844  
Development expenditures
        2,121        939  
Intangible assets under development
        2,458        3,473  
Other intangible assets
        322        229  
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
     ￦       538,977        561,443  
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(2)
Changes in government grants for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
          
2023
  
          
Beginning

balance
    
Receipt
    
Acquisition
    
Offset the

items of

depreciation

expense and

others
    
Disposal
    
Revenue
    
Others
    
Ending

balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
Cash
    ￦       —        57,207       —        —        —        239       (57,446 )      —   
Land
        27,405       —        —        —        (1 )      —        —        27,404  
Buildings
        50,437       —        —        (5,070 )      —        —        860       46,227  
Structures
        165,608       —        —        (9,562 )      (1,611 )      —        3,446       157,881  
Machinery
        127,126       —        —        (17,413 )      (1,230 )      —        11,341       119,824  
Vehicles
        2,045       —        —        (960 )      —        —        1,752       2,837  
Equipment
        6,608       —        —        (2,011 )      —        —        1,335       5,932  
Tools
        99       —        —        (38 )      —        —        1       62  
Construction-in-progress
        135,926       —        (5,544 )      —        —        —        43,092       173,474  
Investment properties
        21       —        —        (1 )      —        —        2       22  
Software
        174       —        —        (85 )      —        —        324       413  
Development expenditures
        3,477       —        —        (1,356 )      —        —        —        2,121  
Intangible assets under development
        2,108       —        —        —        —        —        350       2,458  
Other intangible assets
        67       —        —        (93 )      —        —        348       322  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦       521,101       57,207       (5,544 )      (36,589 )      (2,842 )      239       5,405       538,977  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-16
8
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
27.
Government Grants, Continued
 
(2)
Changes in government grants for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
          
2024
  
          
Beginning

balance
    
Receipt
    
Acquisition
    
Offset the

items of

depreciation

expense and

others
    
Disposal
    
Revenue
    
Others
    
Ending

balance
  
          
In millions of won
  
Cash
    ￦       —        59,503       —        —        —        4,789       (64,292 )      —   
Land
        27,404       —        —        —        (1 )      —        —        27,403  
Buildings
        46,227       —        —        (4,508 )      —        —        (1 )      41,718  
Structures
        157,881       —        —        (9,458 )      (1,330 )      —        2,644       149,737  
Machinery
        119,824       —        —        (16,076 )      (522 )      —        2,320       105,546  
Vehicles
        2,837       —        —        (1,233 )      (8 )      —        1,149       2,745  
Equipment
        5,932       —        —        (2,118 )      —        —        101       3,915  
Tools
        62       —        —        (341 )      —        —        1,585       1,306  
Construction-in-progress
        173,474       —        (6,806 )      —        (75 )      —        56,973       223,566  
Investment properties
        22       —        —        (1 )      —        —        1       22  
Software
        413       —        —        (229 )      —        —        660       844  
Development expenditures
        2,121       —        —        (1,364 )      —        —        182       939  
Intangible assets under development
        2,458       —        —        —        —        —        1,015       3,473  
Other intangible assets
        322       —        —        (93 )      —        —        —        229  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦       538,977       59,503       (6,806 )      (35,421 )      (1,936 )      4,789       2,337       561,443  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-1
6
9
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
27.
Government Grants, Continued
 
 
(3)
Changes in government grants for specific business projects for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2023
 
Department
 
Business
Name
 
Description
 
Period
 
Budget
 
 
Beginning

Balance
 
 
Received
 
 
Interest
 
 
Used
 
 
Return
 
 
Others
 
 
Ending

Balance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In millions of won
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Temporary electricity bill support for small business owners
 
Temporary electricity bill support for small business owners
 
 2021.04.01
~
2022.06.30
 
 
211,235
 
 
 
1,120
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(51
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
1,069
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Construction of the Integrated Control System for Renewable Energy in Transmission Area
 
Construction of the Integrated Control System for Renewable Energy in Transmission Area
 
2022.01.01
~
2023.09.30
 
 
940
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
798
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(798
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
2023 Electricity supply business in rural areas (New Electricity Supply Construction Fees)
 
Electricity supply business in rural areas (New Electricity Supply Construction Fees)
 
2023.01.01
~
2024.01.31
 
 
2
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
35
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(35
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
2023 Electricity supply business in rural areas (Reservation of Financial Loans)
 
Electricity supply business in rural areas (Reservation of Financial Loans)
 
2023.01.01
~
2024.01.31
 
 
166
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
166
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(166
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
2023 Electricity supply business in rural areas (Support for operational deficits of electricity providers)
 
Electricity supply business in rural areas (Support for operational deficits of electricity providers)
 
2023.01.01
~
2024.01.31
 
 
158,275
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
149,259
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(149,259
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
2023 Electricity supply business in rural areas (Technical support for local governments and residents)
 
Electricity supply business in rural areas (Technical support for local governments and residents)
 
2023.01.01
~
2024.01.31
 
 
1,176
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
1,862
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(1,862
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
2023 Electricity supply business in rural areas (Support for Losses in Local Government Operations)
 
Electricity supply business in rural areas (Support for Losses in Local Government Operations)
 
2023.01.01
~
2024.01.31
 
 
12,036
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
8,619
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(8,619
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
2023 Establishment of
eco-friendly
microgrid in island areas
 
Establishment of
eco-friendly
microgrid in island areas
 
 2023.01.01
~
2024.01.31
 
 
3,871
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
26,091
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(26,091
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
2023 Operating expenses for regional projects around the power plant
 
Operating expenses for regional projects around the power plant
 
 2023.01.01
~
2023.12.31
 
 
361
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
51
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(51
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
2023 Renewable Energy Generation Difference Support
 
Renewable Energy Generation Difference Support
 
 2023.01.01
~
2023.12.31
 
 
78,311
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
69,599
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(69,599
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Energy Cashback
 
Energy Cashback
 
 2023.01.01
~
2023.12.31
 
 
2,560
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
2,560
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(2,560
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Safety inspection of general electrical equipment
 
Safety inspection of general electrical equipment
 
2023.01.01
~
2023.04.18
 
 
495
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
635
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(635
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Establishment of Integrated Control System for Renewable Energy in the power distribution sector
 
Establishment of Integrated Control System for Renewable Energy in the Power Distribution Sector
 
2023.01.01
~
2023.12.31
 
 
2,510
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
680
 
 
 
2
 
 
 
(680
) 
 
 
(1,832
) 
 
 
1,832
 
 
 
2
 
Ministry of Employment and Labor
 
Support for the installation of workplace daycare centers
 
Support for the installation of workplace daycare centers
 
2023.01.01
~
2023.12.31
 
 
1,491
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
270
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(270
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
F-17
0
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
27.
Government Grants, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in government grants for specific business projects for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2024
 
Department
 
Business Name
 
Description
 
Period
 
Budget
 
 
Beginning
Balance
 
 
Received
 
 
Interest
 
 
Used
 
 
Return
 
 
Others
 
 
Ending
Balance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In millions of won
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Temporary electricity bill support for small business owners
 
Temporary electricity bill support for small business owners
 
 2021.04.01
~
2022.06.30
 
 
211,235
 
 
 
1,069
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(791
) 
 
 
(278
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Employment and Labor
 
Support for the installation of workplace daycare centers
 
Support for the installation of workplace daycare centers
 
2023.01.01
~
2023.12.31
 
 
1,491
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
1
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
1
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Support for underground power line installation
 
Daebul Industrial Complex Underground Power Line Project (Phase 1) (Subsidy)
 
2023.12.01
~
2025.12.31
 
 
3,492
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
3,492
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(3,492
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Construction of the Integrated Control System for Renewable Energy in Transmission Area
 
Construction of the Integrated Control System for Renewable Energy in Transmission Area
 
2023.01.01
~
2023.12.31
 
 
490
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
213
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(213
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Construction of the Integrated Control System for Renewable Energy in Power Distribution Sector
 
Construction of the Integrated Control System for Renewable Energy in Power Distribution Sector
 
2023.01.01
~
2023.12.31
 
 
2,510
 
 
 
2
 
 
 
203
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(205
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of SMEs and Startup
 
Temporary electricity bill support for small business owners
 
Temporary electricity bill support for small business owners (2024)
 
2024.02.15
~
2024.12.31
 
 
178,753
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
156,058
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(127,984
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
28,074
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Electricity supply business in rural areas
 
Electricity supply business in rural areas (Support for Losses in Local Government Operations)
 
2024.01.01
~
2024.12.31
 
 
161,429
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
170,276
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(170,276
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Renewable Energy Generation Difference Support
 
Renewable Energy Generation Difference Support (2024)
 
2024.01.01
~
2024.12.31
 
 
52,170
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
51,413
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(51,413
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy
 
Operating expenses for regional projects around the power plant
 
Operating expenses for regional projects around the power plant (2024)
 
2024.01.02
~
2024.12.31
 
 
428
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
61
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
(61
) 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
 
 
— 
 
F-17
1
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
28.
Deferred Revenues
Deferred revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows which included in current and
non-current
non-financial
liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial position:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
    ￦        10,974,845        11,548,855  
Increase
         1,317,061        2,924,341  
Recognized as revenue
         (743,051 )       (820,631 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Ending balance
    ￦        11,548,855        13,652,565  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
29.
Non-financial
Liabilities
Non-financial
liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
Current
     
Non-current
     
Current
     
Non-current
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Advance received
    ￦        5,204,113        288,686        3,531,207        354,218  
Unearned revenue
         36,716        12,108        37,062        14,910  
Deferred revenue
         734,825        10,814,030        776,988        12,875,577  
Withholdings
         259,755        2,369        271,425        2,296  
Others
         1,646,254        78,807        1,710,459        34,519  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        7,881,663        11,196,000        6,327,141        13,281,520  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
30.
Contributed Capital
 
(1)
Details of shares issued as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
   
2023
  
   
Shares

authorized
    
Shares
issued
    
Par value

per share

(in won)
    
Owned by
government(*)
    
Owned by
others
    
Total
  
                                     
   
In millions of won except share information
  
Common shares
     1,200,000,000       641,964,077     ￦ 5,000       1,640,385       1,569,435       3,209,820  
 
  (*)
Korea Development Bank’s interest of ￦1,056,176 million is included.
 
   
2024
  
   
Shares

authorized
    
Shares
issued
    
Par value

per share

(in won)
    
Owned by
government(*)
    
Owned by
others
    
Total
  
                                     
   
In millions of won except share information
  
Common shares
     1,200,000,000       641,964,077     ￦ 5,000       1,640,385       1,569,435       3,209,820  
 
  (*)
Korea Development Bank’s interest of ￦1,056,176 million is included.
 
F-17
2
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
30.
Contributed Capital, Continued
 
(2)
Details in number of outstanding capital stock for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows.
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
Number of shares
  
Beginning balance
         641,964,077        641,964,077  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Ending balance
               641,964,077         641,964,077  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(3)
Details of share premium as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Share premium
    ￦            843,758             843,758  
 
31.
Retained Earnings and Dividends Paid
 
(1)
Details of retained earnings as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Legal reserve (*)
    ￦        1,604,910        1,604,910  
Voluntary reserves
         2,812,313        —   
Retained earnings (Undisposed deficit) before appropriations
          11,921,039        18,523,337  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Retained earnings
    ￦        16,338,262         20,128,247  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
  (*)
The KEPCO Act requires KEPCO to appropriate a legal reserve equal to at least 20 percent of net income for each accounting period until the reserve equals 50 percent of KEPCO’s common stock. The legal reserve is not available for cash dividends; however, this reserve may be credited to
paid-in
capital or offset against accumulated deficit by the resolution of the shareholders.
 
(2)
Details of voluntary reserves as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Reserve for investment on social overhead capital
    ￦        2,272,313        —   
Reserve for research and human development
         330,000        —   
Reserve for business expansion
         —         —   
Reserve for equalizing dividends
         210,000        —   
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦          2,812,313            —   
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-17
3
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
31.
Retained Earnings and Dividends Paid, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in retained earnings for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
    ￦        21,431,300        16,338,262  
Profit (loss) for the year attributed to owners of the controlling company
         (4,822,549 )       3,491,698  
Changes in equity method retained earnings
         (27,349 )       (6,346 ) 
Remeasurements of defined benefit liability, net of tax
         (242,987 )       (281,761 ) 
Transfer of revaluation reserve
         —         586,394  
Others
         (153 )       —   
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Ending balance
    ￦         16,338,262        20,128,247  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(4)
Dividends paid for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
   
2022
  
In millions of won
  
Number of

shares issued
    
Number of

treasury stocks
    
Number of

shares eligible for

dividends
          
Dividends paid

per share
    
Dividends

paid
  
                                     
                           
(In won)
        
Common shares
     641,964,077       —        641,964,077     ￦       —        —   
 
   
2023
  
In millions of won
  
Number of

shares issued
    
Number of

treasury stocks
    
Number of

shares eligible for

dividends
          
Dividends paid

per share
    
Dividends

paid
  
                                     
                           
(In won)
        
Common shares
     641,964,077       —        641,964,077     ￦       —        —   
 
   
2024
  
In millions of won
  
Number of

shares issued
    
Number of

treasury stocks
    
Number of

shares eligible for

dividends
          
Dividends paid

per share
    
Dividends

paid
  
                                     
                           
(In won)
        
Common shares
     641,964,077       —        641,964,077     ￦       —        —   
 
(5)
Changes in retained earnings of investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
    ￦             16,275            (11,074 ) 
Changes
         (27,349 )       (6,346 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Ending balance
    ￦        (11,074 )       (17,420 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-17
4
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
31.
Retained Earnings and Dividends Paid, Continued
 
(6)
Changes in remeasurement components related to defined benefit liability for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
    ￦           614,805        29,229  
Changes
         (376,121 )       (421,327 ) 
Income tax effect
         133,134        139,566  
Transfer to reserve for business expansion
         (342,589 )       156,838  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Ending balance
    ￦        29,229        (95,694 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
32.
Statements of Appropriation of Retained Earnings (Disposition of Deficit)
For the year ended December 31, 2023, KEPCO’s Deficit was disposed on March 26, 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, KEPCO’s deficits are expected to be disposed on March 26, 2025. Statements of disposition of deficit of KEPCO, the controlling company, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024, respectively, are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won except for
dividends per share
  
I.   Unappropriated retained earnings (undisposed deficits)
         
Unappropriated retained earnings (undisposed deficits) carried over from prior years
    ￦        —         — 
Net income (loss)
         (3,249,233 )       829,339  
Remeasurement of the defined benefit plan
         (149,474 )       (125,132 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        (3,398,707 )       704,207  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
II. Transfer from voluntary reserves
           3,398,707        — 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
III.  Subtotal (I+II)
         —       704,207  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
IV.  Appropriation of retained earnings
         
Dividends
         —       (136,738 ) 
Voluntary reserves
         —       (567,469 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        —       (704,207 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
V. Unappropriated retained earnings (undisposed deficits) to be carried over forward to subsequent year
         —       — 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
33.
Hybrid Bonds
Hybrid bonds classified as equity
(non-controlling
interest) as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
Issuer
  
Hybrid bond
  
Issued date
    
Maturity
    
Yield (%)
          
2023
    
2024
  
                                         
   
In millions of won
  
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd. (*)
   2nd hybrid bond     2012.12.07       2042.12.06       5.10     ￦       230,000       230,000  
Expense of issuance
               (627 )      (627 ) 
           
 
 
    
 
 
  
          ￦       229,373       229,373  
           
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  (*)
Bondholders may not require prepayment in any case, and the Company has a call option to repay all of these bonds on or after
12
years from the date of issuance of the bonds, or on each interest payment date henceforth. In addition, there is a
step-up
clause
 
F-17
5
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
33.
Hybrid Bonds, Continued
 
 
from the date of the initial call option exercise. Although these instruments have contractual maturity dates, the contractual agreements allow the Company to indefinitely extend the maturity dates and defer the payment of interest without modification to the other terms of the instruments. When the Company decides not to pay dividends on common shares, they are not required to pay interest on the hybrid bonds. As of December 7, 2024, the initial call option exercise date, the interest rate increased from
4.44% to 5.10%
due to the application of the step-up clause.
 
34.
Other Components of Equity
 
(1)
Other components of equity of the parent as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
         
2023
     
2024
  
         
In millions of won
  
Other capital surplus
   ￦       1,600,801        1,600,812  
Accumulated other comprehensive income
       557,430        1,424,014  
Other equity
       13,294,972        12,708,585  
   
 
 
     
 
 
  
  ￦       15,453,203        15,733,411  
   
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(2)
Changes in other capital surplus for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
         
2023
    
2024
  
       
Gains on
disposal of

treasury

stocks
     
Others
    
Subtotal
    
Gains on

disposal of

treasury

stocks
     
Others
    
Subtotal
  
         
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
   ￦       387,524        881,045       1,268,569       387,524        1,213,277       1,600,801  
Changes in consolidation scope
       —         (48 )      (48 )      —         —        —   
Additional
paid-in
capital and others
       —         —        —        —         (7 )      (7 ) 
Transactions between consolidated entities
       —         332,280       332,280       —         18       18  
   
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Ending balance
   ￦       387,524        1,213,277       1,600,801       387,524        1,213,288       1,600,812  
   
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-17
6
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
34.
Other Components of Equity, Continued
 
(3)
Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
         
2023
  
         
Financial assets at

fair value through

other

comprehensive

income

valuation reserve
    
Shares in other

comprehensive

income of

investments in

associates and
joint ventures
    
Reserve for

overseas

operations

translation credit
    
Reserve for

gain (loss) on

valuation of

derivatives
    
Total
  
         
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
   ￦       11,510       820,739       (305,620 )      (29,653 )      496,976  
Changes in the unrealized fair value of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax
       (31,665 )      —        —        —        (31,665 ) 
Shares in other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures, net of tax
       —        122,994       —        —        122,994  
Foreign currency translation of foreign operations, net of tax
       —        —        (25,950 )      —        (25,950 ) 
Net change in the unrealized fair value of derivatives using cash flow hedge accounting, net of tax
       —        —        —        (5,078 )      (5,078 ) 
Others
       153       —        —        —        153  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Ending balance
   ￦       (20,002 )      943,733       (331,570 )      (34,731 )      557,430  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
         
2024
  
         
Financial assets at

fair value through

other

comprehensive

income

valuation reserve
    
Shares in other

comprehensive

income of

investments in

associates and
joint ventures
    
Reserve for

overseas

operations

translation credit
    
Reserve for

gain (loss) on
valuation of

derivatives
    
Total
  
         
In millions of won
  
Beginning balance
   ￦       (20,002 )      943,733       (331,570 )      (34,731 )      557,430  
Changes in the unrealized fair value of financial assets at FVOCI, net of tax
       100,759       —        —        —        100,759  
Shares in other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures, net of tax
       —        654,225       —        —        654,225  
Foreign currency translation of foreign operations, net of tax
       —        —        99,624       —        99,624  
Net change in the unrealized fair value of derivatives using cash flow hedge accounting, net of tax
       —        —        —        11,976       11,976  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Ending balance
   ￦       80,757       1,597,958       (231,946 )      (22,755 )      1,424,014  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
(4)
Other equity as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
          
2023
    
2024
  
          
In millions of won
  
Statutory revaluation reserve
    ￦       13,295,098       12,708,704  
Changes in other equity
        (126 )      (119 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦       13,294,972       12,708,585  
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-17
7
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
35.
Sales
Details of sales for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
          
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
          
Domestic
    
Overseas
    
Domestic
    
Overseas
    
Domestic
    
Overseas
  
          
In millions of won
  
[Type of goods and services]
 
Sales of goods
    ￦       68,578,390       606,079       85,588,151       351,986       90,659,090       359,622  
Electricity
        66,198,964       —        82,954,778       —        88,889,764       —   
Heat supply
        489,629       —        440,435       —        363,154       —   
Others
        1,889,797       606,079       2,192,938       351,986       1,406,172       359,622  
Sales related to rendering of services
        370,799       343,803       467,661       283,217       482,251       228,194  
Sales related to construction services
        193,541       453,412       186,996       598,399       145,496       703,612  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦       69,142,730       1,403,294       86,242,808       1,233,602       91,286,837       1,291,428  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
[Timing of revenue recognition]
 
Performance obligations satisfied at a point in time
    ￦       68,578,390       606,079       85,588,151       351,986       90,659,090       359,622  
Performance obligations satisfied over time
        564,340       797,215       654,657       881,616       627,747       931,806  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦       69,142,730       1,403,294       86,242,808       1,233,602       91,286,837       1,291,428  
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
36.
Selling and Administrative Expenses
 
(1)
Selling and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Salaries
    ￦        1,142,360        1,098,460        1,180,379  
Retirement benefit expense
         109,758        89,533        104,036  
Welfare and benefit expense
         155,781        152,836        151,840  
Insurance expense
         20,835        27,726        30,460  
Depreciation
         244,676        241,533        231,114  
Amortization of intangible assets
         85,661        88,648        88,920  
Bad debt expense
         23,634        62,808        35,232  
Commission
         420,390        460,644        429,977  
Advertising expense
         33,739        30,305        32,205  
Training expense
         7,327        7,900        8,911  
Vehicle maintenance expense
         10,749        9,044        9,218  
Publishing expense
         3,732        3,281        2,857  
Business promotion expense
         3,198        2,559        2,687  
Rent expense
         47,680        44,807        48,474  
Telecommunication expense
         7,945        7,813        9,406  
Transportation expense
         1,012        1,099        1,108  
Taxes and dues
         122,177        112,449        98,714  
Expendable supplies expense
         9,617        7,252        6,976  
Water, light and heating expense
         17,950        16,207        15,009  
Repairs and maintenance expense
         152,449        154,062        197,942  
Ordinary development expense
         213,932        217,319        217,975  
Travel expense
         16,062        16,265        18,726  
Clothing expense
         13,044        10,450        11,216  
Survey and analysis expense
         1,126        1,068        871  
Membership fee
         1,469        1,503        1,709  
Others
         143,119        196,011        134,064  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        3,009,422        3,061,582        3,070,026  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-17
8
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
36.
Selling and Administrative Expenses, Continued
 
(2)
Details of “others” included in selling and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Accommodation development expenses
    ￦        56,038        49,988        48,902  
Miscellaneous wages
         31,910        97,474        33,020  
Litigation and filing expenses
         14,876        19,204        22,578  
Compensation for damages
         3,116        4,300        7,653  
Outsourcing expenses
         3,635        3,511        1,368  
Reward expenses
         2,740        2,770        2,764  
Overseas market development expenses
         1,376        1,503        1,378  
Others
         29,428        17,261        16,401  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦          143,119          196,011          134,064  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
37.
Other Income and Expenses
 
(1)
Other income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Reversal of other provisions
    ￦        15,265        79,001        35,317  
Reversal of other allowance for doubtful accounts
         37        1,941        17,699  
Gains on government grants
         301        239        4,789  
Gains on assets contributed
         1,953        24,183        29,968  
Gains on liabilities exempted
         1,181        854        504  
Compensation and reparations revenue
         89,638        93,785        84,682  
Revenue from foundation fund
         3        60        58  
Income related to transfer of assets from customers
         711,839        743,051        820,631  
Rental income
         208,064        210,972        204,277  
Others
         67,208        121,816        100,060  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        1,095,489        1,275,902        1,297,985  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(2)
Details of “others” included in other income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Refund of claim for rectification
    ￦        701        1,054        1,512  
Maintenance income on lease building
         125        124        109  
Training income
         1,684        1,946        2,486  
Deposit redemption
         12        100        252  
Reversal of expenses on litigation
         1,920        44,197        45,751  
Revenue on royalty fee
         455        422        —   
Gains on guarantee contracts
         22        16        85  
Others
         62,289        73,957        49,865  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦           67,208          121,816          100,060  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-1
7
9
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
37.
Other Income and Expenses, Continued
 
(3)
Other expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
          
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
          
In millions of won
  
Compensation and indemnification expense
     ￦        36        34        234  
Accretion expenses of other provisions
        1,138        4,962        5,841  
Depreciation expenses on investment properties
        486        493        682  
Depreciation expenses on idle assets
        3,635        3,683        3,642  
Other bad debt expense
        6,400        40,683        42,776  
Donations
        131,037        169,748        324,694  
Others
        69,418        39,302        87,819  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
    ￦          212,150          258,905          465,688  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(4)
Details of “others” included in other expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
          
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
          
In millions of won
  
Operating expenses related to the idle assets
     ￦        1,683        1,494        1,741  
Research grants
        562        174        662  
Expenses related to farming and fishing village supports
        11,272        13,249        15,344  
Expenses related to Operating of a fitness center
        8,370        8,921        10,116  
Expenses on adjustment of research and development grants
        260        388        392  
Taxes and dues
        31,985        1,935        18,065  
Expenses on R&D supports
        48        9        41  
Others
        15,238        13,132        41,458  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
    ￦           69,418           39,302           87,819  
    
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-18
0
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
38.
Other Gains (Losses)
 
(1)
Composition of other gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
           
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
                           
           
In millions of won
  
Other gains
          
Gains on disposal of property, plant and equipment
    ￦        148,667       32,196       85,990  
Gains on disposal of intangible assets
         41       136       41  
Reversal of impairment loss on property, plant and equipment
         134,735       —        —   
Reversal of impairment loss on other current assets
         —        16,035       —   
Gains on foreign currency translation
         36,097       27,123       77,269  
Gains on foreign currency transaction
         235,221       139,077       74,520  
Gains on insurance proceeds
         43,497       6,785       3,411  
Others
         294,091       346,795       273,745  
Other losses
          
Losses on disposal of property, plant and equipment
         (100,066 )      (98,120 )      (112,018 ) 
Losses on disposal of intangible assets
         (116 )      (71 )      (111 ) 
Impairment loss on property, plant and equipment
         (37,311 )      (17,031 )      (11,240 ) 
Impairment loss on intangible assets
         (164 )      (2,865 )      (902 ) 
Losses on foreign currency translation
         (14,738 )      (3,901 )      (29,225 ) 
Losses on foreign currency transaction
         (299,117 )      (165,187 )      (148,381 ) 
Others
         (197,715 )      (258,286 )      (128,215 ) 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦             243,122            22,686            84,884  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
(2)
Details of “others” included in other gains for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
                           
           
In millions of won
  
Gains on disposal of inventories
    ￦        11,091       20,447       18,789  
Gains on proxy collection of TV license fee
         42,286       41,372       33,191  
Gains on compensation of impaired electric poles
         768       1,138       688  
Gains on harbor facilities dues
         4,198       3,666       3,710  
Gains on technical fees
         2,972       3,071       1,836  
Reversal of occupation development training fees
         525       1,452       1,466  
Gains on disposal of waste
         7,749       3,815       2,950  
Gains on tax rebate
         548       374       206  
Gains on other commission
         2,097       2,044        1,945   
Gains on disposal of assets
held-for-sale
         236        —        —   
Others
         221,621       269,416       208,964  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦            294,091           346,795           273,745  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-18
1
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
38.
Other Gains (Losses), Continued
 
(3)
Details of “others” included in other losses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
                             
           
In millions of won
  
Losses on valuation of inventories
    ￦        14,528        9,936        9,941  
Losses on disposal of inventories
         8,324        5,471        15,494  
Losses due to disaster
         5,068        7,138        5,761  
Losses on rounding adjustment of electric charge surtax
         1,317        1,332        1,351  
Others
         168,478        234,409        95,668  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦           197,715           258,286           128,215  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
39.
Finance Income
 
(1)
Finance income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
                             
           
In millions of won
  
Interest income
    ￦        340,753        429,620        467,525  
Dividends income
         28,875        25,941        70,601  
Gains on disposal of financial assets
         11,199        13,162        45,493  
Gains on valuation of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
         7,099        152,322        83,408  
Gains on valuation of derivatives
         595,256        382,611        2,231,533  
Gains on transaction of derivatives
         429,847        268,618        362,119  
Gains on foreign currency translation
         389,361        104,901        142,723  
Gains on foreign currency transaction
         29,997        42,886        35,893  
Other financial income
         925        4,970        8,882  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦         1,833,312         1,425,031         3,448,177  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(2)
Details of interest income included in finance income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
                             
           
In millions of won
  
Cash and cash equivalents
    ￦        51,872        100,205        102,505  
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
         58,540        65,470        54,385  
Financial assets at amortized cost
         1,308        2,929        2,859  
Loans
         33,545        44,029        45,511  
Short-term financial instruments
         15,827        34,260        31,766  
Long-term financial instruments
         14,371        14,183        20,562  
Other financial assets
         637        241        262  
Trade and other receivables
         164,653        168,303        209,675  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦          340,753           429,620           467,525  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-18
2
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
40.
Finance Expenses
 
(1)
Finance expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
                             
           
In millions of won
  
Interest expense
    ￦        2,818,546        4,451,659        4,665,095  
Losses on sale of financial assets
         1,841        1        434  
Losses on valuation of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
         44,329        24,015        14,247  
Losses on valuation of derivatives
         371,038        148,412        127,822  
Losses on transaction of derivatives
         205,162        178,959        59,462  
Losses on foreign currency translation
         934,005        491,782        2,557,597  
Losses on foreign currency transaction
         346,711        49,677        90,485  
Losses on repayment of financial liabilities
         15        —         —   
Others
         25,144        2,513        20,086  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        4,746,791        5,347,018        7,535,228  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(2)
Details of interest expense included in finance expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
                             
           
In millions of won
  
Trade and other payables
    ￦        204,078        200,440        191,918  
Short-term borrowings
         145,201        376,066        395,773  
Long-term borrowings
         204,037        407,915        465,352  
Debt securities
         2,388,517        3,634,680        3,857,917  
Other financial liabilities
         472,248        614,332        668,115  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        3,414,081        5,233,433        5,579,075  
Less: Capitalized borrowing costs
         (595,535 )       (781,774 )       (913,980 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        2,818,546        4,451,659        4,665,095  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Capitalization rates for
the
years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are 2.25%~3.86%, 2.34%~4.28% and 2.39%~4.94%, respectively.
 
F-18
3
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
41.
Income Taxes
 
(1)
Income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
                             
           
In millions of won
  
Current income tax expense
            
Payment of income tax
    ￦        563,681        621,957        1,301,275  
Adjustment in respect of prior years due to change in estimate
         48,374        (32,100 )       (44,892 ) 
Current income tax directly recognized in equity
         (350,348 )       93,705        (128,337 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        261,707        683,562        1,128,046  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Deferred tax benefit
            
Generation and realization of temporary differences
         (564,801 )       (1,845,236 )       (1,561,484 ) 
Reclassified from equity to loss
         (4,964 )       —         —   
Changes of unrecognized tax losses, tax credit and temporary differences for prior periods
         (38,708 )       (15,244 )       (7,740 ) 
Changes in deferred tax on tax losses carryforwards
         (9,175,755 )       (1,650,017 )       2,012,537  
Tax credit carryforwards
         34,019        (16,734 )       72,371  
Amount due to change in tax rate or regulations
         73,991        5,836        (9,169 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        (9,676,218 )       (3,521,395 )       506,515  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Income tax expense (benefit)
    ￦        (9,414,511 )       (2,837,833 )       1,634,561  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(2)
Reconciliation between actual income tax expense (benefit) and amount computed by applying the statutory tax rate to profit (loss) before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
                             
           
In millions of won
  
Profit (loss) before income tax
    ￦        (33,843,619 )       (7,553,977 )       5,256,529  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Income tax expense (benefit) computed at applicable tax rate (*1)
         (9,306,995 )       (1,936,840 )       1,363,018  
Adjustments
            
Effect of applying gradual tax rate
         (10,362 )       (10,362 )       (10,362 ) 
Effect of
non-taxable
income
         (9,471 )       (26,993 )       (86,442 ) 
Effect of
non-deductible
expenses
         39,663        39,411        28,712  
Effect of tax losses that are not recognized as deferred tax assets
         19,275        —         (797 ) 
Effects of tax credits and deduction
         (98,684 )       (53,724 )       (54,364 ) 
Reversal of unrecognized deferred tax assets, net
         (38,708 )       (15,244 )       (7,740 ) 
Effect of change in deferred tax due to change in tax rate
         393,416        211,736        (11,985 ) 
Deduction of deferred tax assets
         (85,514 )       29,095        —   
Deferred tax related to investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
         (375,064 )       (1,063,007 )       447,833  
Others, net
         9,559        20,195        11,580  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
        (155,890 )       (868,893 )       316,435  
Adjustment in respect of prior years due to change in estimate
         48,374        (32,100 )       (44,892 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Income tax expense (benefit)
    ￦        (9,414,511 )       (2,837,833 )       1,634,561  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Effective tax rate
         (*
2
 )       (*
2
 )       (*
2
 ) 
 
  (*1)
Applicable tax rates are 26.5%, 25.64% and 25.93% as of December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively.
 
  (*2)
The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022, 2023 is not
calculated due to the resulting income tax benefit and the average effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 is
31.10%.
 
F-18
4
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
41.
Income Taxes, Continued
 
(3)
Income tax directly adjusted to equity (except for accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
 2022 
     
 2023 
     
 2024 
  
                             
           
In millions of won
  
Dividends of hybrid bond
    ￦        4,149        —         —   
Disposal of subsidiaries
         406         —          —    
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦           4,555             —              —   
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(4)
Income tax recognized as other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
 2022 
     
 2023 
     
 2024 
  
                             
           
In millions of won
  
Income tax recognized as other comprehensive income (loss)
            
Loss on valuation of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
    ￦        (31,416 )       (10,624 )       (61,807 ) 
Net change in the unrealized fair value of derivatives using cash flow hedge accounting, net of tax
         40,390        4,863        (8,435 ) 
Remeasurement of defined benefit liability
         (322,489 )       133,134        139,566  
Investments in associates
         (66,677 )       (40,213 )       (134,639 ) 
Others
         25,289        6,545        (63,022 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        (354,903 )       93,705        (128,337 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-18
5
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
41.
Income Taxes, Continued
 
(5)
Changes in deferred tax assets (liabilities) recognized in the consolidated statements of financial position for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
         
2023
  
         
Beginning

balance
    
Amounts
recognized in
profit or loss
    
Amount
recognized in
other
comprehensive
income (loss)
    
Amounts

recognized

directly

in equity
    
Ending

balance
  
                                     
         
In millions of won
  
Deferred tax on temporary differences
            
Employee benefits
     ￦       199,553       6,597       133,134       —        339,284  
Cash flow hedge
       (55,340 )      29,622       4,863       —        (20,855 ) 
Investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
       (8,377,687 )      1,300,263       (40,213 )      —        (7,117,637 ) 
Property, plant and equipment
       (7,541,638 )      534,361       —        —        (7,007,277 ) 
Finance lease
       (405,639 )      179,943       —        —        (225,696 ) 
Intangible assets
       (24,931 )      1,526       —        —        (23,405 ) 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
       3,457       (5,199 )      —        —        (1,742 ) 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
       21,143       16,839       (10,624 )      —        27,358  
Deferred revenue
       169,980       (13,580 )      —        —        156,400  
Provisions
       7,089,344       (47,684 )      —        —        7,041,660  
Doubtful receivables
       2,474       (74 )      —        —        2,400  
Other finance liabilities
       21,418       (3,426 )      —        —        17,992  
Gains or losses on foreign exchange translation
       134,316       (6,306 )      —        —        128,010  
Allowance for doubtful accounts
       58,235       (2,492 )      —        —        55,743  
Accrued income
       16,614       17,321       —        —        33,935  
Special deduction for property, plant and equipment
       (215,159 )      3,299       —        —        (211,860 ) 
Others
       1,487,572       (277,889 )      6,545       —        1,216,228  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      (7,416,288 )      1,733,121       93,705       —        (5,589,462 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Deferred tax on unused tax losses and tax credit
            
Unused tax losses
       11,662,105       1,676,638       —        —        13,338,743  
Excess of donation limit
       81,046       (34,724 )      —        —        46,322  
Tax credit
       150,409       52,665       —        —        203,064  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      11,893,560       1,694,569       —        —        13,588,129  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
    ￦       4,477,272       3,427,690       93,705       —        7,998,667  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
F-18
6
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
41.
Income Taxes, Continued
 
(5)
Changes in deferred tax assets (liabilities) recognized in the consolidated statements of financial position for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
         
2024
  
         
Beginning

balance
    
Amounts
recognized in
profit or loss
    
Amount
recognized in
other
comprehensive
income (loss)
    
Amounts

recognized

directly

in equity
    
Ending

balance
  
                                     
         
In millions of won
  
Deferred tax on temporary differences
            
Employee benefits
     ￦       339,284       384,503       139,566       —        863,353  
Cash flow hedge
       (20,855 )      (126,825 )      (8,435 )      —        (156,115 ) 
Investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures
       (7,117,637 )      (597,996 )      (134,639 )      —        (7,850,272 ) 
Property, plant and equipment
       (7,007,277 )      (462,457 )      —        —        (7,469,734 ) 
Finance lease
       (225,696 )      683       —        —        (225,013 ) 
Intangible assets
       (23,405 )      (3,168 )      —        —        (26,573 ) 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
       (1,742 )      1,012       —        —        (730 ) 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
       27,358       18,110       (61,807 )      —        (16,339 ) 
Deferred revenue
       156,400       1,705,918       —        —        1,862,318  
Provisions
       7,041,660       561,988       —        —        7,603,648  
Doubtful receivables
       2,400       (136 )      —        —        2,264  
Other finance liabilities
       17,992       (561 )      —        —        17,431  
Gains or losses on foreign exchange translation
       128,010       87,265       —        —        215,275  
Allowance for doubtful accounts
       55,743       12,078       —        —        67,821  
Accrued income
       33,935       (48,467 )      —        —        (14,532 ) 
Special deduction for property, plant and equipment
       (211,860 )      542       —        —        (211,318 ) 
Others
       1,216,228       166,914       (63,022 )      —        1,320,120  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      (5,589,462 )      1,699,403       (128,337 )      —        (4,018,396 ) 
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Deferred tax on unused tax losses and tax credit
            
Unused tax losses
       13,338,743       (2,038,156 )      —        —        11,300,587  
Excess of donation limit
       46,322       (4,112 )      —        —        42,210  
Tax credit
       203,064       (35,313 )      —        —        167,751  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
      13,588,129       (2,077,581 )      —        —        11,510,548  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
    ￦       7,998,667       (378,178 )      (128,337 )      —        7,492,152  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
(6)
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) recognized in the consolidated statements of fi
n
ancial position as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Deferred tax assets
    ￦        13,161,802        13,436,624  
Deferred tax liabilities
         (5,163,135 )       (5,944,472 ) 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        7,998,667        7,492,152  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-18
7
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
41.
Income Taxes, Continued
 
(7)
Details of deductible temporary differences, tax losses and unused tax credits for which no deferred tax assets were recognized as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Deductible temporary differences and others
    ￦        1,811,062        1,416,650  
 
(8)
Pillar Two Model Rules
The Company has assessed the potential exposure arising from the Pillar Two legislation based on the financial information for the year ended December 31, 2024. Based on the assessment, the Company has identified its potential exposure to Pillar Two income taxes on profits earned from its constituent entities operating in Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam, and other jurisdictions where the expected Pillar Two effective tax rate is likely to be lower than
15%. As a result, the Company expects that KEPCO and its constituent entities operating therein will pay additional Pillar Two income taxes on the profit from such constituent entities.
The current income tax expense recognized for the year ended December 31, 2024 in relation with the additional Pillar Two income taxes amounts to approximately ￦3,727 million. The Company has applied the mandatory exception to recognition and disclosure of deferred taxes arising from Pillar Two income taxes.
 
42.
Assets
Held-for-Sale
Assets
held-for-sale
as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Land (*1,2)
    ￦        31,766        31,766  
Buildings (*1,2)
         13,881        13,881  
Structures (*1)
         1        1  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦           45,648           45,648  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
  (*1)
The board of directors of KEPCO Engineering & Construction Company, Inc., a subsidiary of the Company, made a resolution to sell its old office building in
Yongin-si,
Gyeonggi-do,
and reclassified the buildings, structures, and land as assets
held-for-sale
expecting its carrying amount would be recovered through a sale transaction. In accordance with the resolution of the Board of Directors on April 1, 2022, a sales contract for the assets scheduled for sale was entered into on April 13, 2022, and the related down payment and interim payment of ￦81,392 million were recorded as long-term advance received.
 
  (*2)
The board of directors of Korea Electric Power Corporation, the controlling company, made a resolution to sell the Uijeongbu substation, and reclassified the buildings and land as assets
held-for-sale
expecting its carrying amount would be recovered through a sale transaction during the year ended December 31, 2022. Although it is expected to take more than a year to complete the sale transaction, the Company decided that the definitive purchase contract is still valid as a result of discussions with the counterparty.
 
F-18
8
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
43.
Expenses Classified by Nature
Expenses classified by nature for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
 
         
2022
  
         
Selling and
administrative
expenses
     
Cost of
sales
     
Total
  
                           
         
In millions of won
  
Raw materials used
     ￦       —         34,832,581        34,832,581  
Power purchase
       —         41,984,858        41,984,858  
Salaries
       1,142,360        4,329,099        5,471,459  
Retirement benefit expense
       109,758        505,612        615,370  
Welfare and benefit expense
       155,781        540,058        695,839  
Insurance expense
       20,835        106,672        127,507  
Depreciation
       244,676        12,056,455        12,301,131  
Amortization of intangible assets
       85,661        70,499        156,160  
Bad debt expense
       23,634        —         23,634  
Commission
       420,390        351,557        771,947  
Advertising expense
       33,739        10,552        44,291  
Training expense
       7,327        14,813        22,140  
Vehicle maintenance expense
       10,749        10,275        21,024  
Publishing expense
       3,732        3,014        6,746  
Business promotion expense
       3,198        3,340        6,538  
Rent expense
       47,680        186,439        234,119  
Telecommunication expense
       7,945        9,677        17,622  
Transportation expense
       1,012        113,845        114,857  
Taxes and dues
       122,177        554,320        676,497  
Expendable supplies expense
       9,617        47,159        56,776  
Water, light and heating expense
       17,950        60,002        77,952  
Repairs and maintenance expense
       152,449        2,586,975        2,739,424  
Ordinary development expense
       213,932        513,878        727,810  
Travel expense
       16,062        78,999        95,061  
Clothing expense
       13,044        8,778        21,822  
Survey and analysis expense
       1,126        4,322        5,448  
Membership fee
       1,469        16,912        18,381  
Others
       143,119        1,902,903        2,046,022  
   
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
    ￦       3,009,422        100,903,594        103,913,016  
   
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-1
8
9
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
43.
Expenses Classified by Nature, Continued
Expenses classified by nature for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
         
2023
  
         
Selling and
administrative
expenses
     
Cost of
sales
     
Total
  
                           
         
In millions of won
  
Raw materials used
     ￦       —         27,135,770        27,135,770  
Power purchase
       —         38,304,309        38,304,309  
Salaries
       1,098,460        4,416,706        5,515,166  
Retirement benefit expense
       89,533        370,769        460,302  
Welfare and benefit expense
       152,836        542,367        695,203  
Insurance expense
       27,726        119,964        147,690  
Depreciation
       241,533        12,623,380        12,864,913  
Amortization of intangible assets
       88,648        74,526        163,174  
Bad debt expense
       62,808        —         62,808  
Commission
       460,644        341,124        801,768  
Advertising expense
       30,305        8,856        39,161  
Training expense
       7,900        16,064        23,964  
Vehicle maintenance expense
       9,044        9,128        18,172  
Publishing expense
       3,281        2,879        6,160  
Business promotion expense
       2,559        2,523        5,082  
Rent expense
       44,807        161,749        206,556  
Telecommunication expense
       7,813        9,706        17,519  
Transportation expense
       1,099        102,502        103,601  
Taxes and dues
       112,449        574,617        687,066  
Expendable supplies expense
       7,252        47,252        54,504  
Water, light and heating expense
       16,207        41,200        57,407  
Repairs and maintenance expense
       154,062        2,620,200        2,774,262  
Ordinary development expense
       217,319        500,242        717,561  
Travel expense
       16,265        77,232        93,497  
Clothing expense
       10,450        9,490        19,940  
Survey and analysis expense
       1,068        4,156        5,224  
Membership fee
       1,503        15,164        16,667  
Others
       196,011        1,567,652        1,763,663  
   
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
    ￦       3,061,582        89,699,527        92,761,109  
   
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
F-19
0
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
43.
Expenses Classified by Nature, Continued
Expenses classified by nature for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
         
2024
  
         
Selling and
administrative
expenses
     
Cost of
sales
     
Total
  
                           
         
In millions of won
  
Raw materials used
     ￦       —         21,070,280        21,070,280  
Power purchase
       —         34,659,893        34,659,893  
Salaries
       1,180,379        4,887,006        6,067,385  
Retirement benefit expense
       104,036        428,163        532,199  
Welfare and benefit expense
       151,840        546,124        697,964  
Insurance expense
       30,460        130,904        161,364  
Depreciation
       231,114        13,598,350        13,829,464  
Amortization of intangible assets
       88,920        74,647        163,567  
Bad debt expense
       35,232        —         35,232  
Commission
       429,977        426,976        856,953  
Advertising expense
       32,205        11,359        43,564  
Training expense
       8,911        17,156        26,067  
Vehicle maintenance expense
       9,218        9,416        18,634  
Publishing expense
       2,857        2,750        5,607  
Business promotion expense
       2,687        2,627        5,314  
Rent expense
       48,474        182,358        230,832  
Telecommunication expense
       9,406        9,920        19,326  
Transportation expense
       1,108        52,532        53,640  
Taxes and dues
       98,714        624,475        723,189  
Expendable supplies expense
       6,976        50,451        57,427  
Water, light and heating expense
       15,009        42,180        57,189  
Repairs and maintenance expense
       197,942        2,750,014        2,947,956  
Ordinary development expense
       217,975        555,956        773,931  
Travel expense
       18,726        74,843        93,569  
Clothing expense
       11,216        9,299        20,515  
Survey and analysis expense
       871        4,382        5,253  
Membership fee
       1,709        15,995        17,704  
Others
       134,064        1,726,104        1,860,168  
   
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
    ￦       3,070,026        81,964,160        85,034,186  
   
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
44.
Earnings (Loss) Per Share
 
(1)
Basic earnings (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
        
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
                         
               
In won
        
Basic earnings (loss) per share
   ￦  
 
     (38,112 )      (7,512 )      5,439  
 
(2)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
        
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
                         
               
In won
        
Diluted earnings (loss) per share
   ￦  
 
     (38,112 )      (7,512 )      5,439  
 
F-19
1
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
44.
Earnings (Loss) Per Share, Continued
 
(3)
Basic earnings (loss) per share
Profit (loss) for the year and weighted average number of common shares used in the calculation of basic earnings (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
are as follows:
 
Type
        
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
                         
         
In millions of won except number of shares
  
Profit (loss) attributable to owners of the controlling company
   ￦       (24,466,853 )      (4,822,549 )      3,491,698  
Profit (loss) used in the calculation of total basic earnings (loss) per share
       (24,466,853 )      (4,822,549 )      3,491,698  
Weighted average number of common shares
       641,964,077       641,964,077       641,964,077  
 
(4)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share
Diluted earnings (loss) per share is calculated by applying adjusted weighted average number of common shares under the assumption that all dilutive potential common shares are converted to common shares.
Profit (loss) used in the calculation of total diluted earnings (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024
are as follows:
 
Type
        
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
                         
         
In millions of won
  
Profit (loss) used in the calculation of total diluted earnings (loss) per share
   ￦       (24,466,853 )      (4,822,549 )      3,491,698  
Weighted average number of common shares used in calculating diluted earnings (loss) per share are adjusted from weighted average number of common shares used in calculating basic earnings (loss) per share. Detailed information of the adjustment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
   
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
                      
    
In number of shares
  
Weighted average number of common shares
      641,964,077        641,964,077        641,964,077  
Diluted weighted average number of shares
      641,964,077        641,964,077        641,964,077  
 
(5)
There are no potential dilutive instruments, thus diluted earnings (loss) per share are same as basic earnings (loss) per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024.
 
45.
Risk Management
 
(1)
Capital risk management
The Company manages its capital to ensure that entities in the Company will be able to continue while maximizing the return to shareholder through the optimization of the debt and equity balance. The capital structure of the Company consists of net debt (offset by cash and cash equivalents) and equity. The Company’s overall capital risk management strategy remains consistent with the prior year.
 
F-19
2
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
45.
Risk Management, Continued
 
(1)
Capital risk management, continued
 
Details of the Company’s capital management accounts as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
    
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Total borrowings and debt securities
    ￦        133,631,830       132,533,400  
Cash and cash equivalents
         4,342,887       2,382,979  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Net borrowings and debt securities
         129,288,943       130,150,421  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Total equity
         37,264,750       41,362,833  
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
Debt to equity ratio
         346.95 %      314.66 % 
 
(2)
Financial risk management
The Company is exposed to various risks related to its financial instruments, such as, market risk (currency risk, interest rate risk, price risk), credit risk. The Company monitors and manages the financial risks relating to the operations of the Company through internal risk reports which analyze exposures by degree and magnitude of risks. The Company uses derivative financial instruments to hedge certain risk exposures. The Company’s overall financial risk management strategy remains consistent with the prior year.
 
  (i)
Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk of finance loss to the Company if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations, and arises primarily from the sales activities, securities and derivatives. In addition, credit risk exposure may exist within financial guarantees and unused line of credits. As these financial institutions the Company makes transactions with are reputable financial institutions, the credit risk from them are considered limited. The Company decides credit transaction limits based on evaluation of client’s credit, through information obtained from the credit bureau and disclosed financial position at committing contracts.
 
  ①
Credit risk management
Electricity sales, the main operations of the Company are the necessity for daily life and industrial activities of Korean nationals and have importance as one of the national key industries. The Company dominates the domestic market supplying electricity to customers. The Company is not exposed to significant credit risk as customers of the Company are diverse and are from various industries and areas. The Company uses publicly available information and its own internal data related to trade receivables, to rate its major customers and to measure the credit risk that a counter party will default on a contractual obligation. For the incurred but not recognized loss, it is measured considering overdue period.
 
  ②
Impairment and allowance account
In accordance with the Company policies, individual material financial assets are assessed on a regular basis, trade receivables that are assessed not to be impaired individually are, in addition, assessed for impairment on a collective basis. Value of the acquired collateral (including the confirmation of feasibility) and estimated collectable amounts are included in this assessment.
Allowance for bad debts assessed on a collective basis are recognized for (i) the Company of assets which individually are not material and (ii) incurred but not recognized losses that are assessed using statistical methods, judgment and past experience.
 
F-19
3
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
45.
Risk Management, Continued
 
(2)
Financial risk management, continued
 
Book values of the financial assets represent the maximum exposed amounts of the credit risk. Details of the Company’s level of maximum exposure to credit risk as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
         
2023
    
2024
  
                   
         
In millions of won
  
Cash and cash equivalents
   ￦       4,342,887       2,382,979  
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (*1)
       2,590,228       2,013,948  
Derivative assets (trading)
       730,948       1,846,527  
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (debt securities)
       4,627       5,045  
Financial assets at amortized cost
       38,843       30,233  
Loans
       988,331       908,148  
Long-term/short-term financial instruments
       1,412,315       1,960,140  
Derivative assets (applying hedge accounting)
       269,446       844,637  
Trade and other receivables
       14,179,322       15,373,625  
Financial guarantee contracts (*2)
       4,399,189       5,151,554  
 
  (*1)
Equity investments held by the Company are excluded.
 
  (*2)
Maximum exposure associated with the financial guarantee contracts is the maximum amounts of the obligation.
For the year ended December 31, 2024, there are no financial assets and
non-financial
assets that were acquired through the exercise of the right of collateralized assets and reinforcement of credit arrangement.
 
  (ii)
Market risk
Market risk is the risk that the Company’s fair values of the financial instruments or future cash flows are affected by the changes in the market. Market risk consists of interest rate risk, foreign currency risk and other price risk.
 
  (iii)
Sensitivity analysis
Significant assets and liabilities with uncertainties in underlying assumptions
 
  ①
Defined benefit obligation
A sensitivity analysis of defined benefit obligation assuming a 1% increase and decrease movements in the actuarial valuation assumptions as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
                
2023
    
2024
  
Type
   
Accounts
          
1% Increase
    
1% Decrease
    
1% Increase
    
1% Decrease
  
                                      
                
In millions of won
  
Future salary increases
   
Increase (decrease) in
defined benefit obligation
    ￦        392,392       (361,359 )      473,627       (413,799 ) 
Discount rate
    Increase (decrease) in defined benefit obligation         (371,103 )      415,361       (429,517 )      506,031  
Changes of employee benefits assuming a 1% increase and decrease movements in discount rate on plan asset for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are ￦29,993 million and ￦36,602 million, respectively.
 
F-19
4
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
45.
Risk Management, Continued
 
(2)
Financial risk management, continued
 
  ②
Provisions
Changes in provisions due to movements in underlying assumptions as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
   
Accounts
   
2023
    
2024
  
PCBs
    Inflation rate      2.40 %      2.80 % 
   Discount rate      2.12 %      2.90 % 
Nuclear plants
    Inflation rate      1.91 %      2.02 % 
   Discount rate      2.76 %      2.78 % 
Spent fuel
    Inflation rate      1.91 %      1.91 % 
   Discount rate      2.49 %      2.49 % 
Radioactive waste
    Inflation rate      3.89 %      3.32 % 
   Discount rate      3.65 %      4.17 % 
A sensitivity analysis of provisions assuming a 0.1% increase and decrease movements in the underlying assumptions as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
                
2023
    
2024
  
Type
   
Accounts
          
0.1%p

Increase
    
0.1%p

Decrease
    
0.1%p

Increase
    
0.1%p

Decrease
  
                                      
                
In millions of won
  
Discount rate
    PCBs    ￦        (123 )      123       (58 )      58  
   Nuclear plants         (418,570 )      432,847       (464,727 )      481,899  
   Spent fuel         (130,065 )      130,761       (129,983 )      130,679  
   Radioactive waste         (13,538 )      13,683       (11,363 )      11,478  
Inflation rate
    PCBs         123       (123 )      58       (58 ) 
   Nuclear plants         458,047       (443,531 )      507,814       (490,386 ) 
   Spent fuel         133,931       (128,607 )      133,847       (128,527 ) 
   Radioactive waste         13,291       (13,174 )      11,167       (11,075 ) 
 
F-19
5
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
45.
Risk Management, Continued
 
(2)
Financial risk management, continued
 
Management judgment effected by uncertainties in underlying assumptions
 
  ①
Foreign currency risk
The Company undertakes transactions denominated in foreign currencies; consequently, exposures to exchange rate fluctuations arise. The carrying amounts of the Company’s foreign currency denominated monetary assets and monetary liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
  
 
Assets
 
   
 
Liabilities
 
Type
   
2023
     
2024
     
2023
     
2024
  
    
In thousands of foreign currencies
  
AED
      24,441        33,465        18,143        8,795  
AUD
      4,310        26        299,795        64  
BDT
      2,260        2,252        —         —   
BWP
      777        768        —         —   
EGP
      1,665        203,044        1,941        —   
CAD
      —         2        —         61  
CHF
      —         —         499,930        100,686  
DOP
      —         7,772        —         —   
EUR
      12,259        20,433        81,744        47,829  
GBP
      75        139        —         4  
HKD
      —         —         5,079,189        5,093,862  
IDR
      25,567,281        37,830,902        2,118,580        4,027,099  
INR
      1,663,705        1,037,437        387,947        225,042  
JOD
      569        902        68,448        49,128  
JPY
      921,120        23,798        8,692,604        7,483,199  
KZT
      1,510        1,510        —         —   
MGA
      3,545,076        5,452,745        495,288        248,175  
MMK
      199,518        188,021        —         —   
MYR
      2,805        2,805        —         —   
PHP
      98,154        19,401        6,750        —   
PKR
      75,206,354        68,734,242        55,531        10,418  
SAR
      937        1,087        —         —   
SEK
      —         —         452,309        449,302  
SGD
      279        291        2,191        110  
USD
      1,701,494        1,651,765        14,458,985        15,364,685  
UYU
      120,768        99,189        2,028        1,141  
VND
      848,242        733,338        —         587,003  
ZAR
      87,780        79,897        —         —   
 
F-19
6
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
45.
Risk Management, Continued
 
(2)
Financial risk management, continued
 
A sensitivity analysis on the Company’s income for the period assuming a 10% increase and decrease in currency exchange rates as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
                                    
           
2023
     
2024
  
Type
          
10% Increase
     
10% Decrease
     
10% Increase
     
10% Decrease
  
           
In millions of won
  
                                    
Increase (decrease) of profit before income tax
    ￦        (1,828,308 )       1,828,308        (2,114,808 )       2,114,808  
Increase (decrease) of equity (*)
         (1,828,308 )       1,828,308        (2,114,808 )       2,114,808  
 
  (*)
The effect on the shareholders’ equity excluding the impact of income taxes.
The sensitivity analysis above is conducted for monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies other than functional currency, without consideration of hedge effect of related derivatives, as of December 31, 2023 and 2024.
To manage its foreign currency risk related to foreign currency denominated receivables and payables, the Company has a policy to enter into currency forward agreements. In addition, to manage its foreign currency risk related to foreign currency denominated expected sales transactions and purchase transactions, the Company enters into currency forward agreements.
There is an economic relationship between the hedged item and the hedging instrument as the terms of cross-currency swap agreement is consistent with the terms of expected transaction (repayment of foreign debt securities and others). The hedging ratio is 1:1 as the risk of cross-currency swap agreement matches the hedged instrument. As of December 31, 2024, the hedging instrument (cross-currency swap) hedges the risk of the hedged item(repayment of foreign debt securities and others).
 
  ②
Interest rate risk
The Company is exposed to interest rate risk due to its borrowing with floating interest rates. A 1% increase or decrease is used when reporting interest rate risk internally to key management personnel and represents management’s assessment of the reasonably possible change in interest rates.
The Company’s borrowings and debt securities with floating interest rates as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
          
2023
     
2024
  
                      
           
In millions of won
  
Short-term borrowings
    ￦        4,435,420        4,069,444  
Long-term borrowings
         7,766,588        10,112,707  
Debt securities
         305,602        41,578  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        12,507,610        14,223,729  
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
A sensitivity analysis on the Company’s long-term borrowings and debt securities assuming a 1% increase and decrease in interest for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
          
2023
    
2024
  
Type
         
1%p Increase
    
1%p Decrease
    
1%p Increase
    
1%p Decrease
  
                                
          
In millions of won
  
Increase (decrease) of profit before income tax
    ￦       (125,076 )      125,076       (142,237 )      142,237  
Increase (decrease) of shareholder’s equity (*)
        (125,076 )      125,076       (142,237 )      142,237  
 
  (*)
The effect on the shareholders’ equity excluding the impact of income taxes.
The Company manages its interest rate risk by having a balanced portfolio of fixed and variable rate loans and borrowings. To manage this, the Company enters into interest rate swaps, in which it agrees to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed and variable rate interest amounts calculated by reference to an agreed-upon notional principal amount. The above analysis measures the interest rate risk before reflecting the hedge effect by related derivatives.
 
F-19
7
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
45.
Risk Management, Continued
 
(2)
Financial risk management, continued
 
  ③
Electricity rates risk
The Company is exposed to electricity rates risk due to changes in government regulations and policies on national power supply schemes and electricity billing rates, in consideration of the national economy.
A sensitivity analysis on the Company’s income for the period assuming a 1% increase and decrease in price of electricity for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 is as follows:
 
          
2023
    
2024
  
Type
         
1% Increase
    
1% Decrease
    
1% Increase
    
1% Decrease
  
                                
          
In millions of won
  
Increase (decrease) of profit before income tax
    ￦       829,548       (829,548 )      888,898       (888,898 ) 
Increase (decrease) of shareholder’s equity (*)
        829,548       (829,548 )      888,898       (888,898 ) 
 
  (*)
The effect on the equity excluding the impact of income taxes.
 
  (iv)
Liquidity risk
The Company has established an appropriate liquidity risk management framework for the management of the Company’s short, medium and long-term funding and liquidity management requirements. The Company manages liquidity risk by continuously monitoring forecasted and actual cash flows, and by matching the maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities.
In addition, the Company has established credit lines on its trade financing and bank overdrafts, and through payment guarantees it has received, it maintains an adequate credit (borrowing) line. In addition, the Company has the ability to utilize excess cash or long-term borrowings for major construction investments.
The expected maturities for
non-derivative
financial liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 in detail are as follows:
 
         
2023
  
Type
        
Less than

1 year
    
1~2 Years
    
2~5 Years
    
More than

5 years
    
Total
  
                         
         
In millions of won
  
Borrowings
   ￦       20,347,945       187,896       627,467       2,779,241       23,942,549  
Debt securities
       30,530,984       28,858,140       41,793,383       29,999,589       131,182,096  
Lease liabilities
       641,525       588,850       1,309,995       1,694,730       4,235,100  
Trade and other payables (*1)
       8,477,209       364,443       833,394       589,004       10,264,050  
Financial guarantee contracts (*2)
       121,415       2,546,689       1,645,488       85,597       4,399,189  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦       60,119,078       32,546,018       46,209,727       35,148,161       174,022,984  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
         
2024
  
Type
        
Less than

1 year
    
1~2 Years
    
2~5 Years
    
More than

5 years
    
Total
  
                                     
         
In millions of won
  
Borrowings
   ￦       18,887,527       430,883       1,300,087       2,032,303       22,650,800  
Debt securities
       28,967,125       29,601,867       39,451,207       28,885,833       126,906,032  
Lease liabilities
       632,878       553,030       1,264,310       1,670,416       4,120,634  
Trade and other payables (*1)
       8,807,823       354,778       631,653       526,846       10,321,100  
Financial guarantee contracts (*2)
       3,156,187       1,712,801       270,806       11,760       5,151,554  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦       60,451,540       32,653,359       42,918,063       33,127,158       169,150,120  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  (*1)
Excludes lease liabilities.
  (*2)
This represents the total guarantee amounts associated with the financial guarantee contracts. Financial guarantee liabilities which are recognized as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are ￦49,992 and ￦30,924 million, respectively.
 
F-19
8
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
45.
Risk Management, Continued
 
(2)
Financial risk management, continued
 
As the Company manages liquidity based on net assets and net liabilities, information about
non-derivative
financial assets should be included in the disclosure for better understanding of liquidity risk management.
The expected maturities for
non-derivative
financial assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 in detail are as follows:
 
         
2023
  
Type
        
Less than

1 year
    
1~5 Years
    
More than

5 years
    
Other (*)
    
Total
  
                                     
         
In millions of won
  
Cash and cash equivalents
   ￦       4,342,887       —        —        —        4,342,887  
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
       —        —        —        502,443       502,443  
Financial assets at amortized cost
       28,905       9,938       —        —        38,843  
Loans
       139,168       465,666       411,100       8,872       1,024,806  
Long-term/short-term financial instruments
       578,578       22       23       833,692       1,412,315  
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
       2,054,021       1,381       6,523       649,360       2,711,285  
Trade and other receivables
       11,990,515       911,822       1,292,539       1,280       14,196,156  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦       19,134,074       1,388,829       1,710,185       1,995,647       24,228,735  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
         
2024
  
Type
        
Less than

1 year
    
1~5 Years
    
More than

5 years
    
Other (*)
    
Total
  
                                     
         
In millions of won
  
Cash and cash equivalents
   ￦       2,382,979       —        —        —        2,382,979  
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
       —        —        —        674,850       674,850  
Financial assets at amortized cost
       20,418       1,333       8,482       —        30,233  
Loans
       110,005       347,251       369,851       118,013       945,120  
Long-term/short-term financial instruments
       1,147,929       583       —        811,628       1,960,140  
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
       1,467,954       346,982       780,130       494,710       3,089,776  
Trade and other receivables
       12,245,159       1,506,085       2,126,928       —        15,878,172  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦       17,374,444       2,202,234       3,285,391       2,099,201       24,961,270  
   
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
  (*)
The maturities cannot be presently determined.
 
F-
199
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
45.
Risk Management, Continued
 
(2)
Financial risk management, continued
 
Derivative liabilities classified by maturity periods which from reporting date to maturity dates as per the contracts as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
          
2023
  
Type
         
Less than

1 year
    
1~2 Years
    
2~5 Years
    
More than

5 years
    
Total
  
                                      
          
In millions of won
  
Net settlement
             
— Trading
   ￦        —        —        —        —        —   
Gross settlement
             
— Trading and others
        (22,571 )      (11,566 )      (201,590 )      (130,119 )      (365,846 ) 
— Hedging
        —        (4,680 )      (13,243 )      (5,641 )      (23,564 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦        (22,571)       (16,246 )      (214,833)       (135,760 )      (389,410 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
          
2024
  
Type
         
Less than

1 year
    
1~2 Years
    
2~5 Years
    
More than

5 years
    
Total
  
                                      
          
In millions of won
  
Net settlement
             
— Trading
   ￦        —        —        —        —        —   
Gross settlement
             
— Trading and others
        (46,087 )      (61,259 )      (73,017 )      (31,760 )      (212,123 ) 
— Hedging
        —        —        —        (4,895 )      (4,895 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
  ￦        (46,087)       (61,259 )      (73,017)       (36,655 )      (217,018 ) 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
Derivative assets classified by maturity periods which from reporting date to maturity dates as per the contracts as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
  
2023
 
Type
 
 
 
  
Less than

1 year
 
  
1~2 Years
 
  
2~5 Years
 
  
More than

5 years
 
  
Total
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
Net settlement
 
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
— Trading
 
￦
  
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
Gross settlement
 
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
— Trading
 
      
  
 
257,073
 
  
 
123,132
 
  
 
169,004
 
  
 
145,728
 
  
 
694,937
 
— Hedging
 
      
  
 
78,769
 
  
 
61,031
 
  
 
131,687
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
271,487
 
 
 
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
￦
  
 
  
 
335,842
 
  
 
184,163
 
  
 
300,691
 
  
 
145,728
 
  
 
966,424
 
 
 
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
     
 
 
 
 
  
2024
 
Type
 
 
 
  
Less than

1 year
 
  
1~2 Years
 
  
2~5 Years
 
  
More than

5 years
 
  
Total
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
Net settlement
 
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
— Trading
 
￦
  
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
  
 
— 
 
Gross settlement
 
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
  
      
— Trading
 
      
  
 
481,359
 
  
 
685,807
 
  
 
689,026
 
  
 
91,324
 
  
 
1,947,516
 
— Hedging
 
      
  
 
363,184
 
  
 
354,837
 
  
 
113,958
 
  
 
6,213
 
  
 
838,192
 
 
 
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
￦
  
 
  
 
844,543
 
  
 
1,040,644
 
  
 
802,984
 
  
 
97,537
 
  
 
2,785,708
 
 
 
      
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
F-20
0
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
45.
Risk Management, Continued
 
(3)
Fair value risk
The fair value of the Company’s actively-traded financial instruments (i.e., FVTPL, FVOCI, etc.) is based on the traded market-price as of the reporting period end. The fair value of the Company’s financial assets is the amount which the asset could be exchanged for or the amount a liability could be settled for.
The fair values of financial instruments where no active market exists or where quoted prices are not otherwise available are determined by using valuation techniques. Valuation techniques include using recent arm’s length market transactions between knowledgeable, willing parties, if available, reference to the current fair value of another instrument that is substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis and option pricing models. If there is a valuation technique commonly used by market participants to price the instrument and that technique has been demonstrated to provide reliable estimates of prices obtained in actual market transactions, the Company uses that technique.
For trade receivables and payables, the Company considers the carrying value net of impairment as fair value. While for disclosure purposes, the fair value of financial liabilities is estimated by discounting the future contractual cash flows based on current market interest rates applied to similar financial instruments.
 
  (i)
Fair value and book value of financial assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
Type
          
Book value
     
Fair value
     
Book value
     
Fair value
  
           
In millions of won
  
Assets recognized at fair value
               
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
    ￦        502,443        502,443        674,850        674,850  
Derivative assets (trading)
         730,948        730,948        1,846,527        1,846,527  
Derivative assets (hedge designated)
         269,446        269,446        844,637        844,637  
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
         2,711,285        2,711,285        2,176,172        2,176,172  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        4,214,122        4,214,122        5,542,186        5,542,186  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Assets carried at amortized cost
               
Financial assets at amortized cost
    ￦        38,843        38,843        30,233        30,233  
Loans and receivables
         988,331        988,331        908,148        908,148  
Trade and other receivables
         14,179,322        14,179,322        15,373,625        15,373,625  
Long-term financial instruments
         833,737        833,737        812,211        812,211  
Short-term financial instruments
         578,578        578,578        1,147,929        1,147,929  
Cash and cash equivalents
         4,342,887        4,342,887        2,382,979        2,382,979  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        20,961,698        20,961,698        20,655,125        20,655,125  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Liabilities recognized at fair value
               
Derivative liabilities (trading)
    ￦        428,670        428,670        279,932        279,932  
Derivative liabilities (hedge designated)
         23,564        23,564        4,893        4,893  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        452,234        452,234        284,825        284,825  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Liabilities carried at amortized cost
               
Secured borrowings
    ￦        773,646        773,646        1,443,125        1,443,125  
Unsecured bond
         113,792,178        111,218,771        111,874,019        110,798,858  
Lease liabilities
         3,807,880        3,807,880        3,699,456        3,699,456  
Unsecured borrowings
         19,062,162        19,061,348        19,040,213        18,994,676  
Trade and other payables (*)
         10,264,050        10,264,050        10,321,100        10,321,100  
Bank overdraft
         3,844        3,844        176,043        176,043  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        147,703,760        145,129,539        146,553,956        145,433,258  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
  (*)
Excludes lease liabilities.
 
F-20
1
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
45.
Risk Management, Continued
 
(3)
Fair value risk, continued
 
  (ii)
Interest rates used for determining fair value
The interest rates used to discount estimated cash flows, when applicable, are based on the government yield curve at the reporting date plus an adequate credit spread.
The discount rates used for calculating fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
   
2023
     
2024
  
Derivatives
      0.93% ~ 4.76%        0.03% ~ 4.88%  
Borrowings and debt securities
      0.96% ~ 5.84%        0.96% ~ 5.84%  
Finance lease
      0.00% ~ 17.03%        0.00% ~ 17.15%  
 
  (iii)
Fair value hierarchy
The following table provides an analysis of financial instruments that are measured subsequent to initial recognition at fair value, classified as Level 1, 2 or 3, based on the degree to which the fair value is observable.
Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly; and
Level 3: Inputs that are not based on observable market data.
Fair values of financial instruments by hierarchy level as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
Type
          
Level 1
     
Level 2
     
Level 3
     
Total
  
                                    
           
In millions of won
  
Financial assets at fair value
               
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
    ￦        285,054        —         217,389        502,443  
Derivative assets
         —         1,000,394        —         1,000,394  
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
         —         2,704,550        6,735        2,711,285  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        285,054        3,704,944        224,124        4,214,122  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Financial liabilities at fair value
               
Derivative liabilities
    ￦        —         452,234        —         452,234  
           
2024
  
Type
          
Level 1
     
Level 2
     
Level 3
     
Total
  
                                    
     
 
In millions of won
 
Financial assets at fair value
               
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
    ￦        360,096        —         314,754        674,850  
Derivative assets
         —         2,691,164        —         2,691,164  
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
         —         2,169,300        6,872        2,176,172  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦        360,096        4,860,464        321,626        5,542,186  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
Financial liabilities at fair value
               
Derivative liabilities
    ￦        —         284,825        —         284,825  
 
F-20
2
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
45.
Risk Management, Continued
 
(3)
Fair value risk, continued
 
The fair value of financial assets traded in the market (including those measured at FVTPL and FVOCI) is measured at the closing bid price quoted at the end of the reporting period. Meanwhile, the fair value of unmarketable financial assets (including those measured at FVTPL and FVOCI) is calculated using the fair value measurement performed by external pricing service agents. In addition, the Company considered the major economic indicators and economic environment of the derivatives to be evaluated, and measured the fair value of the derivatives using a discounted cash flow model that reflects the Company’s credit risk.
Changes of financial assets and liabilities which are classified as level 3 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
         
2023
  
         
Beginning
balance
    
Acquisitions
    
Reclassified
category
    
Valuation
    
Disposal
    
Foreign
currency
translation
and others
    
Ending
balance
  
         
In millions of won
  
Financial assets at fair value
                
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss Cooperative
   ￦       6,329       —        270       136       —        —        6,735  
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
                
Unlisted securities
       202,243       9,550       —        5,445       (5,332 )      856       212,762  
Debt securities
       529       4,080       —        18       —        —        4,627  
         
2024
  
         
Beginning
balance
    
Acquisitions
    
Reclassified
category
    
Valuation
    
Disposal
    
Foreign
currency
translation
and others
    
Ending
balance
  
         
In millions of won
  
Financial assets at fair value
                
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss Cooperative
   ￦       6,735       —        22       115       —        —        6,872  
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
                
Unlisted securities
       212,762       4,000       —        88,256       —        4,691       309,709  
Debt securities
       4,627       —        —        418       —        —        5,045  
 
46.
Service Concession Arrangements
 
(1)
Hydroelectric Power Generation at Semangka, Indonesia (BOT)
 
  (i)
Significant terms and concession period of the arrangement
Regarding Semangka hydroelectric power-generation business (BOT) in Indonesia, the Company has entered into a contract with PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (the “PT PLN”) whereby the Company shall provide electricity generated for about 30 years (2018 – 2048) after subsequent to the completion of plant construction and shall receive charge tariff rates designed to recover capital cost, fixed O&M cost, water usage cost, variable O&M cost and special facilities cost during the concession period .
 
  (ii)
Rights and classification of the arrangement
The Company has the rights to use and own the power plant during the concession period from 2018 to 2048. At the end of the concession period, PT PLN has an option to take over the ownership of the power plant from the Company.
 
F-20
3
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
46.
Service Concession Arrangements, Continued
 
(1)
Hydroelectric Power Generation at Semangka, Indonesia (BOT), continued
 
  (iii)
Classification method
This project allows PT PLN to acquire ownership of the plant after the end of the 30 years contract period.
 
  (iv)
The Company’s expected future collections of service concession arrangements as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
          
Amounts
  
           
In millions of won
  
Less than 1 year
    ￦        36,803  
1 ~ 2 years
         36,848  
2 ~ 3 years
         36,894  
Over 3 years
         562,373  
     
 
 
  
   ￦        672,918  
     
 
 
  
 
(2)
CPPAg Power Generation
 
  (i)
Significant terms and concession period of the arrangement
The Company has entered into a contract with CPPAg(The Central Power Purchasing Agency Guarantee Limited) whereby the Company shall provide electricity generated for approximately 30 years (2020 – 2050) subsequent to the completion of plant construction and shall receive charge tariff rates designed to recover capital cost, variable O&M cost, fixed O&M cost, water usage cost, insurance cost and others during the concession period.
 
  (ii)
Rights and classification of the arrangement
The Company has the rights to use and own the power plant during the concession period from 2020 to 2050. The Government of Pakistan has an option to take over the ownership of the power plant from the Company after the concession period has elapsed.
 
  (iii)
Classification method
This project allows the Government of Pakistan to acquire ownership of the plant after the end of the contract period.
 
  (iv)
The Company’s expected future collections of service concession arrangements as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
          
Amounts
  
           
In millions of won
  
Less than 1 year
    ￦        86,048  
1 ~ 2 years
         86,048  
2 ~ 3 years
         86,048  
Over 3 years
         952,225  
     
 
 
  
   ￦        1,210,369  
     
 
 
  
 
(3)
Guam Ukudu Combined thermal power plant Project
 
  (i)
Significant terms and concession period of the arrangement
The Company has entered into a contract with Guam Power Authority whereby the Company shall provide electricity generated for approximately 25 years (from 2025 to 2050) subsequent to the completion of plant construction and shall receive charge tariff rates designed to recover variable O&M cost, fixed O&M cost and others during the concession period.
 
  (ii)
Rights and classification of the arrangement
The Company has the rights to use and own the power plant during the concession period from 202
5
to 2050. The Guam Power Authority has an option to take over the ownership of the power plant from the Company after the concession period has elapsed.
 
F-20
4
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
46.
Service Concession Arrangements, Continued
 
(3)
Guam Ukudu Combined thermal power plant Project, continued
 
  (iii)
Classification method
This project allows the Guam Power Authority to acquire ownership of the plant after the end of the contract period.
 
  (iv)
The Company’s expected future collections of service concession arrangements as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
          
Amounts
  
           
In millions of won
  
Less than 1 year
    ￦        29,249  
1 ~ 2 years
         117,545  
2 ~ 3 years
         118,597  
Over 3 years
         2,944,947  
     
 
 
  
   ￦        3,210,338  
     
 
 
  
 
47.
Related Parties
 
(1)
Related parties of the Company as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
   
Related party
Parent
    Republic of Korea government
Subsidiaries
(167 subsidiaries)
    Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd., Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd., Korea Western Power Co., Ltd., Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd., Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd., KEPCO Engineering & Construction Company, Inc., KEPCO Plant Service & Engineering Co., Ltd., KEPCO Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd., KEPCO KDN Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd., Korea Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd., KOSEP Material Co., Ltd., KEPCO International HongKong Ltd., KEPCO International Philippines Inc., KEPCO Philippines Corporation, KEPCO Ilijan Corporation, KEPCO Gansu International Ltd., KEPCO Philippines Holdings Inc., KEPCO Neimenggu International Ltd., KEPCO Australia Pty., Ltd., KEPCO Shanxi International Ltd., KOMIPO Global Pte Ltd., KOSEP Australia Pty., Ltd., KOMIPO Australia Pty., Ltd., KOWEPO Australia Pty., Ltd., KOSPO Australia Pty., Ltd., KEPCO Netherlands B.V., KEPCO Middle East Holding Company, Qatrana Electric Power Company, KOWEPO International Corporation, KOSPO Jordan LLC, Korea Waterbury Uranium Limited Partnership, PT. Cirebon Power Service, EWP America Inc., KHNP Canada Energy Ltd., KEPCO Bylong Australia Pty., Ltd., KNF Canada Energy Limited, KEPCO Holdings de Mexico, KST Electric Power Company, S.A.P.I. de C.V., KEPCO Energy Service Company, KEPCO Netherlands S3 B.V., PT. KOMIPO Pembangkitan Jawa Bali, EWP Barbados 1 SRL, PT. Tanggamus Electric Power, KOMIPO America Inc., PT. EWP Indonesia, KEPCO Netherlands J3 B.V., Global One Pioneer B.V., Global Energy Pioneer B.V., Mira Power Limited, KEPCO KPS Philippines Corp., KOSPO Chile SpA, Commerce and Industry Energy Co., Ltd., Gyeongju Wind Power Co., Ltd., California Power Holdings, LLC, EWP Renewable Corporation, Hee Mang Sunlight Power Co., Ltd., Fujeij Wind Power Company, KOSPO Youngnam Power Co., Ltd., Chitose Solar Power Plant LLC., KEPCO Solar Co., Ltd., KEPCO ES Co., Ltd., KOSPO Power Services Ltda., KOEN Bylong Pty., Ltd., KOWEPO Bylong Pty., Ltd., KOSPO Bylong Pty., Ltd., EWP Bylong Pty., Ltd., KOWEPO Lao International, KOMIPO Bylong Pty., Ltd., Energy New Industry Specialized Investment Private Investment Trust., KEPCO Mangilao Holdings LLC, Mangilao Investment LLC, KEPCO Mangilao Solar, LLC, Jeju Hanlim Offshore Wind Co., Ltd., PT. Siborpa Eco Power,
e-New
Industry LB Fund 1, Songhyun
e-New
Industry Fund, BSK
E-New
Industry Fund VII, PT. Korea Energy Indonesia, KOLAT SpA, KEPCO California, LLC, KEPCO Mojave Holdings, LLC, Incheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd., KOEN Service Co., Ltd., KOMIPO Service Co., Ltd., KOWEPO Service Co., Ltd., KOSPO Service Co., Ltd., EWP Service Co., Ltd., PT. KOMIPO Energy Indonesia, KNF Partners Co., Ltd., KOSPO USA Inc., KOSPO Niles LLC (formerly, Nambu USA LLC), Tamra Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd., KEPCO MCS Co., Ltd., KEPCO FMS Co., Ltd., Firstkeepers Co., Ltd., Secutec Co., Ltd., SE Green Energy Co., Ltd., Mangilao Intermediate Holdings LLC, KEPCO CSC Co., Ltd., KOAK Power Limited, KOMIPO Europe B.V., Haenanum Energy Fund, Paju Ecoenergy Co., Ltd., Guam Ukudu Power LLC,
K-SOLAR
SHINAN Co., Ltd., KPS Partners Co., Ltd., KEPCO E&C Service Co., Ltd., Moha solar Co., Ltd., KHNP USA LLC, KOMIPO Vanphong Power Service LLC, Ogiri Solar Power Co., Ltd., BSK
E-New
Industry Fund X, Energy Innovation Fund I, KHNP Chile SpA, Yeong Yang Apollon Photovoltaic Co., Ltd., Yeong Yang Corporation Co., Ltd., SolarVader Co., Ltd., Yeong Yang Innovation Co., Ltd., Yeong Yang Horus Photovoltaic Co., Ltd., Yeong Yang Solar Management Co., Ltd., LSG Hydro Power Limited, KOEN Bio Co., Ltd., KOMIPO Energy Solution America, LLC, Elara Investment Holdings, LLC, Elara Equity Holdings, LLC, Elara Class B Holdings, LLC, Elara Class B Member, LLC, Elara Development Holdings, LLC, KOMIPO Development, LLC, Elara Energy Holdings, LLC, Elara Energy Project, LLC, KOMIPO Iberian Solar Group, S.L.U., KOWEPO Europe B.V., CVS Equity Holdings, LLC, CVS Class B Holdings, LLC, CVS Development Holdings, LLC, CVS Development, LLC, CVS Class B Member, LLC, CVS Energy Holdings, LLC, Concho Valley Energy, LLC, Concho Valley Solar, LLC, Jeongam Wind Power Co., Ltd., Yeongdeok Sunrise Wind Power Co., Ltd., UI Carbon-Neutrality Fund, KA Power Limited, Western Power Changgi Solar Co., Ltd., Digital Innovation Growth Fund, EWP Australia Pty., Ltd., Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd., J Wind First, LLC, KEPCO Holding Company, KEPCO for Maintenance Company, KOSPO Trumbull LLC, Changjuk Wind Power Co., Ltd., KEPCO KPS South Africa Pty., Ltd., Chile Solar JV SpA, KOWEPO Holding Limited, Columboola Solar Farm Nominees Pty., Ltd., Columboola Solar Farm Op Trust, Columboola Solar Farm Fin Co Pty., Ltd., Magna Energy New Industrial Fund, EWP ESS Holdings, LLC, Fairhaven ESS LLC, KOSPO Rutile, LLC, Sprott Chile Solar I SpA
 
F-20
5
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(1)
Related parties of the Company as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Type
   
Related party
Associates
(98 entities)
    Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd., Korea Gas Corporation, Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd., Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd., Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd., Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd., Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd., Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd., Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd., Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd., Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd., Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd., Korea Power Exchange, Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd., Daeryun Power Co., Ltd., KNH Solar Co., Ltd.,
S-Power
Co., Ltd., SPC Power Corporation, Gemeng International Energy Co., Ltd., PT. Cirebon Electric Power, KNOC Nigerian East Oil Co., Ltd., KNOC Nigerian West Oil Co., Ltd., PT Wampu Electric Power, PT. Bayan Resources TBK, Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited,
Xe-Pian
Xe-Namnoy
Power Co., Ltd., PT. Mutiara Jawa, Jinbhuvish Power Generation Pvt. Ltd., Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd., GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd., Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd., Hansuwon KNP Co., Ltd., Korea Electric Power Corporation Fund, Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd., Yaksu ESS Co., Ltd., PND Solar Co., Ltd., Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd., YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd., Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd., Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd., ITR Co., Ltd., STN Co., Ltd., Indeck Niles Development, LLC, Indeck Niles Asset Management, LLC, Hanwha Corporation-linked Sunlight Power Special Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1, Suwon New Power Co., Ltd., Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd., Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd., SureDataLab Co., Ltd., SEP Co., Ltd., Hankook Electric Power Information Co., Ltd., Tronix Co., Ltd., O2&B Global Co., Ltd., Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd., Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd., Goesan Solar park Co., Ltd., Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd., Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd., Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd., Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd., Muan Solar Park Co., Ltd., YuDang Solar Co., Ltd., Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd., KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd., G.GURU Co., Ltd., UD4M Co., Ltd., Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd., Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd., Korea Energy Data Co., Ltd., Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd., Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd., Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd., Yeomsubong Wind Power Co., Ltd., Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II, Haeparang Energy Co., Ltd., Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd., PlatformN. Co., Ltd., PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana, Future Convergence Technology Laboratory. Co., Ltd., ECO Motion Co., Ltd., REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd., ACE, Co., Ltd., Environment and Energy Co., Ltd., Green Radiation Co., Ltd., Santiago Solar Power SpA, Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc., Changwon SG energy Co., Ltd., Donpyung Technology. Co., Ltd., Power Embedded, HORANG ENERGY Inc., Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd., Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd., Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd., SkyPic Inc., HyChangwon Fuel Cell. Co., Ltd., Dreams Co.,Ltd., DEEPAI Co.,Ltd., Amaala Sustainable Company for Energy
Joint ventures
(117 entities)
    Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd., KEPCO SPC Power Corporation, KAPES, Inc., Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd., Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd., Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd., Incheon New Power Co., Ltd., Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd., Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd., KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd., Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd., Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd., Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd., Gansu Datang Yumen Wind Power Co., Ltd., Datang Chifeng Renewable Power Co., Ltd., Rabigh Electricity Company, Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited, Datang KEPCO Chaoyang Renewable Power Co., Ltd., Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V., Shuweihat Asia Operation & Maintenance Company, Waterbury Lake Uranium L.P.,
ASM-BG
Investicii AD, RES Technology AD, Jamaica Public Service Company Limited, KV Holdings, Inc., Amman Asia Electric Power Company, Kelar S.A., PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia, Nghi Son 2 Power LLC, Daehan Wind Power PSC, MOMENTUM, Barakah One Company, Nawah Energy Company, Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd., Chester Solar IV SpA, Chester Solar V SpA, Diego de Almagro Solar SpA, South Jamaica Power Company Limited, Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd., RE Holiday Holdings LLC, RE Pioneer Holdings LLC, RE Barren Ridge 1 Holdings LLC, RE Astoria 2 LandCo LLC, RE Barren Ridge LandCo LLC, Laurel SpA, KIAMCO KOWEPO Bannerton Hold Co Pty Ltd, Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd., Chester Solar I SpA, Solar Philippines Calatagan Corporation, Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd., Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd., Jaeun Resident Wind Power Plant Co., Ltd., DE Energia SpA, Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd., Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd., Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd., Horus Solar, S.A. de C.V., Recursos Solares PV de Mexico II, S.A. de C.V., Sunmex Renovables, S.A. de C.V., Stavro Holding II A.B., Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd., Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd., Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd., Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.,
NH-Amundi
Global Infrastructure Investment Private Investment Trust 21,
Shin-han
BNPP Private Investment Trust for East-West Sunlight Dream, PT Barito Wahana Tenaga, Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd., Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd., OneEnergy Asia Limited, KAS INVESTMENT I LLC, KAS INVESTMENT II LLC, Energyco Co., Ltd., CAES, LLC, Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc., Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd., Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd., Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd., Pulau Indah O&M Sdn. Bhd., Guadalupe Solar SpA, Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd., Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding, S.L., Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd., Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd., Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd., Prime Swedish Holding AB, Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC, Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd., KEPCO KPS CARABAO Corp., Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd., Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd., CapMan Lynx SCA, SICAR, International Offshore Power Transmission Holding Company Limited, Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd., Changwon
Nu-ri
Energy Co., Ltd., PungBack Wind Farm Corporation, Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd., Seungmun Green Energy, Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd., Trumbull Asset Management, LLC,
S-Power
Chile SpA, Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd., Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd., KEPCO for Power Company, Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd., Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd., Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd., Hadong
E-factory
Co., Ltd., Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd., Wadi Noor Solar Power Company SAOC, Fairhaven Energy Storage LLC, Rutile BESS Holdings, LLC, Trumbull Development Partners, LLC, Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd., Imha Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc., Roof One Energy Co., Ltd., EDFR KOWEPO AJBAN PV HOLDING LIMITED
Others (1 entity)
    Korea Development Bank
 
F-20
6
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(2)
Transactions between the Company and its subsidiaries are eliminated during the consolidation and are not disclosed in notes.
 
(3)
Related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
<Sales and Others>
 
                
Sales and others
  
Company name
   
Transaction type
          
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
                
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                 
Korea Gas Corporation
    Electricity sales    ￦        155,309        140,630        149,095  
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1,062,108        842,270        612,327  
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         8,942        16,138        17,151  
Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1,418        2,313        1,693  
Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         46        84        87  
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         268        408        344  
Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         2        3        3  
Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
    Service         10,369        11,115        11,180  
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
    Fuel sales         459,404        943,063        494,428  
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         27,486        91,830        55,610  
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         9,396        8,431        8,009  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.(*1)
    Electricity sales         546        615        —   
YTN Co., Ltd.(*3)
    Electricity sales         2,180        2,908        —   
Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         5,055        10,733        11,794  
Korea Electric Vehicle Charging Service (*7)
    Electricity sales         3,686        —      
Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         —         89        89  
Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1,549        2,464        1,736  
Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1,848        1,492        1,479  
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         660        888        919  
Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
    Electricity sales       —     —       6  
Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales
and design
service
         7,063        6,668        6,659  
Korea Power Exchange
    Service         16,596        52,262        78,346  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*4)
    Service         861        —         —   
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         —         —         26  
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1,323        —         —   
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         2,016        3,187        3,628  
Changjuk Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*6)
    Electricity sales         1,350        —         —   
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         5,238        28,164        9,284  
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         13        15        1,635  
S-Power
Co., Ltd.
    Service         4,588        4,965        2,359  
Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         2        82        11,010  
Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II
    Comission         —        150        150  
PND Solar Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         427        547        348  
Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         277        1,236        833  
YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         66        96        237  
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1,952        3,998        2,464  
Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         2        2        2  
ITR Co., Ltd.
    Service         6        3        —   
STN Co., Ltd. (formerly, Structure test network Co., Ltd.)
    Service         7        —         1  
Namjeongsusang Solar Power Operation Co., Ltd. (*2)
    Electricity sales         21        31        —   
 
F-20
7
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(3)
Related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
<Sales and Others>, continued
 
                
Sales and others
  
Company name
   
Transaction type
          
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
                
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                 
Hanwha Corporation-linked Sunlight Power Special Private Equity Investment Trust No. 1
    Service    ￦        394        405        360  
Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1,397        1,581        3,377  
Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         367        315        458  
Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1        2        2  
Muan Solar park Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         950        3,083        1,797  
YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         160        100        60  
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1,068        2,479        971  
KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         185        163        226  
Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         5,740        3,538        2,232  
UD4M Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         2        3        8  
Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         8        11        11  
Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         8        12        13  
Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Interest income/
Dividends
income
         —         —         174  
Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         —         644        523  
Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         —         4,685        11,376  
Changwon SG Energy Co., Ltd.
            —         —         9  
SureDataLab Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1        1        —   
Suwon New Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         118        91        (102 ) 
Kosture Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         5        —         —   
PlatformN. Co., Ltd.
    Others         14        16        —   
Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         17        403        630  
Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         151        133        8,343  
13 Associates (Overseas)
    Electricity sales         548,507        386,191        243,651  
<Joint ventures>
                                 
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         3        16        20  
Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         —         169        202  
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         761        3,462        3,972  
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.
    Others         39,802        32,835        38,349  
Namyangju Combined Heat and Power Co., Ltd.
    Service         —         —         2,493  
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd.
    Service         7,761        2,110        2,073  
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1,190        1,694        2,385  
KAPES, Inc.
    Commission         450        1,604        1,531  
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         242        610        529  
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
    Service         268        159        777  
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
    Service         1,685        1,792        1,774  
Incheon New Power Co., Ltd.
    Construction
revenue		         14        458        26  
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales               2,505        2,976        968  
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales               1,898        1,962        2,031  
 
F-20
8
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(3)
Related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
<Sales and Others>, continued
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
Sales and others
 
Company name
  
Transaction type
  
 
 
  
2022
 
  
2023
 
  
2024
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
<Joint ventures>
  
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales    ￦      871        3,607        943  
NH-Amundi
Global Infrastructure Investment Private Investment Trust 21
    Service         1,415        1,568        —   
Seungmun Green Energy
    Electricity sales         —         —         79  
KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.
    Service         1,624        1,612        1,645  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*4)
    Others         —         2,864        41  
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         —         2,087        771  
KEPCO-Uhde Inc. (*
5
)
    Electricity sales         12        —         —   
Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         502        1,205        699  
Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         —         43        —   
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         141        3,214        3,106  
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         518        809        944  
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         394        760        426  
Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         698        901        38  
Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1        1        1  
Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd.
    Service         100        —         —   
Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         32        40        42  
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         —         13        238  
Energyco Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         463        457        161  
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
    Electricity sales         544        88        905  
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         14        22        23  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         498        357        464  
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1        26        279  
Changwon
Nu-ri
Energy Co., Ltd.
    Service         —         —         171  
Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd.
    Service         —         —         170  
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         42        431        39  
Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         379        1,131        545  
Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd
    Electricity sales         —         514        301  
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         1,851        1,876        1,870  
Shin-han
BNPP Private Investment Trust for East-West Sunlight Dream
    Dividends
income		         —         —         87  
Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         —         102        —   
Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         —         8        —   
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         204        6,397        316  
Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC
    Electricity sales         12        11        11  
Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         2        19        19  
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Electricity sales         7        68        58  
43 Joint ventures (Overseas)
    Electricity sales         606,513        747,301        518,941  
<Others>
                                 
Korea Development Bank
    Electricity sales         4,134        5,467        4,368  
   Interest income         2,222        5,930        10,324  
 
F-2
0
9
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(3)
Related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
<Purchase and Others>
 
             
Purchase and others
  
Company name
  
Transaction type
        
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
             
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                            
Korea Gas Corporation
   Electricity sales   ￦       11,996,402       8,873,781     6,623,974  
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       1,905,502       1,572,074     1,301,710  
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       2,244,332       1,744,247     1,360,837  
Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       23,159       22,365     19,753  
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       4,744       4,247     3,815  
Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       563       408     427  
Korea Electric Power Industrial Development Co., Ltd.
   Service       251,468       305,105       317,114  
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
   Others       —        6,996       1,134  
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       957,294       1,040,965       843,056  
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       14,176       10,466       20,833  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.(*1)
   Electricity sales       12,019       8,130       —   
YTN Co., Ltd.(*3)
   Electricity sales       304       309       —   
Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       26,219       23,211       28,272  
Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd.
   Service       2,779       2,701       2,631  
Yaksu ESS Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       851       508       749  
Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       40,130       32,525       23,400  
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
   Others     —    —      285  
Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
   Electricity sales     —    —      562  
Goesan Solar park Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       7,642       6,530       6,143  
Korea Power Exchange
   Service       93,817       82,572       90,549  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*4)
   Service and REC       7,442       —        —   
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       6,793       5,529       5,155  
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Design service and others       3,884       —        —   
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       428,534       353,371       282,968  
Changjuk Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*6)
   Electricity sales       9,027       —        —   
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       1,035,263       1,047,584       519,119  
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       4,348       3,535       2,671  
S-Power
Co., Ltd.
   Service       1,091,741       973,646       693,948  
Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       —        —        39,333  
Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II
   Comission       —        1,457       17,898  
PND Solar Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       6,173       5,301       5,231  
Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       29,209       26,266       26,253  
YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       7,382       6,776       7,415  
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       25,880       34,940       32,549  
Korea Energy Solutions Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       102       128       132  
STN Co., Ltd. (formerly, Structure test network Co., Ltd.)
   Others       —        10       8  
Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       2,962       948       1,966  
Namjeongsusang Solar Power Operation Co., Ltd. (*2)
   Electricity sales       9,491       —        —   
Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
   Service and others       930       28,334       32,413  
Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       12,364       8,635       10,161  
Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.
   REC and others       1,138       874       991  
 
F-21
0
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(3)
Related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
<Purchase and Others>, continued


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchase and others
 
Company name
 
Transaction type
 
 
 
 
2022
 
 
2023
 
 
2024
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In millions of won
 
<Associates>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Muan Solar Park Co., Ltd.
   REC and others   ￦       17,052       16,554       17,825  
YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.
   REC and others       1,915       1,860       2,020  
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       16,942       17,332       19,494  
KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Others       42,651       62,212       41,197  
Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       1,039       440       2,745  
G.GURU Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       452       —        —   
UD4M Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       313       117       —   
Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       3,516       2,937       2,951  
Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       3,452       2,880       2,899  
REC’s Innovation Co., Ltd. (formerly, Wang San Engineering. Co,. Ltd.)
   Interest income/
Dividends income		       —        6       23  
Dreams Co.,Ltd.
   Others       —        —        30  
DEEPAI Co.,Ltd.
   Others       —        —        30  
Green Radiation Co., Ltd.
   Ordinary development
expense		       —        11       45  
Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       602       565       499  
Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       —        11,545       35,055  
Changwon SG Energy Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       —        —        1,080  
SureDataLab Co., Ltd.
   Others       —        —        72  
PlatformN. Co., Ltd.
   Others       475       —        237  
Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       19,514       16,328       15,697  
Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       —        1,324       32,689  
13 Associates (Overseas)
   Electricity sales       101,790       91,233       98,753  
<Joint ventures>
                            
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       103       502       825  
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.
   Service       80       60       60  
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd.
   Service       13,872       8,151       3,038  
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       508,601       370,787       328,485  
KAPES, Inc.
   Commission       9,306       19,112       23,924  
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       7,662       8,643       7,148  
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
   Service       830       812       551  
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
   Service       60,799       60,009       51,924  
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       585,689       585,656       430,697  
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       13,990       17,228       12,294  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd. (*1)
   Electricity sales       —        —        3,282  
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       31,221       40,605       31,712  
Seungmun Green Energy
   Electricity sales       —       —       25,725  
KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.
   Service       9,504       14,114       6,880  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd. (*4)
   Service       —        7,476       6,327  
Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       —        3,542       3,079  
Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       10,601       10,248       8,467  
Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd.
   Service       715       223       511  
 
F-21
1
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(3)
Related party transactions for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
<Purchase and Others>, continued
 
             
Purchase and others
  
Company name
  
Transaction type
        
2022
    
2023
    
2024
  
             
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                            
Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales   ￦       4,016       3,362       3,165  
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       —        5,264       10,133  
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       533       486       2,752  
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       129,736       139,721       154,623  
Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       980       882       2,048  
Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       1       —        —   
Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       5,696       5,583       3,645  
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Service and Electricity sales       —        10       3,599  
Energyco Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       7,898       6,539       5,788  
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
   Service and REC       2,526       —        4,759  
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       4,575       3,656       2,493  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       13,030       12,946       9,072  
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       —        —        638  
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       2,168       402       544  
Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       44,745       34,981       24,004  
Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       10,605       8,269       6,864  
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       28,698       18,259       24,899  
Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       —        —        2,496  
Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       —        1       476  
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       94,409       95,059       34,601  
Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC
   Electricity sales       1,871       2,431       3,200  
Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.
   Electricity sales       —        27,765       26,372  
43 Joint ventures (Overseas)
   Electricity sales       16,859       17,222       14,796  
<Others>
                            
Korea Development Bank
   Interest expense       4,208       5,559       7,839  
  Dividends paid       12       —        —   
 
(*1)
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd. was reclassified from an associate to a joint venture for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 
(*2)
Namjeongsusang Solar Power Operation Co., Ltd. is not a related party of the Company as of December 31, 2024, as the sale of shares was completed for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 
(*3)
YTN Co., Ltd. is not a related party of the Company as of December 31, 2024, as the sale of shares was completed for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 
(*4)
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd. was changed from an associate to a joint venture for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 
(*5)
KEPCO-Uhde Inc. is not a related party of the Company as of December 31, 2023 as the liquidation process was completed for the year ended December 31, 2023.
 
(*6)
Changjuk Wind Power Co., Ltd. was reclassified from an associate to a subsidiary for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the amount is before reclassification to a subsidiary.
 
(*7)
Korea Electric Vehicle Charging Service is not a related party of the Company as of December 31, 202
2
as the sale of shares was completed for the year ended December 31, 2022.
 
F-21
2
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(4)
Receivables and payables arising from related party transactions as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
             
Receivables
    
Payables
  
Company name
  
Type
        
2023
    
2024
    
2023
    
2024
  
             
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                  
Korea Gas Corporation
   Trade receivables   ￦       14,671       15,766       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       12,513       404       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        480,974       482,008  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        1,378       1,486  
Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       55,719       30,732       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       15       1,438       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        120,270       162,719  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        48,621       45,174  
Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       2,573       6,350       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       478       637       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        117,975       114,962  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        29  
Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       —        156       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       341       47       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        —        1,499  
Green Radiation Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        30  
Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       263       349       —        —   
Daegu Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        105       108  
Korea Electric Power Industrial
   Trade receivables       176       123       —        —   
Development Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        2,021       1,291  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        8,077       8,832  
Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       59,623       8,142       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        94       105  
Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       1,814       1,720       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       4,933       5,812       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        86,801       77,222  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        385       2,450  
Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       6       5       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       18,356       27,043       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        3,005       3,699  
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd. (*1)
   Trade receivables       33       —        —        —   
YTN Co., Ltd. (*2)
   Trade receivables       133       —        —        —   
Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       1       1       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       32,720       43,790       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        3,642       4,799  
Energy Infra Asset Management Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        1  
Yaksu ESS Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        538       923  
Gangwon Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       13       10       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        3,206       4,023  
Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       1,069       1,040       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       716       1,016       —        —   
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       406       273       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       1,316       1,796       —        —   
Goesan Solar park Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        56       —   
Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       903       893       —        —   
Korea Power Exchange
   Trade receivables       1,583       2,434       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       1       —        —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        16,367       2,688  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        2,520       1,571  
Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        572       840  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        286       167  
Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       326       —        —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        32,140       35,392  
GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       159       22       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       169       109       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        72,951       90,468  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        125       —   
 
F-21
3
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(4)
Receivables and payables arising from related party transactions as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
             
Receivables
    
Payables
  
Company name
  
Type
        
2023
    
2024
    
2023
    
2024
  
             
In millions of won
  
<Associates>
                                  
KNH Solar Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables   ￦       1       —        —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        19       —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        1       —   
S-Power
Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       213       264       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       53       54       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        79,459       73,377  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        19  
Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        10,870       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        8,881  
Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       165       —        —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        —        3,978  
PND solar Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        296       418  
Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       28       25       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        408       647  
YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       10       7       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       2,294       2,858       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        828       1,034  
Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       1,539       62       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        12,739       9,249  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        7       1  
Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        62       —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        45       —   
Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        6,226       5,394  
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       131       2       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        1,458  
Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       112       143       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        1,467       2,152  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        9       5  
Muan Solar Park Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       4       4       —        —   
Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        1,296       1,797  
KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       1       1       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        130       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        5,485       5,521  
Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        1       —        —   
Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       1       1       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        —        241  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        1  
Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       1       1       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        —        231  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        2  
Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        190       —        —   
Dreams Co.,Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        1       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        30  
DEEPAI Co.,Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        1       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        30  
Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       4,562       10,118       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        5,288       3,022  
Suwon New Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       876       —        —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       560       —        —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        1  
Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        1,440       1,954  
Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       —        8,343       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        3,201  
9 Associates (Overseas)
   Trade receivables       77,814       59,651       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        6,242       —   
 
F-21
4
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(4)
Receivables and payables arising from related party transactions as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
             
Receivables
    
Payables
  
Company name
  
Type
        
2023
    
2024
    
2023
    
2024
  
             
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                  
Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables   ￦       122       182       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       55       503       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        32,222       25,622  
Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       1       1       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       4       4       —        —   
Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       55       55       —        —   
KAPES, Inc.
   Trade receivables       4       4       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       89       90,088       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        3,791       3,041  
Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        515       515  
Korea Power Engineering Service Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       48       52       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        76       —   
Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       44       35       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       199       862       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        7,000       7,156  
Incheon New Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       —        9       —        —   
Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       190       325       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       1       458       —        —   
Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       239       —        —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       165       —        —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        79,117       35,325  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        2       —   
Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       10       9       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        178       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        1,076       962  
Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       13,898       7,033       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       2,160       3,229       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        1       8  
Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       15       12       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       56       58       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        2,251       4,591  
Seungmun Green Energy
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        34       —        —   
KW Nuclear Components Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       17       —        —        —   
Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       84       47       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       10,779       3,208       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        721       445  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        14,193       13,824  
Taebaek Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        603       691  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        341       184  
  Trade receivables       4       —        —        —   
Busan Shinho Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       3       3       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        304       915  
Global Trade Of Power System Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        7  
Expressway Solar-light Power Generation Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        220       432  
Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       —        21       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        8       —        —   
Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       295       217       —        —   
Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       13       4       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       170       211       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        4,946       3,819  
Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power
Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       2       —        —        —   
Saemangeum Solar Power Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       4,368       4,368       —        —   
Dangjin Eco Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       4       4       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        222       282  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        176       181  
Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       13       163       —        —   
 
F-21
5
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(4)
Receivables and payables arising from related party transactions as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
             
Receivables
    
Payables
  
Company name
  
Type
        
2023
    
2024
    
2023
    
2024
  
             
In millions of won
  
<Joint ventures>
                                  
Energyco Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		   ￦       3       124       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        99       432  
Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.
   Trade receivables       10       12       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       68       59       —        —   
Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       2       2       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        —        240  
Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       —        12       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       1       444       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        201       207  
Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        146       —        —   
Changwon
Nu-ri
Energy Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        188       —        —   
Jeonju Bio Green Energy Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        187       —        —   
Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       1       1       —        —   
Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       56       48       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        3,517       5,723  
Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade payables       —        —        1,229       1,834  
Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       24       15       —        —   
Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       6,899       —        —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       —        13,461       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        7,994       9,105  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        —        2,853  
Enel X Midland Photovoltaic, LLC
   Trade receivables       1       1       —        —   
  Trade payables       —        —        144       204  
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        49       59  
Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   Trade receivables       4       3       —        —   
27 Joint ventures (Overseas)
   Trade receivables       160,474       271,219       —        —   
 
Non-trade
receivables and others		       55,897       59,839       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        22,877       34,932  
<Others>
                                  
Korea Development Bank
  
Non-trade
receivables and others		       33,140       34,138       —        —   
 
Non-trade
payables and others		       —        —        147       231  
  Derivatives and others       45,898       273,627       72,050       2,421  
 
  (*1)
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd. was reclassified from an associate to a joint venture for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 
  (*2)
YTN Co., Ltd. is not a related party of the Company as of December 31, 2024, as the sale of shares was completed for the year ended December 31, 2024.
 
(5)
Loans and others arising from related party transactions as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
Type
  
Company name
        
Beginning
balance
    
Loans
    
Collection
    
Others
    
Ending

balance
  
                                         
             
In millions of won
  
Associates
  
KNOC Nigerian East Oil Co., Ltd.,
KNOC Nigerian West Oil Co., Ltd.
   ￦       32,153       913       —        —        33,066  
  (Allowance for doubtful accounts)       (25,543 )      (913 )      —        (6,610 )      (33,066 ) 
Associates
  
Nepal Water & Energy Development
Company Private Limited
       18,052       —        (18,052 )      —        —   
Associates
  
Xe-Pian
Xe-Namnoy
Power Co., Ltd.		       23,337       —        —        3,269       26,606  
Associates
   PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana       35,542       —        (3,658 )      6,981       38,865  
Associates
  
Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power
Co., Ltd.
       9,525       —        —        (9,525 )     —   
Associates
   Daejung Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.       1,000       —        —        —        1,000  
Associates
   Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.       30,885       —        (4,260 )     —        26,625  
 
F-21
6
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(5)
Loans and others arising from related party transactions as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Type
 
Company name
 
 
 
 
Beginning
balance
 
 
Loans
 
 
Collection
 
 
Others
 
 
Ending

balance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
In millions of won
 
Associates
   Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.   ￦       28,970       —        (1,420 )     —        27,550  
Joint ventures
   Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.       35,000       —        (71 )     —        34,929  
Joint ventures
   Recursos Solares PV de Mexico II, S.A. de C.V.       10,589       2,074       —        1,650       14,313  
Joint ventures
   Horus Solar, S.A. de C.V.       11,199       798       —        1,680       13,677  
Joint ventures
   Sunmex Renovables, S.A. de C.V.       17,210       2,018       —        2,565       21,793  
Joint ventures
   Kelar S.A.       40,985       —        (11,582 )     (10,112 )     19,291  
Joint ventures
   DE Energia SpA       7,386       —        —        1,034       8,420  
Joint ventures
   Daehan Wind Power PSC       14,872       —        —        2,084       16,956  
Joint ventures
   Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.       3,165       —        —        —        3,165  
Joint ventures
   Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.       2,411       80       —        —        2,491  
Joint ventures
   Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.       3,257       —        —        —        3,257  
Joint ventures
   Nghi Son 2 Power LLC       189,991       —        (43,906 )     22,516       168,601  
Joint ventures
   Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.       9,963       —        —        (9,963 )     —   
Joint ventures
   Guadalupe Solar SpA       3,161       —        (232 )     423       3,352  
Joint ventures
  
Foresight Iberian Solar Group Holding,
S.L.
       64,318       222       —        6,597       71,137  
Joint ventures
   Capman Lynx SCA, SICAR       35,210       —        —        —        35,210  
  (Allowance for doubtful accounts)       (35,210 )      —        —        —        (35,210 )
Joint ventures
  
S-Power
Chile SpA		       258       —        —        36       294  
Joint ventures
   Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.       —        8,894       —        —        8,894  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
    ￦       567,686       14,086       (83,181 )      12,625       511,216  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
(6)
Borrowings arising from related party transactions as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
Related parties
   
Type
          
Beginning
balance
     
Borrowings
     
Repayment
    
Others
     
Ending

balance
  
                                               
                
In millions of won
  
Korea Development
    Facility    ￦        85,103        —         (8,469 )      8,019        84,653  
Bank
    Others         1,758        —         (334 )      —         1,424  
   Operating funds         120,000        832,167        (852,167 )      —         100,000  
  
EBL and others
         119,160        20,050        (995 )      11,647        149,862  
        
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
      ￦         326,021        852,217        (861,965 )      19,666        335,939  
        
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
(7)
Guarantees provided to related parties as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Primary guarantor
  
Principal obligor
  
Type of guarantees
   
Credit limit
    
Creditor
            
In millions of won
and thousands of
foreign currencies
      
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   Shuweihat Asia Operation & Maintenance Company   Performance guarantees      USD 11,000     Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V.
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited   Performance guarantees      USD 1,387     Rabigh Electricity Company
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   Nghi Son 2 Power LLC   Certification of payment on L/C      USD 42,750     SMBC Singapore and others
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   Barakah One Company   Debt guarantees      USD 1,223,355     Export-Import Bank of Korea and others
    Performance guarantees and others      USD 3,986,562     FAB and others
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   RE Holiday Holdings LLC   Performance guarantees (*9)      USD 203,981     EFS Renewables Holdings, LLC,
CA-CIB
and others
 
F-21
7
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(7)
Guarantees provided to related parties as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Primary guarantor
  
Principal obligor
  
Type of guarantees
   
Credit limit
    
Creditor
            
In millions of won
and thousands of
foreign currencies
      
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   RE Pioneer Holdings LLC   Performance guarantees      USD 106,873     EFS Renewables Holdings, LLC
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   Rabigh Electricity Company   Performance guarantees      SAR 4,151     Hana Bank
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   Shuweihat Asia Power Investment B.V.   Certification of payment on L/C      USD 9,800     Hana Bank
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   Amman Asia Electric Power Company   Certification of payment on L/C      USD 15,600     ING Bank
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   Horus Solar, S.A. de C.V.   Other performance guarantees      MXN 14,843     CENACE and others
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   Recursos Solares PV de Mexico II, S.A. de C.V.   Other performance guarantees      MXN 1,518    
SEMARNAT
         USD 393     CFE Transmission
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   Sunmex Renovables, S.A. de C.V.   Other performance guarantees      USD 9,078    
CENACE
         MXN 4,929     CFE Transmission and others
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   International Offshore Power Transmission Holding Company Limited   Performance guarantees      USD 52,500     Mizuho Bank
    Other performance guarantees      USD 7,000     Credit Agricole
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd.   Collateralized money invested (*10)      KRW 13,210     Malaysian Trustee Berhad
Korea Electric Power Corporation
   KEPCO for Power Company   Debt guarantees      USD 60,000     Riyad bank
    Other performance guarantees      USD 70,000     SMBC Seoul
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Cheongna Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 46,158     Kookmin Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
  
Xe-Pian
Xe-Namnoy
Power Co., Ltd.		   Collateralized money invested      KRW 73,064     Krung Thai Bank
    Impounding bonus guarantees (*11)      USD 5,000     SK Eco Plant Co., Ltd.
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Rabigh Operation & Maintenance Company Limited   Performance guarantees and others      SAR 11,200     National Bank of Kuwait
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested (*5)      KRW 54,242     Kookmin Bank and others
    Debt guarantees      KRW 20,300     HY western 1
st
co., Ltd
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   PT. Mutiara Jawa   Collateralized money invested      KRW 5,735     Woori Bank
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Haeng Bok Do Si Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 361     Nonghyup Bank
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Shin Pyeongtaek Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 139,059     Kookmin Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Haemodum Solar Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 3,230     Nonghyup Bank
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Muan Solar Park Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 6,267     IBK and others
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Anjwa Smart Farm & Solar City Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 8,298     Hana Bank and others
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Seoroseoro Sunny Power Plant Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 1,030     Hana Bank and others
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   YuDang Solar Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested     
KRW 617
— 
  
 
   Hana Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)     
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Hapcheon Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 11,334     Nonghyup Bank and others
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Yeongwol Eco Wind Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 890     Hana Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Gurae Resident Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 334     Hana Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Gunsan Land Solar Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 23,163     Hana Bank and others
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Seobusambo highway photovoltaics Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 3,310     Hana Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Eumseong Eco Park Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 11,613     Kyobo Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and others
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   PungBack Wind Farm Corporation   Collateralized money invested      KRW 7,760     Hanwha Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and others
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   Wadi Noor Solar Power Company SAOC   Loan payment guarantee      USD 54,855     DBS Bank
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
   EDFR KOWEPO AJBAN HOLDING LIMITED   Loan payment guarantee      USD 57,090     FAB
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Seokmun Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 15,456     Kookmin Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
 
F-21
8
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(7)
Guarantees provided to related parties as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Primary guarantor
  
Principal obligor
  
Type of guarantees
   
Credit limit
    
Creditor
            
In millions of won
and thousands of
foreign currencies
      
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Chun-cheon Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 36,599     Kookmin Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      KRW 90,800    
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Honam Wind Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 4,833     Shinhan Bank and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   GS Donghae Electric Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 279,432     Korea Development Bank and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Yeonggwangbaeksu Wind Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 3,730     Kookmin Bank and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Yeonggwang Wind Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 26,146     KDB Capital Corporation and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Daesan Green Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 25,331     IBK
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Taebaek Gadeoksan Wind Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 22,908     Hana Bank and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   PT. Tanjung Power Indonesia   Other guarantees      USD 3,150     PT. Adaro Indonesia
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —      Sumitomo mitsui banking and others
    Collateralized money invested      KRW 100,579     MUFG and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   South Jamaica Power Company Limited   Performance guarantees (*14)      USD 14,400     Hana Bank
    Collateralized money invested      KRW 48,761     JCSD Trustee Services Limited and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Bitsolar Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      —      Mirae Asset Life Insurance Co. Ltd. and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Cheongju Eco Park Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 10,636     Kyobo Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Busan Industrial Solar Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 1,160     Shinhan Bank and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Yangyang Wind Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 11,640     Hana Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   KPE Green Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 8,230     Hana Bank and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
   Goheung New Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 4,818     Woori Bank and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
  Seungmun Green Energy   Collateralized money invested      KRW 12,745     Hana Bank and others
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
  Yanggu Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 846     Korea Development Bank
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
  Hoenggye Renewable Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 2,375     IBK
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
  Kumyang Eco Park Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 3,841     Woori Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
  Amaala Sustaninable Company for Energy LLC   Loan payment guarantee (*7)      USD 38,054     FAB
    Collateralized money invested      KRW 18    
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Daeryun Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 31,093     Korea Development Bank and others
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Daegu Green Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 30,513     Shinhan Bank and others
    Performance guarantees      —     
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Kelar S.A.   Performance guarantees      USD 30,030     Hana Bank, MUFG
    Payment guarantees (*12)      USD 11,707     Hana Bank
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Daehan Wind Power PSC   Performance guarantees      USD 1,800     Shinhan Bank
    Payment guarantees (*6)      USD 2,000     Hana Bank
    Collateralized money invested      KRW 21,328     Standard Chartered
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Pyeongchang Wind Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 12,147     Woori Bank, Shinhan Bank and others
    Performance guarantees      —     
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Taebaek Guinemi Wind Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 13,559     IBK
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd.   Payment guarantees (*2)      —      KIS SF the 22nd Co., Ltd.
    Performance guarantees (*15)      —      HC elementary materials
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Solaseado Solar Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 16,979     Kookmin Bank and others
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Naepo Green Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 48,031     IBK and others
 
F-2
19
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(7)
Guarantees provided to related parties as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Primary guarantor
  
Principal obligor
  
Type of guarantees
   
Credit limit
    
Creditor
            
In millions of won
and thousands of
foreign currencies
      
    Performance guarantees and guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      KRW 30,000    
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Omisan Wind Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 10,859     Shinhan Bank and others
    Performance guarantees and guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Geumsungsan Wind Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 7,839     Kookmin Bank and others
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   HORANG ENERGY Inc.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 3,808     Woori Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Haman Green Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 2,810     Hana Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —    
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Jeongeup Green Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 8,847     Mirae Asset Securities Co., Ltd.
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   HyChangwon Fuel Cell. Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 9,277     Woori Bank and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.
   Roof One Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 2,000     Woori Bank
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
KOSPO Power Services Ltda.
   Kelar S.A.   Performance guarantees      USD 1,316     Scotia bank
KOSPO Chile SpA
   Kelar S.A.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 152,366     Export-Import Bank of Korea and others
KOSPO Chile SpA
   Chester Solar I SpA   Collateralized money invested      KRW 1,649     IBK
KOSPO Chile SpA
   Chester Solar IV SpA   Collateralized money invested      KRW 1,452     IBK
KOSPO Chile SpA
   Chester Solar V SpA   Collateralized money invested      KRW 262     IBK
KOSPO Chile SpA
   Diego de Almagro Solar SpA   Collateralized money invested      KRW 1,700     IBK
KOSPO Chile SpA
   Laurel SpA   Collateralized money invested      KRW 1,432     IBK
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   YeongGwang Yaksu Wind Electric Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 41     IBK and others
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Hyundai Green Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 87,392     Korea Development Bank and others
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   PT. Cirebon Electric Power   Debt guarantees      USD 4,510     Mizuho Bank
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   PT Wampu Electric Power   Debt guarantees      USD 4,716     PT. Bank KB Bukopin
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana   Debt guarantees      USD 9,290     Mizuho Bank
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Green Energy Electricity Generation Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      —      IBK
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Yaksu ESS Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 163     IBK
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Gwangbaek Solar Power Investment Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 5,155     Kyobo Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and others
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Muan Sunshine Solar Power Plant Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 2,772     IBK
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Goesan Solar park Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 3,133     IBK
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Bitgoel Eco Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 8,035     IBK and others
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Energyco Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 2,322     Nonghyup Bank
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Jeju Gimnyeong Wind Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 250     Nonghyup Bank
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Dongbu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 512     Shinhan Bank
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Seobu Highway Solar Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 579     Shinhan Bank
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Yeongyang Wind Power Corporation II   Collateralized money invested      KRW 11,302    
Korea Development Bank
and others
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Haeparang Energy Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 1,950     Templeton Hana Asset
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —      Management Co., Ltd.
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Saemangeum Sebit Power Plant Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 27,702     IBK and others
Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.
   Yeomsubong Wind Power Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested      KRW 603     Korea Development Bank
    Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —     
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
   Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd.   Collateralized money invested (*3)      —      IBK
    Guarantees for supplemental funding and others (*1,4)      KRW 76,800     NH Investment & Securities Co., Ltd. and others
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
   RES Technology AD   Collateralized money invested      KRW 15,069     UniCredit Bulbank and others
 
F-22
0
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(7)
Guarantees provided to related parties as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Primary guarantor
   
Principal obligor
   
Type of guarantees
   
Credit limit
     
Creditor
              
In millions of won
and thousands of
foreign currencies
       
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
   
ASM-BG
Investicii AD		    Collateralized money invested      KRW 16,936      UniCredit Bulbank and others
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
    Goseong Green Power Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 284,543      Kyobo Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and others
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
    Gangneung Eco Power Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 241,814      Kyobo Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and others
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
    PND Solar Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 1,736      IBK
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
    Hyundai Eco Energy Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 8,493      Samsung Life Insurance and others
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
    Jaeun Resident Wind Power Plant Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 2,045      IBK
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
    Chungsongmeon BongSan wind power Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 2,590      Kyobo Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and others
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
    Yeongam Solar Power Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 11,828      Kookmin Bank and others
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
    Samsu Wind Power Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 2,851      Shinhan Bank and others
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
    Saemangeum Heemang Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 16,137      Woori Bank and others
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
    Nepal Water & Energy Development Company Private Limited    Collateralized money invested      USD 97,105      International Finance
      Business reserve payment guarantee      USD 33,333      Corporation and others
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
    Santiago Solar Power SpA    Debt guarantees (*8)      USD 8,000      Nonghyup Bank and others
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Noeul Green Energy Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      —       Hana Bank and others
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Busan Green Energy Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 2,334      Shinhan Bank and others
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Go deok Clean Energy Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 5,301      Kookmin Bank and others
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Cheong-Song Noraesan Wind Power Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 4,316      Woori Bank and others
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Gwangyang Green Energy Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 24,217      Shinhan Bank and others
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Gangneung Sacheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 9,306      Hana Bank and others
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Chuncheon Green Energy Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 17,672      Hana Bank and others
      Guarantees for supplemental funding (*1)      —      
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Yangyang Suri Wind Power Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 8,643      Kookmin Bank and others
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Bigeum Resident Photovoltaic Power Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 7,908      Kookmin Bank and others
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Songsan Green Energy Co., Ltd.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 7,908      Hana Bank
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Changwon
Nu-ri
Energy Co., Ltd.		    Collateralized money invested      KRW 7,658      Hana Bank
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    Imha Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant Inc.    Collateralized money invested      KRW 6,351      Hana Bank
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    KAS INVESTMENT I LLC    Payment guarantees (*13)      USD 9,770      WOORI AMERICA BANK
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
    KAS INVESTMENT II LLC    Payment guarantees (*13)      USD 9,730      WOORI AMERICA BANK
 
(*1)
The Company guarantees to provide supplemental funding for business with respect to excessive business expenses or insufficient repayment of borrowings.
 
(*2)
Samcheok Eco Materials Co., Ltd., a joint venture of the Company has issued the hybrid bonds. If the bonds are not repaid by December 8, 2026, the parent company and shareholders except the parent company must purchase the bonds from the acquirer. As of December 31, 2024, derivative liabilities of
 ￦26,422 million were recognized in relation to this obligation.
 
(*3)
The Company recognized an impairment loss on all of the equity securities of Boim Combined Heat and Power Generation Co., Ltd. before the prior year, and the acquisition cost of the securities provided as collateral is ￦47,067 million.
 
(*4)
Pursuant to the guarantee agreement, the Company recognized other provisions of ￦11,804 million as the possibility of economic benefit outflow to fulfill the obligation was deemed probable and the amount could be reasonably estimated.
 
(*5)
The common stocks of Dongducheon Dream Power Co., Ltd. held by the Company were pledged as collateral.
 
(*6)
The Company provided a payment guarantee to Jordan Tafila wind power project for opening L/C for Debt Service Reserve Account (DSRA).
 
(*7)
The Company provided
an
EBL payment and EBL hedging guarantee to Amaala Sustainable Company for Energy LLC, an associate of the Company.
 
(*8)
The Company has issued a guaranteed letter of credit in the amount of USD 8,000 thousand under the interlender loan agreement with Santiago Solar Power SpA.
 
(*9)
The credit limits of guarantees to RE Holiday Holdings LLC include the credit limits of guarantees to their subsidiaries.
 
(*10)
The Company, together with other shareholders, has provided a guarantee for the project financing of Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd., by establishing the right of pledge on the shares of Pulau Indah Power Plant Sdn. Bhd. As of December 31, 2024, the book value of the securities is ￦50,721 million.
 
F-22
1
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(7)
Guarantees provided to related parties as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
(*11)
Xe-Pian
Xe-Namnoy
Power Co., Ltd., an associate of the Company, has entered a contract to pay an incentive type of impounding bonus to SK Eco Plant Co., Ltd. when the
Xe-Pian
Xe-Namnoy
Dam is completed. If
Xe-Pian
Xe-Namnoy
Power Co., Ltd. fails to pay SK Eco Plant Co., Ltd., the Company guarantees the payment, and the amount is USD 5,000 thousand.
 
(*12)
The Company provided a payment guarantee to Chile Kelar project for opening L/C for Debt Service Reserve Account (DSRA), and others.
 
(*13)
The credit limits of guarantees to KAS INVESTMENT I LLC, KAS INVESTMENT II LLC include the credit limits of guarantees to their subsidiaries.
 
(*14)
The payment guarantee related to the gas combined cycle power project of South Jamaica Power Company Limited, a joint venture of the Company.
 
(*15)
The Company has entered into an agreement prescribing the settlement of the estimated loss in case damages occur related to the fulfillment of the mandatory supply volume according to the mandatory supply agreement for coal ash.
 
(8)
Guarantees received from related parties as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Primary Guarantor
  
Type of guarantees
          
Credit limit
  
               
In millions of won
  
KAPES, Inc.
   Defect guarantees    ￦        16,281  
  Performance guarantees         38,231  
  Advance payment guarantee         248,042  
  Certification of bidding         79,818  
 
(9)
Derivatives transactions with related parties as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
  (i)
Currency Swap
 
Counterparty
   
Contract
year
            
Contract
amounts
     
Contract interest rate
per annum
           
Contract
exchange
rate
(in won)
  
         
Pay
     
Receive
     
Pay
    
Receive
  
    
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies except contract exchange rate information
  
Korea Development Bank
      2020~2025      ￦        241,320        USD 200,000        0.54 %      1.13 %    ￦        1,206.60  
     2021~2026           118,170        USD 100,000        1.11 %      1.13 %         1,181.70  
     2022~2026           283,820        USD 200,000        4.67 %      5.38 %         1,419.10  
     2022~2028           283,820        USD 200,000        5.12 %      5.50 %         1,419.10  
     2023~2026           256,000        USD 200,000        4.04 %      5.38 %         1,280.00  
     2024~2027           864,890        USD 650,000        3.53 %      4.88 %         1,330.60  
     2015~2025           111,190        USD 100,000        2.62 %      3.25 %         1,111.90  
     2017~2027           111,610        USD 100,000        2.31 %      3.13 %         1,116.10  
     2018~2028           108,600        HKD 800,000        2.69 %      3.35 %         135.75  
     2019~2027           119,978        CHF 100,000        1.43 %      0.05 %         1,199.78  
     2021~2026           111,400        USD 100,000        0.93 %      1.25 %         1,114.00  
     2022~2027           262,000        USD 200,000        3.63 %      4.25 %         1,310.00  
     2024~2028           257,880        USD 200,000        3.80 %      5.00 %         1,289.40  
     2024~2028           128,940        USD 100,000        3.69 %      5.00 %         1,289.40  
     2024~2029           138,540        USD 100,000        3.19 %      4.63 %         1,385.40  
     2020~2026           118,910        USD 100,000        0.61 %      1.00 %         1,189.10  
     2021~2026           114,230        USD 100,000        1.27 %      1.25 %         1,142.30  
     2022~2027           123,710        USD 100,000        3.41 %      3.63 %         1,237.10  
     2022~2025           128,560        USD 100,000        3.37 %      4.13 %         1,285.60  
     2020~2025           122,780        USD 100,000        0.93 %      1.75 %         1,227.80  
     2022~2025           252,360        USD 200,000        2.83 %      3.60 %         1,261.80  
     2023~2028           129,500        USD 100,000        3.85 %      4.88 %         1,295.00  
 
F-22
2
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
47.
Related Parties, Continued
 
(9)
Derivatives transactions with related parties as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
  (ii)
Currency forward
 
Counterparty
   
Contract

date
     
Maturity
date
            
Contract amounts
            
Contract

exchange

rate

(in won)
  
         
Pay
     
Receive
  
    
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies except contract exchange rate
information
  
Korea Development Bank
      2024.12.16        2025.01.07      ￦        27,247        USD 19,000      ￦        1,434,04  
     2024.12.30        2025.01.17           17,627        USD 12,000           1,468.95  
 
(10)
The Company considers all standing directors of the Board who serve as executive officers responsible for planning, operations and/or control of business activities, as key management personnel, except a standing director who is a member of the Audit Committee. The Company recorded salaries and other compensations related to the key management personnel as follows:
 
Type
          
2022
     
2023
     
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Salaries
    ￦        1,026        866        1,064  
Retirement benefits
         58        33        36  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
   ￦             1,084             899             1,100  
     
 
 
     
 
 
     
 
 
  
 
48.
Statement of Cash Flows
 
(1)
Significant
non-cash
transactions for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
Transactions
          
2022
     
2023
    
2024
  
           
In millions of won
  
Transfer from
construction-in-progress
to other assets
    ￦        13,723,972        10,090,726       15,059,467  
Recognition of asset retirement cost and related provision for decommissioning costs
         3,497,866        (292,120 )      1,821,415  
Transfer from provision for disposal of spent nuclear fuel to accrued expenses
         417,687        379,011       463,388  
Transfer from long-term borrowings to current portion of long-term borrowings
        3,637,428        5,779,487       8,417,793  
Transfer from debt securities to current portion of debt securities
               10,201,149        24,674,525       26,901,367  
Transfer from inventory to stored nuclear fuel
         738,720        827,279       1,002,036  
Transfer of
right-of-use
assets due to change in accounting policy and others
         197,016        261,862       132,495  
 
F-22
3
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
48.
Statement of Cash Flows, Continued
 
(2)
Changes in liabilities incurred from financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
  
                       
Non-cash
changes
        
           
Beginning
balance
    
Cash flows
    
Increase
     
Effect of
exchange rate

fluctuations
and others
    
Ending
balance
  
           
In millions of won
  
Borrowings
    ￦        15,420,176       4,406,382       —         13,094       19,839,652  
Debt securities
         105,185,189       8,286,542       —         320,447       113,792,178  
Lease liabilities
         4,163,143       (574,239 )      253,495        (34,519 )      3,807,880  
Derivative liabilities (assets), net
         (591,471 )      332,263       —         (294,939 )      (554,147 ) 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦         124,177,037       12,450,948       253,495        4,083       136,885,563  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
           
2024
  
                       
Non-cash
changes
        
           
Beginning
balance
    
Cash flows
    
Increase
     
Effect of
exchange rate

fluctuations
and others
    
Ending
balance
  
           
In millions of won
  
Borrowings
    ￦        19,839,652       604,841       —         214,888       20,659,381  
Debt securities
         113,792,178       (4,211,164 )      —         2,293,005       111,874,019  
Lease liabilities
         3,807,880       (612,828 )      119,161        385,243       3,699,456  
Derivative liabilities (assets), net
         (554,147 )      545,483       —         (2,397,674 )      (2,406,338 ) 
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
   ￦         136,885,563       (3,673,668 )      119,161        495,462       133,826,518  
     
 
 
    
 
 
    
 
 
     
 
 
    
 
 
  
 
49.
Commitments for Expenditure
 
(1)
The commitments related to acquisition of property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
           
2023
     
2024
  
Contracts
          
Commitment
amounts
     
Remaining

liability balances
     
Commitment
amounts
     
Remaining
liability balances
  
           
In millions of won
  
Purchase of cable (PVC, 1C, 2000SQ) 153,000M and others (Shin-Bupyung-Youngseo)
    ￦        57,226        417        57,226        417  
Purchase of cable (PVC, 1C, 2500SQ) 103,374M and others (Bukdangjin-Shin-Tangjung)
         51,796        20,661        —         —   
Purchase of GIS (362kV, 6300A, 63kA) 23CB – Youngseo S/S
         37,168        15,109        37,168        15,109  
Purchase of GIS (362kV, 6300A, 63kA) 27CB – Kwangyang S/S
         37,744        140        37,744        140  
Purchase of cable (PVC, 1C, 2500SQ) 100,548M and others (Kyungin Construction)
         58,271        746        58,271        746  
Purchase of GIS (362kV, 6300A, 63kA) 25CB – Migeum S/S
         35,136        20,370        35,282        13,476  
Purchase of cable (PVC, 1C, 2000SQ) 5,862M and others (Baekun-Gwangyanghang)
         35,016        703        35,016        703  
Purchase of GIS (362kV, 6300A, 63kA) Type 19 – Shinyangsan S/S
         32,460        5,635        —         —   
Purchase of cable (PVC, 1C, 2500SQ) 57,868M and others (Goduk-Seoansung)
         40,937        654        40,937        654  
Purchase of cable (PVC, 1C, 2000SQ) 87,732M and others (Eulwangboonki)
         36,446        1,015        36,446        1,015  
Purchase of GIS (362kV,6300A,63kA) Type 18 – Wolsung S/Y
         32,090        26,742        33,057        16,045  
System stabilization ESS equipment (Bubuk S/S) Type 1
         222,300        145,014        221,939        42,137  
System stabilization ESS equipment (Shinnamwon S/S) Type 1
         211,500        130,169        —         —   
 
F-22
4
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
49.
Commitments for Expenditure, Continued
 
(1)
The commitments related to acquisition of property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
 
  
 
 
  
2023
 
  
2024
 
Contracts
  
 
 
  
Commitment
amounts
 
  
Remaining

liability balances
 
  
Commitment
amounts
 
  
Remaining
liability balances
 
 
  
 
 
  
In millions of won
 
System stabilization ESS equipment (Yeongcheon S/S) Type 1
   ￦      73,104        18,604        72,779        16,975  
Concrete pole (10M, general purpose, 500KGF) 111,000 ea and four other equipment
         67,996        39,971        —         —   
Advanced EType low voltage electronic watt-hour meter 1,311,552 ea
         36,103        —         —         —   
System stabilization ESS equipment (Yesan S/S) Type 1
         56,403        12,095        56,174        11,471  
System stabilization ESS equipment (Hamyang S/S) Type 1
         35,609        12,870        35,764        11,468  
Concrete pole (10M, general purpose, 500KGF) 90,000 ea and four other equipment
         —         —         59,473        36,464  
Purchase of cable (PVC, 1C, 2500SQ) 53,856M and others (Shinchungjuboonki)
         —         —         31,925        7,756  
Purchase of GIS (362kV, 6300A, 63kA) Type 31 – East Seoul S/S
         —         —         39,060        39,060  
Purchase of cable (PVC, 1C, 2000SQ) 68,613M and others (Dongducheon-Yangju)
         —         —         40,933        28,790  
Purchase of HVDC cable (PE, 2500SQ) 31,551M and others
         —         —         40,323        40,323  
Purchase of HVDC cable (PE, 2500SQ) 30,883M and others
         —         —         40,130        40,130  
Stationary reactive power compensation device (Phase 3, ±500MVAR) – Shin Jecheon S/S
         —         —         39,300        39,300  
Stationary reactive power compensation device (STATCOM, phase 3, ±500MVAR) – East coast #1C/S
             —         —         37,600        37,600  
AMIGO, 1P2W, 60(5)A, Electronic, Class 1.0, 220V, 1,031,728 EA – Annual Unit Price
         —         —         43,054        38,404  
Stationary reactive power compensation device (STATCOM/Phase 3, ±500MVAR) – Shin Gapyeong S/S
         —         —         40,590        40,590  
Stationary reactive power compensation device (STATCOM/Phase 3, ±500MVAR) – Shin Namwon S/S
         —         —         37,100        37,100  
Construction of Saeul Units (#3,4)
         9,800,424        1,113,349        11,718,217        1,748,342  
Construction of Shin-Hanul Units (#1,2) (*)
         10,592,760        —         10,765,241        —   
Construction of Shin-Hanul Units (#3,4)
         11,680,361        10,935,737        12,343,245        10,964,638  
Other 40 contracts
         1,631,574        1,133,467        2,033,913        1,744,217  
Purchase of main equipment for Jeju LNG Combined
         166,287        —         —         —   
Purchase of equipment for the construction project of Boryeong indoor coal storage yard
         334,932        279,920        357,479        241,751  
Purchase of main machine for Boryeong New Complex Unit 1
         281,600        228,053        286,299        177,988  
Boryeong New Complex Unit 1 Construction Project
         186,358        186,358        202,552        161,753  
Haman Combined Power Block Conditional Purchase Agreement
         —         —        581,790        543,509  
Service of designing Taean Units (#9,10)
         112,909        12,468        —         —   
Purchase of gas turbine and turbine equipment of Gimpo combined heat & power plant
         123,495        15,603        123,495        15,603  
Purchase of steam turbine, HRSG and POWER BLOCK of Gimpo combined heat & power plant
         220,864        214        220,864        101  
Construction of Gimpo combined heat & power plant
         211,372        13,960        223,660        8,795  
Purchase of gas turbines, steam turbines, and accessories for Gumi natural gas power plant
         197,983        193,578        198,029        29,417  
Purchase of heat recovery boiler and accessories for Gumi natural gas power plant
         65,918        45,299        65,918        12,574  
Construction of Gumi natural gas power plant
         210,393        173,350        246,110        96,708  
Installation of natural gas supply facility at Gumi natural gas power plant
         70,620        61,799        83,801        45,019  
Construction of Gongju natural gas power plant
         —         —         203,849        190,840  
 
F-22
5
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
49.
Commitments for Expenditure, Continued
 
(1)
The commitments related to acquisition of property, plant and equipment as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:

           
2023
     
2024
  
Contracts
          
Commitment
amounts
     
Remaining

liability balances
     
Commitment
amounts
     
Remaining
liability balances
  
           
In millions of won
  
Purchase of natural gas main machine and accessories at Gongju natural gas power plant
         —         —         305,829        273,338  
Purchase of coal handling machine for construction of Samcheok Units (#1,2)
         312,150        5,682        326,395        5,905  
Purchase of main equipment for Namjeju
         140,144        3        140,144        —   
Purchase of main equipment for Shin-Sejong combined thermal power plant
         234,392        8,342        234,392        2,670  
Purchase of Hadong thermal power indoor carboniferous plant
         167,259        48,495        167,259        —   
Purchase of phase 2 power generation facility for Yeongwol fuel cells
         86,350        219        88,428        —   
Purchase of fuel cell power generation facilities for the fifth stage of Shinincheon headquarters
         81,960        18,290        82,395        —   
Purchase of Samcheok hydrogen compound
co-firing
facility infrastructure
         —         —         128,820        90,876  
Construction of Andong Combined Unit 2 Power Plant
         —         —        181,593        175,029  
Purchase of main equipment for Andong Combined Unit 2
         —         —         279,773        230,694  
Service of designing Hadong Combined Unit 1
         —         —         31,593        26,351  
 
(*)
As of December 31, 2024, the commitment amounts include the value of Shin-Hanul Unit #1, construction of which was completed during the year ended December 31, 2022. In addition, Shin-Hanul Unit #2 is in commercial operation as of December 31, 2024.
 
(2)
As of December 31, 2024, details of contracts for inventory purchase commitment are as follows:
 
Type
   
Periods
     
Contracted
quantity
Concentrate
      2024 ~ 2033      22,282 Ton U3O8
Conversion
      2024 ~ 2030      14,391 Ton U
Enrichment
      2024 ~ 2035      26,943 Ton SWU
In addition, the contracted quantity of the molded uranium between Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. and KEPCO Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd., which are subsidiaries of the Company, is 817 Ton U (contract periods: 2023 ~ 2031).
 
50.
Contingencies and Commitments
 
(1)
Ongoing litigations and claims related with contingent liabilities and contingent assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows:
 
    
2023
     
2024
  
    
Number
of cases
     
Claim
amount
     
Number
of cases
     
Claim
amount
  
    
In millions of won
  
As the defendant
      666      ￦ 805,227        722      ￦ 884,402  
As the plaintiff
      268        571,593        264        769,772  
As of December 31, 2024, there are 3 ongoing litigations and 2 arbitration case
s
between consolidated entities.
 
  1)
The Company is the defendant against a number of claims. The following is ongoing claim pertaining to the Company which can potentially be significant:
There are multiple ongoing litigations against the Company related to ordinary wages, requesting payment of unpaid wages. The Company believes that the possibility of the outflow of economic benefits is probable on the ongoing and the expected litigations. Accordingly, the Company recognized ￦274,043 million as litigation provisions in relation to the litigation as of December 31, 2024.
 
F-22
6
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
50.
Contingencies and Commitments, Continued
 
(1)
Ongoing litigations and claims related with contingent liabilities and contingent assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
  2)
There are 18 arbitration cases pertaining to the Company as of December 31, 2024 and the significant arbitration cases are as follows:
 
  i)
Hitachi Energy Sweden filed an arbitration against the Company regarding the request for additional payment due to the increase in capacity of some facilities and the withdrawal of liquidated damage in relation to Shin
Young-ju
and Shin Jecheon substation TCSC construction projects. The Company has not recognized any provision because the amount and timing of economic benefit outflow cannot be reasonably estimated as of December 31, 2024.
 
  ii)
During the year ended December 31, 2024, UniTest Co., Ltd. filed an arbitration claim against KEPCO for delay damages arising from the modification of design and contract amount related to the 154kV Yesan S/S 82MW ESS construction project. The Company has not recognized any provision because the amount and timing of economic benefit outflow cannot be reasonably estimated as of December 31, 2024.
 
  iii)
The Company filed an arbitration application with Westinghouse Electric Company LLC to Korean Commercial Arbitration Board, requesting to confirm whether the Company is subject to nuclear power plant export control procedures or not. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has not recognized any provision because the amount and timing of economic benefit outflow cannot be reasonably estimated.
 
  iv)
Samsung C&T consortium (Samsung C&T Co., Ltd., Doosan Enerbility Co., Ltd., and Hanwha Co., Ltd.) filed an arbitration application against the Company to National Contract Dispute Mediation Committee regarding the adjustment of the contract amount related to the main facility construction of Saeul Units 3 and 4 (formerly, Shin-Kori Nuclear Power Units 5 and 6). The Company has not recognized any provision because the amount and timing of economic benefit outflow cannot be reasonably estimated as of December 31, 2024
 
(2)
Guarantees of payments and commitments provided to other companies as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
  1)
The Company has provided the syndicate of lenders of PT Indo Raya Tenaga, the business corporation of PT Barito Wahana Tenaga, a guarantee by establishing the right of pledge on the shares of PT Barito Wahana Tenaga for project financing of PT Barito Wahana Tenaga as of December 31, 2024.
 
  2)
The Company has outstanding borrowings with a limit of USD 264,800 thousand from its creditors such as International Finance Corporation. Regarding the borrowing contract, the Company has guaranteed capital contribution of USD 69,808 thousand and additional contribution up to USD 19,000 thousand for contingencies, if any. In relation to this financial agreement, the Company is providing its entire shares in Mira Power Limited and business-related PP&E as collateral to the lenders.
 
  3)
The Company has provided USD 6,119 thousand for a debt guarantee to Export-Import Bank of Korea, BNP Paribas and ING Bank, to guarantee the payment of debt related to hydroelectric power business of Tanggamus, Indonesia.
 
  4)
The Company has provided USD 4,716 thousand for a debt guarantee to PT. Bank KB Bukopin, to guarantee the payment of debt related to hydroelectric power business of Wampu, Indonesia.
 
  5)
The Company has provided RBC Community Investments Impact Renewables
HoldCo-1,
LLC a performance guarantee regarding weatherization in relation with tax investors up to USD 3,000 thousand for the of the power plant construction for Concho Valley solar power project in the United States.
 
  6)
The Company has provided EUR 7,031 thousand for a performance guarantee to Microsoft through Kookmin Bank, to guarantee the implementation of the power plant construction for Guba Buget wind power project in Sweden.
 
  7)
The Company has provided Axia Power Holdings B.V. and others a performance guarantee up to USD 54,000 thousand for the implementation of Cirebon thermal power generation project in Indonesia.
 
  8)
The Company has provided Nonghyup Bank a debt guarantee up to USD 4,510 thousand to guarantee Debt Service Reserve Account (DSRA) for Mizuho bank, related to the Cirebon power plant business of PT. Cirebon Electric Power in Indonesia.
 
F-22
7
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
50.
Contingencies and Commitments, Continued
 
(2)
Guarantees of payments and commitments provided to other companies as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
  9)
The Company has provided Nonghyup Bank a debt guarantee up to USD 9,290 thousand to guarantee Debt Service Reserve Account (DSRA) for Mizuho bank, related to the Cirebon power plant business of PT. Cirebon Energi Prasarana in Indonesia.
 
  10)
The Company has provided PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara a performance guarantee up to IDR 35,588,165 thousand for the implementation of Tanjung Jati power plant operation project in Indonesia.
 
  11)
The Company has provided USD 30,000 thousand for a performance guarantee to Morgan Stanley Capital Group Inc., to guarantee the electricity purchase contract in relation to photovoltaic power generation project in USA.
 
  12)
The Company has provided Morgan Stanley Renewables Inc. a guarantee up to USD 70,000 thousand for the fulfillment of subscription obligation regarding photovoltaic power generation project in USA.
 
  13)
The Company has provided Hana Bank a debt guarantee up to USD 40,000 thousand to guarantee Equity Bridge Loan for Concho Valley solar business in the United States.
 
  14)
The Company has provided Van Phong Power Company, Ltd. a performance guarantee up to USD 5,000 thousand for the operation maintenance project in Van Phong, Vietnam.
 
  15)
The Company has provided RBC Community Investments Impact Renewables
HoldCo-1,
LLC a guarantee for up to USD 62,800 thousand for the fulfillment of subscription obligation regarding Concho Valley solar power project in the United States.
 
  16)
The Company has provided PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara a performance guarantee up to USD 2,280 thousand for the operation maintenance project in Indonesia siborpa.
 
  17)
The Company has provided joint guarantee for ￦1,641 million guarantee insurance contracted by Haetbyeotgil Sunlight Co., Ltd.
 
(3)
Credit lines provided by financial institutions and others as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:
 
Commitments
   
Financial institutions
   
Currency
  
Credit
limit
     
Used amount
  
                        
    
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies
  
Commitments on Bank-overdraft
    Nonghyup Bank and others    KRW     1,720,500        119,643  
Limit amount available for CP
    Hana Bank and others    KRW     7,550,000        7,550,000  
General Loan, etc.
    Kookmin Bank and others    KRW     3,930,000        3,900,000  
Limit amount available for card
    Hana Bank and others    KRW     47,524        4,006  
Loan limit
    Korea Development Bank and others    KRW     3,248,025        1,837,454  
   DBS Bank and others    USD     1,086,000        —   
Certification of payment on payables from foreign country
    Nonghyup Bank    USD     8,700        4,020  
Certification of payment on L/C
    Shinhan Bank and others    USD     1,235,937        183,357  
   Kookmin Bank and others    EUR     32,035        13,424  
   Shinhan Bank    JPY     715,837        —   
Certification of Performance guarantee on contract
    Hana Bank and others    KRW     160,815        150,648  
   First Abu Dhabi Bank and others    USD     1,008,252        950,774  
   Korea Development Bank and others    JPY     620,000        620,000  
   Hana Bank    EUR     12,106        12,106  
   Hana Bank    INR     67,944        67,944  
   Hana Bank    OMR     6,250        6,250  
   First Abu Dhabi Bank and others    AED     52,500        52,500  
   Saudi National Bank and others    SAR     124,151        123,829  
 
F-22
8
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
50.
Contingencies and Commitments, Continued
 
(3)
Credit lines provided by financial institutions and others as of December 31, 2024 are as follows, continued:
 
Commitments
   
Financial institutions
   
Currency
  
Credit
limit
     
Used amount
  
                        
    
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies
  
Certification of bidding
   
Korea Software
Financial Cooperative
    KRW     43,809        43,809  
   Hana Bank and others    USD     10,200        5,000  
   Export-Import Bank of Korea    EUR     10,000        10,000  
   Shinhan Bank    QAR     155,213        155,213  
Advance payment bond, Warranty bond, Retention bond and others
    Seoul Guarantee Insurance    KRW     83,161        83,161  
   Hana Bank and others    USD     702,487        664,191  
   Saudi National Bank    SAR     32,500        32,500  
   Hana Bank and others    MXN     21,290        21,290  
Others (*)
    Nonghyup Bank and others    KRW     314,892        56,858  
   Nonghyup Bank and others    USD     448,635        USD 228,813  
             EUR 51,784  
   StandardChartered    AED     50        50  
   Kookmin Bank    EUR     7,031        7,031  
Secured loan of credit sales
    Nonghyup Bank and others    KRW     270,000        —   
Inclusive credit
    Hana Bank    KRW     8,000        3,735  
   Hana Bank and others    USD     35,000        USD 9,362  
             INR 332,690  
             AED 319  
Equity Bridge Loan Guarantee
    Export-Import Bank of Korea and others    USD     1,764,555        1,376,262  
Trade finance
    DBS Bank and others    USD     850,000        —   
 
(*)
As of December 31, 2024, the Company has entered into a credit extension agreement for derivatives transactions with Nonghyup Bank, Hana Bank, and Woori Bank as ancillary to currency swap transactions.
 
(4)
As of December 31, 2024, blank check and assets provided as collaterals or pledges to financial institutions by the Company are follows:
 
Obligor
   
Creditor
   
Assets provided as security
   
Currency
  
Amount
     
Description
                           
    
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies
Mira Power Limited
   
International Finance
Corporation and others
 		  
Property, plant and
Equipment and others
    USD     264,800      Collateral for borrowings(*1)
Tamra Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   
Kyobo Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and others
   
Property, plant and
equipment and others
   
KRW
  
 
171,600
 
   
Collateral for borrowings(*1)
Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd.
   
Korea Development Bank and others
   
Cash and cash
equivalents and others
   
KRW
  
 
327,080
 
   
Collateral for borrowings(*2)
Commerce and Industry Energy Co., Ltd.
   
IBK and others
   
Property, plant and
equipment and others
   
KRW
  
 
110,500
 
   
Collateral for borrowings(*2)
Jeongam Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    KDB Capital Corporation and others   
Cash and cash
equivalents and others
    KRW     230,716      Collateral for borrowings(*2)
Gyeongju Wind Power Co., Ltd.
    Shinhan Bank and others   
Property, plant and
equipment and others
    KRW     68,400      Collateral for borrowings(*2)
 
F-2
29
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
50.
Contingencies and Commitments, Continued
 
(4)
As of December 31, 2024, blank check and assets provided as collaterals or pledges to financial institutions by the Company are follows, continued:
 
Obligor
   
Creditor
   
Assets provided as security
   
Currency
  
Amount
     
Description
                           
    
In millions of won and thousands of foreign currencies
Korea Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   
Woori Bank and others
   
Property, plant and
equipment and others
   
KRW
  
 
159,000
 
   
Collateral for borrowings(*1,2)
Qatrana Electric Power Company
   
The Islamic Development Bank and others
   
Finance lease receivable
and property, plant and
equipment and others
   
JOD
  
 
136,623
 
   
Collateral for borrowings(*1)
KST Electric Power Company, S.A.P.I. de C.V.
   
Export–Import Bank of Korea and others
   
Finance lease receivable and property, plant and equipment and others
   
USD
  
 
401,277
 
   
Collateral for debt securities(*1)
Incheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.
   
Kookmin Bank and
others
 		  
Cash and cash
equivalents and others
   
KRW
 
    
 
 276,960
 
  
 
    Collateral for borrowings(*2)
K-SOLAR
SHINAN Co., Ltd.
    Kyobo Life Insurance Co., Ltd. and others   
Property, plant and
equipment and others
    KRW     329,736      Collateral for borrowings(*1)
KOSPO Youngnam
Power Co., Ltd.
   
Shinhan Bank and others
   
Cash and cash
equivalents and others
   
KRW
  
 
744,120
 
   
Collateral for borrowings(*2)
Jeju Hanlim Offshore Wind Co., Ltd.
   
Kookmin Bank and others
   
Property, plant and
equipment and others
   
KRW
  
 
11,932
 
   
Collateral for borrowings(*2)
Western Power Changgi Solar Co., Ltd.
   
Samsung Life Insurance and others
   
Property, plant and
equipment and others
   
KRW
  
 
54,000
 
   
Collateral for borrowings(*2)
Yeongdeok Sunrise Wind Power Co., Ltd.
   
Korea Development Bank and others
   
Property, plant and
equipment and others
   
KRW
  
 
96,240
 
   
Collateral for borrowings(*2)
J Wind First, LLC
    Woori Bank   
Trade receivable and
others
    KRW     55,000      Collateral for borrowings(*1,2)
Chitose Solar Power Plant LLC
    Korea Development Bank   
Property, plant and
equipment and others
    USD     137,656      Collateral for borrowings(*1,2)
Mangilao Intermediate Holdings LLC
   
Mizuho Bank
   
Trade receivable and
others
   
USD
  
 
86,132
 
   
Collateral for borrowings(*2)
 
(*1)
This is based on the amount of loan commitment limit.
 
(*2)
As of December 31, 2024, the Company has established guarantees for pledge for transfer of rights of long-term borrowings, pledge for insurance claims, pledge for shares, etc.
The Company has ￦1,197 million of project loans from the Korea Energy Agency as of December 31, 2024. The Company has provided a promissory note as a repayment guarantee.
 
(5)
The Company temporarily suspended operations of the Gangneung hydroelectric generating plant, with a carrying amount of ￦59,313 million as of December 31, 2024, to improve the quality of water used in generating electricity. The expenses related to the suspension of operations of ￦1,741 million and depreciation on the idle assets of ￦3,642 million are recorded in other expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024. Regarding the improvement of water quality, the results of damages compensation for the local residents cannot be reasonably estimated, and the Company is in negotiations with Gangneung City and related stakeholders to restart the Gangneung hydroelectric generating plant as of December 31, 2024.
 
F-23
0
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
50.
Contingencies and Commitments, Continued
 
(6)
As the government of the Republic of Korea announced the suspension of operation in Gaeseong Industrial District, it is uncertain if the Company can exercise the property rights for the Company’s facility in Gaeseong Industrial District as of December 31, 2024. Accordingly, the book value of the facility, amounting to ￦11,778 million, was recognized as an impairment loss, and trade receivables related to companies residing in the Gaeseong Industrial District were fully written off. As of December 31, 2024, the Company cannot make reasonable estimation on whether assets will be recovered or utilized in regular way related thereto.
 
(7)
As of December 31, 2024, the Company owns land at
6171-1
Nuri-ri,
Yeongi-myeon, Sejong Special Self-Governing City as PP&E with limited ownership, and its book value is ￦64,371 million.
 
(8)
The Korea Institute of Energy Technology(KENTECH) was established in April, 2020, in accordance with the ”Basic plan for the establishment of KENTECH (July, 2019)”. By the special law to create KENTECH, the Company, government, and local government may contribute to the fund. The Company will decide whether to contribute to the fund on a board resolution after consulting with relevant organizations considering its financial situation by year.
 
(9)
The ongoing armed conflict in Ukraine started in February 2022 and relevant sanctions against Russia imposed by the international community can impact not only sanctioned entities but also the entities doing business directly or indirectly with Ukraine or Russia and the entities exposed directly or indirectly to industries or economy of Russia or Ukraine. The Company cannot make reasonable estimation of the financial impact of the recent conflict in Ukraine on the future events.
 
51.
Subsequent Events
 
(1)
Subsequent to December 31, 2024, KEPCO and KEPCO Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Company, borrowed long-term borrowings for the purposes of operation and details related thereto are as follows:
 
Company
  
Type
   
Issue date
     
Maturity
     
Interest rate (%)
     
Amount
  
   
In millions of won
  
Korea Electric Power Corporation
  
Local long-term borrowings
(Mid-
to long-term CP (*))
      2025.02.11        2030.02.11        3M CD+0.57      ￦  200,000  
 
Local long-term borrowings
(Mid-
to long-term CP (*))
      2025.02.27        2030.02.27        3M CD+0.62        200,000  
   
Local long-term borrowings
(Mid-
to long-term CP (*))
      2025.04.24        2030.04.24        3M CD+0.50        200,000  
 
  (*)
The maturity of
mid-
to long-term CPs corresponds to contract period of commercial paper repurchase agreements.
 
(2)
Subsequent to December 31, 2024, KEPCO and its subsidiaries Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd., Korea Western Power Co., Ltd., Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd. and Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd. issued bonds denominated in Korean won and foreign currency for the purposes of operation and facility funding and details related thereto are as follows:
 
Company
   
Type
   
Issue date
     
Maturity
     
Interest rate (%)
       
Amount
  
    
In millions of won and thousands of USD
  
Korea Electric Power Corporation
    #1451 Corporate bond      2025.01.06        2027.01.06      2.88   ￦      200,000  
   #1452 Corporate bond      2025.01.06        2028.01.06      2.86        200,000  
   #1453 Corporate bond      2025.01.06        2030.01.06      2.99        100,000  
   #1454 Corporate bond      2025.01.14        2027.01.14      2.87        200,000  
   #1455 Corporate bond      2025.01.14        2028.01.14      2.92        200,000  
   #1456 Corporate bond      2025.01.14        2030.01.14      3.03        100,000  
   #1457 Corporate bond      2025.01.22        2027.01.22      2.84        200,000  
   #1458 Corporate bond      2025.01.22        2028.01.22      2.89        200,000  
   #1459 Corporate bond      2025.01.22        2030.01.22      2.99        100,000  
 
F-23
1
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
51.
Subsequent Events, Continued
 
(2)
Subsequent to December 31, 2024, KEPCO and its subsidiaries Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd., Korea Western Power Co., Ltd., Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd. and Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd. issued bonds denominated in Korean won and foreign currency for the purposes of operation and facility funding and details related thereto are as follows, continued:
 
Company
   
Type
   
Issue date
     
Maturity
     
Interest rate (%)
       
Amount
  
    
In millions of won and thousands of USD
  
   #
1460 Corporate bond
      2025.02.06        2027.02.06      2.88        190,000  
   #1461 Corporate bond      2025.02.06        2028.02.06      2.86        300,000  
   #1462 Corporate bond      2025.02.06        2030.02.06      2.92        210,000  
   #1463 Corporate bond      2025.02.12        2027.02.12      2.90        300,000  
   #1464 Corporate bond      2025.02.12        2028.02.12      2.92        200,000  
   #1465 Corporate bond      2025.02.12        2030.02.12      3.00        200,000  
   #1466 Corporate bond      2025.02.17        2028.02.17      2.89        200,000  
   #1467 Corporate bond      2025.02.17        2030.02.17      2.98        100,000  
   #1468 Corporate bond      2025.02.24        2027.02.24      2.86        300,000  
   #1469 Corporate bond      2025.02.24        2028.02.24      2.88        300,000  
   #1470 Corporate bond      2025.02.24        2030.02.24      2.98        100,000  
   #1471 Corporate bond      2025.03.06        2027.03.05      2.90        200,000  
   #1472 Corporate bond      2025.03.06        2028.03.06      2.90        200,000  
   #1473 Corporate bond      2025.03.06        2030.03.06      2.97        100,000  
   FY25 Global 16th      2025.02.13        2028.02.13      4.75   USD      400,000  
    #1474 Corporate bond      2025.03.12        2027.03.12      2.860          220,000  
    #1475 Corporate bond      2025.03.12        2028.03.10      2.880          180,000  
 
 
                                         
Company
 
Type
  
Issue date
 
  
Maturity
 
  
Interest rate (%)
 
 
 
  
Amount
 
 
 
In millions of won, thousands of USD and thousands of HKD
 
Korea Electric Power Corporation
 
#1476 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.12
 
  
 
2030.03.12
 
  
 
2.969
 
 
  
  
 
100,000
 
 
 
#1477 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.17
 
  
 
2027.03.17
 
  
 
2.880
 
 
  
  
 
200,000
 
 
 
#1478 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.17
 
  
 
2028.03.17
 
  
 
2.915
 
 
  
  
 
200,000
 
 
 
#1479 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.17
 
  
 
2030.03.15
 
  
 
2.970
 
 
  
  
 
100,000
 
 
 
#1480 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.27
 
  
 
2027.03.26
 
  
 
2.875
 
 
  
  
 
100,000
 
 
 
#1481 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.27
 
  
 
2028.03.27
 
  
 
2.905
 
 
  
  
 
190,000
 
 
 
#1482 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.27
 
  
 
2030.03.27
 
  
 
3.000
 
 
  
  
 
210,000
 
 
 
#1483 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.03
 
  
 
2027.04.02
 
  
 
2.790
 
 
  
  
 
300,000
 
 
 
#1484 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.03
 
  
 
2028.04.03
 
  
 
2.815
 
 
  
  
 
200,000
 
 
 
#1485 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.03
 
  
 
2030.04.03
 
  
 
2.890
 
 
  
  
 
100,000
 
 
 
#1486 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.11
 
  
 
2027.04.09
 
  
 
2.675
 
 
  
  
 
200,000
 
 
 
#1487 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.11
 
  
 
2028.04.11
 
  
 
2.720
 
 
  
  
 
200,000
 
 
 
#1488 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.11
 
  
 
2030.04.11
 
  
 
2.798
 
 
  
  
 
100,000
 
 
 
#1489 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.16
 
  
 
2027.04.16
 
  
 
2.629
 
 
  
  
 
190,000
 
 
 
#1490 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.16
 
  
 
2028.04.14
 
  
 
2.670
 
 
  
  
 
200,000
 
 
 
#1491 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.16
 
  
 
2030.04.16
 
  
 
2.757
 
 
  
  
 
110,000
 
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.
 
#81 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.02.10
 
  
 
2030.02.10
 
  
 
2.96
 
 
  
  
 
60,000
 
 
 
#4 Foreign currency private placement bond
  
 
2025.03.05
 
  
 
2028.03.05
 
  
 
4.10
 
 
HKD
  
 
1,166,000
 
Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.
 
#63-1 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.01.24
 
  
 
2027.01.22
 
  
 
2.82
 
 
  
  
 
140,000
 
 
F-232
KOREA ELECTRIC POWER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, Continued
December 31, 2023 and 2024
 
51.
Subsequent Events, Continued
 
(2)
Subsequent to December 31, 2024, KEPCO and its subsidiaries Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd., Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd., Korea Western Power Co., Ltd., Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd. and Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd. issued bonds denominated in Korean won and foreign currency for the purposes of operation and facility funding and details related thereto are as follows, continued:
 
                                     
Company
 
Type
  
Issue date
 
  
Maturity
 
  
Interest rate (%)
 
 
  
Amount
 
 
 
In millions of won, thousands of USD and thousands of HKD
 
 
 
#63-2 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.01.24
 
  
 
2028.01.24
 
  
2.85
 
  
  
 
110,000
 
 
 
#63-3 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.01.24
 
  
 
2030.01.24
 
  
2.95
 
  
  
 
40,000
 
 
 
#64-1 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.02.18
 
  
 
2027.02.18
 
  
2.87
 
  
  
 
70,000
 
 
 
#64-2 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.02.18
 
  
 
2028.02.18
 
  
2.88
 
  
  
 
60,000
 
 
 
#65 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.31
 
  
 
2027.03.31
 
  
2.90
 
  
  
 
150,000
 
Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.
 
#64-1 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.02.13
 
  
 
2027.02.12
 
  
2.89
 
  
  
 
140,000
 
 
 
#64-2 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.02.13
 
  
 
2028.02.11
 
  
2.93
 
  
  
 
100,000
 
 
 
#64-3 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.02.13
 
  
 
2030.02.13
 
  
3.04
 
  
  
 
20,000
 
 
 
#65-1 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.12
 
  
 
2027.03.12
 
  
2.85
 
  
  
 
180,000
 
 
 
#65-2 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.12
 
  
 
2028.03.10
 
  
2.88
 
  
  
 
60,000
 
 
 
#65-3 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.12
 
  
 
2030.03.12
 
  
2.96
 
  
  
 
10,000
 
 
 
#66-1 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.15
 
  
 
2027.04.15
 
  
2.65
 
  
  
 
110,000
 
 
 
#66-2 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.15
 
  
 
2028.04.14
 
  
2.76
 
  
  
 
70,000
 
 
 
#66-3 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.15
 
  
 
2030.04.15
 
  
2.84
 
  
  
 
30,000
 
Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd
.
 
#77-1 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.01.21
 
  
 
2028.01.21
 
  
2.91
 
  
  
 
60,000
 
 
 
#78-1 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.22
 
  
 
2027.04.22
 
  
2.56
 
  
  
 
140,000
 
 
 
#78-2 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.22
 
  
 
2028.04.21
 
  
2.68
 
  
  
 
70,000
 
 
 
#78-3 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.22
 
  
 
2030.04.22
 
  
2.74
 
  
  
 
10,000
 
Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.
 
#49-1 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.07
 
  
 
2027.03.05
 
  
2.86
 
  
  
 
170,000
 
 
 
#49-2 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.07
 
  
 
2028.03.07
 
  
2.89
 
  
  
 
60,000
 
 
 
#49-3 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.07
 
  
 
2030.03.07
 
  
2.99
 
  
  
 
40,000
 
 
 
#50-1 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.21
 
  
 
2027.03.19
 
  
2.87
 
  
  
 
170,000
 
 
 
#50-2 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.21
 
  
 
2028.03.21
 
  
2.92
 
  
  
 
50,000
 
 
 
#50-3 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.03.21
 
  
 
2030.03.21
 
  
2.99
 
  
  
 
10,000
 
 
 
#51-1 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.17
 
  
 
2026.04.17
 
  
2.52
 
  
  
 
180,000
 
 
 
#51-2 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.17
 
  
 
2028.04.17
 
  
2.70
 
  
  
 
100,000
 
 
 
#51-3 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.17
 
  
 
2030.04.17
 
  
2.79
 
  
  
 
70,000
 
 
 
#52-1 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.28
 
  
 
2027.04.28
 
  
2.61
 
  
  
 
160,000
 
 
 
#52-2 Corporate bond
  
 
2025.04.28
 
  
 
2028.04.28
 
  
2.69
 
  
  
 
100,000
 
 
F-233

EXHIBIT 8.1

LIST OF SUBSIDIARIES

 

    

Consolidated subsidiaries

   

Jurisdiction of Incorporation

1.    Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
2.    Korea South-East Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
3.    Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
4.    Korea Western Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
5.    Korea Southern Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
6.    Korea East-West Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
7.    KEPCO Engineering & Construction Company, Inc.    KOREA
8.    KEPCO Plant Service & Engineering Co., Ltd.    KOREA
9.    KEPCO Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd.    KOREA
10.    KEPCO KDN Co., Ltd.    KOREA
11.    KEPCO International HongKong Ltd.    HONG KONG
12.    KEPCO International Philippines Inc.    PHILIPPINES
13.    KEPCO Gansu International Ltd.    HONG KONG
14.    KEPCO Philippines Holdings Inc.    PHILIPPINES
15.    KEPCO Philippines Corporation    PHILIPPINES
16.    KEPCO Ilijan Corporation    PHILIPPINES
17.    KEPCO Neimenggu International Ltd.    HONG KONG
18.    KEPCO Shanxi International Ltd.    HONG KONG
19.    KOMIPO Global Pte Ltd.    SINGAPORE
20.    KEPCO Netherlands B.V.    NETHERLANDS
21.    KEPCO Australia Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
22.    KOSEP Australia Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
23.    KOMIPO Australia Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
24.    KOWEPO Australia Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
25.    KOSPO Australia Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
26.    KEPCO Middle East Holding Company    BAHRAIN
27.    Qatrana Electric Power Company    JORDAN
28.    KHNP Canada Energy Ltd.    CANADA
29.    KEPCO Bylong Australia Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
30.    Korea Waterbury Uranium Limited Partnership    CANADA
31.    KEPCO Holdings de Mexico    MEXICO
32.    KST Electric Power Company, S.A.P.I. de C.V.    MEXICO
33.    KEPCO Energy Service Company    MEXICO
34.    KEPCO Netherlands S3 B.V.    NETHERLANDS
35.    PT. KOMIPO Pembangkitan Jawa Bali    INDONESIA
36.    PT. Cirebon Power Service    INDONESIA
37.    KOWEPO International Corporation    PHILIPPINES
38.    KOSPO Jordan LLC    JORDAN
39.    EWP America Inc.    USA
40.    EWP Renewable Corporation    USA
41.    KNF Canada Energy Limited    CANADA
42.    EWP Barbados 1 SRL    BARBADOS
43.    California Power Holdings, LLC    USA
44.    Gyeonggi Green Energy Co., Ltd.    KOREA
45.    PT. Tanggamus Electric Power    INDONESIA
46.    Gyeongju Wind Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
47.    KOMIPO America Inc.    USA

 

1

    

Consolidated subsidiaries

   

Jurisdiction of Incorporation

48.    PT. EWP Indonesia    INDONESIA
49.    KEPCO Netherlands J3 B.V.    NETHERLANDS
50.    Korea Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
51.    Global One Pioneer B.V.    NETHERLANDS
52.    Global Energy Pioneer B.V.    NETHERLANDS
53.    Mira Power Limited    PAKISTAN
54.    KOSEP Material Co., Ltd.    KOREA
55.    Commerce and Industry Energy Co., Ltd.    KOREA
56.    KEPCO KPS Philippines Corp.    PHILIPPINES
57.    KOSPO Chile SpA    CHILE
58.    Hee Mang Sunlight Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
59.    Fujeij Wind Power Company    JORDAN
60.    KOSPO Youngnam Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
61.    Chitose Solar Power Plant LLC    JAPAN
62.    KEPCO Energy Solution Co., Ltd.    KOREA
63.    KEPCO Solar Co., Ltd.    KOREA
64.    KOSPO Power Services Ltda.    CHILE
65.    Energy New Industry Specialized Investment Private Investment Trust    KOREA
66.    KOEN Bylong Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
67.    KOMIPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
68.    KOWEPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
69.    KOSPO Bylong Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
70.    EWP Bylong Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
71.    KOWEPO Lao International    LAOS
72.    KEPCO Mangilao Holdings LLC    USA
73.    Mangilao Investment LLC    USA
74.    KEPCO Mangilao Solar, LLC    USA
75.    Jeju Hanlim Offshore Wind Co., Ltd.    KOREA
76.    PT. Siborpa Eco Power    INDONESIA
77.    BSK E-New Industry Fund VII    KOREA
78.    e-New Industry LB Fund 1    KOREA
79.    Songhyun e-New Industry Fund    KOREA
80.    BSK E-New Industry Fund X    KOREA
81.    PT. Korea Energy Indonesia    INDONESIA
82.    KOLAT SpA    CHILE
83.    KEPCO California, LLC    USA
84.    KEPCO Mojave Holdings, LLC    USA
85.    Incheon Fuel Cell Co., Ltd.    KOREA
86.    KOEN Service Co., Ltd.    KOREA
87.    KOMIPO Service Co., Ltd.    KOREA
88.    KOWEPO Service Co., Ltd.    KOREA
89.    KOSPO Service Co., Ltd.    KOREA
90.    EWP Service Co., Ltd.    KOREA
91.    PT. KOMIPO Energy Indonesia    INDONESIA
92.    KNF Partners Co., Ltd.    KOREA
93.    KOSPO USA Inc.    USA
94.    KOSPO Niles LLC (formerly, Nambu USA LLC)    USA
95.    Tamra Offshore Wind Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
96.    KEPCO MCS Co., Ltd.    KOREA
97.    KEPCO FMS Co., Ltd.    KOREA
98.    Firstkeepers Co., Ltd.    KOREA

 

2

    

Consolidated subsidiaries

   

Jurisdiction of Incorporation

99.    Secutec Co., Ltd.    KOREA
100.    SE Green Energy Co., Ltd.    KOREA
101.    Mangilao Intermediate Holdings LLC    USA
102.    KEPCO CSC Co., Ltd.    KOREA
103.    KOAK Power Limited    PAKISTAN
104.    KOMIPO Europe B.V.    NETHERLANDS
105.    Haenanum Energy Fund    KOREA
106.    Paju Ecoenergy Co., Ltd.    KOREA
107.    Guam Ukudu Power LLC    USA
108.    K-SOLAR SHINAN Co., Ltd.    KOREA
109.    KPS Partners Co., Ltd.    KOREA
110.    KEPCO E&C Service Co., Ltd.    KOREA
111.    Moha solar Co., Ltd.    KOREA
112.    Ogiri Solar Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
113.    KHNP USA LLC    USA
114.    KOMIPO Vanphong Power Service LLC    VIETNAM
115.    Energy Innovation Fund I    KOREA
116.    KHNP Chile SpA    CHILE
117.    Yeong Yang Apollon Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.    KOREA
118.    Yeong Yang Corporation Co., Ltd.    KOREA
119.    SolarVader Co., Ltd.    KOREA
120.    Yeong Yang Innovation Co., Ltd.    KOREA
121.    Yeong Yang Horus Photovoltaic Co., Ltd.    KOREA
122.    Yeong Yang Solar Management Co., Ltd.    KOREA
123.    LSG Hydro Power Limited    PAKISTAN
124.    KOEN Bio Co., Ltd.    KOREA
125.    KOMIPO Energy Solution America, LLC    USA
126.    Elara Investment Holdings, LLC    USA
127.    Elara Equity Holdings, LLC    USA
128.    Elara Class B Holdings, LLC    USA
129.    Elara Class B Member, LLC    USA
130.    Elara Development Holdings, LLC    USA
131.    KOMIPO Development, LLC    USA
132.    Elara Energy Holdings, LLC    USA
133.    Elara Energy Project, LLC    USA
134.    KOMIPO Iberian Solar Group, S.L.U.    SPAIN
135.    Jeongam Wind Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
136.    KOWEPO Europe B.V.    NETHERLANDS
137.    CVS Equity Holdings, LLC    USA
138.    CVS Class B Holdings, LLC    USA
139.    CVS Development Holdings, LLC    USA
140.    CVS Development, LLC    USA
141.    CVS Class B Member, LLC    USA
142.    CVS Energy Holdings, LLC    USA
143.    Concho Valley Energy, LLC    USA
144.    Concho Valley Solar, LLC    USA
145.    Yeongdeok Sunrise Wind Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
146.    UI Carbon-Neutrality Fund    KOREA
147.    KA Power Limited    PAKISTAN
148.    Western Power Changgi Solar Co., Ltd.    KOREA
149.    EWP Australia Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA

 

3

    

Consolidated subsidiaries

   

Jurisdiction of Incorporation

150.    Columboola Solar Farm Hold Co Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
151.    Digital Innovation Growth Fund    KOREA
152.    J Wind First, LLC    KOREA
153.    KEPCO Holding Company    SAUDI ARABIA
154.    KEPCO for Maintenance Company    SAUDI ARABIA
155.    KOSPO Trumbull LLC    USA
156.    Changjuk Wind Power Co., Ltd.    KOREA
157.    Chile Solar JV SpA    CHILE
158.    KEPCO KPS South Africa Pty., Ltd.   

REPUBLIC OF

SOUTH AFRICA

159.    KOWEPO Holding Limited    UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
160.    Magna Energy New Industrial Fund    KOREA
161.    Columboola Solar Farm Nominees Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
162.    Columboola Solar Farm Op Trust    AUSTRALIA
163.    Columboola Solar Farm Fin Co Pty., Ltd.    AUSTRALIA
164.    EWP ESS Holdings, LLC    USA
165.    Fairhaven ESS LLC    USA
166.    KOSPO Rutile, LLC    USA
167.    Sprott Chile Solar I SpA    CHILE

All of the foregoing entities do business under their respective names set forth above.

 

4

EXHIBIT 11.1

INSIDER TRADING POLICY

GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES

Article 42 (Prohibition of Insider Trading)

(1) The Company shall prohibit insider trading.

(2) The Chief Accounting Officer shall ensure that all employees are made aware that insider trading is both illegal and unethical. In this regard, the Chief Accounting Officer shall provide training to employees to ensure compliance with the following:

 

  1.

No employee, regardless of position, shall directly or indirectly engage in the trading of the Company’s securities or securities related to the Company’s business by using material non-public information relating to the Company acquired in the course of performing his or her duties. Such acts are prohibited under applicable laws and Company policies. Material non-public information must not be disclosed to any person outside the Company until it is lawfully disclosed through appropriate procedures.

 

  2.

Employees, including the Chief Accounting Officer, shall be prohibited from engaging in short-term trading (e.g., options trading, short-swing profits, or same-day transactions) of the Company’s securities. In addition, short selling of the Company’s securities by employees, including the Chief Accounting Officer, shall be prohibited.

 

  3.

For the purposes of this Article, “material information” shall mean any information that a reasonable investor would consider important when deciding whether to purchase, hold, or sell securities.

(3) The Chief Accounting Officer shall take necessary measures to ensure that any request for information from the media is handled exclusively by the Public Relations Office or other departments designated in advance depending on the nature of the inquiry, in order to control the leakage of non-public information and to ensure professional handling of such matters.

GUIDELINES ON THE OPERATION OF THE CONFLICT OF INTEREST PREVENTION SYSTEM

Article 12 (Prohibition on Use of Confidential Information, etc.)

(1) No executive officer or employee (including a person in whose case three years have not passed since he or she ceased being an executive officer or employee; provided, however, that where other statutes prescribe otherwise, the relevant statute shall apply; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article) shall acquire, or allow a third party to acquire, goods or property gains by using confidential information that he or she has learned in the course of performing his or her duties or undisclosed information of the institution (referring to any information that has not yet been disclosed to an unspecified number of persons and may have a significant impact on determining whether goods or property gains are acquired; hereinafter the same shall apply in this Article), pursuant to Article 14 (1) of the Act on the Prevention of Conflict of Interest Related to Duties of Public Servants (the “Act”).

(2) A person who is provided with, or obtains by improper means, any information from an executive officer or employee while knowing that it is confidential information that the executive officer or employee has learned in the course of performing his or her duties or undisclosed information of the institution pursuant to Article 14 (2) of the Act shall not acquire goods or property gains by using such information.

(3) No executive officer or employee shall use confidential information that he or she has learned in the course of performing his or her duties or undisclosed information of the institution for personal benefit or allow a third party to use such information, pursuant to Article 14 (3) of the Act.

CODE OF CONDUCT

Article 13 (Restrictions on Transactions Using Duty-Related Information)

(1) No executive officer or employee shall engage in any property-related transaction or investment involving securities such as stocks or real estate by using information acquired in the course of performing his or her duties, nor shall he or she assist another person in such property-related transaction or investment by providing such information.

(2) Information restricted from use or disclosure pursuant to paragraph (1) refers to undisclosed information learned by an executive officer or employee in the course of performing duties relating to any of the following:

 

  1.

Material Non-Public Information prescribed in Article 174 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act;

 

  2.

Material information prior to its disclosure to investors, stakeholders, and others through public announcements or similar methods.

EXHIBIT 12.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Kim, Dong-Cheol, certify that:

 

1.

I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Korea Electric Power Corporation (the “Company”);

 

2.

Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;

 

3.

Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;

 

4.

The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

 

  (a)

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;

 

  (b)

Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

 

  (c)

Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report based on such evaluation; and

 

  (d)

Disclosed in this annual report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

5.

The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

 

  (a)

All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

 

  (b)

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 28, 2025

 

By:

  

/s/  Kim, Dong-Cheol   

Name:

   Kim, Dong-Cheol

Title:

   President and Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 12.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Oh, Heung-Bok, certify that:

 

1.

I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Korea Electric Power Corporation (the “Company”);

 

2.

Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report;

 

3.

Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this annual report;

 

4.

The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Company and have:

 

  (a)

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this annual report is being prepared;

 

  (b)

Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

 

  (c)

Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this annual report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this annual report based on such evaluation; and

 

  (d)

Disclosed in this annual report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the Annual Report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

5.

The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

 

  (a)

All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

 

  (b)

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: April 28, 2025

 

By:

  

/s/  Oh, Heung-Bok   

Name:

   Oh, Heung-Bok

Title:

  

Corporate Senior Vice President and

Chief Financial & Strategic Planning Officer

EXHIBIT 13.1

CERTIFICATION OF PERIODIC FINANCIAL REPORT

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

In connection with the Annual Report of Korea Electric Power Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Kim, Dong-Cheol, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that:

 

  1.

The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

 

  2.

The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: April 28, 2025

 

By:

  

/s/  Kim, Dong-Cheol   

Name:

   Kim, Dong-Cheol

Title:

   President and Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 13.2

CERTIFICATION OF PERIODIC FINANCIAL REPORT

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

In connection with the Annual Report of Korea Electric Power Corporation (the “Company”) on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Oh, Heung-Bok, Corporate Senior Vice President and Chief Financial & Strategic Planning Officer of the Company, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge, that:

 

  1.

The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

 

  2.

The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: April 28, 2025

 

By:

  

/s/  Oh, Heung-Bok   

Name:

   Oh, Heung-Bok

Title:

  

Corporate Senior Vice President and

Chief Financial & Strategic Planning Officer

EXHIBIT 15.5

Letter from Ernst & Young Han Young

 

LOGO     

Ernst & Young Han Young

2-3F, 7-8F, Taeyoung Building, 111, Yeouigongwon-ro, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07241 Korea

49-50F, Parc.1 Tower 2, 108, Yeoui-daero, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 07335 Korea

 

Tel: +82 2 3787 6600

Fax: + 82 2 783 5890

ey.com/kr

April 28, 2025

Securities and Exchange Commission

Division of Corporate Finance 100 F Street, N.E.

Washington, D.C. 20549-7561

Ladies and Gentlemen,

We have read Item 16F of the Annual Report on Form 20-F dated April 28, 2025, of Korea Electric Power Corporation and are in agreement with the statements concerning Ernst & Young Han Young contained therein. We have no basis to agree or disagree with other statements of the registrant contained therein.

Very truly yours,

/s/ Ernst & Young Han Young

Seoul, the Republic of Korea