As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on July 25, 2025.

Registration No. 333-284137

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

Amendment No. 6

to

FORM F-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Phaos Technology Holdings (Cayman) Limited

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrants name into English)

83 Science Park Dr,

#02-01 & #04-01A/B The Curie, Singapore Science Park 1

Singapore 118258

+65 6250 3877

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive office)

Cogency Global Inc.
122 East 42^nd Street, 18^th Floor
New York, New York 10168

800-221-0102

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The term new or revised financial accounting standard refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until this Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed or supplemented. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where such offer or sale is not permitted.

Phaos Technology Holdings (Cayman) Limited

2,700,000 Class A Ordinary Shares

900,090 Class A Ordinary Shares being offered by the Selling Shareholders

This is an initial public offering of our Class A Ordinary Shares, par value US$0.0001 per share (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”). We are offering 2,700,000 Class A Ordinary Shares, and the Selling Shareholders (as defined and named herein) are offering an aggregate of 900,090 Class A Ordinary Shares to be sold in the offering pursuant to this prospectus. This offering is being conducted on a firm-commitment basis. We anticipate that the initial public offering price of the Class A Ordinary Shares will be between US$4.00 and US$5.00 per Class A Ordinary Share. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares to be sold by the Selling Shareholders.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our Class A Ordinary Shares. We have applied to list our Class A Ordinary Shares on the New York Stock Exchange American (“NYSE American”) under the symbol “POAS”. This offering is contingent upon the listing of our Class A Ordinary Shares on the NYSE American and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in listing our Class A Ordinary Shares on the NYSE American. We will not close this offering unless such Class A Ordinary Shares will be listed on the NYSE American at the completion of this offering.

We are authorized to issue 950,000,000 Class A Ordinary Shares and 50,000,000 Class B ordinary shares par value US$0.0001 per share (the “Class B Ordinary Shares”). As of the date of this prospectus, there are 10,601,750 Class A Ordinary Shares and 15,125,251 Class B Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding. Each Class A Ordinary Share is entitled to one (1) vote and each Class B Ordinary Share is entitled to twenty (20) votes. Each Class B Ordinary Share is not convertible into Class A Ordinary Shares, while Class A Ordinary Shares are not convertible into Class B Ordinary Shares.

Throughout this prospectus, unless the context indicates otherwise, any references to “Phaos Technology Cayman,” “the Company,” or “our Company” are to Phaos Technology Holdings (Cayman) Limited, a Cayman Islands holding company.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Investing in our Class A Ordinary Shares involves a high degree of risk, including the risk of losing your entire investment. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 12 to read about factors you should consider before buying our Class A Ordinary Shares.

We are both an “emerging growth company” and a “foreign private issuer” under applicable U.S. federal securities laws and, as such, are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements. Please see “Implications of Our Being an Emerging Growth Company” and “Implications of Our Being a Foreign Private Issuer” beginning on page 10 of this prospectus for more information.

We are a holding company that is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no operations, we conduct all of our operations through our wholly owned subsidiaries in Singapore. The Class A Ordinary Shares offered in this offering are shares of the holding company that is incorporated in the Cayman Islands.

Upon completion of this offering, our issued and outstanding shares will consist of 13,301,750 Class A Ordinary Shares. We expect to be a controlled company as defined under the NYSE American Rules because, immediately after the completion of this offering, Beh Hook Seng through his ownership of TongHuai SG Enterprise Pte. Ltd and TongHuai SG2 Enterprise Pte. Ltd. will collectively own no Class A Ordinary Shares and approximately 65.1% Class B Ordinary Shares (collectively, the “Ordinary Shares”), representing approximately 62.4% of the total voting power, assuming no exercise of the underwriter’s over-allotment option.

After this offering, Beh Hook Seng, through his ownership of TongHuai SG Enterprise Pte. Ltd and TongHuai SG2 Enterprise Pte. Ltd, will control shares representing more than 50% of the total voting power of our shares. As a result, this concentrated control may limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring shareholder approval. In addition, this may have anti-takeover effects and may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our share capital that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our shareholders.

Our dual class share structure consists of Class A Ordinary Shares, which are entitled to one (1) vote per share and Class B Ordinary Shares which entitled to twenty (20) votes per share. Our Class B ordinary shares are not convertible into Class A Ordinary Shares under any circumstances. Our Class A Ordinary Shares are not convertible into our Class B Ordinary Shares under any circumstances. Only our Class A ordinary shares are tradable on the market immediately after our listing on Nasdaq. This voting structure may discourage investors from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares may view as beneficial.

Investing in our Class A Ordinary Shares involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 12.

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriter has an option to purchase up to 405,000 additional Class A Ordinary Shares (excluding shares subject to this option and excluding the 900,090 Class A Ordinary Shares offered by the Selling Shareholders) from us at the initial public offering price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions, within 45 days from the date of closing of this offering, to cover any over-allotments.

If we complete this offering, net proceeds will be delivered to us and the Selling Shareholders on the closing date.

The underwriter expects to deliver the Class A Ordinary Shares to the purchasers against payment on or about           , 2025.

Network 1 Financial Securities Inc.

The date of this prospectus is          , 2025.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

You should not assume that the information contained in the registration statement to which this prospectus is a part is accurate as of any date other than the date hereof, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares being registered in the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

No dealer, salesperson or any other person is authorized to give any information or make any representations in connection with this offering other than those contained in this prospectus and, if given or made, the information or representations must not be relied upon as having been authorized by us. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security other than the securities offered by this prospectus, or an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities by anyone in any jurisdiction in which the offer or solicitation is not authorized or is unlawful.

Until ______, 2025 (the 25^th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that effect transactions in these Class A Ordinary Shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the dealers’ obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

Neither we, the Selling Shareholders, nor the underwriter has authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than as contained in this prospectus or in any related free writing prospectus. Neither we, the Selling Shareholders. nor the underwriter take responsibility for, and provide no assurance about the reliability of, any information that others may give you. Please read this prospectus carefully. It describes our business, our financial condition and our results of operations. We have prepared this prospectus so that you will have the information necessary to make an informed investment decision. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the securities offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of the securities. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we, the Selling Shareholders, nor the underwriter have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction, other than the United States, where action for that purpose is required. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the Class A Ordinary Shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Basis of Presentation

Unless otherwise indicated, all financial information contained in this prospectus is prepared and presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP” or “GAAP”).

Certain amounts, percentages and other figures included in this prospectus have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, amounts, percentages and other figures shown as totals in certain tables or charts may not be the arithmetic aggregation of those that precede them and amounts and figures expressed as percentages in the text may not total 100% or, when aggregated may not be the arithmetic aggregation of the percentages that precede them.

Our financial year ends on April 30 of each year. References in this prospectus to a financial year, such as “financial year 2024,” relate to our financial year ended April 30 of that calendar year.

Financial Information in U.S. Dollars

Our reporting currency is the Singapore Dollar. This prospectus also contains translations of certain foreign currency amounts into U.S. dollars for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise stated, all translations of Singapore dollars into U.S. dollars were made at US$0.7559 = S$1, the exchange rate set forth in the H10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on October 31, 2024. We make no representation that the Singapore dollar or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this prospectus could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Singapore dollars, at any particular rate or at all.

MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA

Certain market data and forecasts used throughout this prospectus were obtained from market research, reports of governmental and international agencies and industry publications, gathered by the Company. This information involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. Our estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this prospectus.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that relate to our current expectations and views of future events. These forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,” “Use of Proceeds,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and “Business.” These statements relate to events that involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, including those listed under “Risk Factors,” which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as “believe,” “plan,” “expect,” “intend,” “should,” “seek,” “estimate,” “will,” “aim” and “anticipate,” or other similar expressions, but these are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts included in this document, including those regarding future financial position and results, business strategy, plans and objectives of management for future operations (including development plans and dividends) and statements on future industry growth are forward-looking statements. In addition, we and our representatives may from time to time make other oral or written statements which are forward-looking statements, including in our periodic reports that we will file with the SEC, other information sent to our shareholders and other written materials.

These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, some of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are not a guarantee of future performance. Actual outcomes may differ materially from the information contained in the forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors, including, without limitation, the risk factors set forth in “Risk Factors” and the following:

The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results or performance may be materially different from what we expect.

This prospectus contains certain data and information that we obtained from various government and private publications. Statistical data in these publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. The markets for the supply of microscopy equipment may not grow at the rate projected by such market data, or at all. Failure of this industry to grow at the projected rate may have a material and adverse effect on our business and the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

CONVENTIONS AND DEFINITIONS

We have assumed an offering price of US$4.50 per Class A Ordinary Share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. The amount of shares offered hereby may increase if the actual offering price is lower and may increase if the actual offering price is higher.

Unless otherwise stated, all amounts stated in US$ that we have translated from amounts originally in S$ have been translated at an exchange rate of US$0.7559 to S$1.00, the exchange rate on October 31, 2024 as reported by the H-10 statistical release.  

The following capitalized terms have the following definitions throughout this prospectus:

“Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association” means the amended and restated memorandum of association of our Company adopted on October 21, 2024.

“ Second Memorandum of Association” means the memorandum of association of our Company adopted on July 14, 2025.

“Memorandum and Articles of Association” means collectively the Second Amended and Restated Memorandum of Association and the Articles of Association of our Company originally adopted on March 7, 2024 at incorporation.

“Business Day” means a day (other than a Saturday, Sunday, or public holiday in the U.S.) on which licensed banks in the U.S. are generally open for normal business to the public.

“Company,” “our Company,” or “Phaos Technology Cayman” means Phaos Technology Holdings (Cayman) Limited, a exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with limited liability on March 7, 2024.,

“Companies Act” means the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands.

“COVID-19” means the Coronavirus Disease 2019.

“Directors” means the directors of our Company as at the date of this prospectus, unless otherwise stated.

“Exchange Act” means the United States Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“Executive Directors” means the executive Directors of our Company as at the date of this prospectus, unless otherwise stated.

“Executive Officers” means the executive officers of our Company as at the date of this prospectus, unless otherwise stated.

“Group,” “our Group,” “we,” “us,” or “our” means our Company and its subsidiaries or any of them, or where the context so requires, in respect of the period before our Company becoming the holding company of its present subsidiaries, such subsidiaries as if they were subsidiaries of our Company at the relevant time or the businesses which have since been acquired or carried on by them or as the case may be their predecessors.

“Independent Directors Nominees” means the independent non-executive director nominees of our Company as at the date of this prospectus, unless otherwise stated.

“Independent Third Party” means a person or company who or which is independent of and is not a 5% owner of, does not control and is not controlled by or under common control with any 5% owner and is not the spouse or descendant (by birth or adoption) of any 5% owner of the Company.

“MOM” means the Ministry of Manpower of Singapore.

“PTPL” means Phaos Technology Pte. Ltd., a company incorporated in Singapore on February 22, 2017, and a wholly owned subsidiary of our Company.

“S$” or “SGD” or “Singapore Dollars” means Singapore dollar(s), the lawful currency of Singapore.

“SEC” or “U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission” means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

“Securities Act” means the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

“Selling Shareholders” means collectively (i) Chua Jun Hao, David as to 454,545 Class A Ordinary Shares, (ii) Chua Kheng Choon as to 175,795 Class A Ordinary Shares, (iii) ICHAM Master Fund VCC as to 43,864 Class A Ordinary Shares, (iv) Liew Ah Choy as to 59,091 Class A Ordinary Shares, and (v) Tan Chiew Hiah as to 175,795 Class A Ordinary Shares, all being existing shareholders of our Company that are selling a portion of their Ordinary Shares pursuant to this prospectus

“Singapore Companies Act” means the Companies Act 1967 of Singapore, as amended, supplemented or modified from time to time.

“WSH” means the Workplace Safety and Health Council of Singapore, a statutory body under the MOM.

“US$,” or “USD” or “United States Dollars” means United States dollar(s), the lawful currency of the United States of America.

The Offering

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our shares is highly speculative and involves a significant degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risks, as well as other information contained in this prospectus, before making an investment in our Company. The risks discussed below could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, ability to pay dividends and the trading price of our shares. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay dividends, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

This prospectus also contains forward-looking statements having direct and/or indirect implications on our future performance. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements due to certain factors, including the risks and uncertainties faced by us, as described below and elsewhere in this prospectus.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are an early revenue stage company and have incurred operating losses since inception, and we do not know when we will attain profitability. An investment in our securities is highly risky and could result in a complete loss of your investment if we are unsuccessful in our business plans.

We are an early-stage company. Since inception, we have incurred operating losses and negative cash flow, and we expect to continue to incur losses and negative cash flow in the future. Our net losses for the years ended April 30, 2024 and April 30, 2023 were approximately $2,359,844 and $1,667,823, respectively, and our net losses for the six months ended October 31, 2024 were $2,019,092. Ultimately, our ability to generate sufficient operating revenue to earn a profit depends upon our success in developing and marketing or licensing our microscopytechnology. Any failure to do so could result in the possible closure of our business or force us to seek additional capital through loans or additional sales of our equity securities to continue business operations, which could dilute the value of any securities you hold or could result in the loss of your entire investment.

Terms of subsequent financings may adversely impact your investment.

We intend to engage in common equity, debt, or preferred stock financing in the future. Your rights and the value of your investment in our securities could be reduced as a result of any such financing. Interest on debt securities could increase costs and negatively impacts operating results. Preferred shares could be issued in series from time to time with such designation, rights, preferences, and limitations as needed to raise capital. The terms of preferred shares could be more advantageous to those investors than to the holders of ordinary shares. In addition, if we need to raise more equity capital from the sale of ordinary shares, institutional or other investors may negotiate terms at least as, and possibly more, favorable than the terms of your investment. Ordinary shares which we sell could be sold into any public market that develops for our ordinary shares, if any ever develops, which could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

Our inability to manage growth could harm our business.

We have added, and expect to continue to add, additional personnel in the areas of sales and marketing, research & development, laboratory operations, finance, quality assurance and compliance. As we build our commercialization efforts and expand research and development activities, our operating expenses and capital requirements have also increased, and we expect that they will continue to increase, significantly. Our ability to manage our growth effectively requires us to forecast expenses accurately, and to properly forecast and expand operational and testing facilities, if necessary, to expend funds to improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures. As we move forward in commercializing our tests and developing our test portfolio, we will also need to effectively manage our growing manufacturing, laboratory operations and sales and marketing needs. If we are unable to manage our anticipated growth effectively, our business could be harmed.

Risks that we face in undertaking this expansion include:

We intend to continue to hire additional personnel. Competition for individuals with relevant experience can be intense, and we may not be able to attract, assimilate, train or retain additional highly qualified personnel in the future. The failure to attract, integrate, train, motivate and retain these additional employees could seriously harm our business and prospects.

We have substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.  

We will need to raise additional working capital to continue our normal and planned operations. In addition, as a public company, we will incur accounting, legal and other expenses. These expenditures will make it necessary for us to continue to raise additional working capital. Our efforts to grow our business may be costlier than we expect, and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to offset our increased operating expenses. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays and other unknown events. Accordingly, substantial doubt exists about our ability to continue as a going concern and we cannot assure you that we will achieve sustainable operating profits as we continue to expand our business, and otherwise implement our growth initiatives.

The unaudited financial statements as of, and for the six months ended, October 31, 2024 in this prospectus have been prepared on a going-concern basis. We may not be able to generate profitable operations in the future and/or obtain the necessary financing to meet our obligations and pay liabilities arising from normal business operations when they come due. The outcome of these matters cannot be predicted with any certainty at this time. These factors raise substantial doubt that we will be able to continue as a going concern. We plan to continue to provide for our capital needs through sales of our securities and/or related party advances. Our financial statements do not include any adjustments to the amounts and classification of assets and liabilities that may be necessary should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

We are susceptible to fluctuations in the prices and quantity of materials and components used in the manufacturing of our microscopy equipment.

We are exposed to fluctuations in the prices of materials and components for the manufacture of microscopy equipment. In the event that we are not able to source any specific materials and components at acceptable prices, or if we face any delays or shortages in obtaining sufficient quantity of materials and components, this may have a negative impact on our profitability. Currently, we source our key components from different countries. Our lenses are sourced from Japan, Germany and China while our light sources and electromechanical parts are sourced from the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Thailand and locally from Singapore. As much as possible, we adopt a diversification strategy for the procurement of such key materials to reduce price fluctuations and quantity issues.

For the six months period ended October 31, 2023 and 2024, our top 5 customers accounted for 85.7% and 99.9% of our total revenue, with our largest customer accounting for 27% and 60%, respectively.

Our top 5 customers accounted for 85.7% and 99.9% of our total revenue for the six-month periods ended October 31, 2023 and 2024, with our largest customer accounting for 27% and 60%, respectively. Our ability to sign new contracts or obtain new business from our major customers and to maintain good business relationships with them is subject to the stability of their operations and to their business strategies, both of which are beyond our control and our ability to predict. If our major customers decide to change their business strategies, such as downsizing their business or suspending or ceasing their development or expansion plans due to changes in market conditions, business strategies or performance, their demand for our products may fall. Any failure to sign new contracts with our major customers or the potential loss of a single significant customer or significant decrease in the estimated contract value of the new contracts and/or their significant delay in or failure to make payments could lead to loss of revenue and/or affect our liquidity and thus affect our business adversely Accordingly, if we are unable to enter into business relationships with new customers to diversify our customer portfolio, our business may be adversely affected.

Our continued success is dependent on our key management personnel and our experienced and skilled personnel, and our business may be severely disrupted if we are unable to retain them or to attract suitable replacements.

Since the inception of our business, Mr. Andrew Yeo, our Executive Director, and Chief Executive Officer, has played a pivotal role in expanding our operations from our initial development of the ON200 series from ideation to full production, to the present scale of the development of multiple product lines of microscopy equipment. We heavily rely on Mr. Yeo’s extensive network and contacts which have developed over the past two decades, particularly regarding the sourcing of materials and components used in the manufacturing of our microscopy equipment, as well as his unique understanding of the industry landscape in which we operate in.

The ongoing success of our company is closely tied to Mr. Yeo’s service and performance, as he actively guides the implementation of our business strategies and future plans. The established working and business relationships Mr. Yeo has cultivated with our key suppliers and customers are crucial for the ongoing development of our business. If Mr. Yeo were to cease his employment, there is no guarantee that we could promptly find suitable replacements possessing a comparable network of contacts. The departure of Mr. Yeo, or the inability to identify, recruit, train, and retain qualified technical and operations personnel in the future, could have significant adverse effects on our business, financial health, operational results, and growth prospects.

Furthermore, although we rely on specific key personnel, we lack key man life insurance policies for all individuals. The loss of such individuals could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and future growth prospects.

Unless we diversify our customer base, we are subject to geographic risk.

Since inception, substantially all of our revenue has been derived from Asia. For example, for the six-month period ended October 31, 2024, we derived 59.8% of our revenue from Vietnam, 32.1% of our revenue from Singapore and 8.2% of our revenue in Malaysia. General economic conditions or political events (including the introduction of tariffs) could affect the markets in Asia or in any of the aforementioned countries, which in turn could decrease demand for our industry in general and out products in particular. Until we further diversify the geographic distribution of our customer base, we will be less able to handle disruption in any country in which we derive a substantial portion of our revenues.

Our reputation and profitability may be adversely affected if there are major failures or malfunction in our microscopy equipment sold by or sold to our customers.

Our operations face the risk of equipment failure, stemming from factors such as wear and tear, quality control issues, potential non-compliance with procedures and protocols by our customers, and inherent risks within our customers’ operating environments. Such failures may lead to operational pauses for users of our microscopy solutions. This could negatively impact on our operations and financial performance.

Since our inception, we have worked to establish goodwill in our brands and foster customer loyalty. Consequently, any significant lapses in equipment sales or unforeseen circumstances resulting in negative publicity may harm our reputation, leading to a loss of confidence in our equipment by customers. In such a scenario, our business, profitability, and financial performance may be adversely affected.

A significant failure or deterioration in our quality control systems could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

The success of our business hinges on the excellence and safety of our products. Therefore, the efficient and successful operation of our quality control systems is crucial. Various factors, including the design of these systems, the effectiveness of quality training programs, and employee adherence to quality control guidelines, can influence the performance of our quality control mechanisms. While we make diligent efforts to ensure that our service providers have robust and compliant quality control systems, any substantial failure or decline in the effectiveness of these systems could significantly and adversely impact our business and operational outcomes.

We are affected by regional and worldwide political, regulatory, social and economic conditions in the jurisdictions in which we and our customers and suppliers operate and in the jurisdictions which we intend to expand our business in.

We, along with our customers and suppliers, are subject to the laws, regulations, and government policies in each jurisdiction where we operate or plan to expand. Our business and future expansion relies on the political, regulatory, social, and economic conditions in these jurisdictions, factors over which we have limited control. Economic downturns, policy changes, currency and interest rate fluctuations, capital controls, labor laws, alterations in, duties and taxation changes, and restrictions on imports and exports in these countries have the potential to significantly and negatively impact our business, financial health, operational results, and prospects.

Typically, we finance our acquisitions of materials and components to manufacture microscopy equipment through internal resources and long-term financing obtained from banks and other financial institutions. Any disruptions, uncertainties, or volatility in the global credit markets could constrain our ability to secure the necessary financing for our business on favorable terms and costs. The interest rates on most of our credit facilities are subject to periodic review by the relevant financial institutions.

Moreover, the variability and instability in the global credit markets has the potential to restrict credit lines available to our existing and prospective customers from banks or financial institutions. Consequently, these customers might encounter challenges in securing adequate financing for the acquisition of our materials and components for the manufacturing of microscopy equipment, prompting us to consider reducing our rates to accommodate their financial constraints. Such adjustments could adversely affect our revenue and overall financial performance.

We may be exposed to disputes and claims arising from the usage of our microscopy equipment.

We may face claims related to defects or malfunctions in our microscopy equipment, and if we are compelled to pay damages due to disputes, it could negatively impact on our reputation and profitability. Despite our efforts to mitigate such risks through regular inspections and quality control of our microscopy equipment, it is challenging to prevent every potential defect or malfunction. If accidents occur that are not covered by our insurance policies, or if the claims surpass our insurance coverage, or face disputes with insurance companies, we may be obligated to cover the compensation costs. This could significantly and adversely affect our financial performance. Furthermore, the payment of insurance claims might lead to increased premiums for our insurance policies, elevating our operational costs and having an adverse impact on our overall financial performance.

We may be affected if we are found to be in breach of any lease agreements entered into by us.

We have leased certain of our real properties from CapitaLand Singapore (BP&C) Pte. Ltd. and are subject to certain terms and conditions in respect of these real properties, such as the requirement to fulfill existing and future lease obligations. As such, we may be exposed to significant remediation cost, including but not limited to potentially costly fines or compensation, if we are found to be in breach of any of the terms and conditions of our leases.

Increased competition in the microscopy equipment business may affect our ability to maintain our market share and growth.

Operating in the competitive microscopy equipment sales industry, we face formidable competitors with greater scale and financial resources. These competitors have the capability to develop cutting-edge equipment with superior specifications, boast larger customer bases, and leverage extensive marketing resources to offer a broader range of microscopy equipment. Additionally, the entry of new competitors or market consolidation could further intensify competition.

Our ongoing success hinges on our ability to effectively compete with current and potential rivals and adapt to evolving market conditions and demands. Failing to do so could adversely impact on our business and financial performance. While we maintain strong relationships with suppliers and customers, there is no guarantee that existing agreements will be renewed or sustained.

The risk of losing suppliers and customers to competitors, along with the potential departure of skilled employees to rival companies, poses a threat to our competitive position. If these circumstances materialize, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be significantly and adversely affected.

We are exposed to the credit risks of our customers.

We extend credit terms to some of our customers. Our average accounts receivable turnover days were approximately 208 days and 208 days for the six months period ended October 31, 2024 and October 31, 2023, respectively. For the financial year ended April 30, 2024 our average accounts receivable turnover days is approximately 80 days. Our customers may be unable to meet their contractual payment obligations to us, either in a timely manner or at all. The reasons for payment delays, cancellations, or default by our customers may include insolvency or bankruptcy, or insufficient financing or working capital due to late payments by their respective customers. While we did not experience any material order cancellations by our customers during the six months period ended October 31, 2023 and the financial year ended April 30, 2024, there is no assurance that our customers will not cancel their orders and/or refuse to make payment in the future in a timely manner or at all. We may not be able to enforce our contractual rights to receive payment through legal proceedings. In the event ¹that we are unable to collect payments from our customers, we are still obliged to pay our suppliers in a timely manner and thus our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our business is subject to supply chain interruptions.

We collaborate with third-party logistic providers and component manufacturers to facilitate the import, export, and transportation of components essential for the production of our microscopy equipment. Our supply chain logistics heavily depend on the capabilities of these third-party service providers to ensure the timely delivery of components. Various factors pose potential risks to our operations, including, but not limited to:

Our results of operations and capital resources have not been materially impacted by supply chain interruptions during the six months period ended October 31, 2024 and during the financial year ended April 30, 2024, and there have not been any material impact for the six months period ended October 31, 2024 and for the financial year ended April 30, 2024. However, any increased costs from delays, cancellations, and insurance, or disruption to, or inefficiency in, the supply chain network of our third-party service providers, geopolitical conflicts such as the Russia-Ukrainian Conflict, or the present unrest in the Middle East, COVID-19 outbreaks, or other factors, could affect our revenue and profitability. Please refer to the risk factors “Our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected in the event of a re-occurrence or a prolonged global pandemic outbreak of COVID-19” set out below in this prospectus, for details on how these recent events have caused interruptions to our supply chain and impacted our operations. If we fail to manage these risks effectively, we could experience a material adverse impact on our reputation, revenue, and profitability.

Our business model does not heavily rely on third-party software or services, particularly those that are directly integrated into our products or operations. This diminishes our reliance on external technology, thereby reducing the potential impact of cybersecurity breaches or disruptions originating from third-party entities. Currently, we receive only a limited number of inquiries through our website at www.phaostech.com. Although data breaches and operational disruptions remain possible, the physical presence of our business enables alternative methods for product distribution and customer service, mitigating the overall impact of cybersecurity incidents on our operations. Despite our perception of a lower risk of cybersecurity incidents significantly affecting our operations, we prioritize the implementation of cybersecurity measures to uphold a secure and reliable business environment. For instance, our plans include: (i) integrating cybersecurity clauses into our business contracts; (ii) specifying security requirements and data protection protocols in vendor contracts to ensure consistent cybersecurity standards across our supply chain; (iii) educating employees on cybersecurity threats by providing training to recognize and report phishing attempts, social engineering tactics, and other cyber threats; and (iv) implementing cybersecurity awareness tools and simulations to assess employees’ knowledge and response to potential threats. Through these measures, we aim to enhance our ability to respond to and recover from any eventual cybersecurity incidents.  

Our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected in the event of a re-occurrence or a prolonged global pandemic outbreak of COVID-19.

The global COVID-19 pandemic, declared by the World Health Organization in early 2020, has disrupted not only our operations but also those of our customers and suppliers. If the COVID-19 outbreak intensifies or new variants emerge with increased transmissibility and virulence, it could lead to stricter regulations on businesses. Extended closures or disruptions to the operations of ourselves, customers, suppliers, and subcontractors may result in delays, shortages of supplies and services, or the termination of orders and contracts. Additionally, the potential quarantine of employees suspected of contracting COVID-19 could lead to a labor shortage, requiring workplace disinfection and affecting our production and processing facilities. Such disruptions may significantly impact our business, financial condition, and operational results.

Moreover, during the financial years 2022 and 2023, we encountered challenges in participating in trade conventions and showcasing our products in foreign jurisdictions due to travel restrictions imposed by the Singapore Government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a microscopy company specializing in revealing small-scale observations, ranging from micron to nanometer levels, the absence of face-to-face interactions and the limited use of virtual meetings before the pandemic presented a challenge in demonstrating the capabilities of our systems. Additionally, previous travel and visiting restrictions hindered our client/supplier relationships by resulting in delays in production, increased lead times, and difficulties in maintaining a consistent inventory, thereby impacting our company’s ability to meet customer demands.

Lastly, compliance with governmental regulations has resulted in the implementation of control measures to protect our staff and customers from outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as requiring our staff to wear personal protective equipment (such as face masks and gloves) during interaction with customers, increasing costs for compliance with such regulations.

While we have taken proactive measures to mitigate future impacts, including refining our virtual demonstration capabilities and exploring alternative methods for marketing and showcasing our microscopy equipment, we cannot confirm the extent to which our business will be materially affected by a re-occurrence or a prolonged global pandemic outbreak of COVID-19.

We may be affected by an outbreak of other infectious diseases.

The occurrence of infectious diseases, including but not limited to severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza, or the emergence of new infectious diseases in the future, has the potential to impact not only our operations but also those of our customers and suppliers. If any employees at our offices, worksites, or those of our customers and suppliers are affected by such diseases, there could be a necessity to temporarily close down our or their offices or worksites as a preventive measure to contain the spread of the diseases. This could negatively affect our revenue and financial performance.

We are exposed to risks arising from fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

As our shares are quoted in US$ on the NYSE American, dividends, if any, in respect of our shares will be paid in US$. Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the US$ and other currencies will affect, amongst other things, the foreign currency value of the proceeds which a shareholder would receive upon sale of our shares and the foreign currency value of dividend distributions.

We are subject to health and safety regulations and penalties and may be adversely affected by new and changing laws and regulations.  

We are bound by laws, regulations, and policies governing workplace health and safety, necessitating the implementation of measures to safeguard the well-being of our employees. Any modifications to existing laws, regulations, or policies, or the introduction of new ones within the microscopy equipment industry, may impose fresh restrictions or prohibitions on our current practices. Compliance with these evolving requirements could entail substantial costs and expenses, demanding additional allocation of resources. Such changes have the potential to materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our insurance policies may be inadequate to cover our assets, operations, and any loss arising from business interruptions.

We bear the risk of equipment loss or damage in Singapore due to fire, theft, or natural disasters. These incidents have the potential to disrupt or halt our business operations, thereby impacting our financial results negatively. Our current insurance coverage might not adequately address all potential losses.

Given the nature of our operations, there is also a risk of accidents involving our employees or third parties during the manufacturing, installation and maintenance process. If claims arise from such incidents, and either liability is assigned to us or our insurance coverage proves insufficient, we could face losses that adversely affect our profitability and financial standing.

We may be harmed by negative publicity.

We operate in a highly competitive industry where other companies offer similar products. The majority of our customer base is built through word of mouth, relying on positive feedback from our customers. Therefore, the satisfaction of our customers with our microscopy equipment is crucial for our business success, as satisfied customers often lead to referrals. Failing to meet customer expectations could result in negative feedback on our products and services, negatively impacting our business and reputation. If we cannot maintain high customer satisfaction or address dissatisfaction adequately, it may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our reputation is also vulnerable to negative publicity in reports, major newspapers, forums, or rumours. There is no guarantee that our Group will be immune to negative publicity in the future, and such occurrences could significantly and adversely affect our reputation and prospects. This, in turn, may hinder our ability to attract new customers, retain existing ones, and have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

If we are unable to maintain and protect our intellectual property, or if third parties assert that we infringe on their intellectual property rights, our business could suffer.

The success of our business is contingent, in part, upon our ability to safeguard our proprietary information and other intellectual property, including trademarks, patents, client lists, manufacturing processes, and business methods. We primarily rely on contractual agreements and patent laws to secure our intellectual property rights; however, there is a risk that these rights may not be adequately protected, potentially leading to disclosure or use by third parties that could compromise our competitive standing. Failing to detect unauthorized use or to promptly enforce our intellectual property rights may have detrimental effects on our business. Additionally, there is a possibility of third parties alleging that our business operations infringe on their intellectual property rights, posing threats to our reputation, creating financial burdens for defending claims, and limiting our ability to offer certain services. The increasing reliance on mobile devices for storing and transporting intellectual property introduces a heightened risk of inadvertent disclosure in case of loss or theft, particularly if the information is inadequately safeguarded or encrypted. This also elevates the potential for unauthorized individuals, whether with system access or through unauthorized means, to exploit the information to our disadvantage.

We are exposed to risks with respect of acts of war, terrorist attacks, epidemics, political unrest, adverse weather conditions, and other uncontrollable events.

Unforeseeable events and various factors, including power outages, labor disputes, adverse weather conditions, catastrophes, epidemics, or outbreaks, have the potential to interrupt our operations and result in loss and damage to our storage facilities, workshop, and office. Additionally, acts of war, terrorist attacks, or other violent acts could significantly and adversely impact global financial markets and consumer confidence. Our business is susceptible to macroeconomic influences in the countries where we operate, such as overall economic conditions, market sentiment, social and political unrest, and regulatory, fiscal, and governmental policies, all of which are beyond our control. The occurrence of any such event has the potential to cause harm or disruption to our business, markets, customers, and suppliers, ultimately having a material and adverse effect on our business, financial health, operating results, and future prospects.

We may not be able to successfully implement our business strategies and future plans.

In line with our business strategies and future objectives, we plan to diversify our product portfolio and enhance our storage facilities and capabilities. Additionally, we are exploring potential business opportunities through joint ventures. While we have formulated these expansion plans based on our optimistic outlook for our business, there is no guarantee that these initiatives will prove commercially successful or align precisely with our expectations. The success and feasibility of our expansion hinge on our ability to accurately anticipate the demand for microscopy equipment among our clientele, recruit and retain skilled personnel to execute our strategies, and implement effective business development and marketing plans. Furthermore, the execution of these plans may necessitate significant capital expenditure and additional financial commitments.

There is no assurance that our business strategies and future plans will yield the anticipated results, such as increased revenue that justifies our investment costs, or that they will lead to cost savings, improved operational efficiency, and productivity enhancements. Obtaining favourable financing, if at all, is also uncertain. Failure to meet our expectations in the execution of these plans, achieve adequate revenue levels, or efficiently manage costs could result in an inability to recover our investment costs and negatively impact our business, financial health, operating results, and future prospects.

We are subject to risks related to product recalls, and our operation results and financial condition would suffer if we fail to adequately manage such risks.

We have incorporated measures into our sourcing and certification processes aimed at preventing and identifying defects in the components used for the manufacturing of our microscopy equipment. See “Business — Sales Process Flow” and “Business — Certifications” sections for more information. Despite these measures, it is possible that defects in our products may not be entirely prevented, revealed, or detected until after they have been introduced to the market. As a result, there is a risk of product defects that may necessitate a product recall. The costs associated with such recalls and the related remedial actions could significantly impact our operations and potentially have a material adverse effect on our business, financial results, and overall financial condition. Additionally, product recalls may lead to negative publicity and public concerns about the safety of our products, potentially damaging the reputation of both our products and our business, and potentially causing a decline in the market value of our shares.

We have provided a loan to PT Neura Integrasi Solusi for the development of biomedical scanning software, and their inability to meet their financial obligations, or our inability to fully enforce our rights against them could have a material adverse effect on our results.

On January 19, 2024, our subsidiary PTPL entered into a loan agreement with PT Neura Integrasi Solusi, an Indonesian company (“PT Neura”), under which PTPL lent a sum of S$1,582,604 (approximately US$1,196,290) as of October 30, 2024, to PT Neura for the development of biomedical scanning software. As PT Neura is presently in the early stages of development and has a limited operating history and revenue, it faces significant business, financial, and operational risks, including limited access to capital, unproven business models, reliance on a small management team, and uncertainty in achieving profitability. Additionally, PT Neura faces long sales cycles due to regulatory approval processes, government budgeting constraints, and licensing requirements. Furthermore, they operate in a competitive landscape that includes both domestic and international digital pathology providers. These risks are further compounded by the legal, regulatory, and economic environment in Indonesia, which may present challenges related to enforceability of contractual rights, currency controls, and political or economic instability. There is no assurance that PT Neura will generate sufficient cash flows or obtain additional financing necessary to service or repay its obligations under the loan. If PT Neura is unable to meet its obligations under the loan agreement, we may not be able to recover the loan in whole or in part, and any such loss could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Securities and This Offering

Our dual class share structure with different voting rights may adversely affect the value and liquidity of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

We cannot predict whether our dual class share structure with different voting rights will result in a lower or more volatile market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares, in adverse publicity, or other adverse consequences. Certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple class share structures in certain of their indices. Because of our dual class structure, we will likely be excluded from these indices and other stock indices that take similar actions. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from certain stock indices would likely preclude investment by many of these funds and could make the Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive to investors. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structure and our dual class structure may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance, in which case the market price and liquidity of the Class A Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected.

Our dual class share structure with different voting rights will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A ordinary shares may view as beneficial.

We adopted a dual class share structure such that our ordinary shares consist of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares. In respect of matters requiring the votes of shareholders, each our Class A Ordinary Share is entitled to one (1) vote and each our Class B Ordinary Share is entitled to twenty (20) votes. Our Class B ordinary shares are not convertible into Class A Ordinary Shares under any circumstances. Our Class A Ordinary Shares are not convertible into our Class B Ordinary Share under any circumstances. Only our Class A ordinary shares are tradable on the market immediately after our listing on Nasdaq. This voting structure may discourage investors from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares may view as beneficial.

An active trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares may not be established or, if established, may not continue and the trading price for our Class A Ordinary Shares may fluctuate significantly.

We cannot assure you that a liquid public market for our Class A Ordinary Shares will be established. If an active public market for our Class A Ordinary Shares does not occur following the completion of this offering, the market price and liquidity of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be materially and adversely affected. The public offering price for our Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering was determined by negotiation between us and the underwriter based upon several factors, and we can provide no assurance that the trading price of our shares after this offering will not decline below the public offering price. As a result, investors in our shares may experience a significant decrease in the value of their shares.

We may not maintain the listing of our Class A Ordinary Shares on NYSE American which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in our Class A Ordinary Shares and subject us to additional trading restrictions.

We intend to list our Class A Ordinary Shares on the NYSE American concurrently with this offering. In order to continue listing our Class A Ordinary Shares on NYSE American, we must maintain certain financial and share price levels and we may be unable to meet these requirements in the future. We cannot assure you that our Class A Ordinary Shares will continue to be listed on the NYSE American in the future.

If the NYSE American delists our Class A Ordinary Shares and we are unable to list our Class A Ordinary Shares on another national securities exchange, we expect our Class A Ordinary Shares could be quoted on an over-the-counter market in the United States. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

As long as our Class A Ordinary Shares are listed on NYSE American, U.S. federal law prevents or pre-empts individual states from regulating their sale. However, the law does allow the states to investigate companies if there is a suspicion of fraud, and, if there is a finding of fraudulent activity, then the states can regulate or bar their sale. Further, if we were no longer listed on NYSE American, we would be subject to regulations in each state in which we offer our Class A Ordinary Shares.

The trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

The trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of the broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in Singapore that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for our shares may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

Any of these factors may result in significant and sudden changes in the volume and price at which our shares will trade.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Certain recent initial public offerings of companies with public floats comparable to the anticipated public float of our Company have experienced extreme volatility that was seemingly unrelated to the underlying performance of the respective company. We may experience similar volatility. Such volatility, including any stock-run up, may be unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Recently, there have been instances of extreme stock price run-ups followed by rapid price declines and strong stock price volatility with recent initial public offerings, especially among those with relatively smaller public floats. As a relatively small-capitalization company with relatively small public float, we may experience greater stock price volatility, extreme price run-ups, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalization companies. In particular, our Class A Ordinary Shares may be subject to rapid and substantial price volatility, low volumes of trades and large spreads in bid and ask prices. Such volatility, including any stock-run up, may be unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, making it difficult for prospective investors to assess the rapidly changing value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

In addition, if the trading volumes of our Class A Ordinary Shares are low, persons buying or selling in relatively small quantities may easily influence prices of our Class A Ordinary Shares. This low volume of trades could also cause the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares to fluctuate greatly, with large percentage changes in price occurring in any trading day session. Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares may also not be able to readily liquidate their investment or may be forced to sell at depressed prices due to low volume trading. Broad market fluctuations and general economic and political conditions may also adversely affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. As a result of this volatility, investors may experience losses on their investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares. A decline in the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares also could adversely affect our ability to issue additional shares of Class A Ordinary Shares or other of our securities and our ability to obtain additional financing in the future. No assurance can be given that an active market in our Class A Ordinary Shares will develop or be sustained. If an active market does not develop, holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be unable to readily sell the shares they hold or may not be able to sell their shares at all.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our Class A Ordinary Shares, the market price for our Class A Ordinary Shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our shares will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts downgrade our shares, the market price for our shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the market price or trading volume for our shares to decline.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may fail to meet our reporting obligations and/or are unable to accurately report our results of operations or prevent fraud; and this may materially adversely affect investors’ confidence and consequently, the market price of our Ordinary Shares.

Prior to this offering, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures. This has resulted in material weaknesses and control deficiencies identified included (i) a lack of sufficient skilled staff with U.S. GAAP knowledge and the SEC reporting knowledge for the purpose of financial reporting; and (ii) a lack of formal accounting policies and procedures manual to ensure proper financial reporting in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements.

Following the identification of the material weaknesses and control deficiencies, we shall take the following remedial measures: (i) engaging an external consulting firm to assist us with assessment of Sarbanes-Oxley compliance requirements and improvement of overall internal control; and (ii) adopting directors’ resolutions to appoint independent directors, establish an audit committee, and strengthen corporate governance.

We plan to take additional remedial measures, including (i) hiring more qualified accounting personnel with relevant U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting experience and qualifications to strengthen the financial reporting function and to set up a financial and system control framework; and (ii) implementing regular and continuous U.S. GAAP accounting and financial reporting training programs for our accounting and financial reporting personnel.

However, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. Our failure to correct the material weaknesses or our failure to discover and address any other material weaknesses or control deficiencies could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. As a result, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our Ordinary Shares, may be materially and adversely affected. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting significantly hinders our ability to prevent fraud.

Upon completion of this offering, we will become a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 will require that we include a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our annual report for the year ending April 30, 2024. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company,” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified, if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated, or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational, and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation in a timely manner.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, you must rely on price appreciation of our Class A Ordinary Shares for a return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain all of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our shares as a source for any future dividend income. Our Board has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands and Singapore law. Even if our Board decides to declare and pay dividends (by way of a simple majority decision of our Directors), the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on, among other things, our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors as determined by our Board. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our Class A Ordinary Shares. There is no guarantee that our Class A Ordinary Shares will appreciate in value after this offering or even maintain the price at which you purchased our shares. You may not realize a return on your investment in our shares and you may even lose your entire investment.

Short selling may drive down the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Short selling is the practice of selling shares that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed from a third party with the intention of buying identical shares back at a later date to return to the lender. The short seller hopes to profit from a decline in the value of the shares between the sale of the borrowed shares and the purchase of the replacement shares, as the short seller expects to pay less in that purchase than it received in the sale. As it is in the short seller’s interest for the price of the shares to decline, many short sellers publish, or arrange for the publication of, negative opinions and allegations regarding the relevant issuer and its business prospects in order to create negative market momentum and generate profits for themselves after selling the shares short. These short attacks have, in the past, led to selling of shares in the market. If we were to become the subject of any unfavourable publicity, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we could have to expend a significant number of resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend ourselves. While we would strongly defend against any such short seller attacks, we may be constrained in the manner in which we can proceed against the relevant short seller by principles of freedom of speech, applicable state law or issues of commercial confidentiality.

Because our public offering price per share is substantially higher than our net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering, you will pay substantially more than our net tangible book value per share. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution of US$4.03 per Class A Ordinary Share, representing the difference between our as adjusted net tangible book value per Class A Ordinary Share of US$0.47 as of April 30, 2024, after giving effect to the net proceeds to us from this offering, assuming no change to the number of shares offered by us as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus and an assumed public offering price of US$4.50 per Class A Ordinary Share (being the mid-point of the initial public offering price range). See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in our shares will be diluted upon the completion of this offering.

The initial public offering price for our Class A Ordinary Shares may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the trading market and such market prices may be volatile.

The initial public offering price for our Class A Ordinary Shares will be determined by negotiations between us and the underwriter, and does not bear any relationship to our earnings, book value or any other indicia of value. We cannot assure you that the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares will not decline significantly below the initial public offering price. The financial markets in the United States and other countries have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations in the last few years. Volatility in the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may be caused by factors outside of our control and may be unrelated or disproportionate to changes in our results of operations.

You must rely on the judgment of our management as to the uses of the net proceeds from this offering, and such uses may not produce income or increase our share price.

We intend to use the net proceeds of this offering as set out in “Use of Proceeds.” However, our management will have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds received by us in this offering. You will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not improve our efforts to achieve or maintain profitability or increase our share price. The net proceeds from this offering may be placed in investments that do not produce income or that lose value.

If we are classified as a passive foreign investment company, United States taxpayers who own our securities may have adverse United States federal income tax consequences.

We are a non-U.S. corporation and, as such, we will be classified as a passive foreign investment company, which is known as a PFIC, for any taxable year if, for such year, either:

Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets.

If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. taxpayer who holds our securities, the U.S. taxpayer may be subject to increased U.S. federal income tax liability and may be subject to additional reporting requirements.

While we do not expect to become a PFIC, because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test may be determined by reference to the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares, fluctuations in the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may cause us to become a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years. The determination of whether we will be or become a PFIC will also depend, in part, on the composition of our income and assets.  If we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for active purposes, our risk of being a PFIC may substantially increase. Because there are uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules and PFIC status is a factual determination made annually after the close of each taxable year, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year.

For a more detailed discussion of the application of the PFIC rules to us and the consequences to U.S. taxpayers if we were determined to be a PFIC, see “Material Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”

Our controlling shareholder has substantial influence over the Company. His interests may not be aligned with the interests of our other shareholders, and he could prevent or cause a change of control or other transactions.

Post restructuring and immediately prior to the completion of this offering, Beh Hook Seng through his ownership of TongHuai SG Enterprise Pte. Ltd. and TongHuai SG2 Enterprise Pte. Ltd, in addition to his own shares will own an aggregate of approximately 0% of our issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares and 65.1% of our issued and outstanding Class B Ordinary Shares. Upon completion of this offering, Beh Hook Seng through his ownership of TongHuai SG Enterprise Pte. Ltd. and TongHuai SG2 Enterprise Pte. Ltd, in addition to his own shares will own an aggregate of approximately 0% of our issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares and 65.1% of our issued and outstanding Class B Ordinary Shares representing 62.4% of the total voting rights, assuming no exercise of the underwriter’s over-allotment option.

Accordingly, our controlling shareholder could have considerable influence or control over the outcome of any corporate transactions or other matters submitted to the shareholders for approval, including (i) mergers, consolidations, (ii) the election or removal of Directors, (iii) the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, (iv) making amendments to our Memorandum and Articles of Association, (v) whether to issue additional shares, including to him, (vi) employment, including compensation arrangements, and (vii) the power to prevent or cause a change in control. The interests of our largest shareholder may differ from the interests of our other shareholders. Without the consent of our controlling shareholder, we may be prevented from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us or our other shareholders. The concentration in the ownership of our shares may cause a material decline in the value of our shares. For more information regarding our principal shareholders and their affiliated entities, see “Principal and Selling Shareholders.”

As a “controlled company” under the rules of the NYSE American, we may choose to exempt our Company from certain corporate governance requirements that could have an adverse effect on our public shareholders.

Our directors and officers beneficially own a majority of the voting power of our issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares. Under Section 110 and 801 of the NYSE American Company Guide, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:

The exemption we intend to rely on is that a majority of our Board need not be independent directors. As a result, you may not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.

As our controlling shareholder owns only slightly more than 50% of the total voting power of our share capital after this offering (approximately 62.4%), assuming no exercise of the underwriter’s over-allotment option, we may lose our status as a controlled company in the event that we issue additional Ordinary Shares. For example, assuming no changes to our current capital structure or beneficial ownership, our controlling shareholder’s total voting power would decrease to under 50% if we were to issue an additional 80,998,230 Class A Ordinary Shares (or 4,049,912 Class B Ordinary Shares) to other persons. In such an instance, our controlling shareholder might still be able to practically control any shareholder vote (including for the directors of our company), but we would cease to be a controlling company and would no longer be eligible to qualify for corporate governance exemptions for controlled companies. We could experience significant cost in time and money gaining compliance with these requirements (or if we fail to do so in the required time).

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to follow certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters in lieu of certain requirements under the NYSE American corporate governance listing rules. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with NYSE American corporate governance listing standards.

As a foreign private issuer that has applied to list our Class A Ordinary Shares on the NYSE American, we rely on a provision in NYSE American corporate governance listing standards that allows us to follow Cayman Islands law with regard to certain aspects of corporate governance. This allows us to follow certain corporate governance practices that differ in significant respects from the corporate governance requirements applicable to U.S. companies listed on the NYSE American.

These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with corporate governance listing requirements of NYSE American. Following this offering, we will rely on home country practice to be exempted from certain of the corporate governance requirements of NYSE American, namely (i) a majority of the Directors on our Board are not required to be independent Directors; (ii) there will not be a necessity to have regularly scheduled executive sessions with independent Directors; and (iii) there will be no requirement for the Company to obtain Shareholder approval prior to an issuance of securities in connection with (a) the acquisition of stock or assets of another company; (b) equity-based compensation of officers, directors, employees or consultants; (c) a change of control; and (d) transactions other than public offerings.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company with limit liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our Memorandum and Articles of Association, the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands.

The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are governed by the Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some states in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have the standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Holders of our Ordinary Shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association and any special resolutions passed by our company, and our registers of mortgages and charges) or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records. Our directors have discretion under our Memorandum and Articles of Association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by holders of shares of our company. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all the above, shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of the Board or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a company incorporated in a U.S. state. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in a U.S. state and their shareholders, see “Certain Cayman Islands Company Considerations — Differences in Corporate Law.”

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are an exempted Cayman Islands company. Our operating subsidiaries were incorporated and are located in Singapore. Substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, all of our current Directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States and substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for a shareholder to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce against us, our directors and officers, judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and Singapore may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our Directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and Singapore, see “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.” As a result of the above, our shareholders may have more difficulties in protecting their interests through actions against us, our officers, Directors, or major shareholders, than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for so long as we are an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such a date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period, although we have adopted certain new and revised accounting standards based on transition guidance permitted under such standards earlier. As a result of this election, our future financial statements may not be comparable to other public companies that comply with the public company effective dates for these new or revised accounting standards.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies.

Because we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our financial results on a semi-annual basis through press releases distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the NYSE American. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you if you were investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses to us.

As discussed above, we are a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, and therefore, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act. The determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually on the last Business Day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and, accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on October 30, 2023. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if (1) more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities are owned by U.S. residents and (2) a majority of our directors or executive officers are U.S. citizens or residents, or we fail to meet additional requirements necessary to avoid the loss of foreign private issuer status. If we lose our foreign private issuer status, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also have to comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, Directors and 10% shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we will lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements under the listing rules of NYSE American. As a U.S. listed public company that is not a foreign private issuer, we will incur significant additional legal, accounting, and other expenses that we will not incur as a foreign private issuer.

Our compensation of directors and officers may not be publicly available.

Under Cayman Islands law, the Company is not required to disclose compensation paid to our senior management on an individual basis and the Company has not otherwise publicly disclosed this information elsewhere. The executive officers, directors and management of the Company receive fixed and variable compensation. They also receive benefits in line with market practice. The fixed component of their compensation is set on market terms and adjusted annually. The variable component consists of cash bonuses and awards of shares (or the cash equivalent). Cash bonuses are paid to executive officers and members of management based on previously agreed targets for the business. Shares (or the cash equivalent) are awarded under share options.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

We will incur significantly increased costs and devote substantial management time as a result of the listing of our Class A Ordinary Shares on NYSE American.

We will incur additional legal, accounting, and other expenses as a public reporting company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an emerging growth company. For example, we will be required to comply with the additional requirements of the rules and regulations of the SEC and the NYSE American rules, including applicable corporate governance practices. We expect that compliance with these requirements will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. In addition, we expect that our management and other personnel will need to divert attention from operational and other business matters to devote substantial time to these public company requirements. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur as a result of becoming a public company or the timing of such costs.

In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs, and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidelines are provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may also initiate legal proceedings against us, and our business may be adversely affected.

Our Company intends to grant employee share options and other share-based awards in the future. Our Company will recognize any share-based compensation expenses in our statements of comprehensive loss. Any additional grant of employee share options and other share-based awards in the future may have a material adverse effect on our results of operation.

Our Company intends to adopt an employee share incentive plan in 2025, or the 2025 ESIP, for the purpose of granting share-based compensation awards, in an aggregate amount of up to 6% of our issued and outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares following this offering, to our employees, directors and consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with ours. Under the 2025 ESIP, we expect to be permitted to issue options to purchase or share awards of up to 822,405 Class A Ordinary Shares. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not awarded any shares and no options to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares have been exercised and no Class A Ordinary Shares have been issued upon exercised vested options, in each case under the 2025 ESIP. As a result of these grants and potential future grants, we expect to continue to incur significant share-based compensation expenses in the future. The amount of these expenses is based on the fair value of the share-based awards. We account for compensation costs for all share options using a fair-value based method and recognize expenses in our statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income. The expenses associated with share-based compensation will decrease our profitability, perhaps materially, and the additional securities issued under share-based compensation plans will dilute the ownership interests of our shareholders. However, if we limit the scope of our share-based compensation plan, we may not be able to attract or retain key personnel who expect to be compensated by options.

ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

Our Company is an exempted company incorporated with limited liability under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands because of certain benefits associated with being a Cayman Islands company, such as political and economic stability, an effective judicial system, a favorable tax system, the absence of foreign exchange control or currency restrictions and the availability of professional and support services. However, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States and provides less protection for investors. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to sue before the U.S. federal courts.

All of our current operations are conducted outside of the United States, and all of our current assets are located outside of the United States, with the majority of our operations and current assets being located in Singapore. All of the Directors and Executive Officers of our Company reside outside the United States and are currently located in Singapore. Substantially all of their assets are located outside the United States.

As a result, it may not be possible for you to:

We have appointed Cogency Global as our agent upon whom process may be served in any action brought against us under the securities laws of the United States.

Cayman Islands

Ogier, our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, has advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of the U.S. courts obtained against us or our Directors or Executive Officers that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws or any U.S. state; or (ii) entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against us or our Directors or Executive Officers that are predicated upon the U.S. securities laws or the securities laws of any U.S. state.

We have been advised by Ogier that although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands is not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments with the United States), the courts of the Cayman Islands would in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a judgment obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States against the Company without re-examination or re-litigation of matters adjudicated upon, provided such judgement, (a) is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction; (b) imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given;(c) is final; (d) is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty, (e) was not obtained by fraud; and (f) is not of kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from United States courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. Because such a determination has not yet been made by a court of the Cayman Islands, it is uncertain whether such civil liability judgments from U.S. courts would be enforceable in the Cayman Islands. A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

Subject to the above limitations, in appropriate circumstances, a Cayman Islands court may give effect in the Cayman Islands to other kinds of final foreign judgments such as declaratory orders, orders for performance of contracts and injunctions.

Singapore

There is no treaty between the United States and Singapore providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters and a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any federal or state court in the United States based on civil liability, whether or not predicated solely upon the federal securities laws, would, therefore, not be automatically enforceable in Singapore.

In making a determination as to enforceability of a foreign judgment, the Singapore courts generally need to be satisfied that the foreign judgment was final and conclusive and on the merits of the case, given by a court of law of competent jurisdiction, and was expressed to be for a fixed sum of money. However, the Singapore courts are generally unlikely to enforce a foreign judgment if (i) the foreign judgment was obtained by fraud; (ii) the proceedings in which the foreign judgment was obtained was not conducted in accordance with principles of natural justice; (iii) the enforcement of the foreign judgment would be contrary to the public policy of Singapore; (iv) the foreign judgment would conflict with earlier judgments from Singapore or earlier foreign judgments recognized in Singapore; or (v) the foreign judgment would amount to the direct or indirect enforcement of foreign penal, revenue or other public laws. Civil liability provisions of the federal and state securities law of the United States permit the award of punitive damages against us, our Directors and officers. The Singapore courts generally do not allow the enforcement of foreign judgments if it appears that such foreign judgments award damages (including exemplary or punitive damages) that are in excess of compensation for the actual loss or harm suffered by the relevant party, and generally would only allow enforcement on the part that reflects the relevant compensation for the actual loss or harm suffered by the relevant party. Accordingly, it is uncertain as to whether a judgment of the courts of the United States awarding such punitive damages would be regarded by the Singapore courts as being pursuant to foreign, penal, revenue or other public laws. Such determination has yet to be conclusively made by a Singapore court in a reported decision.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We expect to receive approximately US$9,960,703 of net proceeds from this offering after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses of approximately US$2,189,297 payable by us. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Ordinary Shares by the Selling Shareholders.

We currently intend to use proceeds from this offering in the following ways:

Product Research and Development — We intend to use 15% of the proceeds from the offering for product research and development, which underscores our commitment to innovation and long-term sustainability. We intend to foster the creation of new products, technologies, and processes, thereby staying at the forefront of industry trends and maintaining a competitive edge

Expansion of Supply Chain – We intend to use 20% of the proceeds from the offering to build and automate our supply chain through building facilities that can allow us to build certain key components of our products in-house.

Marketing and promotion campaigns — We intend to use 5% of the proceeds from the offering for marketing and promotion campaigns. This allocation reflects our commitment to expanding brand awareness, reaching new customers, and driving revenue growth through targeted marketing initiatives.

Working Capital — The balance amount, approximately 60% of the proceeds from the offering, will be used for general working capital and corporate purposes. The foregoing represents our current intentions based upon our present plans and business conditions to use and allocate the net proceeds of this offering. Our management, however, will have significant flexibility and discretion to apply the net proceeds of this offering. If an unforeseen event occurs or business conditions change, we may use the proceeds of this offering differently than as described in this prospectus.

CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of October 31, 2024:

The pro forma as adjusted information below is illustrative only, and our capitalization following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual net proceeds to us from the offering. You should read this table in conjunction with “Use of Proceeds,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus.

DILUTION

Investors purchasing our Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of their Class A Ordinary Shares. Dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value represents the difference between the initial public offering price of our Class A Ordinary Shares and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our Class A Ordinary Shares immediately after the offering.

Historical net tangible book value per share represents our total tangible assets (total assets excluding goodwill and other intangible assets) less total liabilities, divided by the number of outstanding Class A and Class B Ordinary Shares. After giving effect to the sale of Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering by the Company at an initial public offering price of US$4.50 per share, after deducting US$1,032,750 in underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company of approximately US$1,331,508, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of October 31, 2024 would have been approximately US$10,659,793 or US$0.38 per share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of US$0.38 per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of US$4.08 per share to new investors purchasing Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering.

The following table illustrates this dilution on a per share basis to new investors.

A US$1.0 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of US$4.50 per Class A Ordinary Share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the as adjusted net tangible book value per share by US$2,470,500, and increase (decrease) dilution to new investors by US$0.90 per share, in each case assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriter exercises in full their option to purchase additional Class A Ordinary Shares in this offering, the as adjusted net tangible book value after the offering would be US$0.42 per share, the increase in net tangible book value to existing shareholders would be US$0.44 per share, and the dilution to new investors would be US$4.03 per share, in each case assuming an initial public offering price of US$4.50 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

The following table summarizes, on a pro forma and a post restructuring, as adjusted basis as of October 31, 2024, the differences between existing shareholders and the new investors with respect to the number of Class A Ordinary Shares purchased from us, the total consideration paid and the average price per Class A ordinary share before deducting the estimated commissions to the underwriter and the estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The pro forma as adjusted information as discussed above is illustrative only. Our net tangible book value following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price of our Class A Ordinary Shares and other terms of this offering determined at the pricing.

DIVIDENDS AND DIVIDEND POLICY

While we currently have no plans to distribute dividends, in the event we consider distributing a dividend in the future, our Board shall take into account, among other things, the following factors when deciding whether to propose a dividend and in determining the dividend amount: (a) operating and financial results; (b) cash flow situation; (c) business conditions and strategies; (d) future operations and earnings ; (e) taxation considerations; (f) interim dividend paid, if any; (g) capital requirement and expenditure plans; (h) interests of shareholders; (i) statutory and regulatory restrictions; (j) any restrictions on payment of dividends; and (k) any other factors that our Board may consider relevant. The payment of dividends, in certain circumstances is also subject to the approval of our Shareholders, the Companies Act and our Memorandum and Articles of Association as well as any other applicable laws. Currently, we do not have any predetermined dividend distribution ratio. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of Directors. Under the Companies Act, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

Even if our Board decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. In addition, we are a holding company and depend on the receipt of dividends and other distributions from our subsidiaries to pay dividends on our Class A Ordinary Shares.

There are no foreign exchange controls or foreign exchange regulations under current applicable laws of the various places of incorporation of our significant subsidiaries that would affect the payment or remittance of dividends.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the section of this prospectus titled “Summary Financial Information” and the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis here and throughout this prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. The Company’s actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including, but not limited to, those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus.

Overview

Phaos Technology Holdings (Cayman) Limited (the “Company”) is an investment holding company incorporated on March 7, 2024 under the laws of the Cayman Islands. The Company through its subsidiary assembles and commercializes such advanced microscopy-related solutions, technologies and products. Using its patented microsphere-assisted technology, the Company can significantly increase the magnification of existing traditional optical microscope by up to 4 times compared to its competitors, hence allowing clients to see beyond the optical limit in an effective manner. Currently, it is the only commercially available advanced optical microscope that can see below the 200nm optical limit, within a commercially viable working distance.

Our business is primarily involved on the assembling and commercialization of advanced microscopy-related solutions, technologies and products tailored for precision measurement and magnification purposes. Our product range includes microscopy solutions, featuring:

Traditional optical microscopes are able to see up to 220 nm, while our solution allows users to see up to 137 nm. As a result, we believe that this is considered by the optical industry as a super resolution optical microscopy solution.

In addition to our hardware offerings, we currently provide complimentary proprietary software, which is developed in-house. This software includes Artificial Intelligent (“AI”) components that allows our customers to perform recognition patterns for research, quality assurance and control (“QA/QC”), as well as diagnostics purposes. The in-house software is meticulously crafted to complement our product line ensuring seamless integration and optimized its performance for our customers.

For the six months period ended October 31, 2023 and October 31, 2024, the provision of microscopy products contributed to 99.8% and 80.9% of our revenue, respectively.

We distribute our microscopy products with software solutions through an extensive network of distributors, primarily in Vietnam and Singapore, and are expanding across Southeast Asia and South Asia. Our microscopy solutions accommodate a diverse range of applications enabling us to serve a wide range of customer needs and capitalize on emerging growth opportunities in the region. Our diverse customer base primarily includes industries with usage in fields such as manufacturing, research & development, biomedical, semiconductors, Printed Circuit Board (“PCB”), electronics, precision engineering, injection molding, research, healthcare, quality assurance and control (“QA/QC”), and diagnostics. Our business strategic focus involves strengthening our market position in Singapore and Vietnam and progressively expanding into the Southeast Asian region.

We believe in our strong corporate culture which emphasizes the creation of shareholder value. In the six months period ended October 31, 2024, business in Vietnam and Singapore contributed to 59.8% and 32.1% of our Group’s revenue, respectively. For the six months period ended October 31, 2023, our revenue was S$365,415. For the six -month period ended October 31, 2024, our revenue was S$63,129. This is a decrease of 82.7% in revenue. Our net loss and accumulated deficit was S$1,535,175 and S$6,205,397, respectively, for October 31, 2023, while our net loss and accumulated deficit was S$2,019,092 (US$1,526,234) and S$9,049,158 (US$6,840,259) for October 31, 2024. This signifies an increase of 31.5% and 45.8% for net loss and accumulated deficit.

Key Factors Affecting the Results of Our Group’s Operations

Our operating results are primarily affected by those factors set out in the section headed “Risk Factors” in this prospectus and those set out below:

Supply chain interruptions

Supply chain interruptions pose significant challenges to businesses, impacting operations, production, and ultimately, the ability to meet customer demand. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of the supply chain to identify potential vulnerabilities and points of failure. This includes assessing dependencies on critical suppliers, geographical risks, transportation logistics, and regulatory compliance issues. The Group will strengthen relationships with key suppliers through open communication, collaboration, and regular performance evaluations. We develop robust contingency plans to address potential supply chain disruptions, including natural disasters, geopolitical events, trade disputes, and pandemics. These plans include clear protocols and procedures for activating contingency measures swiftly and effectively when disruptions occur. By proactively addressing supply chain interruptions and implementing risk management strategies, businesses can enhance our resilience and mitigate the impact of disruptions on operations and customer satisfaction.

Fluctuations in material prices and quantities

Fluctuations in material prices and quantities can significantly affect the cost of assembling microscopy products. To mitigate these impacts, we implement effective inventory management practices, optimizing levels based on demand forecasts and lead times. Maintaining adequate buffer stocks helps offset sudden price increases or supply shortages. Additionally, we continuously assess cost reduction strategies such as process optimization and exploring alternative materials or components with similar performance at lower costs. These measures not only reduce overall production costs but also enhance our resilience to price fluctuations. By implementing these strategies, we can better manage our susceptibility to market volatility, strengthening our competitiveness and ensuring sustained performance in the market.

Pricing and profitability

Setting the right pricing strategy for our microscopy products is crucial for generating revenue and achieving profitability. We provide the software as a complimentary product to our microscopy products. Other factors such as market demand, tight competition, product differentiation, and perceived value all influence our pricing decisions. Balancing affordability with profitability is essential to attract customers while maximizing our returns. Similarly, choosing the right distribution channels for selling microscopy equipment can impact sales volume, reach, and profitability. While we previously marketed through direct channels such as our in-house sales team and organic growth through inbound calls, mail and social media., we now market through indirect channels, such as distributors, and while it provides broader market coverage, we are currently uncertain as to whether it may or may not result in lower margins due to many other external macro-factors in play such as competitors, innovation within the optical industry as well as the general economic environment.

Compliance with health, and safety regulations

Compliance with health and safety regulations is paramount to our business operations, as non-compliance can lead to penalties and reputational damage. We closely monitor existing regulations and proactively adapt our practices to ensure compliance. Additionally, we stay vigilant regarding new and evolving laws and regulations that may impact our operations. To mitigate the risks associated with regulatory changes, we maintain robust internal controls and processes focused on compliance with health and safety regulations. This includes conducting regular audits, implementing training programs for employees, and engaging with regulatory authorities to stay informed about emerging requirements. By prioritizing compliance with health and safety regulations and staying abreast of regulatory developments, we aim to safeguard our business against potential penalties and reputational harm while fostering a safe and sustainable operating environment.

Inflation

Inflation can drive the prices of raw materials and components used in our microscopy products upwards. This increase in material costs can be attributed to various factors, including supply chain disruptions, and fluctuations in commodities prices. Energy prices, particularly crude oil prices, can impact transportation and production costs as well. Overall, we may face higher procurement costs for essential components and materials as well as elevated expenses for transportation, energy and labor. To mitigate the effects of inflation on material costs and profit margins, we will continuously assess cost reduction strategies, including exploring alternative sources of materials.

Critical Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies which we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results are described below. Refer to “Note 2 — Summary of significant accounting policies” to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus for more detailed information regarding our critical accounting policies.

Revenue recognition

The Company follows the revenue requirements of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606”). The core principle underlying the revenue recognition of this ASC allows the Company to recognize revenue that represents the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expect to be entitled in such exchange. This will require the Company to identify contractual performance obligations and determine whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time, based on when control of goods and services transfers to a customer.

To achieve that core principle, the Company applies the five-step model to recognize revenue from customer contracts. The five-step model requires that the Company (i) identify the contract with the customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration to the extent that it is probable that a significant future reversal will not occur, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the respective performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies the performance obligation.

Revenues are generally recognized upon the transfer of control of promised products or services provided to our customers, reflecting the amount of consideration we expect to receive for those products or services.

We currently generate our revenues from the following main sources:

Sales of microscopes and parts

The Company sells microscopes and parts. Revenue is recognized when the goods are delivered to the customer and all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied. The goods are often sold with a right of return.

The amount of revenue recognized is based on the transaction price, which comprises the contractual price. Based on the Company’s experience with similar types of contracts, variable consideration is typically constrained and is included in the transaction only to the extent that it is a highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

At the end of each reporting date, the Company updates its assessment of the estimated transaction price, including its assessment of whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained. The corresponding amounts are adjusted against revenue in the period in which the transaction price changes. The Company also updates its measurement of the asset for the right to recover returned goods for changes in its expectations about returned goods.

The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred where the amortization period of the asset that would otherwise be recognized is one year or less.

Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under FASB ASC 740. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets are also provided for net operating loss carryforwards that can be utilized to offset future taxable income.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period including the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce net deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.

The provisions of FASB ASC 740-10-25, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes,” prescribe a more-likely-than-not threshold for consolidated financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken (or expected to be taken) in a tax return. This interpretation also provides guidance on the recognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, and related disclosures.

The Company did not accrue any liability, interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions in its provision for income taxes for the years ended April 30, 2023 and 2024, and six months ended October 31, 2024. The Company does not expect that its assessment regarding unrecognized tax positions will materially change over the next 12 months.

Critical accounting estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. These principles require us to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements.

The useful life and impairment of long-lived assets

The judgment that the long-lived assets, which include property and equipment, are being amortized over their useful lives and are not impaired are significant accounting estimates. We have estimated the useful life and residual value and concluded that no impairment loss was recognized as of April 30, 2023 and 2024 and October 31, 2024.

Collectability of account receivables

We maintain an allowance for estimated credit losses inherent in its accounts receivable portfolio. In establishing the required allowance, management considers historical losses adjusted to take into account current market conditions and the Company’s customers’ financial condition, the receivable amount in dispute, and the current receivables aging and current payment patterns, over the contractual life of the receivable. The Company writes off the receivable when it is determined to be uncollectible.

Collectability of note receivables

We keep a close observation on the collection of note receivables to maintain an allowance for estimated credit losses inherent in the note receivables portfolio. To establish the required allowance, management considers historical losses, taking into account current market conditions and the borrower’s financial conditions to calculate the loss given default and probability of default for estimates on credit losses. The company writes off the receivable when it is deemed to be uncollectable.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A discussion of recent accounting pronouncements is included in “Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to our audited consolidated financial statements” included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Six Months Periods Ended October 31, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes the consolidated results of our operations for the six months periods ended October 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

Comparison of Years Ended April 30, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes the consolidated results of our operations for the year ended April 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

Revenue

We provide services through sales of microscopes and parts. The following table provides financial information for each of these operating groups:

The principal activities of the Company for the six months period ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 was sales of microscopy solutions, products and accessories. Our revenue for the six months period ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 was S$63,129 (approximately US$47,719) and S$365,415 (approximately US$276,217), respectively, representing a decrease of 82.7%. This reduction in revenue was primarily attributed to a reduction in sales orders from our largest customers and diversification of customer base in the region, with the price of the products remaining largely unchanged. In addition, we have zero returns for our products for the six months periods ended October 31, 2024 and 2023.

The principal activities of the Company for the years ended April 30, 2024 and 2023 was the same as the six months periods ended 31 October, 2024 and 2023. Our revenue for the years ended April 30, 2024 and 2023 was S$1,882,803 (approximately US$1,380,848) and S$650,797 (approximately US$488,163), respectively, representing an increase of 189.3%. This surge in revenue was primarily attributed to a rise in demand for our products with the increase in reach to the region, with the price of the products remaining largely unchanged. The increase in revenue is due to our largest customer that comprise of 43% and 73% of revenue for the years ended April 30, 2023 and April 30, 2024, respectively; the largest customer for the year ended April 30, 2023 and April 30, 2024 is different. For the year ending April 30, 2023 and April 30, 2024, the largest customer is neither related to the Company nor to the shareholders of the Company. In addition, we have zero returns for our products for the years ended April 30, 2024 and 2023.

Other Income

The following table provides financial information for the different types of Other Income:

Our Other Income showed a decrease of S$58,271 (approximately US$44,046) or 50.4% from S$115,702 (approximately US$87,459) for the six months period ended October 31, 2023 to S$57,431 (approximately US$43,413) for the six months period ended October 31, 2024, This was primarily attributable to a decrease in government grants of S$35,209 (approximately US$26,613) or 53.3% from S$66,098 (approximately US$49,963) for the six months period ended October 31, 2023 to S$30,889 (approximately US$23,350) for the six months period ended October 31, 2024. We expect the decrease in government grants to continue as The Company matures and the Covid-19 pandemic impact, the impetus behind many of the grants, lessens.

For the year ended April 30, 2023 to April 30, 2024, there was a decrease of S$212,633 (approximately US$162,616) or 53.2% from S$399,461 (approximately US$299,636) to S$186,828 (approximately US$137,020), This was primarily attributable to a decrease in government grants of S$245,300 (approximately US$185,945) or 67.8% from S$361,842 (approximately US$271,418) for the year ended April 30, 2023 to S$116,542 (approximately US$85,473) for the year ended April 30, 2024.

Cost of sales

Our cost of services comprises mainly tools and hardware, production labor and inward freight. Our total cost of sales decreased by S$275,625 (approximately US$208,344) or by 68.3% from S$403,677 (approximately US$305,139) for the six months period ended October 31, 2023, to S$128,052 (approximately US$96,795) for the six months period ended October 31, 2024. This was primarily attributable to a decrease of 69.0% in our purchase from S$399,253 (approximately US$301,795) in October 31, 2023 to S$123,803 (approximately US$93,583) in October 31, 2024. Such a decrease was in line with our decreased revenue due to diversification of customer base.

For the year ended April 30, 2023 to April 30, 2024, the total cost of sales increased by S$448,930 (approximately US$320,292) or by 83.7% from S$536,169 (approximately US$402,180) to S$985,099 (approximately US$722,472). This was primarily attributable to an increase of 82.7% in our purchase from S$534,044 (approximately US$400,586) in April 30, 2023 to S$975,748 (approximately US715,614) in April 30, 2024. The increase of 83.7% in cost of sales was due to our increased revenue of 189%. The increase in revenue is substantially higher than the increase in our cost of sales, as a result of the turn-key solutions that we have provided for our customers. This allowed the Company to price such turn-key solutions at a higher margin.

Payroll

As of April 30, 2023, and 2024 we have 20 and 24 employees, respectively, but as of October 31, 2024, the workforce consists of 25 full time employees. We enter into employment contracts with our full-time employees, which are not covered by collective bargaining agreements. The remuneration to our employees includes fixed salaries, performance-based bonuses, allowances and sales commissions for employees. We determine employees’ remuneration based on a number of factors including years of experience, qualifications and market rates.

Operating lease expenses

As of six months periods ended October 31, 2023 and October 31, 2024, the Company has three office premise lease agreements with lease terms ranging from two to three years, and has paid a sum of S$66,878 and S$70,281 for the expenses, respectively. The company has a non-cancellable lease for an office premise located at The Curie Singapore Science Park Unit #04-01B, Singapore 118258 with a lease term extending over 3 years, which signify a longer commitment to this office space. As of April 30, 2024, the company entered to a lease agreement for office premises at The Curie Singapore Science Park Unit #02-01 and #04-01B, Singapore 118258 with a lease term extending over 3 years.

As of April 30, 2023 and April 30, 2024, the Company has three office premise lease agreements with lease terms ranging from two to three years, and has paid a sum of S$102,136 and S$136,781 for the expenses, respectively. The company has a non-cancellable lease for an office premise located at The Curie Singapore Science Park Unit #04-01B, Singapore 118258 with a lease term extending over 3 years, which signify a longer commitment to this office space. As of April 30, 2024, the company entered to a lease agreement for office premises at The Curie Singapore Science Park Unit #02-01 and #04-01B, Singapore 118258 with a lease term extending over 3 years

General and administrative expenses