6-K
false2025-07-31Q30001000275--10-31We are required to maintain balances due to regulatory requirements or contractual restrictions from central banks, other regulatory authorities, and other counterparties. The total balances were $2 billion as at July 31, 2025 (April 30, 2025 – $2 billion; October 31, 2024 – $2 billion; July 31, 2024 – $2 billion; April 30, 2024 – $2 billion; October 31, 2023 – $3 billion).The dilutive effect of stock options was calculated using the treasury stock method. When the exercise price of options outstanding is greater than the average market price of our common shares, the options are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the three months ended July 31, 2025, an average of 917,151 outstanding options with an average exercise price of $177.97 were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the three months ended July 31, 2024, no outstanding options were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. 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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
 
FORM
6-K
 
 
Report of Foreign Private Issuer
Pursuant to Rule
13a-16
or
15d-16
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the month of August 2025
Commission File Number:
001-13928
 
 
Royal Bank of Canada
(Translation of registrant’s name into English)
 
 
 
200 Bay Street    1 Place Ville Marie
Royal Bank Plaza    Montreal, Quebec
Toronto, Ontario    Canada H3B 3A9
Canada M5J 2J5    Attention: Vice President,
Attention: Vice President,    Associate General Counsel
Associate General Counsel    & Corporate Secretary
& Corporate Secretary   
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form
20-F
or Form
40-F.
Form
20-F 
☐
   Form
40-F 
☒
This report on Form
6-K,
management’s discussion and analysis and unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in exhibit 99.2, and exhibit 99.3 hereto are incorporated by reference as exhibits into the Registration Statement on Form
F-3
(File
No. 333-275898)
and the Registration Statements on Form
S-8
(File Nos.
333-12036,
333-12050,
333-13052,
333-13112,
333-117922,
333-207754,
333-207750,
333-207748,
333-252536,
333-268715,
333-287828
and
333-287969).
 
 
 

Signature
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 
ROYAL BANK OF CANADA
Date: August 27, 2025
 
 
By:
 
/s/ Katherine Gibson
 
 
Name:
 
Katherine Gibson
 
 
Title:
 
Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT INDEX
 
Exhibit
  
Description of Exhibit
99.1
  
Third Quarter 2025 Earnings Release
99.2
  
Third Quarter 2025 Report to Shareholders (which includes management’s discussion and analysis and unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements)
99.3
  
Return on Equity and Assets Ratios
  
Rule
 
13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
 
Certifications
31.1
  
- Certification of the Registrant’s Chief Executive Officer
31.2
  
- Certification of the Registrant’s Chief Financial Officer
101
  
Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL)
104
  
Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)


   Exhibit 99.1
LOGO   

THIRD QUARTER 2025

EARNINGS RELEASE

 

 ROYAL BANK OF CANADA REPORTS THIRD QUARTER 2025 RESULTS

 

All amounts are in Canadian dollars and are based on financial statements presented in compliance with International Accounting Standard 34 Interim Financial Reporting, unless otherwise noted. Our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders and Supplementary Financial Information are available at http://www.rbc.com/investorrelations and on https://www.sedarplus.com/.

 

Net income 

 

$5.4 Billion  

 

Up 21% YoY    

 

   

Diluted EPS1 

 

$3.75 

 

Up 21% YoY  

 

   

Total PCL1 

 

$0.9 Billion  

 

PCL on loans ratio1

down 23 bps1 QoQ

 

   

ROE1  

 

17.3%  

 

Up 180 bps YoY  

   

CET1 ratio2  

 

13.2% 

 

Above regulatory 

requirements  

 

 

Adjusted net income3

 

$5.5 Billion

 

Up 17% YoY

   

Adjusted diluted EPS3

 

$3.84 

 

Up 18% YoY  

 

   

Total ACL1

 

$7.7 Billion

 

ACL on loans ratio1

remained flat QoQ

 

   

Adjusted ROE3  

 

17.7%  

 

Up 130 bps YoY  

   

LCR4

 

129% 

 

Down from 131% last quarter

 

 

TORONTO, August 27, 2025 — Royal Bank of Canada5 (RY on TSX and NYSE) today reported record net income of $5.4 billion for the quarter ended July 31, 2025, up $928 million or 21% from the prior year. Diluted EPS was $3.75, up 21% over the same period, reflecting growth across each of our business segments. Adjusted net income3 and adjusted diluted EPS3 of $5.5 billion and $3.84 were up 17% and 18%, respectively, from the prior year.

 

 

“This quarter’s record results demonstrate RBC’s relentless, long-term focus on our clients and our commitment to delivering on the bold growth ambitions we laid out at our recent Investor Day. We saw strong growth across each of our business segments reflecting the strength of our diversified business model, solid capital position, investments in technology and talent, and disciplined approach to risk and expense management. Thanks to the incredible efforts of Team RBC, we’re creating value and driving premium performance through the cycle, as we work to stay ahead of our clients’ expectations in a rapidly changing economy and world.”

 

– Dave McKay, President and Chief Executive Officer of Royal Bank of Canada

 

Record pre-provision, pre-tax earnings3 of $7.8 billion were up $1.7 billion or 29% from last year, mainly due to higher revenue in Capital Markets driven by strength across Corporate & Investment Banking and Global Markets and higher net interest income in Personal Banking and Commercial Banking reflecting strong average volume growth and higher spreads in Personal Banking. Higher fee-based revenue in Wealth Management reflecting market appreciation and net sales also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher variable compensation commensurate with increased results, and continued investments in talent and technology across our businesses.

 

Our consolidated results reflect an increase in total PCL of $222 million from a year ago, mainly reflecting higher provisions in Capital Markets, Commercial Banking and Personal Banking, partly offset by releases in Wealth Management in the current quarter. The PCL on loans ratio of 35 bps increased 8 bps from the prior year.

 

Compared to last quarter, net income was up 23% reflecting growth across each of our business segments. Adjusted net income3 was up 22% over the same period. Pre-provision, pre-tax earnings3 were up $0.8 billion or 12% as higher revenues more than offset expense growth. The PCL on loans ratio of 35 bps decreased 23 bps from the prior quarter as last quarter was driven by higher provisions on performing loans reflecting the potential impacts of trade disruptions (including tariffs). The PCL on impaired loans ratio1 was 36 bps, up 1 bp from the prior quarter, while the PCL on performing loans ratio1 was (1) bp, down 24 bps from the prior quarter.

 

Our capital position remains robust, with a CET1 ratio2 of 13.2%, supporting solid volume growth and $3.1 billion of capital returned to our shareholders through common share dividends and share buybacks.

 
1

See the Glossary section of our interim Management’s Discussion and Analysis dated August 26, 2025, for the nine months ended July 31, 2025, available at https://www.sedarplus.com/, for an explanation of the composition of these measures. Such explanation is incorporated by reference hereto.

2 

The Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio is calculated in accordance with Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions’ (OSFI) Basel III Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) guideline.

3 

These are non-GAAP measures or ratios. For further information, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section on pages 4 to 5 of this Earnings Release.

4 

The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s Liquidity Adequacy Requirements (LAR) guideline. For further details, refer to the Liquidity and funding risk section of our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders.

5 

When we say “we”, “us”, “our”, “the bank” or “RBC”, we mean Royal Bank of Canada and its subsidiaries, as applicable.

 

- 1 -


 

 

  Reported:     Adjusted7:  

Q3 2025

 

•  Net income of $5,414 million

 

h   21%

 

•  Net income of $5,534 million

  h 17%

Compared to

 

•  Diluted EPS of $3.75

 

h   21%

 

•  Diluted EPS of $3.84

  h 18%

Q3 2024

 

•  ROE of 17.3%

 

h   180 bps

 

•  ROE of 17.7%

  h 130 bps
 

•  CET1 ratio6 of 13.2%

 

h   20 bps

   
 

 

Q3 2025

 

•  Net income of $5,414 million

 

h    23%

 

•  Net income of $5,534 million

  h 22%

Compared to

 

•  Diluted EPS of $3.75

 

h   24%

 

•  Diluted EPS of $3.84

  h 23%

Q2 2025

 

•  ROE of 17.3%

 

h   310 bps

 

•  ROE of 17.7%

  h 300 bps
 

•  CET1 ratio6 of 13.2%

 

g  unchanged

   
 

 

YTD 2025

 

•  Net income of $14,935 million

 

h    24%

 

•  Net income of $15,316 million

  h 18%

Compared to

 

•  Diluted EPS of $10.31

 

h   24%

 

•  Diluted EPS of $10.58

  h 17%

YTD 2024

 

•  ROE of 16.1%

 

h    170 bps

 

•  ROE of 16.5%

  h 90 bps
 

 

 

 Personal Banking

 

 

Net income of $1,938 million increased $352 million or 22% from a year ago, largely driven by higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and average volume growth of 3% in Personal Banking – Canada. Higher non-interest income also contributed to the increase. Non-interest expenses remained relatively flat, which included the realization of synergies related to the acquisition of HSBC Bank Canada (HSBC Canada).

 

Compared to last quarter, net income increased $336 million or 21%, mainly due to lower PCL as last quarter reflected higher provisions on performing loans due to the potential impacts of trade disruptions (including tariffs). Higher net interest income reflecting the impact of three more days in the current quarter, average volume growth and higher spreads in Personal Banking – Canada also contributed to the increase.

 

 Commercial Banking

 

 

Net income of $836 million increased $19 million or 2% from a year ago as growth in total revenue was partially offset by higher PCL. Non-interest expenses remained relatively flat, which included the realization of synergies related to the acquisition of HSBC Canada (HSBC Canada transaction).

 

Compared to last quarter, net income increased $239 million or 40%, largely attributable to lower PCL as last quarter reflected higher provisions on performing loans due to the potential impacts of trade disruptions (including tariffs). Higher net interest income, primarily reflecting the impact of three more days in the current quarter, as well as higher spreads also contributed to the increase.

 

 Wealth Management

 

 

Net income of $1,096 million increased $147 million or 15% from a year ago, mainly due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales, which also drove higher variable compensation.

 

Compared to last quarter, net income increased $167 million or 18%, mainly due to higher fee-based revenue driven by higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales, as well as three more days in the quarter. The current quarter also reflected releases of provisions driven by performing loans in U.S. Wealth Management (including City National Bank), as compared to provisions taken last quarter. Higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and three more days in the quarter also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher variable compensation.

 

 Insurance

 

 

Net income of $247 million increased $77 million or 45% from a year ago, primarily due to higher insurance service result driven by improved life insurance claims experience. Higher insurance investment result, largely due to lower capital funding costs, also contributed to the increase.

 

Compared to last quarter, net income increased $36 million or 17%, largely due to higher insurance service result driven by improved life insurance claims experience. This was partially offset by less favourable investment-related experience.

 
6

The CET1 ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guideline.

7 

These are non-GAAP measures or ratios. For further information, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section on pages 4 to 5 of this Earnings Release.

 

- 2 -


 Capital Markets

 

 

Net income of $1,328 million increased $156 million or 13% from a year ago, primarily due to higher revenue in Global Markets and Corporate & Investment Banking. These factors were partially offset by higher PCL, higher compensation on increased results, as well as a higher effective income tax rate reflecting the impact of Pillar Two legislation and changes in earnings mix.

 

Compared to last quarter, net income increased $126 million or 10%, mainly due to higher fixed income trading revenue primarily in the U.S. and higher debt and equity origination across most regions. These factors were partially offset by lower equity trading revenue across most regions and higher compensation on increased results.

 

 Corporate Support

 

 

Net loss was $31 million for the current quarter, primarily due to residual unallocated costs, including severance, partially offset by asset/liability management activities.

 

Net loss was $151 million in the prior quarter, primarily due to residual unallocated items, including severance.

 

Net loss was $208 million in the same quarter last year, primarily due to the after-tax impact of the HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs of $125 million, which is treated as a specified item. Unallocated costs also contributed to the net loss.

 

 Capital, Liquidity and Credit Quality

 

 

Capital – As at July 31, 2025, our CET1 ratio8 of 13.2% was unchanged from last quarter, reflecting net internal capital generation that was offset by RWA growth, share repurchases, the impact of a U.S. rating downgrade and risk parameter changes.

 

Liquidity – For the quarter ended July 31, 2025, the average LCR9 was 129%, which translates into a surplus of approximately $103 billion, compared to 131% and a surplus of approximately $107 billion in the prior quarter. Average LCR9 decreased from the prior quarter, primarily due to loan growth, partially offset by lower funding requirements on securities and securities financing transactions and growth in deposits and funding.

 

NSFR10 as at July 31, 2025 was 114%, which translates into a surplus of approximately $137 billion, compared to 116% and a surplus of approximately $154 billion in the prior quarter. NSFR10 decreased compared to the previous quarter, primarily due to loan growth and higher funding requirements on securities and securities financing transactions.

 

Credit Quality

 

Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024

Total PCL of $881 million increased $222 million or 34% from a year ago, primarily due to higher provisions in Capital Markets, Commercial Banking and Personal Banking, partially offset by releases in Wealth Management in the current quarter, as compared to provisions taken in the same quarter last year. The PCL on loans ratio of 35 bps increased 8 bps. The PCL on impaired loans ratio of 36 bps increased 10 bps.

 

PCL on performing loans was $(28) million, compared to $42 million a year ago, driven by favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast, partially offset by unfavourable changes in credit quality and portfolio growth in the current quarter.

 

PCL on impaired loans of $913 million increased $290 million or 47%, primarily due to higher provisions in Capital Markets, Commercial Banking and Personal Banking.

 

Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025

Total PCL decreased $543 million or 38% from last quarter, primarily reflecting lower provisions in Commercial Banking and Personal Banking, and releases in Wealth Management in the current quarter, as compared to provisions taken last quarter. The PCL on loans ratio decreased 23 bps. The PCL on impaired loans ratio increased 1 bp.

 

PCL on performing loans was $(28) million, compared to $568 million last quarter, reflecting releases in the current quarter, driven by favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast, partially offset by unfavourable changes in credit quality and portfolio growth, as compared to provisions taken last quarter, reflecting the potential impacts of trade disruptions (including tariffs).

 

PCL on impaired loans increased $61 million or 7%, primarily due to higher provisions in Capital Markets, partially offset by recoveries in Wealth Management in the current quarter, as compared to provisions taken last quarter.

 
8 

The CET1 ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guideline.

9 

The LCR is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline. For further details, refer to the Liquidity and funding risk section of our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders.

10 

The Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline. For further details, refer to the Liquidity and funding risk section of our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders.

 

- 3 -


 Key Performance and Non-GAAP Measures

 

 

Performance measures

We measure and evaluate the performance of our consolidated operations and each business segment using a number of financial metrics, such as net income and ROE. Certain financial metrics, including ROE, do not have a standardized meaning under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions.

 

Non-GAAP measures

Non-GAAP measures and ratios do not have a standardized meaning under GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions.

 

The following discussion describes the non-GAAP measures and ratios we use in evaluating our operating results.

 

Pre-provision, pre-tax earnings

We use pre-provision, pre-tax earnings (PPPT) to assess our ability to generate sustained earnings growth outside of credit losses, which are impacted by the cyclical nature of the credit cycle. PPPT may enhance comparability of our financial performance and enable readers to better assess trends in the underlying businesses. The following table provides a reconciliation of our reported results to PPPT and illustrates the calculation of PPPT presented:

 

      For the three months ended           For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   

July 31

2025

    

April 30 

2025 

  

July 31 

2024 

       

July 31

2025

    

July 31

2024

 

 Net income

   $ 5,414      $ 4,390      $ 4,486        $ 14,935      $ 12,018  

 Add: Income taxes

     1,458        1,128        887          3,888        2,629  

 Add: PCL

     881        1,424        659            3,355        2,392  

Pre-provision, pre-tax earnings

   $  7,753      $  6,942      $  6,032          $  22,178      $  17,039  

 

Adjusted results and ratios

We believe that adjusted results are more reflective of our ongoing operating results and provide readers with a better understanding of management’s perspective on performance. Specified items discussed below can lead to variability that could obscure trends in underlying business performance and the amortization of acquisition-related intangibles can differ widely between organizations. Excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles may enhance comparability of our financial performance and enable readers to better assess trends in the underlying businesses.

 

Our results for the three months ended April 30, 2025 and July 31, 2024 and nine months ended July 31, 2025 and July 31, 2024 were adjusted for the following specified item:

•   HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs. Effective the third quarter of 2025, we are no longer treating HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs as a specified item as integration activities are largely complete and any remaining costs are expected to be immaterial.

 

Our results for the nine months ended July 31, 2024 were also adjusted for the following specified item:

•   Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction.

 

Adjusted ratios, including adjusted EPS (basic and diluted), adjusted ROE and adjusted efficiency ratio, which are derived from adjusted results, are useful to readers because they may enhance comparability in assessing profitability on a per-share basis, how efficiently profits are generated from average common equity and how efficiently costs are managed relative to revenues. Adjusted results and ratios can also help inform and support strategic choices and capital allocation decisions.

 

- 4 -


The following table provides a reconciliation of our reported results to our adjusted results and illustrates the calculation of adjusted measures presented. The adjusted results and ratios presented below are non-GAAP measures or ratios.

 

Consolidated results, reported and adjusted                                         
     As at or for the three months ended          As at or for the nine months ended  

(Millions of Canadian dollars,

except per share, number of and percentage amounts)

  

July 31

2025

    

April 30 

2025 

  

July 31 

2024 

       

July 31

2025

    

July 31

2024

 

 Total revenue

   $     16,985      $ 15,672      $ 14,631        $ 49,396      $ 42,270  

 PCL

     881        1,424        659          3,355        2,392  

 Non-interest expense

     9,232        8,730        8,599          27,218        25,231  

 Income before income taxes

     6,872        5,518        5,373          18,823        14,647  

 Income taxes

     1,458        1,128        887          3,888        2,629  

Net income

   $ 5,414      $ 4,390      $ 4,486        $ 14,935      $ 12,018  

Net income available to common shareholders

   $ 5,290      $ 4,274      $ 4,377              $ 14,575      $ 11,780  

Average number of common shares (thousands)

     1,407,280         1,411,362         1,414,194           1,410,854         1,411,044  

Basic earnings per share (in dollars)

   $ 3.76      $ 3.03      $ 3.09              $ 10.33      $ 8.35  

Average number of diluted common shares (thousands)

     1,409,680        1,413,517        1,416,149          1,413,235        1,412,644  

Diluted earnings per share (in dollars)

   $ 3.75      $ 3.02      $ 3.09              $ 10.31      $ 8.34  

ROE

     17.3%      14.2%      15.5%        16.1%      14.4%

Effective income tax rate

     21.2%      20.4%      16.5%              20.7%      17.9%

Total adjusting items impacting net income (before-tax)

   $ 153      $ 184      $ 314        $ 502      $ 1,254  

Specified item: HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs (1), (2)

     -        31        160          43        783  

Specified item: Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction (1)

     -        -        -          -        131  

Amortization of acquisition-related intangibles (3)

     153        153        154                459        340  

Total income taxes for adjusting items impacting net income

   $ 33      $ 46      $ 73        $ 121      $ 281  

Specified item: HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs (1)

     -        7        35          13        158  

Specified item: Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction (1)

     -        -        -          -        36  

Amortization of acquisition-related intangibles (3)

     33        39        38                108        87  

Adjusted results (4)

                

Income before income taxes - adjusted

   $ 7,025      $ 5,702      $ 5,687        $ 19,325      $ 15,901  

Income taxes - adjusted

     1,491        1,174        960          4,009        2,910  

Net income - adjusted

     5,534        4,528        4,727          15,316        12,991  

Net income available to common shareholders - adjusted

     5,410        4,412        4,618                14,956        12,753  

Average number of common shares (thousands)

     1,407,280        1,411,362        1,414,194          1,410,854        1,411,044  

Basic earnings per share (in dollars) - adjusted (4)

   $ 3.84      $ 3.13      $ 3.26              $ 10.60      $ 9.04  

Average number of diluted common shares (thousands)

     1,409,680        1,413,517        1,416,149          1,413,235        1,412,644  

Diluted earnings per share (in dollars) - adjusted (4)

   $ 3.84      $ 3.12      $ 3.26              $ 10.58      $ 9.03  

ROE - adjusted (4)

     17.7%      14.7%      16.4%        16.5%      15.6%

Effective income tax rate - adjusted (4)

     21.2%      20.6%      16.9%              20.7%      18.3%

 

(1)

These amounts have been recognized in Corporate Support.

(2)

As at April 30, 2025, the cumulative HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs (before-tax) incurred were $1.4 billion. Effective the third quarter of 2025, we are no longer treating HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs as a specified item as integration activities are largely complete and any remaining costs are expected to be immaterial.

(3)

Represents the impact of amortization of acquisition-related intangibles (excluding amortization of software), and any goodwill impairment.

(4)

See the Glossary section of our interim Management’s Discussion and Analysis dated August 26, 2025, for the nine months ended July 31, 2025, available at https://www.sedarplus.com/, for an explanation of the composition of these measures. Such explanation is incorporated by reference hereto.

 

Additional information about ROE and other key performance and non-GAAP measures and ratios can be found under the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section of our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders.

 

- 5 -


 

 CAUTION REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 

From time to time, we make written or oral forward-looking statements within the meaning of certain securities laws, including the “safe harbour” provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and any applicable Canadian securities legislation. We may make forward-looking statements in this document, in other filings with Canadian regulators or the SEC, in reports to shareholders, and in other communications. In addition, our representatives may communicate forward-looking statements orally to analysts, investors, the media and others. Forward-looking statements in this document include, but are not limited to, statements by our President and Chief Executive Officer. The forward-looking statements contained in this document represent the views of management and are presented for the purpose of assisting the holders of our securities and financial analysts in understanding our financial position and results of operations as at and for the periods ended on the dates presented, as well as our financial performance objectives, vision, strategic goals and priorities and anticipated financial performance, and may not be appropriate for other purposes. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “believe”, “expect”, “suggest”, “seek”, “foresee”, “forecast”, “schedule”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “estimate”, “goal”, “commit”, “target”, “objective”, “plan”, “outlook”, “timeline” and “project” and similar expressions of future or conditional verbs such as “will”, “may”, “might”, “should”, “could”, “can”, “would” or negative or grammatical variations thereof.

By their very nature, forward-looking statements require us to make assumptions and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, both general and specific in nature, which give rise to the possibility that our predictions, forecasts, projections, expectations or conclusions will not prove to be accurate, that our assumptions may not be correct, that our financial performance, environmental & social or other objectives, vision and strategic goals will not be achieved, and that our actual results may differ materially from such predictions, forecasts, projections, expectations or conclusions.

We caution readers not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements as a number of risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements. These factors – many of which are beyond our control and the effects of which can be difficult to predict – include, but are not limited to: credit, market, liquidity and funding, insurance, operational, compliance (which could lead to us being subject to various legal and regulatory proceedings, the potential outcome of which could include regulatory restrictions, penalties and fines), strategic, reputation, legal and regulatory environment, competitive and systemic risks, risks associated with escalating trade tensions, including protectionist trade policies such as the imposition of tariffs, and other risks discussed in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders, including business and economic conditions in the geographic regions in which we operate, Canadian housing and household indebtedness, information technology, cyber and third-party risks, geopolitical uncertainty, environmental and social risk, digital disruption and innovation, privacy and data related risks, regulatory changes, culture and conduct risks, the effects of changes in government fiscal, monetary and other policies, tax risk and transparency, and our ability to anticipate and successfully manage risks arising from all of the foregoing factors. Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations in such forward-looking statements can be found in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders, as may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports.

We caution that the foregoing list of risk factors is not exhaustive and other factors could also adversely affect our results. When relying on our forward-looking statements to make decisions with respect to us, investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and potential events, as well as the inherent uncertainty of forward-looking statements. Material economic assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained in this document are set out in the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section and for each business segment under the Strategic priorities and Outlook headings in our 2024 Annual Report, as updated by the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section of our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders. Such sections may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports. Any forward-looking statements contained in this document represent the views of management only as of the date hereof, and except as required by law, we do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time by us or on our behalf.

Additional information about these and other factors can be found in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders, as may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports. Information contained in or otherwise accessible through the websites mentioned does not form part of this document. All references in this document to websites are inactive textual references and are for your information only.

 

ACCESS TO QUARTERLY RESULTS MATERIALS

Interested investors, the media and others may review this quarterly Earnings Release, quarterly results slides, supplementary financial information and our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders at rbc.com/investorrelations.

 

Quarterly conference call and webcast presentation

Our quarterly conference call is scheduled for August 27, 2025 at 8:00 a.m. (EST) and will feature a presentation about our third quarter results by RBC executives. It will be followed by a question and answer period with analysts. Interested parties can access the call live on a listen-only basis at rbc.com/investorrelations/quarterly-financial-statements.html or by telephone (416-340-2217, 866-696-5910, passcode 3075054#). Please call between 7:50 a.m. and 7:55 a.m. (EST).

Management’s comments on results will be posted on our website shortly following the call. A recording will be available by 5:00 p.m. (EST) from August 27, 2025 until October 31, 2025 at rbc.com/investorrelations/quarterly-financial-statements.html or by telephone (905-694-9451 or 800-408-3053, passcode 6738504#).

 

Media Relations Contacts

Gillian McArdle, Vice President, Corporate Communications, [email protected], 416-842-4231

Tracy Tong, Director, Financial Communications, [email protected], 437-655-1915

 

Investor Relations Contacts

Asim Imran, Senior Vice President, Head of Investor Relations, [email protected], 416-955-7804

 

ABOUT RBC

Royal Bank of Canada is a global financial institution with a purpose-driven, principles-led approach to delivering leading performance. Our success comes from the 101,000+ employees who leverage their imaginations and insights to bring our vision, values and strategy to life so we can help our clients thrive and communities prosper. As Canada’s biggest bank and one of the largest in the world, based on market capitalization, we have a diversified business model with a focus on innovation and providing exceptional experiences to our more than 19 million clients in Canada, the U.S. and 27 other countries. Learn more at rbc.com.

We are proud to support a broad range of community initiatives through donations, community investments and employee volunteer activities. See how at rbc.com/peopleandplanet.

 

® Registered Trademarks of Royal Bank of Canada.

 

 

                                     

 

 

- 6 -

EX-99.2
Exhibit 99.2
 

 
 
Royal Bank of Canada third quarter 2025 results
 
 
All amounts are in Canadian dollars and are based on financial statements presented in compliance with International Accounting Standard 34
Interim Financial Reporting
, unless otherwise noted. Our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders and Supplementary Financial Information are available at http://www.rbc.com/investorrelations and on https://www.sedarplus.com/.
 
 
Net income
$5.4 Billion
Up 21% YoY
 
   
 
Diluted EPS
1
$3.75
Up 21% YoY
 
   
 
 
Total PCL
1
$0.9 Billion
PCL on loans ratio
1
down 23 bps
1
QoQ
 
   
 
 
 
ROE
1, 2
17.3%
Up 180 bps YoY
 
   
 
 
CET1 ratio
1
13.2%
Above regulatory
requirements
 
               
 
 
Adjusted
net income
3
$5.5 Billion
Up 17% YoY
 
   
 
 
Adjusted
diluted EPS
3
$3.84
Up 18% YoY
 
   
 
 
Total ACL
1
$7.7 Billion
ACL on loans ratio
1
remained flat QoQ
 
   
 
 
Adjusted ROE
3
17.7%
Up 130 bps YoY
 
   
 
 
LCR
1
129%
Down from 131%
last quarter
 
TORONTO, August
 27, 2025
— Royal Bank of Canada
4
(RY on TSX and NYSE) today reported record net income of $5.4 billion for the quarter ended July 31, 2025, up $928 million or 21% from the prior year. Diluted EPS was $3.75, up 21% over the same period, reflecting growth across each of our business segments. Adjusted net income
3
and adjusted diluted EPS
3
of $5.5 billion and $3.84 were up 17% and 18%, respectively, from the prior year.
 
 
“This quarter’s record results demonstrate RBC’s relentless, long-term focus on our clients and our commitment to delivering on the bold growth ambitions we laid out at our recent Investor Day. We saw strong growth across each of our business segments reflecting the strength of our diversified business model, solid capital position, investments in technology and talent, and disciplined approach to risk and expense management. Thanks to the incredible efforts of Team RBC, we’re creating value and driving premium performance through the cycle, as we work to stay ahead of our clients’ expectations in a rapidly changing economy and world.”
 
– Dave McKay, President and Chief Executive Officer of Royal Bank of Canada 
Record
pre-provision,
pre-tax
earnings
5
of $7.8 billion were up $1.7 billion or 29% from last year, mainly due to higher revenue in Capital Markets driven by strength across Corporate & Investment Banking and Global Markets and higher net interest income in Personal Banking and Commercial Banking reflecting strong average volume growth and higher spreads in Personal Banking. Higher fee-based revenue in Wealth Management reflecting market appreciation and net sales also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher variable compensation commensurate with increased results, and continued investments in talent and technology across our businesses.
Our consolidated results reflect an increase in total PCL of $222 million from a year ago, mainly reflecting higher provisions in Capital Markets, Commercial Banking and Personal Banking, partly offset by releases in Wealth Management in the current quarter. The PCL on loans ratio of 35 bps increased 8 bps from the prior year.
Compared to last quarter, net income was up 23% reflecting growth across each of our business segments. Adjusted net income
3
was up 22% over the same period.
Pre-provision,
pre-tax
earnings
5
were up $0.8 billion or 12% as higher revenues more than offset expense growth. The PCL on loans ratio of 35 bps decreased 23 bps from the prior quarter as last quarter was driven by higher provisions on performing loans reflecting the potential impacts of trade disruptions (including tariffs). The PCL on impaired loans ratio
1
was 36 bps, up 1 bp from the prior quarter, while the PCL on performing loans ratio
1
was (1) bp, down 24 bps from the prior quarter.
Our capital position remains robust, with a CET1 ratio of 13.2%, supporting solid volume growth and $3.1 billion of capital returned to our shareholders through common share dividends and share buybacks.

Table of Contents
2   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
 
     
Q3 2025
 
Compared to
 
Q3 2024
 
   

Reported:
 
•  Net income of $5,414 million
•  Diluted EPS of $3.75
•  ROE of 17.3%
•  CET1 ratio of 13.2%
 

 
h
  21%
h
  21%
h
  180 bps
h
  20 bps
 
 

Adjusted
3
:
 
•  Net income of $5,534 million
•  Diluted EPS of $3.84
•  ROE of 17.7%
 

 
h
  17%
h
  18%
h
  130 bps
             
       
 

Q3 2025
 
Compared to
 
Q2 2025

   
 
•  Net income of $5,414 million
•  Diluted EPS
of $3.75
•  ROE of 17.3%
•  CET1 ratio of 13.2%
 
 
 
h
  23%
h
  24%
h
  310 bps
g
  unchanged
 
 
•  Net income of $5,534 million
•  Diluted EPS
of $3.84
•  ROE of 17.7%
 
 
h
  22%
h
  23%
h
  300 bps
             
       
 

YTD 2025
 
Compared to
 
YTD 2024

 
   
 
•  Net income of $14,935 million
•  Diluted EPS
of $10.31
•  ROE of 16.1%
 
 
h
  
24%
h
  24%
h
  170 bps
 
 
•  Net income of $15,316 million
•  Diluted EPS
of $10.58
•  ROE of 16.5%
 
 
h
  18%
h
  17%
h
  90 bps
             
 
(1)
See the Glossary section of this Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders for composition of these measures.
(2)
Return on equity (ROE). This measure does not have a standardized meaning under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). For further information, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section of this Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders.
(3)
These are
non-GAAP
measures or ratios. For further information, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section of this Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders.
(4)
When we say “we”, “us”, “our”, “the bank” or “RBC”, we mean Royal Bank of Canada and its subsidiaries, as applicable.
(5)
Pre-provision,
pre-tax
(PPPT) earnings is calculated as income (July 31, 2025: $5,414 million; April 30, 2025: $4,390 million; July 31, 2024: $4,486 million) before income taxes (July 31, 2025: $1,458 million; April 30, 2025: $1,128 million; July 31, 2024: $887 million) and PCL (July 31, 2025: $881 million; April 30, 2025: $1,424 million; July 31, 2024: $659 million). This is a
non-GAAP
measure. PPPT earnings do not have a standardized meaning under GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions. We use PPPT earnings to assess our ability to generate sustained earnings growth outside of credit losses, which are impacted by the cyclical nature of a credit cycle. We believe that certain
non-GAAP
measures are more reflective of our ongoing operating results and provide readers with a better understanding of management’s perspective on our performance.
 
 
Table of contents
 
1
 
3
 
3
 
4
 
  4   About Royal Bank of Canada
  5   Selected financial and other highlights
  6   Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook
8
 
  8   Overview
  8   Impact of foreign currency translation
  9   Total revenue
  10   Provision for credit losses
  11   Non-interest expense
  12   Income taxes
12
 
  12   How we measure and report our business segments
  12   Key performance and non-GAAP measures
  15   Personal Banking
  16   Commercial Banking
  17   Wealth Management
  19   Insurance
  20   Capital Markets
  21   Corporate Support
22
 
23
 
  23   Condensed balance sheets
  24   Off-balance sheet arrangements
24
 
  24   Credit risk
  28   Market risk
  33   Liquidity and funding risk
41
 
46
 
  46   Summary of accounting policies and estimates
  46   Controls and procedures
46
 
47
 
50
 
51
  (unaudited)
57
  (unaudited)
79
 
 
 

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   3
 
 
Management’s Discussion and Analysis
 
Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) is provided to enable a reader to assess our results of operations and financial condition for the three and nine month periods ended or as at July 31, 2025, compared to the corresponding periods in the prior fiscal year and the three month period ended April 30, 2025. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the quarter ended July 31, 2025 (Condensed Financial Statements) and related notes and our 2024 Annual Report. This MD&A is dated August 26, 2025. All amounts are in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise specified, and are based on financial statements presented in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), unless otherwise noted.
Additional information about us, including our 2024 Annual Information Form, is available free of charge on our website at rbc.com/investorrelations, on the Canadian Securities Administrators’ website, SEDAR+, at sedarplus.com and on the EDGAR section of the United States (U.S.) Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) website at sec.gov.
Information contained in or otherwise accessible through the websites mentioned herein does not form part of this report. All references in this report to websites are inactive textual references and are for your information only.
 
Caution regarding forward-looking statements
 
From time to time, we make written or oral forward-looking statements within the meaning of certain securities laws, including the “safe harbour” provisions of the
United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995
and any applicable Canadian securities legislation. We may make forward-looking statements in this Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders, in other filings with Canadian regulators or the SEC, in other reports to shareholders, and in other communications. In addition, our representatives may communicate forward-looking statements orally to analysts, investors, the media and others. Forward-looking statements in this document include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our financial performance objectives, priorities, vision and strategic goals, the economic, market, and regulatory review and outlook for Canadian, U.S., United Kingdom (U.K.), Euro area and global economies, the regulatory environment in which we operate and the risk environment including our credit risk, market risk, liquidity and funding risk, and include statements made by our President and Chief Executive Officer. The forward-looking statements contained in this document represent the views of management and are presented for the purpose of assisting the holders of our securities and financial analysts in understanding our financial position and results of operations as at and for the periods ended on the dates presented, as well as our financial performance objectives, vision, strategic goals and priorities and anticipated financial performance, and may not be appropriate for other purposes. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “believe”, “expect”, “suggest”, “seek”, “foresee”, “forecast”, “schedule”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “estimate”, “goal”, “commit”, “target”, “objective”, “plan”, “outlook”, “timeline” and “project” and similar expressions of future or conditional verbs such as “will”, “may”, “might”, “should”, “could”, “can”, “would” or negative or grammatical variations thereof.
By their very nature, forward-looking statements require us to make assumptions and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, both general and specific in nature, which give rise to the possibility that our predictions, forecasts, projections, expectations or conclusions will not prove to be accurate, that our assumptions may not be correct, that our financial performance, environmental & social or other objectives, vision and strategic goals will not be achieved, and that our actual results may differ materially from such predictions, forecasts, projections, expectations or conclusions.
We caution readers not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements as a number of risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements. These factors – many of which are beyond our control and the effects of which can be difficult to predict – include, but are not limited to: credit, market, liquidity and funding, insurance, operational, compliance (which could lead to us being subject to various legal and regulatory proceedings, the potential outcome of which could include regulatory restrictions, penalties and fines), strategic, reputation, legal and regulatory environment, competitive and systemic risks, risks associated with escalating trade tensions, including protectionist trade policies such as the imposition of tariffs, and other risks discussed in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of this Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders, including business and economic conditions in the geographic regions in which we operate, Canadian housing and household indebtedness, information technology, cyber and third-party risks, geopolitical uncertainty, environmental and social risk, digital disruption and innovation, privacy and data related risks, regulatory changes, culture and conduct risks, the effects of changes in government fiscal, monetary and other policies, tax risk and transparency, and our ability to anticipate and successfully manage risks arising from all of the foregoing factors. Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations in such forward-looking statements can be found in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of this Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders, as may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports.

Table of Contents
4   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
We caution that the foregoing list of risk factors is not exhaustive and other factors could also adversely affect our results. When relying on our forward-looking statements to make decisions with respect to us, investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and potential events, as well as the inherent uncertainty of forward-looking statements. Material economic assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained in this document are set out in the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section and for each business segment under the Strategic priorities and Outlook headings in our 2024 Annual Report, as updated by the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section of this Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders. Such sections may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports. Any forward-looking statements contained in this document represent the views of management only as of the date hereof, and except as required by law, we do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time by us or on our behalf.
Additional information about these and other factors can be found in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of this Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders, as may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports.
 
Overview and outlook
 
 
About Royal Bank of Canada
 
Royal Bank of Canada is a global financial institution with a purpose-driven,
principles-led
approach to delivering leading performance. Our success comes from the 101,000+ employees who leverage their imaginations and insights to bring our vision, values and strategy to life so we can help our clients thrive and communities prosper. As Canada’s biggest bank and one of the largest in the world, based on market capitalization, we have a diversified business model with a focus on innovation and providing exceptional experiences to our more than 19 million clients in Canada, the U.S. and 27 other countries. Learn more at rbc.com.
Effective the fourth quarter of 2024, the Personal & Commercial Banking segment became two standalone business segments: Personal Banking and Commercial Banking. With this change, RBC Direct Investing
®
moved from the previous Personal & Commercial Banking segment to the Wealth Management segment. Comparative results in this MD&A have been revised to conform to our new basis of segment presentation.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   5
 
Selected financial and other highlights
(1)
 
 
     As at or for the three months ended          As at or for the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except per share, number of and percentage amounts)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31 
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Total revenue
 
$
16,985
 
  $ 15,672     $ 14,631      
$
49,396
 
  $ 42,270  
Provision for credit losses (PCL)
 
 
881
 
    1,424       659      
 
3,355
 
    2,392  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
9,232
 
    8,730       8,599      
 
27,218
 
    25,231  
Income before income taxes
 
 
6,872
 
    5,518       5,373    
 
 
 
18,823
 
    14,647  
Net income
 
$
5,414
 
  $ 4,390     $ 4,486    
 
 
$
14,935
 
  $ 12,018  
Net income – adjusted
(2), (3)
 
$
5,534
 
  $ 4,528     $ 4,727    
 
 
$
15,316
 
  $ 12,991  
Segments – net income
           
Personal Banking
(4)
 
$
1,938
 
  $ 1,602     $ 1,586      
$
5,218
 
  $ 4,342  
Commercial Banking
(4)
 
 
836
 
    597       817      
 
2,210
 
    2,044  
Wealth Management
(4)
 
 
1,096
 
    929       949      
 
3,005
 
    2,453  
Insurance
 
 
247
 
    211       170      
 
730
 
    567  
Capital Markets
 
 
1,328
 
    1,202       1,172      
 
3,962
 
    3,588  
Corporate Support
 
 
(31
) 
    (151 )      (208 )   
 
 
 
(190
) 
    (976 ) 
Net income
 
$
5,414
 
  $ 4,390     $ 4,486    
 
 
$
14,935
 
  $ 12,018  
Selected information
           
Earnings per share (EPS)  – basic
 
$
3.76
 
  $ 3.03     $ 3.09      
$
10.33
 
  $ 8.35  
              – diluted
 
 
3.75
 
    3.02       3.09      
 
10.31
 
    8.34  
              – basic adjusted
(2), (3)
 
 
3.84
 
    3.13       3.26      
 
10.60
 
    9.04  
              – diluted adjusted
(2), (3)
 
 
3.84
 
    3.12       3.26      
 
10.58
 
    9.03  
Return on common equity (ROE)
(3)
 
 
17.3%
    14.2%     15.5%    
 
16.1%
    14.4%
ROE – adjusted
(2), (3)
 
 
17.7%
    14.7%     16.4%    
 
16.5%
    15.6%
Average common equity
(5)
 
$
121,450
 
  $ 123,300     $ 112,100      
$
121,100
 
  $ 109,300  
Net interest margin (NIM) – on average earning assets, net
(3)
 
 
1.61%
    1.64%     1.58%    
 
1.62%
    1.50%
PCL on loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.35%
    0.58%     0.27%    
 
0.45%
    0.35%
PCL on performing loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
(0.01)%
    0.23%     0.01%    
 
0.08%
    0.06%
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.36%
    0.35%     0.26%    
 
0.37%
    0.29%
Gross impaired loans (GIL) as a % of loans and acceptances
 
 
0.85%
    0.88%     0.58%    
 
0.85%
    0.58%
Liquidity coverage ratio (LCR)
(3), (6)
 
 
129%
    131%     126%    
 
129%
    126%
Net stable funding ratio (NSFR)
(3), (6)
 
 
114%
    116%     114%  
 
 
 
114%
    114%
Capital, Leverage and Total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC) ratios
(3), (7)
           
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio
 
 
13.2%
    13.2%     13.0%    
 
13.2%
    13.0%
Tier 1 capital ratio
 
 
14.8%
    14.7%     14.5%    
 
14.8%
    14.5%
Total capital ratio
 
 
16.6%
    16.5%     16.3%    
 
16.6%
    16.3%
Leverage ratio
 
 
4.5%
    4.3%     4.2%    
 
4.5%
    4.2%
TLAC ratio
 
 
30.9%
    31.0%     28.4%    
 
30.9%
    28.4%
TLAC leverage ratio
 
 
9.3%
    9.2%     8.3%  
 
 
 
9.3%
    8.3%
Selected balance sheet and other information
(8)
           
Total assets
 
$
 2,227,893
 
  $  2,242,133     $  2,076,107      
$
 2,227,893
 
  $  2,076,107  
Securities, net of applicable allowance
 
 
538,012
 
    492,497       431,185      
 
538,012
 
    431,185  
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses
 
 
1,025,460
 
    1,007,306       971,797      
 
1,025,460
 
    971,797  
Derivative related assets
 
 
155,023
 
    188,211       115,659      
 
155,023
 
    115,659  
Deposits
 
 
1,481,477
 
    1,446,786       1,361,265      
 
1,481,477
 
    1,361,265  
Common equity
 
 
124,065
 
    122,084       114,899      
 
124,065
 
    114,899  
Total risk-weighted assets (RWA)
(3), (7)
 
 
723,155
 
    703,920       661,177      
 
723,155
 
    661,177  
Assets under management (AUM)
(3)
 
 
1,469,800
 
    1,363,900       1,300,100      
 
1,469,800
 
    1,300,100  
Assets under administration (AUA)
(3), (9)
 
 
5,213,500
 
    5,019,700       4,716,100    
 
 
 
5,213,500
 
    4,716,100  
Common share information
           
Shares outstanding (000s) – average basic
 
 
1,407,280
 
    1,411,362       1,414,194      
 
1,410,854
 
    1,411,044  
               – average diluted
 
 
1,409,680
 
    1,413,517       1,416,149      
 
1,413,235
 
    1,412,644  
               – end of period
 
 
1,405,044
 
    1,409,539       1,413,666      
 
1,405,044
 
    1,413,666  
Dividends declared per common share
 
$
1.54
 
  $ 1.48     $ 1.42      
$
4.50
 
  $ 4.18  
Dividend yield
(3)
 
 
3.5%
 
    3.6%     3.9%    
 
3.6%
    4.2%
Dividend payout ratio
(3)
 
 
41%
    49%     46%    
 
44%
    50%
Common share price (RY on TSX)
(10)
 
$
177.79
 
  $ 165.47     $ 154.28      
$
177.79
 
  $ 154.28  
Market capitalization (TSX)
(10)
 
 
249,803
 
    233,236       218,100    
 
 
 
249,803
 
    218,100  
Business information (number of)
           
Employees (full-time equivalent) (FTE)
 
 
97,116
 
    94,369       96,165      
 
97,116
 
    96,165  
Bank branches
 
 
1,271
 
    1,284       1,344      
 
1,271
 
    1,344  
Automated teller machines (ATMs)
 
 
4,298
 
    4,331       4,426    
 
 
 
4,298
 
    4,426  
Period average US$ equivalent of C$1.00
(11)
 
 
0.728
 
    0.704       0.730      
 
0.710
 
    0.736  
Period-end
US$ equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
0.722
 
    0.725       0.724    
 
 
 
0.722
 
    0.724  
 
(1)
On March 28, 2024, we completed the acquisition of HSBC Bank Canada (HSBC Canada transaction). HSBC Bank Canada (HSBC Canada) results have been consolidated from the closing date, and are included in our Personal Banking, Commercial Banking, Wealth Management and Capital Markets segments. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section of our 2024 Annual Report.
(2)
These are
non-GAAP
measures or ratios. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
(3)
See Glossary for composition of these measures.
(4)
Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation. For further details, refer to the About Royal Bank of Canada section.
(5)
Average amounts are calculated using methods intended to approximate the average of the daily balances for the period.
(6)
The LCR and NSFR are calculated in accordance with the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions’ (OSFI) Liquidity Adequacy Requirements (LAR) guideline. LCR is the average for the three months ended for each respective period. For further details, refer to the Liquidity and funding risk section.
(7)
Capital ratios and RWA are calculated using OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) guideline, the Leverage ratio is calculated using OSFI’s Leverage Requirements (LR) guideline, and both the TLAC and TLAC leverage ratios are calculated using OSFI’s TLAC guideline. Both the CAR guideline and LR guideline are based on the Basel III framework. For further details, refer to the Capital management section.
(8)
Represents
period-end
spot balances.
(9)
AUA includes $15 billion and $6 billion (April 30, 2025 – $15 billion and $6 billion; July 31, 2024 – $15 billion and $6 billion) of securitized residential mortgages and credit card loans, respectively.
(10)
Based on TSX closing market price at
period-end.
(11)
Average amounts are calculated using
month-end
spot rates for the period.

Table of Contents
6   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook – data as at August 26, 2025
 
The predictions and forecasts in this section are based on information and assumptions from sources we consider reliable. If this information or these assumptions are not accurate, actual economic outcomes may differ materially from the outlook presented in this section.
Economic and market review and outlook
Economic growth is expected to remain positive across most advanced economies, including Canada, the Euro area, the U.K. and the U.S. The outlook remains highly dependent on the evolution of U.S. international trade policy. U.S. tariff rates have increased since April 2025 for most U.S. trade partners and are expected to slow U.S. economic growth. Tariffs imposed on U.S. imports from Canada remain low relative to other U.S. trade partners with most Canadian exports maintaining duty free access to the U.S. market through an exemption from tariffs for products compliant with the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). Our forecast assumes that existing tariffs remain in place broadly
as-is
until the fourth calendar quarter of 2025 before easing lower in 2026. Tariffs are expected to contribute to price increases, particularly in the U.S., while the removal of the consumer carbon tax from energy products is expected to keep headline consumer price growth relatively lower in Canada. We expect the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) to resume cutting interest rates in December of this calendar year as anticipated weaker economic growth and a rising unemployment rate offset concerns about the upward impact of tariffs on inflation. The Bank of Canada (BoC) reduced interest rates by more than other global central banks since June 2024 and we expect no further reductions for the remainder of calendar 2025. We expect the Bank of England (BOE) to reduce policy interest rates further by the end of calendar 2025 but do not expect further interest rate reductions from the European Central Bank (ECB).
Canada
Canadian GDP is expected to remain unchanged in the second calendar quarter of 2025 after rising 2.2%
1
in the first calendar quarter of 2025. We expect most Canadian exports to the United States will remain duty free under the exemption from tariffs for products compliant with the CUSMA; however, sector-specific tariffs, including those on steel and aluminum, the
non-U.S.
share of Canadian auto exports to the U.S. and China’s tariffs on Canadian canola products, will continue to apply. Uncertainty about potential future trade policy changes is expected to slow business investment spending. Growth in the Canadian economy in calendar 2025 is expected to remain close to the slow pace seen in calendar 2024. The unemployment rate fell slightly to 6.9% in June and July 2025 after rising to 7.0% in May 2025 but is still up 0.5% from a year earlier. The unemployment rate is expected to rise slightly to 7.1% in the second half of calendar 2025 as weakening external demand and international trade uncertainty slows hiring demand. The end of the consumer carbon tax on energy products has lowered the headline inflation rate, but excluding those changes, core inflation measures are at the top of the BoC’s 1% to 3% inflation target range. The BoC has held the overnight rate unchanged since a reduction to a 2.75% rate in January 2025. Interest rates are now at levels that the central bank views as neither restricting nor stimulating economic activity, and planned increases in government spending are reducing the need for additional interest rate reductions to counter expected weakening in economic growth due to tariffs. We do not expect the BoC to cut the overnight rate further for the remainder of calendar 2025.
U.S.
U.S. GDP grew by 3.0%
1
in the second calendar quarter of 2025 after contracting 0.5%
1
in the first calendar quarter of 2025. The decline in the first calendar quarter was primarily due to a significant increase in imports ahead of expected tariffs, with lower subsequent imports resulting in stronger GDP growth in the second calendar quarter. We expect slow GDP growth over the remainder of this calendar year as tariffs imposed by the U.S. administration affect costs and domestic production. The unemployment rate rose to 4.2% in July 2025, up slightly from 4.1% in June 2025, but unchanged from a year earlier. Job openings have declined and employment growth has slowed. We continue to expect the unemployment rate to rise modestly into calendar year 2026. Inflation data has shown limited tariff-related increases but we expect increased tariffs to raise prices more significantly over the second half of calendar year 2025. A weaker economic backdrop is expected to prompt a gradual reduction in interest rates by the Fed, with the next decrease in the target range for the federal funds rate expected in December 2025.
Euro area and the U.K.
Euro area GDP grew by 0.1% in the second calendar quarter of 2025 after rising 0.6% in the first calendar quarter of 2025. Unemployment rates remain very low across countries in the Euro area and are expected to be little changed through the rest of calendar 2025. Inflation in the Euro area has continued to ease but core inflation excluding energy components remains elevated. Increased government spending is expected to offset the negative impact of U.S. tariffs on Euro area GDP growth. The ECB is not expected to reduce interest rates further after lowering the deposit rate to 2.0% in June 2025. U.K. GDP increased 0.3% in the second calendar quarter of 2025 after increasing by 0.7% in the first calendar quarter of 2025. GDP growth in the U.K. is expected to be slow but positive for the remainder of calendar 2025. Inflationary trends have continued to remain steady and the unemployment rate has been increasing moderately. We expect those trends will persist in the remainder of calendar year 2025 and the BoE will continue to lower the Bank Rate until it reaches 3.75%, which is expected by the end of calendar 2025.
 
1
 
  Annualized rate

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   7
 
Financial markets
Government bond yields have declined in the U.S. and are little changed in Canada, the Euro area and the U.K. over the last three months. Yield curves remain steeper than at the start of the calendar year for Canada, the U.S., U.K. and Euro area. Credit spreads have narrowed after widening earlier this year and the broad trade-weighted U.S. dollar index has depreciated since January 2025. Equity markets have fully recouped declines earlier in the calendar year. Oil prices rose temporarily in June 2025 but have since reverted lower.
Regulatory environment
We continue to monitor and prepare for regulatory developments and changes in a manner that seeks to ensure compliance with new requirements while mitigating adverse business or financial impacts. Such impacts could result from new or amended laws or regulations and the expectations of those who enforce them. A high-level summary of the key regulatory changes that have the potential to increase or decrease our costs and the complexity of our operations is included in the Legal and regulatory environment risk section of our 2024 Annual Report and updates are listed below.
Global uncertainty
In July 2025, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected global growth of 3.0% for 2025, up 0.2% from its April forecast
2
, reflecting pulled-forward demand and excess inventory in anticipation of higher tariffs and a lower average effective U.S. tariff rate than previously expected. Significant uncertainty continues to pose risks to the global economic outlook, driven by:
•  
Impacts from implemented and potential additional trade measures, including protectionist trade policies such as the imposition of tariffs, which could soften demand, increase inflationary pressures, lower investment, disrupt supply chains and further reduce near- and long-term growth;
•  
Failure to reach trade agreements, which could lead to a shift away from global economic integration and negatively impact productivity, growth and financial stability;
•  
Substantial projected fiscal deficits for countries, which could lead to upward pressure on long-term interest rates, financial market instability or faster- than-anticipated deceleration in growth, along with their associated impact on consumer and business confidence;
•  
Diverging monetary policies in response to inflationary pressures, which may drive asset repricing, impact foreign exchange rates and capital flows and heighten financial market volatility;
•  
Shifting global policy priorities, including prolonged uncertainty surrounding changes to U.S. trade, foreign relations, defense and immigration policies, which could disrupt global alliances and increase economic, market and other risks;
•  
Frontloading of global economic activities in anticipation of tariffs, which could amplify negative shocks if demand for higher inventory levels does not materialize or financial conditions tighten;
•  
Ongoing conflicts such as those between Russia and Ukraine and those in the Middle East and Asia, as well as increasing tensions between China and Taiwan;
•  
An aging demographic in advanced economies and the associated long-term impact on economic productivity and government fiscal capacity;
•  
Increased polarization and social unrest; and
•  
Extreme weather-related events.
Our diversified business model, as well as our product and geographic diversification, continue to help mitigate the risks posed by global uncertainty.
U.S. legislation
On July 4, 2025, the U.S. President signed the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the Act) into law. Certain retaliatory tax measures that had been included in earlier versions of the Act were withdrawn before enactment. There has been no material tax impact for us. However, there is still some uncertainty as to whether future events may cause the U.S. to include similar retaliatory tax measures in new legislation or to use existing measures to penalize
non-U.S.
based companies. We will continue to monitor any updates and future developments.
For a discussion on risk factors resulting from these and other developments which may affect our business and financial results, refer to the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report. For further details on our framework and activities to manage risks, refer to the Risk management and Capital management sections of this Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders.
 
2
 
  Given the complexity and fluidity of the economic environment, the IMF used a reference forecast in lieu of the usual baseline to project global growth in April 2025.

Table of Contents
8   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
 
Financial performance
 
 
Overview
 
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024
Net income of $5,414 million was up $928 million or 21% from a year ago. Diluted EPS of $3.75 was up $0.66 or 21% and ROE of 17.3% was up from 15.5% a year ago. Our CET1 ratio of 13.2% was up 20 bps from a year ago.
Adjusted net income of $5,534 million was up $807 million or 17% from a year ago. Adjusted diluted EPS of $3.84 was up $0.58 or 18% and adjusted ROE of 17.7% was up from 16.4% a year ago.
Our earnings reflect higher results across all of our business segments. Prior period results included HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs which was treated as a specified item and reported in Corporate Support.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Net income of $5,414 million was up $1,024 million or 23% from last quarter. Diluted EPS of $3.75 was up $0.73 or 24% and ROE of 17.3% was up from 14.2% in the prior quarter. Our CET1 ratio of 13.2% was unchanged from last quarter.
Adjusted net income of $5,534 million was up $1,006 million or 22% from last quarter. Adjusted diluted EPS of $3.84 was up $0.72 or 23% and adjusted ROE of 17.7% was up from 14.7% last quarter.
Our earnings reflect higher results across all of our business segments and in Corporate Support. Lower PCL on performing loans contributed to higher results.
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Net income of $14,935 million was up $2,917 million or 24% from the same period last year. Diluted EPS of $10.31 was up $1.97 or 24% and ROE of 16.1% was up from 14.4% in the prior year.
Adjusted net income of $15,316 million was up $2,325 million or 18% from the same period last year. Adjusted diluted EPS of $10.58 was up $1.55 or 17% and adjusted ROE of 16.5% was up from 15.6% in the prior year.
Our earnings were up from the same period last year, primarily driven by higher results across all of our business segments. Results in the current period also reflect a lower impact from HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs which is treated as a specified item and reported in Corporate Support. Our earnings also reflect an increase due to the impact of foreign exchange translation.
For further details on our business segment results and CET1 ratio, refer to the Business segment results and Capital management sections, respectively.
Adjusted results
Adjusted results exclude specified items and the
after-tax
impact of amortization of acquisition-related intangibles. Adjusted results are
non-GAAP
measures. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
 
Impact of foreign currency translation
 
The following table reflects the estimated impact of foreign currency translation on key income statement items:
 
     For the three months ended            For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except per share amounts)
 
Q3 2025 vs.
Q3 2024
   
Q3 2025 vs.
Q2 2025
          
Q3 2025 vs.
Q3 2024
 
Increase (decrease):
       
Total revenue
 
$
77
 
 
$
(217
) 
   
$
860
 
PCL
 
 
6
 
 
 
(2
) 
   
 
30
 
Non-interest
expense
 
 
54
 
 
 
(121
) 
   
 
491
 
Income taxes
 
 
2
 
 
 
(10
) 
   
 
37
 
Net income
 
 
15
 
 
 
(84
) 
         
 
302
 
Impact on EPS
       
Basic
 
$
0.01
 
 
$
(0.06
) 
   
$
0.21
 
Diluted
 
 
0.01
 
 
 
(0.06
) 
         
 
0.21
 
The relevant average exchange rates that impact our business are shown in the following table:
 
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
(Average foreign currency equivalent of C$1.00) (1)    For the three months ended             For the nine months ended  
  
July 31
2025
           
April 30
2025
           
July 31
2024
   
       
    
July 31
2025
    
July 31
2024
 
U.S. dollar
  
 
0.728
 
              0.704                  0.730       
 
0.710
 
     0.736  
British pound
  
 
0.541
 
       0.544          0.572       
 
0.547
 
     0.581  
Euro
  
 
0.632
 
             0.650                0.676             
 
0.650
 
     0.681  
 
  (1)   Average amounts are calculated using
month-end
spot rates for the period.
 

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   9
 
Total revenue
 
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)   For the three months ended            For the nine months ended  
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024
          
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Interest and dividend income
 
$
26,110
 
  $ 24,970     $ 27,090      
$
77,535
 
  $ 78,453  
Interest expense
 
 
17,759
 
    16,914       19,763            
 
53,180
 
    58,171  
Net interest income
 
$
8,351
 
  $ 8,056     $ 7,327      
$
24,355
 
  $ 20,282  
NIM
 
 
1.61%
    1.64%     1.58%          
 
1.62%
    1.50%
Insurance service result
 
$
279
 
  $ 224     $ 214      
$
789
 
  $ 604  
Insurance investment result
 
 
48
 
    78       28      
 
208
 
    228  
Trading revenue
 
 
685
 
    641       507      
 
2,521
 
    1,944  
Investment management and custodial fees
 
 
2,642
 
    2,544       2,382      
 
7,853
 
    6,824  
Mutual fund revenue
 
 
1,273
 
    1,211       1,151      
 
3,720
 
    3,248  
Securities brokerage commissions
 
 
444
 
    486       413      
 
1,401
 
    1,232  
Service charges
 
 
598
 
    607       587      
 
1,817
 
    1,698  
Underwriting and other advisory fees
 
 
850
 
    615       676      
 
2,139
 
    2,016  
Foreign exchange revenue, other than trading
 
 
311
 
    338       292      
 
967
 
    841  
Card service revenue
 
 
339
 
    328       324      
 
984
 
    941  
Credit fees
 
 
395
 
    370       405      
 
1,200
 
    1,234  
Net gains on investment securities
 
 
18
 
    45       28      
 
118
 
    157  
Income (loss) from joint ventures and associates
 
 
25
 
    16       (57 )     
 
60
 
    (27 ) 
Other
 
 
727
 
    113       354            
 
1,264
 
    1,048  
Non-interest
income
 
 
8,634
 
    7,616       7,304            
 
25,041
 
    21,988  
Total revenue
 
$
 16,985
 
  $  15,672     $  14,631            
$
 49,396
 
  $  42,270  
Additional trading information
           
Net interest income
(1)
 
$
659
 
  $ 614     $ 475      
$
1,637
 
  $ 1,222  
Non-interest
income
 
 
685
 
    641       507            
 
2,521
 
    1,944  
Total trading revenue
 
$
1,344
 
  $ 1,255     $ 982            
$
4,158
 
  $ 3,166  
 
  (1)   Reflects net interest income arising from trading-related positions, including assets and liabilities that are classified or designated at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL).  
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024
Total revenue increased $2,354 million or 16% from a year ago, mainly due to higher net interest income and other revenue. Higher investment management and custodial fees, trading revenue, underwriting and other advisory fees and mutual fund revenue also contributed to the increase.
Net interest income increased $1,024 million or 14%, mainly due to average volume growth in Personal Banking and Commercial Banking and higher spreads in Personal Banking. Higher equity trading revenue in North America and higher lending revenue, both in Capital Markets, also contributed to the increase.
NIM was up 3 bps from a year ago, mainly driven by favourable changes in product mix and the sustained impact of a higher interest rate environment in Personal Banking, partially offset by an increase in lower yielding assets in Global Markets.
Trading revenue increased $178 million or 35%, primarily due to higher fixed income trading revenue across most regions.
Investment management and custodial fees increased $260 million or 11%, primarily due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales.
Mutual fund revenue increased $122 million or 11%, primarily due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales in Wealth Management, as well as higher average mutual fund balances driving higher distribution fees in Personal Banking.
Underwriting and other advisory fees increased $174 million or 26%, primarily due to higher debt and equity origination and M&A activity across most regions.
Other revenue increased $373 million, largely attributable to the impact of economic hedges, as well as changes in the fair value of the hedges related to our U.S. share-based compensation plans, which was largely offset in Non-interest expense. The prior year also included unfavourable changes in the fair value of certain instruments in our non-trading portfolios.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Total revenue increased $1,313 million or 8% from last quarter, largely due to higher other revenue, net interest income and underwriting and other advisory fees. The impact of foreign exchange translation decreased revenue by $217 million.
Net interest income increased $295 million or 4%, primarily due to three more days in the current quarter, higher spreads in Personal Banking, Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, as well as average volume growth in Personal Banking. These factors were partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation.
Underwriting and other advisory fees increased $235 million or 38%, primarily due to higher debt and equity origination across most regions.
Other revenue increased $614 million, largely attributable to changes in the fair value of the hedges related to our U.S. share-based compensation plans, which was largely offset in Non-interest expense.

Table of Contents
10   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Total revenue increased $7,126 million or 17% from the same period last year, largely due to higher net interest income and investment management and custodial fees. Higher trading revenue, mutual fund revenue and other revenue also contributed to the increase. The impact of foreign exchange translation increased revenue by $860 million.
Net interest income increased $4,073 million or 20%, mainly due to an increase in average loans and acceptances and deposits in Commercial Banking and Personal Banking, which includes the impact of five additional months of HSBC Canada results, and higher spreads in Personal Banking. The impact of foreign exchange translation and higher fixed income trading revenue in North America in Capital Markets also contributed to the increase.
Trading revenue increased $577 million or 30%, largely due to higher equity trading revenue in Europe and the U.S. and higher foreign exchange trading revenue across all regions.
Investment management and custodial fees increased $1,029 million or 15%, primarily due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales.
Mutual fund revenue increased $472 million or 15%, primarily due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales in Wealth Management, as well as higher average mutual fund balances driving higher distribution fees in Personal Banking.
Other revenue increased $216 million or 21%, mainly attributable to the impact of management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction in the same period last year, which is treated as a specified item, and the impact of economic hedges. These factors were partially offset by changes in the fair value of the hedges related to our U.S. share-based compensation plans, which was largely offset in Non-interest expense.
 
Provision for credit losses
(1)
 
 
     For the three months ended            For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024
(2)
          
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
(2)
 
Personal Banking
 
$
17
 
  $ 246     $ 32      
$
326
 
  $ 268  
Commercial Banking
 
 
4
 
    253       38      
 
287
 
    194  
Wealth Management
 
 
(40
) 
    35       (16 )     
 
31
 
    (62 ) 
Capital Markets
 
 
(9
) 
    35       (11 )     
 
(35
) 
    18  
Corporate Support and other
(3)
 
 
–
 
    (1 )      (1 )           
 
(1
) 
    1  
PCL on performing loans
 
 
(28
) 
    568       42            
 
608
 
    419  
Personal Banking
 
$
431
 
  $ 410     $ 363      
$
1,268
 
  $ 1,057  
Commercial Banking
 
 
296
 
    286       178      
 
890
 
    481  
Wealth Management
 
 
(3
) 
    51       32      
 
93
 
    116  
Capital Markets
 
 
188
 
    105       50      
 
498
 
    326  
Corporate Support and other
(3)
 
 
1
 
    –       –            
 
1
 
    –  
PCL on impaired loans
 
 
913
 
    852       623            
 
2,750
 
    1,980  
PCL – Loans
 
 
885
 
    1,420       665      
 
3,358
 
    2,399  
PCL – Other
(4)
 
 
(4
) 
    4       (6 )           
 
(3
) 
    (7 ) 
Total PCL
 
$
881
 
  $ 1,424     $ 659            
$
3,355
 
  $ 2,392  
PCL on loans is comprised of:            
Retail
 
$
7
 
  $ 300     $ 32      
$
411
 
  $ 276  
Wholesale
 
 
(35
) 
    268       10            
 
197
 
    143  
PCL on performing loans
 
 
(28
) 
    568       42            
 
608
 
    419  
Retail
 
 
474
 
    454       407      
 
1,413
 
    1,162  
Wholesale
 
 
439
 
    398       216            
 
1,337
 
    818  
PCL on impaired loans
 
 
913
 
    852       623            
 
2,750
 
    1,980  
PCL – Loans
 
$
885
 
  $ 1,420     $ 665            
$
3,358
 
  $ 2,399  
PCL on loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
 0.35%
     0.58%      0.27%    
 
 0.45%
     0.35%
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.36%
    0.35%     0.26%          
 
0.37%
    0.29%
 
(1)
Information on loans represents loans, acceptances and commitments.
(2)
Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation. For further details, refer to the About Royal Bank of Canada section.
(3)
Includes PCL recorded in Corporate Support and Insurance.
(4)
PCL – Other includes amounts related to debt securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) and amortized cost, accounts receivable, and financial and purchased guarantees.
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024
Total PCL increased $222 million or 34% from a year ago, primarily due to higher provisions in Capital Markets, Commercial Banking and Personal Banking, partially offset by releases in Wealth Management in the current quarter, as compared to provisions taken in the same quarter last year. The PCL on loans ratio increased 8 bps.
PCL on performing loans was $(28) million, compared to $42 million a year ago, driven by favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast, partially offset by unfavourable changes in credit quality and portfolio growth in the current quarter.
PCL on impaired loans increased $290 million or 47%, primarily due to higher provisions in Capital Markets, Commercial Banking and Personal Banking.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   11
 
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Total PCL decreased $543 million or 38% from last quarter, primarily reflecting lower provisions in Commercial Banking, and Personal Banking, and releases in Wealth Management in the current quarter, as compared to provisions taken last quarter. The PCL on loans ratio decreased 23 bps.
PCL on performing loans was $(28) million, compared to $568 million last quarter, reflecting releases in the current quarter, driven by favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast, partially offset by unfavourable changes in credit quality and portfolio growth, as compared to provisions taken last quarter, reflecting the potential impacts of trade disruptions (including tariffs).
PCL on impaired loans increased $61 million or 7%, primarily due to higher provisions in Capital Markets, partially offset by recoveries in Wealth Management in the current quarter, as compared to provisions taken last quarter.
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Total PCL increased $963 million or 40% from the same period last year, primarily reflecting higher provisions in Commercial Banking, Personal Banking and Capital Markets. The PCL on loans ratio increased 10 bps.
PCL on performing loans increased $189 million or 45%, primarily driven by unfavourable changes to our scenario weights and macroeconomic forecast, reflecting the potential impacts of trade disruptions (including tariffs). This was partially offset by the impact of the initial PCL on performing loans purchased in the HSBC Canada transaction in the prior year and lower unfavourable changes in credit quality as compared to the same period last year.
PCL on impaired loans increased $770 million or 39%, due to higher provisions in Commercial Banking, Personal Banking and Capital Markets.
 
Non-interest expense
 
 
     For the three months ended            For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024
          
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Salaries
 
$
2,356
 
  $ 2,366     $ 2,310      
$
7,076
 
  $ 6,533  
Variable compensation
 
 
  2,515
 
    2,338       2,246      
 
7,422
 
    6,490  
Benefits and retention compensation
 
 
669
 
    720       615      
 
2,075
 
    1,826  
Share-based compensation
 
 
329
 
    54       235            
 
761
 
    811  
Human resources
 
 
5,869
 
    5,478       5,406      
 
17,334
 
    15,660  
Equipment
 
 
684
 
    704       629      
 
2,069
 
    1,863  
Occupancy
 
 
410
 
    428       443      
 
1,267
 
    1,291  
Communications
 
 
357
 
    378       342      
 
1,062
 
    1,021  
Professional fees
 
 
528
 
    538       547      
 
1,568
 
    1,868  
Amortization of other intangibles
 
 
436
 
    457       426      
 
1,328
 
    1,151  
Other
 
 
948
 
    747       806            
 
2,590
 
    2,377  
Non-interest
expense
 
$
9,232
 
  $   8,730     $   8,599      
$
 27,218
 
  $  25,231  
Efficiency ratio
(1)
 
 
54.4%
    55.7%     58.8%    
 
55.1%
    59.7%
Efficiency ratio – adjusted
(1), (2)
 
 
53.5%
    54.5%     56.6%          
 
54.1%
    56.9%
 
  (1)
See Glossary for composition of these measures.
 
  (2)
This is a
non-GAAP
ratio. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
 
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024
Non-interest expense increased $633 million or 7% from a year ago, largely due to higher variable compensation commensurate with increased results, higher staff costs and ongoing technology investments. The change in the fair value of our U.S. share-based compensation plans, which was largely offset in Other revenue, also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs in the prior year, which was treated as a specified item, as well as the realization of synergies related to the HSBC Canada transaction.
Our efficiency ratio of 54.4% decreased 440 bps. Our adjusted efficiency ratio of 53.5% decreased 310 bps.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Non-interest
expense increased $502 million or 6% from last quarter, primarily due to the change in the fair value of our U.S. share-based compensation plans, which was largely offset in Other revenue, and higher variable compensation commensurate with increased results. These factors were partially offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation.
Our efficiency ratio of 54.4% decreased 130 bps. Our adjusted efficiency ratio of 53.5% decreased 100 bps.
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Non-interest
expense increased $1,987 million or 8% from the same period last year, largely due to higher staff costs, including severance, higher variable compensation commensurate with increased results, as well as the impact of foreign exchange translation. The impact of five additional months of HSBC Canada non-interest expenses and ongoing technology investments also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by lower HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs, which is treated as a specified item, the realization of synergies related to the HSBC Canada transaction, the change in the fair value of our U.S. share-based compensation plans, which was largely offset in Other revenue, as well as the cost of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) special assessment in the prior year.
Our efficiency ratio of 55.1% decreased 460 bps. Our adjusted efficiency ratio of 54.1% decreased 280 bps.
Adjusted efficiency ratio is a
non-GAAP
ratio. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.

Table of Contents
12   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Income taxes
 
 
     For the three months ended            For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024
          
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Income taxes
 
$
1,458
 
  $ 1,128     $ 887            
$
3,888
 
  $ 2,629  
Income before income taxes
 
 
  6,872
 
      5,518         5,373            
 
 18,823
 
     14,647  
Effective income tax rate
 
 
21.2%
    20.4%     16.5%          
 
20.7%
    17.9%
Adjusted results
(1), (2)
           
Income taxes – adjusted
 
$
1,491
 
  $ 1,174     $ 960      
$
4,009
 
  $ 2,910  
Income before income taxes – adjusted
 
 
7,025
 
    5,702       5,687      
 
19,325
 
    15,901  
Effective income tax rate – adjusted
 
 
21.2%
    20.6%     16.9%          
 
20.7%
    18.3%
 
  (1)
These are
non-GAAP
measures or ratios. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
 
  (2)
See Glossary for composition of these measures.
 
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024
Income tax expense increased $571 million or 64% from a year ago, primarily due to higher income before income taxes. Adjusted income tax expense increased $531 million or 55%.
The effective income tax rate of 21.2% increased 470 bps, primarily due to the impact of changes in earnings mix and Pillar Two legislation, which became effective for us beginning November 1, 2024. The adjusted effective income tax rate of 21.2% increased 430 bps. For further details on Pillar Two legislation, refer to Note 9 of our Condensed Financial Statements.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Income tax expense increased $330 million or 29% from last quarter, primarily due to higher income before income taxes, partially offset by the impact of changes in earnings mix. Adjusted income tax expense increased $317 million or 27%.
The effective income tax rate of 21.2% increased 80 bps, primarily due to the net impact of tax adjustments. The adjusted effective income tax rate of 21.2% increased 60 bps.
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Income tax expense increased $1,259 million or 48% from the same period last year, primarily due to higher income before income taxes. Adjusted income tax expense increased $1,099 million or 38%.    
The effective income tax rate of 20.7% increased 280 bps, primarily due to the impact of changes in earnings mix and the Pillar Two legislation noted above. The adjusted effective income tax rate of 20.7% increased 240 bps.
Adjusted income tax expense and adjusted effective income tax rate are
non-GAAP
measures or ratios. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
 
Business segment results
 
 
How we measure and report our business segments
 
The key methodologies and assumptions used in our management reporting framework are periodically reviewed by management to ensure they remain valid. Effective the first quarter of 2025, we increased our capital attribution rates to our business segments to better align with our internal targets, which reduced the amount of unattributed capital retained in Corporate Support. For Insurance, the allocation of capital remains unchanged and continues to be based on fully diversified economic capital.
For further details on the key methodologies and assumptions used in our management reporting framework, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section of our 2024 Annual Report.
 
Key performance and non-GAAP measures
 
Performance measures
We measure and evaluate the performance of our consolidated operations and each business segment using a number of financial metrics, such as net income and ROE. Certain financial metrics, including ROE, do not have a standardized meaning under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions.
Return on common equity
We use ROE, at both the consolidated and business segment levels, as a measure of return on total capital invested in our business. Management views the business segment ROE measure as a useful measure for supporting investment and resource allocation decisions because it adjusts for certain items that may affect comparability between business segments and certain competitors.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   13
 
Our consolidated ROE calculation is based on net income available to common shareholders divided by total average common equity for the period. Business segment ROE calculations are based on net income available to common shareholders divided by average attributed capital for the period. For each segment, with the exception of Insurance, average attributed capital includes the capital and leverage required to underpin various risks and amounts invested in goodwill and intangibles and other regulatory deductions. For Insurance, the allocation of capital is based on fully diversified economic capital.
The attribution of capital involves the use of assumptions, judgments and methodologies that are regularly reviewed and revised by management as deemed necessary. Changes to such assumptions, judgments and methodologies can have a material effect on the business segment ROE information that we report. Other companies that disclose information on similar attributions and related return measures may use different assumptions, judgments and methodologies.
The following table provides a summary of our ROE calculations:
 
     For the three months ended  
   
July 31
2025
       
April 30
2025
       
July 31
2024
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except percentage amounts)
 
Personal
Banking 
(3)
   
Commercial
Banking 
(3)
   
Wealth
Management 
(3)
   
Insurance
   
Capital
Markets 
(3)
   
Corporate
Support
   
Total
         Total (3)          Total  
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
1,911
 
 
$
816
 
 
$
1,071
 
 
$
245
 
 
$
1,289
 
 
$
(42
) 
 
$
5,290
 
    $ 4,274       $ 4,377  
Total average common equity 
(1), (2)
 
 
28,050
 
 
 
19,800
 
 
 
25,000
 
 
 
2,000
 
 
 
38,650
 
 
 
7,950
 
 
 
121,450
 
         123,300            112,100  
ROE
 
 
 27.0%
 
 
 16.3%
 
 
 17.0%
 
 
 47.9%
 
 
 13.2%
 
 
 n.m.
 
 
 17.3%
        14.2%         15.5%
                     
     For the nine months ended      
   
July 31
2025
       
July 31
2024
           
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except percentage amounts)
 
Personal
Banking 
(3)
   
Commercial
Banking 
(3)
   
Wealth
Management 
(3)
   
Insurance
   
Capital
Markets 
(3)
   
Corporate
Support
   
Total
         Total            
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
 5,132
 
 
$
 2,152
 
 
$
 2,932
 
 
$
 724
 
 
$
 3,855
 
 
$
(220
) 
 
$
 14,575
 
   
$
 11,780
 
              
Total average common equity 
(1), (2)
 
 
27,900
 
 
 
19,600
 
 
 
25,150
 
 
 
2,050
 
 
 
38,100
 
 
 
8,300
 
 
 
121,100
 
        109,300      
ROE
 
 
24.6%
 
 
14.7%
 
 
 15.6%
 
 
 46.7%
 
 
 13.5%
 
 
 n.m.
 
 
 16.1%
        14.4%    
 
(1)
Total average common equity represents rounded figures.
(2)
The amounts for the segments are referred to as attributed capital.
(3)
Effective the first quarter of 2025, we increased our capital attribution rates. For further details, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section.
n.m.
not meaningful
Non-GAAP
measures
Non-GAAP
measures and ratios do not have a standardized meaning under GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions.
The following discussion describes the
non-GAAP
measures and ratios we use in evaluating our operating results.
Adjusted results and ratios
We believe that adjusted results are more reflective of our ongoing operating results and provide readers with a better understanding of management’s perspective on performance. Specified items discussed below can lead to variability that could obscure trends in underlying business performance and the amortization of acquisition-related intangibles can differ widely between organizations. Excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles may enhance comparability of our financial performance and enable readers to better assess trends in the underlying businesses.
Our results for the three months ended April 30, 2025 and July 31, 2024 and nine months ended July 31, 2025 and July 31, 2024 were adjusted for the following specified item:
•  
HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs. Effective the third quarter of 2025, we are no longer treating HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs as a specified item as integration activities are largely complete and any remaining costs are expected to be immaterial.
Our results for the nine months ended July 31, 2024 were also adjusted for the following specified item:
•  
Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction.
Adjusted ratios, including adjusted EPS (basic and diluted), adjusted ROE and adjusted efficiency ratio, which are derived from adjusted results, are useful to readers because they may enhance comparability in assessing profitability on a
per-share
basis, how efficiently profits are generated from average common equity and how efficiently costs are managed relative to revenues. Adjusted results and ratios can also help inform and support strategic choices and capital allocation decisions.

Table of Contents
14   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Consolidated results, reported and adjusted
The following table provides a reconciliation of our reported results to our adjusted results and illustrates the calculation of adjusted measures presented. The adjusted results and ratios presented below are
non-GAAP
measures or ratios.
 
     As at or for the three months ended          As at or for the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except per share, number of and percentage amounts)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Total revenue
 
$
16,985
 
  $ 15,672     $ 14,631      
$
49,396
 
  $ 42,270  
PCL
 
 
881
 
    1,424       659      
 
3,355
 
    2,392  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
9,232
 
    8,730       8,599      
 
27,218
 
    25,231  
Income before income taxes
 
 
6,872
 
    5,518       5,373      
 
18,823
 
    14,647  
Income taxes
 
 
1,458
 
    1,128       887      
 
  3,888
 
    2,629  
Net income
 
$
5,414
 
  $ 4,390     $ 4,486      
$
   14,935
 
  $ 12,018  
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
    5,290
 
  $ 4,274     $ 4,377        
$
14,575
 
  $ 11,780  
Average number of common shares (thousands)
 
 
 1,407,280
 
    1,411,362       1,414,194      
 
 1,410,854
 
    1,411,044  
Basic earnings per share (in dollars)
 
$
3.76
 
  $ 3.03     $ 3.09        
$
10.33
 
  $ 8.35  
Average number of diluted common shares (thousands)
 
 
1,409,680
 
    1,413,517       1,416,149      
 
1,413,235
 
    1,412,644  
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars)
 
$
3.75
 
  $ 3.02     $ 3.09        
$
10.31
 
  $ 8.34  
ROE
 
 
17.3%
    14.2%     15.5%    
 
16.1%
    14.4%
Effective income tax rate
 
 
21.2%
    20.4%     16.5%      
 
20.7%
    17.9%
Total adjusting items impacting net income
(before-tax)
 
$
153
 
  $ 184     $ 314      
$
502
 
  $ 1,254  
Specified item: HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs
(1), (2)
 
 
–
 
    31       160      
 
43
 
    783  
Specified item: Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction
(1)
 
 
–
 
    –       –      
 
–
 
    131  
Amortization of acquisition-related intangibles
(3)
 
 
153
 
    153       154        
 
459
 
    340  
Total income taxes for adjusting items impacting net income
 
$
33
 
  $ 46     $ 73      
$
121
 
  $ 281  
Specified item: HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs
(1)
 
 
–
 
    7       35      
 
13
 
    158  
Specified item: Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction
(1)
 
 
–
 
    –       –      
 
–
 
    36  
Amortization of acquisition-related intangibles
(3)
 
 
33
 
    39       38        
 
108
 
    87  
Adjusted results
           
Income before income taxes – adjusted
 
$
7,025
 
  $ 5,702     $ 5,687      
$
19,325
 
  $ 15,901  
Income taxes – adjusted
 
 
1,491
 
    1,174       960      
 
  4,009
 
    2,910  
Net income – adjusted
 
 
  5,534
 
    4,528       4,727      
 
15,316
 
    12,991  
Net income available to common shareholders – adjusted 
(4)
 
 
5,410
 
    4,412       4,618        
 
14,956
 
    12,753  
Average number of common shares (thousands)
 
 
1,407,280
 
    1,411,362       1,414,194      
 
1,410,854
 
    1,411,044  
Basic earnings per share (in dollars) – adjusted
 
$
3.84
 
  $ 3.13     $ 3.26        
$
10.60
 
  $ 9.04  
Average number of diluted common shares (thousands)
 
 
1,409,680
 
     1,413,517        1,416,149      
 
1,413,235
 
     1,412,644  
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars) – adjusted
 
$
3.84
 
  $ 3.12     $ 3.26        
$
10.58
 
  $ 9.03  
ROE – adjusted
 
 
17.7%
    14.7%     16.4%    
 
16.5%
    15.6%
Effective income tax rate – adjusted
 
 
21.2%
    20.6%     16.9%      
 
20.7%
    18.3%
           
Adjusted efficiency ratio
                                           
Total revenue
 
$
16,985
 
  $ 15,672     $ 14,631      
$
49,396
 
  $ 42,270  
Add specified item: Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction
(before-tax)
(1)
 
 
–
 
    –       –      
 
–
 
    131  
Total revenue – adjusted
(4)
 
$
16,985
 
  $ 15,672     $ 14,631      
$
49,396
 
  $ 42,401  
Non-interest
expense
 
$
9,232
 
  $ 8,730     $ 8,599      
$
27,218
 
  $ 25,231  
Less specified item: HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs
(before-tax)
(1)
 
 
–
 
    31       160      
 
43
 
    783  
Less: Amortization of acquisition-related intangibles
(before-tax) 
(3)
 
 
153
 
    153       154      
 
459
 
    340  
Non-interest
expense – adjusted
(4)
 
$
9,079
 
  $ 8,546     $ 8,285      
$
26,716
 
  $ 24,108  
Efficiency ratio
 
 
54.4%
    55.7%     58.8%    
 
55.1%
    59.7%
Efficiency ratio – adjusted
 
 
53.5%
    54.5%     56.6%      
 
54.1%
    56.9%
 
(1)
These amounts have been recognized in Corporate Support.
(2)
As at April 30, 2025, the cumulative HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs (before-tax) incurred were $1.4 billion. Effective the third quarter of 2025, we are no longer treating HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs as a specified item as integration activities are largely complete and any remaining costs are expected to be immaterial.
(3)
Represents the impact of amortization of acquisition-related intangibles (excluding amortization of software), and any goodwill impairment.
(4)
See Glossary for composition of these measures.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   15
 
Personal Banking 
(1)
 
 
     As at or for the three months ended          As at or for the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024 
(2)
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024 
(2)
 
Net interest income
 
$
3,698
 
  $ 3,519     $ 3,253      
$
10,722
 
  $ 9,092  
Non-interest
income
 
 
1,362
 
    1,286       1,237      
 
3,954
 
    3,592  
Total revenue
 
 
5,060
 
    4,805       4,490      
 
14,676
 
    12,684  
PCL on performing assets
 
 
17
 
    246       30      
 
326
 
    268  
PCL on impaired assets
 
 
427
 
    408       361      
 
1,260
 
    1,051  
PCL
 
 
444
 
    654       391      
 
1,586
 
    1,319  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
1,958
 
    1,952       1,941      
 
5,925
 
    5,452  
Income before income taxes
 
 
2,658
 
    2,199       2,158      
 
7,165
 
    5,913  
Net income
 
$
1,938
 
  $ 1,602     $ 1,586        
$
5,218
 
  $ 4,342  
Revenue by business
           
Personal Banking – Canada
 
$
4,751
 
  $ 4,483     $ 4,210      
$
13,733
 
  $ 11,840  
Caribbean & U.S. Banking
 
 
309
 
    322       280        
 
943
 
    844  
Selected balance sheet and other information
           
ROE
 
 
27.0%
 
    23.1%     23.7%    
 
24.6%
 
    25.1%
NIM
 
 
2.68%
 
    2.66%     2.45%    
 
2.64%
 
    2.41%
Efficiency ratio
 
 
38.7%
 
    40.6%     43.2%    
 
40.4%
 
    43.0%
Operating leverage
(3)
 
 
11.8%
 
    6.2%     2.5%    
 
7.0%
 
    2.4%
Average total earning assets, net
 
$
 547,400
 
  $  541,800     $  528,900      
$
 543,100
 
  $  504,900  
Average loans and acceptances, net
 
 
537,100
 
    531,500       519,400      
 
532,900
 
    495,400  
Average deposits
 
 
437,300
 
    440,400       426,200      
 
438,300
 
    395,600  
AUA
(4)
 
 
272,700
 
    257,500       250,000      
 
272,700
 
    250,000  
Average AUA
 
 
266,500
 
    260,700       244,900      
 
263,000
 
    229,900  
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.32%
 
    0.32%     0.28%    
 
0.32%
 
    0.29%
Other selected information – Personal Banking – Canada
                                           
Net income
 
$
1,843
 
  $ 1,503     $ 1,495      
$
4,929
 
  $ 4,065  
NIM
 
 
2.61%
 
    2.59%     2.37%    
 
2.57%
 
    2.32%
Efficiency ratio
 
 
37.2%
 
    39.3%     41.8%    
 
39.0%
 
    41.5%
Operating leverage
 
 
12.5%
 
    5.6%     2.4%      
 
7.0%
 
    2.2%
 
(1)
On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, which impacted results, balances and ratios for all reported periods. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section of our 2024 Annual Report.
(2)
Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation. For further details, refer to the About Royal Bank of Canada section.
(3)
See Glossary for composition of this measure.
(4)
AUA represents
period-end
spot balances and includes securitized residential mortgages and credit card loans as at July 31, 2025 of $15 billion and $6 billion, respectively (April 30, 2025 – $15 billion and $6 billion; July 31, 2024 – $15 billion and $6 billion).
Financial performance
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024
Net income increased $352 million or 22% from a year ago, largely driven by higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and average volume growth of 3% in Personal Banking – Canada. Higher
non-interest
income also contributed to the increase.
Total revenue increased $570 million or 13%.
Personal Banking – Canada revenue increased $541 million or 13%, primarily due to higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and average volume growth of 3% in loans and 2% in deposits. Higher average mutual fund balances driving higher distribution fees also contributed to the increase.
Caribbean & U.S. Banking revenue increased $29 million or 10%, mainly due to higher net interest income reflecting average volume growth in loans and deposits. Higher foreign exchange and card service revenue also contributed to the increase.
NIM was up 23 bps, mainly due to favourable changes in product mix and the sustained impact of a higher interest rate environment.
PCL increased $53 million or 14%, primarily reflecting higher provisions on impaired loans in our Canadian credit cards and personal portfolios, resulting in an increase of 4 bps in the PCL on impaired loans ratio.
Non-interest
expense remained relatively flat, which included the realization of synergies related to the HSBC Canada transaction.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Net income increased $336 million or 21% from last quarter, mainly due to lower PCL as last quarter reflected higher provisions on performing loans due to the potential impacts of trade disruptions (including tariffs). Higher net interest income reflecting the impact of three more days in the current quarter, average volume growth and higher spreads in Personal Banking – Canada also contributed to the increase.
NIM was up 2 bps, mainly due to favourable changes in product mix and the sustained impact of a higher interest rate environment, partially offset by competitive pricing pressures.
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Net income increased $876 million or 20% from the same period last year, primarily driven by higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and an increase in average loans and deposits of 9% in Personal Banking – Canada, partially offset by higher non-interest expenses. Net income for the current period includes the impact of five additional months of HSBC Canada results.
Total revenue increased $1,992 million or 16%, primarily due to higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and an increase of 11% in average deposits and 8% in average loans, which includes the impact of five additional months of HSBC Canada results. Higher average mutual fund balances driving higher distribution fees also contributed to the increase.

Table of Contents
16   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
PCL increased $267 million or 20%, largely due to higher provisions on impaired loans in our Canadian credit cards and personal portfolios, resulting in an increase of 3 bps in the PCL on impaired loans ratio.
Non-interest
expense increased $473 million or 9%, primarily due to higher staff-related costs, including severance, and the impact of five additional months of HSBC Canada
non-interest
expenses, net of realized synergies.
 
Commercial Banking 
(1)
 
 
     As at or for the three months ended          As at or for the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024 
(2)
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024 
(2)
 
Net interest income
 
$
1,828
 
  $ 1,734     $ 1,687      
$
5,358
 
  $ 4,298  
Non-interest
income
 
 
324
 
    328       349      
 
983
 
    1,007  
Total revenue
 
 
2,152
 
    2,062       2,036      
 
6,341
 
    5,305  
PCL on performing assets
 
 
3
 
    253       38      
 
287
 
    195  
PCL on impaired assets
 
 
296
 
    286       178      
 
890
 
    481  
PCL
 
 
299
 
    539       216      
 
1,177
 
    676  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
697
 
    698       691      
 
2,105
 
    1,799  
Income before income taxes
 
 
1,156
 
    825       1,129      
 
3,059
 
    2,830  
Net income
 
$
836
 
  $ 597     $ 817        
$
2,210
 
  $ 2,044  
Selected balance sheet and other information
           
ROE
 
 
16.3%
    12.1%     18.2%    
 
14.7%
    19.3%
NIM
 
 
3.86%
    3.82%     4.06%    
 
3.86%
    4.13%
Efficiency ratio
 
 
32.4%
    33.9%     33.9%    
 
33.2%
    33.9%
Operating leverage
 
 
4.8%
    1.2%     5.1%    
 
2.5%
    5.0%
Average total earning assets, net
 
$
 187,900
 
  $  186,000     $  165,300      
$
 185,700
 
  $  139,000  
Average loans and acceptances, net
 
 
187,800
 
    186,000       177,500      
 
185,700
 
    155,200  
Average deposits
 
 
308,000
 
    310,700       299,600      
 
307,800
 
    275,100  
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.62%
    0.63%     0.40%      
 
0.64%
    0.41%
 
(1)   On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, which impacted results, balances and ratios for all reported periods. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section of our 2024 Annual Report.
(2)   Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation. For further details, refer to the About Royal Bank of Canada section.
Financial performance
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024
Net income increased $19 million or 2% from a year ago as growth in total revenue was partially offset by higher PCL.
Total revenue increased $116 million or 6%, primarily due to higher net interest income reflecting average volume growth of 6% in loans and acceptances and 3% in deposits. The increase in net interest income also includes the impact of the cessation of Bankers’ Acceptance-based lending, which was largely offset in credit fees within non-interest income.
PCL increased $83 million or 38%, primarily reflecting higher provisions on impaired loans in a few sectors, including the consumer discretionary and transportation sectors, resulting in an increase of 22 bps in the PCL on impaired loans ratio. This was partially offset by lower provisions on performing loans, primarily driven by favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast.
Non-interest
expense remained relatively flat, which included the realization of synergies related to the HSBC Canada transaction.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Net income increased $239 million or 40% from last quarter, largely attributable to lower PCL as last quarter reflected higher provisions on performing loans due to the potential impacts of trade disruptions (including tariffs). Higher net interest income, primarily reflecting the impact of three more days in the current quarter, as well as higher spreads also contributed to the increase.
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Net income increased $166 million or 8% from the same period last year, as growth in total revenue, was partially offset by higher PCL and non-interest expenses. Net income for the current period includes the impact of five additional months of HSBC Canada results.
Total revenue increased $1,036 million or 20%, primarily due to higher net interest income, reflecting an increase of 20% in average loans and acceptances and 12% in average deposits, which includes the impact of five additional months of HSBC Canada results. The increase in net interest income also includes the impact of the cessation of Bankers’ Acceptance-based lending, which was largely offset in credit fees within non-interest income.
PCL increased $501 million or 74%, primarily due to higher provisions on impaired loans across most sectors, including the consumer discretionary and real estate and related sectors, resulting in an increase of 23 bps in the PCL on impaired loans ratio. Higher PCL on performing loans also contributed to the increase, primarily driven by unfavourable changes to our credit quality, scenario weights and macroeconomic forecast, partially offset by the impact of the initial PCL on performing loans purchased in the HSBC Canada transaction in the prior period.
Non-interest
expense increased $306 million or 17%, primarily due to higher staff-related costs and the impact of five additional months of HSBC Canada
non-interest
expenses, net of realized synergies.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   17
 
Wealth Management
(1)
 
 
     As at or for the three months ended          As at or for the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except number of, percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024 
(2)
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024 
(2)
 
Net interest income
 
$
1,321
 
  $ 1,301     $ 1,245      
$
4,016
 
  $ 3,697  
Non-interest
income
 
 
4,192
 
    4,096       3,719      
 
12,462
 
    10,743  
Total revenue
 
 
5,513
 
    5,397       4,964      
 
16,478
 
    14,440  
PCL on performing assets
 
 
(40
) 
    35       (16 )     
 
31
 
    (62 ) 
PCL on impaired assets
 
 
(3
) 
    51       32      
 
93
 
    116  
PCL
 
 
(43
) 
    86       16      
 
124
 
    54  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
4,154
 
    4,098       3,762      
 
12,456
 
    11,331  
Income before income taxes
 
 
1,402
 
    1,213       1,186      
 
3,898
 
    3,055  
Net income
 
$
1,096
 
  $ 929     $ 949        
$
3,005
 
  $ 2,453  
Revenue by business
           
Canadian Wealth Management
 
$
1,734
 
  $ 1,685     $ 1,503      
$
5,112
 
  $ 4,223  
U.S. Wealth Management (including City National Bank (City National))
 
 
2,368
 
    2,450       2,206      
 
7,284
 
    6,575  
U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) (US$ millions)
 
 
1,724
 
    1,725       1,610      
 
5,171
 
    4,841  
Global Asset Management
 
 
853
 
    740       750      
 
2,460
 
    2,180  
International Wealth Management
 
 
356
 
    329       328      
 
1,029
 
    945  
Investor Services
 
 
202
 
    193       177        
 
593
 
    517  
Selected balance sheet and other information
           
ROE
 
 
17.0%
    14.6%     15.5%    
 
15.6%
    13.9%
NIM
 
 
3.27%
    3.28%     3.24%    
 
3.30%
    3.25%
Pre-tax
margin
(3)
 
 
25.4%
 
    22.5%     23.9%    
 
23.7%
    21.2%
Number of advisors
(4)
 
 
6,218
 
    6,191       6,092      
 
6,218
 
    6,092  
Average total earning assets, net
 
$
 160,400
 
  $  162,800     $  153,100      
$
 162,900
 
  $  152,100  
Average loans and acceptances, net
 
 
121,600
 
    123,400       115,900      
 
122,300
 
    114,400  
Average deposits
 
 
167,000
 
    170,200       164,500      
 
173,700
 
    162,000  
AUA
(5)
 
 
4,916,400
 
     4,737,300        4,442,600      
 
4,916,400
 
     4,442,600  
AUM
(5)
 
 
1,460,500
 
    1,354,800       1,290,600      
 
1,460,500
 
    1,290,600  
Average AUA
 
 
4,848,100
 
    4,862,100       4,396,700      
 
4,829,000
 
    4,304,300  
Average AUM
 
 
1,430,300
 
    1,391,700       1,263,500      
 
1,394,600
 
    1,195,200  
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
(0.01)%
 
    0.16%     0.11%      
 
0.10%
 
    0.14%
 
Estimated impact of U.S. dollar, British pound
and Euro translation on key income statement items
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
For the three
months ended
       
For the nine
months ended
 
 
Q3 2025 vs.
Q3 2024
   
Q3 2025 vs.
Q2 2025
        
Q3 2025 vs.
Q3 2024
 
Increase (decrease):
       
Total revenue
 
$
35
 
 
$
(88
) 
   
$
375
 
PCL
 
 
–
 
 
 
1
 
   
 
9
 
Non-interest
expense
 
 
28
 
 
 
(70
) 
   
 
300
 
Net income
 
 
6
 
 
 
(15
) 
     
 
52
 
Percentage change in average U.S. dollar equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
–%
 
 
 
3%
 
   
 
(4)%
 
Percentage change in average British pound equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
(5)%
 
 
 
(1)%
 
   
 
(6)%
 
Percentage change in average Euro equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
(7)%
 
 
 
(3)%
 
     
 
(5)%
 
 
(1)
On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, which impacted results, balances and ratios for all reported periods. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section of our 2024 Annual Report.
(2)
Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation. For further details, refer to the About Royal Bank of Canada section.
(3)
Pre-tax
margin is defined as Income before income taxes divided by Total revenue.
(4)
Represents client-facing advisors across all of our Wealth Management businesses.
(5)
Represents
period-end
spot balances.
Financial performance
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024
Net income increased $147 million or 15% from a year ago, mainly due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales, which also drove higher variable compensation.
Total revenue increased $549 million or 11%.
Canadian Wealth Management revenue increased $231 million or 15%, mainly due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales. Higher net interest income reflecting average volume growth in deposits and higher spreads also contributed to the increase.
U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) revenue increased $162 million or 7%. In U.S. dollars, revenue increased $114 million or 7%, mainly due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting net sales and market appreciation. The prior year also included an impairment loss on our interest in an associated company and a loss on the sale of a non-core investment.

Table of Contents
18   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Global Asset Management revenue increased $103 million or 14%, largely due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales.
International Wealth Management revenue increased $28 million or 9%, primarily due to the impact of foreign exchange translation.
Investor Services revenue increased $25 million or 14%, largely due to higher transactional revenue driven by client activity and higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and average volume growth in deposits.
PCL was $(43) million compared to $16 million last year, largely due to releases of provisions in the current quarter on performing loans in U.S. Wealth Management (including City National), driven by favourable changes in credit quality and our macroeconomic forecast.
Non-interest
expense increased $392 million or 10%, largely due to higher variable compensation commensurate with increased results, higher staff costs and ongoing technology investments.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Net income increased $167 million or 18% from last quarter, mainly due to higher fee-based revenue driven by higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales, as well as three more days in the quarter. The current quarter also reflected releases of provisions driven by performing loans in U.S. Wealth Management (including City National), as compared to provisions taken last quarter. Higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and three more days in the quarter also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher variable compensation.
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Net income increased $552 million or 23% from the same period last year, mainly due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales, which also drove higher variable compensation.
Total revenue increased $2,038 million or 14%, mainly due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales. The impact of foreign exchange translation and higher transactional revenue driven by client activity also contributed to the increase.
PCL increased $70 million, primarily due to provisions taken on performing loans in the current period in U.S. Wealth Management (including City National), mainly driven by unfavourable changes to our scenario weights, partially offset by favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast, as compared to releases in the same period last year. This was partially offset by lower provisions on impaired loans.
Non-interest
expense increased $1,125 million or 10%, primarily due to higher variable compensation commensurate with increased results, the impact of foreign exchange translation and higher staff costs. These factors were partially offset by the cost of the FDIC special assessment in the same period last year.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   19
 
Insurance
 
 
     As at or for the three months ended          As at or for the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Non-interest
income
           
Insurance service result
 
$
279
 
  $ 224     $ 214      
$
789
 
  $ 604  
Insurance investment result
 
 
48
 
    78       28      
 
208
 
    228  
Other income
 
 
41
 
    36       43      
 
115
 
    114  
Total revenue
 
 
368
 
    338       285      
 
1,112
 
    946  
PCL
 
 
–
 
    –       1      
 
–
 
    2  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
74
 
    80       70      
 
241
 
    210  
Income before income taxes
 
 
294
 
    258       214      
 
871
 
    734  
Net income
 
$
247
 
  $ 211     $ 170        
$
730
 
  $ 567  
Selected balances and other information
           
ROE
 
 
   47.9%
      42.0%       33.6%    
 
  46.7%
     36.5%
Premiums and deposits
(1)
 
$
1,456
 
  $ 1,276     $ 1,546      
$
5,049
 
  $   4,502  
Contractual service margin (CSM)
(2)
 
 
1,928
 
    1,950       2,155        
 
1,928
 
    2,155  
 
(1)
Premiums and deposits include premiums on risk-based individual and group insurance and annuity products as well as segregated fund deposits, consistent with insurance industry practices.
(2)
Represents the CSM of insurance contract assets and liabilities net of reinsurance contract held assets and liabilities. For insurance contracts, the CSM represents the unearned profit (net inflows) for providing insurance coverage. For reinsurance contracts held, the CSM represents the net cost or net gain of purchasing reinsurance. The CSM is not applicable to contracts measured using the premium allocation approach.
Financial performance
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024
Net income increased $77 million or 45% from a year ago, primarily due to higher insurance service result driven by improved life insurance claims experience. Higher insurance investment result, largely due to lower capital funding costs, also contributed to the increase.
Total revenue increased $83 million or 29%, primarily due to higher insurance service result and higher insurance investment result, as noted above.
Non-interest
expense increased $4 million or 6%.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Net income increased $36 million or 17% from last quarter, largely due to higher insurance service result driven by improved life insurance claims experience. This was partially offset by less favourable investment-related experience.
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Net income increased $163 million or 29% from the same period last year, primarily due to higher insurance service result driven by improved claims experience across the majority of our products and the impact of reinsurance contract recaptures.
Total revenue increased $166 million or 18%, primarily due to higher insurance service result, as noted above.
Non-interest
expense increased $31 million or 15%, primarily due to higher staff-related costs reflecting the impact of severance.

Table of Contents
20   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Capital Markets
(1)
 
 
     As at or for the three months ended          As at or for the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Net interest income
(2)
 
$
1,287
 
  $ 1,275     $ 817      
$
3,480
 
  $ 2,242  
Non-interest
income
(2)
 
 
2,471
 
    2,026       2,187      
 
7,335
 
    6,867  
Total revenue
(2)
 
 
3,758
 
    3,301       3,004      
 
10,815
 
    9,109  
PCL on performing assets
 
 
(7
) 
    40       (12 )     
 
(30
) 
    16  
PCL on impaired assets
 
 
187
 
    106       50      
 
498
 
    326  
PCL
 
 
180
 
    146       38      
 
468
 
    342  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
2,059
 
    1,885       1,755      
 
5,985
 
    5,119  
Income before income taxes
 
 
1,519
 
    1,270       1,211      
 
4,362
 
    3,648  
Net income
 
$
1,328
 
  $ 1,202     $ 1,172        
$
3,962
 
  $ 3,588  
Revenue by business
           
Corporate & Investment Banking
(3)
 
$
1,761
 
  $ 1,589     $ 1,588      
$
5,065
 
  $ 4,676  
Global Markets
 
 
1,941
 
    1,769       1,414      
 
5,789
 
    4,530  
Other
(3)
 
 
56
 
    (57 )      2        
 
(39
) 
    (97 ) 
Selected balance sheet and other information
           
ROE
 
 
13.2%
    12.5%     14.1%    
 
13.5%
    15.0%
Average total assets
 
$
 1,328,800
 
  $  1,295,000     $  1,089,600      
$
 1,317,100
 
  $  1,146,200  
Average trading securities
 
 
196,100
 
    199,800       176,400      
 
202,500
 
    186,600  
Average loans and acceptances, net
 
 
163,700
 
    160,900       152,200      
 
161,400
 
    148,000  
Average deposits
 
 
403,400
 
    374,100       298,000      
 
379,300
 
    294,900  
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
   0.46%
    0.27%     0.13%      
 
   0.41%
    0.29%
 
Estimated impact of U.S. dollar, British pound
and Euro translation on key income statement items
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
For the three
months ended
       
For the nine
months ended
 
 
Q3 2025 vs.
Q3 2024
   
Q3 2025 vs.
Q2 2025
        
Q3 2025 vs.
Q3 2024
 
Increase (decrease):
       
Total revenue
 
$
41
 
 
$
(96
) 
   
$
414
 
PCL
 
 
6
 
 
 
(2
) 
   
 
20
 
Non-interest
expense
 
 
24
 
 
 
(38
) 
   
 
176
 
Net income
 
 
10
 
 
 
(47
) 
     
 
191
 
Percentage change in average U.S. dollar equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
–%
 
 
 
3%
 
   
 
(4)%
 
Percentage change in average British pound equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
(5)%
 
 
 
(1)%
 
   
 
(6)%
 
Percentage change in average Euro equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
(7)%
 
 
 
(3)%
 
     
 
(5)%
 
 
(1)   On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, which impacted results, balances and ratios for all reported periods. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section of our 2024 Annual Report.
(2)   The taxable equivalent basis (teb) adjustment for the three months ended July 31, 2025 was $69 million (April 30, 2025 – $9 million; July 31, 2024 – $231 million) and for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 was $104 million (July 31, 2024 – $281 million). For further discussion, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section of our 2024 Annual Report.
(3)   Comparative amounts have been revised from those previously presented.
Financial performance
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024
Net income increased $156 million or 13% from a year ago, primarily due to higher revenue in Global Markets and Corporate & Investment Banking. These factors were partially offset by higher PCL, higher compensation on increased results, as well as a higher effective income tax rate reflecting the impact of Pillar Two legislation and changes in earnings mix.
Total revenue increased $754 million or 25%.
Corporate & Investment Banking revenue increased $173 million or 11%, primarily due to higher debt and equity origination across most regions, higher lending revenue in the U.S. and Europe, as well as higher M&A activity across most regions. These factors were partially offset by lower municipal banking activity compared to a strong prior year.
Global Markets revenue increased $527 million or 37%, largely due to higher fixed income trading revenue primarily in the U.S., higher equity trading revenue across most regions and higher foreign exchange trading revenue across all regions.
Other revenue improved $54 million, largely reflecting lower residual funding and capital costs.
PCL increased $142 million, primarily due to higher provisions on impaired loans on one account in the other services sector and one new impaired account in the financing products sector, resulting in an increase of 33 bps in the PCL on impaired loans ratio.
Non-interest
expense increased $304 million or 17%, largely driven by higher compensation on increased results and ongoing technology investments.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Net income increased $126 million or 10% from last quarter, mainly due to higher fixed income trading revenue primarily in the U.S. and higher debt and equity origination across most regions. These factors were partially offset by lower equity trading revenue across most regions and higher compensation on increased results.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   21
 
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Net income increased $374 million or 10% from the same period last year, primarily driven by higher revenue in Global Markets and Corporate & Investment Banking, as well as the impact of foreign exchange translation. These factors were partially offset by higher compensation on increased results, a higher effective income tax rate reflecting the impact of Pillar Two legislation, ongoing technology investments and higher PCL.
Total revenue increased $1,706 million or 19%, largely due to the impact of foreign exchange translation, higher equity trading revenue across most regions, higher foreign exchange and fixed income trading revenue across all regions and higher lending revenue primarily in Europe.
PCL increased $126 million or 37%, primarily due to higher provisions on impaired loans in a few sectors, including the other services and financing products sectors, partially offset by lower provisions in the real estate and related sector, resulting in an increase of 12 bps in the PCL on impaired loans ratio. Releases of provisions on performing loans in the current period, as compared to provisions taken on performing loans in the same period last year, are mainly due to one account in the other services sector that migrated from performing to impaired in the current period, partially offset by unfavourable changes in credit quality.
Non-interest
expense increased $866 million or 17%, largely driven by higher compensation on increased results, the impact of foreign exchange translation and ongoing technology investments.
 
Corporate Support
 
 
     For the three months ended          For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Net interest income (loss)
(1)
 
$
217
 
  $   227     $   325      
$
  779
 
  $   953  
Non-interest
income (loss)
(1), (2)
 
 
(83
) 
    (458 )      (473 )     
 
(805
) 
    (1,167 ) 
Total revenue
(1), (2)
 
 
134
 
    (231 )      (148 )     
 
(26
) 
    (214 ) 
PCL
 
 
1
 
    (1 )      (3 )     
 
–
 
    (1 ) 
Non-interest
expense
(2)
 
 
290
 
    17       380      
 
506
 
    1,320  
Income (loss) before income taxes
(1)
 
 
(157
) 
    (247 )      (525 )     
 
(532
) 
    (1,533 ) 
Income taxes (recoveries)
(1)
 
 
(126
) 
    (96 )      (317 )     
 
(342
) 
    (557 ) 
Net income (loss)
 
$
(31
) 
  $ (151 )    $ (208 )       
$
(190
) 
  $ (976 ) 
 
(1)
Teb adjusted.
(2)
Revenue for the three months ended July 31, 2025 included gains of $260 million (April 30, 2025 and July 31, 2024 – losses of $140 million and gains of $166 million, respectively) on economic hedges of our U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) share-based compensation plans, and
non-interest
expense included $234 million (April 30, 2025 and July 31, 2024 – $(112) million and $157 million, respectively) of share-based compensation expense driven by changes in the fair value of liabilities relating to our U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) share-based compensation plans. Revenue for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 included gains of $232 million (July 31, 2024 – gains of $452 million) on economic hedges of our U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) share-based compensation plans, and
non-interest
expense included $230 million (July 31, 2024 – $423 million) of share-based compensation expense driven by changes in the fair value of liabilities relating to our U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) share-based compensation plans.
Due to the nature of activities and consolidation adjustments reported in this segment, we believe that a comparative period analysis is not relevant.
Total revenue and Income taxes (recoveries) in Corporate Support include the deduction of the teb adjustment related to
gross-up
of income from the U.S. tax credit investment business and income from Canadian taxable corporate dividends received on or before December 31, 2023 that are recorded in Capital Markets. For further details on the elimination of the availability of the dividend received deduction for Canadian taxable corporate dividends after December 31, 2023, refer to the Legal and regulatory environment risk section in our 2024 Annual Report.
The teb amount for the three months ended July 31, 2025 was $69 million, compared to $9 million in the prior quarter and $231 million in the same quarter last year.
The following identifies the material items, other than the teb impacts noted previously, affecting the reported results in each period.
Q3 2025
Net loss was $31 million, primarily due to residual unallocated costs, including severance, partially offset by asset/liability management activities.
Q2 2025
Net loss was $151 million, primarily due to residual unallocated items, including severance.
Q3 2024
Net loss was $208 million, primarily due to the
after-tax
impact of the HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs of $125 million, which is treated as a specified item. Unallocated costs also contributed to the net loss.
Q3 2025 (Nine months ended)
Net loss was $190 million, primarily due to residual unallocated costs, including severance, partially offset by asset/liability management activities.
Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Net loss was $976 million, primarily due to the
after-tax
impact of the HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs of $625 million, which is treated as a specified item. Unallocated costs also contributed to the net loss.
For further details on specified items, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.

Table of Contents
22   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Quarterly results and trend analysis
 
Our quarterly results are impacted by a number of trends and recurring factors, which include seasonality of certain businesses, general economic and market conditions, and fluctuations in the Canadian dollar relative to other currencies. The following table summarizes our results for the last eight quarters (the period):
Quarterly results
(1)
 
    
2025
           2024          2023  
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except per share and percentage amounts)
 
Q3
(2)
           Q2
(2)
    Q1
(2)
           Q4
(2)
    Q3
(2)
    Q2
(2)
           Q1          Q4  
Personal Banking
 
$
5,060
 
    $ 4,805     $ 4,811       $ 4,658     $ 4,490     $ 4,163       $ 4,031       $ 4,009  
Commercial Banking
 
 
2,152
 
      2,062       2,127         2,077       2,036       1,656         1,613         1,565  
Wealth Management
 
 
5,513
 
      5,397       5,568         5,186       4,964       4,789         4,687         4,332  
Insurance
 
 
368
 
      338       406         278       285       298         363         248  
Capital Markets
(3)
 
 
3,758
 
      3,301       3,756         2,903       3,004       3,154         2,951         2,564  
Corporate Support
(3)
 
 
134
 
            (231 )      71               (28 )      (148 )      94               (160 )          (33 ) 
Total revenue
 
 
 16,985
 
       15,672        16,739          15,074        14,631        14,154          13,485          12,685  
PCL
 
 
881
 
      1,424       1,050         840       659       920         813         720  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
9,232
 
            8,730       9,256               9,019       8,599       8,308               8,324           8,059  
Income before income taxes
 
 
6,872
 
      5,518       6,433         5,215       5,373       4,926         4,348         3,906  
Income taxes
 
 
1,458
 
            1,128       1,302               993       887       976               766           (33 ) 
Net income
 
$
5,414
 
          $ 4,390     $ 5,131             $ 4,222     $ 4,486     $ 3,950             $ 3,582         $ 3,939  
EPS  – basic
 
$
3.76
 
    $ 3.03     $ 3.54       $ 2.92     $ 3.09     $ 2.75       $ 2.50       $ 2.77  
    – diluted
 
 
3.75
 
            3.02       3.54               2.91       3.09       2.74               2.50           2.76  
Effective income tax rate
 
 
21.2%
      20.4%     20.2%       19.0%     16.5%     19.8%       17.6%       (0.8)%  
Period average US$ equivalent of C$1.00
 
$
0.728
 
          $ 0.704     $ 0.699             $ 0.733     $ 0.730     $ 0.734             $ 0.745         $ 0.732  
 
(1)
Fluctuations in the Canadian dollar relative to other foreign currencies have affected our consolidated results over the period.
(2)
On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, and are included in our Personal Banking, Commercial Banking, Wealth Management and Capital Markets segments. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section of our 2024 Annual Report.
(3)
Teb adjusted. For further discussion, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section of our 2024 Annual Report.
Seasonality
Seasonal factors may impact our results in certain quarters. The first quarter has historically been stronger for our Capital Markets businesses. The second quarter has fewer days than the other quarters, which generally results in a decrease in net interest income and certain expense items. The third and fourth quarters include the summer months, which generally results in lower client activity and may negatively impact the results of our Capital Markets trading business.
Trend analysis
Earnings over the period have been impacted by the factors noted below.
Personal Banking revenue has benefitted from volume growth in loans and deposits over the period. NIM has been favourably impacted by the higher interest rate environment, and more recently by favourable changes in product mix. HSBC Canada revenue has been included since the transaction closed on March 28, 2024.
Commercial Banking revenue has benefitted from volume growth in loans and deposits over the period. HSBC Canada revenue has been included since the transaction closed on March 28, 2024.
Wealth Management revenue has generally benefitted from growth in
fee-based
client assets, which is influenced by market conditions. The fourth quarter of 2023 reflected impairment losses on our interest in an associated company.
Insurance revenue reflects fluctuations in market conditions and insurance experience. New business gains are deferred through CSM and new business losses are reflected through insurance service result. In the first quarter of 2025, insurance revenue also reflected the impact of reinsurance contract recaptures.
Capital Markets revenue is influenced, to a large extent, by market conditions that impact client activity. Following muted activity in 2023, investment banking fee pools saw increasing activity through most of 2024. However, fee pool growth started to slow in the first half 2025 amidst macroeconomic uncertainty and market volatility, before showing signs of recovery in the third quarter. Sales & trading activity carried strong momentum in 2024, and macroeconomic uncertainty has continued to keep client volumes robust across the sales & trading business through 2025.
PCL is comprised of provisions taken on performing assets and provisions taken on impaired assets. PCL on performing assets fluctuated over the period as it is impacted by changes in credit quality, macroeconomic conditions, which drive our forecasts and influence our scenario weights, and exposures. Provisions on performing assets over the period have generally been reflective of unfavourable changes in credit quality. Throughout the period, we have generally seen improvements to our macroeconomic forecast, with the exception of the second quarter of 2025, where we saw unfavourable changes, driven by the potential impacts of trade disruptions (including tariffs). The second quarter of 2024 included initial PCL on performing loans purchased in the HSBC Canada transaction. PCL on impaired assets has generally trended upwards over the period.
Non-interest
expense has been impacted by fluctuations in variable compensation over the period, commensurate with fluctuations in revenue and earnings. Changes in the fair value of our U.S. share-based compensation plans, which are largely offset in revenue, have also contributed to fluctuations over the period and are impacted by market conditions. While we continue to focus on efficiency management activities, expenses over the period also reflect investments in staff and

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   23
 
technology. Beginning in fiscal 2023, expenses have also included HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs. HSBC Canada
non-interest
expenses have been included since the transaction closed on March 28, 2024.
Our effective income tax rate has been impacted by varying levels of tax adjustments and changes in earnings mix. The fourth quarter of 2023 reflects the recognition of deferred tax assets relating to realized losses in City National associated with the intercompany sale of certain debt securities. Beginning in the first quarter of 2025, our effective income tax rate reflects the impact of Pillar Two legislation, which became effective for us beginning November 1, 2024.
 
Financial condition
 
 
Condensed balance sheets
 
 
          As at       
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
 
Assets
   
Cash and due from banks
 
$
34,927
 
  $ 56,723  
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
 
 
72,824
 
    66,020  
Securities, net of applicable allowance
(1)
 
 
538,012
 
    439,918  
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
 
265,832
 
    350,803  
Loans
   
Retail
 
 
644,791
 
    626,978  
Wholesale
 
 
387,941
 
    360,439  
Allowance for loan losses
 
 
(7,272
) 
    (6,037 ) 
Other – Derivatives
 
 
155,023
 
    150,612  
     – Other
 
 
135,815
 
    126,126  
Total assets
 
$
 2,227,893
 
  $  2,171,582  
Liabilities
   
Deposits
 
$
1,481,477
 
  $ 1,409,531  
Other – Derivatives
 
 
158,862
 
    163,763  
     – Other
 
 
438,090
 
    457,550  
Subordinated debentures
 
 
13,832
 
    13,546  
Total liabilities
 
 
2,092,261
 
    2,044,390  
Equity attributable to shareholders
 
 
135,563
 
    127,089  
Non-controlling
interests
 
 
69
 
    103  
Total equity
 
 
135,632
 
    127,192  
Total liabilities and equity
 
$
2,227,893
 
  $ 2,171,582  
 
(1)   Securities are comprised of trading and investment securities.
Q3 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Total assets increased $56 billion or 3% from October 31, 2024, net of foreign exchange translation of $59 billion.
Cash and due from banks decreased $22 billion or 38%, primarily due to lower deposits with central banks reflecting short-term cash management activities.
Interest-bearing deposits with banks increased $7 billion or 10%, primarily due to higher deposits with central banks reflecting short-term cash management activities.
Securities, net of applicable allowance, increased $98 billion or 22%, primarily due to higher government debt securities reflecting liquidity management activities and favourable market opportunities.
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements (reverse repos) and securities borrowed decreased $85 billion or 24%, primarily due to decreased client financing activity.
Loans (net of Allowance for loan losses) increased $44 billion or 4%, primarily due to volume growth in wholesale loans and residential mortgages.
Derivative assets increased $4 billion or 3% net of foreign exchange translation, primarily attributable to higher fair values on equity contracts, partially offset by lower fair values on foreign exchange and interest rate contracts.
Other assets increased $10 billion or 8%, largely due to higher commodity trading receivables, cash collateral and margin deposits reflecting market conditions and client activity.
Total liabilities increased $48 billion or 2%, net of foreign exchange translation of $59 billion.
Deposits increased $72 billion or 5%, mainly due to higher demand deposits driven by client activity and higher business and government term deposits driven by liquidity management activities.
Derivative liabilities decreased $5 billion or 3% net of foreign exchange translation, primarily attributable to lower fair values on foreign exchange and interest rate contracts, partially offset by higher fair values on equity contracts.
Other liabilities decreased $19 billion or 4%, mainly due to lower obligations related to repurchase agreements (repos) reflecting decreased client financing activity, partially offset by higher securities sold short and commodity liabilities.
Total equity increased $8 billion or 7%, mainly reflecting earnings, net of dividends.

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24   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Off-balance
sheet arrangements
 
In the normal course of business, we engage in a variety of financial transactions that, for accounting purposes, are not recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Off-balance
sheet transactions are generally undertaken for risk, capital and funding management purposes which benefit us and our clients. These include transactions with structured entities and may also include the purchase or issuance of guarantees. These transactions give rise to, among other risks, varying degrees of market, credit, liquidity and funding risks, which are discussed in the Risk management section of this Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders.
The following provides an update to our significant
off-balance
sheet transactions, which are described on pages 64 to 66 of our 2024 Annual Report.
Involvement with unconsolidated structured entities
Structured finance
We provide senior financing to unaffiliated structured entities that are established by third parties to acquire loans. Subordinated financing is provided by either the collateral manager or third-party investors. Subordinated financing serves as the first loss tranche which absorbs losses prior to ourselves as the senior lender. These facilities tend to be longer in term than the collateralized loan obligation warehouse facilities and benefit from credit enhancement designed to cover a multiple of historical losses. As at July 31, 2025, our maximum exposure to loss associated with the outstanding senior financing facilities was $12 billion (October 31, 2024 – $8 billion). The increase in our maximum exposure to loss from last year was driven by an increase in client financing activities.
Third-party securitization vehicles
We hold interests in certain unconsolidated third-party securitization vehicles, which are structured entities. We, as well as other financial institutions, are obligated to provide funding to these entities up to our maximum commitment level and are exposed to credit losses on the underlying assets after various credit enhancements. As at July 31, 2025, our maximum exposure to loss in these entities was $25 billion (October 31, 2024 – $21 billion). The increase in our maximum exposure to loss compared to last year reflects an increase in client activity with third-party securitization vehicles.
 
Risk management
 
 
Credit risk
 
Credit risk is the risk of loss associated with an obligor’s potential inability or unwillingness to fulfill its contractual obligations on a timely basis and may arise directly from the risk of default of a primary obligor (e.g., issuer, debtor, counterparty, borrower or policyholder), indirectly from a secondary obligor (e.g., guarantor or reinsurer), through
off-balance
sheet exposures, contingent credit risk, associated credit risk and/or transactional risk. Credit risk includes counterparty credit risk arising from both trading and
non-trading
activities.
Our Enterprise Credit Risk Management Framework (ECRMF) and supporting credit policies are designed to clearly define roles and responsibilities, acceptable practices, limits and key controls. There have been no material changes to our ECRMF as described in our 2024 Annual Report.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   25
 
Residential mortgages and home equity lines of credit (insured vs. uninsured)
(1)
Residential mortgages and home equity lines of credit are secured by residential properties. The following table presents a breakdown by geographic region.
 
    
As at July 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except percentage amounts)
 
Residential mortgages
       
Home equity
lines of credit 
(2)
 
 
Insured
(3)
        
Uninsured
        
Total
        
Total
 
Region
(4)
                 
Canada
                 
Atlantic provinces
 
$
8,981
 
 
 
42
% 
   
$
12,546
 
 
 
58
% 
   
$
21,527
 
   
$
1,723
 
Quebec
 
 
11,516
 
 
 
25
 
   
 
35,338
 
 
 
75
 
   
 
46,854
 
   
 
3,439
 
Ontario
 
 
31,162
 
 
 
14
 
   
 
196,503
 
 
 
86
 
   
 
227,665
 
   
 
18,438
 
Alberta
 
 
18,103
 
 
 
41
 
   
 
26,036
 
 
 
59
 
   
 
44,139
 
   
 
4,562
 
Saskatchewan and Manitoba
 
 
8,314
 
 
 
40
 
   
 
12,702
 
 
 
60
 
   
 
21,016
 
   
 
1,712
 
B.C. and territories
 
 
12,125
 
 
 
14
 
     
 
77,501
 
 
 
86
 
     
 
89,626
 
     
 
8,402
 
Total Canada
(5)
 
 
90,201
 
 
 
20
 
   
 
360,626
 
 
 
80
 
   
 
450,827
 
   
 
38,276
 
U.S.
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
34,533
 
 
 
100
 
   
 
34,533
 
   
 
2,170
 
Other International
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
     
 
3,338
 
 
 
100
 
     
 
3,338
 
     
 
1,394
 
Total International
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
     
 
37,871
 
 
 
100
 
     
 
37,871
 
     
 
3,564
 
Total
 
$
 90,201
 
 
 
18
% 
     
$
 398,497
 
 
 
82
% 
     
$
 488,698
 
     
$
 41,840
 
                 
     As at April 30, 2025  
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except percentage amounts)
  Residential mortgages         Home equity
lines of credit (2)
 
  Insured (3)          Uninsured          Total          Total  
Region
(4)
                 
Canada
                 
Atlantic provinces
  $ 8,741       42 %      $ 12,150       58 %      $ 20,891       $ 1,692  
Quebec
    11,416       25         34,419       75         45,835         3,398  
Ontario
    31,169       14         193,584       86         224,753         18,292  
Alberta
    18,302       42         25,312       58         43,614         4,473  
Saskatchewan and Manitoba
    8,302       40         12,423       60         20,725         1,707  
B.C. and territories
    12,190       14           76,890       86           89,080           8,271  
Total Canada
(5)
    90,120       20         354,778       80         444,898         37,833  
U.S.
    –       –         33,658       100         33,658         2,203  
Other International
    –       –           3,278       100           3,278           1,451  
Total International
    –       –           36,936       100           36,936           3,654  
Total
  $  90,120       19 %        $  391,714       81 %        $  481,834         $  41,487  
 
  (1)
Disclosure is provided in accordance with the requirements of OSFI’s Guideline
B-20
(Residential Mortgage Underwriting Practices and Procedures).
 
  (2)
Includes $41,823 million and $17 million of uninsured and insured home equity lines of credit, respectively (April 30, 2025 – $41,470 million and $17 million, respectively), reported within the personal loan category. The amounts in U.S. and Other International include term loans collateralized by residential properties.
 
  (3)
Insured residential mortgages are mortgages whereby our exposure to default is mitigated by insurance through the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation or other private mortgage default insurers.
 
  (4)
Region is based upon the address of the property mortgaged. The Atlantic provinces are comprised of Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; B.C. and territories are comprised of British Columbia, Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon.
 
  (5)
Total consolidated residential mortgages in Canada of $451 billion (April 30, 2025 – $445 billion) includes $12 billion (April 30, 2025 – $12 billion) of mortgages with commercial clients in Commercial Banking, of which $9 billion (April 30, 2025 – $9 billion) are insured, and $18 billion (April 30, 2025 – $17 billion) of residential mortgages in Capital Markets, of which $18 billion (April 30, 2025 – $17 billion) are held for securitization purposes. All of the residential mortgages held for securitization purposes are insured (April 30, 2025 – all insured).
 
Residential mortgages portfolio by amortization period
(1)
The following table provides a summary of the percentage of residential mortgages that fall within the remaining amortization periods based upon current customer payment amounts, which incorporate payments larger than the minimum contractual amount and/or higher frequency of payments.
 
      As at     
    
July 31
2025
     
April 30
2025
     
Canada 
(2)
 
U.S. and other
International
  
Total
       Canada (2)   U.S. and other
International
  Total
Amortization period
               
≤
25 years
  
 
75
% 
 
 
36
% 
  
 
72
% 
      76 %      34 %      73 % 
> 25 years
≤
30 years
  
 
25
 
 
 
64
 
  
 
28
 
        24       66       27  
Total
  
 
100
% 
 
 
100
% 
  
 
100
% 
        100 %      100 %      100 % 
 
  (1)
Disclosure is provided in accordance with the requirements of OSFI’s Guideline
B-20
(Residential Mortgage Underwriting Practices and Procedures).
 
  (2)
Our policy is to originate mortgages with amortization periods of 30 years or less. We do not originate mortgage products with a structure that would result in negative amortization, as payments on variable rate mortgages automatically increase to ensure accrued interest is covered.
 

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26   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Average
loan-to-value
(LTV) ratios
(1)
The following table provides a summary of our average LTV ratios for newly originated and acquired uninsured residential mortgages and RBC Homeline Plan
®
products by geographic region, as well as the respective LTV ratios for our total Canadian Banking residential mortgage portfolio outstanding.
 
     For the three months ended          For the nine months ended  
   
July 31
2025
       
April 30
2025
       
July 31
2025
 
   
Uninsured
         Uninsured        
Uninsured
 
    
Residential
mortgages 
(2)
   
RBC Homeline
Plan products 
(3)
         Residential
mortgages (2)
    RBC Homeline
Plan products (3)
        
Residential
mortgages 
(2)
   
RBC Homeline
Plan products 
(3)
 
Average of newly originated and acquired for the period, by region 
(4)
               
Atlantic provinces
 
 
71
% 
 
 
70
% 
      70 %      70 %     
 
70
% 
 
 
70
% 
Quebec
 
 
71
 
 
 
71
 
      70       70      
 
70
 
 
 
70
 
Ontario
 
 
71
 
 
 
66
 
      70       65      
 
70
 
 
 
65
 
Alberta
 
 
72
 
 
 
70
 
      72       71      
 
72
 
 
 
70
 
Saskatchewan and Manitoba
 
 
73
 
 
 
73
 
      72       73      
 
72
 
 
 
73
 
B.C. and territories
 
 
67
 
 
 
64
 
      67       62      
 
67
 
 
 
63
 
U.S.
 
 
73
 
 
 
n.m.
 
      71       n.m.    
 
72
 
 
 
n.m.
 
Other International
 
 
72
 
 
 
n.m.
 
        69       n.m.      
 
71
 
 
 
n.m.
 
Average of newly originated and acquired for the period
(5), (6)
 
 
70
% 
 
 
67
% 
        70 %      66 %       
 
70
% 
 
 
67
% 
Total Canadian Banking residential mortgages portfolio
(7)
 
 
58
% 
 
 
49
% 
        58 %      48 %       
 
58
% 
 
 
49
% 
 
  (1)
Disclosure is provided in accordance with the requirements of OSFI’s Guideline
B-20
(Residential Mortgage Underwriting Practices and Procedures).
 
  (2)
Residential mortgages exclude residential mortgages within the RBC Homeline Plan products.
 
  (3)
RBC Homeline Plan products are comprised of both residential mortgages and home equity lines of credit.
 
  (4)
Region is based upon the address of the property mortgaged. The Atlantic provinces are comprised of Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; B.C. and territories are comprised of British Columbia, Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon.
 
  (5)
The average LTV ratios for newly originated and acquired uninsured residential mortgages and RBC Homeline Plan products are calculated on a weighted basis by mortgage amounts at origination.
 
  (6)
For newly originated mortgages and RBC Homeline Plan products, LTV is calculated based on the total facility amount for the residential mortgage and RBC Homeline Plan product divided by the value of the related residential property.
 
  (7)
Weighted by mortgage balances and adjusted for property values based on the Teranet-National Bank
House Price Index
‡
.
 
  n.m.
not meaningful
 
Net International wholesale exposure by region, asset type and client type
(1), (2)
The following table provides a breakdown of our credit risk exposure by region, asset type and client type.
 
     As at  
   
July 31
2025
       
April 30
2025
 
   
Asset type
       
Client type
                     
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Loans
Outstanding
   
Securities 
(3)
   
Repo-style
transactions
   
Derivatives
        
Financials
   
Sovereign
   
Corporate
        
Total
         Total  
Europe (excluding U.K.)
 
$
18,722
 
 
$
25,356
 
 
$
7,453
 
 
$
3,358
 
   
$
29,893
 
 
$
8,164
 
 
$
16,832
 
   
$
54,889
 
    $ 56,727  
U.K.
 
 
14,339
 
 
 
33,966
 
 
 
4,802
 
 
 
2,137
 
   
 
18,722
 
 
 
24,822
 
 
 
11,700
 
   
 
55,244
 
      50,959  
Caribbean
 
 
6,435
 
 
 
10,912
 
 
 
3,099
 
 
 
2,353
 
   
 
9,861
 
 
 
4,936
 
 
 
8,002
 
   
 
22,799
 
      21,131  
Asia-Pacific
 
 
6,767
 
 
 
27,904
 
 
 
5,334
 
 
 
1,943
 
   
 
20,196
 
 
 
16,775
 
 
 
4,977
 
   
 
41,948
 
      50,184  
Other
(4)
 
 
2,643
 
 
 
1,554
 
 
 
2,767
 
 
 
190
 
     
 
2,407
 
 
 
2,062
 
 
 
2,685
 
     
 
7,154
 
        6,296  
Net International exposure
(5)
 
$
 48,906
 
 
$
 99,692
 
 
$
 23,455
 
 
$
 9,981
 
     
$
 81,079
 
 
$
 56,759
 
 
$
 44,196
 
     
$
 182,034
 
      $  185,297  
 
(1)
Geographic profile is based on country of risk, which reflects our assessment of the geographic risk associated with a given exposure. Typically, this is the residence of the borrower.
(2)
Exposures are calculated on a fair value basis and net of collateral, which includes $437 billion against repo-style transactions (April 30, 2025 – $439 billion) and $18 billion against derivatives (April 30, 2025 – $21 billion).
(3)
Securities include $25 billion of trading securities (April 30, 2025 – $23 billion), $26 billion of deposits (April 30, 2025 – $35 billion), and $49 billion of investment securities (April 30, 2025 – $48 billion).
(4)
Includes exposures in the Middle East, Africa and Latin America.
(5)
Excludes $7,992 million (April 30, 2025 – $6,566 million) of exposures to supranational agencies.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   27
 
Credit quality performance
The following credit quality performance tables and analysis provide information on loans, which represents loans, acceptances and commitments, and other financial assets:
Gross impaired loans
 
     As at and for the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
October 31
2024
 
Personal Banking
 
$
1,966
 
  $ 1,848     $ 1,652  
Commercial Banking
 
 
3,228
 
    3,414       2,372  
Wealth Management
 
 
543
 
    552       508  
Capital Markets
 
 
3,014
 
    3,125       1,335  
Total GIL
 
$
8,751
 
  $ 8,939     $ 5,867  
Impaired loans, beginning balance
 
$
8,939
 
  $ 7,876     $ 5,685  
Classified as impaired during the period (new impaired)
(1)
 
 
1,936
 
    2,745       1,343  
Net repayments
(1)
 
 
(500
) 
    (339 )      (354 ) 
Amounts written off
 
 
(743
) 
    (786 )      (721 ) 
Other
(2)
 
 
(881
) 
    (557 )      (86 ) 
Impaired loans, balance at end of period
 
$
  8,751
 
  $   8,939     $   5,867  
GIL as a % of related loans and acceptances
     
Total GIL as a % of related loans and acceptances
 
 
0.85%
 
    0.88%     0.59%
Personal Banking
 
 
0.36%
 
    0.34%     0.31%
Personal Banking – Canada
 
 
0.32%
 
    0.30%     0.26%
Commercial Banking
 
 
1.68%
 
    1.80%     1.29%
Wealth Management
 
 
0.44%
 
    0.45%     0.42%
Capital Markets
 
 
1.79%
 
    1.93%     0.88%
 
(1)
Certain GIL movements for Personal Banking – Canada and Commercial Banking are generally allocated to new impaired, as Net repayments and certain Other movements are not reasonably determinable.
(2)
Includes return to performing status during the period, recoveries of loans and advances previously written off, sold, amounts related to foreclosed properties held as investment properties and interests in joint ventures for certain
co-lending
arrangements, foreign exchange translation and other movements.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Total GIL decreased $188 million or 2% from last quarter and the total GIL ratio of 85 bps decreased 3 bps, primarily due to lower impaired loans in Commercial Banking and Capital Markets, partially offset by higher impaired loans in Personal Banking.
GIL in Personal Banking increased $118 million or 6%, primarily due to higher impaired loans in our Canadian residential mortgages portfolio.
GIL in Commercial Banking decreased $186 million or 5%, primarily due to lower impaired loans in a few sectors, including the consumer discretionary, real estate and related and forest products sectors, partially offset by higher impaired loans in the agriculture sector.
GIL in Wealth Management decreased $9 million or 2%, primarily due to lower impaired loans in U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) in a few sectors, including the automotive and other services sectors, partially offset by higher impaired loans in the real estate and related sector and in our retail portfolios.
GIL in Capital Markets decreased $111 million or 4%, primarily due to lower impaired loans in a few sectors, including the real estate and related sector, partially offset by higher impaired loans in the financing products sector.

Table of Contents
28   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Allowance for credit losses (ACL)
 
      As at  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
October 31
2024
 
Personal Banking
 
$
  3,666
 
  $ 3,628     $ 3,273  
Commercial Banking
 
 
2,276
 
    2,228       1,626  
Wealth Management
 
 
513
 
    577       466  
Capital Markets
 
 
1,186
 
    1,047       986  
Corporate Support and other
 
 
1
 
    1       1  
ACL on loans
 
 
7,642
 
    7,481       6,352  
ACL on other financial assets
(1)
 
 
15
 
    19       12  
Total ACL
 
$
7,657
 
  $   7,500     $   6,364  
ACL on loans is comprised of:
     
Retail
 
$
3,424
 
  $ 3,414     $ 3,011  
Wholesale
 
 
2,020
 
    2,050       1,825  
ACL on performing loans
 
$
5,444
 
  $ 5,464     $ 4,836  
ACL on impaired loans
 
 
2,198
 
    2,017       1,516  
 
(1)
ACL on other financial assets mainly represents allowances on debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, accounts receivable and financial guarantees.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Total ACL increased $157 million or 2% from last quarter, reflecting an increase in ACL on loans.
ACL on performing loans decreased $20 million, primarily due to favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast, partially offset by unfavourable changes in credit quality and portfolio growth.
ACL on impaired loans increased $181 million or 9%, primarily due to higher ACL in Capital Markets and Commercial Banking.
For further details, refer to Note 5 of our Condensed Financial Statements.
 
Market risk
 
Market risk is defined to be the impact of market factors and prices upon our financial condition. This includes potential financial gains or losses due to changes in market-determined variables such as interest rates, credit spreads, equity prices, commodity prices, foreign exchange rates and implied volatilities. There have been no material changes to our Market Risk Management Framework from the framework described in our 2024 Annual Report. Using that framework, we continuously seek to ensure that our market risk exposure is consistent with risk appetite constraints set by the Board of Directors.
Market risk controls include limits on probabilistic measures of potential loss in trading positions, such as
Value-at-Risk
(VaR) and stress testing. Market risk controls are also in place to manage Interest Rate Risk in the Banking Book (IRRBB). To monitor and control IRRBB, we assess two primary metrics, Net Interest Income (NII) risk and Economic Value of Equity (EVE) risk, under a range of market shocks, scenarios, and time horizons. There has been no material change to the VaR or IRRBB measurement methodology, controls, or limits from those described in our 2024 Annual Report. For further details on our approach to the management of market risk, refer to the Market risk section of our 2024 Annual Report.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   29
 
Market risk measures – FVTPL positions
VaR and Trading VaR
The following table presents our Market risk VaR and Trading VaR figures:
 
    
July 31, 2025
         April 30, 2025          July 31, 2024  
         
For the three
months ended
              For the three
months ended
              For the three
months ended
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
As at
   
Average
   
High
   
Low
         As at     Average          As at     Average  
Equity
 
$
    17
 
 
$
    17
 
 
$
    30
 
 
$
    12
 
    $     25     $     15       $     17     $     15  
Foreign exchange
 
 
7
 
 
 
4
 
 
 
13
 
 
 
2
 
      3       3         8       6  
Commodities
 
 
7
 
 
 
6
 
 
 
10
 
 
 
3
 
      5       7         6       7  
Interest rate
(1)
 
 
20
 
 
 
24
 
 
 
27
 
 
 
20
 
      22       19         35       29  
Credit specific
(2)
 
 
7
 
 
 
8
 
 
 
10
 
 
 
6
 
      8       7         8       8  
Diversification
(3)
 
 
(31
) 
 
 
(31
) 
 
 
n.m.
 
 
 
n.m.
 
        (29 )      (27 )          (45 )      (35 ) 
Trading VaR
 
$
27
 
 
$
28
 
 
$
34
 
 
$
21
 
      $ 34     $ 24         $ 29     $ 30  
Total VaR
 
$
43
 
 
$
43
 
 
$
56
 
 
$
34
 
      $ 51     $ 33         $ 33     $ 38  
                   
    
July 31, 2025
         July 31, 2024            
         
For the nine
months ended
              For the nine
months ended
                 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
As at
   
Average
   
High
   
Low
         As at     Average                  
Equity
 
$
17
 
 
$
16
 
 
$
30
 
 
$
11
 
    $ 17     $ 11        
Foreign exchange
 
 
7
 
 
 
4
 
 
 
13
 
 
 
2
 
      8       5        
Commodities
 
 
7
 
 
 
7
 
 
 
11
 
 
 
3
 
      6       6        
Interest rate
(1)
 
 
20
 
 
 
22
 
 
 
28
 
 
 
17
 
      35       30        
Credit specific
(2)
 
 
7
 
 
 
8
 
 
 
10
 
 
 
6
 
      8       7        
Diversification
(3)
 
 
(31
) 
 
 
(32
) 
 
 
n.m.
 
 
 
n.m.
 
      (45 )      (30 )       
Trading VaR
 
$
27
 
 
$
25
 
 
$
35
 
 
$
19
 
    $ 29     $ 29        
Total VaR
 
$
43
 
 
$
36
 
 
$
56
 
 
$
22
 
      $ 33     $ 82        
 
(1)
General credit spread risk and funding spread risk associated with uncollateralized derivatives are included under interest rate VaR.
(2)
Credit specific risk captures issuer-specific credit spread volatility.
(3)
Trading VaR is less than the sum of the individual risk factor VaR results due to risk factor diversification.
n.m.
not meaningful
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024
Average Trading VaR of $28 million remained relatively stable from a year ago.
Average total VaR of $43 million increased $5 million, primarily driven by exposure changes in our equity portfolio due to the impact of heightened market volatility.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Average Trading VaR of $28 million increased $4 million from last quarter, primarily driven by exposure changes in our fixed income portfolio.
Average total VaR of $43 million increased $10 million, primarily driven by exposure changes in our equity portfolio due to the impact of heightened market volatility and exposure changes in our fixed income portfolio.
Q3 2025 vs. Q3 2024 (Nine months ended)
Average Trading VaR of $25 million decreased $4 million from the same period last year, primarily driven by exposure changes in our fixed income portfolio, partially offset by exposure changes in our equity portfolio.
Average total VaR of $36 million decreased $46 million, primarily driven by the impact of management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction in the same period last year.

Table of Contents
30   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
The following chart displays a bar graph of our daily trading profit and loss and a line graph of our daily market risk VaR. We incurred no net trading losses in the three months ended July 31, 2025 and April 30, 2025.
 
 
 
  (1)   Trading revenue (teb) in the chart above excludes the impact of loan underwriting commitments.
Market risk measures for assets and liabilities of RBC Insurance
®
We offer a range of insurance products to clients and hold investments to meet future obligations to policyholders. The investments which support actuarial liabilities are predominantly fixed income assets measured at FVTPL. Consequently, changes in the fair values of these assets are largely offset by changes in the discount rates used in the measurement of insurance and reinsurance contract assets and liabilities, and the impacts of both are reflected in Insurance investment result in the Consolidated Statements of Income. As at July 31, 2025, we held assets in support of $21 billion of insurance contract liabilities net of insurance contract assets and reinsurance contracts held balances (April 30, 2025 – $21 billion).
Market risk measures – IRRBB sensitivities
The following table shows the potential
before-tax
impact of an immediate and sustained 100 bps increase or decrease in interest rates on projected EVE and
12-month
NII, assuming no subsequent hedging. Interest rate risk measures are based on current
on-
and
off-balance
sheet positions which can change over time in response to business activity and management actions.
 
    
July 31
2025
        
April 30
2025
        
July 31
2024
 
   
EVE risk
       
NII risk
(1)
                                 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Canadian
dollar
impact (2)
   
U.S. dollar
and other
impact (2)
   
Total
        
Canadian
dollar
impact (2)
   
U.S. dollar
and other
impact (2)
   
Total
         EVE risk     NII risk (1)          EVE risk     NII risk (1)  
Before-tax
impact of:
                         
100 bps increase in rates
 
$
 (2,201
) 
 
$
 (305
) 
 
$
 (2,506
) 
   
$
 156
 
 
$
 118
 
 
$
 274
 
    $ (2,436 )    $   387       $ (1,822 )    $    325  
100 bps decrease in rates
 
 
1,895
 
 
 
(95
) 
 
 
1,800
 
 
 
 
 
(283
) 
 
 
(106
) 
 
 
(389
) 
 
 
      1,891       (521 )   
 
       1,399       (425 ) 
 
(1)   Represents the
12-month
NII exposure to an instantaneous and sustained shift in interest rates.
(2)   Effective the third quarter of 2025, EVE and NII risk for currencies other than the Canadian and U.S. dollar are presented within the U.S. dollar and other impact category. Previously, the impact of other currencies was presented in the Canadian dollar impact category.
As at July 31, 2025, an immediate and sustained
-100
bps shock would have had a negative impact to our NII of $389 million, down from $521 million last quarter. An immediate and sustained +100 bps shock as at July 31, 2025 would have had a negative impact to the bank’s EVE of $2,506 million, up from $2,436 million last quarter. Quarter-over-quarter EVE sensitivity remained relatively stable, while the quarter-over-quarter change in NII sensitivity reflects an increase in fixed rate asset positions. During the third quarter of 2025, NII and EVE risks remained within approved limits.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   31
 
Linkage of market risk to selected balance sheet items
The following tables provide the linkages between selected balance sheet items with positions included in our trading market risk and
non-trading
market risk disclosures, which illustrates how we manage market risk for our assets and liabilities through different risk measures:
 
    
As at July 31, 2025
         
Market risk measure
     
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Balance
sheet amount
   
Traded risk 
(1)
   
Non-traded

risk 
(2)
   
Non-traded
risk
primary risk sensitivity
Assets subject to market risk
       
Cash and due from banks
 
$
34,927
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
34,927
 
 
Interest rate
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
 
 
72,824
 
 
 
4
 
 
 
72,820
 
 
Interest rate
Securities
       
Trading
 
 
204,154
 
 
 
175,282
 
 
 
28,872
 
 
Interest rate, credit spread
Investment, net of applicable allowance
 
 
333,858
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
333,858
 
 
Interest rate, credit spread, equity
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
 
265,832
 
 
 
230,313
 
 
 
35,519
 
 
Interest rate
Loans
       
Retail
 
 
644,791
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
644,791
 
 
Interest rate
Wholesale
 
 
387,941
 
 
 
3,089
 
 
 
384,852
 
 
Interest rate
Allowance for loan losses
 
 
(7,272
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(7,272
) 
 
Interest rate
Other
       
Derivatives
 
 
155,023
 
 
 
150,750
 
 
 
4,273
 
 
Interest rate, foreign exchange
Other assets
 
 
128,101
 
 
 
55,078
 
 
 
73,023
 
 
Interest rate
Assets not subject to market risk
(3)
 
 
7,714
 
                   
Total assets
 
$
2,227,893
 
 
$
614,516
 
 
$
1,605,663
 
   
Liabilities subject to market risk
       
Deposits
 
$
1,481,477
 
 
$
71,477
 
 
$
1,410,000
 
 
Interest rate
Other
       
Obligations related to securities sold short
 
 
47,072
 
 
 
46,783
 
 
 
289
 
 
Interest rate, equity
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
 
 
266,287
 
 
 
243,914
 
 
 
22,373
 
 
Interest rate
Derivatives
 
 
158,862
 
 
 
155,498
 
 
 
3,364
 
 
Interest rate, foreign exchange
Other liabilities
 
 
101,347
 
 
 
48,017
 
 
 
53,330
 
 
Interest rate
Subordinated debentures
 
 
13,832
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
13,832
 
 
Interest rate
Liabilities not subject to market risk
(4)
 
 
23,384
 
                   
Total liabilities
 
$
2,092,261
 
 
$
565,689
 
 
$
 1,503,188
 
   
Total equity
 
 
135,632
 
     
Total liabilities and equity
 
$
 2,227,893
 
     
 
(1)
Traded risk includes positions that are classified or designated as FVTPL and positions whose revaluation gains and losses are reported in revenue within our trading portfolios. Market risk measures of VaR and stress tests are used as risk controls for traded risk.
(2)
Non-traded
risk includes positions used in the management of IRRBB and other
non-trading
portfolios. Other material
non-trading
portfolios include positions from RBC Insurance and investment securities, net of applicable allowance, not included in IRRBB.
(3)
Assets not subject to market risk include physical and other assets.
(4)
Liabilities not subject to market risk include payroll related and other liabilities.

Table of Contents
32   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
     As at April 30, 2025
          Market risk measure      
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Balance
sheet amount
    Traded risk (1)    
Non-traded

risk (2)
   
Non-traded
risk
primary risk sensitivity
Assets subject to market risk
       
Cash and due from banks
  $ 48,621     $ –     $ 48,621     Interest rate
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
    65,970       3       65,967     Interest rate
Securities
       
Trading
    189,137       161,056       28,081     Interest rate, credit spread
Investment, net of applicable allowance
    303,360       –       303,360     Interest rate, credit spread, equity
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
    301,927       245,257       56,670     Interest rate
Loans
       
Retail
    635,280       –       635,280     Interest rate
Wholesale
    379,151       4,986       374,165     Interest rate
Allowance for loan losses
    (7,125 )      –       (7,125 )    Interest rate
Other
       
Derivatives
    188,211       184,763       3,448     Interest rate, foreign exchange
Other assets
    130,074       57,406       72,668     Interest rate
Assets not subject to market risk
(3)
    7,527                      
Total assets
  $  2,242,133     $  653,471     $  1,581,135      
Liabilities subject to market risk
       
Deposits
  $ 1,446,786     $ 64,294     $ 1,382,492     Interest rate
Other
       
Obligations related to securities sold short
    46,823       46,569       254     Interest rate, equity
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
    281,326       250,836       30,490     Interest rate
Derivatives
    194,344       191,041       3,303     Interest rate, foreign exchange
Other liabilities
    103,030       48,746       54,284     Interest rate
Subordinated debentures
    13,745       –       13,745     Interest rate
Liabilities not subject to market risk
(4)
    23,549                      
Total liabilities
  $ 2,109,603     $ 601,486     $ 1,484,568      
Total equity
    132,530        
Total liabilities and equity
  $ 2,242,133        
 
(1)
Traded risk includes positions that are classified or designated as FVTPL and positions whose revaluation gains and losses are reported in revenue within our trading portfolios. Market risk measures of VaR and stress tests are used as risk controls for traded risk.
(2)
Non-traded
risk includes positions used in the management of IRRBB and other
non-trading
portfolios. Other material
non-trading
portfolios include positions from RBC Insurance and investment securities, net of applicable allowance, not included in IRRBB.
(3)
Assets not subject to market risk include physical and other assets.
(4)
Liabilities not subject to market risk include payroll related and other liabilities.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   33
 
Liquidity and funding risk
 
Liquidity and funding risk (liquidity risk) is the risk that we may be unable to generate sufficient cash or its equivalents in a timely and cost-effective manner to meet our commitments. Liquidity risk arises from mismatches in the timing and value of
on-balance
sheet and
off-balance
sheet cash flows.
Our liquidity risk management activities are conducted in accordance with internal frameworks and policies, including the Enterprise Risk Management Framework (ERMF), the Enterprise Risk Appetite Framework (ERAF), the Enterprise Liquidity Risk Management Framework (LRMF), the Enterprise Liquidity Risk Policy and the Enterprise Pledging Policy. Collectively, our frameworks and policies establish liquidity and funding management requirements that are appropriate for the execution of our strategy and ensuring liquidity risk remains within our risk appetite. There have been no material changes to our internal frameworks and policies from those described in our 2024 Annual Report.
Liquidity reserve
Our liquidity reserve consists only of available unencumbered liquid assets. Although unused wholesale funding capacity could be another potential source of liquidity, it is excluded in the determination of the liquidity reserve.
 
    
As at July 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Bank-owned

liquid assets
   
Securities
received
as collateral
from securities
financing
and derivative
transactions
          
Total liquid
assets
   
Encumbered
liquid assets
   
Unencumbered
liquid assets
 
Cash and deposits with banks
 
$
107,751
 
 
$
–
 
   
$
107,751
 
 
$
3,105
 
 
$
104,646
 
Securities issued or guaranteed by sovereigns, central banks or multilateral development banks
(1)
 
 
424,857
 
 
 
306,283
 
   
 
731,140
 
 
 
396,906
 
 
 
334,234
 
Other securities
 
 
165,105
 
 
 
141,220
 
   
 
306,325
 
 
 
189,563
 
 
 
116,762
 
Other liquid assets
(2)
 
 
43,193
 
 
 
–
 
         
 
43,193
 
 
 
36,673
 
 
 
6,520
 
Total liquid assets
 
$
740,906
 
 
$
447,503
 
         
$
1,188,409
 
 
$
626,247
 
 
$
562,162
 
           
    
As at April 30, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Bank-owned

liquid assets
    Securities
received
as collateral
from securities
financing
and derivative
transactions
           Total liquid
assets
    Encumbered
liquid assets
    Unencumbered
liquid assets
 
Cash and deposits with banks
  $ 114,591     $ –       $ 114,591     $ 3,201     $ 111,390  
Securities issued or guaranteed by sovereigns, central banks or multilateral development banks
(1)
    388,341       347,516         735,857       415,596       320,261  
Other securities
    155,750       131,500         287,250       176,402       110,848  
Other liquid assets
(2)
    46,605       –               46,605       39,201       7,404  
Total liquid assets
  $  705,287     $  479,016             $  1,184,303     $  634,400     $  549,903  
 
 
     As at                             
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
                         
Royal Bank of Canada
 
$
257,850
 
  $ 251,435          
Foreign branches
 
 
87,553
 
    91,270          
Subsidiaries
 
 
216,759
 
    207,198          
Total unencumbered liquid assets
 
$
562,162
 
  $ 549,903          
 
(1)
Includes liquid securities issued by provincial governments and U.S. government-sponsored entities working under U.S. Federal government’s conservatorship (e.g., Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation).
(2)
Encumbered liquid assets amount represents cash collateral and margin deposit amounts pledged related to
over-the-counter
and exchange-traded derivative transactions.
The liquidity reserve is typically most affected by routine flows of retail and commercial client banking activities, where liquid asset portfolios reflect changes in deposit and loan balances, as well as business strategies and client flows related to the activities in Capital Markets. Corporate Treasury also affects liquidity reserves through the management of funding issuances, which could result in timing differences between when debt is issued and funds are deployed into business activities.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Total unencumbered liquid assets increased $12 billion or 2% from last quarter, primarily due to an increase in on-balance sheet securities reflecting growth in deposits and funding, partially offset by a decrease in cash and deposits with banks.

Table of Contents
34   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Asset encumbrance
The table below provides a summary of our
on-
and
off-balance
sheet amounts for cash, securities and other assets, distinguishing between those that are encumbered, and those available for sale or use as collateral in secured funding transactions. Other assets, such as mortgages and credit card receivables, can also be monetized, albeit over longer timeframes than those required for marketable securities. As at July 31, 2025, our unencumbered assets available as collateral comprised 25% of total assets (April 30, 2025 – 24%).
 
    
As at July 31, 2025
 
   
Total Assets
         
Encumbered
         
Unencumbered
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Bank-owned
assets
   
Securities
received
as collateral
from securities
financing
and derivative
transactions
   
Total
          
Pledged
as collateral
   
Other 
(1)
          
Available
as collateral 
(2)
   
Other
(3)
 
Cash and deposits with banks
 
$
107,751
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
107,751
 
   
$
–
 
 
$
3,105
 
   
$
104,646
 
 
$
–
 
Securities
(4)
 
 
548,454
 
 
 
504,926
 
 
 
1,053,380
 
   
 
612,660
 
 
 
29,766
 
   
 
407,724
 
 
 
3,230
 
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses
                 
Mortgage securities
 
 
57,498
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
57,498
 
   
 
27,391
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
30,107
 
 
 
–
 
Mortgage loans
 
 
430,434
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
430,434
 
   
 
62,285
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
42,583
 
 
 
325,566
 
Other loans
 
 
537,528
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
537,528
 
   
 
6,313
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
27,738
 
 
 
503,477
 
Derivatives
 
 
155,023
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
155,023
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
155,023
 
Others
(5)
 
 
135,815
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
135,815
 
         
 
36,673
 
 
 
–
 
         
 
6,520
 
 
 
92,622
 
Total
 
$
1,972,503
 
 
$
504,926
 
 
$
2,477,429
 
         
$
745,322
 
 
$
32,871
 
         
$
619,318
 
 
$
1,079,918
 
                                                       
     As at April 30,2025  
    Total Assets           Encumbered           Unencumbered  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Bank-owned
assets
    Securities
received
as collateral
from securities
financing
and derivative
transactions
    Total            Pledged
as collateral
    Other (1)            Available
as collateral (2)
    Other (3)  
Cash and deposits with banks
  $ 114,591     $ –     $ 114,591       $ –     $ 3,201       $ 111,390     $ –  
Securities
(4)
    502,202       537,701       1,039,903         619,082       31,324         385,806       3,691  
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses
                 
Mortgage securities
    55,735       –       55,735         26,769       –         28,966       –  
Mortgage loans
    425,368       –       425,368         68,993       –         38,928       317,447  
Other loans
    526,203       –       526,203         6,282       –         25,885       494,036  
Derivatives
    188,211       –       188,211         –       –         –       188,211  
Others
(5)
    137,601       –       137,601               39,201       –               7,404       90,996  
Total
  $  1,949,911     $  537,701     $  2,487,612             $  760,327     $  34,525             $  598,379     $  1,094,381  
 
(1)
Includes assets restricted from use to generate secured funding due to legal or other constraints.
(2)
Represents assets that are immediately available for use as collateral, including National Housing Act Mortgage-Backed Securities (NHA MBS), our unencumbered mortgage loans that qualify as eligible collateral at Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLB), as well as loans that qualify as eligible collateral for discount window facility available to us and lodged at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY).
(3)
Other unencumbered assets are not subject to any restrictions on their use to secure funding or as collateral but would not be considered immediately available.
(4)
Includes bank-owned liquid assets and securities received as collateral from
off-balance
sheet securities financing, derivative transactions, and margin lending. Includes $30 billion (April 30, 2025 – $31 billion) of collateral received through reverse repurchase transactions that cannot be rehypothecated in its current legal form.
(5)
The Pledged as collateral amount represents cash collateral and margin deposit amounts pledged related to OTC and exchange-traded derivative transactions.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
Total unencumbered assets available as collateral increased $21 billion or 3% from last quarter, primarily due to an increase in on-balance sheet securities.
Funding
Funding strategy
Maintaining a diversified funding base is a key strategy for managing our liquidity risk profile.
Core funding, comprising capital, longer-term wholesale liabilities and a diversified pool of personal as well as the stable portion of our commercial and institutional deposits, is the foundation of our structural liquidity position.
Wholesale funding activities are well-diversified by geography, investor segment, instrument, currency, structure and maturity. We maintain an ongoing presence in different funding markets, which allows us to continuously monitor market developments and trends, identify opportunities and risks and take appropriate and timely actions.
We continuously evaluate opportunities to expand into new markets and untapped investor segments since diversification expands our wholesale funding flexibility, minimizes funding concentration and dependency and generally reduces financing costs.
We regularly assess our funding concentration and have implemented limits on certain funding sources to support diversification of our funding base.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   35
 
Deposit and funding profile
As at July 31, 2025, relationship-based deposits, which are the primary source of funding for retail and commercial lending, were $987 billion or 54% of our total funding (April 30, 2025 – $982 billion or 55%). The remaining portion is comprised of short- and long-term wholesale funding.
Funding for highly liquid assets consists primarily of short-term wholesale funding that reflects the monetization period of those assets. Long-term wholesale funding is used mostly to fund less liquid wholesale assets and to support liquid asset buffers.
Senior long-term debt issued by the bank on or after September 23, 2018, that has an original term greater than 400 days and is marketable, subject to certain exceptions, is subject to the Canadian Bank Recapitalization
(Bail-in)
regime. Under the
Bail-in
regime, in circumstances when the Superintendent of Financial Institutions has determined that a bank may no longer be viable, the Governor in Council may, upon a recommendation of the Minister of Finance that he or she is of the opinion that it is in the public interest to do so, grant an order directing the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) to convert all or a portion of certain shares and liabilities of that bank into common shares. As at July 31, 2025, the notional value of issued and outstanding long-term debt subject to conversion under the
Bail-in
regime was $123 billion (April 30, 2025 – $119 billion).
For further details on our wholesale funding, refer to the Composition of wholesale funding tables below.
Long-term debt issuance
We operate long-term debt issuance registered programs. Each long-term debt program allows issuances in multiple currencies. The following table summarizes our registered programs and their authorized limits by geography:
 
Programs by geography
 
 
Canada
 
U.S.
  
Europe
•  Canadian Shelf Program – $25 billion
 
•  U.S. Shelf Program – US$75 billion
  
•  European Debt Issuance Program – US$75 billion
 
 
 
  
•  Global Covered Bond Program – 
€
75 billion
We also raise long-term funding using Canadian Senior Notes, Kangaroo Bonds (issued in the Australian domestic market by foreign firms) and Yankee Certificates of Deposit (issued in the U.S. domestic market by foreign firms).
As presented in the following charts, our current long-term debt profile is well-diversified by both currency and product.
 

 

(1)   Includes unsecured and secured long-term funding and subordinated debentures with an original term to maturity greater than 1 year
 
(1)   Includes unsecured and secured long-term funding and subordinated debentures with an original term to maturity greater than 1 year
 
(2)  Mortgage-backed securities and Canada Mortgage Bonds
The following table shows the composition of wholesale funding based on remaining term to maturity:
Composition of wholesale funding
(1)
 
    
As at July 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Less than
1 month
   
1 to 3
months
   
3 to 6
months
   
6 to 12
months
   
Less than 1
year sub-total
   
1 year to
2 years
   
2 years and
greater
   
Total
 
Deposits from banks
(2)
 
$
 4,171
 
 
$
 1,184
 
 
$
 496
 
 
$
 299
 
 
$
 6,150
 
 
$
   –
 
 
$
   –
 
 
$
 6,150
 
Certificates of deposit and commercial paper 
(3)
 
 
5,265
 
 
 
30,802
 
 
 
34,811
 
 
 
36,077
 
 
 
106,955
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
106,955
 
Asset-backed commercial paper
(4)
 
 
4,780
 
 
 
7,013
 
 
 
6,590
 
 
 
1,330
 
 
 
19,713
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
19,713
 
Senior unsecured medium-term notes
(5)
 
 
122
 
 
 
4,366
 
 
 
7,197
 
 
 
25,490
 
 
 
37,175
 
 
 
25,901
 
 
 
62,694
 
 
 
125,770
 
Senior unsecured structured notes
(6)
 
 
3,917
 
 
 
1,563
 
 
 
1,525
 
 
 
3,643
 
 
 
10,648
 
 
 
2,617
 
 
 
14,398
 
 
 
27,663
 
Mortgage securitization
 
 
–
 
 
 
154
 
 
 
509
 
 
 
742
 
 
 
1,405
 
 
 
2,835
 
 
 
11,974
 
 
 
16,214
 
Covered bonds/asset-backed securities
(7)
 
 
–
 
 
 
3,503
 
 
 
3,230
 
 
 
8,184
 
 
 
14,917
 
 
 
23,925
 
 
 
23,583
 
 
 
62,425
 
Subordinated liabilities
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,078
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,078
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
11,825
 
 
 
13,903
 
Other
(8)
 
 
4,475
 
 
 
218
 
 
 
238
 
 
 
655
 
 
 
5,586
 
 
 
22,024
 
 
 
197
 
 
 
27,807
 
Total
 
$
 22,730
 
 
$
 48,803
 
 
$
 56,674
 
 
$
 76,420
 
 
$
 204,627
 
 
$
 77,302
 
 
$
 124,671
 
 
$
 406,600
 
Of which:
               
– Secured
 
$
9,153
 
 
$
10,686
 
 
$
10,329
 
 
$
10,256
 
 
$
40,424
 
 
$
26,760
 
 
$
35,557
 
 
$
102,741
 
– Unsecured
 
 
13,577
 
 
 
38,117
 
 
 
46,345
 
 
 
66,164
 
 
 
164,203
 
 
 
50,542
 
 
 
89,114
 
 
 
303,859
 
                                                 

Table of Contents
36   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
     As at April 30, 2025  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Less than
1 month
    1 to 3
months
    3 to 6
months
    6 to 12
months
    Less than 1
year sub-total
    1 year to
2 years
    2 years and
greater
    Total  
Deposits from banks
(2)
  $ 2,932     $ 15     $ 883     $ 487     $ 4,317     $ –     $ –     $ 4,317  
Certificates of deposit and commercial paper
(3)
    11,187       17,706       29,680       34,647       93,220       –       –       93,220  
Asset-backed commercial paper
(4)
    5,199       6,119       6,029       893       18,240       –       –       18,240  
Senior unsecured medium-term notes
(5)
    3,442       5,108       4,489       15,189       28,228       31,538       61,012       120,778  
Senior unsecured structured notes
(6)
    1,057       1,497       1,721       4,097       8,372       5,631       11,135       25,138  
Mortgage securitization
    –       442       154       709       1,305       2,046       12,937       16,288  
Covered bonds/asset-backed securities
(7)
    1,326       2,665       3,467       6,339       13,797       27,626       24,475       65,898  
Subordinated liabilities
    –       1,249       –       2,068       3,317       –       10,437       13,754  
Other
(8)
    4,799       2,583       895       578       8,855       20,646       202       29,703  
Total
  $  29,942     $  37,384     $  47,318     $  65,007     $  179,651     $  87,487     $  120,198     $  387,336  
Of which:
               
– Secured
  $ 11,224     $ 10,621     $ 10,339     $ 7,941     $ 40,125     $ 29,672     $ 37,412     $ 107,209  
– Unsecured
    18,718       26,763       36,979       57,066       139,526       57,815       82,786       280,127  
 
(1)
Excludes bankers’ acceptances and repos.
(2)
Excludes deposits associated with services we provide to banks (e.g., custody, cash management).
(3)
Includes bearer deposit notes (unsecured).
(4)
Only includes consolidated liabilities, including our collateralized commercial paper program.
(5)
Includes deposit notes and floating rate notes (unsecured).
(6)
Includes notes where the payout is tied to movements in foreign exchange, commodities and equities.
(7)
Includes covered bonds collateralized with residential mortgages and securities backed by credit card receivables.
(8)
Includes tender option bonds (secured) of $4,389 million (April 30, 2025 – $4,715 million), other long-term structured deposits (unsecured) of $23,221 million (April 30, 2025 – $22,718 million), FHLB advances (secured) of $nil (April 30, 2025 – $2,068 million) and wholesale guaranteed interest certificates of $197 million (April 30, 2025 – $202 million).
Credit ratings
Our ability to access unsecured funding markets and to engage in certain collateralized business activities on a cost-effective basis are largely dependent on maintaining competitive credit ratings. Credit ratings and outlooks provided by rating agencies reflect their views and methodologies. Ratings are subject to change, based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, our financial strength, competitive position, liquidity and other factors not completely within our control.
The following table presents our major credit ratings:
Credit ratings
(1)
 
    
As at August 26, 2025
 
    
Short-term

debt
   
Legacy senior
long-term debt 
(2)
   
Senior
long-term debt 
(3)
   
Outlook
 
Moody’s
‡
(4)
 
 
P-1
 
 
 
Aa1
 
 
 
A1
 
 
 
stable
 
Standard & Poor’s
‡
(5)
 
 
A-1+
 
 
 
AA-
 
 
 
A
 
 
 
stable
 
Fitch Ratings
‡
(6)
 
 
F1+
 
 
 
AA
 
 
 
AA-
 
 
 
stable
 
DBRS
‡
(7)
 
 
R-1 (high)
 
 
 
AA (high)
 
 
 
AA
 
 
 
stable
 
 
  (1)
Credit ratings are not recommendations to purchase, sell or hold a financial obligation in as much as they do not comment on market price or suitability for a particular investor. Ratings are determined by the rating agencies based on criteria established from time to time by them and are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating organization.
 
  (2)
Includes senior long-term debt issued prior to September 23, 2018 and senior long-term debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is excluded from the
Bail-in
regime.
 
  (3)
Includes senior long-term debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is subject to conversion under the
Bail-in
regime.
 
  (4)
On October 8, 2024, Moody’s affirmed our ratings with stable outlook.
 
  (5)
On June 25, 2024, Standard & Poor’s affirmed our ratings with a stable outlook.
 
  (6)
On June 3, 2025, Fitch Ratings affirmed our ratings with a stable outlook.
 
  (7)
On May 9, 2025, DBRS affirmed our ratings with a stable outlook.
 
Additional contractual obligations for rating downgrades
We are required to deliver collateral to certain counterparties in the event of a downgrade from our current credit rating. The following table shows the additional collateral obligations required at the reporting date in the event of a
one-,
two-
or three-notch downgrade. These additional collateral obligations are incremental requirements for each successive downgrade and do not represent the cumulative impact of multiple downgrades. The amounts reported change periodically due to several factors, including the transfer of trading activity to centrally cleared financial market infrastructures and exchanges, the expiration of transactions with downgrade triggers, the imposition of internal limitations on new agreements to exclude downgrade triggers, as well as normal course
mark-to-market.
There is no outstanding senior debt issued in the market that contains rating triggers that would lead to early prepayment of principal.
 
     As at     
   
July 31
2025
       
April 30
2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
One-notch

downgrade
   
Two-notch

downgrade
   
Three-notch

downgrade
        
One-notch

downgrade
   
Two-notch

downgrade
   
Three-notch

downgrade
 
Contractual derivatives funding or margin requirements
 
$
295
 
 
$
110
 
 
$
209
 
    $ 264     $ 98     $ 195  
Other contractual funding or margin requirements
(1)
 
 
36
 
 
 
43
 
 
 
19
 
 
 
    43       23       36  
 
(1)   Includes Guaranteed Investment Certificates (GICs) issued by our municipal markets business out of New York.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
 
  Third Quarter 2025   37
 
Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)
The LCR is a Basel III metric that measures the sufficiency of high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) available to meet liquidity needs over a
 
30-day
 
period in an acute stress scenario. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and OSFI regulatory minimum coverage level for LCR is 100%.
OSFI requires Canadian banks to disclose the LCR using the standard Basel disclosure template and calculated using the average of daily LCR positions during the quarter.
Liquidity coverage ratio common disclosure template
 
(1)
 
     For the three months ended  
   
July 31
2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)  
Total unweighted
value (average) 
(2)
   
Total weighted
value (average)
 
High-quality liquid assets
   
Total high-quality liquid assets (HQLA)
 
 
 
 
 
$
 462,083
 
Cash outflows
   
Retail deposits and deposits from small business customers, of which:
 
$
 407,402
 
 
$
37,659
 
Stable deposits
 
(3)
 
 
133,815
 
 
 
4,014
 
Less stable deposits
 
 
273,587
 
 
 
33,645
 
Unsecured wholesale funding, of which:
 
 
515,849
 
 
 
239,313
 
Operational deposits (all counterparties) and deposits in networks of cooperative banks
 
(4)
 
 
184,293
 
 
 
43,194
 
Non-operational
 
deposits
 
 
313,956
 
 
 
178,519
 
Unsecured debt
 
 
17,600
 
 
 
17,600
 
Secured wholesale funding
   
 
46,345
 
Additional requirements, of which:
 
 
435,480
 
 
 
93,303
 
Outflows related to derivative exposures and other collateral requirements
 
 
92,708
 
 
 
27,209
 
Outflows related to loss of funding on debt products
 
 
11,431
 
 
 
11,431
 
Credit and liquidity facilities
 
 
331,341
 
 
 
54,663
 
Other contractual funding obligations
 
(5)
 
 
25,790
 
 
 
25,790
 
Other contingent funding obligations
 
(6)
 
 
891,378
 
 
 
14,981
 
Total cash outflows
 
 
 
 
 
$
457,391
 
Cash inflows
   
Secured lending (e.g., reverse repos)
 
$
366,002
 
 
$
61,678
 
Inflows from fully performing exposures
 
 
18,994
 
 
 
9,896
 
Other cash inflows
 
 
27,101
 
 
 
27,101
 
Total cash inflows
 
 
 
 
 
$
98,675
 
         
Total
adjusted value
 
Total HQLA
   
$
462,083
 
Total net cash outflows
 
 
 
 
 
 
358,716
 
Liquidity coverage ratio
 
 
 
 
 
 
129%
                 
   
April 30
2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)          Total
adjusted value
 
Total HQLA
    $  446,512  
Total net cash outflows
 
 
 
 
    340,008  
Liquidity coverage ratio
 
 
 
 
    131%
 
(1)
The LCR is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline, which, in turn, reflects liquidity-related requirements issued by the BCBS. The LCR for the quarter ended July 31, 2025 is calculated as an average of 64 daily positions.
(2)
With the exception of other contingent funding obligations, unweighted inflow and outflow amounts are items maturing or callable in 30 days or less. Other contingent funding obligations also include debt securities with remaining maturity greater than 30 days.
(3)
As defined by the BCBS, stable deposits from retail and small business customers are deposits that are insured and are either held in transactional accounts or the bank has an established relationship with the client making the withdrawal unlikely.
(4)
Operational deposits from customers other than retail and small and
 
medium-sized
 
enterprises, are deposits which clients need to keep with the bank in order to facilitate their access and ability to use payment and settlement systems primarily for clearing, custody and cash management activities.
(5)
Other contractual funding obligations primarily include outflows from unsettled securities trades and outflows from obligations related to securities sold short.
(6)
Other contingent funding obligations include outflows related to other
 
off-balance
 
sheet facilities that carry low LCR runoff factors (0% – 5%).
We manage our LCR position within a target range that reflects our liquidity risk tolerance, business mix, asset composition and funding capabilities. The range is subject to periodic review, considering changes to internal requirements and external developments.
We maintain HQLA in major currencies with dependable market depth and breadth. Our treasury management practices are designed to ensure that the levels of HQLA are actively managed to meet target LCR objectives. Our Level 1 assets, as calculated according to OSFI LAR and the BCBS LCR requirements, represent 87% of total HQLA. These assets consist of cash, placements with central banks and highly rated securities issued or guaranteed by governments, central banks and supranational entities.

Table of Contents
38   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
LCR captures cash flows from
 
on-
 
and
 
off-balance
 
sheet activities that are either expected or could potentially occur within 30 days in an acute stress scenario. Cash outflows result from the application of withdrawal and
 
non-renewal
 
factors to demand and term deposits, differentiated by client type (wholesale, retail and small- and
 
medium-sized
 
enterprises). Cash outflows also arise from business activities that create contingent funding and collateral requirements, such as repo funding, derivatives, short sales of securities and the extension of credit and liquidity commitments to clients. Cash inflows arise primarily from maturing secured loans, interbank loans and
 
non-HQLA
 
securities.
LCR does not reflect any market funding capacity that we believe would be available in a stress situation. All maturing wholesale debt is assigned 100% outflow in the LCR calculation.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
The average LCR for the quarter ended July 31, 2025 was 129%, which translates into a surplus of approximately $103 billion, compared to 131% and a surplus of approximately $107 billion in the prior quarter. Average LCR decreased from the prior quarter, primarily due to loan growth, partially offset by lower funding requirements on securities and securities financing transactions and growth in deposits and funding.
Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR)
NSFR is a Basel III metric that measures the sufficiency of available stable funding relative to the amount of required stable funding. The BCBS and OSFI regulatory minimum coverage level for NSFR is 100%.
Available stable funding is defined as the portion of capital and liabilities expected to be reliable over the
 
one-year
 
time horizon considered by the NSFR. Required stable funding is a function of the liquidity characteristics and residual maturities of various bank assets and
 
off-balance
 
sheet exposures.
OSFI requires Canadian Domestic Systemically Important Banks
 
(D-SIBs)
 
to disclose the NSFR using the standard Basel disclosure template. Amounts presented in this disclosure template are determined in accordance with the requirements of OSFI’s LAR guideline and are not necessarily aligned with the classification requirements prescribed under IFRS.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
 
  Third Quarter 2025   39
 
Net Stable Funding Ratio common disclosure template
 
(1)
 
    
As at July 31, 2025
 
   
Unweighted value by residual maturity
 
(2)
   
Weighted
value
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)  
No maturity
   
< 6 months
   
6 months to
< 1 year
   
≥
 1 year
 
Available Stable Funding (ASF) Item
         
Capital:
 
$
 136,935
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
12,693
 
 
$
149,628
 
Regulatory Capital
 
 
136,935
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
12,693
 
 
 
149,628
 
Other Capital Instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
Retail deposits and deposits from small business customers:
 
 
338,392
 
 
 
134,181
 
 
 
56,379
 
 
 
65,179
 
 
 
544,310
 
Stable deposits
 
(3)
 
 
104,512
 
 
 
56,689
 
 
 
29,076
 
 
 
27,743
 
 
 
208,505
 
Less stable deposits
 
 
233,880
 
 
 
77,492
 
 
 
27,303
 
 
 
37,436
 
 
 
335,805
 
Wholesale funding:
 
 
380,471
 
 
 
460,778
 
 
 
84,751
 
 
 
165,650
 
 
 
418,392
 
Operational deposits
 
(4)
 
 
191,571
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
95,785
 
Other wholesale funding
 
 
188,900
 
 
 
460,778
 
 
 
84,751
 
 
 
165,650
 
 
 
322,607
 
Liabilities with matching interdependent assets
 
(5)
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,556
 
 
 
1,319
 
 
 
22,541
 
 
 
–
 
Other liabilities:
 
 
54,106
 
 
 
252,624
 
 
 
22,677
 
NSFR derivative liabilities
   
 
44,273
 
 
All other liabilities and equity not included in the above categories
 
 
54,106
 
 
 
185,382
 
 
 
585
 
 
 
22,384
 
 
 
22,677
 
Total ASF
                                 
$
 1,135,007
 
Required Stable Funding (RSF) Item
         
Total NSFR high-quality liquid assets (HQLA)
         
$
39,598
 
Deposits held at other financial institutions for operational purposes
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,241
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,120
 
Performing loans and securities:
 
 
299,858
 
 
 
283,256
 
 
 
144,636
 
 
 
547,068
 
 
 
809,212
 
Performing loans to financial institutions secured by Level 1 HQLA
 
 
–
 
 
 
74,564
 
 
 
14,975
 
 
 
76
 
 
 
11,418
 
Performing loans to financial institutions secured by non-Level 1 HQLA and unsecured performing loans to financial institutions
 
 
7,202
 
 
 
103,165
 
 
 
25,562
 
 
 
24,813
 
 
 
56,262
 
Performing loans to
 
non-financial
 
corporate clients, loans to retail and small business customers, and loans to sovereigns, central banks and PSEs, of which:
 
 
200,661
 
 
 
56,178
 
 
 
38,505
 
 
 
187,284
 
 
 
376,728
 
With a risk weight of less than or equal to 35% under the Basel II standardized approach for credit risk
 
 
–
 
 
 
789
 
 
 
563
 
 
 
5,721
 
 
 
4,394
 
Performing residential mortgages, of which:
 
 
40,850
 
 
 
45,288
 
 
 
64,431
 
 
 
311,125
 
 
 
298,833
 
With a risk weight of less than or equal to 35% under the Basel II standardized approach for credit risk
 
 
40,850
 
 
 
45,252
 
 
 
64,385
 
 
 
310,052
 
 
 
297,880
 
Securities that are not in default and do not qualify as HQLA, including exchange-traded equities
 
 
51,145
 
 
 
4,061
 
 
 
1,163
 
 
 
23,770
 
 
 
65,971
 
Assets with matching interdependent liabilities
 
(5)
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,556
 
 
 
1,319
 
 
 
22,541
 
 
 
–
 
Other assets:
 
 
6,520
 
 
 
  374,610
 
 
 
111,691
 
Physical traded commodities, including gold
 
 
6,520
 
       
 
5,542
 
Assets posted as initial margin for derivative contracts and contributions to default funds of CCPs
   
 
29,509
 
 
 
25,083
 
NSFR derivative assets
   
 
41,461
 
 
 
–
 
NSFR derivative liabilities before deduction of variation margin posted
   
 
90,083
 
 
 
4,504
 
All other assets not included in the above categories
 
 
–
 
 
 
144,847
 
 
 
95 
 
 
 
68,615
 
 
 
76,562
 
Off-balance
 
sheet items
 
 
–
 
 
 
935,968
 
 
 
36,089
 
Total RSF
                                 
$
997,710
 
Net Stable Funding Ratio (%)
                                 
 
114%
 
         
     As at April 30, 2025         
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)                              
Weighted
value
 
Total ASF
                                  $  1,131,910  
Total RSF
                                    977,531  
Net Stable Funding Ratio (%)
                                    116%
 
(1)
The NSFR is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline, which, in turn, reflects liquidity-related requirements issued by the BCBS.
(2)
Totals for the following rows encompass the residual maturity categories of less than 6 months, 6 months to less than 1 year, and greater than or equal to 1 year in accordance with the requirements of the common disclosure template prescribed by OSFI: Other liabilities, NSFR derivative liabilities, Other assets, Assets posted as initial margin for derivative contracts and contributions to default funds of central counterparties (CCPs), NSFR derivative assets, NSFR derivative liabilities before deduction of variation margin posted and
 
Off-balance
 
sheet items.
(3)
As defined by the BCBS, stable deposits from retail and small business customers are deposits that are insured and are either held in transactional accounts or the bank has an established relationship with the client making the withdrawal unlikely.
(4)
Operational deposits from customers other than retail and small- and
 
medium-sized
 
enterprises, are deposits which clients need to keep with the bank in order to facilitate their access and ability to use payment and settlement systems primarily for clearing, custody and cash management activities.
(5)
Interdependent assets and liabilities represent NHA MBS liabilities, including liabilities arising from transactions involving the Canada Mortgage Bond program and their corresponding encumbered mortgages.

Table of Contents
40   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Available stable funding is comprised primarily of a diversified pool of personal and commercial deposits, capital and long-term wholesale liabilities. Required stable funding is driven mainly by the bank’s mortgage and loan portfolio, secured loans to financial institutions and to a lesser extent by other less liquid assets. NSFR does not reflect any unused market funding capacity that we believe would be available.
Volume and composition of available stable funding is actively managed to optimize our structural funding position and meet NSFR objectives. Our NSFR is managed in accordance with our comprehensive LRMF.
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
The NSFR as at July 31, 2025 was 114%, which translates into a surplus of approximately $137 billion, compared to 116% and a surplus of approximately $154 billion in the prior quarter. NSFR decreased compared to the previous quarter, primarily due to loan growth and higher funding requirements on securities and securities financing transactions.
Contractual maturities of financial assets, financial liabilities and
 
off-balance
 
sheet items
The following tables provide remaining contractual maturity profiles of all our assets, liabilities, and
 
off-balance
 
sheet items at their carrying value (e.g., amortized cost or fair value) and maturity profiles of assets and liabilities of insurance contracts and reinsurance contracts held at their carrying value based on the estimated timing of when the settlement of the amounts are expected to occur at the balance sheet date.
 
Off-balance
 
sheet items are allocated based on the expiry date of the contract.
Details of contractual maturities and commitments to extend funds are a source of information for the management of liquidity risk. Among other purposes, these details form a basis for modelling a behavioural balance sheet with effective maturities to calculate liquidity risk measures. For further details, refer to the Risk measurement and internal liquidity section within the Liquidity and funding risk section of our 2024 Annual Report.
 
    
As at July 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Less than
1 month
   
1 to 3
months
   
3 to 6
months
   
6 to 9
months
   
9 to 12
months
   
1 year
to 2 years
   
2 years
to 5 years
   
5 years
and greater
   
With no
specific
maturity
   
Total
 
Assets
                   
Cash and deposits with banks
 
$
105,327
 
 
$
10
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
5
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
2,409
 
 
$
107,751
 
Securities
                   
Trading
 
(1)
 
 
94,918
 
 
 
2,494
 
 
 
587
 
 
 
953
 
 
 
430
 
 
 
309
 
 
 
380
 
 
 
13,324
 
 
 
90,759
 
 
 
204,154
 
Investment, net of applicable allowance
 
 
4,315
 
 
 
13,717
 
 
 
17,671
 
 
 
18,424
 
 
 
16,386
 
 
 
74,863
 
 
 
79,602
 
 
 
107,525
 
 
 
1,355
 
 
 
333,858
 
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
(2)
 
 
112,515
 
 
 
65,156
 
 
 
27,439
 
 
 
14,789
 
 
 
22,480
 
 
 
206
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
23,247
 
 
 
265,832
 
Loans, net of applicable
allowance
 
 
20,554
 
 
 
38,752
 
 
 
45,398
 
 
 
50,323
 
 
 
68,822
 
 
 
297,697
 
 
 
298,236
 
 
 
82,572
 
 
 
123,106
 
 
 
1,025,460
 
Other
                   
Customers’ liability under acceptances
 
 
13
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
5
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
18
 
Derivatives
 
 
13,668
 
 
 
17,076
 
 
 
15,375
 
 
 
9,212
 
 
 
7,257
 
 
 
17,584
 
 
 
31,641
 
 
 
43,210
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
155,023
 
Other financial assets
 
 
48,030
 
 
 
4,622
 
 
 
2,513
 
 
 
495
 
 
 
583
 
 
 
381
 
 
 
746
 
 
 
1,582
 
 
 
4,086
 
 
 
63,038
 
Total financial assets
 
 
399,340
 
 
 
141,827
 
 
 
108,983
 
 
 
94,196
 
 
 
115,963
 
 
 
391,040
 
 
 
410,610
 
 
 
248,213
 
 
 
244,962
 
 
 
2,155,134
 
Other
 
non-financial
 
assets
 
 
14,483
 
 
 
2,150
 
 
 
2,659
 
 
 
396
 
 
 
318
 
 
 
2,823
 
 
 
3,553
 
 
 
9,424
 
 
 
36,953
 
 
 
72,759
 
Total assets
 
$
413,823
 
 
$
143,977
 
 
$
111,642
 
 
$
94,592
 
 
$
116,281
 
 
$
393,863
 
 
$
414,163
 
 
$
257,637
 
 
$
281,915
 
 
$
2,227,893
 
Liabilities and equity
                   
Deposits
 
(3)
                   
Unsecured borrowing
 
$
105,718
 
 
$
94,516
 
 
$
100,688
 
 
$
74,142
 
 
$
80,032
 
 
$
55,295
 
 
$
85,399
 
 
$
57,716
 
 
$
716,358
 
 
$
1,369,864
 
Secured borrowing
 
 
5,111
 
 
 
9,563
 
 
 
8,930
 
 
 
1,977
 
 
 
1,322
 
 
 
9,043
 
 
 
12,498
 
 
 
8,450
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
56,894
 
Covered bonds
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,368
 
 
 
3,231
 
 
 
3,134
 
 
 
5,001
 
 
 
21,322
 
 
 
15,576
 
 
 
4,087
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
54,719
 
Other
                   
Acceptances
 
 
13
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
5
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
18
 
Obligations related to securities sold short
 
 
39,695
 
 
 
1,848
 
 
 
1,456
 
 
 
757
 
 
 
2,336
 
 
 
980
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
47,072
 
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
 
(2)
 
 
132,293
 
 
 
92,575
 
 
 
14,419
 
 
 
3,154
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,641
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
22,205
 
 
 
266,287
 
Derivatives
 
 
13,261
 
 
 
18,489
 
 
 
16,920
 
 
 
9,858
 
 
 
7,905
 
 
 
18,728
 
 
 
31,655
 
 
 
42,046
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
158,862
 
Other financial liabilities
 
 
44,381
 
 
 
3,371
 
 
 
2,930
 
 
 
1,913
 
 
 
1,534
 
 
 
1,198
 
 
 
2,577
 
 
 
19,566
 
 
 
2,068
 
 
 
79,538
 
Subordinated debentures
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,050
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
11,782
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
13,832
 
Total financial liabilities
 
 
340,472
 
 
 
222,730
 
 
 
150,624
 
 
 
94,935
 
 
 
98,130
 
 
 
108,207
 
 
 
147,710
 
 
 
143,647
 
 
 
740,631
 
 
 
2,047,086
 
Other
 
non-financial
 
liabilities
 
 
1,190
 
 
 
1,088
 
 
 
4,624
 
 
 
252
 
 
 
397
 
 
 
1,803
 
 
 
1,821
 
 
 
22,549
 
 
 
11,451
 
 
 
45,175
 
Equity
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
135,632
 
 
 
135,632
 
Total liabilities and equity
 
$
341,662
 
 
$
223,818
 
 
$
155,248
 
 
$
95,187
 
 
$
98,527
 
 
$
110,010
 
 
$
149,531
 
 
$
166,196
 
 
$
887,714
 
 
$
2,227,893
 
Off-balance
 
sheet items
                   
Financial guarantees
 
$
726
 
 
$
2,781
 
 
$
4,643
 
 
$
4,547
 
 
$
4,433
 
 
$
2,273
 
 
$
6,453
 
 
$
1,864
 
 
$
24
 
 
$
27,744
 
Commitments to extend credit
 
 
3,738
 
 
 
10,773
 
 
 
13,820
 
 
 
18,795
 
 
 
23,273
 
 
 
70,948
 
 
 
228,039
 
 
 
28,747
 
 
 
3,745
 
 
 
401,878
 
Other credit-related commitments
 
 
66,666
 
 
 
1,685
 
 
 
2,700
 
 
 
2,309
 
 
 
3,374
 
 
 
774
 
 
 
727
 
 
 
123
 
 
 
74,648
 
 
 
153,006
 
Other commitments
 
 
6
 
 
 
336
 
 
 
18
 
 
 
16
 
 
 
17
 
 
 
64
 
 
 
162
 
 
 
225
 
 
 
967
 
 
 
1,811
 
Total
 
off-balance
 
sheet items
 
$
71,136
 
 
$
15,575
 
 
$
21,181
 
 
$
25,667
 
 
$
31,097
 
 
$
74,059
 
 
$
235,381
 
 
$
30,959
 
 
$
79,384
 
 
$
584,439
 
 
(1)
With the exception of debt securities within the Insurance segment, trading debt securities classified as FVTPL have been included in the less than 1 month category as there is no expectation to hold these assets to their contractual maturity.
(2)
Open reverse repo and repo contracts, which have no set maturity date and are typically short-term, have been included in the with no specific maturity category.
(3)
A major portion of relationship-based deposits are repayable on demand or at short notice on a contractual basis while, in practice, these customer balances form a core base for our operations and liquidity needs, as explained in the preceding Deposit and funding profile section.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
 
  Third Quarter 2025   41
 
     As at April 30, 2025  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Less than
1 month
   
1 to 3
months
   
3 to 6
months
   
6 to 9
months
   
9 to 12
months
    1 year
to 2 years
    2 years
to 5 years
    5 years
and greater
    With no
specific
maturity
    Total  
Assets
                   
Cash and deposits with banks
  $ 112,201     $ 12     $ –     $ –     $ 5     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ 2,373     $ 114,591  
Securities
                   
Trading
 
(1)
    88,695       2,454       1,371       104       496       239       547       13,533       81,698       189,137  
Investment, net of applicable allowance
    7,828       7,930       15,708       17,701       14,894       58,797       70,507       108,649       1,346       303,360  
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
(2)
    133,553       52,321       59,562       14,113       21,286       179       –       –       20,913       301,927  
Loans, net of applicable allowance 
(3)
    28,716       31,650       47,567       49,167       52,370       291,986       301,643       82,969       121,238       1,007,306  
Other
                   
Customers’ liability under acceptances
    20       2       –       –       –       –       6       –       –       28  
Derivatives
    18,188       19,391       12,977       14,693       9,326       24,134       40,824       48,678       –       188,211  
Other financial assets
    51,448       3,918       2,432       605       828       163       704       1,726       3,585       65,409  
Total financial assets
    440,649       117,678       139,617       96,383       99,205       375,498       414,231       255,555       231,153       2,169,969  
Other
 
non-financial
 
assets
    14,192       2,228       1,530       328       258       2,640       3,336       9,486       38,166       72,164  
Total assets
  $  454,841     $  119,906     $  141,147     $ 96,711     $  99,463     $  378,138     $  417,567     $  265,041     $  269,319     $  2,242,133  
Liabilities and equity
                   
Deposits
 
(4)
                   
Unsecured borrowing
  $ 101,249     $ 76,791     $ 95,030     $ 87,050     $ 66,447     $ 54,824     $ 86,394     $ 54,846     $ 710,263     $ 1,332,894  
Secured borrowing
    5,461       8,084       8,606       2,505       843       7,326       13,002       9,727       –       55,554  
Covered bonds
    1,326       2,662       2,328       3,223       3,084       25,022       16,603       4,090       –       58,338  
Other
                   
Acceptances
    20       2       –       –       –       –       6       –       –       28  
Obligations related to securities sold short
    38,529       3,317       2,404       1,209       712       652       –       –       –       46,823  
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
 
(2)
    189,556       49,147       19,483       1,497       –       938       –       –       20,705       281,326  
Derivatives
    20,333       24,626       14,766       14,073       9,946       24,856       40,030       45,714       –       194,344  
Other financial liabilities
    46,110       5,010       3,295       1,780       1,666       1,457       2,560       19,640       1,041       82,559  
Subordinated debentures
    –       –       –       2,032       –       –       –       11,713       –       13,745  
Total financial liabilities
    402,584       169,639       145,912       113,369       82,698       115,075       158,595       145,730       732,009       2,065,611  
Other
 
non-financial
 
liabilities
    1,359       1,125       229       3,833       405       1,604       1,703       22,565       11,169       43,992  
Equity
    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       132,530       132,530  
Total liabilities and equity
  $ 403,943     $ 170,764     $ 146,141     $  117,202     $ 83,103     $ 116,679     $ 160,298     $ 168,295     $ 875,708     $ 2,242,133  
Off-balance
 
sheet items
                   
Financial guarantees
  $ 981     $ 3,006     $ 3,956     $ 4,608     $ 4,778     $ 2,368     $ 5,738     $ 2,097     $ 24     $ 27,556  
Commitments to extend credit
    6,015       10,823       13,744       14,860       22,156       63,567       221,716       24,777       4,240       381,898  
Other credit-related commitments
    69,646       2,055       2,620       2,759       2,186       417       1,205       122       74,438       155,448  
Other commitments
    6       11       17       18       17       64       163       231       948       1,475  
Total
 
off-balance
 
sheet items
  $ 76,648     $ 15,895     $ 20,337     $ 22,245     $ 29,137     $ 66,416     $ 228,822     $ 27,227     $ 79,650     $ 566,377  
 
(1)
With the exception of debt securities within the Insurance segment, trading debt securities classified as FVTPL have been included in the less than 1 month category as there is no expectation to hold these assets to their contractual maturity.
(2)
Open reverse repo and repo contracts, which have no set maturity date and are typically short-term, have been included in the with no specific maturity category.
(3)
Comparative amounts have been revised from those previously presented.
(4)
A major portion of relationship-based deposits are repayable on demand or at short notice on a contractual basis while, in practice, these customer balances form a core base for our operations and liquidity needs, as explained in the preceding Deposit and funding profile section.
 
Capital management
 
We continue to manage our capital in accordance with our Capital Management Framework as described in our 2024 Annual Report. In addition, we continue to monitor for new regulatory capital developments, including OSFI guidance, in order to comply with these requirements as disclosed in the Capital management section in our 2024 Annual Report, and as updated below.
OSFI expects Canadian banks to meet the Basel III targets for CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratios as per CAR guidelines. Under Basel III, banks select from two main approaches, the Standardized Approach (SA) or the Internal Ratings Based (IRB) Approach, to calculate their minimum regulatory capital required to support credit, market and operational risks. We apply the IRB approach to credit risk to determine minimum regulatory capital requirements for the majority of our portfolios. Certain credit risk portfolios are subject to the SA, primarily in Wealth Management including our City National wholesale portfolio, our Caribbean Banking operations and certain
 
non-mortgage
 
retail portfolios acquired through the HSBC Canada transaction. For consolidated regulatory reporting of market risk capital and operational risk capital, we use the revised SA as noted in our 2024 Annual Report.
The Financial Stability Board (FSB) has
 
re-designated
 
us as a Global Systemically Important Bank
 
(G-SIB).
 
This designation requires us to maintain a higher loss absorbency requirement (common equity as a percentage of RWA) of 1% consistent with the
 
D-SIB
 
requirement. In addition to the Basel III targets, OSFI established a Domestic Stability Buffer (DSB) applicable to all Canadian
 
D-SIBs
 
to further ensure the financial stability of the Canadian financial system. The current OSFI requirement for the DSB is set at 3.5% of total RWA as reaffirmed by OSFI on June 26, 2025.
Under OSFI’s Total Loss Absorbing Capacity (TLAC) guideline,
 
D-SIBs
 
are required to maintain a risk-based TLAC ratio which builds on the risk-based capital ratios described in the CAR guideline, and a TLAC leverage ratio which builds on the leverage ratio described in OSFI’s LR guideline. The TLAC requirement is intended to address the sufficiency of a
 
D-SIB’s
 
loss

Table of Contents

42   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
absorbing capacity in supporting its recapitalization in the event of its failure. TLAC is defined as the aggregate of Tier 1 capital, Tier 2 capital and external TLAC instruments, which allow conversion in whole or in part into common shares under the CDIC Act and meet all of the eligibility criteria under the TLAC guideline.
On February 12, 2025, OSFI announced an indefinite delay to increases in the capital floor factor prescribed in its CAR guideline and maintained the current 67.5% of RWA (as calculated using only the SA for credit, market and operational risk). OSFI committed to providing at least two years notice to affected banks prior to resuming increases in the capital floor.
Our methodology for allocating capital to our business segments is based on the Basel III regulatory capital requirements, with the exception of Insurance. Effective the first quarter of 2025, we increased our capital attribution rates to our business segments. For further details, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section.
For further details, refer to the Capital management section of our 2024 Annual Report.
The following table provides a summary of OSFI’s current regulatory target ratios under Basel III and Pillar 2 requirements. We are in compliance with all current capital, leverage and TLAC requirements imposed by OSFI:
 
Basel III
capital,
leverage and TLAC
ratios
 

OSFI regulatory target requirements for large banks under Basel III

   
Domestic
Stability
Buffer 
(3)
   
Minimum including
Capital Buffers,
D-SIB/G-SIB
surcharge and
Domestic Stability
Buffer as at
July 31, 2025
 
(4)
   
RBC
capital,
leverage
and TLAC
ratios as at
July 31,
2025
 
 
Minimum
   
Capital
Buffers
   
Minimum
including
Capital
Buffers
   
D-SIB/G-SIB

surcharge
 
(1)
   
Minimum including
Capital Buffers
and
 
D-SIB/G-SIB

surcharge
 
(1), (2)
 
                 
Common Equity Tier 1     4.5%       2.6%        7.1%        1.0%         8.1%          3.5%        11.6%          13.2%    
Tier 1 capital     6.0%       2.6%        8.6%        1.0%         9.6%          3.5%        13.1%          14.8%    
Total capital     8.0%       2.6%        10.6%        1.0%         11.6%          3.5%        15.1%          16.6%    
Leverage ratio     3.0%       n.a.        3.0%        0.5%         3.5%          n.a.        3.5%          4.5%    
TLAC ratio     21.6%       n.a.        21.6%        n.a.         21.6%          3.5%        25.1%          30.9%    
TLAC leverage ratio     7.25%       n.a.        7.25%        n.a.         7.25%          n.a.        7.25%          9.3%    
 
(1)
A capital surcharge, equal to the higher of our
 
D-SIB
 
surcharge and the BCBS’s
 
G-SIB
 
surcharge, is applicable to risk-weighted capital. For leverage ratio, only 50% of our
 
D-SIB
 
surcharge for capital is the required surcharge.
(2)
The capital buffers include the capital conservation buffer of 2.5% and the countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) as prescribed by OSFI. The CCyB, calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guidelines, was 0.08% as at July 31, 2025 (April 30, 2025 – 0.09%; October 31, 2024 – 0.08%).
(3)
The DSB can range from 0% to 4% of total RWA and is currently set at 3.5%.
(4)
Minimum target requirements reflect CCyB requirements as at July 31, 2025 which are subject to change based on exposures held at the reporting date.
n.a.
not applicable
The following table provides details on our regulatory capital, TLAC available, RWA, and on ratios for capital, leverage and TLAC. Our capital position remains strong and our capital, leverage and TLAC ratios remain well above OSFI regulatory targets.
 
     As at  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
July 31
2025
   
April 30
2025
   
October 31
2024
 
Capital
 
(1)
     
CET1 capital
 
$
95,654
 
  $ 92,829     $ 88,936  
Tier 1 capital
 
 
107,155
 
    103,194       97,952  
Total capital
 
 
119,848
 
    116,237       110,487  
RWA used in calculation of capital ratios
 
(1)
     
Credit risk
 
$
589,582
 
  $ 570,953     $ 548,809  
Market risk
 
 
37,936
 
    39,287       33,930  
Operational risk
 
 
95,637
 
    93,680       89,543  
Total RWA
 
$
723,155
 
  $ 703,920     $ 672,282  
Capital ratios and Leverage ratio
 
(1)
     
CET1 ratio
 
 
13.2%
    13.2%     13.2%
Tier 1 capital ratio
 
 
14.8%
    14.7%     14.6%
Total capital ratio
 
 
16.6%
    16.5%     16.4%
Leverage ratio
 
 
4.5%
    4.3%     4.2%
Leverage ratio exposure
 
$
2,404,301
 
  $ 2,379,092     $ 2,344,228  
TLAC available and ratios
 
(2)
     
TLAC available
 
$
  223,343
 
  $   217,931     $   196,659  
TLAC ratio
 
 
30.9%
    31.0%     29.3%
TLAC leverage ratio
 
 
9.3%
    9.2%     8.4%
 
  (1)   Capital, RWA and capital ratios are calculated using OSFI’s CAR guideline and the Leverage ratio is calculated using OSFI’s LR guideline. Both the CAR guideline and LR guideline are based on the Basel III framework.  
  (2)   TLAC available and TLAC ratios are calculated using OSFI’s TLAC guideline. The TLAC standard is applied at the resolution entity level which for us is deemed to be Royal Bank of Canada and its subsidiaries. A resolution entity and its subsidiaries are collectively called a resolution group. The TLAC ratio and TLAC leverage ratio are calculated using the TLAC available as a percentage of total RWA and leverage exposure, respectively.  

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
 
  Third Quarter 2025   43
 
Q3 2025 vs. Q2 2025
 
 

 
(1)
Represents rounded figures.
(2)
Represents net internal capital generation of $3.1 billion or 44 bps consisting of Net income available to shareholders less common and preferred share dividends and distributions on other equity instruments.
(3)
Excludes the impact of foreign exchange translation (included in Other), U.S. rating downgrade and risk parameter changes.
Our CET1 ratio of 13.2% was unchanged from last quarter, reflecting net internal capital generation that was offset by RWA growth, share repurchases, the impact of a U.S. rating downgrade and risk parameter changes.
Total RWA increased by $19 billion, mainly due to business growth, the impact of a U.S. rating downgrade, risk parameter changes and foreign exchange translation. Business growth primarily reflects higher corporate lending, loan underwriting commitments and residential mortgages, partially offset by a reduction in market risk. In our CET1 ratio, the impact of foreign exchange translation on RWA is largely mitigated with economic hedges.
Our Tier 1 capital ratio of 14.8% was up 10 bps and our Total capital ratio of 16.6% was up 10 bps, mainly reflecting net issuance of Additional Tier 1 instruments.
Our Leverage ratio of 4.5% was up 20 bps from last quarter, primarily due to net internal capital generation and net issuance of Additional Tier 1 instruments, partially offset by share repurchases and growth in leverage exposures.
Total leverage exposures increased by $25 billion, primarily due to growth in securities and retail and wholesale loans, partially offset by lower repo-style transactions.
Our TLAC ratio of 30.9% was down 10 bps, mainly reflecting higher RWA, partially offset by net internal capital generation and a favourable impact from a net increase in eligible external TLAC instruments.
Our TLAC leverage ratio of 9.3% was up 10 bps, reflecting the factors noted above under the Leverage ratio, as well as a favourable impact from a net increase in eligible external TLAC instruments.
External TLAC instruments include long-term debt subject to conversion under the
 
Bail-in
 
regime. For further details, refer to Deposit and funding profile in the Liquidity and funding risk section.

Table of Contents
44   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Selected capital management activity
The following table provides our selected capital management activity:
 
    
For the three months ended
July 31, 2025
          
For the nine months ended
July 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of shares)  
Issuance or
redemption date
   
Number of
shares 
(000s)
   
Amount
          
Number of
shares 
(000s)
   
Amount
 
Tier 1 capital
           
Common shares activity
           
Issued in connection with share-based compensation plans
 
(1)
   
 
227
 
 
$
22
 
   
 
601
 
 
$
  58
 
Purchased for cancellation
 
(2)
   
 
(5,445
) 
 
 
(81
) 
   
 
(10,400
) 
 
 
(155
) 
Issuance of limited recourse capital notes (LRCNs) Series 5 
(2), (3), (4)
 
 
November 1, 2024
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
1,000
 
 
 
1,396
 
Redemption of preferred shares, Series BD 
(2), (3)
 
 
May 24, 2025
 
 
 
(24,000
) 
 
 
(600
) 
   
 
(24,000
) 
 
 
(600
) 
Issuance of limited recourse capital notes (LRCNs) Series 6 
(2), (3), (4)
 
 
June 11, 2025
 
 
 
1,250
 
 
 
1,708
 
   
 
1,250
 
 
 
1,708
 
Tier 2 capital
           
Redemption of December 23, 2029 subordinated debentures 
(2), (3)
 
 
December 23, 2024
 
   
 
–
 
     
 
(1,500
) 
Issuance of February 4, 2035 subordinated debentures 
(2), (3)
 
 
January 29, 2025
 
   
 
–
 
     
 
1,500
 
Redemption of June 30, 2030 subordinated debentures 
(2), (3)
 
 
June 30, 2025
 
   
 
(1,250
) 
     
 
(1,250
) 
Issuance of July 3, 2035 subordinated debentures 
(2), (3)
 
 
July 3, 2025
 
   
 
1,250
 
     
 
1,250
 
Issuance of July 17, 2035 subordinated debentures 
(2), (3)
 
 
July 17, 2025
 
         
 
241
 
                 
 
241
 
 
(1)
Amounts include cash received for stock options exercised during the period and fair value adjustments to stock options.
(2)
For further details, refer to Note 10 of our Condensed Financial Statements.
(3)
Non-Viability
 
Contingent Capital (NVCC) instruments.
(4)
For the LRCNs, the number of shares represents the number of notes issued.
On June 10, 2024, we announced a normal course issuer bid (NCIB) to purchase up to 30 million of our common shares. This NCIB was completed on June 11, 2025, with 8,957 thousand common shares repurchased and cancelled at a total cost of approximately $1,510 million.
On June 10, 2025, we announced an NCIB to purchase up to 35 million of our common shares, commencing on June 12, 2025 and continuing until June 11, 2026, or such earlier date as we complete the repurchase of all shares permitted under the bid. Since the inception of this NCIB, the total number of common shares repurchased and cancelled is approximately 2,331 thousand, at a cost of approximately $411 million.
For the three months ended July 31, 2025, the total number of common shares repurchased and cancelled under our NCIB programs was approximately 5,445 thousand. The total cost of the shares repurchased was $955 million.
We determine the amount and timing of purchases under the NCIB, subject to prior consultation with OSFI. Purchases may be made through the TSX, the NYSE and other designated exchanges and alternative Canadian trading systems. The price paid for repurchased shares is the prevailing market price at the time of acquisition.
On November 1, 2024, we issued US$1,000 million of LRCN Series 5 at a price of US$1,000 per note. The LRCN Series 5 bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.350% per annum until November 24, 2034. Thereafter, the interest rate on the LRCN Series 5 will reset every five years at a rate per annum equal to the prevailing
 
5-Year
 
U.S. Treasury Rate plus 2.257% until their maturity on November 24, 2084.
On December 23, 2024, we redeemed all $1,500 million of our outstanding NVCC 2.88% subordinated debentures due December 23, 2029 for 100% of their principal amount plus accrued interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.
On January 29, 2025, we issued $1,500 million of NVCC subordinated debentures. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.279% per annum until February 4, 2030, and at the Daily Compounded Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average (CORRA) plus 1.45% thereafter until their maturity on February 4, 2035.
On May 24, 2025, we redeemed all 24 million of our issued and outstanding
 
Non-Cumulative
 
5-Year
 
Rate Reset First Preferred Shares Series BD at a price of $25 per share.
On June 11, 2025, we issued US$1,250 million of LRCN Series 6 at a price of US$1,000 per note. The LRCN Series 6 bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.750% per annum until August 24, 2030. Thereafter, the interest rate on the LRCN Series 6 will reset every five years at a rate per annum equal to the prevailing
 
5-Year
 
U.S. Treasury Rate plus 2.815% until their maturity on August 24, 2085.
On June 30, 2025, we redeemed all $1,250 million of our outstanding NVCC 2.088% subordinated debentures due June 30, 2030 for 100% of their principal amount plus accrued interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.
On July 3, 2025, we issued $1,250 million of NVCC subordinated debentures. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.214% per annum until July 3, 2030, and at the Daily Compounded CORRA plus 1.51% thereafter until their maturity on July 3, 2035.
On July 17, 2025, we issued ¥26,000 million of NVCC subordinated debentures. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 1.963% per annum until July 17, 2030, and at the
 
5-year
 
Tokyo Overnight Average Rate
 
mid-swap
 
rate plus 1.02% thereafter until their maturity on July 17, 2035.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
 
  Third Quarter 2025   45
 
Selected share data
 
(1)
 
    
As at July 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of shares and as otherwise noted)  
Number of
shares 
(000s)
   
Amount
   
Dividends
declared per
share
 
Common shares issued
 
 
1,405,281
 
 
$
20,916
 
 
$
1.54
 
Treasury shares – common shares
 
(2)
 
 
(237
) 
 
 
(43
) 
       
Common shares outstanding
 
 
1,405,044
 
 
$
20,873
 
       
Stock options and awards
     
Outstanding
 
 
7,685
 
   
Exercisable
 
 
3,717
 
               
First preferred shares issued
     
Non-cumulative
 
Series BF
 
(3), (4)
 
 
12,000
 
 
$
300
 
 
$
0.19
 
Non-cumulative
 
Series BH
 
(4)
 
 
6,000
 
 
 
150
 
 
 
0.31
 
Non-cumulative
 
Series BI
 
(4)
 
 
6,000
 
 
 
150
 
 
 
0.31
 
Non-cumulative
 
Series BO
 
(3), (4)
 
 
14,000
 
 
 
350
 
 
 
0.37
 
Non-cumulative
 
Series BT
 
(3), (4), (5)
 
 
750
 
 
 
750
 
 
 
4.20%
 
Non-cumulative
 
Series BU
 
(3), (4), (5)
 
 
750
 
 
 
750
 
 
 
7.41%
 
Non-cumulative
 
Series BW
 
(3), (4), (5)
 
 
600
 
 
 
600
 
 
 
6.70%
 
Other equity instruments issued
     
Limited recourse capital notes Series 1
 
(3), (4), (6), (7)
 
 
1,750
 
 
 
1,750
 
 
 
4.50%
 
Limited recourse capital notes Series 2
 
(3), (4), (6), (7)
 
 
1,250
 
 
 
1,250
 
 
 
4.00%
 
Limited recourse capital notes Series 3
 
(3), (4), (6), (7)
 
 
1,000
 
 
 
1,000
 
 
 
3.65%
 
Limited recourse capital notes Series 4
 
(3), (4), (6), (7)
 
 
1,000
 
 
 
1,370
 
 
 
7.50%
 
Limited recourse capital notes Series 5
 
(3), (4), (6), (7)
 
 
1,000
 
 
 
1,396
 
 
 
6.35%
 
Limited recourse capital notes Series 6
 
(3), (4), (6), (7)
 
 
1,250
 
 
 
1,708
 
 
 
6.75%
 
Preferred shares and other equity instruments issued
 
 
47,350
 
 
 
11,524
 
 
Treasury instruments – preferred shares and other equity instruments
 
(2)
 
 
(20
) 
 
 
(26
) 
       
Preferred shares and other equity instruments outstanding
 
 
47,330
 
 
$
 11,498
 
       
Dividends on common shares
   
$
2,165
 
 
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments
 
(8)
         
 
125
 
       
 
  (1)
For further details about our capital management activity, refer to Note 10 of our Condensed Financial Statements.
 
  (2)
Positive amounts represent a short position and negative amounts represent a long position.
 
  (3)
Dividend rate will reset every five years.
 
  (4)
NVCC instruments.
 
  (5)
The dividends declared per share represent the per annum dividend rate applicable to the shares issued as at the reporting date.
 
  (6)
For LRCN Series, the number of shares represent the number of notes issued and the dividends declared per share represent the annual interest rate percentage applicable to the notes issued as at the reporting date.
 
  (7)
In connection with the issuance of LRCN Series 1, on July 28, 2020, we issued $1,750 million of First Preferred Shares Series BQ (Series BQ); in connection with the issuance of LRCN Series 2, on November 2, 2020, we issued $1,250 million of First Preferred Shares Series BR (Series BR); in connection with the issuance of LRCN Series 3, on June 8, 2021, we issued $1,000 million of First Preferred Shares Series BS (Series BS); in connection with the issuance of LRCN Series 4 on April 24, 2024, we issued US$1,000 million of First Preferred Shares Series BV (Series BV); in connection with the issuance of LRCN Series 5 on November 1, 2024, we issued US$1,000 million of First Preferred Shares Series BX (Series BX); and in connection with the issuance of LRCN Series 6 on June 11, 2025, we issued US$1,250 million of First Preferred Shares Series BY (Series BY). The Series BQ, BR and BS preferred shares were issued at a price of $1,000 per share and the Series BV, BX and BY preferred shares were issued at a price of US$1,000 per share. The Series BQ, BR, BS, BV, BX and BY preferred shares were issued to a consolidated trust to be held as trust assets in connection with the LRCN series. For further details, refer to Note 19 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
  (8)
Excludes distributions to
 
non-controlling
 
interests.
 
As at August 22, 2025, the number of outstanding common shares was 1,404,990,158, net of treasury shares held of 307,575, and the number of stock options and awards was 7,667,677.
NVCC provisions require the conversion of the capital instrument into a variable number of common shares in the event that OSFI deems a bank to be
non-viable
or a federal or provincial government in Canada publicly announces that a bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection. If a NVCC trigger event were to occur, our NVCC capital instruments as at July 31, 2025, which were the preferred shares Series BF, BH, BI, BO, BT, BU, BW, LRCN Series 1, LRCN Series 2, LRCN Series 3, LRCN Series 4, LRCN Series 5, LRCN Series 6 and subordinated debentures due on January 27, 2026, January 28, 2033, November 3, 2031, May 3, 2032, February 1, 2033, April 3, 2034, August 8, 2034, February 4, 2035, July 3, 2035 and July 17, 2035 would be converted into common shares pursuant to an automatic conversion formula with a conversion price based on the greater of: (i) a contractual floor price of $5.00 (subject to adjustment in certain circumstances), and (ii) the current market price of our common shares at the time of the trigger event
(10-day
weighted average). Based on a floor price of $5.00 and including an estimate for accrued dividends and interest, these NVCC capital instruments would convert into a maximum of approximately 6.5 billion common shares, in aggregate, which would represent a dilution impact of 82.2% based on the number of common shares outstanding as at July 31, 2025.

Table of Contents
46   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Accounting and control matters
 
 
Summary of accounting policies and estimates
 
Our Condensed Financial Statements are presented in compliance with International Accounting Standard 34
 
Interim Financial Reporting
. Our material accounting policies are described in Note 2 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
Future changes in accounting policies and disclosures
Future changes in accounting policies and disclosures that are not yet effective for us are described in Note 2 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
Controls and procedures
 
Disclosure controls and procedures
As of July 31, 2025, management evaluated, under the supervision of and with the participation of the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined under rules adopted by the Canadian securities regulatory authorities and the U.S. SEC. Based on that evaluation, the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of July 31, 2025.
Internal control over financial reporting
No changes were made in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended July 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
Related party transactions
 
In the ordinary course of business, we provide normal banking services and operational services, and enter into other transactions with associated and other related corporations, including our joint venture entities, on terms similar to those offered to
 
non-related
 
parties. We grant loans to directors, officers and other employees at rates normally accorded to preferred clients. In addition, we offer deferred share and other plans to
 
non-employee
 
directors, executives and certain other key employees. For further information, refer to Notes 12 and 25 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   47
 
Glossary
 
 
Adjusted results
For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
•  
Adjusted effective income tax rate
– calculated as effective income tax rate excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted income before income taxes
– calculated as income before income taxes excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted income taxes
– calculated as income taxes excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted net income
– calculated as net income excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted net income available to common shareholders
– calculated as net income available to common shareholders excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted
non-interest
expense
– calculated as
non-interest
expense excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted total revenue
– calculated as total revenue excluding the impact of specified items.
Acceptances
A bill of exchange or negotiable instrument drawn by the borrower for payment at maturity and accepted by a bank. The acceptance constitutes a guarantee of payment by the bank and can be traded in the money market. The bank earns a “stamping fee” for providing this guarantee.
Allowance for credit losses (ACL)
The amount deemed adequate by management to absorb expected credit losses as at the balance sheet date. The allowance is established for all financial assets subject to impairment assessment, including certain loans, debt securities, customers’ liability under acceptances, financial guarantees, and undrawn loan commitments. The allowance is changed by the amount of provision for credit losses recorded, which is charged to income, and decreased by the amount of write-offs net of recoveries in the period.
ACL on loans ratio
ACL on loans ratio is calculated as ACL on loans as a percentage of total loans and acceptances.
Asset-backed securities (ABS)
Securities created through the securitization of a pool of assets, for example auto loans or credit card loans.
Assets under administration (AUA)
Assets administered by us, which are beneficially owned by clients, unless otherwise noted. Services provided in respect of assets under administration are of an administrative nature, including safekeeping, collecting investment income, settling purchase and sale transactions, and record keeping.
Assets under management (AUM)
Assets managed by us, which are beneficially owned by clients, unless otherwise noted. Services provided in respect of assets under management include the selection of investments and the provision of investment advice. We have assets under management that are also administered by us and included in assets under administration.
Attributed capital
Attributed capital to our business segments is based on the Basel III regulatory capital and leverage requirements other than for our insurance segment for which we attribute capital based only on economic capital.
Auction rate securities (ARS)
Debt securities whose interest rates are regularly reset through an auction process.
Average earning assets, net
Average earning assets include interest-bearing deposits with other banks, securities, net of applicable allowance, assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed, loans, net of allowance, cash collateral and margin deposits. Insurance assets, and all other assets not specified are excluded. The averages are based on the daily balances for the period.
Basis point (bp)
One
one-hundredth
of a percentage point (.01%).
Collateral
Assets pledged as security for a loan or other obligation. Collateral can take many forms, such as cash, highly rated securities, property, inventory, equipment and receivables.
Collateralized debt obligation (CDO)
Securities with multiple tranches that are issued by structured entities and collateralized by debt obligations including bonds and loans. Each tranche offers a varying degree of risk and return so as to meet investor demand.
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS)
Securities created through the securitization of commercial mortgages.
Commitments to extend credit
Unutilized amount of credit facilities available to clients either in the form of loans, bankers’ acceptances and other
on-balance
sheet financing, or through
off-balance
sheet products such as guarantees and letters of credit.
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital
A regulatory Basel III capital measure comprised mainly of common shareholders’ equity less regulatory deductions and adjustments for goodwill and intangibles, defined benefit pension fund assets, shortfall in allowances and other specified items. The CET1 capital is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guideline. For more details, refer to the Capital management section.
Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio
A risk-based capital measure calculated as CET1 capital divided by risk-weighted assets. The CET1 ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guideline.
Contractual service margin (CSM)
For insurance contracts, the CSM represents the unearned profit (net inflows) for providing insurance coverage. For reinsurance contracts held, the CSM represents the net cost or net gain of purchasing reinsurance.
Covered bonds
Full recourse
on-balance
sheet obligations issued by banks and credit institutions that are fully collateralized by assets over which investors enjoy a priority claim in the event of an issuer’s insolvency.
Credit default swaps (CDS)
A derivative contract that provides the purchaser with a
one-time
payment should the referenced entity/entities default (or a similar triggering event occur).
Derivative
A contract between two parties, which requires little or no initial investment and where payments between the parties are dependent upon the movements in price of an underlying instrument, index or financial rate. Examples of derivatives include swaps, options, forward rate agreements and futures. The notional amount of the derivative is the contract amount used as a reference point to calculate the payments to be exchanged between the two parties, and the notional amount itself is generally not exchanged by the parties.
Dividend payout ratio
Common dividends as a percentage of net income available to common shareholders.
Dividend yield
Dividends per common share divided by the average of the high and low share price in the relevant period.
Earnings per share (EPS), basic
Calculated as net income available to common shareholders divided by the average number of shares outstanding. Adjusted EPS, basic is calculated in the same manner, using adjusted net income available to common shareholders.
Earnings per share (EPS), diluted
Calculated as net income available to common shareholders divided by the average number of shares outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effects of stock options and other convertible securities. Adjusted EPS, diluted is calculated in the same manner, using adjusted net income available to common shareholders.
Efficiency ratio
Non-interest
expense as a percentage of total revenue. Adjusted efficiency ratio is calculated in the same manner, using adjusted
non-interest
expense and adjusted total revenue.
Expected credit losses
The difference between the contractual cash flows due to us in accordance with the relevant contractual terms and the cash flows that we expect to receive, discounted to the balance sheet date.
Fair value
Fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

Table of Contents
48   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Funding valuation adjustment
Funding valuation adjustments are calculated to incorporate cost and benefit of funding in the valuation of uncollateralized and under-collateralized OTC derivatives. Future expected cash flows of these derivatives are discounted to reflect the cost and benefit of funding the derivatives by using a funding curve, implied volatilities and correlations as inputs.
Guarantees and standby letters of credit
These primarily represent irrevocable assurances that a bank will make payments in the event that its client cannot meet its financial obligations to third parties. Certain other guarantees, such as bid and performance bonds, represent
non-financial
undertakings.
Hedge
A risk management technique used to mitigate exposure from market, interest rate or foreign currency exchange risk arising from normal banking operations. The elimination or reduction of such exposure is accomplished by establishing offsetting positions. For example, assets denominated in foreign currencies can be offset with liabilities in the same currencies or through the use of foreign exchange hedging instruments such as futures, options or foreign exchange contracts.
Hedge funds
A type of investment fund, marketed to accredited high net worth investors, that is subject to limited regulation and restrictions on its investments compared to retail mutual funds, and that often utilize aggressive strategies such as selling short, leverage, program trading, swaps, arbitrage and derivatives.
High-quality liquid assets (HQLA)
HQLA are cash or assets that can be converted into cash quickly through sales (or by being pledged as collateral) with no significant loss of value.
Impaired loans
Loans are classified as impaired when there has been a deterioration of credit quality to the extent that management no longer has reasonable assurance of timely collection of the full amount of principal and interest in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Credit card balances are not classified as impaired as they are directly written off after payments are 180 days past due.
Insurance contracts
Contracts under which we accept significant insurance risk from a policyholder by agreeing to compensate the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event adversely affects the policyholder. Insurance contracts also include reinsurance contracts issued by us to compensate another company for claims arising from underlying insurance contracts issued by that other company.
Insurance investment result
Calculated as Net investment income from the Insurance segment, Insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contracts and Reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held. Net investment income primarily comprises interest and dividend income and net gains (losses) on financial instruments and derivatives relating to the Insurance segment. Insurance and reinsurance finance income (expense) represents the net effect of and changes in the time value of money and financial risks on insurance contracts and reinsurance contracts held, respectively.
Insurance service result
Calculated as Insurance revenue less Insurance service expense from insurance contracts and Net income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held. Insurance revenue represents the revenue recognized in the period as we provide insurance services for the groups of insurance contracts. Insurance service expense represents the costs incurred in providing insurance services in the period, which includes incurred claims and other directly attributable expenses, allocation of acquisition costs, changes relating to past or current services and changes in loss components of onerous groups of contracts. Net income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held represents the amounts recovered from the reinsurers less the allocation of premiums paid on reinsurance contracts held.
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
IFRS are principles-based standards, interpretations and the framework adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Leverage ratio
A Basel III regulatory measure, the ratio divides Tier 1 capital by the leverage exposure measure. The leverage ratio is a
non-risk
based measure and is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LR guideline.
Leverage ratio exposure
The leverage ratio exposure is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LR guideline and is defined as the sum of total assets plus
off-balance
sheet items after certain adjustments.
Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)
The LCR is a Basel III standard that aims to ensure that an institution has an adequate stock of unencumbered HQLA that consists of cash or assets that can be converted into cash at little or no loss of value in private markets, to meet its liquidity needs for a 30 calendar day liquidity stress scenario. The LCR is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline.
Loan-to-value
(LTV) ratio
Calculated based on the total facility amount for the residential mortgage and RBC Homeline Plan product divided by the value of the related residential property.
Master netting agreement
An agreement between us and a counterparty designed to reduce the credit risk of multiple derivative transactions through the creation of a legal right of offset of exposure in the event of a default.
Net interest income
The difference between what is earned on assets such as loans and securities and what is paid on liabilities such as deposits and subordinated debentures.
Net interest margin (NIM) on average earning assets, net
Calculated as net interest income divided by average earning assets, net.
Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR)
The NSFR is a Basel III standard that requires institutions to maintain a stable funding profile defined as available amount of stable funding (ASF) in relation to the composition of their assets and
off-balance
sheet activities defined as required amount of stable funding (RSF). The ratio should be at least equal to 100% on an ongoing basis. The NSFR is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline.
Normal course issuer bid (NCIB)
A program for the repurchase of our own shares for cancellation through a stock exchange that is subject to the various rules of the relevant stock exchange and securities commission.
Notional amount
The contract amount used as a reference point to calculate payments for derivatives.
Off-balance
sheet financial instruments
A variety of arrangements offered to clients, which include credit derivatives, written put options, backstop liquidity facilities, stable value products, financial standby letters of credit, performance guarantees, credit enhancements, mortgage loans sold with recourse, commitments to extend credit, securities lending, documentary and commercial letters of credit, sponsor member guarantees, securities lending indemnifications and indemnifications.
Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (OSFI)
The primary regulator of federally chartered financial institutions and federally administered pension plans in Canada. OSFI’s mission is to safeguard policyholders, depositors and pension plan members from undue loss.
Operating leverage
The difference between our revenue growth rate and
non-interest
expense growth rate.
Options
A contract or a provision of a contract that gives one party (the option holder) the right, but not the obligation, to perform a specified transaction with another party (the option issuer or option writer) according to specified terms.
Provision for credit losses (PCL)
The amount charged to income necessary to bring the allowance for credit losses to a level determined appropriate by management. This includes provisions on performing and impaired financial assets.
PCL on loans ratio
PCL on loans ratio is calculated using PCL on loans as a percentage of average net loans and acceptances.
PCL on impaired loans ratio
PCL on impaired loans ratio is calculated as PCL on impaired loans as a percentage of average net loans and acceptances.
PCL on performing loans ratio
PCL on performing loans ratio is calculated as PCL on performing loans as a percentage of average net loans and acceptances.
RBC Homeline Plan products
This is comprised of residential mortgages and secured personal loans whereby the borrower pledges real estate as collateral.
Reinsurance contracts held
Contracts under which we transfer significant insurance risk to a reinsurer that compensates us for claims relating to underlying insurance contracts issued by us and are accounted for separately from the underlying insurance contracts to which they relate.
Repurchase agreements
These involve the sale of securities for cash and the simultaneous repurchase of the securities for value at a later date. These transactions normally do not constitute economic sales and therefore are treated as collateralized financing transactions.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   49
 
Return on common equity (ROE)
Net income available to common shareholders, expressed as a percentage of average common equity. ROE is based on actual balances of average common equity before rounding. Adjusted ROE is calculated in the same manner, using adjusted net income available to common shareholders.
Reverse repurchase agreements
These involve the purchase of securities for cash and the simultaneous sale of the securities for value at a later date. These transactions normally do not constitute economic sales and therefore are treated as collateralized financing transactions.
Risk-weighted assets (RWA)
Assets adjusted by a regulatory risk-weight factor to reflect the riskiness of
on-
and
off-balance
sheet exposures. Certain assets are not risk-weighted, but deducted from capital. The calculation is defined by OSFI’s CAR guideline. For more details, refer to the Capital management section.
Securities lending
Transactions in which the owner of securities agrees to lend it under the terms of a prearranged contract to a borrower for a fee. Collateral for the loan consists of either high quality securities or cash and collateral value must be at least equal to the market value of the loaned securities. Borrowers pay a negotiated fee for loans collateralized by securities, whereas for cash collateral lenders pay borrowers interest at a negotiated rate and reinvest the cash collateral to earn a return. An intermediary such as a bank often acts as agent lender for the owner of the security in return for a share of the revenue earned by the owner from lending securities. Most often, agent lenders indemnify the owner against the risk of the borrower’s failure to redeliver the loaned securities – counterparty credit risk if a borrower defaults and market risk if the value of the
non-cash
collateral declines. The agent lender does not indemnify against the investment risk of
re-investing
cash collateral which is borne by the owner.
Securities sold short
A transaction in which the seller sells securities and then borrows the securities in order to deliver them to the purchaser upon settlement. At a later date, the seller buys identical securities in the market to replace the borrowed securities.
Securitization
The process by which various financial assets are packaged into newly issued securities backed by these assets.
Standardized Approach (SA) for credit risk
Risk weights prescribed by OSFI are used to calculate RWA for the credit risk exposures. Credit assessments by OSFI-recognized external credit rating agencies of Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLP; Moody’s Investor Service, Inc.; Fitch Ratings, Inc.; and DBRS Limited are used to risk-weight our Sovereign and Bank exposures based on the standards and guidelines issued by OSFI.
Structured entities
A structured entity is an entity in which voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when the activities that significantly affect the entity’s returns are directed by means of contractual arrangements. Structured entities often have restricted activities, narrow and well defined objectives, insufficient equity to finance their activities, and financing in the form of multiple contractually-linked instruments.
Taxable equivalent basis (teb)
Income from certain specified tax advantaged sources (U.S. tax credit investment business as well as eligible Canadian taxable corporate dividends received on or before December 31, 2023) is increased to a level that would make it comparable to income from taxable sources. There is an offsetting adjustment in the tax provision, thereby generating the same
after-tax
net income.
Tier 1 capital and Tier 1 capital ratio
Tier 1 capital comprises predominantly of CET1 capital, with additional Tier 1 items such as preferred shares, limited recourse capital notes and
non-controlling
interests in subsidiaries Tier 1 instruments. The Tier 1 capital ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guideline by dividing Tier 1 capital by risk-weighted assets.
Tier 2 capital
Tier 2 capital consists mainly of subordinated debentures that meet certain criteria, certain loan loss allowances and
non-controlling
interests in subsidiaries’ Tier 2 instruments.
Total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC)
The aggregate of Tier 1 capital, Tier 2 capital, and external TLAC instruments which allow conversion in whole or in part into common shares under the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Act and meet all of the eligibility criteria under the guideline.
TLAC ratio
The risk-based TLAC ratio is defined as TLAC divided by total risk-weighted assets. The TLAC ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s TLAC guideline.
TLAC leverage ratio
The TLAC leverage ratio is defined as TLAC divided by the leverage ratio exposure. The TLAC leverage ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s TLAC guideline.
Total capital and total capital ratio
Total capital is defined as the total of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. The total capital ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guideline by dividing total capital by risk-weighted assets.
Tranche
A security class created whereby the risks and returns associated with a pool of assets are packaged into several classes of securities offering different risk and return profiles from those of the underlying asset pool. Tranches are typically rated by ratings agencies, and reflect both the credit quality of underlying collateral as well as the level of protection based on the tranches’ relative subordination.
Unattributed capital
Unattributed capital represents common equity in excess of common equity attributed to our business segments and is reported in the Corporate Support segment.
Value-at-Risk
(VaR)
A generally accepted risk-measurement concept that uses statistical models based on historical information to estimate within a given level of confidence the maximum loss in market value we would experience in our financial portfolio from an adverse
one-day
movement in market rates and prices.

Table of Contents
50   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Enhanced Disclosure Task Force recommendations index
 
We aim to present transparent, high-quality risk disclosures by providing disclosures in our 2024 Annual Report, Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders (RTS), Supplementary Financial Information package (SFI), and Pillar 3 Report, in accordance with recommendations from the FSB’s Enhanced Disclosure Task Force (EDTF). Information within the SFI and Pillar 3 Report is not and should not be considered incorporated by reference into our Q3 2025 Report to Shareholders.
The following index summarizes our disclosure by EDTF recommendation:
 
            
Location of disclosure
Type of Risk
 
Recommendation
 
Disclosure
  
RTS
page
 
Annual
Report page
  
SFI
page
General
  1  
Table of contents for EDTF risk disclosure
   50   140    1
  2  
Define risk terminology and measures
    
69-75, 137-139
   –
  3  
Top and emerging risks
    
66-69
   –
  4  
New regulatory ratios
   41-43  
114-120
   –
Risk governance, risk management and business model
  5  
Risk management organization
    
69-75
   –
  6  
Risk culture
    
69-75
   –
  7  
Risk in the context of our business activities
     124    –
  8  
Stress testing
  
 
  73, 85    –
Capital adequacy and risk-weighted assets (RWA)
  9  
Minimum Basel III capital ratios and Domestic systemically important bank surcharge
   42  
114-120
   –
  10  
Composition of capital and reconciliation of the accounting balance sheet to the regulatory balance sheet
     –    *
  11  
Flow statement of the movements in regulatory capital
     –    19
  12  
Capital strategic planning
    
114-120
   –
  13  
RWA by business segments
     –    20
  14  
Analysis of capital requirement, and related measurement model information
    
75-79
   *
  15  
RWA credit risk and related risk measurements
     –    *
  16  
Movement of RWA by risk type
     –    20
 
  17  
Basel back-testing
  
 
  72,
75-77
   31
Liquidity
  18  
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of our liquidity reserve
   33  
92-93, 98-99
   –
Funding
  19  
Encumbered and unencumbered assets by balance sheet category, and contractual obligations for rating downgrades
   34, 36   94, 97    –
  20  
Maturity analysis of consolidated total assets, liabilities and
off-balance
sheet commitments analyzed by remaining contractual maturity at the balance sheet date
   40-41  
101-102
   –
  21  
Sources of funding and funding strategy
   34-36  
94-96
   –
Market risk
  22  
Relationship between the market risk measures for trading and
non-trading
portfolios and the balance sheet
   31-32  
89-90
   –
  23  
Decomposition of market risk factors
   28-30  
85-90
   –
  24  
Market risk validation and back-testing
     85    –
  25  
Primary risk management techniques beyond reported risk measures and parameters
  
 
 
85-88
   –
Credit risk
  26  
Bank’s credit risk profile
   24-28  
75-85, 187-194
  
21-31,*
   
Quantitative summary of aggregate credit risk exposures that reconciles to the balance sheet
   65-71  
131-136
   *
  27  
Policies for identifying impaired loans
    
77-79, 126, 157-160
   –
  28  
Reconciliation of the opening and closing balances of impaired loans and impairment allowances during the year
     –    23, 28
  29  
Quantification of gross notional exposure for
over-the-counter
derivatives or exchange-traded derivatives
     80    32
  30  
Credit risk mitigation, including collateral held for all sources of credit risk
  
 
 
78-79
   *
Other
  31  
Other risk types
    
104-113
   –
  32  
Publicly known risk events
  
 
 
108-109, 236-237
   –
 
*   These disclosure requirements are satisfied or partially satisfied by disclosures provided in our Pillar 3 Report for the quarter ended July 31, 2025 and for the year ended October 31, 2024.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   51
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
 
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(unaudited)
 
 
      As at   
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
  
July 31
2025
    
October 31
2024
 
Assets
     
Cash and due from bank
s
  
$
34,927
 
   $ 56,723  
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
 
  
 
 
72,824
 
 
 
    
 
66,020
 
 
 
Securities
     
Trading
  
 
204,154
 
     183,300  
Investment, net of applicable allowance
(Note 4)
  
 
333,858
 
     256,618  
    
 
538,012
 
     439,918  
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
  
 
 
265,832
 
 
 
    
 
350,803
 
 
 
Loans
(Note 5)
     
Retail
  
 
644,791
 
     626,978  
Wholesale
  
 
387,941
 
     360,439  
  
 
1,032,732
 
     987,417  
Allowance for loan losses
(Note 5)
  
 
(7,272
) 
     (6,037 ) 
    
 
 1,025,460
 
     981,380  
Other
     
Customers’ liability under acceptances
  
 
18
 
     35  
Derivatives
  
 
155,023
 
     150,612  
Premises and equipment
  
 
6,742
 
     6,852  
Goodwill
  
 
19,316
 
     19,286  
Other intangibles
  
 
7,426
 
     7,798  
Other assets
  
 
102,313
 
     92,155  
    
 
290,838
 
     276,738  
Total assets
  
$
 2,227,893
 
   $ 2,171,582  
Liabilities and equity
     
Deposits
(Note 6)
     
Personal
  
$
523,327
 
   $ 522,139  
Business and government
  
 
918,163
 
     839,670  
Bank
  
 
39,987
 
     47,722  
    
 
 1,481,477
 
      1,409,531  
Other
     
Acceptances
  
 
18
 
     35  
Obligations related to securities sold short
  
 
47,072
 
     35,286  
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
  
 
266,287
 
     305,321  
Derivatives
  
 
158,862
 
     163,763  
Insurance contract liabilities
  
 
23,390
 
     22,231  
Other liabilities
  
 
101,323
 
     94,677  
    
 
596,952
 
     621,313  
Subordinated debentures
(Note 10)
  
 
13,832
 
     13,546  
Total liabilities
  
 
 2,092,261
 
      2,044,390  
Equity attributable to shareholders
     
Preferred shares and other equity instruments
(Note 10)
  
 
11,498
 
     9,031  
Common shares
(Note 10)
  
 
20,873
 
     20,952  
Retained earnings
  
 
94,971
 
     88,608  
Other components of equity
  
 
8,221
 
     8,498  
  
 
135,563
 
     127,089  
Non-controlling interests
  
 
69
 
     103  
Total equity
  
 
135,632
 
     127,192  
Total liabilities and equity
  
$
 2,227,893
 
   $  2,171,582  
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

52   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
(unaudited)
 
 
     For the three months ended            For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except per share amounts)
 
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
          
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Interest and dividend income
(Note 3)
         
Loans
 
$
 14,033
 
  $  14,433      
$
 41,847
 
  $  39,635  
Securities
 
 
5,057
 
    4,482      
 
14,734
 
    13,230  
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
 
5,524
 
    6,632      
 
16,760
 
    20,864  
Deposits and other
 
 
1,496
 
    1,543            
 
4,194
 
    4,724  
   
 
26,110
 
    27,090            
 
77,535
 
    78,453  
Interest expense
(Note 3)
         
Deposits and other
 
 
11,227
 
    12,432      
 
33,759
 
    35,225  
Other liabilities
 
 
6,377
 
    7,124      
 
18,945
 
    22,364  
Subordinated debentures
 
 
155
 
    207            
 
476
 
    582  
   
 
17,759
 
    19,763            
 
53,180
 
    58,171  
Net interest income
 
 
8,351
 
    7,327            
 
24,355
 
    20,282  
Non-interest income
         
Insurance service result
(Note 7)
 
 
279
 
    214      
 
789
 
    604  
Insurance investment result
(Note 7)
 
 
48
 
    28      
 
208
 
    228  
Trading revenue
 
 
685
 
    507      
 
2,521
 
    1,944  
Investment management and custodial fees
 
 
2,642
 
    2,382      
 
7,853
 
    6,824  
Mutual fund revenue
 
 
1,273
 
    1,151      
 
3,720
 
    3,248  
Securities brokerage commissions
 
 
444
 
    413      
 
1,401
 
    1,232  
Service charges
 
 
598
 
    587      
 
1,817
 
    1,698  
Underwriting and other advisory fees
 
 
850
 
    676      
 
2,139
 
    2,016  
Foreign exchange revenue, other than trading
 
 
311
 
    292      
 
967
 
    841  
Card service revenue
 
 
339
 
    324      
 
984
 
    941  
Credit fees
 
 
395
 
    405      
 
1,200
 
    1,234  
Net gains on investment securities
 
 
18
 
    28      
 
118
 
    157  
Income (loss) from joint ventures and associates
 
 
25
 
    (57 )     
 
60
 
    (27 ) 
Other
 
 
727
 
    354            
 
1,264
 
    1,048  
   
 
8,634
 
    7,304            
 
25,041
 
    21,988  
Total revenue
 
 
16,985
 
    14,631            
 
49,396
 
    42,270  
Provision for credit losses
(Notes 4 and 5)
 
 
881
 
    659            
 
3,355
 
    2,392  
Non-interest expense
         
Human resources
(Note 8)
 
 
5,869
 
    5,406      
 
17,334
 
    15,660  
Equipment
 
 
684
 
    629      
 
2,069
 
    1,863  
Occupancy
 
 
410
 
    443      
 
1,267
 
    1,291  
Communications
 
 
357
 
    342      
 
1,062
 
    1,021  
Professional fees
 
 
528
 
    547      
 
1,568
 
    1,868  
Amortization of other intangibles
 
 
436
 
    426      
 
1,328
 
    1,151  
Other
 
 
948
 
    806            
 
2,590
 
    2,377  
   
 
9,232
 
    8,599            
 
27,218
 
    25,231  
Income before income taxes
 
 
6,872
 
    5,373      
 
18,823
 
    14,647  
Income taxes
(Note 9)
 
 
1,458
 
    887            
 
3,888
 
    2,629  
Net income
 
$
5,414
 
  $ 4,486            
$
14,935
 
  $ 12,018  
Net income attributable to:
         
Shareholders
 
$
5,415
 
  $ 4,483      
$
14,930
 
  $ 12,011  
Non-controlling interests
 
 
(1
) 
    3            
 
5
 
    7  
   
$
5,414
 
  $ 4,486            
$
14,935
 
  $ 12,018  
Basic earnings per share
(in dollars) (Note 11)
 
$
3.76
 
  $ 3.09      
$
10.33
 
  $ 8.35  
Diluted earnings per share
(in dollars) (Note 11)
 
 
3.75
 
    3.09      
 
10.31
 
    8.34  
Dividends per common share
(in dollars)
 
 
1.54
 
    1.42            
 
4.50
 
    4.18  
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   53
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(unaudited)
 
 
     For the three months ended            For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
          
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Net income
 
$
5,414
 
  $ 4,486    
 
 
 
 
$
14,935
 
  $ 12,018  
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes
         
Items that will be reclassified subsequently to income:
         
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on debt securities and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income
         
Net unrealized gains (losses) on debt securities and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
 
220
 
    243      
 
190
 
    1,113  
Provision for credit losses recognized in income
 
 
(2
) 
    –      
 
(4
) 
    –  
Reclassification of net losses (gains) on debt securities and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income to income
 
 
(22
) 
    (22 )   
 
 
 
 
 
(113
) 
    (114 ) 
 
 
 
196
 
    221    
 
 
 
 
 
73
 
    999  
Foreign currency translation adjustments
         
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)
 
 
369
 
    548      
 
(258
) 
    228  
Net foreign currency translation gains (losses) from hedging activities
 
 
(152
) 
    (253 )     
 
155
 
    (158 ) 
Reclassification of losses (gains) on foreign currency translation to income
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(13
) 
 
 
–
 
Reclassification of losses (gains) on net investment hedging activities to income
 
 
–
 
    –    
 
 
 
 
 
–
 
    1  
 
 
 
217
 
    295    
 
 
 
 
 
(116
) 
    71  
Net change in cash flow hedges
         
Net gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
 
 
(322
) 
    359      
 
248
 
    50  
Reclassification of losses (gains) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges to income
 
 
(146
) 
    (271 )   
 
 
 
 
 
(482
) 
    (580 ) 
 
 
 
(468
) 
    88    
 
 
 
 
 
(234
) 
    (530 ) 
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to income:
         
Remeasurement gains (losses) on employee benefit plans
(Note 8)
 
 
278
 
    37      
 
327
 
    183  
Net gains (losses) from fair value changes due to credit risk on financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
 
 
(576
) 
    (47 )     
 
(613
) 
    (1,061 ) 
Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
 
30
 
    2    
 
 
 
 
 
68
 
    76  
 
 
 
(268
) 
    (8 )   
 
 
 
 
 
(218
) 
    (802 ) 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes
 
 
(323
) 
    596    
 
 
 
 
 
(495
) 
    (262 ) 
Total comprehensive income (loss)
 
$
5,091
 
  $ 5,082    
 
 
 
 
$
14,440
 
  $ 11,756  
Total comprehensive income attributable to:
         
Shareholders
 
$
5,092
 
  $ 5,079      
$
14,435
 
  $ 11,749  
Non-controlling interests
 
 
(1
) 
    3    
 
 
 
 
 
5
 
    7  
 
 
$
5,091
 
  $ 5,082    
 
 
 
 
$
14,440
 
  $ 11,756  
The income tax effect on the Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income is shown in the table below.
 
     For the three months ended            For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
          
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Income taxes on other comprehensive income
         
Net unrealized gains (losses) on debt securities and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
$
56
 
  $ 6      
$
149
 
  $ 302  
Provision for credit losses recognized in income
 
 
(1
) 
    (3 )     
 
(1
) 
    (3 ) 
Reclassification of net losses (gains) on debt securities and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income to income
 
 
(2
) 
    (3 )     
 
(30
) 
    (31 ) 
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)
 
 
1
 
    (1 )     
 
(6
) 
    (11 ) 
Net foreign currency translation gains (losses) from hedging activities
 
 
(56
) 
    (96 )     
 
57
 
    (63 ) 
Reclassification of losses (gains) on foreign currency translation to income
 
 
–
 
    –      
 
–
 
    –  
Reclassification of losses (gains) on net investment hedging activities to income
 
 
–
 
    –      
 
–
 
    –  
Net gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
 
 
(118
) 
    117      
 
98
 
    (8 ) 
Reclassification of losses (gains) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges to income
 
 
(56
) 
    (102 )     
 
(184
) 
    (217 ) 
Remeasurement gains (losses) on employee benefit plans
 
 
105
 
    19      
 
124
 
    71  
Net gains (losses) from fair value changes due to credit risk on financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
 
 
(220
) 
    (18 )     
 
(234
) 
    (408 ) 
Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
 
11
 
    1    
 
 
 
 
 
25
 
    28  
Total income tax expenses (recoveries)
 
$
(280
) 
  $ (80 )   
 
 
 
 
$
(2
) 
  $ (340 ) 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

54   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(unaudited)
 
 
    
For the three months ended July 31, 2025
 
                                 
Other components of equity
                   
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
   
Common
shares
   
Treasury –
preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
   
Treasury –
common
shares
   
Retained
earnings
   
FVOCI
securities
and loans
   
Foreign
currency
translation
   
Cash
flow
hedges
   
Total other
components
of equity
   
Equity
attributable to
shareholders
   
Non-controlling
interests
   
Total
equity
 
Balance at beginning of
period
 
$
   10,416
 
 
$
 20,975
 
 
$
(53
) 
 
$
(155
) 
 
$
92,988
 
 
$
(1,020)
 
 
$
6,795
 
 
$
2,501
 
 
$
8,276
 
 
$
132,447
 
 
$
83
 
 
$
132,530
 
Changes in equity
                       
Issues of share capital and other equity instruments
 
 
1,708
 
 
 
22
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(10
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,720
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,720
 
Common shares purchased for cancellation
 
 
–
 
 
 
(81
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(874
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(955
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(955
) 
Redemption of preferred shares and other equity instruments
 
 
(600
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(600
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(600
) 
Sales of treasury shares and other equity instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,910
 
 
 
1,311
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
3,221
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
3,221
 
Purchases of treasury shares and other equity instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(1,883
) 
 
 
(1,199
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(3,082
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(3,082
) 
Share-based compensation awards
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
4
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
4
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
4
 
Dividends on common shares
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(2,165
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(2,165
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(2,165
) 
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(125
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(125
) 
 
 
(13
) 
 
 
(138
) 
Other
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
6
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
6
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
6
 
Net income
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
5,415
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
5,415
 
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
5,414
 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(268
) 
 
 
196
 
 
 
217
 
 
 
(468
) 
 
 
(55
) 
 
 
(323
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(323
) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
11,524
 
 
$
20,916
 
 
$
    (26
) 
 
$
   (43
) 
 
$
 94,971
 
 
$
  (824
) 
 
$
 7,012
 
 
$
 2,033
 
 
$
  8,221
 
 
$
 135,563
 
 
$
     69
 
 
$
 135,632
 
                       
     For the three months ended July 31, 2024  
                                  Other components of equity                    
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
    Common
shares
    Treasury –
preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
   
Treasury –
common
shares
    Retained
earnings
    FVOCI
securities
and loans
    Foreign
currency
translation
    Cash
flow
hedges
    Total other
components
of equity
    Equity
attributable to
shareholders
    Non-controlling
interests
    Total
equity
 
Balance at beginning of
period
  $ 9,420     $ 20,918     $ 19     $ (71 )    $ 83,774     $ (1,082 )    $ 6,388     $ 2,138     $ 7,444     $ 121,504     $ 100     $ 121,604  
Changes in equity
                       
Issues of share capital and other equity instruments
    600       66       –       –       (4 )      –       –       –       –       662       –       662  
Common shares purchased for cancellation
    –       (7 )      –       –       (66 )      –       –       –       –       (73 )      –       (73 ) 
Redemption of preferred shares and other equity instruments
    (500 )      –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       (500 )      –       (500 ) 
Sales of treasury shares and other equity instruments
    –       –       550       1,609       –       –       –       –       –       2,159       –       2,159  
Purchases of treasury shares and other equity instruments
    –       –       (597 )      (1,729 )      –       –       –       –       –       (2,326 )      –       (2,326 ) 
Share-based compensation awards
    –       –       –       –       (2 )      –       –       –       –       (2 )      –       (2 ) 
Dividends on common shares
    –       –       –       –       (2,009 )      –       –       –       –       (2,009 )      –       (2,009 ) 
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments
    –       –       –       –       (106 )      –       –       –       –       (106 )      (2 )      (108 ) 
Other
    –       –       –       –       3       –       –       –       –       3       –       3  
Net income
    –       –       –       –       4,483       –       –       –       –       4,483       3       4,486  
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes
    –       –       –       –       (8 )      221       295       88       604       596       –       596  
Balance at end of period
  $ 9,520     $ 20,977     $ (28 )    $ (191 )    $ 86,065     $ (861 )    $ 6,683     $ 2,226     $ 8,048     $ 124,391     $ 101     $ 124,492  

Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   55
 
    
For the nine months ended July 31, 2025
 
                                 
Other components of equity
                   
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
   
Common
shares
   
Treasury –
preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
   
Treasury –
common
shares
   
Retained
earnings
   
FVOCI
securities
and loans
   
Foreign
currency
translation
   
Cash
flow
hedges
   
Total other
components
of equity
   
Equity
attributable to
shareholders
   
Non-controlling
interests
   
Total
equity
 
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
    9,020
 
 
$
 21,013
 
 
$
11
 
 
$
(61
) 
 
$
88,608
 
 
$
(897)
 
 
$
7,128
 
 
$
2,267
 
 
$
8,498
 
 
$
127,089
 
 
$
103
 
 
$
127,192
 
Changes in equity
                       
Issues of share capital and other equity instruments
 
 
3,104
 
 
 
58
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(20
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
3,142
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
3,142
 
Common shares purchased for cancellation
 
 
–
 
 
 
(155
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(1,626
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(1,781
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(1,781
) 
Redemption of preferred shares and other equity instruments
 
 
(600
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(600
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(600
) 
Sales of treasury shares and other equity instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
3,141
 
 
 
4,218
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
7,359
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
7,359
 
Purchases of treasury shares and other equity instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(3,178
) 
 
 
(4,200
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(7,378
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(7,378
) 
Share-based compensation awards
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
23
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
23
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
23
 
Dividends on common shares
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(6,344
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(6,344
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(6,344
) 
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(355
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(355
) 
 
 
(39
) 
 
 
(394
) 
Other
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(27
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(27
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(27
) 
Net income
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
14,930
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
14,930
 
 
 
5
 
 
 
14,935
 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(218
) 
 
 
73
 
 
 
(116
) 
 
 
(234
) 
 
 
(277
) 
 
 
(495
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(495
) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
11,524
 
 
$
20,916
 
 
$
    (26
) 
 
$
   (43
) 
 
$
 94,971
 
 
$
  (824
) 
 
$
 7,012
 
 
$
 2,033
 
 
$
  8,221
 
 
$
 135,563
 
 
$
    69
 
 
$
 135,632
 
                       
     For the nine months ended July 31, 2024  
                                  Other components of equity                    
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
    Common
shares
    Treasury –
preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
   
Treasury –
common
shares
    Retained
earnings
    FVOCI
securities
and loans
    Foreign
currency
translation
    Cash
flow
hedges
    Total other
components
of equity
    Equity
attributable to
shareholders
    Non-controlling
interests
    Total
equity
 
Balance at beginning of period
  $ 7,323     $ 19,398     $ (9 )    $ (231 )    $ 81,059     $ (1,860 )    $ 6,612     $ 2,756     $ 7,508     $ 115,048     $ 99     $ 115,147  
Changes in equity
                       
Issues of share capital and other equity instruments
    2,720       1,586       –       –       (18 )      –       –       –       –       4,288       –       4,288  
Common shares purchased for cancellation
    –       (7 )      –       –       (66 )      –       –       –       –       (73 )      –       (73 ) 
Redemption of preferred shares and other equity instruments
    (523 )      –       –       –       2       –       –       –       –       (521 )      –       (521 ) 
Sales of treasury shares and other equity instruments
    –       –       1,067       3,948       –       –       –       –       –       5,015       –       5,015  
Purchases of treasury shares and other equity instruments
    –       –       (1,086 )      (3,908 )      –       –       –       –       –       (4,994 )      –       (4,994 ) 
Share-based compensation awards
    –       –       –       –       6       –       –       –       –       6       –       6  
Dividends on common shares
    –       –       –       –       (5,906 )      –       –       –       –       (5,906 )      –       (5,906 ) 
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments
    –       –       –       –       (231 )      –       –       –       –       (231 )      (5 )      (236 ) 
Other
    –       –       –       –       10       –       –       –       –       10       –       10  
Net income
    –       –       –       –       12,011       –       –       –       –       12,011       7       12,018  
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes
    –       –       –       –       (802 )      999       71       (530 )      540       (262 )      –       (262 ) 
Balance at end of period
  $ 9,520     $ 20,977     $ (28 )    $ (191 )    $ 86,065     $ (861 )    $ 6,683     $ 2,226     $ 8,048     $ 124,391     $ 101     $ 124,492  
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

56   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(unaudited)
 
 
      For the three months ended             For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
  
July 31
2025
    
July 31
2024
           
July 31
2025
    
July 31
2024
 
Cash flows from operating activities
             
Net income
  
$
5,414
 
   $ 4,486       
$
14,935
 
   $ 12,018  
Adjustments for non-cash items and others
             
Provision for credit losses
  
 
881
 
     659       
 
3,355
 
     2,392  
Depreciation
  
 
318
 
     333       
 
962
 
     991  
Deferred income taxes
  
 
127
 
     (776 )      
 
(105
) 
     (1,628 ) 
Amortization and impairment of other intangibles
  
 
450
 
     430       
 
1,360
 
     1,169  
Net changes in investments in joint ventures and associates
  
 
(25
) 
     57       
 
(60
) 
     27  
Losses (Gains) on investment securities
  
 
(18
) 
     (28 )      
 
(118
) 
     (157 ) 
Losses (Gains) on disposition of businesses
  
 
–
 
     34       
 
–
 
     29  
Adjustments for net changes in operating assets and liabilities
             
Insurance contract liabilities
  
 
(17
) 
     (46 )      
 
1,159
 
     2,127  
Net change in accrued interest receivable and payable
  
 
(1,271
) 
     (832 )      
 
(1,927
) 
     757  
Current income taxes
  
 
(206
) 
     780       
 
(60
) 
     665  
Derivative assets
  
 
33,188
 
     14,540       
 
(4,411
) 
     30,156  
Derivative liabilities
  
 
(35,482
) 
     (9,684 )      
 
(4,901
) 
     (19,286 ) 
Trading securities
  
 
(15,017
) 
     (6,875 )      
 
(20,854
) 
     11,745  
Loans, net of securitizations
  
 
(18,835
) 
     (11,341 )      
 
(47,070
) 
     (45,057 ) 
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
  
 
36,095
 
     (23,604 )      
 
84,971
 
     15,234  
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
  
 
(15,039
) 
     24,652       
 
(39,034
) 
     (36,529 ) 
Obligations related to securities sold short
  
 
249
 
     2,485       
 
11,786
 
     (587 ) 
Deposits
  
 
34,691
 
     33,662       
 
71,946
 
     43,352  
Brokers and dealers receivable and payable
  
 
2,965
 
     (865 )      
 
2,876
 
     (857 ) 
Other
  
 
532
 
     (4,848 )            
 
(4,805
)
     (10,588 ) 
Net cash from (used in) operating activities
  
 
29,000
 
     23,219             
 
70,005
 
     5,973  
Cash flows from investing activities
             
Change in interest-bearing deposits with banks
  
 
(6,854
) 
     (18,950 )      
 
(6,804
) 
     13,677  
Proceeds from sales and maturities of investment securities
  
 
49,363
 
     38,794       
 
159,481
 
     147,325  
Purchases of investment securities
  
 
(79,950
) 
     (46,838 )      
 
(236,975
) 
     (154,558 ) 
Net acquisitions of premises and equipment and other intangibles
  
 
(530
)
     (717 )      
 
(1,694
)
     (1,609 ) 
Net proceeds from (cash transferred for) dispositions
  
 
–
 
     5       
 
–
 
     15  
Cash used in acquisitions, net of cash acquired
  
 
–
 
     –             
 
–
 
     (12,716 ) 
Net cash from (used in) investing activities
  
 
(37,971
)
     (27,706 )            
 
(85,992
)
     (7,866 ) 
Cash flows from financing activities
             
Issuance of subordinated debentures
  
 
1,491
 
     1,250       
 
2,991
 
     3,250  
Repayment of subordinated debentures
  
 
(1,250
) 
     (1,500 )      
 
(2,750
) 
     (1,500 ) 
Issue of common shares, net of issuance costs
  
 
20
 
     63       
 
54
 
     119  
Common shares purchased for cancellation
  
 
(955
) 
     (73 )      
 
(1,781
) 
     (73 ) 
Issue of preferred shares and other equity instruments, net of issuance costs
  
 
1,698
 
     596       
 
3,084
 
     2,702  
Redemption of preferred shares and other equity instruments
  
 
(600
) 
     (500 )      
 
(600
) 
     (521 ) 
Sales of treasury shares and other equity instruments
  
 
3,221
 
     2,159       
 
7,359
 
     5,015  
Purchases of treasury shares and other equity instruments
  
 
(3,082
) 
     (2,326 )      
 
(7,378
) 
     (4,994 ) 
Dividends paid on shares and distributions paid on other equity instruments
  
 
(2,199
) 
     (2,020 )      
 
(6,510
) 
     (4,522 ) 
Dividends/distributions paid to non-controlling interests
  
 
(12
) 
     (2 )      
 
(26
) 
     (5 ) 
Change in short-term borrowings of subsidiaries
  
 
(2,068
) 
     (688 )      
 
–
 
     (4,507 ) 
Repayment of lease liabilities
  
 
(168
) 
     135             
 
(493
) 
     (175 ) 
Net cash from (used in) financing activities
  
 
(3,904
) 
     (2,906 )            
 
(6,050
) 
     (5,211 ) 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and due from banks
  
 
(819
) 
     1,250             
 
241
 
     345  
Net change in cash and due from banks
  
 
(13,694
) 
     (6,143 )      
 
(21,796
) 
     (6,759 ) 
Cash and due from banks at beginning of period
(1)
  
 
48,621
 
     61,373             
 
56,723
 
     61,989  
Cash and due from banks at end of period
(1)
  
$
  34,927
 
   $   55,230             
$
  34,927
 
   $   55,230  
Cash flows from operating activities include:
             
Amount of interest paid
  
$
17,891
 
   $ 20,372       
$
53,735
 
   $ 56,080  
Amount of interest received
  
 
24,585
 
     26,499       
 
74,901
 
     76,379  
Amount of dividends received
  
 
988
 
     815       
 
3,038
 
     2,671  
Amount of income taxes paid
  
 
1,203
 
     767             
 
3,913
 
     2,843  
 
(1)   We are required to maintain balances due to regulatory requirements or contractual restrictions from central banks, other regulatory authorities, and other counterparties. The total balances were $2 billion as at July 31, 2025 (April 30, 2025 – $2 billion; October 31, 2024 – $2 billion; July 31, 2024 – $2 billion; April 30, 2024 – $2 billion; October 31, 2023 – $3 billion).
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   57
 
Note 1 General information
 
Our unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Condensed Financial Statements) are presented in compliance with International Accounting Standard 34
Interim Financial Reporting
. The Condensed Financial Statements do not include all the information and disclosures required in the annual financial statements and should be read in conjunction with our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes included on pages 148 to 247 in our 2024 Annual Report. Unless otherwise stated, monetary amounts are stated in Canadian dollars. Tabular information is stated in millions of dollars, except as noted. On August 26, 2025, the Board of Directors authorized the Condensed Financial Statements for issue.
 
Note 2 Summary of material accounting policies, estimates and judgments
 
The Condensed Financial Statements have been prepared using the same accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Our material accounting policies and future changes in accounting policies and disclosures that are not yet effective for us are described in Note 2 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments
 
Carrying value and fair value of financial instruments
The following tables provide a comparison of the carrying values and fair values for financial instruments classified or designated as fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) and fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI), and financial instruments measured at amortized cost. Embedded derivatives are presented on a combined basis with the host contracts in the Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 2 and Note 3 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used in the fair value measurement of our financial instruments. There have been no significant changes to our determination of fair value during the quarter.
 
    
As at July 31, 2025
 
   
Carrying value and fair value
       
Carrying value
       
Fair value
             
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Financial
instruments
classified as
FVTPL
   
Financial
instruments
designated as
FVTPL
   
Financial
instruments
classified as
FVOCI
   
Financial
instruments
designated as
FVOCI
        
Financial
instruments
measured at
amortized cost
        
Financial
instruments
measured at
amortized cost
   
Total carrying
amount
   
Total fair value
 
Financial assets
                   
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
 
$
–
 
 
$
66,261
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
–
 
 
 
 
$
6,563
 
 
 
 
$
6,563
 
 
$
72,824
 
 
$
72,824
 
Securities
                   
Trading
 
 
198,389
 
 
 
5,765
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
204,154
 
 
 
204,154
 
Investment, net of applicable allowance
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
231,823
 
 
 
1,370
 
 
 
 
 
100,665
 
 
 
 
 
97,508
 
 
 
333,858
 
 
 
330,701
 
 
 
 
198,389
 
 
 
5,765
 
 
 
231,823
 
 
 
1,370
 
 
 
 
 
100,665
 
 
 
 
 
97,508
 
 
 
538,012
 
 
 
534,855
 
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
 
200,628
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
 
 
65,204
 
 
 
 
 
65,204
 
 
 
265,832
 
 
 
265,832
 
Loans, net of applicable allowance
                   
Retail
 
 
982
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
440
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
639,508
 
   
 
638,361
 
 
 
640,930
 
 
 
639,783
 
Wholesale
 
 
10,608
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
693
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
 
 
373,229
 
 
 
 
 
371,029
 
 
 
384,530
 
 
 
382,330
 
 
 
 
11,590
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,133
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
 
 
1,012,737
 
 
 
 
 
1,009,390
 
 
 
1,025,460
 
 
 
1,022,113
 
Other
                   
Derivatives
 
 
155,023
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
155,023
 
 
 
155,023
 
Other assets
(1)
 
 
12,592
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
 
 
54,821
 
 
 
 
 
54,821
 
 
 
67,413
 
 
 
67,413
 
Financial liabilities
                   
Deposits
                   
Personal
 
$
782
 
 
$
39,347
 
       
$
483,198
 
   
$
484,867
 
 
$
523,327
 
 
$
524,996
 
Business and government
(2)
 
 
246
 
 
 
161,091
 
       
 
756,826
 
   
 
758,367
 
 
 
918,163
 
 
 
919,704
 
Bank
(3)
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,612
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
37,375
 
 
 
 
 
37,383
 
 
 
39,987
 
 
 
39,995
 
 
 
 
1,028
 
 
 
203,050
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,277,399
 
 
 
 
 
1,280,617
 
 
 
1,481,477
 
 
 
1,484,695
 
Other
                   
Obligations related to securities sold short
 
 
47,072
 
 
 
–
 
       
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
47,072
 
 
 
47,072
 
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
 
 
–
 
 
 
233,863
 
       
 
32,424
 
   
 
32,424
 
 
 
266,287
 
 
 
266,287
 
Derivatives
 
 
158,862
 
 
 
–
 
       
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
158,862
 
 
 
158,862
 
Other liabilities
(4)
 
 
323
 
 
 
18,359
 
       
 
56,307
 
   
 
56,313
 
 
 
74,989
 
 
 
74,995
 
Subordinated debentures
 
 
–
 
 
 
239
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13,593
 
 
 
 
 
13,728
 
 
 
13,832
 
 
 
13,967
 

58   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments
(continued)
 
 
     As at October 31, 2024  
    Carrying value and fair value         Carrying value         Fair value              
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Financial
instruments
classified as
FVTPL
    Financial
instruments
designated as
FVTPL
    Financial
instruments
classified as
FVOCI
    Financial
instruments
designated as
FVOCI
         Financial
instruments
measured at
amortized cost
         Financial
instruments
measured at
amortized cost
    Total carrying
amount
    Total fair value  
Financial assets
                   
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
  $ –     $ 53,996     $ –     $ –    
 
  $ 12,024    
 
  $ 12,024     $ 66,020     $ 66,020  
Securities
                   
Trading
    182,346       954       –       –         –         –       183,300       183,300  
Investment, net of applicable allowance
    –       –       155,118       1,242    
 
    100,258    
 
    96,336       256,618       252,696  
 
    182,346       954       155,118       1,242    
 
    100,258    
 
    96,336       439,918       435,996  
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
    284,311       –       –       –    
 
    66,492    
 
    66,492       350,803       350,803  
Loans, net of applicable allowance
                   
Retail
    915       –       580       –         622,098         619,320       623,593       620,815  
Wholesale
    6,177       2,030       1,003       –    
 
    348,577    
 
    345,561       357,787       354,771  
 
    7,092       2,030       1,583       –    
 
    970,675    
 
    964,881       981,380       975,586  
Other
                   
Derivatives
    150,612       –       –       –         –         –       150,612       150,612  
Other assets
(1)
    11,770       –       –       –    
 
    50,093    
 
    50,093       61,863       61,863  
Financial liabilities
                   
Deposits
                   
Personal
  $ 508     $ 33,799           $ 487,832       $ 490,170     $ 522,139     $ 524,477  
Business and government
(2)
    191       156,238             683,241         684,748       839,670       841,177  
Bank
(3)
    –       10,530    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    37,192    
 
    37,183       47,722       47,713  
 
    699       200,567    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    1,208,265    
 
    1,212,101       1,409,531       1,413,367  
Other
                   
Obligations related to securities sold short
    35,286       –             –         –       35,286       35,286  
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
    –       270,663             34,658         34,658       305,321       305,321  
Derivatives
    163,763       –             –         –       163,763       163,763  
Other liabilities
(4)
    (1,407 )      –             69,597         69,850       68,190       68,443  
Subordinated debentures
    –       –    
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    13,546    
 
    13,602       13,546       13,602  
 
(1)
Includes Customers’ liability under acceptances and financial instruments recognized in Other assets.
(2)
Business and government deposits include deposits from regulated deposit-taking institutions other than banks.
(3)
Bank deposits refer to deposits from regulated banks and central banks.
(4)
Includes Acceptances and financial instruments recognized in Other liabilities.

Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   59
 
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified using the fair value hierarchy
 
      As at      
   
July 31, 2025
        October 31, 2024  
   
Fair value measurements using
   
Netting
adjustments
              Fair value measurements using    
Netting
adjustments
     
 
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Level 1
   
Level 2
   
Level 3
   
Fair value
         Level 1     Level 2     Level 3     Fair value  
Financial assets
                     
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
 
$
–
 
 
$
66,261
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
 
 
 
$
66,261
 
      $ –     $ 53,996     $ –     $       $ 53,996  
Securities
                     
Trading
                     
Debt issued or guaranteed by:
                     
Canadian government
(1)
                     
Federal
 
 
14,332
 
 
 
2,991
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
17,323
 
      11,611       2,173       –         13,784  
Provincial and municipal
 
 
–
 
 
 
15,577
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
15,577
 
      –       16,588       –         16,588  
U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies
(1), (2)
 
 
1,881
 
 
 
38,287
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
40,168
 
      1,852       29,136       –         30,988  
Other OECD government
(3)
 
 
9,033
 
 
 
6,304
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
15,337
 
      2,481       2,153       –         4,634  
Mortgage-backed securities
(1)
 
 
–
 
 
 
73
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
73
 
      –       3       –         3  
Asset-backed securities
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,210
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
1,210
 
      –       1,434       –         1,434  
Corporate debt and other debt
 
 
–
 
 
 
23,550
 
 
 
83
 
   
 
23,633
 
      –       26,195       –         26,195  
Equities
 
 
85,726
 
 
 
2,429
 
 
 
2,678
 
         
 
90,833
 
        84,814       2,316       2,544               89,674  
   
 
110,972
 
 
 
90,421
 
 
 
2,761
 
         
 
204,154
 
        100,758       79,998       2,544               183,300  
Investment
                     
Debt issued or guaranteed by:
                     
Canadian government
(1)
                     
Federal
 
 
33,838
 
 
 
12,237
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
46,075
 
      4,623       8,546       –         13,169  
Provincial and municipal
 
 
–
 
 
 
9,402
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
9,402
 
      –       7,554       –         7,554  
U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies
(1), (2)
 
 
142
 
 
 
111,773
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
111,915
 
      42       80,224       –         80,266  
Other OECD government
 
 
6,558
 
 
 
11,543
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
18,101
 
      2,370       7,786       –         10,156  
Mortgage-backed securities
(1)
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,654
 
 
 
29
 
   
 
2,683
 
      –       2,603       31         2,634  
Asset-backed securities
 
 
–
 
 
 
9,922
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
9,922
 
      –       9,357       –         9,357  
Corporate debt and other debt
 
 
–
 
 
 
33,591
 
 
 
134
 
   
 
33,725
 
      –       31,839       143         31,982  
Equities
 
 
492
 
 
 
304
 
 
 
574
 
         
 
1,370
 
        432       304       506               1,242  
   
 
41,030
 
 
 
191,426
 
 
 
737
 
         
 
233,193
 
        7,467       148,213       680               156,360  
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
 
–
 
 
 
200,628
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
200,628
 
      –       284,311       –         284,311  
Loans
 
 
–
 
 
 
11,574
 
 
 
1,149
 
   
 
12,723
 
      –       8,924       1,781         10,705  
Other
                     
Derivatives
                     
Interest rate contracts
 
 
–
 
 
 
26,327
 
 
 
261
 
   
 
26,588
 
      –       27,719       354         28,073  
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
–
 
 
 
94,322
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
94,322
 
      –       98,480       3         98,483  
Credit derivatives
 
 
–
 
 
 
400
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
400
 
      –       273       –         273  
Other contracts
 
 
1,599
 
 
 
34,830
 
 
 
79
 
   
 
36,508
 
      2,553       23,830       21         26,404  
Valuation adjustments
 
 
–
 
 
 
(1,032
) 
 
 
13
 
         
 
(1,019
) 
        –       (1,067 )      14               (1,053 ) 
Total gross derivatives
 
 
1,599
 
 
 
154,847
 
 
 
353
 
   
 
156,799
 
      2,553       149,235       392         152,180  
Netting adjustments
                         
 
(1,776)
 
 
 
(1,776
) 
                                (1,568)       (1,568 ) 
Total derivatives
         
 
155,023
 
              150,612  
Other assets
 
 
5,749
 
 
 
6,839
 
 
 
4
 
         
 
12,592
 
        5,291       6,472       7               11,770  
   
$
 159,350
 
 
$
 721,996
 
 
$
 5,004
 
 
$
 (1,776)
 
 
$
 884,574
 
      $  116,069     $  731,149     $  5,404     $  (1,568)     $  851,054  
Financial liabilities
                     
Deposits
                     
Personal
 
$
–
 
 
$
39,560
 
 
$
569
 
 
$
 
 
 
$
40,129
 
    $ –     $ 33,829     $ 478     $       $ 34,307  
Business and government
 
 
–
 
 
 
161,337
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
161,337
 
      –       156,429       –         156,429  
Bank
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,612
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
2,612
 
      –       10,530       –         10,530  
Other
                     
Obligations related to securities sold short
 
 
16,877
 
 
 
30,195
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
47,072
 
      15,172       20,114       –         35,286  
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
 
 
–
 
 
 
233,863
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
233,863
 
      –       270,663       –         270,663  
Derivatives
                     
Interest rate contracts
 
 
–
 
 
 
21,497
 
 
 
907
 
   
 
22,404
 
      –       24,852       847         25,699  
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
–
 
 
 
88,524
 
 
 
46
 
   
 
88,570
 
      –       93,164       54         93,218  
Credit derivatives
 
 
–
 
 
 
257
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
257
 
      –       218       –         218  
Other contracts
 
 
2,963
 
 
 
46,362
 
 
 
375
 
   
 
49,700
 
      3,212       42,961       324         46,497  
Valuation adjustments
 
 
–
 
 
 
(288
) 
 
 
(5
) 
         
 
(293
) 
        –       (297 )      (4 )              (301 ) 
Total gross derivatives
 
 
2,963
 
 
 
156,352
 
 
 
1,323
 
   
 
160,638
 
      3,212       160,898       1,221         165,331  
Netting adjustments
                         
 
(1,776)
 
 
 
(1,776
) 
                                (1,568)       (1,568 ) 
Total derivatives
         
 
158,862
 
              163,763  
Other liabilities
 
 
323
 
 
 
18,359
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
18,682
 
      287       (1,694 )      –         (1,407 ) 
Subordinated debentures
 
 
–
 
 
 
239
 
 
 
–
 
         
 
239
 
        –       –       –               –  
   
$
20,163
 
 
$
642,517
 
 
$
1,892
 
 
$
(1,776)
 
 
$
662,796
 
      $ 18,671     $ 650,769     $ 1,699     $ (1,568)     $ 669,571  
 
(1) As at July 31, 2025, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities (MBS) included in all fair value levels of Trading securities were $18,164 million and $70 million (October 31, 2024 – $17,154 million and $nil), respectively, and in all fair value levels of Investment securities were $27,577 million and $2,683 million (October 31, 2024 – $27,048 million and $2,568 million), respectively.
(2) United States (U.S.).
(3) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

60   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments
(continued)
 
 
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 Instruments)
A financial instrument is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy if one or more of its unobservable inputs may significantly affect the measurement of its fair value. In preparing the financial statements, appropriate levels for these unobservable input parameters are chosen so that they are consistent with prevailing market evidence or management judgment. Due to the unobservable nature of the prices or rates, there may be uncertainty about the valuation of these Level 3 financial instruments.
During the three months ended July 31, 2025, there were no significant changes made to the valuation techniques and ranges and weighted averages of unobservable inputs used in the determination of fair value of Level 3 financial instruments. As at July 31, 2025, the impacts of adjusting one or more of the unobservable inputs by reasonably possible alternative assumptions did not change significantly from the impacts disclosed in our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
Changes in fair value measurement for instruments measured on a recurring basis and categorized in Level 3
 
    
For the three months ended July 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Fair value
at beginning
of period
   
Gains (losses)
included
in earnings
   
Gains (losses)
included in
OCI 
(1)
   
Purchases
(issuances)
   
Settlement
(sales) and
other
(2)
   
Transfers
into
Level 3
   
Transfers
out of
Level 3
   
Fair value
at end of
period
   
Gains
(losses) included
in earnings for
positions still held
 
Assets
                 
Securities
                 
Trading
                 
Corporate debt and other debt
 
$
32
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
3
 
 
$
(3
) 
 
$
51
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
83
 
 
$
–
 
Equities
 
 
2,655
 
 
 
(104
) 
 
 
6
 
 
 
159
 
 
 
(31
) 
 
 
1
 
 
 
(8
) 
 
 
2,678
 
 
 
(81
) 
 
 
 
2,687
 
 
 
(104
) 
 
 
6
 
 
 
162
 
 
 
(34
) 
 
 
52
 
 
 
(8
) 
 
 
2,761
 
 
 
(81
) 
Investment
                 
Mortgage-backed securities
 
 
31
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(2
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
29
 
 
 
n.a.
 
Corporate debt and other debt
 
 
134
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
3
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(3
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
134
 
 
 
n.a.
 
Equities
 
 
570
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
5
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
574
 
 
 
n.a.
 
 
 
 
735
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
6
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(4
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
737
 
 
 
n.a.
 
Loans
 
 
1,207
 
 
 
(63
) 
 
 
(3
) 
 
 
20
 
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(11
) 
 
 
1,149
 
 
 
(62
) 
Other
                 
Net derivative balances
(3)
                 
Interest rate contracts
 
 
(522
) 
 
 
(68
) 
 
 
1
 
 
 
34
 
 
 
(42
) 
 
 
(28
) 
 
 
(21
) 
 
 
(646
) 
 
 
(81
) 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
(53
) 
 
 
7
 
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
1
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(46
) 
 
 
7
 
Other contracts
 
 
(392
) 
 
 
(48
) 
 
 
(2
) 
 
 
(22
) 
 
 
(7
) 
 
 
(27
) 
 
 
202
 
 
 
(296
) 
 
 
(34
) 
Valuation adjustments
 
 
25
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(7
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
18
 
 
 
–
 
Other assets
 
 
5
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
4
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
$
3,692
 
 
$
(276
) 
 
$
7
 
 
$
195
 
 
$
(96
) 
 
$
(3
) 
 
$
162
 
 
$
3,681
 
 
$
(251
) 
Liabilities
                 
Deposits
 
$
(542
) 
 
$
(51
) 
 
$
(1
) 
 
$
(208
) 
 
$
27
 
 
$
(61
) 
 
$
267
 
 
$
(569
) 
 
$
(32
) 
 
 
$
(542
) 
 
$
(51
) 
 
$
(1
) 
 
$
(208
) 
 
$
27
 
 
$
(61
) 
 
$
267
 
 
$
(569
) 
 
$
(32
) 
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   61
 
     For the three months ended July 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Fair value
at beginning
of period
    Gains (losses)
included
in earnings
    Gains (losses)
included in
OCI (1)
    Purchases
(issuances)
    Settlement
(sales) and
other (2)
    Transfers
into
Level 3
    Transfers
out of
Level 3
    Fair value
at end of
period
    Gains
(losses) included
in earnings for
positions still held
 
Assets
                 
Securities
                 
Trading
                 
Corporate debt and other debt
  $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –  
Equities
    2,392       (136 )      2       216       (38 )      1       (1 )      2,436       (117 ) 
 
    2,392       (136 )      2       216       (38 )      1       (1 )      2,436       (117 ) 
Investment
                 
Mortgage-backed securities
    30       –       (1 )      –       –       –       –       29       n.a.
Corporate debt and other debt
    144       –       6       –       (4 )      –       –       146       n.a.
Equities
    476       –       11       –       (3 )      –       –       484       n.a.
 
    650       –       16       –       (7 )      –       –       659       n.a.
Loans
    1,837       (33 )      21       78       (84 )      9       (14 )      1,814       (30 ) 
Other
                 
Net derivative balances
(3)
                 
Interest rate contracts
    (647 )      43       –       (66 )      122       18       (18
)
 
    (548 )      43  
Foreign exchange contracts
    (27 )      (9 )      1       (1 )      –       –       (10 )      (46 )      (9 ) 
Other contracts
    (298 )      (24 )      (1 )      (11 )      4       (198 )      132       (396 )      (13 ) 
Valuation adjustments
    (6 )      –       –       –       16       –       –       10       –  
Other assets
    9       –       –       –       (1 )      –       –       8       –  
 
  $ 3,910     $ (159 )    $ 39     $ 216     $ 12     $ (170 )   $ 89     $ 3,937     $ (126 ) 
Liabilities
                 
Deposits
  $ (633 )    $ (39 )    $ –     $ (60 )    $ 38     $ (3 )    $ 89     $ (608 )    $ (23 ) 
 
  $ (633 )    $ (39 )    $ –     $ (60 )    $ 38     $ (3 )    $ 89     $ (608 )    $ (23 ) 
                 
    
For the nine months ended July 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Fair value
at beginning
of period
   
Gains (losses)
included
in earnings
   
Gains (losses)
included in
OCI 
(1)
   
Purchases
(issuances)
   
Settlement
(sales) and
other 
(2)
   
Transfers
into
Level 3
   
Transfers
out of
Level 3
   
Fair value
at end of
period
   
Gains
(losses) included
in earnings for
positions still held
 
Assets
                 
Securities
                 
Trading
                 
Corporate debt and other debt
 
$
–
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
3
 
 
$
(3
) 
 
$
83
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
83
 
 
$
–
 
Equities
 
 
2,544
 
 
 
(174
) 
 
 
(8
) 
 
 
493
 
 
 
(171
) 
 
 
2
 
 
 
(8
) 
 
 
2,678
 
 
 
(129
) 
 
 
 
2,544
 
 
 
(174
) 
 
 
(8
) 
 
 
496
 
 
 
(174
) 
 
 
85
 
 
 
(8
) 
 
 
2,761
 
 
 
(129
) 
Investment
                 
Mortgage-backed securities
 
 
31
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(2
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
29
 
 
 
n.a.
 
Corporate debt and other debt
 
 
143
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
5
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(14
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
134
 
 
 
n.a.
 
Equities
 
 
506
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
40
 
 
 
32
 
 
 
(4
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
574
 
 
 
n.a.
 
 
 
 
680
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
43
 
 
 
32
 
 
 
(18
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
737
 
 
 
n.a.
 
Loans
 
 
1,781
 
 
 
32
 
 
 
(3
) 
 
 
161
 
 
 
(815
) 
 
 
7
 
 
 
(14
) 
 
 
1,149
 
 
 
(43
) 
Other
                 
Net derivative balances
(3)
                 
Interest rate contracts
 
 
(493
) 
 
 
(103
) 
 
 
3
 
 
 
(5
) 
 
 
(37
) 
 
 
(19
) 
 
 
8
 
 
 
(646
) 
 
 
(115
) 
Foreign exchange contracts
 
 
(51
) 
 
 
(4
) 
 
 
2
 
 
 
2
 
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
6
 
 
 
(46
) 
 
 
(16
) 
Other contracts
 
 
(303
) 
 
 
32
 
 
 
1
 
 
 
(34
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(301
) 
 
 
309
 
 
 
(296
) 
 
 
75
 
Valuation adjustments
 
 
18
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
6
 
 
 
(6
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
18
 
 
 
–
 
Other assets
 
 
7
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(3
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
4
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
$
4,183
 
 
$
(217
) 
 
$
38
 
 
$
658
 
 
$
(1,054
) 
 
$
(228
) 
 
$
301
 
 
$
3,681
 
 
$
(228
) 
Liabilities
                 
Deposits
 
$
(478
) 
 
$
(42
) 
 
$
–
 
 
$
(609
) 
 
$
115
 
 
$
(271
) 
 
$
716
 
 
$
(569
) 
 
$
14
 
 
 
$
(478
) 
 
$
(42
) 
 
$
–
 
 
$
(609
) 
 
$
115
 
 
$
(271
) 
 
$
716
 
 
$
(569
) 
 
$
14
 

62   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments
(continued)
 
 
     For the nine months ended July 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Fair value
at beginning
of period
    Gains (losses)
included
in earnings
    Gains (losses)
included in
OCI (1)
    Purchases
(issuances)
    Settlement
(sales) and
other (2)
    Transfers
into
Level 3
    Transfers
out of
Level 3
    Fair value
at end of
period
    Gains
(losses) included
in earnings for
positions still held
 
Assets
                 
Securities
                 
Trading
                 
Corporate debt and other debt
  $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –  
Equities
    2,266       (190 )      (6 )      445       (78 )      1       (2 )      2,436       (149 ) 
 
    2,266       (190 )      (6 )      445       (78 )      1       (2 )      2,436       (149 ) 
Investment
                 
Mortgage-backed securities
    29       –       –       –       –       –       –       29       n.a.
Corporate debt and other debt
    149       –       10       –       (13 )      –       –       146       n.a.
Equities
    466       –       16       3       (3 )      2       –       484       n.a.
 
    644       –       26       3       (16 )      2       –       659       n.a.
Loans
    1,859       (87 )      25       445       (324 )      50       (154 )      1,814       (81 ) 
Other
                 
Net derivative balances
(3)
                 
Interest rate contracts
    (662 )      46       –       (80 )      135       30       (17 )     (548 )      55  
Foreign exchange contracts
    (49 )      (10 )      6       14       3       2       (12 )      (46 )      (3 ) 
Other contracts
    (438 )      (139 )      5       (59 )      5       (284 )      514       (396 )      1  
Valuation adjustments
    3       –       –       (1 )      8       –       –       10       –  
Other assets
    11       –       –       –       (3 )      –       –       8       –  
 
  $ 3,634     $ (380 )    $ 56     $ 767     $ (270 )    $ (199 )   $ 329     $ 3,937     $ (177 ) 
Liabilities
                 
Deposits
  $ (383 )    $ (90 )    $ 1     $ (417 )    $ 76     $ (93 )    $ 298     $ (608 )    $ (44 ) 
 
  $ (383 )    $ (90 )    $ 1     $ (417 )    $ 76     $ (93 )    $ 298     $ (608 )    $ (44 ) 
 
(1)
These amounts include the foreign currency translation gains or losses arising on consolidation of foreign subsidiaries relating to the Level 3 instruments, where applicable. The unrealized gains on Investment securities recognized in OCI were $2 million for the three months ended July 31, 2025 (July 31, 2024 – gains of $10 million) and gains of $33 million for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 (July 31, 2024 – gains of $20 million), excluding the translation gains or losses arising on consolidation.
(2)
Other includes amortization of premiums or discounts recognized in net income.
(3)
Net derivatives as at July 31, 2025 included derivative assets of $353 million (July 31, 2024 – $401 million) and derivative liabilities of $1,323 million (July 31, 2024 – $1,381 million).
n.a.
not applicable
Transfers between fair value hierarchy levels for instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis
Transfers between Level 1 and Level 2, and transfers into and out of Level 3 are assumed to occur at the end of the period. For an asset or a liability that transfers into Level 3 during the period, the entire change in fair value for the period is excluded from the Gains (losses) included in earnings for positions still held column of the above reconciliation, whereas for transfers out of Level 3 during the period, the entire change in fair value for the period is included in the same column of the above reconciliation.
Transfers between Level 1 and 2 are dependent on whether fair value is obtained on the basis of quoted market prices in active markets (Level 1).
During the three months ended July 31, 2025, there were no significant transfers out of Level 1 to Level 2. During the three months ended July 31, 2024, transfers out of Level 1 to Level 2 included Trading U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies debt of $564 million and Investment U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies debt of $417 million.
During the three months ended July 31, 2025 and July 31, 2024, there were no significant transfers out of Level 2 to Level 1.
During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, transfers out of Level 1 to Level 2 included Trading U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies debt of $938 million. During the nine months ended July 31, 2024, transfers out of Level 1 to Level 2 included Investment U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies debt of $1,038 million and Trading U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies debt of $822 million.
During the nine months ended July 31, 2025 and July 31, 2024, there were no significant transfers out of Level 2 to Level 1.
Transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 are primarily due to either a change in the market observability for an input, or a change in an unobservable input’s significance to a financial instrument’s fair value.
During the three months ended July 31, 2025, there were no significant transfers out of Level 2 to Level 3. During the three months ended July 31, 2024, transfers out of Level 2 to Level 3 included Other contracts due to changes in the significance of unobservable inputs.
During the three months ended July 31, 2025, transfers out of Level 3 to Level 2 included Deposits and Other contracts due to changes in the significance of unobservable inputs. During the three months ended July 31, 2024, transfers out of Level 3 to Level 2 included Other contracts due to changes in the significance of unobservable inputs and changes in the market observability of inputs.

Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   63
 
During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, transfers out of Level 2 to Level 3 included Other contracts and Deposits due to changes in the significance of unobservable inputs. During the nine months ended July 31, 2024, transfers out of Level 2 to Level 3 included Other contracts due to changes in the significance of unobservable inputs and changes in the market observability of inputs.
During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, transfers out of Level 3 to Level 2 included Deposits and Other contracts due to changes in the significance of unobservable inputs and changes in the market observability of inputs. During the nine months ended July 31, 2024, transfers out of Level 3 to Level 2 included Other contracts, Deposits and Loans due to changes in the significance of unobservable inputs and changes in the market observability of inputs.
Net interest income from financial instruments
Interest and dividend income arising from financial assets and financial liabilities and the associated costs of funding are reported in Net interest income.
 
     For the three months ended          For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Interest and dividend income
(1), (2)
         
Financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
$
7,679
 
  $ 8,678      
$
22,932
 
  $ 27,583  
Financial instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
 
2,240
 
    1,927      
 
6,395
 
    5,162  
Financial instruments measured at amortized cost
 
 
16,191
 
    16,485        
 
48,208
 
    45,708  
   
 
 26,110
 
     27,090        
 
 77,535
 
     78,453  
Interest expense
(1)
         
Financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
 
7,623
 
    8,432      
 
22,985
 
    26,227  
Financial instruments measured at amortized cost
 
 
10,136
 
    11,331        
 
30,195
 
    31,944  
   
 
17,759
 
    19,763        
 
53,180
 
    58,171  
Net interest income
 
$
8,351
 
  $ 7,327        
$
24,355
 
  $ 20,282  
 
(1)   Excludes interest and dividend income for the three months ended July 31, 2025 of $300 million (July 31, 2024 – $222 million) and for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 of $957 million (July 31, 2024 – $656 million), and interest expense for the three months ended July 31, 2025 of $52 million (July 31, 2024 – $54 million) and for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 of $170 million (July 31, 2024 – $77 million) presented in Insurance investment result in the Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
(2)   Includes dividend income for the three months ended July 31, 2025 of $905 million (July 31, 2024 – $778 million) and for the nine months ended July 31, 2025 of $2,904 million (July 31, 2024 – $2,511 million) presented in Interest and dividend income in the Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
 
Note 4 Securities
 
Unrealized gains and losses on securities at FVOCI
(1), (2)
 
       As at          
   
July 31, 2025
        October 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Cost/
Amortized
cost
   
Gross
unrealized
gains
   
Gross
unrealized
losses
   
Fair value
         Cost/
Amortized
cost
    Gross
unrealized
gains
    Gross
unrealized
losses
    Fair value  
Debt issued or guaranteed by:
                 
Canadian government
                 
Federal
 
$
46,054
 
 
$
44
 
 
$
(23
) 
 
$
46,075
 
    $ 13,165     $ 31     $ (27 )    $ 13,169  
Provincial and municipal
 
 
9,442
 
 
 
29
 
 
 
(69
) 
 
 
9,402
 
      7,563       27       (36 )      7,554  
U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies
 
 
 113,122
 
 
 
280
 
 
 
(1,487
) 
 
 
111,915
 
      81,632       333       (1,699 )      80,266  
Other OECD government
 
 
18,123
 
 
 
17
 
 
 
(39
) 
 
 
18,101
 
      10,199       6       (49 )      10,156  
Mortgage-backed securities
 
 
2,685
 
 
 
6
 
 
 
(8
) 
 
 
2,683
 
      2,646       3       (15 )      2,634  
Asset-backed securities
 
 
9,914
 
 
 
12
 
 
 
(4
) 
 
 
9,922
 
      9,343       17       (3 )      9,357  
Corporate debt and other debt
 
 
33,644
 
 
 
111
 
 
 
(30
) 
 
 
33,725
 
      31,932       101       (51 )      31,982  
Equities
 
 
763
 
 
 
612
 
 
 
(5
) 
 
 
1,370
 
        728       519       (5 )      1,242  
   
$
233,747
 
 
$
 1,111
 
 
$
 (1,665
) 
 
$
 233,193
 
      $  157,208     $  1,037     $  (1,885 )    $  156,360  
 
(1) Excludes $100,665 million of held-to-collect securities as at July 31, 2025 that are carried at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses (October 31, 2024 – $100,258 million).
(2) Gross unrealized gains and losses includes $(39) million of allowance for credit losses on debt securities at FVOCI as at July 31, 2025 (October 31, 2024 – $(35) million) recognized in income and Other components of equity.
Allowance for credit losses on investment securities
The following tables reconcile the opening and closing allowance for debt securities at FVOCI and amortized cost by stage. Reconciling items include the following:
•  
Transfers between stages, which are presumed to occur before any corresponding remeasurement of the allowance.
•  
Purchases, which reflect the allowance related to assets newly recognized during the period, including those assets that were derecognized following a modification of terms.
•  
Sales and maturities, which reflect the allowance related to assets derecognized during the period without a credit loss being incurred, including those assets that were derecognized following a modification of terms.
•  
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures, which comprise the impact of changes in model inputs or assumptions, including changes in forward-looking macroeconomic conditions; partial repayments; changes in the measurement following a transfer between stages; and unwinding of the time value discount due to the passage of time.

64   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Note 4 Securities
(continued)
 
 
Allowance for credit losses – securities at FVOCI
(1)
 
     For the three months ended  
   
July 31, 2025
          July 31, 2024  
   
Performing
         
Impaired
                Performing           Impaired        
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
          
Stage 3 
(2)
   
Total
           Stage 1     Stage 2            Stage 3 (2)     Total  
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
5
 
 
$
–
 
   
$
(40
) 
 
$
(35
) 
    $ 6     $ –       $ (39 )    $ (33 ) 
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      –       –         –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
   –
 
      –       –         –          –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      –       –         –       –  
Purchases
 
 
1
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
1
 
      2       –         –       2  
Sales and maturities
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(1
) 
      (1 )      –         –       (1 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(4
) 
 
 
(4
) 
      (2 )      –         (2 )      (4 ) 
Exchange rate and other
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
–
 
         
 
1
 
 
 
–
 
            –       –               1       1  
Balance at end of period
 
$
4
 
 
$
–
 
         
$
(43
) 
 
$
(39
) 
          $ 5     $ –             $ (40 )    $ (35 ) 
 
     For the nine months ended  
   
July 31, 2025
          July 31, 2024  
   
Performing
         
Impaired
                Performing           Impaired        
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
          
Stage 3 
(2)
   
Total
           Stage 1     Stage 2            Stage 3 (2)     Total  
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
6
 
 
$
–
 
   
$
(41
) 
 
$
(35
) 
    $ 4     $ –       $ (37 )    $ (33 ) 
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      –       –         –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
   –
 
      –       –         –          –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      –       –         –       –  
Purchases
 
 
5
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
5
 
      8       –         –       8  
Sales and maturities
 
 
(3
) 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(3
) 
      (3 )      –         –       (3 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(4
) 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(8
) 
 
 
(12
) 
      (5 )      –         (6 )      (11 ) 
Exchange rate and other
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
         
 
6
 
 
 
6
 
            1       –               3       4  
Balance at end of period
 
$
4
 
 
$
–
 
         
$
(43
) 
 
$
(39
) 
          $ 5     $ –             $ (40 )    $ (35 ) 
 
(1)   Expected credit losses on debt securities at FVOCI are not separately recognized on the balance sheet as the related securities are recorded at fair value. The cumulative amount of credit losses recognized in income is presented in Other components of equity.
(2)   Reflects changes in the allowance for purchased credit-impaired securities.
Allowance for credit losses – securities at amortized cost
 
     For the three months ended  
   
July 31, 2025
          July 31, 2024  
   
Performing
         
Impaired
                Performing           Impaired        
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
          
Stage 3
   
Total
           Stage 1     Stage 2            Stage 3     Total  
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
  6
 
 
$
  8
 
   
$
  –
 
 
$
  14
 
    $   8     $   13       $   –     $   21  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      –       –         –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      –       –         –       –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      –       –         –       –  
Purchases
 
 
3
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
3
 
      2       –         –       2  
Sales and maturities
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      (2 )      –         –       (2 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(3
) 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(3
) 
      –       (2 )        –       (2 ) 
Exchange rate and other
 
 
1
 
 
 
(1
) 
         
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
            (1 )      1               –       –  
Balance at end of period
 
$
7
 
 
$
7
 
         
$
–
 
 
$
14
 
          $ 7     $ 12             $ –     $ 19  
 
     For the nine months ended  
   
July 31, 2025
          July 31, 2024  
   
Performing
         
Impaired
                Performing           Impaired        
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
          
Stage 3
   
Total
           Stage 1     Stage 2            Stage 3     Total  
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
  6
 
 
$
  8
 
   
$
  –
 
 
$
  14
 
    $   8     $   15       $   –     $   23  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      –       –         –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      –       –         –       –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      –       –         –       –  
Purchases
 
 
5
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
5
 
      6       –         –       6  
Sales and maturities
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      (2 )      –         –       (2 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(4
) 
 
 
(1
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(5
) 
      (4 )      (3 )        –       (7 ) 
Exchange rate and other
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
         
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
            (1 )      –               –       (1 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
7
 
 
$
7
 
         
$
–
 
 
$
14
 
          $ 7     $ 12             $ –     $ 19  
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   65
 
Credit risk exposure by internal risk rating
The following table presents the fair value of debt securities at FVOCI and gross carrying amount of securities at amortized cost. Risk ratings are based on internal ratings used in the measurement of expected credit losses as at the reporting date, as outlined in the internal ratings maps in the Credit risk section of our 2024 Annual Report.
 
     As at       
   
July 31, 2025
          October 31, 2024  
   
Performing
         
Impaired
                Performing           Impaired        
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
          
Stage 3 
(1)
   
Total
           Stage 1     Stage 2            Stage 3 (1)     Total  
Investment securities
                     
Securities at FVOCI
                     
Investment grade
 
$
 230,817
 
 
$
5
 
   
$
–
 
 
$
 230,822
 
    $  154,100     $ –       $ –     $ 154,100  
Non-investment grade
 
 
867
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
867
 
      875       –         –       875  
Impaired
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
         
 
134
 
 
 
134
 
            –       –                  143       143  
 
 
231,684
 
 
 
5
 
   
 
134
 
 
 
231,823
 
      154,975       –         143       155,118  
Items not subject to impairment 
(2)
                                 
 
1,370
 
                                            1,242  
                                   
$
233,193
 
                                          $  156,360  
Securities at amortized cost
                     
Investment grade
 
$
99,512
 
 
$
–
 
   
$
–
 
 
$
99,512
 
    $ 99,224     $ –       $ –     $ 99,224  
Non-investment grade
 
 
1,008
 
 
 
159
 
         
 
–
 
 
 
1,167
 
            856       192               –       1,048  
 
 
100,520
 
 
 
159
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
100,679
 
      100,080       192         –       100,272  
Allowance for credit losses
 
 
7
 
 
 
7
 
         
 
–
 
 
 
14
 
            6       8               –       14  
   
$
100,513
 
 
$
152
 
         
$
–
 
 
$
100,665
 
          $ 100,074     $  184             $ –     $ 100,258  
 
(1) Reflects $134 million of purchased credit-impaired securities (October 31, 2024 – $143 million).
(2) Investment securities at FVOCI not subject to impairment represent equity securities designated as FVOCI.
 
Note 5 Loans and allowance for credit losses
 
Allowance for credit losses
 
     For the three months ended  
   
July 31, 2025
        July 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Balance at
beginning
of period
   
Provision
for credit
losses
   
Net
write-offs
   
Exchange
rate and
other
   
Balance at
end of
period
         Balance at
beginning
of period
    Provision
for credit
losses
    Net
write-offs
    Exchange
rate and
other
    Balance at
end of
period
 
Retail
                     
Residential mortgages
 
$
730
 
 
$
46
 
 
$
1
 
 
$
(10
) 
 
$
767
 
    $ 569     $ 36     $ (2 )    $ (4 )    $ 599  
Personal
 
 
1,633
 
 
 
184
 
 
 
(197
) 
 
 
3
 
 
 
1,623
 
      1,371       188       (154 )      (8 )      1,397  
Credit cards
 
 
1,320
 
 
 
217
 
 
 
(214
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,323
 
      1,139       169       (155 )      3       1,156  
Small business
 
 
343
 
 
 
34
 
 
 
(25
) 
 
 
(7
) 
 
 
345
 
      230       46       (24 )      (6 )      246  
Wholesale
 
 
3,455
 
 
 
405
 
 
 
(187
) 
 
 
(89
) 
 
 
3,584
 
      2,714       246       (202 )      (50 )      2,708  
Customers’ liability under acceptances
 
 
–
 
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1
 
 
 
–
 
        51       (20 )      –       1       32  
   
$
 7,481
 
 
$
 885
 
 
$
(622
) 
 
$
(102
) 
 
$
 7,642
 
      $  6,074     $  665     $  (537 )    $  (64 )    $  6,138  
Presented as:
                     
Allowance for loan losses
 
$
7,125
 
       
$
7,272
 
    $ 5,715           $ 5,798  
Other liabilities – Provisions
 
 
353
 
       
 
367
 
      302             303  
Customers’ liability under acceptances
 
 
–
 
       
 
–
 
      51             32  
Other components of equity
 
 
3
 
                         
 
3
 
        6                               5  

66   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Note 5 Loans and allowance for credit losses
(continued)
 
 
     For the nine months ended  
   
July 31, 2025
        July 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Balance at
beginning
of period
   
Provision
for credit
losses
   
Net
write-offs
   
Exchange
rate and
other
   
Balance at
end of
period
         Balance at
beginning
of period
    Provision
for credit
losses
    Net
write-offs
    Exchange
rate and
other
    Balance at
end of
period
 
Retail
                     
Residential mortgages
 
$
572
 
 
$
240
 
 
$
(3
) 
 
$
(42
) 
 
$
767
 
    $ 481     $ 138     $ (8 )    $ (12 )    $ 599  
Personal
 
 
1,482
 
 
 
719
 
 
 
(564
) 
 
 
(14
) 
 
 
1,623
 
      1,228       603       (427 )      (7 )      1,397  
Credit cards
 
 
1,233
 
 
 
697
 
 
 
(606
) 
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
1,323
 
      1,069       575       (490 )      2       1,156  
Small business
 
 
272
 
 
 
168
 
 
 
(77
) 
 
 
(18
) 
 
 
345
 
      194       122       (58 )      (12 )      246  
Wholesale
 
 
2,793
 
 
 
1,535
 
 
 
(536
) 
 
 
(208
) 
 
 
3,584
 
      2,326       980       (484 )      (114 )      2,708  
Customers’ liability under acceptances
 
 
–
 
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1
 
 
 
–
 
        50       (19 )      –       1       32  
   
$
 6,352
 
 
$
 3,358
 
 
$
 (1,786
) 
 
$
 (282
) 
 
$
 7,642
 
      $  5,348     $  2,399     $  (1,467 )    $  (142 )    $  6,138  
Presented as:
                     
Allowance for loan losses
 
$
6,037
 
       
$
7,272
 
    $ 5,004           $ 5,798  
Other liabilities – Provisions
 
 
311
 
       
 
367
 
      288             303  
Customers’ liability under acceptances
 
 
–
 
       
 
–
 
      50             32  
Other components of equity
 
 
4
 
                         
 
3
 
        6                               5  
The following table reconciles the opening and closing allowance for each major product of loans and commitments as determined by our modelled, scenario-weighted allowance and the application of expert credit judgment as applicable. Reconciling items include the following:
•  
Transfers between stages, which are presumed to occur before any corresponding remeasurements of the allowance.
•  
Originations, which reflect the allowance related to assets newly recognized during the period, including those assets that were derecognized following a modification of terms.
•  
Maturities, which reflect the allowance related to assets derecognized during the period without a credit loss being incurred, including those assets that were derecognized following a modification of terms.
•  
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures, which comprise the impact of changes in model inputs or assumptions, including changes in forward-looking macroeconomic conditions; partial repayments and additional draws on existing facilities; changes in the measurement following a transfer between stages; and unwinding of the time value discount due to the passage of time in stage 1 and stage 2.

Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   67
 
Allowance for credit losses – Retail and wholesale loans
 
     For the three months ended  
   
July 31, 2025
        July 31, 2024  
   
Performing
       
Impaired
              Performing         Impaired        
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
        
Stage 3
   
Total
         Stage 1     Stage 2          Stage 3     Total  
Residential mortgages
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
259
 
 
$
209
 
   
$
262
 
 
$
730
 
    $ 245     $ 118       $ 206     $ 569  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
57
 
 
 
(53
) 
   
 
(4
) 
 
 
–
 
      39       (37 )        (2 )      –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
(15
) 
 
 
15
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      (8 )      8         –       –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
(2
) 
 
 
(12
) 
   
 
14
 
 
 
–
 
      (2 )      (13 )        15       –  
Originations
 
 
27
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
27
 
      21       –         –       21  
Maturities
 
 
(7
) 
 
 
(6
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(13
) 
      (5 )      (6 )        –       (11 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(50
) 
 
 
66
 
   
 
16
 
 
 
32
 
      (66 )      68         24       26  
Write-offs
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(3
) 
 
 
(3
) 
      –       –         (6 )      (6 ) 
Recoveries
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
4
 
 
 
4
 
      –       –         4       4  
Exchange rate and other
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
2
 
 
 
 
 
(11
) 
 
 
(10
) 
 
 
    (1 )      1    
 
    (4 )      (4 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
268
 
 
$
221
 
 
 
 
$
278
 
 
$
767
 
 
 
  $ 223     $ 139    
 
  $ 237     $ 599  
Personal
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
304
 
 
$
1,110
 
   
$
219
 
 
$
1,633
 
    $ 296     $ 887       $ 188     $ 1,371  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
155
 
 
 
(155
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      149       (148 )        (1 )      –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
(22
) 
 
 
22
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      (17 )      18         (1 )      –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
(42
) 
   
 
43
 
 
 
–
 
      (2 )      (36 )        38       –  
Originations
 
 
26
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
26
 
      27       –         –       27  
Maturities
 
 
(13
) 
 
 
(62
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(75
) 
      (12 )      (48 )        –       (60 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(157
) 
 
 
238
 
   
 
152
 
 
 
233
 
      (141 )      226         136       221  
Write-offs
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(237
) 
 
 
(237
) 
      –       –         (190 )      (190 ) 
Recoveries
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
40
 
 
 
40
 
      –       –         36       36  
Exchange rate and other
 
 
1
 
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
 
 
3
 
 
 
3
 
 
 
    3       (4 )   
 
    (7 )      (8 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
293
 
 
$
1,110
 
 
 
 
$
220
 
 
$
1,623
 
 
 
  $ 303     $ 895    
 
  $ 199     $ 1,397  
Credit cards
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
202
 
 
$
1,118
 
   
$
–
 
 
$
1,320
 
    $ 192     $ 947       $ –     $ 1,139  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
169
 
 
 
(169
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      151       (151 )        –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
(27
) 
 
 
27
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      (26 )      26         –       –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
(159
) 
   
 
160
 
 
 
–
 
      (1 )      (127 )        128       –  
Originations
 
 
7
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
7
 
      10       –         –       10  
Maturities
 
 
(2
) 
 
 
(13
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(15
) 
      (1 )      (15 )        –       (16 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(135
) 
 
 
306
 
   
 
54
 
 
 
225
 
      (123 )      270         28       175  
Write-offs
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(262
) 
 
 
(262
) 
      –       –         (210 )      (210 ) 
Recoveries
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
48
 
 
 
48
 
      –       –         55       55  
Exchange rate and other
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
    2       2    
 
    (1 )      3  
Balance at end of period
 
$
213
 
 
$
1,110
 
 
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
1,323
 
 
 
  $ 204     $ 952    
 
  $ –     $ 1,156  
Small business
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
98
 
 
$
114
 
   
$
131
 
 
$
343
 
    $ 74     $ 78       $ 78     $ 230  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
14
 
 
 
(14
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      15       (15 )        –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
(6
) 
 
 
6
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      (5 )      5         –       –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
–
 
 
 
(4
) 
   
 
4
 
 
 
–
 
      –       (1 )        1       –  
Originations
 
 
12
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
12
 
      11       –         –       11  
Maturities
 
 
(6
) 
 
 
(7
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(13
) 
      (5 )      (5 )        –       (10 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(16
) 
 
 
16
 
   
 
35
 
 
 
35
 
      (10 )      14         41       45  
Write-offs
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(31
) 
 
 
(31
) 
      –       –         (27 )      (27 ) 
Recoveries
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
6
 
 
 
6
 
      –       –         3       3  
Exchange rate and other
 
 
–
 
 
 
2
 
 
 
 
 
(9
) 
 
 
(7
) 
 
 
    –       1    
 
    (7 )      (6 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
96
 
 
$
113
 
 
 
 
$
136
 
 
$
345
 
 
 
  $ 80     $ 77    
 
  $ 89     $ 246  
Wholesale
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
946
 
 
$
1,104
 
   
$
1,405
 
 
$
3,455
 
    $ 757     $ 924       $ 1,033     $ 2,714  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
107
 
 
 
(107
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      101       (101 )        –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
(33
) 
 
 
34
 
   
 
(1
) 
 
 
–
 
      (26 )      29         (3 )      –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
(3
) 
 
 
(35
) 
   
 
38
 
 
 
–
 
      (1 )      (7 )        8       –  
Originations
 
 
168
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
168
 
      150       –         –       150  
Maturities
 
 
(133
) 
 
 
(121
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(254
) 
      (96 )      (109 )        –       (205 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(169
) 
 
 
258
 
   
 
402
 
 
 
491
 
      (108 )      198         211       301  
Write-offs
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(210
) 
 
 
(210
) 
      –       –         (211 )      (211 ) 
Recoveries
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
23
 
 
 
23
 
      –       –         9       9  
Exchange rate and other
 
 
1
 
 
 
3
 
 
 
 
 
(93
) 
 
 
(89
) 
 
 
    1       1    
 
    (52 )      (50 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
  884
 
 
$
  1,136
 
 
 
 
$
 1,564
 
 
$
 3,584
 
 
 
  $    778     $   935    
 
  $   995     $  2,708  
 

68   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Note 5 Loans and allowance for credit losses
(continued)
 
 
     For the nine months ended  
   
July 31, 2025
        July 31, 2024  
   
Performing
       
Impaired
              Performing         Impaired        
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
        
Stage 3
   
Total
         Stage 1     Stage 2          Stage 3     Total  
Residential mortgages
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
215
 
 
$
126
 
   
$
231
 
 
$
572
 
    $ 223     $ 90       $ 168     $ 481  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
116
 
 
 
(112
) 
   
 
(4
) 
 
 
–
 
      72       (70 )        (2 )      –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
(33
) 
 
 
39
 
   
 
(6
) 
 
 
–
 
      (18 )      26         (8 )      –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
(4
) 
 
 
(36
) 
   
 
40
 
 
 
–
 
      (4 )      (29 )        33       –  
Originations
 
 
74
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
74
 
      72       –         –       72  
Maturities
 
 
(17
) 
 
 
(20
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(37
) 
      (13 )      (13 )        –       (26 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(83
) 
 
 
224
 
   
 
62
 
 
 
203
 
      (110 )      135         67       92  
Write-offs
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(12
) 
 
 
(12
) 
      –       –         (17 )      (17 ) 
Recoveries
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
9
 
 
 
9
 
      –       –         9       9  
Exchange rate and other
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
 
 
(42
) 
 
 
(42
) 
 
 
    1       –    
 
    (13 )      (12 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
268
 
 
$
221
 
 
 
 
$
278
 
 
$
767
 
 
 
  $ 223     $ 139    
 
  $ 237     $ 599  
Personal
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
305
 
 
$
966
 
   
$
211
 
 
$
1,482
 
    $ 280     $ 793       $ 155     $ 1,228  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
440
 
 
 
(439
) 
   
 
(1
) 
 
 
–
 
      408       (407 )        (1 )      –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
(75
) 
 
 
78
 
   
 
(3
) 
 
 
–
 
      (54 )      57         (3 )      –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
(3
) 
 
 
(121
) 
   
 
124
 
 
 
–
 
      (3 )      (95 )        98       –  
Originations
 
 
79
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
79
 
      88       –         –       88  
Maturities
 
 
(39
) 
 
 
(168
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(207
) 
      (33 )      (134 )        –       (167 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(415
) 
 
 
796
 
   
 
466
 
 
 
847
 
      (383 )      681         384       682  
Write-offs
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(675
) 
 
 
(675
) 
      –       –         (525 )      (525 ) 
Recoveries
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
111
 
 
 
111
 
      –       –         98       98  
Exchange rate and other
 
 
1
 
 
 
(2
) 
 
 
 
 
(13
) 
 
 
(14
) 
 
 
    –       –    
 
    (7 )      (7 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
293
 
 
$
1,110
 
 
 
 
$
220
 
 
$
1,623
 
 
 
  $ 303     $ 895    
 
  $ 199     $ 1,397  
Credit cards
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
207
 
 
$
1,026
 
   
$
–
 
 
$
1,233
 
    $ 203     $ 866       $ –     $ 1,069  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
503
 
 
 
(503
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      426       (426 )        –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
(83
) 
 
 
83
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      (81 )      81         –       –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
(2
) 
 
 
(442
) 
   
 
444
 
 
 
–
 
      (2 )      (353 )        355       –  
Originations
 
 
12
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
12
 
      23       –         –       23  
Maturities
 
 
(4
) 
 
 
(40
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(44
) 
      (3 )      (36 )        –       (39 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(418
) 
 
 
986
 
   
 
161
 
 
 
729
 
      (364 )      819         136       591  
Write-offs
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(742
) 
 
 
(742
) 
      –       –         (670 )      (670 ) 
Recoveries
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
136
 
 
 
136
 
      –       –         180       180  
Exchange rate and other
 
 
(2
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
 
 
1
 
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
    2       1    
 
    (1 )      2  
Balance at end of period
 
$
213
 
 
$
1,110
 
 
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
1,323
 
 
 
  $ 204     $ 952    
 
  $ –     $ 1,156  
Small business
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
80
 
 
$
86
 
   
$
106
 
 
$
272
 
    $ 70     $ 66       $ 58     $ 194  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
37
 
 
 
(37
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      27       (27 )        –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
(17
) 
 
 
17
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      (14 )      14         –       –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
(10
) 
   
 
11
 
 
 
–
 
      –       (6 )        6       –  
Originations
 
 
32
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
32
 
      31       –         –       31  
Maturities
 
 
(16
) 
 
 
(18
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(34
) 
      (12 )      (15 )        –       (27 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(22
) 
 
 
73
 
   
 
119
 
 
 
170
 
      (23 )      44         97       118  
Write-offs
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(91
) 
 
 
(91
) 
      –       –         (67 )      (67 ) 
Recoveries
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
14
 
 
 
14
 
      –       –         9       9  
Exchange rate and other
 
 
3
 
 
 
2
 
 
 
 
 
(23
) 
 
 
(18
) 
 
 
    1       1    
 
    (14 )      (12 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
96
 
 
$
113
 
 
 
 
$
136
 
 
$
345
 
 
 
  $ 80     $ 77    
 
  $ 89     $ 246  
Wholesale
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
787
 
 
$
1,038
 
   
$
968
 
 
$
2,793
 
    $ 774     $ 785       $ 767     $ 2,326  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
 
206
 
 
 
(205
) 
   
 
(1
) 
 
 
–
 
      203       (202 )        (1 )      –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
 
(97
) 
 
 
107
 
   
 
(10
) 
 
 
–
 
      (121 )      128         (7 )      –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
 
(9
) 
 
 
(241
) 
   
 
250
 
 
 
–
 
      (5 )      (54 )        59       –  
Originations
 
 
592
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
592
 
      519       –         –       519  
Maturities
 
 
(436
) 
 
 
(318
) 
   
 
–
 
 
 
(754
) 
      (288 )      (291 )        –       (579 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
 
(158
) 
 
 
757
 
   
 
1,098
 
 
 
1,697
 
      (299 )      572         767       1,040  
Write-offs
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
(590
) 
 
 
(590
) 
      –       –         (521 )      (521 ) 
Recoveries
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
54
 
 
 
54
 
      –       –         37       37  
Exchange rate and other
 
 
(1
) 
 
 
(2
) 
 
 
 
 
(205
) 
 
 
(208
) 
 
 
    (5 )      (3 )   
 
    (106 )      (114 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
  884
 
 
$
  1,136
 
 
 
 
$
  1,564
 
 
$
  3,584
 
 
 
  $   778     $   935    
 
  $   995     $  2,708  
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   69
 
Key inputs and assumptions
The following provides an update on the key inputs and assumptions used in the measurement of expected credit losses. For further details, refer to Note 2 and Note 5 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
Our base scenario reflects the Canadian unemployment rate peaking in calendar Q3 2025, followed by gradual declines beginning in early calendar 2026 and for the U.S. unemployment rate to rise, peaking in calendar Q1 2026, followed by a return to equilibrium by calendar Q4 2026. The central bank policy rate in Canada is expected to remain unchanged until the end of calendar 2026 and cuts are expected to resume in the U.S. later this calendar year until mid-2026.
Our downside scenarios include two additional and more severe downside scenarios designed for trade disruptions and the real estate sector. During Q2 2025, in response to U.S. international trade policy, we designed a trade disruption scenario to replace our energy sector scenario. Our downside scenarios reflect the possibility of moderate and escalating macroeconomic shocks beginning in calendar Q4 2025 relative to our base scenario. In these scenarios, conditions are expected to deteriorate from calendar Q3 2025 levels for up to 18 months, followed by a recovery for the remainder of the period. These scenarios assume monetary policy responses that return the economy to a long-run, sustainable growth rate within the forecast period.
Our upside scenario reflects slightly stronger economic growth than the base scenario, without prompting a further offsetting monetary policy response as compared to our base scenario, followed by a return to a long-run sustainable growth rate within the forecast period.
In Q2 2025, we increased weight to our downside scenarios relative to October 31, 2024 to reflect the heightened economic uncertainty related to U.S. international trade policy as compared to our base scenario.
The following provides additional detail about our calendar quarter forecasts for certain key macroeconomic variables used in the models to estimate the allowance for credit losses:
 
•
 
Unemployment rates
–
In our base forecast, we expect the Canadian unemployment rate to rise, peaking at 7.1% in calendar Q3 2025, then returning to its long run equilibrium by calendar Q1 2028. The U.S. unemployment rate is expected to rise to 4.3% in calendar Q3 2025, peaking at 4.6% in calendar Q1 2026, then returning to its long run equilibrium level by calendar Q4 2026.
 
 

 
 
•  
Gross Domestic Product (GDP
)
– In our base forecast, we expect both Canadian and U.S. GDP to continuously grow in calendar Q3 2025 and thereafter. GDP in calendar Q4 2025 is expected to be 0.9% above Q4 2024 levels in both Canada and the U.S.
 
 

 

70   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Note 5 Loans and allowance for credit losses
(continued)
 
 
•  
Canadian housing price index
– In our base forecast, we expect housing prices to increase by 0.8% over the next 12 months from calendar Q3 2025, with a compound annual growth rate of
3.5
% for the following 2 to 5 years. The range of annual housing price growth (contraction) in our alternative real estate downside and upside scenarios is (
30.0
)% to
10.9
% over the next 12 months and
4.2
% to
9.6
% for the following 2 to 5 years. As at October 31, 2024, our base forecast included housing price growth of
0.7
% from calendar Q4 2024 for the next 12 months and housing price growth of
3.0
% for the following 2 to 5 years.
 
•  
Oil price (West Texas Intermediate in US$)
– In our base forecast, we expect oil prices to average $
58
per barrel over the next 12 months from calendar Q3 2025 and $
65
per barrel in the following 2 to 5 years. The range of average prices in our alternative downside and upside scenarios is $
33
to $
79
per barrel for the next 12 months and $
45
to $
69
per barrel for the following 2 to 5 years. As at October 31, 2024, our base forecast included an average price of $
69
per barrel for the next 12
 
months and $
66
per barrel for the following 2 to 5 years.

Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   71
 
Credit risk exposure by internal risk rating
The following table presents the gross carrying amount of loans measured at amortized cost, and the full contractual amount of undrawn loan commitments subject to the impairment requirements of IFRS 9
Financial Instruments
. Risk ratings are based on internal ratings used in the measurement of expected credit losses as at the reporting date, as outlined in the internal ratings maps for Wholesale and Retail facilities in the Credit risk section of our 2024 Annual Report.
 
    
    As at       
 
   
July 31, 2025
       
October 31, 2024
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
   
Stage 3 
(1)
   
Total
         Stage 1     Stage 2     Stage 3 (1)     Total  
Retail
                 
Loans outstanding – Residential mortgages
                 
Low risk
 
$
379,064
 
 
$
19,919
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
398,983
 
    $ 388,742     $ 1,354     $ –     $ 390,096  
Medium risk
 
 
20,684
 
 
 
2,890
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
23,574
 
      18,419       4,479       –       22,898  
High risk
 
 
2,119
 
 
 
6,317
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
8,436
 
      1,761       6,593       –       8,354  
Not rated
(2)
 
 
53,284
 
 
 
1,885
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
55,169
 
      52,569       1,479       –       54,048  
Impaired
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,554
 
 
 
1,554
 
        –       –       1,233       1,233  
   
 
455,151
 
 
 
31,011
 
 
 
1,554
 
 
 
487,716
 
        461,491       13,905       1,233       476,629  
Items not subject to impairment
(3)
                         
 
982
 
                                915  
Total
                         
$
488,698
 
                              $ 477,544  
Loans outstanding – Personal
                 
Low risk
 
$
85,998
 
 
$
3,075
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
89,073
 
    $ 82,904     $ 1,680     $ –     $ 84,584  
Medium risk
 
 
4,038
 
 
 
3,736
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
7,774
 
      5,525       3,063       –       8,588  
High risk
 
 
662
 
 
 
2,521
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
3,183
 
      592       2,365       –       2,957  
Not rated
(2)
 
 
11,651
 
 
 
1,004
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
12,655
 
      11,303       498       –       11,801  
Impaired
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
417
 
 
 
417
 
        –       –       408       408  
Total
 
$
102,349
 
 
$
10,336
 
 
$
417
 
 
$
113,102
 
      $ 100,324     $ 7,606     $ 408     $ 108,338  
Loans outstanding – Credit cards
                 
Low risk
 
$
18,216
 
 
$
164
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
18,380
 
    $ 17,363     $ 177     $ –     $ 17,540  
Medium risk
 
 
2,053
 
 
 
2,242
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
4,295
 
      1,999       2,436       –       4,435  
High risk
 
 
67
 
 
 
2,339
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,406
 
      75       2,289       –       2,364  
Not rated
(2)
 
 
1,095
 
 
 
294
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,389
 
        1,173       53       –       1,226  
Total
 
$
21,431
 
 
$
5,039
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
26,470
 
      $ 20,610     $ 4,955     $ –     $ 25,565  
Loans outstanding – Small business
                 
Low risk
 
$
10,343
 
 
$
638
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
10,981
 
    $ 9,428     $ 773     $ –     $ 10,201  
Medium risk
 
 
2,492
 
 
 
1,009
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
3,501
 
      2,740       962       –       3,702  
High risk
 
 
257
 
 
 
1,376
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,633
 
      214       1,086       –       1,300  
Not rated
(2)
 
 
9
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
9
 
      7       –       –       7  
Impaired
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
397
 
 
 
397
 
        –       –       321       321  
Total
 
$
13,101
 
 
$
3,023
 
 
$
397
 
 
$
16,521
 
      $ 12,389     $ 2,821     $ 321     $ 15,531  
Undrawn loan commitments – Retail
                 
Low risk
 
$
288,151
 
 
$
5,088
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
293,239
 
    $ 284,036     $ 592     $ –     $ 284,628  
Medium risk
 
 
13,330
 
 
 
426
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
13,756
 
      12,110       381       –       12,491  
High risk
 
 
768
 
 
 
717
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,485
 
      746       602       –       1,348  
Not rated
(2)
 
 
13,916
 
 
 
241
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
14,157
 
        10,715       88       –       10,803  
Total
 
$
316,165
 
 
$
6,472
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
322,637
 
      $ 307,607     $ 1,663     $ –     $ 309,270  
Wholesale – Loans outstanding
                 
Investment grade
 
$
126,751
 
 
$
1,639
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
128,390
 
    $ 116,549     $ 1,471     $ –     $ 118,020  
Non-investment grade
 
 
202,626
 
 
 
26,413
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
229,039
 
      189,889       26,826       –       216,715  
Not rated
(2)
 
 
12,965
 
 
 
556
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
13,521
 
      12,871       721       –       13,592  
Impaired
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
6,383
 
 
 
6,383
 
        –       –       3,905       3,905  
   
 
342,342
 
 
 
28,608
 
 
 
6,383
 
 
 
377,333
 
        319,309       29,018       3,905       352,232  
Items not subject to impairment
(3)
                         
 
10,608
 
                                8,207  
Total
                         
$
387,941
 
                              $ 360,439  
Undrawn loan commitments – Wholesale
                 
Investment grade
 
$
367,309
 
 
$
1,234
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
368,543
 
    $ 345,236     $ 516     $ –     $ 345,752  
Non-investment grade
 
 
173,546
 
 
 
16,063
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
189,609
 
      170,212       14,512       –       184,724  
Not rated
(2)
 
 
3,398
 
 
 
19
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
3,417
 
        3,290       17       –       3,307  
Total
 
$
 544,253
 
 
$
 17,316
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
 561,569
 
      $  518,738     $  15,045     $ –     $  533,783  
 
(1) Includes $149 million of purchased or originated credit-impaired loans (October 31, 2024 – $109 million).
(2) In certain cases where an internal risk rating is not assigned, we use other approved credit risk assessment or rating methodologies, policies and tools to manage our credit risk.
(3) Items not subject to impairment are loans held at FVTPL.
Loans past due but not impaired
(1), (2)
 
       As at    
   
July 31, 2025
        October 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
30 to 89 days
   
90 days
and greater
   
Total
         30 to 89 days     90 days
and greater
    Total  
Retail
 
$
2,549
 
 
$
281
 
 
$
2,830
 
    $ 2,542     $ 263     $ 2,805  
Wholesale
 
 
1,079
 
 
 
7
 
 
 
1,086
 
     
 
1,454
 
 
 
4
 
 
 
1,458
 
   
$
3,628
 
 
$
288
 
 
$
 3,916
 
      $  3,996     $  267     $  4,263  
 
(1)
Excludes loans less than 30 days past due as they are not generally representative of the borrowers’ ability to meet their payment obligations.
(2)
Amounts presented may include loans past due as a result of administrative processes, such as mortgage loans on which payments are restrained pending payout due to sale or refinancing. Past due loans arising from administrative processes are not representative of the borrowers’ ability to meet their payment obligations.

72   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Note 6 Deposits
 
 
  
 
  As at   
 
 
 
July 31, 2025
 
 
 
 
October 31, 2024
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
Demand 
(1)
 
 
Notice 
(2)
 
 
Term 
(3)
 
 
Total
 
 
  
 
Demand (1)
 
 
Notice (2)
 
 
Term (3)
 
 
Total
 
Personal
 
$
222,617
 
 
$
54,627
 
 
$
246,083
 
 
$
523,327
 
    $ 205,714     $ 62,845     $ 253,580     $ 522,139  
Business and government
 
 
405,098
 
 
 
22,042
 
 
 
491,023
 
 
 
918,163
 
      369,943       20,157       449,570       839,670  
Bank
 
 
11,974
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
28,013
 
 
 
39,987
 
        9,675       641       37,406       47,722  
   
$
639,689
 
 
$
76,669
 
 
$
765,119
 
 
$
1,481,477
 
      $ 585,332     $ 83,643     $ 740,556     $ 1,409,531  
Non-interest-bearing
(4)
                 
Canada
 
$
152,555
 
 
$
8,881
 
 
$
254
 
 
$
161,690
 
    $ 144,712     $ 7,164     $ 203     $ 152,079  
United States
 
 
37,067
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
37,067
 
      38,520       –       –       38,520  
Europe
(5)
 
 
9
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
9
 
      11       –       –       11  
Other International
 
 
8,217
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
8,217
 
      7,758       –       –       7,758  
Interest-bearing
(4)
                 
Canada
 
 
379,954
 
 
 
16,410
 
 
 
593,325
 
 
 
989,689
 
      355,221       14,468       594,066       963,755  
United States
 
 
50,379
 
 
 
50,479
 
 
 
70,897
 
 
 
171,755
 
      28,389       61,087       75,933       165,409  
Europe
(5)
 
 
5,776
 
 
 
734
 
 
 
77,553
 
 
 
84,063
 
      5,013       851       53,295       59,159  
Other International
 
 
5,732
 
 
 
165
 
 
 
23,090
 
 
 
28,987
 
        5,708       73       17,059       22,840  
   
$
 639,689
 
 
$
 76,669
 
 
$
 765,119
 
 
$
 1,481,477
 
      $  585,332     $
 
83,643
    $
 
740,556
    $
 
1,409,531
 
 
 
(1) Demand deposits are deposits for which we do not have the right to require notice of withdrawal, which include both savings and chequing accounts.
(2) Notice deposits are deposits for which we can legally require notice of withdrawal. These deposits are primarily savings accounts.
(3) Term deposits are deposits payable on a fixed date, and include term deposits, guaranteed investment certificates and similar instruments.
(4) The geographical splits of the deposits are based on the point of origin of the deposits and where the revenue is recognized. As at July 31, 2025, deposits denominated in U.S. dollars, British pounds, Euro and other foreign currencies were $539 billion, $41 billion, $77 billion and $34 billion, respectively (October 31, 2024 – $511 billion, $34 billion, $53 billion and $29 billion, respectively).
(5) Europe includes the United Kingdom and the Channel Islands.
Contractual maturities of term deposits
(1)
 
     As at   
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
 
Within 1 year:
   
less than 3 months
 
$
217,276
 
  $ 207,698  
3 to 6 months
 
 
112,849
 
    94,585  
6 to 12 months
 
 
165,608
 
    173,603  
1 to 2 years
 
 
85,660
 
    79,777  
2 to 3 years
 
 
60,223
 
    61,175  
3 to 4 years
 
 
36,863
 
    45,767  
4 to 5 years
 
 
16,387
 
    20,692  
Over 5 years
 
 
70,253
 
    57,259  
   
$
 765,119
 
  $  740,556  
 
(1)   The aggregate amount of term deposits in denominations of one hundred thousand dollars or more is $701 billion (October 31, 2024 – $670 billion).
 
Note 7 Insurance and reinsurance
 
Insurance service and insurance investment results
The following table provides the composition of Insurance service result and Insurance investment result for insurance contracts issued and reinsurance contracts held.
 
     For the three months ended          For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Insurance service result
         
Insurance revenue
 
$
1,369
 
  $ 1,303      
$
4,108
 
  $ 3,755  
Insurance service expense
 
 
(1,074
) 
    (1,059 )     
 
(3,290
) 
    (3,043 ) 
Net income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held
 
 
(16
) 
    (30 )       
 
(29
) 
    (108 ) 
   
$
    279
 
  $     214        
$
    789
 
  $
    
604
 
Insurance investment result
         
Net investment income
 
$
122
 
  $ 185      
$
747
 
  $ 2,289  
Insurance finance income (expense)
 
 
(68
) 
    (159 )     
 
(574
) 
    (2,155 ) 
Reinsurance finance income (expense)
 
 
(6
) 
    2        
 
35
 
    94  
   
$
48
 
  $ 28        
$
208
 
  $ 228  
Insurance service and insurance investment results
 
$
327
 
  $ 242        
$
997
 
  $ 832  

Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   73
 
Note 8 Employee benefits – Pension and other post-employment benefits
 
We offer a number of defined benefit and defined contribution plans which provide pension and post-employment benefits to eligible employees. The following tables present the composition of our pension and other post-employment benefit expense and the effects of remeasurements recorded in OCI:
Pension and other post-employment benefit expense
 
     For the three months ended  
         Pension plans             
Other post-employment benefit plans
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Current service costs
 
$
53
 
  $ 47      
$
9
 
  $ 9  
Past service costs
 
 
–
 
    –      
 
–
 
    (6 ) 
Net interest expense (income)
 
 
(41
) 
    (37 )     
 
18
 
    20  
Remeasurements of other long-term benefits
 
 
–
 
    –      
 
2
 
    (5 ) 
Administrative expense
 
 
6
 
    5        
 
–
 
    –  
Defined benefit pension expense
 
 
18
 
    15      
 
29
 
    18  
Defined contribution pension expense
 
 
143
 
    115        
 
–
 
    –  
   
$
   161
 
  $   130        
$
  29
 
  $ 18  
 
     For the nine months ended  
           Pension plans               
Other post-employment benefit plans
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Current service costs
 
$
157
 
  $ 140      
$
25
 
  $ 25  
Past service costs
 
 
49
 
    –      
 
–
 
    (6 ) 
Net interest expense (income)
 
 
(122
) 
    (112 )     
 
57
 
    60  
Remeasurements of other long-term benefits
 
 
–
 
    –      
 
7
 
    4  
Administrative expense
 
 
17
 
    13        
 
–
 
    –  
Defined benefit pension expense
 
 
101
 
    41      
 
89
 
    83  
Defined contribution pension expense
 
 
431
 
    319        
 
–
 
    –  
   
$
   532
 
  $   360        
$
  89
 
  $ 83  
Pension and other post-employment benefit remeasurements
(1)
 
     For the three months ended  
      Defined benefit pension plans          
Other post-employment benefit plans
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Actuarial (gains) losses:
         
Changes in financial assumptions
(2)
 
$
(150
) 
  $ 658      
$
(14
) 
  $ 68  
Experience adjustments
 
 
–
 
    –      
 
3
 
    3  
Return on plan assets (excluding interest based on discount rate)
 
 
(222
) 
    (785 )       
 
–
 
    –  
   
$
(372
) 
  $ (127 )       
$
(11
) 
  $ 71  
         
     For the nine months ended  
    Defined benefit pension plans          
Other post-employment benefit plans
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Actuarial (gains) losses:
         
Changes in financial assumptions
(2)
 
$
(333
) 
  $ 1,381      
$
(28
) 
  $ 138  
Experience adjustments
 
 
(1
) 
    –      
 
1
 
    3  
Return on plan assets (excluding interest based on discount rate)
 
 
(90
) 
    (1,789 )       
 
–
 
    –  
   
$
(424
) 
  $ (408 )       
$
(27
) 
  $ 141  
 
(1)
Market based assumptions, including Changes in financial assumptions and Return on plan assets, are reviewed on a quarterly basis. All other assumptions are updated during our annual review of plan assumptions.
(2)
Changes in financial assumptions in our defined benefit pension plans primarily relate to changes in discount rates.
 
Note 9 Income taxes
 
Tax examinations and assessments
During the third quarter of 2025, we received a reassessment from the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) in respect of the 2020 taxation year, which suggested that Royal Bank of Canada owes additional taxes of approximately $411 million as the CRA denied the deductibility of certain dividends. This amount represents the maximum additional taxes owing for that year. The reassessment is consistent with the previously received reassessments as described in Note 21 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. It is possible that the CRA will reassess us for significant additional income taxes for subsequent years on the same basis. In all cases, we are confident that our tax filing position was appropriate and intend to defend ourselves vigorously.

74   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Note 9 Income taxes
(continued)
 
 
Pillar Two legislation
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s two-pillar plan includes a 15% global minimum corporate tax on certain multinational enterprises (Pillar Two). Pillar Two legislation in certain countries in which RBC operates became effective for us beginning November 1, 2024, including the Global Minimum Tax Act (GMTA) in Canada, which increased RBC’s effective tax rate by approximately 1.3% for the three months ended July 31, 2025, and by approximately 1.5% for the nine months ended July 31, 2025.
 
Note 10 Significant capital and funding transactions
 
Preferred shares and other equity instruments
On November 1, 2024, we issued US$1,000 million of Limited Recourse Capital Notes (LRCNs) Series 5 (LRCN Series 5) with recourse limited to assets (Trust Assets) held by a third-party trustee in a consolidated trust (Limited Recourse Trust). The Trust Assets for LRCN Series 5 consist of US$1,000 million of our First Preferred Shares, Series BX (Series BX Preferred Shares), issued concurrently with LRCN Series 5 at a price of US$1,000 per Series BX Preferred Share. The price per LRCN Series 5 note is US$1,000 and will bear interest paid quarterly at a fixed rate of 6.35% per annum until November 24, 2034 and thereafter at a rate per annum, reset every fifth year, equal to the prevailing 5-year U.S. Treasury Rate plus 2.257% until maturity on November 24, 2084.
On June 11, 2025, we issued US$1,250 million of Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 6 (LRCN Series 6) with recourse limited to the Trust Assets held by the Limited Recourse Trust. The Trust Assets for LRCN Series 6 consist of US$1,250 million of our First Preferred Shares, Series BY (Series BY Preferred Shares), issued concurrently with LRCN Series 6 at a price of US$1,000 per Series BY Preferred Share. The price per LRCN Series 6 note is US$1,000 and will bear interest paid quarterly at a fixed rate of 6.75% per annum until August 24, 2030 and thereafter at a rate per annum, reset every fifth year, equal to the prevailing 5-year U.S. Treasury Rate plus 2.815% until maturity on August 24, 2085.
In the event of (i) non-payment of interest on any interest payment date, (ii) non-payment of the redemption price in case of a redemption of a LRCN series, (iii) non-payment of principal at the maturity of a LRCN series, or (iv) an event of default on the notes, noteholders will have recourse only to the Trust Assets related to each LRCN series and each noteholder will be entitled to receive its pro rata share of the applicable Trust Assets. In such an event, the delivery of the Trust Assets will represent the full and complete extinguishment of our obligations under the related LRCN series.
Each LRCN series is redeemable on or prior to maturity to the extent we redeem the related series of preferred shares on certain redemption dates as set out in the terms of such series of preferred shares and subject to the consent and approval of OSFI.
Each LRCN series includes NVCC provisions necessary for them to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital under Basel III. NVCC provisions require the conversion of the instrument into a variable number of common shares in the event that OSFI deems the Bank non-viable or a federal or provincial government in Canada publicly announces that the Bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection. In such an event, each LRCN series will be automatically redeemed and the redemption price will be satisfied by the delivery of the Trust Assets for the related LRCN series, which will consist of common shares pursuant to an automatic conversion of the applicable series of preferred shares. Each series of preferred shares includes an automatic conversion formula with a conversion price based on the greater of: (i) a floor price of $5.00 (subject to adjustment in certain circumstances), and (ii) the current market price of our common shares based on the volume weighted average trading price of our common shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The number of common shares issued in respect of each series of preferred shares will be determined by dividing the preferred share value (including declared and unpaid dividends) by the conversion price. The number of common shares delivered to each noteholder will be based on such noteholder’s pro rata interest in the related Trust Assets.
Each LRCN series is a compound instrument with both equity and liability features as payments of interest and principal in cash are made at our discretion. The non-payment of interest and principal in cash does not constitute an event of default and will trigger delivery of the related series of preferred shares. The liability component of the notes has a nominal value and, as a result, the full proceeds received have been presented as equity.
On May 24, 2025, we redeemed all 24 million of our issued and outstanding Non-Cumulative 5-Year Rate Reset First Preferred Shares Series BD at a redemption price of $25.00 per share.
Subordinated debentures
On December 23, 2024, we redeemed all $1,500 million of our outstanding NVCC 2.88% subordinated debentures due December 23, 2029 for 100% of their principal amount plus interest accrued to, but excluding, the redemption date.
On January 29, 2025, we issued $1,500 million of NVCC subordinated debentures. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.279% per annum until February 4, 2030, and at the Daily Compounded Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average (CORRA) plus 1.45% thereafter until maturity on February 4, 2035.
On June 30, 2025, we redeemed all $1,250 million of our outstanding NVCC 2.088% subordinated debentures due June 30, 2030 for 100% of their principal amount plus accrued interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.
On July 3, 2025, we issued $1,250 million of NVCC subordinated debentures. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.214% per annum until July 3,
2030
, and at the Daily Compounded CORRA plus 1.51% thereafter until maturity on July 3, 2035.
On July 17, 2025, we issued ¥26,000 million of NVCC subordinated debentures. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 1.963% per annum until July 17, 2030, and at the 5-year Tokyo Overnight Average Rate mid-swap rate plus 1.02% thereafter until maturity on July 17, 2035.

Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   75
 
Common shares issued
 
     For the three months ended  
   
July 31, 2025
        July 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of shares)  
Number of
shares
(thousands)
   
Amount
         Number of
shares
(thousands)
    Amount  
Issued in connection with share-based compensation plans
(1)
 
 
227
 
 
$
   22
 
      683     $ 66  
Issued in connection with dividend reinvestment plan
(2)
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      –       –  
Purchased for cancellation
(3)
 
 
(5,445
) 
 
 
(81
) 
        (480 )      (7 ) 
   
 
(5,218
) 
 
$
(59
) 
        203     $     59  
 
     For the nine months ended  
   
July 31, 2025
        July 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of shares)  
Number of
shares
(thousands)
   
Amount
         Number of
shares
(thousands)
    Amount  
Issued in connection with share-based compensation plans
(1)
 
 
601
 
 
$
   58
 
      1,311     $ 126  
Issued in connection with dividend reinvestment plan
(2)
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
      11,850       1,460  
Purchased for cancellation
(3)
 
 
(10,400
) 
 
 
(155
) 
        (480 )      (7 ) 
   
 
(9,799
) 
 
$
(97
) 
        12,681     $  1,579  
 
(1) Amounts include cash received for stock options exercised during the period and the fair value adjustment to stock options.
(2) The requirements of our dividend reinvestment plan (DRIP) are satisfied through either open market share purchases or shares issued from treasury. During the three and nine months ended July 31, 2025, our DRIP requirements were satisfied through open market share purchases. During the three months ended July 31, 2024, our DRIP requirements were satisfied through open market share purchases. During the nine months ended July 31, 2024, our DRIP requirements were satisfied through shares issued from treasury in the first six months and open market share purchases in the last three months.
(3) Our previous NCIB to purchase up to 30 million of our common shares ended June 11, 2025. On June 10, 2025, we announced a new NCIB to purchase up to 35 million of our common shares, commencing on June 12, 2025, and continuing until June 11, 2026, or such earlier date as we complete the repurchase of all shares permitted under the bid. During the three months ended July 31, 2025, under the NCIB programs we purchased for cancellation common shares at a total fair value of $955 million (average cost of $175.27 per share), with a book value of $81 million (book value of $14.88 per share). During the nine months ended July 31, 2025, under the NCIB programs we purchased for cancellation common shares at a total fair value of $1,781 million (average cost of $171.22 per share), with a book value of $155 million (book value of $14.87 per share). During the three and nine months ended July 31, 2024, we purchased for cancellation common shares at a total fair value of $73 million (average cost of $152.66 per share), with a book value of $7 million (book value of $14.82 per share).
 
Note 11 Earnings per share
 
 
     For the three months ended          For the nine months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except share and per share amounts)
 
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
        
July 31
2025
   
July 31
2024
 
Basic earnings per share
         
Net income
 
$
5,414
 
  $ 4,486      
$
14,935
 
  $ 12,018  
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments
 
 
(125
) 
    (106 )     
 
(355
) 
    (231 ) 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests
 
 
1
 
    (3 )       
 
(5
) 
    (7 ) 
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
5,290
 
  $ 4,377        
$
14,575
 
  $ 11,780  
Weighted average number of common shares (in thousands)
 
 
1,407,280
 
     1,414,194      
 
1,410,854
 
    1,411,044  
Basic earnings per share (in dollars)
 
$
3.76
 
  $ 3.09        
$
10.33
 
  $ 8.35  
Diluted earnings per share
         
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
     5,290
 
  $ 4,377        
$
14,575
 
  $ 11,780  
Weighted average number of common shares (in thousands)
 
 
1,407,280
 
    1,414,194      
 
 1,410,854
 
     1,411,044  
Stock options
(1)
 
 
2,400
 
    1,929      
 
2,381
 
    1,574  
Issuable under other share-based compensation plans
 
 
–
 
    26        
 
–
 
    26  
Average number of diluted common shares (in thousands)
 
 
1,409,680
 
    1,416,149      
 
1,413,235
 
    1,412,644  
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars)
 
$
3.75
 
  $ 3.09        
$
10.31
 
  $ 8.34  
 
(1)   The dilutive effect of stock options was calculated using the treasury stock method. When the exercise price of options outstanding is greater than the average market price of our common shares, the options are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the three months ended July 31, 2025, an average of 915,683 outstanding options with an average exercise price of $177.97 were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the three months ended July 31, 2024, no outstanding options were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the nine months ended July 31, 2025, an average of 762,532 outstanding options with an average exercise price of $177.97 were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the nine months ended July 31, 2024, no outstanding options were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.

76   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Note 12 Legal and regulatory matters
 
We are a large global institution that is subject to many different complex legal and regulatory requirements that continue to evolve. We are and have been subject to a variety of legal proceedings, including civil claims and lawsuits, regulatory examinations, investigations, audits and requests for information by various governmental regulatory agencies and law enforcement authorities in various jurisdictions. Some of these matters may involve novel legal theories and interpretations and may be advanced under criminal as well as civil statutes, and some proceedings could result in the imposition of civil, regulatory enforcement or criminal penalties. We review the status of all proceedings on an ongoing basis and will exercise judgment in resolving them in such manner as we believe to be in our best interest. In many proceedings, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or to reliably estimate the amount of any loss. This is an area of significant judgment and uncertainty and the extent of our financial and other exposure to these proceedings after taking into account current provisions could be material to our results of operations in any particular period though we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of any such matter will have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition.
Our significant legal proceedings and regulatory matters are described in Note 24 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements and as updated below. Based on the facts currently known, except as may otherwise be noted, it is not possible at this time for us to predict the ultimate outcome of these proceedings or the timing of their resolution.
Royal Bank of Canada Trust Company (Bahamas) Limited proceedings
On January 17, 2025, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) proposed exemptive relief to allow Royal Bank of Canada to continue to qualify for the Qualified Professional Asset Manager (QPAM) exemption under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act from March 5, 2025 through March 4, 2030. On March 5, 2025, the DOL granted an extension of the original relief granted to Royal Bank of Canada in 2016 until the earlier of September 4, 2025 or the effective date of a final agency action in connection with the proposed exemption published on January 17, 2025. The DOL recently granted the exemptive relief it proposed on January 17, 2025, with immaterial amendments, with effect from August 12, 2025 through March 4, 2030. Royal Bank of Canada anticipates seeking further exemptive relief from the DOL prior to the expiration of the existing relief in the future to the extent deemed necessary or advisable. No assurances can be provided that such relief, if requested, would be forthcoming.
U.K. Competition and Markets Authority investigation
In February 2025, Royal Bank of Canada and RBC Europe Limited entered into a settlement with the U.K. Competition and Markets Authority and agreed to make payment of £34.2 million in full and final resolution of the matter.
In the U.S. class action, in March 2025, the court preliminarily approved the settlement agreement entered into by RBC Europe Limited, RBC Capital Markets, LLC and certain of the other defendants to dismiss the putative class action filed in the U.S., with prejudice, against those defendants. The settlement agreement remains subject to final court approval.
 
Note 13 Results by business segment
 
Composition of business segments
For management purposes, based on the products and services offered, we are organized into five business segments: Personal Banking, Commercial Banking, Wealth Management, Insurance and Capital Markets.
 
    
For the three months ended July 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Personal
Banking
   
Commercial
Banking
   
Wealth
Management
   
Insurance
   
Capital
Markets 
(1)
   
Corporate
Support
(1)
   
Total
 
Net interest income
(2)
 
$
3,698
 
 
$
1,828
 
 
$
1,321
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
1,287
 
 
$
217
 
 
$
8,351
 
Non-interest income
 
 
1,362
 
 
 
324
 
 
 
4,192
 
 
 
368
 
 
 
2,471
 
 
 
(83
) 
 
 
8,634
 
Total revenue
 
 
5,060
 
 
 
2,152
 
 
 
5,513
 
 
 
368
 
 
 
3,758
 
 
 
134
 
 
 
 16,985
 
Provision for credit losses
 
 
444
 
 
 
299
 
 
 
(43
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
180
 
 
 
1
 
 
 
881
 
Non-interest expense
 
 
1,958
 
 
 
697
 
 
 
4,154
 
 
 
74
 
 
 
2,059
 
 
 
290
 
 
 
9,232
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
 
 
2,658
 
 
 
1,156
 
 
 
1,402
 
 
 
294
 
 
 
1,519
 
 
 
(157
) 
 
 
6,872
 
Income taxes (recoveries)
 
 
720
 
 
 
320
 
 
 
306
 
 
 
47
 
 
 
191
 
 
 
(126
) 
 
 
1,458
 
Net income
 
$
1,938
 
 
$
836
 
 
$
1,096
 
 
$
247
 
 
$
1,328
 
 
$
(31
) 
 
$
5,414
 
Non-interest expense includes:
             
Depreciation and amortization
 
$
269
 
 
$
26
 
 
$
303
 
 
$
12
 
 
$
143
 
 
$
1
 
 
$
754
 
             
     For the three months ended July 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Personal
Banking (3)
    Commercial
Banking (3)
    Wealth
Management (3)
    Insurance     Capital
Markets (1)
    Corporate
Support (1)
    Total  
Net interest income
(2)
  $ 3,253     $ 1,687     $ 1,245     $ –     $ 817     $ 325     $ 7,327  
Non-interest income
    1,237       349       3,719       285       2,187       (473 )      7,304  
Total revenue
    4,490       2,036       4,964       285       3,004       (148 )      14,631  
Provision for credit losses
    391       216       16       1       38       (3 )      659  
Non-interest expense
    1,941       691       3,762       70       1,755       380       8,599  
Income (loss) before income taxes
    2,158       1,129       1,186       214       1,211       (525 )      5,373  
Income taxes (recoveries)
    572       312       237       44       39       (317 )      887  
Net income
  $ 1,586     $ 817     $ 949     $ 170     $ 1,172     $ (208 )    $ 4,486  
Non-interest expense includes:
             
Depreciation and amortization
  $ 299     $ 26     $ 299     $ 3     $ 133     $ (1 )    $ 759  
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025   77
 
    
For the nine months ended July 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Personal
Banking
(4)
   
Commercial
Banking 
(4)
   
Wealth
Management 
(4)
   
Insurance
   
Capital
Markets 
(1), (4)
   
Corporate
Support 
(1)
   
Total
 
Net interest income
(2)
 
$
10,722
 
 
$
5,358
 
 
$
4,016
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
3,480
 
 
$
779
 
 
$
24,355
 
Non-interest income
 
 
3,954
 
 
 
983
 
 
 
12,462
 
 
 
1,112
 
 
 
7,335
 
 
 
(805
) 
 
 
25,041
 
Total revenue
 
 
14,676
 
 
 
6,341
 
 
 
16,478
 
 
 
1,112
 
 
 
10,815
 
 
 
(26
) 
 
 
 49,396
 
Provision for credit losses
 
 
1,586
 
 
 
1,177
 
 
 
124
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
468
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
3,355
 
Non-interest expense
 
 
5,925
 
 
 
2,105
 
 
 
12,456
 
 
 
241
 
 
 
5,985
 
 
 
506
 
 
 
27,218
 
Income (loss) before income taxes
 
 
7,165
 
 
 
3,059
 
 
 
3,898
 
 
 
871
 
 
 
4,362
 
 
 
(532
) 
 
 
18,823
 
Income taxes (recoveries)
 
 
1,947
 
 
 
849
 
 
 
893
 
 
 
141
 
 
 
400
 
 
 
(342
) 
 
 
3,888
 
Net income
 
$
5,218
 
 
$
2,210
 
 
$
3,005
 
 
$
730
 
 
$
3,962
 
 
$
(190
) 
 
$
14,935
 
Non-interest expense includes:
             
Depreciation and amortization
 
$
814
 
 
$
79
 
 
$
938
 
 
$
34
 
 
$
424
 
 
$
1
 
 
$
2,290
 
             
     For the nine months ended July 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Personal
Banking (3), (4)
    Commercial
Banking (3), (4)
    Wealth
Management (3), (4)
    Insurance     Capital
Markets (1), (4)
    Corporate
Support (1)
    Total  
Net interest income
(2)
  $ 9,092     $ 4,298     $ 3,697     $ –     $ 2,242     $ 953     $ 20,282  
Non-interest income
    3,592       1,007       10,743       946       6,867       (1,167 )      21,988  
Total revenue
    12,684       5,305       14,440       946       9,109       (214 )      42,270  
Provision for credit losses
    1,319       676       54       2       342       (1 )      2,392  
Non-interest expense
    5,452       1,799       11,331       210       5,119       1,320       25,231  
Income (loss) before income taxes
    5,913       2,830       3,055       734       3,648       (1,533 )      14,647  
Income taxes (recoveries)
    1,571       786       602       167       60       (557 )      2,629  
Net income
  $ 4,342     $ 2,044     $ 2,453     $ 567     $ 3,588     $ (976 )    $ 12,018  
Non-interest expense includes:
             
Depreciation and amortization
  $ 806     $ 34     $ 919     $ 6     $ 387     $ (10 )    $ 2,142  
(1)
Taxable equivalent basis.
(2)
Interest revenue is reported net of interest expense as we rely primarily on net interest income as a performance measure.
(3)
Effective the fourth quarter of 2024, the Personal & Commercial Banking segment became two standalone business segments: Personal Banking and Commercial Banking. With this change, RBC Direct Investing moved from the previous Personal & Commercial Banking segment to the Wealth Management segment. Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation.
(4)
On March 28, 2024, we completed the acquisition of HSBC Bank Canada. HSBC Bank Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, and are included in our Personal Banking, Commercial Banking, Wealth Management and Capital Markets segments.
Total assets and total liabilities by business segment
 
    
As at July 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Personal
Banking
   
Commercial
Banking
   
Wealth
Management
   
Insurance
   
Capital
Markets
   
Corporate
Support
   
Total
 
Total assets
 
$
568,962
 
 
$
195,300
 
 
$
186,356
 
 
$
30,984
 
 
$
1,145,803
 
 
$
100,488
 
 
$
2,227,893
 
Total liabilities
 
 
568,942
 
 
 
195,298
 
 
 
184,832
 
 
 
30,849
 
 
 
1,145,799
 
 
 
(33,459
) 
 
 
2,092,261
 
                                           
     As at October 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Personal
Banking
    Commercial
Banking
    Wealth
Management
    Insurance     Capital
Markets
    Corporate
Support
    Total  
Total assets
  $ 555,029     $ 187,142     $ 184,503     $ 29,288     $ 1,127,661     $ 87,959     $ 2,171,582  
Total liabilities
    554,970       187,135       183,055       29,158       1,127,564       (37,492 )      2,044,390  

78   
Royal Bank of Canada
  Third Quarter 2025
 
Note 14 Capital management
 
Regulatory capital and capital ratios
OSFI formally establishes risk-based capital and leverage minimums and Total Loss Absorbing Capacity (TLAC) ratios for deposit-taking institutions in Canada. During the third quarter of 2025, we complied with all applicable capital, leverage and TLAC requirements, including the Domestic Stability Buffer, imposed by OSFI.
 
       As at     
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
July 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
 
Capital
(1)
   
CET1 capital
 
$
95,654
 
  $ 88,936  
Tier 1 capital
 
 
107,155
 
    97,952  
Total capital
 
 
119,848
 
    110,487  
Risk-weighted assets (RWA) used in calculation of capital ratios
(1)
   
Credit risk
 
$
589,582
 
  $ 548,809  
Market risk
 
 
37,936
 
    33,930  
Operational risk
 
 
95,637
 
    89,543  
Total RWA
 
$
723,155
 
  $ 672,282  
Capital ratios and Leverage ratio
(1)
   
CET1 ratio
 
 
13.2%
 
    13.2%  
Tier 1 capital ratio
 
 
14.8%
 
    14.6%  
Total capital ratio
 
 
16.6%
 
    16.4%  
Leverage ratio
 
 
4.5%
 
    4.2%  
Leverage ratio exposure
 
$
 2,404,301
 
  $  2,344,228  
TLAC available and ratios
(2)
   
TLAC available
 
$
223,343
 
  $ 196,659  
TLAC ratio
 
 
30.9%
      29.3%
TLAC leverage ratio
 
 
9.3%
      8.4%
 
(1)   Capital, RWA and capital ratios are calculated using OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) guideline and the Leverage ratio is calculated using OSFI’s Leverage Requirements (LR) guideline. Both the CAR guideline and LR guideline are based on the Basel III framework.
(2)   TLAC available and TLAC ratios are calculated using OSFI’s TLAC guideline. The TLAC standard is applied at the resolution entity level which for us is deemed to be Royal Bank of Canada and its subsidiaries. A resolution entity and its subsidiaries are collectively called a resolution group. The TLAC ratio and TLAC leverage ratio are calculated using the TLAC available as a percentage of total RWA and leverage exposure, respectively.

Exhibit 99.3

Return on Equity and Assets Ratios

 

     Q3 2025     Q2 2025     Q1 2025     Nine months ended
July 31, 2025
    For the Year-Ended
October 2024
 

Return on Assets

     0.89 %      0.76 %      0.85 %      0.84 %      0.77 % 

Return on Equity

     17.3 %      14.2 %      16.8 %      16.1 %      14.4 % 

Dividend Payout Ratio

     41 %      49 %      42 %      44 %      50 % 

Exhibit 31.1

SOX 302 Certification

I, David McKay, certify that:

 

1.

I have reviewed this quarterly report for the period ended July 31, 2025 (the “report”) of Royal Bank of Canada (the “registrant”);

 

2.

Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

 

3.

Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

 

4.

The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

 

  a.

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

 

  b.

Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

 

  c.

Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

 

  d.

Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

 

5.

The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

 

  a.

All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

 

  b.

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 27, 2025

 

/s/ David McKay

Name:   David McKay
Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 31.2

SOX 302 Certification

I, Katherine Gibson, certify that:

 

1.

I have reviewed this quarterly report for the period ended July 31, 2025 (the “report”) of Royal Bank of Canada (the “registrant”);

 

2.

Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

 

3.

Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

 

4.

The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

 

  a.

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

 

  b.

Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

 

  c.

Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

 

  d.

Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

 

5.

The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

 

  a.

All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

 

  b.

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: August 27, 2025

 

/s/ Katherine Gibson

Name:   Katherine Gibson
Title:   Chief Financial Officer