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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

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FORM 20-F

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REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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OR

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ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the Fiscal Year Ended: March 31, 2024

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OR

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TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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OR

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SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT/ TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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Date of event requiring this shell company report:___________

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For the transition period from           to           

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Commission file number: 000-29304

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Ryanair Holdings plc

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

​

Ryanair Holdings plc

(Translation of registrant’s name into English)

​

Republic of Ireland

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

​

c/o Ryanair DAC
Dublin Office
Airside Business Park, Swords
County Dublin
, K67 NY94, Ireland

(Address of principal executive offices)

Please see “Item 4. Information on the Company” herein.

(Name, telephone, e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class

   

Trading Symbol(s)

   

Name of each exchange on which registered

American Depositary Shares, each representing five Ordinary Shares

RYAAY

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Ordinary Shares, par value 0.6 euro cent per share

RYAAY

The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (not for trading but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares)

​

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

​

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

​

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the Annual Report.

1,140,045,528 Ordinary Shares

​

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☑ No ☐

​

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐ No ☑

​

Note - Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☑ No ☐

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

​

Large accelerated filer ☑

Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

​

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

​

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

​

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐.

​

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☑

Other ☐

​

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement Item the registrant has elected to follow ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

​

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☑ No

​

​

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

​

​

PART I

​

​

​

​

​

​

Item 1.

Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

1

​

​

​

​

​

Item 2.

Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

1

​

​

​

​

​

Item 3.

Key Information

1

​

​

The Company

1

​

​

Selected Financial Data

2

​

​

Selected Operating and Other Data

3

​

​

Risk Factors

4

​

​

​

​

​

Item 4.

Information on the Company

24

​

​

Introduction

24

​

​

Strategy

25

​

​

Route System, Scheduling and Fares

29

​

​

Marketing and Advertising

30

​

​

Reservations on Ryanair.com

30

​

​

Aircraft

31

​

​

Ancillary Services

33

​

​

Maintenance and Repairs

33

​

​

Safety Record

35

​

​

Airport Operations

35

​

​

Fuel

36

​

​

Insurance

37

​

​

Facilities

38

​

​

Trademarks

38

​

​

The Environment

38

​

​

Government Regulation

41

​

​

Description of Property

51

​

​

​

​

​

Item 4A.

Unresolved Staff Comments

51

​

​

​

​

​

Item 5.

Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

51

​

​

History

51

​

​

Business Overview

51

​

​

Results of Operations

53

​

​

Fiscal Year 2024 Compared with Fiscal Year 2023

53

​

​

Fiscal Year 2023 Compared with Fiscal Year 2022

55

​

​

Seasonal Fluctuations

55

​

​

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

55

​

​

Liquidity and Capital Resources

55

​

​

Contractual Obligations

58

​

​

Trend Information

59

​

​

Off-Balance Sheet Transactions

59

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

i

Table of Contents

Item 6.

Directors, Senior Management and Employees

60

​

Directors

60

​

Senior Management

65

​

Compensation of Directors and Senior Management

66

​

Staff and Labor Relations

67

​

Compensation Recovery

68

​

​

​

Item 7.

Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

68

​

Major Shareholders

68

​

Related Party Transactions

68

​

​

​

Item 8.

Financial Information

69

​

Consolidated Financial Statements

69

​

Other Financial Information

69

​

Significant Changes

72

​

​

​

Item 9.

The Offer and Listing

72

​

Trading Markets

72

​

​

​

Item 10.

Additional Information

73

​

Description of Capital Stock

73

​

Options to Purchase Securities from Registrant or Subsidiaries

74

​

Articles of Association

75

​

Material Contracts

77

​

Exchange Controls

77

​

Limitations on Share Ownership by Non-EU Nationals

78

​

Taxation

81

​

Documents on Display

87

​

​

​

Item 11.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

87

​

General

87

​

Fuel Price Exposure and Hedging

88

​

Carbon Exposure and Hedging

89

​

Foreign Currency Exposure and Hedging

89

​

Interest Rate Exposure and Hedging

90

​

​

​

Item 12.

Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

91

​

​

​

​

PART II

​

​

​

​

Item 13.

Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

92

​

​

​

Item 14.

Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

92

​

​

​

Item 15.

Controls and Procedures

92

​

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

92

​

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

92

​

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

93

​

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

93

​

​

​

Item 16.

Reserved

93

​

​

​

Item 16A.

Audit Committee Financial Expert

93

​

​

​

ii

Table of Contents

Item 16B.

Code of Ethics

93

​

​

​

Item 16C.

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

93

​

​

​

Item 16D.

Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

94

​

​

​

Item 16E.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

94

​

Item 16F.

Change in Registrant’s Certified Accountant

94

​

​

​

Item 16G.

Corporate Governance

95

​

​

​

Item 16H.

Mine Safety Disclosure

95

Item 16I.

Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

95

Item 16J.

Insider trading policies

95

Item 16k.

Cybersecurity

95

​

​

​

​

​

​

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PART III

​

​

​

​

Item 17.

Financial Statements

97

​

​

​

Item 18.

Financial Statements

98

​

​

​

​

iii

Table of Contents

Presentation of Financial and Certain Other Information

​

As used herein, the term “Ryanair Holdings” refers to Ryanair Holdings plc. The term the “Company” refers to Ryanair Holdings or Ryanair Holdings together with its consolidated subsidiaries, as the context requires. The term “Ryanair” refers to Ryanair DAC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ryanair Holdings, together with its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise. The term “Ryanair Group” refers to the wholly owned subsidiary airlines of Ryanair Holdings, including Ryanair Sun S.A. (“Buzz”), Lauda Europe Limited (“Lauda”), Malta Air Limited, Ryanair DAC, and Ryanair UK Limited. The term “fiscal year” refers to the 12-month period ended on March 31 of the quoted year. The term “Ordinary Shares” refers to the outstanding par value 0.600 euro cent per share common stock of the Company. All references to “Ireland” herein are references to the Republic of Ireland. All references to the “UK” herein are references to the United Kingdom and all references to the “United States” or “U.S.” herein are references to the United States of America. References to “U.S. dollars,” “dollars,” “$” or “U.S. cents” are to the currency of the United States, references to “UK pound sterling,” “UK £” and “£” are to the currency of the UK and references to “€,” “euro,” “euros” and “euro cent” are to the euro, the common currency of twenty member states of the European Union (the “EU”), including Ireland. Various amounts and percentages set out in this Annual Report on Form 20-F have been rounded and accordingly may not total.

​

The Company owns or otherwise has rights to the trademark Ryanair® in certain jurisdictions. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Trademarks.” This report also makes reference to trade names and trademarks of companies other than the Company.  

​

The Company publishes its annual and interim consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

​

Additionally, in accordance with its legal obligation to comply with the International Accounting Standards Regulation (EC 1606 (2002)), which applies throughout the EU, the consolidated financial statements of the Company must comply with International Financial Reporting Standards Accounting Standards as adopted by the EU. Accordingly, the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the selected financial data included herein comply with International Financial Reporting Standards Accounting Standards as issued by the IASB and also International Financial Reporting Standards Accounting Standards as adopted by the EU, in each case as in effect for the year ended and as of March 31, 2024 (collectively referred to as “IFRS” throughout).

​

The Company publishes its consolidated financial statements in euro. Solely for the convenience of the reader, this report contains translations of certain euro amounts into U.S. dollars at specified rates. These translations should not be construed as representations that the converted amounts actually represent such U.S. dollar amounts or could be converted into U.S. dollars at the rates indicated or at any other rate. Unless otherwise indicated, such U.S. dollar amounts have been translated from euro at a rate of €1.00 = $1.0791, or $1.00 = €0.9267, the official rate published by the U.S. Federal Reserve Board in its weekly “H.10” release (the “Federal Reserve Rate”) on March 31, 2024. See “Item 3. Key Information” for information regarding historical rates of exchange relevant to the Company, and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” for a discussion of the effects of changes in exchange rates on the Company.

​

​

iv

Table of Contents

​

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information

​

Except for the historical statements and discussions contained herein, statements contained in this report constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section21E of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

​

Forward-looking statements may include words such as “expect,” “estimate,” “project,” “anticipate,” “should,” “intend,” and similar expressions or variations on such expressions. Any filing made by the Company with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) may include forward-looking statements. In addition, other written or oral statements which constitute forward-looking statements have been made and may in the future be made by or on behalf of the Company, including statements concerning its future operating and financial performance, the Company’s share of new and existing markets, general industry and economic trends and the Company’s performance relative thereto and the Company’s expectations as to requirements for capital expenditures and regulatory matters. The Company’s business is to provide a low fares airline service in Europe and North Africa, and its outlook is predominantly based on its interpretation of what it considers to be the key economic factors affecting that business and the European economy.

​

Forward-looking statements with regard to the Company’s business rely on a number of assumptions concerning future events and are subject to a number of uncertainties and other factors, many of which are outside the Company’s control, that could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements.

​

It is not reasonably possible to itemize all the many factors and specific events that could affect the outlook and results of an airline operating in the European economy.

​

Among the factors that are subject to change and could significantly impact the Company’s expected results are global pandemics such as Covid-19, the airline pricing environment, fuel costs, competition from new and existing carriers, market prices for replacement aircraft and aircraft maintenance services, aircraft availability, costs associated with environmental, safety and security measures, significant outbreaks of airborne disease, terrorist attacks, cyber-attacks, war and geopolitical uncertainty, actions of the Irish, UK, EU and other governments and their respective regulatory agencies, dependence on external service providers and key personnel, supply chain disruptions, aircraft delivery delays, fluctuations in currency exchange rates and interest rates, fluctuations in corporate tax rates, changes to the structure of the European Union and the euro, airport handling and access charges, litigation, labor relations, the economic environment of the airline industry, the general economic environment in Europe, the general willingness of passengers to travel, continued acceptance of low fares airlines and flight interruptions caused by Air Traffic Controllers (“ATC”) strikes and staff shortages, extreme weather events or other atmospheric disruptions.

​

The Company disclaims any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

​

​

​

v

Table of Contents

PART I

​

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

​

Not applicable.

​

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

​

Not applicable.

​

Item 3. Key Information

​

THE COMPANY

​

Ryanair Holdings operates a low-fare, low cost scheduled airline group serving short-haul, point-to-point routes from 95 bases to airports across Europe and North Africa, which together are referred to as “Ryanair’s bases.” For a list of these bases, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Route System, Scheduling and Fares.” Ryanair pioneered the low-fares air travel model in Europe in the early 1990s. As of March 31, 2024, the Ryanair Group had a fleet of 557 Boeing 737s, including 146 Boeing 737-8200 “Gamechanger” aircraft. In addition, the Group had 27 leased Airbus A320 aircraft (total short-haul fleet of 584 aircraft). The Group offers over 3,500 short-haul flights per day serving approximately 235 airports across Europe and North Africa. A detailed description of the Company’s business can be found in “Item 4. Information on the Company”.

​

​

1

Table of Contents

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

​

The following tables set forth certain of the Company’s selected consolidated financial information as of and for the periods indicated. Financial information presented in euro in the table below has been derived from the consolidated financial statements that are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards Accounting Standards (“IFRS”). The financial information for fiscal year 2024 has been translated from € to U.S.$ using the Federal Reserve Rate on March 31, 2024. This information should be read in conjunction with: (i) the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company and related notes thereto included in Item 18 and (ii) “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

​

Income Statement Data:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31, 

​

    

2024(a)

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

    

2020

​

​

(in millions, except per-Ordinary Share data)

Total operating revenues

​

$

14,507.2

​

€

13,443.8

​

€

10,775.2

​

€

4,800.9

​

€

1,635.8

​

€

8,494.8

Total operating expenses

​

$

(12,283.5)

​

€

(11,383.1)

​

€

(9,332.6)

​

€

(5,140.5)

​

€

(2,475.2)

​

€

(7,367.4)

Operating profit/(loss)

​

$

2,223.7

​

€

2,060.7

​

€

1,442.6

​

€

(339.6)

​

€

(839.4)

​

€

1,127.4

Other income/(expense)

​

$

72.6

​

€

67.3

​

€

(0.1)

​

€

(90.2)

​

€

(269.3)

​

€

(457.1)

Profit/(loss) before taxation

​

$

2,296.3

​

€

2,128.0

​

€

1,442.5

​

€

(429.8)

​

€

(1,108.7)

​

€

670.3

Tax (expense)/credit

​

$

(227.6)

​

€

(210.9)

​

€

(128.7)

​

€

189.0

​

€

93.6

​

€

(21.6)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Profit/(loss) after taxation

​

$

2,068.7

​

€

1,917.1

​

€

1,313.8

​

€

(240.8)

​

€

(1,015.1)

​

€

648.7

Ryanair Holdings basic earnings/(loss) per Ordinary Share (U.S. dollars)/(euros)

​

$

1.8159

​

€

1.6828

​

€

1.1557

​

€

(0.2130)

​

€

(0.9142)

​

€

0.5824

Ryanair Holdings diluted earnings/(loss) per Ordinary Share (U.S. dollars)/(euros)

​

$

1.8067

​

€

1.6743

​

€

1.1529

​

€

(0.2130)

​

€

(0.9142)

​

€

0.5793

​

Balance Sheet Data:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

As of March 31, 

​

    

2024(a)

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

    

2020

​

​

(in millions)

Cash and cash equivalents

​

$

4,181.9

​

€

3,875.4

​

€

3,599.3

​

€

2,669.0

​

€

2,650.7

​

€

2,566.4

Total assets

​

$

18,534.2

​

€

17,175.6

​

€

16,405.9

​

€

15,149.8

​

€

12,328.0

​

€

14,747.2

Current and long-term debt, including lease obligations

​

$

2,964.1

​

€

2,746.8

​

€

4,116.2

​

€

5,077.4

​

€

5,426.8

​

€

4,211.2

Shareholders’ equity

​

$

8,216.5

​

€

7,614.2

​

€

5,643.0

​

€

5,545.3

​

€

4,646.6

​

€

4,914.5

Issued share capital

​

$

7.4

​

€

6.9

​

€

6.9

​

€

6.8

​

€

6.7

​

€

6.5

Weighted Average Number of Ordinary Shares in issue during the year

​

 

1,139.2

​

 

1,139.2

​

 

1,136.8

​

 

1,130.5

​

 

1,110.4

​

 

1,113.8

​

Cash Flow Statement Data:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31, 

​

    

2024(a)

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

    

2020

​

​

(in millions)

Net cash inflow/(outflow) from operating activities*

​

$

3,407.7

​

€

3,157.9

​

€

3,891.0

​

€

1,940.5

​

€

(2,448.0)

​

€

1,327.1

Net cash (outflow)/inflow from investing activities

​

$

(1,683.8)

​

€

(1,560.4)

​

€

(1,901.2)

​

€

(1,414.4)

​

€

937.0

​

€

(301.1)

Net cash (outflow)/inflow from financing activities*

​

$

(1,431.2)

​

€

(1,326.3)

​

€

(1,054.0)

​

€

(536.5)

​

€

1,622.5

​

€

(287.0)

Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

​

$

292.7

​

€

271.2

​

€

935.8

​

€

(10.4)

​

€

111.5

​

€

739.0

​

*Amounts are inclusive of net foreign currency differences

​

(a)Dollar amounts are initially measured in euro in accordance with IFRS and then translated to U.S.$ solely for convenience at the Federal Reserve Rate on March 31, 2024 of €1.00 = $1.0791 or $1.00 = €0.9267.

2

Table of Contents

SELECTED OPERATING AND OTHER DATA

​

The following tables set forth certain operating data of Ryanair for each of the fiscal years shown. Such data are derived from the Company’s consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS and from certain other data, and are not audited. For definitions of the terms used in this table, see the Glossary in Appendix A.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal Year ended March 31,

​

Operating Data:

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

    

2020

 

Operating Margin

 

15%

​

13%

​

(7)%

​

(51)%

​

13%

​

Break-even Load Factor

 

80%

​

81%

​

88%

​

108%

​

83%

​

Average Booked Passenger Fare (€)

 

49.78

 

41.12

 

27.33

 

37.65

 

37.46

​

Ancillary Rev. per Booked Passenger (€)

 

23.40

 

22.81

 

22.13

 

21.80

 

19.71

​

Total Rev. per Booked Passenger (€)

 

73.18

 

63.93

 

49.47

 

59.45

 

57.17

​

Cost Per Booked Passenger (€)

 

61.96

 

55.37

 

52.97

 

89.95

 

49.58

​

Average Fuel Cost per U.S. Gallon (€)

 

3.23

 

2.46

 

1.92

 

1.74

 

2.06

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal Year ended March 31,

 

Other Data:

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

    

2021

    

2020

 

Revenue Passengers Booked (millions)

 

184

 

169

 

97

 

28

 

149

​

Booked Passenger Load Factor

 

94%

​

93%

​

82%

​

71%

​

95%

​

Average Sector Length (miles)

 

780

 

766

 

772

 

776

 

761

​

Sectors Flown

 

1,022,455

 

946,643

 

620,524

 

204,828

 

823,897

​

Number of Airports Served at Period End

 

235

 

222

 

223

 

225

 

242

​

Average Daily Flight Hour Utilization (hours)

 

9.38

 

9.40

 

6.88

 

2.37

 

9.11

​

Team Members at Period End

 

27,076

 

22,261

 

19,116

 

15,016

 

17,268

​

Team Members per Aircraft at Period End

 

46

 

41

 

38

 

33

 

37

​

​

​

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RISK FACTORS

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Risks Related to the Company

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The Company may not be successful in increasing fares to cover rising business costs. Ryanair operates a low-fares airline. The success of its business model depends on its ability to control costs so as to deliver low-fares while at the same time earning a profit. Ryanair has limited control over its fuel costs and already has comparatively low operating costs. In periods of high fuel costs, if Ryanair is unable to further reduce its other operating costs or generate additional revenues, operating profits are likely to fall. Ryanair cannot offer any assurances regarding its future profitability. Changes in fuel costs and availability could have a material adverse impact on Ryanair’s results. See “—Changes in fuel costs and availability affect the Company’s results” and “—The Company faces significant price and other pressures in a highly competitive environment”.

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Changes in fuel costs and availability affect the Company’s results. Jet fuel is subject to wide price fluctuations as a result of many economic and political factors and events occurring throughout the world that Ryanair can neither control nor accurately predict, including increases in demand, sudden disruptions in supply and other concerns about global supply, as well as market speculation. Oil prices increased significantly following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and remain volatile in light of the Israel-Hamas conflict. As international prices for jet fuel are denominated in U.S. dollars, Ryanair’s fuel costs are also subject to certain exchange rate risks. Substantial price increases, adverse exchange rates, or the unavailability of adequate fuel supplies, including, without limitation, any such events resulting from international terrorism, prolonged hostilities in Central Eastern Europe, the Middle East or other oil-producing regions or the suspension of production by any significant producer, may adversely affect Ryanair’s profitability. In the event of a fuel shortage resulting from a disruption of oil imports or otherwise, additional increases in fuel prices or a curtailment of scheduled services could result.

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Ryanair enters into hedging arrangements providing for substantial protection against fluctuations in fuel prices, generally through forward swap contracts or fuel call options typically covering periods of up to 12-18 months of anticipated jet fuel requirements. Ryanair is exposed to risks arising from fluctuations in the price of fuel, and movements in the euro/U.S. dollar exchange rate, especially in light of volatility in the relevant currency and commodity markets. Any movements in fuel costs could have a material adverse effect on Ryanair’s financial performance. In addition, any strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the euro could have an adverse effect on the cost of buying fuel in euro.

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No assurances whatsoever can be given about trends in fuel prices. Average fuel prices for future years may be significantly higher than current prices. There also cannot be any assurance that Ryanair’s current or any future arrangements will be adequate to protect Ryanair from increases in the price of fuel or that Ryanair will not incur losses due to high fuel prices, either alone or in combination with other factors. Because of Ryanair’s low fares as well as Ryanair’s expansion plans, which could have a negative impact on yields, its ability to pass on increased fuel costs to passengers through increased fares or otherwise is somewhat limited. The expansion of Ryanair’s fleet has resulted and will likely (in coming years) continue to result in an increase in Ryanair’s aggregate fuel consumption.

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Additionally, declines in the price of oil and/or capacity declines may expose Ryanair to some risk of hedging losses and hedge ineffectiveness that could lead to negative effects, including income statement volatility on Ryanair’s financial condition and/or results of operations.

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A majority of Ryanair’s aircraft and certain parts are sourced from a single supplier; therefore, Ryanair would be materially and adversely affected if such supplier were unable to provide additional equipment or support. Because Ryanair currently sources the majority of its aircraft and many related aircraft parts from Boeing, if Ryanair were unable to acquire additional aircraft or sufficient spare parts from Boeing, or if Boeing were unable or unwilling to make timely deliveries

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of aircraft or to provide adequate support for its products, Ryanair’s operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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Ryanair is subject to cyber security risks and may incur increasing costs in an effort to minimize those risks. As almost all of Ryanair’s reservations are made through its website and mobile app, security breaches could expose it to a risk of loss or misuse of customer information, litigation and potential liability. Third-party service organizations are used for both the reservation and flight planning processes. These third-party service organizations are also subject to cyber security risks. Ryanair secures its website and follows the recommendations set out in the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Cyber Security Framework. Nevertheless, the security measures which have been or will be implemented may not be effective, and Ryanair’s systems may be vulnerable to theft, loss, damage, and interruption from a number of potential sources and events, including unauthorized access or security breaches, cyber-attacks, computer viruses, power loss, or other disruptive events. The methods used to obtain unauthorized access, disable, or degrade service or sabotage systems are constantly evolving and may be difficult to anticipate or to detect for long periods of time. Ryanair may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent these rapidly evolving types of cyber-attacks. Attacks may be targeted at Ryanair, its customers and suppliers, or others who have entrusted it with information. Moreover, the war in Ukraine has resulted in a heightened risk of cyberattacks against companies like ours that have operations, vendors and/or supply chain providers located around the region of conflict. While Ryanair has experienced, and expects to continue to experience these types of threats and incidents, the Group has not detected any material cyber security events during fiscal year 2024.

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Ryanair is subject to increasingly complex data protection laws and regulations. Ryanair’s business involves the processing and storage on a large scale of personal data relating to its customers, employees, business partners and others. Ryanair is subject to the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (the “GDPR”) (which became fully applicable on May 25, 2018) as well as relevant national implementing legislation (Irish Data Protection Act 2018), which impose significant obligations upon subject companies. Ensuring compliance with data protection laws is an ongoing commitment which involves substantial costs, and it is possible that, despite Ryanair’s efforts, governmental authorities or third parties will assert that Ryanair’s business practices fail to comply with these laws and regulations. If its operations are found to be in violation of any of such laws and regulations, Ryanair may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative damages, penalties and fines, as well as reputational harm, which could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition or results of operations.

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The Company faces significant price and other pressures in a highly competitive environment. Ryanair operates in a highly competitive marketplace, with a number of low-fare, traditional and charter airlines competing throughout its route network. Airlines compete primarily in respect of fare levels, frequency and dependability of service, name recognition, passenger amenities (such as access to frequent flyer programs), and the availability and convenience of other passenger services. Unlike Ryanair, certain competitors are state-owned or state-controlled flag carriers and in some cases may have greater name recognition and resources and may have received, or may receive in the future, significant amounts of subsidies and other state aid from their respective governments as happened during the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, the EU-U.S. Open Skies Agreement allows U.S. carriers to offer services in the intra-EU market, which could eventually result in increased competition in the EU market. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Government Regulation—European Union.”

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The airline industry is highly susceptible to price discounting, in part because airlines incur very low marginal costs for providing service to passengers occupying otherwise unsold seats. Both low-fare and traditional airlines sometimes offer low fares in direct competition with Ryanair across a significant proportion of its route network as a result of the liberalization of the EU air transport market and greater public acceptance of the low-fares model.

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In addition to traditional competition among airline companies and charter operators who have entered the low-fares market, the industry also faces competition from ground transportation (including high-speed rail systems) and sea transportation alternatives, as businesses and recreational travelers seek substitutes for air travel.

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Although Ryanair intends to assert its rights against any predatory pricing or other similar conduct, price competition both among airlines and between airlines and ground and sea transportation alternatives could reduce the level of fares and/or passenger traffic on Ryanair’s routes to the point where profitability may not be achievable.

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Ryanair has a significant amount of debt and fixed obligations, and insufficient liquidity may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition. Ryanair carries, and will continue to carry for the foreseeable future, a substantial amount of debt. Although the Company has historically been able to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to pay debt and other fixed obligations when they become due, the risks described in this report may limit the Company’s ability to do so in the future and may adversely affect its overall liquidity. As a result, the Company has incurred and will continue to seek new financing sources to fund its operations for the unknown duration of any economic recovery period. Volatility and uncertainty in the global markets generally, and the air transportation industry specifically, may make it difficult for Ryanair to raise additional capital on acceptable terms, or at all. Additionally, future debt agreements may contain more restrictive covenants or require security beyond historical market terms, which may restrict Ryanair’s ability to successfully access capital.

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Ryanair has seasonally grounded aircraft. In prior years, in response to typically lower traffic and yields from November to March (inclusive) (“winter”), higher airport charges and/or taxes and, at times, higher fuel prices, Ryanair adopted a policy of grounding a certain portion of its fleet during the winter months. Ryanair carries out the majority of scheduled heavy maintenance during the winter months which also results in the grounding of aircraft. The Company intends to continue grounding aircraft in fiscal year 2025. Ryanair’s policy of seasonally grounding aircraft presents some risks. While Ryanair seeks to implement its seasonal grounding policy in a way that will allow it to reduce the negative impact on operating income by operating flights during periods of high oil prices to high cost airports at low winter yields, there can be no assurance that this strategy will be successful.

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While seasonal grounding does reduce Ryanair’s variable operating costs, it does not avoid fixed costs such as aircraft ownership costs, and it also decreases Ryanair’s potential to earn revenues. Decreasing the number and frequency of flights may also negatively affect Ryanair’s labor relations, including its ability to attract flight personnel interested in year-round employment. Such risks could lead to negative effects on Ryanair’s financial condition and/or results of operations.  

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The Company will incur significant costs acquiring new aircraft and any instability in the credit and capital markets could negatively impact Ryanair’s ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms. Ryanair’s continued growth is dependent upon its ability to acquire additional aircraft to meet additional capacity needs and to replace older aircraft. Ryanair had 584 aircraft in its operating fleet at March 31, 2024 and expects to receive an additional 64 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft before the end of fiscal year 2025, pursuant to a contract with the Boeing Company (“Boeing,” and such contract inclusive of subsequent amendments, the “2014 Boeing Contract”).

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In May 2023 Ryanair announced that it had entered into a purchase agreement with Boeing (the “2023 Boeing Contract”) to purchase up to 300 Boeing 737-MAX-10 series aircraft (of which 150 are firm orders and 150 are subject to an option exercisable at Ryanair’s discretion) for delivery between 2027 to 2033 (inclusive). This agreement was approved by Company’s shareholders at its AGM on September 14, 2023.

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Ryanair expects to have approximately 800 narrow-body aircraft in its fleet following delivery of all the Boeing 737-8200 and Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft, allowing for expected disposals of older aircraft, including lease returns over the period and Boeing’s ability to fulfil both the 2014 and 2023 Boeing Contracts. For additional information on the

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Company’s aircraft fleet and expansion plans, see “—A majority of Ryanair’s aircraft and certain parts are sourced from a single supplier; therefore, Ryanair would be materially and adversely affected if such supplier were unable to provide additional equipment or support,” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—Aircraft” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources”. There can be no assurance that this planned expansion will not outpace the growth of passenger traffic on Ryanair’s routes or that traffic growth will not prove to be greater than the expanded fleet can accommodate. In either case, such developments could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

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As a result of the 2014 Boeing Contract and the 2023 Boeing Contract, and other general corporate purposes, Ryanair has raised and expects to continue to raise substantial debt financing. Ryanair’s ability to raise unsecured or secured debt to pay for aircraft is subject to potential volatility in the worldwide financial markets. Additionally, Ryanair’s ability to raise unsecured or secured debt to pay for aircraft as they are delivered is subject to various conditions imposed by the counterparties and debt markets to such loan facilities and related loan guarantees, and any future financing is expected to be subject to similar conditions. Any failure by Ryanair to comply with such conditions and any failure to raise necessary amounts of unsecured or secured debt to pay for aircraft, would have a material adverse effect on its results of operations and financial condition.

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Using the debt capital markets to finance the Company requires the Company to retain its investment grade credit ratings (the Company has a BBB+ (stable outlook) credit rating from both S&P and Fitch Ratings). There is a risk that the Group will be unable, or unwilling, to access these markets if it is downgraded or is unable to retain its investment grade credit ratings and this could lead to a higher cost of finance for the Group and a material adverse effect on its results and financial condition.

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Ryanair has previously entered into significant derivative transactions intended to hedge some of its aircraft acquisition-related debt obligations. These derivative transactions expose Ryanair to certain risks and could have adverse effects on its results of operations and financial condition. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

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Currency fluctuations affect the Company’s results. Although the Company is headquartered in Ireland, a significant portion of its operations are conducted in the UK. Consequently, the Group has significant operating revenues and operating expenses, as well as assets and liabilities, denominated in UK pounds sterling. In addition, fuel, aircraft, insurance, aircraft leases and some maintenance obligations are denominated in U.S. dollars. Ryanair’s operations and financial performance can therefore be significantly affected by fluctuations in the values of the UK pound sterling and the U.S. dollar. Ryanair is particularly vulnerable to direct exchange rate risks between the euro and the U.S. dollar because a significant portion of its operating costs are incurred in U.S. dollars and substantially none of its revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars.

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Although the Company engages in foreign currency hedging transactions between the euro and the U.S. dollar and, from time to time, between the euro and the UK pound sterling, hedging activities are not expected to eliminate currency risks. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

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Prolonged delays in the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) and/or the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (“EASA”) issuing required certifications or approvals for the Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft could materially and adversely affect Ryanair’s business plans, strategy and results of operations. Pursuant to a contract with the Boeing Company, Ryanair has ordered up to 300 new Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft (150 firm and 150 options) for delivery between 2027 to 2033 (the “2023 Boeing Contract”). See “Item 10. Additional information – Material Contracts”.

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Ryanair expects the phased deliveries of the aircraft between 2027 and 2033 will enable Ryanair to create approximately 10,000 new high-paid jobs for pilots, cabin crew and engineers, to facilitate disciplined traffic growth and

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support related revenue growth, and to replace a significant portion of Ryanair’s older Boeing aircraft, supporting Ryanair’s environmental and sustainability goals.

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The delivery of the new aircraft under the 2023 Boeing contract is subject to the FAA and EASA issuing the required certifications and approvals to Boeing. Prolonged delays in the FAA and/or EASA issuing the required certifications or approvals for the Boeing 737-MAX-10, or further regulatory actions by the FAA and/or EASA with respect to the Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft could also materially and adversely affect Ryanair’s business plans, strategy and results of operations, and there can be no assurance that Ryanair will be able to procure and operate other types of aircraft from Boeing or another manufacturer, seller or lessor.

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Residual value of the fleet. At March 31, 2024 Ryanair operated 584 aircraft (28 of which are leased), has a purchase contract in place in respect of an additional 64 Boeing 737-8200 “Gamechanger” aircraft pursuant to the 2014 Boeing Contract, and a purchase order in respect of up to 300 Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft (of which 150 are firm orders and 150 are subject to an option exercisable at Ryanair’s discretion) for delivery between 2027 to 2033 (inclusive). Over the course of the 2023 Boeing Contract order, Ryanair plans to dispose and handback approximately 150 aircraft as part of its ongoing fleet management strategy. Although under the terms of the 2023 Boeing Contract, Ryanair shall purchase the new aircraft at substantial discounts to the basic price for Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft, there can be no certainty that there will be demand for the new aircraft capacity or that Ryanair will be able to sell aircraft profitably at the time of disposal. Failure by Ryanair to dispose of an appropriate number of aircraft could have an adverse effect on Ryanair’s financial condition.

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The Company’s growth may expose it to risks. Ryanair’s operations have grown rapidly since it pioneered the low-fares operating model in Europe in the early 1990s. Ryanair intends to continue to expand its fleet and add new destinations and additional flights. In September 2021, Ryanair increased its booked passenger target to approximately 225m passengers per annum by fiscal year 2026. Following shareholder approval of the 2023 Boeing Contract at the Company’s AGM in September, 2023, this target was increased to approximately 300m passengers per annum by fiscal year 2034. However, no assurance can be given that these targets will be met. If growth in passenger traffic and Ryanair’s revenues do not keep pace with the planned expansion of its fleet, Ryanair could suffer from overcapacity and its results of operations and financial condition (including its ability to fund scheduled purchases of the new aircraft and related debt repayments) could be materially adversely affected.

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The continued expansion of Ryanair’s fleet and operations combined with other factors, may also strain existing management resources and related operational, financial, management information and information technology systems. Expansion will generally require additional skilled personnel, equipment, facilities and systems. An inability to hire skilled personnel or to secure required equipment and facilities efficiently and in a cost-effective manner may have a material adverse effect on Ryanair’s ability to achieve its growth plans and sustain or increase its profitability.

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Ryanair’s new routes and expanded operations may have an adverse financial impact on its results. When Ryanair commences new routes, its load factors and fares tend to be lower than those on its established routes and its advertising and other promotional costs tend to be higher, which may result in initial losses that could have a material negative impact on Ryanair’s results of operations as well as require a substantial amount of cash to fund. In addition, there can be no assurance that Ryanair’s low-fares service will be accepted on new routes. Ryanair also periodically runs special promotional fare campaigns, in particular in connection with the opening of new routes. Promotional fares may have the effect of increasing load factors and reducing Ryanair’s yield and passenger revenues on such routes during the periods that they are in effect. Ryanair has significant cash needs as it expands, including the cash required to fund aircraft purchases or aircraft deposits related to the acquisition of aircraft. There can be no assurance that Ryanair will have sufficient cash to make such expenditures and investments, and to the extent Ryanair is unable to expand its route system successfully, its future revenue and earnings growth will in turn be limited. See”—The Company will incur

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significant costs acquiring new aircraft and any instability in the credit and capital markets could negatively impact Ryanair’s ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms”.

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Ryanair’s continued growth is dependent on access to suitable airports; charges for airport access are subject to increase. Airline traffic at certain European airports is regulated by a system of grandfathered “slot” allocations. Each slot represents authorization to take-off and/or land at the particular airport at a specified time. As part of Ryanair’s strategic initiatives, which include flights to primary airports, Ryanair Group airlines are operating to an increasing number of slot-coordinated airports, a number of which have constraints at particular times of the day. There can be no assurance that Ryanair will be able to obtain a sufficient number of slots at slot-coordinated airports that it may wish to serve in the future, at the time it needs them, or on acceptable terms. There can also be no assurance that its non-slot constrained bases, or the other non-slot constrained airports Ryanair serves, will continue to operate without slot allocation restrictions in the future. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Government Regulation—Slots.” Airports may impose other operating restrictions such as curfews, limits on aircraft noise levels, mandatory flight paths, runway restrictions, and limits on the number of average daily departures. Such restrictions may limit the ability of Ryanair to provide service to or increase service at such airports.

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Ryanair’s future growth also materially depends on its ability to access suitable airports located in its targeted geographic markets at costs that are consistent with Ryanair’s strategy. Any condition that denies, limits, or delays Ryanair’s access to airports it serves or seeks to serve in the future would constrain Ryanair’s ability to grow. A change in the terms of Ryanair’s access to these facilities or any increase in the relevant charges paid by Ryanair as a result of the expiration or termination of such arrangements and Ryanair’s failure to renegotiate comparable terms or rates could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. For additional information, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Airport Operations—Airport Charges.” See also “—The Company is subject to legal proceedings alleging state aid at certain airports” below.

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Labor relations could expose the Company to risk. In December 2017, Ryanair announced its decision to recognize trade unions for collective bargaining purposes. Since then, Ryanair Group airlines have concluded Collective Labor Agreements (“CLAs”) with trade unions in most of their major markets. The CLAs concluded to date vary by country but include agreements on recognition, seniority, base transfers, promotions, pay and rostering arrangements. There may be a push for legacy type working conditions which, if acceded to, could decrease the productivity of crew, increase costs and have an adverse effect on profitability.

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At the outset of the Covid-19 pandemic, Ryanair and its union partners negotiated agreements to protect crew jobs via temporary pay cuts which were to be gradually restored from 2022 to 2025. In fiscal year 2023, Ryanair Group airlines concluded agreements with their people and unions, in the majority of countries, which accelerated pay restoration with pay fully restored in December 2022. Further negotiations have taken place through fiscal year 2024 with agreements now in place in all major markets to 2026 or 2027 with set annual pay increases. Whilst these agreements set pay and conditions for the coming years, high inflation in the general economy, a global recession and a shift in market conditions could lead to unrealistic expectations by trade unions and excessive pay demands that could lead to labor unrest.

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Ryanair intends to retain its low-fare, high people productivity model; however, there may be periods of labor unrest as unions challenge the existing high people productivity model which may have an adverse effect on customer sentiment and profitability.

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Ryanair has transitioned from Irish to local contracts of employment in a number of EU countries which has impacted costs, productivity and complexity of the business. Any subsequent decision to switch to lower cost locations could result in redundancies and a consequent deterioration in labor relations.

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The Group is dependent on external service providers. Ryanair currently assigns its engine overhauls and “rotable” repairs to outside contractors approved under the terms of Part 145, the European regulatory standard for aircraft maintenance (“Part 145”) established by EASA. The Company also assigns its passenger, aircraft, and ground handling services at airports (other than Dublin and certain airports in Poland, Spain and Portugal) to established external service providers. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Maintenance and Repairs—Heavy Maintenance” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—Airport Operations—Airport Handling Services.”

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The termination or expiration of any of Ryanair’s service contracts or any inability to renew them or negotiate replacement contracts with other service providers at competitive rates could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s results of operations. Ryanair will need to enter into airport service agreements in any new markets it enters, and there can be no assurance that it will be able to obtain the necessary facilities and services at competitive rates. In addition, although Ryanair seeks to monitor the performance of external parties that provide passenger and aircraft handling services, the efficiency, timeliness, and quality of contract performance by external providers are largely beyond Ryanair’s direct control. Ryanair expects to be dependent on such outsourcing arrangements for the foreseeable future.

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The Group is dependent on key personnel. Ryanair’s success depends to a significant extent upon the efforts and abilities of its senior management team, including Michael O’Leary, the Group CEO, and key financial, commercial, operating, IT, ESG, HR and maintenance personnel. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers—Remuneration Agreement with Mr. O’Leary.” Ryanair’s success also depends on the ability of its Executive Officers and other members of senior management to operate and manage effectively, both independently and as a Group. Although Ryanair’s employment agreements with Mr. O’Leary and several of its other Senior Executives contain non-competition and non-disclosure provisions, there can be no assurance that these provisions will be enforceable in whole or in part. Competition for highly qualified personnel is intense, and either the loss of any executive officer, senior manager, or other key employee without adequate replacement or the inability to attract new, qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect upon Ryanair’s business, operating results, and financial condition.

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Entry into service of the Boeing 737-8200. Ryanair has 210 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft on firm order from Boeing. These aircraft were originally due to commence delivery in April 2019. During fiscal year 2021, the FAA and EASA approved the ungrounding of the MAX and approved Ryanair’s variant the Boeing 737-8200. Ryanair received the first aircraft in June 2021. At March 31, 2024 the Ryanair Group had taken delivery of 146 Boeing 737-8200s. The remaining 64 aircraft are scheduled to be delivered before the end of fiscal year 2025.

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There can be no assurance that the FAA and/or EASA will not, now or in the future, apply additional maintenance or oversight in relation to the operation of the Boeing 737-8200 aircraft, that will delay delivery of these aircraft and/or materially increase the cost of operating this aircraft type.

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The Company faces risks related to its internet reservations operations and its elimination of airport check-in facilities. Ryanair’s flight reservations are made through its website, mobile app and Global Distribution Systems including Amadeus, Sabre and Travelport (which operates the Galileo and Worldspan GDS) (collectively, the “GDSs”). Ryanair has established contingency programs which include migrating its website to the cloud and having a back-up booking engine available to support its existing booking platform in the event of a breakdown in this facility. Nonetheless, the process of switching over to the back-up booking engine could take some time and there can be no assurance that Ryanair would not suffer a significant loss of reservations in the event of a major breakdown of its booking engine or other related systems.

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All Ryanair passengers are required to use Internet check-in. Internet check-in is part of a package of measures intended to reduce check-in lines and passenger handling costs and pass on these savings by reducing passenger airfares. Ryanair has deployed this system across its network. Any disruptions to the Internet check-in service as a result

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of a breakdown in the relevant computer systems or otherwise could have a material adverse impact on these service-improvement and cost-reduction efforts. There can be no assurance, however, that this process will continue to be successful or that consumers will not switch to other carriers that provide standard check-in facilities, which would negatively affect Ryanair’s results of operations and financial condition.

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The Company is subject to legal proceedings alleging state aid at certain airports. Formal investigations by the European Commission are ongoing into Ryanair’s agreements with Carcassonne, Girona, Reus, Târgu Mures and Beziers airports, Ryanair’s agreements since 2009 with Frankfurt (Hahn) airport, and Ryanair’s arrangements with Cagliari airport (even though the Commission in March 2023 withdrew its 2016 finding that Ryanair had received aid through those arrangements). The investigations seek to determine whether the agreements constitute illegal state aid under EU law. The investigations are currently expected to be completed in 2024, with the European Commission’s decisions being appealable to the EU General Court. Investigations into Ryanair’s agreements with the Bratislava, Tampere, Marseille, Berlin (Schönefeld), Aarhus, Dusseldorf (Weeze), Brussels (Charleroi), Alghero, Stockholm (Västerås), Lübeck,  Riga and Paris (Beauvais) airports, and into Ryanair’s agreements prior to 2009 with Frankfurt (Hahn), have concluded with findings that these agreements contained no state aid. In parallel, the European Commission has announced findings of state aid to Ryanair in its arrangements with Pau, Nimes, Angouleme, Altenburg, Zweibrücken, Cagliari, Klagenfurt, Montpellier and La Rochelle airports, ordering Ryanair to repay a total of approximately €40m of alleged state aid.  Ryanair has appealed these “aid” decisions to the EU General Court, which ruled in favor of Ryanair in the Zweibrücken airport case. In 2023, the European Commission withdrew its “aid” (approximately €12m) decision concerning Ryanair’s arrangements with Cagliari airport, following a General Court ruling in a related case, and is currently reviewing the case afresh in light of the guidance received from the Court, with a decision expected in 2024. The EU General Court ruled in favor of the European Commission in the cases of Pau, Nimes, Angouleme, Altenburg, Montpellier and Klagenfurt. The Klagenfurt judgment was subject to an appeal by Ryanair to the European Court of Justice which ruled against Ryanair in 2023. Ryanair’s appeal to the European Court of Justice in the Montpellier case is expected to conclude in 2024. In addition to the European Commission investigations, Ryanair is facing an allegation that it has benefited from unlawful state aid in a German court case launched by Lufthansa in 2006 in relation to Ryanair’s arrangements with Frankfurt (Hahn). Adverse rulings in the above state aid matters could be used as precedents by competitors to challenge Ryanair’s agreements with other publicly owned airports and could cause Ryanair to strongly reconsider its growth strategy in relation to public or state-owned airports across Europe. This could in turn lead to a scaling-back of Ryanair’s overall growth strategy due to the smaller number of privately-owned airports available for development.

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No assurance can be given as to the outcome of these legal proceedings, nor as to whether any unfavorable outcomes may, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the results of operations or financial condition of Ryanair.

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For additional information, please see “Item 8. Financial Information—Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

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The Company faces risks related to unauthorized use of information from the Company’s website. Screen scraper websites gain unauthorized access to Ryanair’s website and booking system, extract flight and pricing information and display it on their own websites for sale to customers at prices which may include hidden intermediary fees on top of Ryanair’s fares. Ryanair does not allow any such commercial use of its website and objects to the practice of screen scraping also on the basis of certain legal principles, such as contractual and database rights and copyright protection. In turn, Ryanair has been accused by certain operators of screen scraping websites that its objection to the unauthorized selling by online travel agents (OTAs) to consumers of Ryanair flight tickets is an attempt to restrict competition. Ryanair is currently involved in legal proceedings against the proprietors of screen scraper websites in Germany, Ireland, France, Italy,  and the U.S. Ryanair’s objective is to prevent any unauthorized use of its website and to prevent consumer harm, and the resultant reputational damage to the Company, that may arise due to the failure by some operators of screen scraper websites to provide Ryanair with the passengers’ genuine contact and payment method details.

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In November 2023, the Irish High Court found that Flightbox, a screen scraper, was bound by the Terms of Use of the Ryanair website and as such, the court granted Ryanair a permanent injunction prohibiting Flightbox from breaching the binding Terms of Use of the Ryanair website by using bot technology to unlawfully scrape the Ryanair website for OTAs. Following that decision, Ryanair was approached by a number of OTAs who wanted to enter into agreements that respected Ryanair’s exclusive online distribution model. Ryanair entered into the first Direct Distribution Agreement (DDA) with Love Holidays in January 2024 and subsequently into DDAs with several other OTAs. The DDAs fully protect Ryanair’s exclusive online distribution model. Under the DDAs Ryanair grants the OTA partner a licence to use its flight and price data for display purposes only on the OTA website. The passenger can select accurately priced Ryanair flights and ancillary products, and is brought to the Ryanair.com website to sign into their myRyanair account and confirm their Ryanair booking. The agreement strictly prohibits any hidden mark-ups being applied to Ryanair flights and/or ancillary products so as not to mislead consumers. It ensures that Ryanair obtains the passenger’s real contact details, allows the passenger to manage their own booking directly with Ryanair, and in the event of cancellation or disruption that the passenger receives a prompt refund.

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In January 2024, the Milan Court of Appeal conclusively rejected claims of the OTAs Lastminute and Viaggiare that Ryanair’s exclusive online distribution model constitutes an abuse of a dominant position and confirmed that Ryanair’s exclusive online distribution model was justified and pro-consumer.

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Ryanair also allows certain companies who operate fare comparison (i.e., not reselling) websites to access its schedule and fare information for the purposes of price comparison provided they sign a license and use the agreed method to access the data. In addition, Ryanair permits GDS operators Amadeus, Sabre, Travelport (trading as Galileo and Worldspan) and Kyte to provide access to Ryanair’s fares to traditional brick & mortar travel agents and closed corporate travel booking platforms.

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Notwithstanding the recent success in the screen scraping litigation, Ryanair has also in the past recorded unfavorable rulings in its actions against screen scrapers. Pending the outcome of outstanding legal proceedings and investigations by competition authorities (including the investigation launched by the Italian Competition Authority in September 2023) and if Ryanair were to be ultimately unsuccessful in them, the activities of screen scraper websites could lead to a reduction in the number of customers who book directly on Ryanair’s website and consequently to a reduction in Ryanair’s ancillary revenue stream. Also, some business may be lost to Ryanair once potential customers are presented by a screen scraper website with a Ryanair fare or a fee for an ancillary product such as priority boarding or checked baggage inflated by the screen scraper’s intermediary fee. This could also adversely affect Ryanair’s reputation as a low-fares airline, which could negatively affect Ryanair’s results of operations and financial conditions.

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For additional details, see “Item 8. Financial Information—Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings—Legal Proceedings Against Internet Ticket Touts.”

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The Company is subject to increasingly strict sanctions for non-compliance with consumer protection laws. Despite the Company’s efforts to ensure full compliance with applicable consumer protection laws, there is a risk that government bodies or other entities might claim non-compliance with these laws by Ryanair. Should any non-compliance be established, the Company could face substantial repercussions, including compliance order, fines and damages, as well as negative publicity. Such events could significantly impact Ryanair's business operations, financial condition, and operational results. See also: “Item 4. Information on the Company—Government Regulation—Consumer Protection.”

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The Company faces risks related to allegations of non-compliance with competition law. Ryanair is subject to laws and regulations relating to anti-competitive practices in the European Union, individual members states and other countries in which it operates. In December 2022, the Italian Competition Authority (‘AGCM’) formulated an allegation of price collusion against Ryanair and several other airlines on routes between mainland Italy and Sicily during the Christmas travel peak. There was no merit behind this allegation and Ryanair believes that the AGCM was motivated by

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political pressure rather than any credible indication of existence of a cartel. Consequently, the AGCM dropped its investigation in November 2023. Also in November 2023, the AGCM launched a sector inquiry on pricing algorithms for air passengers on routes to and from Sicily and Sardinia. This inquiry is pending. The AGCM has the power to impose behavioural or structural measures on companies to eliminate distortions of competition or to recommend legislative/regulatory changes to improve the functioning of the markets. In September 2023, the AGCM opened an investigation into a potential abuse of a dominant position by Ryanair in its dealings with OTAs and bricks & mortar travel agents. In the context of this investigation, in April 2024 the AGCM started interim proceedings to determine whether there exists a risk of irreparable damage to competition during the time required for completing the main investigation, unless interim measures are imposed on the Company. The AGCM closed these interim proceedings in late May 2024, concluding that there was no basis for the adoption of precautionary measures pending the outcome of the main investigation. Ryanair believes there is no merit in this investigation and is fully defending its position with reference to, amongst others, case law supporting its current distribution model, including January 2024 rulings of the Court of Appeal of Milan in cases brought by OTAs Lastminute and Viaggiare, which found that Ryanair’s direct distribution model benefited consumers and did not entail an abuse of a dominant position. However, it cannot be guaranteed that the AGCM will reach the same conclusions as the Milan Court of Appeal and the Company may therefore face a finding of an abuse of a dominant position and potentially a fine, which it would appeal in court. As the Company has grown to become the largest airline in Europe by passenger traffic and number of daily flights, these recent investigations may turn out to be the beginning of a trend of competition authorities or other parties (such as suppliers) seeking to build cases based on allegations of breaches of EU and national laws prohibiting cartels and abuses of dominance. Competition authorities have extensive powers to impose structural or behavioural measures as well as fines of up to 10% of global annual turnover. The Company intends to fully defend any such claims, however, no assurance can be given as to the outcome of any such proceedings.

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Corporation tax rates are expected to rise. The Company is principally subject to corporation tax on profits across a number of European jurisdictions from which its airlines are managed and controlled (i.e. Ireland, Malta, Poland, and the UK). In December 2022, the Council of the European Union (‘EU’) reached unanimous agreement to adopt the EU Commission’s directive relating to the OECD’s inclusive framework on BEPS Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (referred to as “GloBE” or “Pillar Two”). The directive requires EU member states to enact a minimum global corporate tax rate of 15% for multinational groups. On foot of this directive, Ireland has enacted tax laws that will, as a backstop, apply a ‘top-up tax’ to the Company to ensure that the Group as a whole, meets to the minimum global corporation tax rate standard outlined in the Pillar Two rules. These laws are subject to the continuing development of administrative guidelines by the OECD and contain various transitional reliefs. These rules are expected to increase the overall effective tax rate of the Company from fiscal year 2025 onwards.

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Any increase in corporation tax rates to which the Company is exposed or adverse changes in the basis of calculation would result in the Company paying higher corporation taxes and could have an adverse impact on Ryanair’s cash flows, financial position, and results of operations.

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Changes in EU regulations in relation to employers and employee social insurance could increase costs. European legislation governs the country in which employees and employers must pay social insurance costs. Under the terms of legislation introduced in 2012, employees and employers must pay social insurance in the country where the employee is based. Prior to June 2012, Ryanair paid employee and employer social insurance in the country under whose laws the employee’s contract of employment was governed, which was either the UK or Ireland. Each country within the EU has different rules and rates in relation to the calculation of employee and employer social insurance contributions and any increase in the rates of contributions will have a material adverse effect on Ryanair’s cash flows, financial position, and results of operations.

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Ryanair is subject to tax audits. The Company operates in many jurisdictions and is, from time to time, subject to tax audits, which by their nature are often complex and can require several years to conclude. While the Company is

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of the view that it is tax compliant in all jurisdictions in which it operates, there can be no guarantee, particularly in the current economic environment, that it will not receive tax assessments following the conclusion of the tax audits. In the event that the Company is unsuccessful in defending its position, it is possible that the effective tax rate, employment and other costs of the Company could materially increase. See “—Corporation tax rates expected to rise” above.

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The Company faced legal challenges by regulatory authorities and consumers due to delays in the processing of cash refunds during the Covid-19 pandemic and its policy of offering travel vouchers in lieu of cash refunds in the interim. In the initial stages of the Covid-19 pandemic, and in light of staff shortages due to lockdown restrictions and an unprecedented high rate of flight cancellations, Ryanair offered travel vouchers to passengers who claimed reimbursement. This policy was in line with the requirements of the ‘European Commission’s Recommendation (EU) 2020/648 of May 13, 2020 on vouchers offered to passengers and travelers as an alternative to reimbursement for cancelled package travel and transport services in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic’, in which the Commission recognized airlines’ right to offer travel vouchers as long as the offer does not affect passengers’ right to opt for a cash refund instead.

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National authorities responsible for the enforcement of EU Regulation (EC) No. 261/2004 (the “Regulation”) and the European Commission’s Consumer Protection Cooperation Network generally recognized Ryanair’s efforts and accepted that the seven days’ deadline provided for by the Regulation to process refunds was to be interpreted in a reasonable manner in light of the circumstances of the Covid-19 crisis. While some consumer protection enforcement authorities or courts may ultimately find Ryanair’s decision to encourage passengers to accept travel vouchers in lieu of a cash refund to amount to a breach of the Regulation and/or an unfair commercial practice, the Company does not consider that such findings would have a material adverse effect on the results of operations or financial condition of Ryanair.

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Brexit’s effect on Ryanair’s business. The UK’s exit from the European Union on January 31, 2020 has had a significant impact on the UK and the EU. The UK and the EU announced on December 24, 2020 that they had signed a Trade and Cooperation Agreement (the “EU–UK TCA”). The EU–UK TCA covers a wide range of topics, including trade in goods and in services, digital trade, intellectual property, public procurement, aviation and road transport, energy, fisheries, social security coordination, law enforcement and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, and thematic cooperation and participation in EU programs.

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The current and future arrangements between the EU and the UK, including the EU–UK TCA, could directly impact Ryanair’s business in a number of ways. They include, inter alia, the status of the UK in relation to the EU’s open air transport market, freedom of movement between the UK and the EU, and employment, social security, tax and customs rules between the UK and the EU. Adverse changes to any of these arrangements could potentially materially impact on Ryanair’s financial condition and results of operations in the UK or other markets Ryanair serves.

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As a result of the EU–UK TCA, flights between the UK and the EU can be offered by any of the Company’s airline subsidiaries. UK domestic flights and flights between the UK and non-EU destinations can, however, only be offered by the Company’s UK subsidiary, Ryanair UK Limited (“Ryanair UK”), which received an Air Operator Certificate and Operating License (“UK AOC”) from the UK Civil Aviation Authority (“UK CAA”) in December 2018.

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Ryanair is exposed to Brexit-related risks and uncertainties, as approximately 22% of revenue in fiscal year 2024 came from operations in the UK, although this was offset somewhat by approximately 15% of Ryanair’s non-fuel costs in fiscal year 2024 which were related to operations in the UK.

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Brexit could present Ryanair with a number of other potential regulatory challenges. Brexit could lead to potentially divergent laws and regulations as the UK continues to determine which EU laws (including, but not limited to, in respect of aviation safety and security, consumer rights, data protection, public health and the environment) that it

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initially replicated on its exit from the EU to ultimately amend or abolish. It also requires special efforts to ensure Ryanair’s continuing compliance with EU Regulation No. 1008/2008, which requires that air carriers registered in an EU member state be majority-owned and effectively controlled by EU nationals. The Board of Directors has taken action to ensure continuing compliance with EU Regulation No. 1008/2008 after December 31, 2020, i.e., the date following which UK holders of the Company’s shares are no longer treated as EU nationals for the purposes of EU regulation No. 1008/2008. For additional information, please see “–Risks Related to Ownership of the Company’s Ordinary Shares or ADRs”.  

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Brexit has caused, and may continue to cause, both significant volatility in global stock markets and currency exchange rate fluctuations, as well as create significant uncertainty among UK businesses and investors, mainly due to the resulting legal and regulatory uncertainty, including potentially divergent treaties, laws and regulations applicable to the provision of air transportation services. In particular, to March 31, 2024, the pound sterling had lost approximately 15% and 11% of its value against the U.S. Dollar and the euro respectively since the Brexit referendum in 2016. Further, the Bank of England and other observers have warned of a significant probability of a Brexit-related recession in the UK, which may be further impacted by the long-term negative economic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, increased interest rates and inflation. The Company earns a significant portion of its revenues in pounds sterling, and any significant decline in the value of the pound sterling and/or recession in the UK would materially impact its financial condition and results of operations. For fiscal year 2025, taking account of timing differences between the receipt of sterling denominated revenues and the payment of sterling denominated costs, Ryanair estimates that every 1 pence sterling movement in the €/£ exchange rate will impact net income by approximately €23m. For additional information, please see “–Currency fluctuations affect the Company’s results”.

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Risks associated with the euro. The Company is headquartered in Ireland and its reporting currency is the euro. Generally, fluctuations in foreign currencies, including devaluations, cannot be predicted by us and can significantly affect the value of our assets located or revenues generated outside of the Eurozone. As a result of the UK’s Brexit referendum in 2016, the pound sterling increased in volatility against the euro and could become more volatile over the course of the post-transition period.

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Ryanair Group airlines predominantly operate to/from countries within the Eurozone and have significant operational and financial exposures to the Eurozone that could result in a reduction in the operating performance of Ryanair or the devaluation of certain assets. Ryanair has taken certain risk management measures to minimize any disruptions; however, these risk management measures may be insufficient. The Company has cash and aircraft assets and debt liabilities that are denominated in euro on its balance sheet. In addition, the positive/negative mark-to-market value of derivative-based transactions are recorded in euro as either assets or liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet. Uncertainty regarding the future of the Eurozone could have a materially adverse effect on the value of these assets and liabilities. In addition to the assets and liabilities on Ryanair’s balance sheet, the Company has a number of cross-currency risks as a result of the jurisdictions of the operating business including non-euro revenues, fuel costs, certain maintenance costs and insurance costs. A strengthening in the value of the euro, primarily against UK pound sterling and other non-Eurozone currencies such as Polish zloty or a weakening against the U.S. dollar, could have a material adverse impact on the operating results of the Company.

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Recession, inflation, austerity, changes in monetary policy and uncertainty in connection with the euro could also mean that Ryanair is unable to grow.

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Risks Related to the Airline Industry

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The airline industry is particularly sensitive to changes in economic conditions: a continued recessionary environment would negatively impact Ryanair’s results of operations. Ryanair’s operations and the airline industry in general are sensitive to changes in economic conditions. Unfavorable economic conditions such as government austerity measures, the longer-term impact of Covid-19 (or any future pandemics), the uncertainty relating to the Eurozone and the UK following Brexit, geopolitical tensions, economic instability as a consequence of the conflicts in Ukraine and Israel/Hamas, high unemployment rates, high interest rates, constrained credit markets and continuing inflationary pressures could lead to reduced spending by both leisure and business passengers. Unfavorable economic conditions also tend to impact Ryanair’s ability to raise fares to counteract increased fuel and other operating costs. A continued recessionary and/or inflationary environment, combined with austerity measures by European governments, restricted or less accommodative monetary policies, uncertainties resulting from Brexit and uncertainties, sanctions, trade and travel restrictions and fuel and gas shortages resulting from the conflicts in Ukraine and Israel/Hamas, has negatively impacted and will likely continue to negatively impact Ryanair’s operating results. It could also restrict the Company’s ability to grow passenger volumes, secure new airports and launch new routes and bases, and could have a material adverse effect on its financial results. See “—Geopolitical uncertainties and an increase of trade restrictions and protectionism could have a material adverse effect on Ryanair’s business, results of operation and financial condition” below.

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The introduction of government/environmental taxes or prohibitions on travel could damage Ryanair’s ability to grow and could have a material adverse impact on operations. Travel taxes are levied on a per passenger basis in a number of Ryanair markets. For example, in the UK, Air Passenger Duty (APD) is charged at £13 per adult international passenger. In Germany there is an air passenger tax of €15.53 and similar taxes exist in Netherlands (€29.05), Morocco (MAD100), Sweden (SEK 76), Hungary (€10 on short-haul traffic) and Italy (municipal taxes of €6.50, Rome at €7.50, Venice Marco Polo at €9) amongst others. These taxes are levied as a flat amount per departing passenger and account for a higher percentage when applied to low fares. In Ryanair’s experience the imposition of travel taxes reduces the growth potential of a market as fares do not increase by the amount of the tax. In most markets, transfer passengers are exempt from these taxes and as a result they distort the market by giving an unfair subsidy to inefficient high-cost airlines who operate connecting flight networks. For example, in 2022, Belgium introduced a tax on departing passengers with an exemption for transfer passengers.

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The introduction of government taxes on travel has had a negative impact on passenger volumes, particularly given the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic within the industry. The introduction of further government taxes on travel across Europe could have a material adverse effect on Ryanair’s financial results.

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In 2021, a law was passed in France prohibiting domestic flights where an alternative direct train service operates in under 2.5 hours, with an exception made for connecting flights. The European Commission found this distorted competition between point to point carriers and network operators. Consequently, France amended the law to remove this exemption for connecting flights. The new formulation of the law de facto means that only 3 routes to Paris Orly airport are affected. The European Commission approved this law in December 2022.

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While management believes that any such restriction of airlines’ commercial freedom would be incompatible with EU law, it cannot be guaranteed that some form of government intervention in airline ticket prices will not be introduced at a national or European level. This would severely impact the Company’s ability to attract the most price sensitive consumers.

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In July 2021, the European Commission announced details of the proposed “Fit for 55” legislation. These proposals include the introduction of a jet fuel tax on intra-EU flights through the Energy Taxation Directive. This tax would potentially be fully phased in over a 10-year period to 2033. The proposal remains under discussion within the

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European Council. The introduction of this tax on intra-EU flights could have a material adverse effect on Ryanair’s financial results.

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Environmental Regulation will increase costs. Many aspects of Ryanair’s operations are subject to increasingly stringent national and international laws, regulations and levies protecting the environment, including those relating to carbon emissions, clean water, management of hazardous materials and climate change. Compliance with existing and future environmental laws, regulations and levies can require significant expenditures, and violations can lead to significant fines, penalties and reputational damage.

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In particular, the EU Emissions Trading System (“ETS”), is a cap-and-trade system for CO2 emissions to encourage industries to improve their CO2 efficiency. Under the current legislation, airlines are granted initial CO2 allowances based on historical performance and a CO2 efficiency benchmark. Under the “Fit for 55” legislation, the EU ETS allowances will be phased out over the period from 2024 to 2026. Any shortage of allowances has to be purchased in the open market and/or at government auctions. The cost of such allowances increased significantly during the last 4 years. ETS compliance is the most material environmental compliance cost for the Group (see page F-26 for details). There can be no assurance that Ryanair will be able to obtain sufficient carbon credits or that the cost of the credits will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, operating results, and financial condition.

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Additionally, the European Commission “ReFuel EU” regulation provides for a Sustainable Aviation Fuel (“SAF”) blending mandate to be implemented. It sets SAF targets of 2% by 2025 rising to 6% by 2030 and 20% by 2035. There can be no assurance that sufficient SAF will be available in the market for Ryanair to purchase or that the cost of SAF will not have a material adverse effect on Ryanair’s financial results.

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The Group continues to monitor developments in the setting of UK policies to deliver net zero aviation by 2050 (“Jet Zero”) which could potentially include similar measures to the Fit for 55 legislation i.e. SAF blending mandates and removal of free ETS allowances.

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Geopolitical uncertainties and an increase of trade restrictions and protectionism could have a material adverse effect on Ryanair’s business, results of operation and financial condition. In response to the war in Ukraine launched by Russia in February 2022, the EU, the UK, the U.S., and other countries have introduced extensive sanctions on Russia (as well as Belarus for its role in Russia’s invasion) comprised of targeted, restrictive measures on certain individuals and entities, export controls, as well as general restrictions on economic relations, trade and financial transactions relating to Russia and Belarus. In response, Russia has imposed countermeasures against “unfriendly” states and individuals and entities of such states. Such sanctions and countermeasures have had, and are expected to continue to have, a significant disruptive effect on global markets, including oil and gas markets, accessibility of airports and associated travel routes, as well as supply chains, including aircraft components. Geopolitical events, including the escalation or expansion of hostilities in the conflict in Ukraine, may lead to further trade restrictions and instability across Europe and worldwide.

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In addition, the imposition of tariffs on certain imported products by the U.S. and subsidies provided to U.S. companies have triggered retaliatory actions or threats of retaliatory actions from certain foreign governments and may trigger retaliatory actions by other foreign governments, potentially resulting in a “trade war”. Certain foreign governments have instituted or are considering imposing trade sanctions on certain U.S. goods. Others are considering the imposition of sanctions that will deny U.S. companies access to critical raw materials.

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The above geopolitical and trade uncertainty and tensions have resulted in price increases of goods and services globally that may affect Ryanair which has exposure, either directly or indirectly, to the availability and cost of certain raw materials, including steel and titanium used for aircraft and spare parts it purchases and jet fuel. Sanctions, trade wars between certain countries or blocks of countries, or other governmental action, including retaliatory measures,

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related to tariffs or international trade agreements, could have a material adverse effect on demand for Ryanair’s services, its costs, customers, suppliers and/or the Irish, EU, UK, U.S. or world economy or certain sectors thereof and, in turn, Ryanair’s business and financial results.

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Any significant outbreak of any airborne disease or similar public health threat and related governmental, private sector and individual consumer responsive actions, could significantly damage Ryanair’s business, operating results and financial condition. Public health emergencies, epidemics or pandemics such as in relation to the outbreaks of Covid-19, swine flu, MERS, SARS, foot-and-mouth disease or avian flu have had, and could in the future have, an adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. A severe outbreak of new (vaccine-resistant) variants of these, other airborne contagious diseases or another pandemic, may result in European or national authorities imposing or re-imposing restrictions and recommending precautions to mitigate the health crisis. Such constraints could include, but are not limited to, restrictions on travel, quarantine requirements, enhanced aircraft cleaning and additional procedures to limit transmission among personnel and customers which, on an individual or combined basis, could negatively impact Ryanair’s business.  

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If any such outbreak or other public health threat becomes severe in Europe, its effect on demand for air travel in the markets in which Ryanair operates could be material, and it could therefore have a significantly adverse effect on the Company’s financial performance. Negative publicity regarding such an outbreak or public health threat in Europe and other regions of the world may also have an adverse impact on demand for air travel in the markets in which Ryanair operates. A serious outbreak or other public health threat could therefore severely disrupt Ryanair’s business, resulting in the cancellation or loss of bookings, adversely affecting Ryanair’s financial condition and results of operations.  

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EU Regulation on passenger compensation could significantly increase related costs. EU Regulation (EC) No. 261/2004 requires airlines to compensate passengers (holding a valid ticket) who have been denied boarding or whose flight has been canceled or delayed more than three hours on arrival. The regulation calls for compensation of €250, €400, or €600 per passenger, depending on the length of the flight and the cause of the cancellation or delay, i.e., whether it is caused by “extraordinary circumstances”. As Ryanair’s average flight length is less than 1,500 KM – the upper limit for short-haul flights – the amount payable is generally €250 per passenger. Passengers subject to flight delays over two hours are also entitled to “assistance”, including meals, drinks, and telephone calls, as well as hotel accommodation if the delay extends overnight. For delays of over five hours, the airline is also required to offer the option of a refund of the cost of the unused ticket. There can be no assurance that the Company will not incur a significant increase in costs in the future due to the impact of this regulation if Ryanair experiences a large number of delays or canceled flights, which could occur as a result of certain types of events beyond its control. Further, courts in several jurisdictions have been narrowing the definition of the term “extraordinary circumstances”, thus allowing increased consumer claims for compensation. In September 2015, the Court of Justice of the EU, in Van der Lans v KLM, held that airlines are required to provide compensation to passengers even in the event of a flight cancellation on account of unforeseen technical defects. Further, in April 2018, the Court of Justice of the EU found in Krusemann v TUIfly that “wildcat” strikes which stem from restructuring measures taken by an air carrier do not constitute extraordinary circumstances. In March 2021, in the Airhelp v SAS proceedings, the Court of Justice of the EU effectively imposed strict liability on airlines to pay compensation where flights are canceled or delayed for three hours or more on arrival due to strikes by airline staff.  In addition, in December 2021, in joined cases (including Azurair, Corendon Airlines, Eurowings, Austrian Airlines and Laudamotion), the Court of Justice of the EU found that compensation is also payable for schedule changes made without sufficient notice which result in an earlier departure of one hour or more or a later departure of three hours or more unless due to ‘extraordinary circumstances’.  See “—Extreme Weather Events Could Affect the Company and Have a Material Adverse Effect on the Company’s Results of Operations” below.

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Under the terms of EU Regulation No. 261/2004, described above, in addition to the payment of compensation, Ryanair has certain duties to passengers whose flights are canceled. In particular, Ryanair is required to reimburse passengers who have had their flights canceled for certain reasonable, documented expenses – primarily for

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accommodation and food. Passengers must also be given a re-routing option if their flight is delayed over three hours or if it is canceled.  Such re-routing options are not limited to Ryanair flights and other carriers must be considered if no suitable Ryanair flight can be sourced. If a passenger elects for a refund, Ryanair’s re-routing obligations cease.

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Similar passenger rights are provided in the UK under the Air Passenger Rights and Air Travel Organizers’ Licensing (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (“UK261”) and in Israel under the Aviation Services Law (“ASL”).

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The Company is substantially dependent on discretionary air travel. Because a substantial portion of airline travel (both business and personal) is discretionary and because Ryanair is substantially dependent on discretionary air travel, any prolonged general reduction in airline passenger traffic could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s profitability or financial condition. Similarly, any significant increase in expenses related to security, insurance or related costs could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s profitability or financial condition. As a consequence, any future aircraft safety incidents (particularly involving other low-fare airlines or aircraft models flown by Ryanair), changes in public opinion regarding the environmental impacts of air travel, terrorist attacks in Europe, the U.S. or elsewhere, significant military actions by the United States or EU nations, or any related economic downturn may have a material adverse effect on demand for air travel and thus on Ryanair’s business, operating results, and financial condition. See “—The Company is dependent on the continued acceptance of low-fares airlines.”

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Extreme weather events could affect the Company and have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations. In 2010 and 2011, a significant portion of the airspace over northern Europe was closed by authorities as a result of safety concerns presented by emissions of ash from an Icelandic volcano, which resulted in the cancellation of a significant number of flights.

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Extreme weather events may happen again and could lead to further significant flight cancellation costs which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, the occurrence of such events and the resulting cancellations due to the closure of airports could also have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial performance indirectly, as a consequence of changes in the public’s willingness to travel within Europe due to the risk of flight disruptions.

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The Company is dependent on the continued acceptance of low-fares airlines. In past years, accidents or other safety-related incidents involving certain other low-fares airlines have had a negative impact on the public’s acceptance of such airlines. Any adverse event potentially relating to the safety or reliability of low-fares airlines (including accidents or negative reports from regulatory authorities) could adversely impact the public’s perception of, and confidence in, low-fares airlines like Ryanair (regardless of Ryanair’s own safety record) and could have a material adverse effect on Ryanair’s financial condition and results of operations. In particular, an accident or other safety-related incident involving an aircraft operated by another airline of the same model or manufacturer as operated by Ryanair could have a material adverse effect on Ryanair if such accident or other safety-related incident resulted in actions or investigations by global aviation authorities or created a public perception that Ryanair’s operations are not safe or reliable or are less safe or reliable than other airlines. Such regulatory actions and/or public perceptions could, in turn, result in adverse publicity for Ryanair, cause harm to Ryanair’s brand and reduce travel demand on Ryanair’s flights, resulting in a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. For additional information, see “—Risks Related to the Company—A majority of Ryanair’s aircraft and certain parts are sourced from a single supplier; therefore, Ryanair would be materially and adversely affected if such supplier were unable to provide additional equipment or support.”

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In addition to safety concerns, a significant increase in consumer concern regarding climate change could also lead to a reluctance to fly and could therefore have an adverse effect on Ryanair’s financial condition and results of operations.

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The Company faces the risk of loss and liability. Ryanair is exposed to potential catastrophic losses that may be incurred in the event of an aircraft accident or terrorist incident. Any such accident or incident could involve costs related to the repair or replacement of a damaged aircraft and its consequent temporary or permanent loss from service. In addition, an accident or incident could result in significant legal claims against the Company from injured passengers and others who experienced injury or property damage as a result of the accident or incident, including ground victims. Ryanair currently maintains passenger liability insurance, employer liability insurance, aircraft insurance for aircraft loss or damage, and other business insurance in amounts per occurrence that are consistent with industry standards.

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Ryanair currently believes its insurance coverage is adequate (although not comprehensive). However, there can be no assurance that the amount of insurance coverage will not need to be increased, that insurance premiums will not increase significantly, or that Ryanair will not be forced to bear substantial losses from any accidents not covered by its insurance. Airline insurance costs increased dramatically following the September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States. See “—The Company is substantially dependent on discretionary air travel” above. Substantial claims resulting from an accident in excess of related insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, any aircraft accident, even if fully insured, could lead to the public perception that Ryanair’s aircraft were less safe or reliable than those operated by other airlines, which could have a material adverse effect on Ryanair’s business.  

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EU Regulation No. 2027/97, as amended by Regulation No. 889/2002, governs air carrier liability. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Insurance” for details of this regulation. This regulation increased the potential liability exposure of air carriers such as Ryanair. Although Ryanair has extended its liability insurance to meet the requirements of the regulation, no assurance can be given that other laws, regulations, or policies will not be applied, modified or amended in a manner that has a material adverse effect on Ryanair’s business, operating results, and financial condition.

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Airline industry margins are subject to significant uncertainty. The airline industry is capital intensive and is characterized by high fixed costs and by revenues that generally exhibit substantially greater elasticity than costs. Although fuel accounted for approximately 45% of total operating expenses in fiscal year 2024 and approximately 43% in fiscal year 2023, management anticipates that these percentages may vary significantly in future years. See “—Changes in fuel costs and availability affect the Company’s results” above. The operating costs of each flight do not vary significantly with the number of passengers flown, and therefore, a relatively small change in the number of passengers, fare pricing, or traffic mix could have a disproportionate effect on operating and financial results. Accordingly, a relatively minor shortfall from expected revenue levels could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s growth or financial performance. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.” The very low marginal costs incurred for providing services to passengers occupying otherwise unsold seats are also a factor in the industry’s high susceptibility to price discounting. See “—The Company faces significant price and other pressures in a highly competitive environment” above.

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Safety-related undertakings could affect the Company’s results. Aviation authorities in Europe and the United States periodically require or recommend that airlines implement certain safety-related modifications and/or procedures on their aircraft. In recent years, the FAA, EASA and UK CAA have required a number of such modifications and/or procedures with regard to Boeing 737 aircraft, including aircraft structural inspections requiring specialized equipment and high frequency repeat inspections, an enhanced angle of attack system to be installed on the Boeing 737-8200 aircraft and modifications related to the structure surrounding CFM-56 engines. Ryanair’s policy is to implement any required/recommended safety modifications and procedures in accordance with FAA, EASA and UK CAA guidance in close collaboration with Boeing and Airbus and as applicable to our fleet.

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In 2019, the FAA and EASA implemented a regular inspection requirement of the aircraft pickle fork for all aircraft above certain mandated cycles and this inspection requirement continues. To date, all such procedures have been conducted as part of Ryanair’s standard maintenance program and have not interrupted flight schedules nor required

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any material increases in Ryanair’s maintenance expenses. However, there can be no assurance that the FAA and EASA or other regulatory authorities will not recommend or require other safety-related undertakings or that such undertakings would not adversely impact Ryanair’s operating results or financial condition.

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There also can be no assurance that new regulations will not be implemented in the future that would apply to Ryanair’s aircraft and result in an increase in Ryanair’s cost of maintenance, delays in the delivery of aircraft or other costs beyond management’s current estimates. In addition, should Ryanair’s aircraft cease to be sufficiently reliable or should any public perception develop that Ryanair’s aircraft are less than completely reliable, Ryanair’s business could be materially adversely affected.

​

State Aid to the Company’s competitors could adversely affect its results. In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, several European governments chose to support their flag carrier airlines with State Aid through recapitalizations, loans, loan guarantees and other measures. As at March 31, 2024, the European Commission has authorized approximately €40bn in such aid to approximately 20 airlines. Ryanair believes that aid that includes a nationality condition is discriminatory and therefore unlawful under EU law and has challenged several of the European Commission’s aid approvals in the General Court. In the early stages of the pandemic, the General Court overturned the European Commission’s approvals in three cases (KLM, Condor and TAP); however, the European Commission promptly re-approved the same or similar quantum of aid to each of these airlines. Subsequently, the General Court upheld the European Commission’s approvals in several other cases, some of which Ryanair appealed to the European Court of Justice. First judgments from the European Court of Justice were received in September 2023, where the court upheld the European Commission’s approvals. In May 2023, the General Court allowed Ryanair’s appeals of State aid through recapitalization to Lufthansa (from Germany) and SAS (from Sweden and Denmark), and an Italian State aid scheme limited to Italian licensed airlines. In December 2023 the General Court allowed Ryanair’s appeals of State aid through recapitalization to Air France (from France), and in February 2024 Ryanair’s appeal of State aid to KLM (from the Netherlands). The European Commission is required to take new decisions in each of these cases and may re-approve the aid. The European Commission, relevant EU Member State, or relevant airline may also appeal the General Court judgments to the European Court of Justice (the Lufthansa General Court judgment of May 2023 and the Air France judgments of December 2023 are under such appeals which are likely to conclude in 2024-2025). Ryanair’s competitors may use the aid to offer below cost prices in the market, which could negatively impact the Company’s business and operations.

​

Risks Related to Ownership of the Company’s Ordinary Shares or ADRs

​

EU rules impose restrictions on the ownership of Ryanair Holdings’ Ordinary Shares by Non-EU nationals, and the Company has applied a ban on the purchase of Ordinary Shares by Non-EU nationals (which since January 1, 2021 includes UK nationals) since 2002. EU Regulation No. 1008/2008 requires that, in order to obtain and retain an operating license, an EU air carrier must be majority-owned and effectively controlled by EU nationals. The Board of Directors of Ryanair Holdings is given certain powers under Ryanair Holdings’ articles of association (the “Articles”) to take action to ensure that the number of Ordinary Shares held in Ryanair Holdings by non-EU nationals (“Affected Shares”) does not reach a level that could jeopardize the Company’s entitlement to continue to hold or enjoy the benefit of any license, permit, consent, or privilege which it holds or enjoys and which enables it to carry on business as an air carrier. The Directors, from time to time, set a “Permitted Maximum” on the number of the Company’s Ordinary Shares that may be owned by non-EU nationals at such level as they believe will comply with EU law. The Permitted Maximum is currently set at 49.9%. In addition, under certain circumstances, the Directors can take action to safeguard the Company’s ability to operate by identifying those Ordinary Shares, American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) or Affected Shares which give rise to the need to take action and treat such Ordinary Shares, the American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) evidencing such ADSs or Affected Shares as “Restricted Shares” (within the meaning of the Articles).

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The Board of Directors may, under certain circumstances, deprive holders of Restricted Shares of their rights to attend, vote at, or speak at general meetings, and/or require such holders to dispose of their Restricted Shares to an EU national within 21 days (or such longer period as the Directors may consider reasonable). The Directors are also given the power to transfer such Restricted Shares themselves if a holder fails to comply. In 2002, the Company implemented measures to restrict the ability of non-EU nationals to purchase Ordinary Shares, and non-EU nationals are currently effectively barred from purchasing Ordinary Shares and will remain so for as long as these restrictions remain in place. There can be no assurance that these restrictions will ever be lifted. Additionally, these foreign ownership restrictions could result in Ryanair’s exclusion from certain stock tracking indices. Any such exclusion may adversely affect the market price of the Ordinary Shares and ADRs. Since April 2012, the Company has had the necessary authorities in place to repurchase ADRs as part of its general authority to repurchase issued share capital in the Company. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Limitations on Share Ownership by Non-EU Nationals” for a detailed discussion of restrictions on share ownership and the current ban on Ordinary Share purchases by non-EU nationals.

​

As a result of Brexit, with effect from January 1, 2021 UK nationals ceased to qualify as EU nationals. Consequently, as of that date, the 2002 ban on the purchase of Ordinary Shares by non-EU nationals has applied to UK nationals also. In addition, in accordance with the resolutions passed by the Board of the Company on March 8, 2019, all Ordinary Shares and ADSs held by or on behalf of non-EU nationals (including UK nationals) are, as of January 1, 2021, treated as “Restricted Shares”. Restricted Share Notices were issued to the registered holder(s) of each Restricted Share specifying that the holder(s) of such shares shall not be entitled to attend, speak at or vote at any general meeting of the Company for so long as those shares are treated as Restricted Shares pursuant to Article 41(J)(i) of the Articles.  UK nationals are not required to dispose of Ordinary Shares which they purchased prior to January 1, 2021. These resolutions will remain in place until the Board determines that the ownership and control of the Company is no longer such that there is any risk to the airline licenses held by the Company's subsidiaries pursuant to EU Regulation No. 1008/2008.

​

Holders of Ordinary Shares are currently unable to convert those shares into ADRs. In an effort to increase the percentage of its share capital held by EU nationals, on June 26, 2001, Ryanair Holdings instructed The Bank of New York Mellon, the depositary for its ADR program (the “Depositary”), to suspend the issuance of new ADRs in exchange for the deposit of Ordinary Shares until further notice. Holders of Ordinary Shares cannot convert their Ordinary Shares into ADRs during this suspension, and there can be no assurance that the suspension will ever be lifted. See also “—EU rules impose restrictions on the ownership of Ryanair Holdings’ Ordinary Shares by Non-EU nationals, and the Company has applied a ban on the purchase of Ordinary Shares by Non-EU Nationals (which since January 1, 2021 includes UK nationals) since 2002”.

​

The Company’s results of operations may fluctuate significantly. The Company’s results of operations have varied significantly from quarter to quarter, and management expects these variations to continue. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Seasonal Fluctuations.” Among the factors causing these variations are the airline industry’s sensitivity to general economic conditions, the seasonal nature of air travel, and trends in airlines’ costs, especially fuel costs. Because a substantial portion of airline travel (both business and personal) is discretionary, the industry tends to experience adverse financial results during general economic downturns. The Company is substantially dependent on discretionary air travel.

​

The trading price of Ryanair Holdings’ Ordinary Shares and ADRs may be subject to wide fluctuations in response to quarterly variations in the Company’s operating results and the operating results of other airlines. In addition, the global stock markets from time to time experience extreme price and volume fluctuations that affect the market prices of many airline company stocks. These broad market fluctuations may materially adversely affect the market price of the Ordinary Shares and ADRs.

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Ryanair Holdings may or may not pay special dividends. Since its incorporation in 1996, Ryanair Holdings has occasionally declared special dividends on both its Ordinary Shares and ADRs. Ryanair Holdings’ ability to pay special dividends in the future will be dependent on the financial performance of the Company and there is no guarantee that any further special dividends will be paid. See “Item 8. Financial Information—Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy”. As a holding company, Ryanair Holdings does not have any material assets other than its shares in the Company’s operating airlines and in other entities within the Ryanair Holdings group.

​

Increased costs for possible future ADR and share repurchases. As the ADRs have historically traded on the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) at a premium compared to Ordinary Shares, the inclusion of ADRs in buyback programs may result in increased costs in performing share buybacks. Since fiscal year 2008 the Company has repurchased shares as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended March 31,

    

No. of shares (m)

    

Approx. cost (€m)

2008-2021

​

407.7

​

4,525.9

2022

 

—

 

—

2023

 

—

 

—

2024

​

—

​

—

Period through June 24, 2024

​

11.3

​

226.4

Total

 

419.0

 

4,752.3

​

On May 20, 2024, the Company announced a €700m ordinary share buyback program (including Ordinary Shares underlying ADRs).

There is no guarantee that the Company’s current Central Securities Depository (“CSD”) will provide equivalent functionality to the Company’s previous CSD, which may adversely impact the Company and/or holders of ADRs and/or interests in Ordinary Shares. Ireland does not have a domestic CSD, and Irish issuers, including Ryanair Holdings, whose shares are traded on Euronext Dublin have historically relied on CREST. CREST is a system which facilitated the recording of ownership and effecting transfers of shares in Irish incorporated companies, operated by Euroclear UK & Ireland (“EUI”) and authorized as a CSD in the United Kingdom.

EU issuers are required by EU Regulation 909/2014 (“EU CSD Regulation”) to use a CSD authorized in an EU Member State. One of the consequences of Brexit is therefore that the CREST system is no longer authorized to act as a CSD for Irish securities. This is because EUI became a third country CSD following Brexit and is no longer authorized to passport its services into Ireland pursuant to European law.  

The Company held an Extraordinary General Meeting at which it was resolved that the Ordinary Shares of Ryanair Holdings would be migrated from the CREST System to the settlement system operated by Euroclear Bank SA/NV (“Euroclear Bank”), the CSD in Belgium, over the course of the weekend commencing March 12, 2021 (the “Migration”).  The Migration, involving all Irish companies listed on Euronext Dublin, was successfully completed on March 15, 2021.

The Euroclear Bank model is structurally different to CREST. Euroclear Bank operates an “intermediated” settlement system, where legal title to shares in the issuer is held by a nominee of Euroclear Bank. Participants in Euroclear Bank (e.g., credit institutions, stockbrokers, investment managers) have rights in relation to these shares under Belgian law (Belgium being Euroclear Bank’s place of incorporation), and underlying investors hold their interests in the shares through their contractual relationship with a participant, or the direct or indirect counterparty of a participant.

Prior to March 2021, the Company’s securities had not been deposited on an “intermediated” settlement basis and it cannot be guaranteed that the Euroclear Bank CSD will be able to continue to support the Company in respect of its continued compliance with EU ownership and control requirements pursuant to EU Regulation 1008/2008.

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Item 4. Information on the Company

​

INTRODUCTION

​

Ryanair Holdings was incorporated in 1996 as a holding company for Ryanair Designated Activity Company (“DAC”). The latter operates a low-fare, scheduled-passenger airline serving short-haul, point-to-point routes mainly within Europe. In fiscal year 2019, the Company set up Buzz, formally known as Ryanair Sun, (a Polish charter and scheduled passenger airline with a Polish AOC), and acquired Lauda (a Maltese wet lease provider to the Ryanair Group with a Maltese AOC), and set-up Ryanair UK (with a UK AOC).  In fiscal year 2020, Malta Air became the fifth airline in the Ryanair Group. Each of Buzz, Lauda, Malta Air, Ryanair DAC and Ryanair UK are wholly owned airlines within the Ryanair Group. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—History” for detail on the history of the Company.  As of March 31, 2024, the Ryanair Group had a principal fleet of 557 Boeing 737 aircraft and 27 Airbus A320 aircraft (total short-haul fleet of 584 aircraft). As of June 26, 2024, the Group offered over 3,500 short-haul flights per day serving approximately 235 airports across Europe. See “—Route System, Scheduling and Fares—Route System and Scheduling” for more details of Ryanair’s route network. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Seasonal Fluctuations” for information about the seasonality of Ryanair’s business.

​

Ryanair recorded a profit after taxation of €1.92bn in fiscal year 2024, as compared with a profit of €1.31bn in fiscal year 2023. The movement was primarily attributable to a 9% increase in traffic at higher average fares offset by higher jet fuel and other operating costs. Ryanair generated an average booked passenger load factor of approximately 94% in fiscal year 2024, compared to 93% in fiscal year 2023 and total revenue increased by 25% to €13.44bn, up from €10.78bn in fiscal year 2023.

​

Management believes that the market’s acceptance of Ryanair’s low-fares service is reflected in the “Ryanair Effect” – Ryanair’s history of stimulating significant annual passenger traffic growth on the routes where it commences service. Fiscal year 2024 scheduled revenue increased 32% to €9.15bn. Traffic grew 9% to 183.7m while average fares rose 21% to c.€49.80, thanks to a record H1 and strong Easter in late March 2024, offset by softer than expected Q3 fares and load factors (following the sudden, but welcome, removal of Ryanair flights from many OTA “Pirate” websites in early December 2023). Ancillary revenue increased 12% to €4.30bn (c.€23.40 per passenger). Total fiscal year 2024 revenue rose 25% to €13.44bn. Operating costs increased 22% to €11.38bn, primarily due to a 28% increase in fuel costs, higher staff costs (including pay restoration, crew, engineering and handler pay rises, higher crewing ratios and pilot productivity pay as Ryanair improves operational resilience) and Boeing delivery delays. More importantly, the widening cost gap (on a per passenger basis) between Ryanair and our EU competitors (which is further enhanced by Ryanair’s low-cost financing and net interest income) remains a growing competitive advantage.

​

The address of Ryanair Holdings’ registered office is Dublin Office, Airside Business Park, Swords, County Dublin, K67 NY94, Ireland. The Company’s contact person regarding this Annual Report on Form 20-F is: Neil Sorahan, Group CFO (same address as above). The telephone number is +353-1-945-1212 and facsimile number is +353-1-945-1213. Under its current Articles, Ryanair Holdings has an unlimited corporate duration.

​

Ryanair Holdings files annual reports, special reports, and other information with the SEC. Its SEC filings are available on the SEC’s website at https://www.sec.gov. This site contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Ryanair Holdings also makes available on its website, free of charge, its annual reports on Form 20-F and the text of its reports on Form 6-K, including any amendments to these reports, as well as certain other SEC filings, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Ryanair’s investor website address is https://investor.ryanair.com. The information on these websites, and any other website referenced herein, is not part of this report except as specifically incorporated by reference herein.

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STRATEGY

​

Ryanair’s objective is to establish itself as Europe’s largest scheduled passenger airline group in a disciplined and sustainable manner, through continued improvements and expanded offerings of its low-fares service. Ryanair offers low fares that generate increased passenger traffic while maintaining a continuous focus on cost- containment and operating efficiencies. The key elements of Ryanair’s long-term strategy are:

​

Low-Fares. Ryanair’s low fares are designed to stimulate demand, particularly from fare-conscious leisure and business travelers who might otherwise use alternative forms of transportation or choose not to travel at all. Ryanair sells seats on a one-way basis, thus eliminating minimum stay requirements from all travel on Ryanair scheduled services. Ryanair sets fares on the basis of the demand for particular flights and by reference to the period remaining to the date of departure of the flight, with higher fares typically charged on flights with higher levels of demand and for bookings made nearer to the date of departure. Ryanair also periodically runs special promotional fare campaigns. See “—Route System, Scheduling and Fares—Widely Available Low Fares” below.

​

Customer Service. Ryanair’s strategy is to deliver the best customer service performance in its peer group. Ryanair delivers industry leading punctuality and cancelled significantly less flights in fiscal year 2024 (less than 1%) compared to its peer group. Ryanair achieves this by focusing strongly on the execution of these services. Ryanair conducts a daily conference call with airport personnel at each of its base airports, during which the reasons for each “first wave” flight delay and baggage short shipment are discussed in detail and logged to ensure that the root cause is identified and rectified. Subsequent (consequential) delays and short shipments are investigated by Ryanair ground operations personnel.

​

During the past year, Ryanair revamped its operations control centers (“OCC”) in both Dublin and Warsaw, adopting a bridge structure that includes representatives from all sections of the operation. This team includes Customer Service staff who represent the customer on the day of travel, specifically representing their needs in the event of a disruption. We continue to deliver industry leading On Time Performance (“OTP”); during fiscal year 2024, despite unprecedented ATC disruptions, approximately 87% of our flights arrived at their destination on time.

​

After a successful launch of the “Day of Travel Assistant” in the Ryanair app in fiscal year 2022, Ryanair have continued to enhance the features available through this service, supporting passengers with information on gates, boarding times, gate closure, updated Expected Time of Departures (“ETDs”) in the event of delays, and videos explaining what is happening and what to expect next. Since the launch of the “Day of Travel Assistant” the Group has seen double digit increases in our Customer Satisfaction (“CSAT”) scores from those passengers experiencing a delay, with over 70% of passengers very satisfied with the quality and timeliness of Ryanair’s communication.

​

Ryanair has an ongoing commitment to improving customer satisfaction across the customer journey and this is measured by regular post flight CSAT surveys and online “mystery-passenger” checks. Ryanair continues to achieve industry leading results, surpassing internal targets and improving results year on year. Every passenger who flies with Ryanair can rate their flying experience. Thanks to Ryanair’s strong Summer 2023 operational resilience, the fiscal year 2024 CSAT score was over 85%, despite the widespread disruption caused by continued French ATC strikes and UK NATS system failures.

​

Throughout the past year, we continued the success of the “We’re Listening” initiative first launched in 2021 by holding workshops with 12 panelists representing 10 countries in Madrid in May 2023 and Dublin in April 2024. These events help Ryanair to stay in touch with what our customers need and want, particularly as the Group continues its self-service journey, and help Ryanair to evaluate the new technology it plans to launch and informs management on improvements they need to make to the website, mobile applications and customer communications. Ryanair will also

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deliver a new customer portal in the customer’s Ryanair account, allowing customers to interact with Ryanair through a secure service portal, providing timely responses to common questions and updates on refunds, claims and queries.

​

Ryanair is proud of how we support our passengers with reduced mobility and hidden disabilities, with approximately 3m passengers travelling with the Group in fiscal year 2024 needing some level of additional assistance. Ryanair officially recognises the Hidden Disabilities sunflower symbol across our network and our crews are trained on how to assist passengers wearing the sunflower symbol.  For those passengers that have difficulty accessing our website, we operate voice recognition software in partnership with ‘Amazon Alexa’ allowing customers who are sight impaired or who cannot use a keyboard or phone pad to access the Ryanair Help Centre by simply asking Alexa. Alexa relays to customers and web/app users relevant information contained in our Help Centre. In fiscal year 2024, we launched the SignVideo service which provides specific assistance for sign language users. We are active participants with aviation authorities on accessibility frameworks and the development of industry leading practices on improving accessibility to customers.

​

Frequent point-to-point flights on short-haul routes. Ryanair provides frequent point-to-point service on short- haul routes. In fiscal year 2024, Ryanair flew an average route length of approximately 780 miles and an average flight duration of approximately 2.2 hours. Short-haul routes allow Ryanair to offer its low fares and frequent service, while eliminating the need to provide unnecessary “frills”, like free in-flight meals and movies, otherwise expected by customers on longer flights. Point-to-point flying (as opposed to hub-and-spoke service) allows Ryanair to offer direct, non-stop, routes and avoid the costs of providing “through service” for connecting passengers, including baggage transfer and transit passenger assistance.

​

Low Operating Costs. Management believes that the Ryanair Group’s operating costs are among the lowest of any European scheduled-passenger airline group. Ryanair strives to reduce or control four of the primary expenses involved in running a major scheduled airline group: (i) aircraft equipment and finance costs; (ii) personnel costs; (iii) customer service costs; and (iv) airport access and handling costs:

​

(i) Aircraft Equipment and Finance Costs. Ryanair currently operates mainly Boeing 737s. The operation of primarily a single aircraft type enables Ryanair to limit the costs associated with personnel training, maintenance, and the purchase and storage of spare parts while also affording the Company greater flexibility in the scheduling of crews and equipment. Management also believes that the terms of Ryanair’s contracts with Boeing are favorable to Ryanair. The strength of Ryanair’s balance sheet and cash flows also enables the Group to lease aircraft at competitive rates (such as the 27 A320s leased by Lauda). See “—Aircraft” below for additional information on Ryanair’s fleet. The Company has a BBB+ (stable outlook) credit rating from both S&P and Fitch Ratings (see “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company—The Company will incur significant costs acquiring new aircraft and any instability in the credit and capital markets could negatively impact Ryanair’s ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms” above) and can raise inexpensive unsecured debt in the capital markets. The Company also finances aircraft from its strong cash flows.

​

(ii) Personnel Costs. Ryanair endeavors to control its labor costs through incentivizing high productivity. Compensation for personnel emphasizes productivity-based pay incentives. These incentives include sales bonus payments for onboard sales of products for cabin crew and payments based on the number of hours or sectors flown by pilots and cabin crew within strict limits set by regulations fixing maximum working hours.

​

(iii) Customer Service Costs. Ryanair has entered into agreements with external contractors at certain airports for ticketing, passenger and aircraft handling, and other services (including the use of self-service kiosks) that management believes can be more cost-efficiently provided by third parties. Ryanair negotiates competitive rates for such services by negotiating fixed-price, multi-year contracts. The development of its own internet booking facility has allowed Ryanair to eliminate travel agent commissions. As part of its strategic initiatives,

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and the Always Getting Better (“AGB”) customer experience program launched in 2013, the Company has broadened its distribution base by making Ryanair’s fares available to bricks & mortar travel agents and corporate travel booking tools via GDSs Travelport (trading as Galileo and Worldspan), Amadeus and Sabre, as well as Concur and Kyte. Direct sales via the Ryanair website and mobile app (including through referrals from authorised OTAs under ‘direct distribution agreements’ – see: The Company faces risks related to unauthorized use of information from the Company’s website) continues to be the main generator of scheduled passenger revenues.

​

(iv) Airport Access and Handling Costs. Ryanair prioritizes airports that offer competitive prices. The Ryanair Group’s record of delivering a consistently high volume of passenger traffic growth at many airports has allowed it to negotiate favorable growth contracts with such airports. Since the launch of AGB (2013), the Company has accessed more primary airports, which typically have higher airport charges and greater competition along with slot limitations. Secondary and regional airports generally do not have slot requirements or other operating restrictions that can increase operating expenses and limit the number of allowed take-offs and landings. Ryanair endeavors to reduce its airport charges by opting, when practicable, for less expensive gate locations as well as outdoor boarding stairs, rather than jetways, which are more expensive and operationally less efficient to use. Ryanair requires all passengers to check-in on the Internet, which reduces waiting times at airports and speeds a passenger’s journey from arrival at the airport to boarding, as well as significantly reducing airport handling costs. Ryanair also charges a checked-bag fee, which is payable on the Internet at the time of booking or post booking and is aimed at reducing the number of bags carried by passengers in order to further reduce handling and CO2 costs. See “Item 3. Key information—Risks related to the Company—The Company faces risks related to its internet reservations operations and its elimination of airport check-in facilities.”

​

Taking advantage of digital platforms. Ryanair’s reservation system operates under a hosting agreement with Navitaire which currently extends to November 2027. As part of the implementation of the reservation system, Navitaire developed an Internet booking facility. The Ryanair system allows Internet users to access its host reservation system and to make and pay for confirmed reservations in real time through the Ryanair.com website. The Company also has a mobile app which makes it simpler and easier for customers to book Ryanair flights. The website and app also offer customers the ability to add additional discretionary products on day of travel (e.g. checked bags, priority boarding, preferred seating and fast track). Ryanair has continued to invest in its website with the key features being personalization, a “My-Ryanair” account, easier booking flow and more content. These features make Ryanair’s website faster, intuitive and fully responsive for mobile devices. The “MyRyanair” registration service, which allows customers to securely store their personal and payment details, has also significantly quickened the booking process and made it easier for customers to book a flight. Membership of “My-Ryanair” is automatic for all bookings. Ryanair will endeavor to continue to improve its website and mobile app through a series of ongoing upgrades.

​

Commitment to safety. Safety is the primary priority of Ryanair. This commitment includes the hiring and training of Ryanair’s pilots, cabin crew, and maintenance personnel and maintenance of its aircraft in accordance with Regulatory Requirements and the highest European industry standards. Ryanair has not had a single passenger or flight crew fatality as a result of an accident with one of its aircraft in its 39-year operating history. Although Ryanair seeks to maintain its fleet in a cost-effective manner, management does not seek to extend Ryanair’s low-cost operating strategy to the areas of safety, maintenance, training or quality assurance. Routine aircraft maintenance and repair services are performed primarily by Ryanair, at Ryanair’s main bases, but are also performed at other base airports by maintenance contractors approved under the terms of an EASA Part 145 and UK CAA approval. Ryanair currently performs the majority of heavy airframe maintenance in-house, but contracts with other parties who perform engine overhaul services and rotable repairs. Ryanair also outsources some heavy maintenance activity. These contractors also provide similar services to a number of other major European airlines.

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Enhancement of operating results through ancillary services. Ryanair distributes travel insurance, fast track services, parking and airport transfers, and accommodation services through its website and mobile app. Ryanair also offers car hire services via a contract with RentalCars. Ancillary revenues accounted for over 30% of Ryanair’s total operating revenues in both fiscal year 2024 and fiscal year 2023. See “—Ancillary Services” below and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Results of Operations—Fiscal Year 2022 Compared with Fiscal Year 2023—Ancillary Revenues” for additional information.

​

Focused criteria for growth. Ryanair believes it will have opportunities for continued growth by: (i) using fare promotions to stimulate demand; (ii) initiating additional routes in the EU; (iii) initiating additional routes in countries party to a European Common Aviation Agreement with the EU that are currently served by higher-cost, higher-fare carriers or where competitor traffic capacity has not yet fully returned following the Covid-19 pandemic; (iv) increasing the frequency of service on its existing routes; (v) starting new domestic routes within individual EU countries and the UK; (vi) considering acquisition opportunities that may become available in the future; (vii) connecting airports within its existing route network; (viii) establishing new bases; and (ix) initiating new routes not currently served by any carrier.

​

Responding to market challenges. In recent periods, Ryanair’s low-fares business model faced substantial pressure due to significantly increased fuel costs and economic contraction in the economies in which it operates (including global market disruptions related to the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak, the war in Ukraine and the Israel/Hamas conflict). The Company has aimed to meet these challenges by: (i) grounding aircraft during the winter season; (ii) controlling costs and liquidity; (iii) renegotiating contracts with existing suppliers, airports and handling companies and (iv) flexibly reallocating capacity to new markets. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in achieving all of the foregoing or taking other similar measures, or that doing so will allow the Company to earn profits in any period. See “Item 3. Key information—Risk factors—Risks related to the Company—Changes in fuel costs and availability affect the Company’s results” and “— The Company may not be successful in increasing fares to cover rising business costs.” In prior years, in response to an operating environment characterized by high fuel prices, typically lower seasonal yields and higher airport charges and/or taxes, Ryanair adopted a policy of grounding a certain portion of its fleet during the winter months. Ryanair also carries out its scheduled aircraft maintenance at this quieter time of the year. While seasonal grounding does reduce the Company’s operating costs, it also decreases Ryanair’s winter season flight and non-flight revenues. Decreasing the number and frequency of flights may also negatively affect the Company’s labor relations, including its ability to attract flight personnel interested in full-time employment. See “Item 3. Key information—Risk factors—Risks related to the Company—Ryanair has seasonally grounded aircraft.”

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ROUTE SYSTEM, SCHEDULING AND FARES

Route System and Scheduling

​

As of June 26, 2024, the Company offered over 3,500 daily scheduled short-haul flights serving approximately 235 airports largely throughout Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The following table lists Ryanair’s 95 operating bases:

​

 

Operating Bases

 

 

 

 

Agadir

Fez

Paris (Beauvais)

Alicante

Frankfurt (Hahn)

Pescara

Athens

Gdansk

Pisa

Baden-Baden

Girona

Porto

Barcelona (El Prat)

Gothenburg

Poznan

Bari

Ibiza

Prague

Belfast International

Katowice

Prestwick

Berlin (Brandenburg)

Kaunas

Reggio

Billund

Krakow

Riga

Birmingham

Lamezia

Rome (Ciampino)

Bologna

Lanzarote

Rome (Fiumicino)

Bordeaux

Leeds Bradford

Santiago

Bournemouth

Lisbon

Seville

Bratislava

Liverpool

Shannon

Brindisi

London (Luton)

Sofia

Bristol

London (Stansted)

Stockholm (Arlanda)

Brussels (Charleroi)

Madeira

Tangier

Bucharest

Madrid

Tenerife South

Budapest

Malaga

Thessaloniki

Cagliari

Malta

Toulouse

Catania

Manchester

Trieste

Chania

Marrakesh

Turin

Cologne

Marseille

Valencia

Copenhagen

Memmingen

Venice (Marco Polo)

Corfu

Milan (Bergamo)

Venice (Treviso)

Cork

Milan (Malpensa)

Vienna

Dublin

Naples

Vilnius

Dubrovnik

Newcastle

Warsaw (Modlin)

Dusseldorf (Weeze)

Nuremberg

Wroclaw

East Midlands

Palermo

Zadar

Edinburgh

Palma de Mallorca

Zagreb

Faro

Paphos

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

 

 

 

​

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See Note 16, “Analysis of operating revenues and segmental analysis” to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 for more information regarding the geographical sources of the Company’s revenue.

​

Ryanair’s objective is to schedule a sufficient number of flights per day on each of Ryanair’s routes to satisfy demand for Ryanair’s low-fares service. Ryanair schedules departures on its most popular routes at frequent intervals normally between approximately 6:00 a.m. and 12:00 a.m. Management regularly reviews the need for adjustments in the number of flights on all of its routes.

​

As part of Ryanair’s AGB customer experience program Ryanair has focused on high frequency and business friendly timings between Europe’s main business centers.

​

During fiscal year 2024, the Ryanair Group opened 4 new bases and approximately 265 new routes across its network. See “Item 3. Key information—Risk factors— Risks related to the Company—Ryanair’s new routes and expanded operations may have an adverse financial impact on its results.”

​

Widely Available Low Fares

​

Ryanair offers low fares, with prices generally varying on the basis of advance booking, seat availability and demand. Ryanair sells seats on a one-way basis, thus removing minimum stay requirements from all travel on Ryanair scheduled services. All tickets can be changed, subject to certain conditions, including fee payment and applicable upgrade charges. However, tickets are generally non-cancellable and non-refundable and must be paid for at the time of reservation.

​

Ryanair’s discounted fares are driven by Ryanair’s “load factor active – yield passive” strategy whereby seats are priced to ensure that high load factor targets are achieved.

​

Ryanair also periodically runs special promotional fare campaigns, in particular in connection with the opening of new routes, and endeavors to always offer the lowest fare on any route it serves. Promotional fares may have the effect of increasing load factors and reducing Ryanair’s yield and passenger revenues on the relevant routes during the periods they are in effect. Ryanair expects to continue to offer significant fare promotions to stimulate demand in periods of lower activity or during off-peak times for the foreseeable future.

​

MARKETING AND ADVERTISING

​

Ryanair’s primary marketing strategy is to emphasize its widely available low fares, route choice and great care. In doing so, Ryanair primarily advertises its services in national and regional media across Europe. In addition, Ryanair uses online advertising, email marketing and social media to drive awareness of Ryanair’s flights and ancillary services. Social media gives Ryanair access to reach a weekly audience of over 50m people.

​

Other marketing activities include co-operative advertising campaigns with other travel-related entities, including local tourist boards. Ryanair also regularly contacts people who have registered in its database to inform them about promotions and special offers.

​

RESERVATIONS ON RYANAIR.COM

​

Passenger airlines generally rely on travel agents (whether traditional or online) for a significant portion of their ticket sales and pay travel agents’ commission for their services, as well as reimbursing them for the fees charged by reservation systems providers. In contrast, Ryanair encourages all passengers to make reservations and purchase tickets directly. Due to Ryanair’s long standing online distribution policy, the majority of reservations and purchases are

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made through the website Ryanair.com, although a significant number of customers are also booking on the Ryanair app and therefore, we are not reliant on travel agents. Ryanair has long campaigned against the anti-consumer practices of Online Travel Agents (OTAs) who overcharge customers, apply hidden mark-ups, and provide fake customer contact and payment details. In 2024, several OTAs have signed ‘direct distribution agreements’ with Ryanair that allow them to market Ryanair flights to consumers in compliance with the principles of price transparency, ensuring that Ryanair is provided with genuine customer details. These deals protect customers from anti-consumer practices of screenscraping OTAs. Customers who book through unauthorized OTAs are asked to verify their identity on our website to ensure all safety and security protocols during online check-in are adhered to.

​

Ryanair’s reservations system is hosted under an agreement with the system provider, Navitaire. Under the agreement, the system serves as Ryanair’s core seating inventory and booking system. In return for access to these system functions, Ryanair pays transaction fees that are generally based on the number of passenger seat journeys booked through the system. Navitaire also retains back-up booking engines to support operations in the event of a breakdown in the main system.

​

The Company has agreements with the GDSs Amadeus, Travelport (which operates the Galileo and Worldspan GDSs) and Sabre. These GDSs provide access to Ryanair fares (except for some promotional fare categories) to traditional bricks & mortar travel agents and corporate travel booking tools, but do not offer our fares for re-sale online. In 2024 Ryanair extended its distribution to corporate travelers by announcing agreements with Concur and Kyte.

​

AIRCRAFT

​

Boeing Aircraft

​

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had a fleet of 557 Boeing 737 aircraft which are currently operated by Buzz, Malta Air, Ryanair DAC and Ryanair UK. The fleet includes 146 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft, each having 197 seats, 410 Boeing 737-800 “next generation” (“NG”) aircraft, each having 189 seats and 1 Boeing 737-700.

​

Between March 1999 and March 2024, Ryanair took delivery of 532 Boeing 737NG aircraft, 1 Boeing 737-700 aircraft and 146 new Boeing 737-8200s under its contracts with Boeing and disposed of 122 Boeing 737NG aircraft, including 77 lease hand-backs. In fiscal year 2024, Ryanair took delivery of 48 new Boeing 737-8200 aircraft.

​

Under the terms of the 2014 Boeing Contract, which was repriced in December 2020, Ryanair agreed to purchase 210 new Boeing 737-8200 “Gamechanger” aircraft delivering between fiscal years 2022 and 2025 inclusive. Deliveries commenced in June 2021. The aircraft will be used on new and existing routes to grow the Ryanair Group’s business. The Boeing 737-8200 represents the newest generation of Boeing’s 737 aircraft. It is a short-to-medium range aircraft and seats 197 passengers (eight (4%) more seats than Ryanair’s Boeing 737-800NG 189 seat fleet). The basic price (equivalent to a standard list price for an aircraft of this type) for each of the Boeing 737-8200 series aircraft under the 2014 Boeing Contract is approximately U.S.$102.5m. Net of basic credits and reflective of price escalation over the original scheduled delivery timeframe, the value of the 210 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft under the 2014 Boeing Contract is approximately U.S.$9.6bn. Boeing has granted Ryanair certain price concessions as part of the 2014 Boeing Contract. As a result, the "effective price" (the purchase price of the new aircraft net of discounts received from Boeing) of each new aircraft will be significantly below the basic price mentioned above. The effective price applies to all new aircraft delivering from fiscal year 2022 through to fiscal year 2025.

​

Under the terms of the 2023 Boeing Contract, Ryanair agreed to purchase up to 300 Boeing 737-MAX-10 series aircraft (of which 150 are firm orders and 150 are subject to an option exercisable at Ryanair’s discretion) in the period from calendar 2027 to 2033 inclusive. It is a short-to-medium range aircraft and, for Ryanair’s specified configuration, will seat 228 passengers (39 (21%) more than the Group’s existing Boeing 737-800NGs). The Boeing 737-MAX-10 also

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offers significantly improved fuel, carbon and noise efficiencies compared to the Boeing 737-800NG, with approximately 20% lower fuel and CO2 emissions and up to 50% less noise. The Basic Price (equivalent to a standard list price for an aircraft of this type) for each of the Boeing 737-MAX-10 series aircraft is approximately US$135m. Net of basic credits, the value of the 150 firm Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft under the 2023 Boeing Contract is approximately U.S.$10.6bn. Boeing has granted Ryanair certain price concessions as part of the 2023 Boeing Contract. As a result, the "effective price" (the purchase price of the New Aircraft net of discounts received from Boeing) of each Boeing 737-MAX-10 will be significantly below the Basic Price mentioned above. The effective price applies to all Boeing 737-MAX-10s due for delivery from early calendar 2027.

​

For additional details on the Boeing contracts, scheduled aircraft deliveries and related expenditures and their financing, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

​

The Boeing 737 is the world’s most widely used commercial aircraft and exists in a number of generations, the Boeing 737-8200 being the most recent entering service.

​

The Boeing 737NGs are fitted with CFM 56-7B engines and have advanced CAT III Autoland capability, advanced traffic collision avoidance systems, and enhanced ground-proximity warning systems. The Boeing 737-8200s are fitted with CFM LEAP-1B engines which, combined with the Advanced Technology winglet and other aerodynamic improvements, should reduce fuel consumption by up to approximately 16% on a per seat basis compared to the Boeing 737NGs in Ryanair’s configuration and reduce operational noise emissions by up to 50%.

​

For additional information, please see “Item 3—Key information—Risk factors—Risks related to the Company—A majority of Ryanair’s aircraft and certain parts are sourced from a single supplier; therefore, Ryanair would be materially and adversely affected if such supplier was unable to provide additional equipment or support”.

​

At March 31, 2024, the average aircraft age of the Company’s Boeing 737 fleet was approximately 9 years.

​

Airbus Aircraft

​

As of March 31, 2024, the Company had a fleet of 27 leased Airbus A320 aircraft (2023: 28; 2022: 29). These aircraft are operated by Lauda, as a wet lease operator for the Group, and have 180 seats. They are powered by a mix of CFM 56-5B and Pratt & Whitney V2500 engines. At March 31, 2024, the average aircraft age of the Company’s leased Airbus A320 fleet was approximately 17 years.

​

Summary

​

Ryanair expects to have approximately 800 narrow-body aircraft in its fleet following delivery of all the Boeing 737-8200 and Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft, assuming up to 150 disposals of older aircraft (including lease returns) over the period and Boeing’s ability to fulfil both the 2014 and 2023 Boeing Contract.

​

Training and Regulatory Compliance

At March 31, 2024 Ryanair owns and operates 10 Boeing 737-800NG, 8 Boeing 737-8200 and 1 A320 full flight simulators for pilot training. The simulators were purchased from CAE Inc of Quebec, Canada (“CAE”). In addition, Ryanair currently owns and operates 9 state of the art, fixed base simulators from Multi Pilot Simulations (“MPS”) which are used for pilot assessments and pilot training. In autumn 2021, Ryanair, in partnership with Aviation Flight Academy (“AFA”), opened a new, state of the art, training centre in Dublin which includes both Boeing 737-8200 and A320 full flight simulators, and a full Boeing 737 Cabin Trainer. At the end of 2021, Ryanair agreed to purchase an additional 8 (6 confirmed and 2 options) full flight simulators from CAE, and 1 fixed based simulator from MPS. In fiscal year 2023, Ryanair took delivery of 3 Boeing 737-8200 full flight simulators and a new fixed based simulator. In summer 2023

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Ryanair expanded the East Midlands Training Centre by acquiring a second facility allowing for additional capacity across both facilities. In fiscal year 2024, Ryanair took delivery of 2 Boeing 737-8200 full flight simulators, 1 into the Bergamo Training Centre, and 1 into the East Midlands Training Centre. In fiscal year 2025, Ryanair will take delivery of 1 Boeing 737-8200 full flight simulator, which will replace a Boeing 737-800NG full flight simulator (manufactured 2004) in East Midlands Training Centre. In Summer 2023, Ryanair agreed to exercise the remaining 2 options in the 2021 purchase agreement and purchase an additional 12 (6 firm orders and 6 options) full flight simulators from CAE. The Group recently commenced construction of two further, state-of-the-art, training centres in Krakow and Madrid.

​

Management believes that Ryanair is currently in compliance with all applicable regulations and EU directives concerning its fleet of Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 aircraft and will comply with any regulations or applicable EU and UK directives that may come into effect in the future. However, there can be no assurance that the FAA, the UK CAA, EASA or any other regulatory authorities will not recommend or require other safety-related undertakings that could adversely impact the Company’s results of operations or financial condition, in particular safety-related undertakings related to the Boeing 737-8200. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Airline Industry—Safety-related undertakings could affect the Company’s results.”  

​

ANCILLARY SERVICES

​

Ryanair provides various ancillary services and engages in other activities connected with its core air passenger service, including non-flight scheduled services (e.g. Priority Boarding and Reserved Seating), internet-related services (e.g. SMS flight confirmation and Dynamic Currency Conversion), and the in-flight sale of beverages, food, duty-free and merchandise.

Ryanair primarily markets car hire, travel insurance and accommodation services through its website and mobile app. Ryanair offers car hire services via a contract with RentalCars. Ryanair receives a commission on these sales.

Ryanair markets car parking, fast-track, airport transfers, attractions and activities on its website and mobile app. Ryanair also sells gift vouchers which are redeemable online.

MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS

​

General

​

As part of its commitment to safety, Ryanair endeavors to hire qualified maintenance personnel, provide proper training to such personnel, and maintain its aircraft in accordance with EASA and UK Regulations and European industry standards. While Ryanair seeks to maintain its fleet in a cost-effective manner, management does not seek to extend Ryanair’s low-cost operating strategy to the areas of continuing airworthiness management, maintenance, training, or quality assurance.

EASA came into being on September 28, 2003 through the adoption of Regulation (EC) No. 1592/2002 of the European Parliament, and its standards superseded the previous Joint Aviation Authority (“JAA”) requirements. See “—Government Regulation—Regulatory Authorities” below.

Post Brexit, with the UK leaving EASA, aircraft registered in the UK are managed in accordance with the UK equivalent regulations.

Ryanair Engineering and the Safety & Compliance department manage the Continuing Airworthiness of the Group fleet in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1321/2014 of 26 November 2014 - Continuing Airworthiness and UK Reg. (EU) 1321/2014 - the UK Continuing Airworthiness regulation. Each Group Airline holds applicable approval with their respective National Airworthiness Authority (IAA Ireland, TMCAD Malta, Polish CAA and UK CAA), providing robust oversight of all maintenance activities.

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Maintenance activities are undertaken in accordance with EASA and UK Part 145 as applicable, by Ryanair DAC under IAA approval and approved contracted providers.

During fiscal year 2024, Ryanair established the Ryanair Engineering Academy (the “Academy”) to increase the number of trainees recruited into the Group to align headcount with future aircraft deliveries. The calendar year 2023 engineering intake included 365 trainees, however the development of the Academy will see this grow to 700 in calendar year 2024 and over 1,000 in calendar year 2025. The Academy is approved to deliver maintenance type training courses under EASA and UK Part-147 approvals, with 4 approved training sites located across the Ryanair network, in London (Stansted), Glasgow (Prestwick), Seville and Shannon.

​

Ryanair is an EASA Part-145 approved maintenance organization and provides its own routine aircraft maintenance and repair services. Ryanair also performs certain line maintenance checks on its aircraft, including pre-flight and daily checks at a number of its bases, as well as A-checks at its London Stansted (5 bays), Bergamo (5 bays),  Dublin (2 bays), Vienna (2 bays), Nuremberg (2 bays), Madrid (1 bay), Malta (1 bay) and Porto (1 bay) facilities to support line maintenance on Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 aircraft.

​

Ryanair performs the majority of its Boeing 737 heavy airframe maintenance utilizing a Ryanair associated Part-145 approval/organization for heavy maintenance with a seasonal use of third-party maintenance repair and overhaul (the “MRO”) facilities. Ryanair has hangar facilities in Prestwick (6 bays), Seville (5 bays), Kaunas (4 bays), Wroclaw (4 bays), Shannon (3 bays) and Hahn (2 bays) which are used for C-check maintenance activities.

​

Ryanair will continue to look for opportunities to invest in additional hangar facilities over the coming years to ensure there is sufficient hangar capacity for the growing fleet. Ryanair plans to add a further 9 bays in Madrid, 3 bays in Wroclaw, 2 bays in Kaunas, 2 bays in Porto and 2 bays in Dublin and currently has plans to open a new 4 bay hangar in Marrakesh, a new 3 bay hanger in Berlin and a new 2 bay hangar in Palma.

​

Maintenance and repair services that may become necessary while an aircraft is located at other airports served by Ryanair are provided by other EASA Part 145-approved contract maintenance providers. Aircraft return each evening to Ryanair’s bases, where they are examined by either Ryanair’s approved personnel or by local EASA Part 145-approved companies.

​

Heavy Maintenance

​

Ryanair expects to be dependent on external service contractors for Airbus A320 and Boeing 737 maintenance, particularly for airframe, engine and component maintenance, for the foreseeable future, notwithstanding the capabilities provided by its current maintenance facilities. See “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Related to the Company — The Group is dependent on external service providers”. Ryanair utilises MRO’s which provide a high standard of maintenance. The Group has recently extended its maintenance agreement with the MRO provider Joramco (in Jordan) which will see them undertake 10 lines of heavy maintenance for the Group until 2034.

​

Ryanair contracts out engine overhaul service for its Boeing 737-800NG aircraft to CFM under a ten-year agreement to December 2027, with an option for extension. This comprehensive maintenance contract provides for the repair and overhaul of the CFM56-7B series engines fitted to Ryanair’s Boeing 737-800NG aircraft, the repair of parts and general technical support for the fleet of engines. CFM uses its EASA Part-145 approved repair facilities in Cardiff (Wales), Celma (Brazil), Paris (France), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Queretaro (Mexico) and Safran Aero (Morocco). By contracting with experienced EASA Part-145 approved maintenance providers, management believes it is better able to ensure the quality of its engine maintenance. CFM LEAP-1B Engines installed on the Boeing 737-8200 aircraft are subject to warranty by CFM. Any required repairs/overhauls subject to this warranty will be accomplished by CFM at its EASA Part-145 approved repair facilities. Engine maintenance providers are also monitored closely by the national authorities

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under EASA and national regulations. Ryanair trained engineering staff with both Boeing and CFM in advance of the introduction of the Boeing 737-8200 aircraft to the Ryanair fleet.

​

SAFETY RECORD

​

Ryanair has not had a single passenger or flight crew fatality in its 39-year operating history. Ryanair demonstrates its commitment to safe operations through its safety policy, training, procedures, its investment in safety-related equipment and enhancements, and its adoption of an internal, open, and confidential reporting system for safety and security matters. The Company’s Board of Directors also has a Safety and Security Committee to review and discuss air safety and security performance. Members of the Committee include Non-Executive Directors, Mike O’Brien, Eamonn Brennan (from July 2023) and Ryanair’s Chief Risk Officer, Carol Sharkey. The Accountable Managers of each of the Ryanair Group Airlines and nominated persons are invited to attend. Mr. O’Brien and Ms. Sharkey reports to the Board of Directors each quarter.  

​

Ryanair’s flight crew training is oriented towards accident prevention and integrates with the Safety Management System to cover all aspects of flight operations. Threat and Error Management (“TEM”) is at the core of all flight crew training programs. Ryanair maintains full control of the content and delivery of all flight crew training, including initial, recurrent, and upgrade phases. All training programs are approved/accepted by the relevant National Competent Aviation Authority, (including the IAA, TMCAD Malta, the Polish CAA and the UK CAA) which regularly audits operations standards and flight crew training standards for compliance with EU and UK legislation. All Boeing 737s that Ryanair has bought are certified for Category IIIA landings (automatic landings with minimum horizontal visibility of 200 meters and a 50 feet decision height).  

​

Ryanair has a comprehensive and documented Safety Management System. Management actively encourages flight crews to report any safety-related issues through the Safety Reporting system, which is available online. Also available to crew is Ryanair’s Confidential Reporting System (“RCRS”) which affords personnel the opportunity to report directly to Safety Officers any event, error, or discrepancy in operations that does not fall into the category of a mandatory report required by regulation, and they do not wish to report through standard reporting channels. Management uses the de-identified information reported through all reporting channels to modify training and/or procedures and improve flight operations standards as necessary. Additionally, Ryanair promotes the use of CHIRP, a confidential reporting system that is endorsed by the UK CAA as an alternative confidential reporting channel.

​

Ryanair has installed an automatic data capturing system on each of its Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 aircraft. This system captures and downloads aircraft performance information for use as part of Operational Flight Data Monitoring (“OFDM”) which automatically provides a confidential report on exceedances from normal operating limitations detected during the course of each flight. The purpose of this system is to monitor operational performance and trends and identify any instance of an operational limit being exceeded. By analyzing this information, management can identify undesirable trends and potential areas of operational risk, so as to take steps to rectify such deviations, thereby ensuring adherence to Ryanair’s flight safety standards.

​

AIRPORT OPERATIONS

​

Airport Handling Services

​

Ryanair provides its own ground services, aircraft handling and passenger services either directly or through self-handling partners at Dublin, London (Stansted), Spain, Portugal and various Polish airports. All other airport handling is provided through the airport authorities, either directly through sub-contractors or the airport themselves. Our Ground Operations teams work to obtain the most competitive handling rates for ground, aircraft, and passenger services across our network by negotiating multiyear deals with growth or efficiency incentives where possible with fixed or capped rates to lock in long term costs. These contracts are generally scheduled to expire in one to seven years, unless renewed

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and part of the rates are performance related to ensure compliance and punctuality. Self-handling gives Ryanair the option under European regulations to handle its own aircraft and passenger services where we cannot obtain competitive rates or quality handling services at each airport. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company—The Group is dependent on external service providers.”

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Airport Charges

​

As with other airlines, Ryanair must pay airport charges each time it lands and accesses facilities at the airports it serves. Depending on the policy of the individual airport, such charges can include landing fees, passenger loading fees, security fees and parking fees. Ryanair attempts to negotiate discounted fees by delivering annual increases in passenger traffic and/or access to new destinations, and opts, when practicable, for less expensive facilities, such as less convenient gates and the use of outdoor boarding stairs rather than more expensive jetways. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that the airports Ryanair uses will not impose higher airport charges in the future and that any such increases would not adversely affect the Company’s operations.

​

See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company—Ryanair’s continued growth is dependent on access to suitable airports; charges for airport access are subject to increase.” See also “Item 8. Financial Information—Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings—EU State Aid-Related Proceedings” for information regarding legal proceedings in which Ryanair’s economic arrangements with several publicly owned airports are being contested.

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FUEL

​

The cost of jet fuel (including carbon and de-icing costs) accounted for approximately 45% and 43% of Ryanair’s total operating expenses in the fiscal years ended 2024 and 2023 respectively. In each case, this accounts for costs after giving effect to the Company’s hedging activities. The future availability and cost of jet fuel cannot be predicted with any degree of certainty, and Ryanair’s low-fares policy limits its ability to pass on increased fuel costs to passengers through increased fares. Jet fuel prices are dependent on crude oil prices, which are quoted in U.S. dollars. If the value of the U.S. dollar strengthens against the euro, Ryanair’s fuel costs, expressed in euro, may increase even in absence of any increase in the U.S. dollar price of jet fuel. Ryanair has also entered into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge against some currency fluctuations. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk— Foreign Currency Exposure and Hedging.”

​

Ryanair typically enters into arrangements providing for significant protection against fluctuations in fuel prices, through both forward swap contracts and call options covering periods of up to 12 to 18 months of anticipated jet fuel requirements. If capacity is significantly reduced, as was the case in fiscal year 2021 due to European Governments response to the spread of Covid-19, forward contracts may become ineffective for hedge accounting purposes. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company—Changes in fuel costs and availability affect the Company’s results” and “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Fuel Price Exposure and Hedging” for additional information on recent trends in fuel costs and the Company’s related hedging activities, as well as certain associated risks. See also “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Fiscal Year 2024 Compared with Fiscal Year 2023—Fuel and Oil.”

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INSURANCE

​

Ryanair is exposed to potential catastrophic losses that may be incurred in the event of an aircraft accident or terrorist incident. Any such accident or incident could involve costs related to the repair or replacement of a damaged aircraft and its consequent temporary or permanent loss from service. In addition, an accident or incident could result in significant legal claims against the Company from injured passengers and others who experienced injury or property damage as a result of the accident or incident, including ground victims. Ryanair maintains aviation third-party liability insurance, passenger liability insurance, employer liability insurance, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, aircraft insurance for aircraft loss or damage, and other business insurance in amounts per occurrence consistent with industry standards. Ryanair believes its insurance coverage is adequate, although not comprehensive. There can be no assurance that the amount of such coverage will not need to be increased, that insurance premiums will not increase significantly or that Ryanair will not be forced to bear substantial losses from accidents. Ryanair’s insurance does not cover claims for losses incurred when, due to unforeseen events, airspace is closed and aircraft are grounded such as the airspace closures described in “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Airline Industry—Extreme weather events could affect the Company and have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.”

​

The cost of insurance coverage for certain third-party liabilities arising from “acts of war” or terrorism increased dramatically as a result of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and the war in Ukraine. Ryanair’s insurers have indicated that the scope of the Company’s current war-related insurance coverage may exclude certain types of catastrophic incidents, which may result in the Company seeking alternative coverage.

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Ryanair has established Aviation Insurance Limited (“AIL”), a wholly owned captive insurance company subsidiary based in Malta, to provide the Company with self-insurance as part of its ongoing risk-management strategy. AIL underwrites a portion of the Company’s aviation insurance program, which covers not only the Company’s aircraft but also its liability to passengers and to third parties. AIL reinsures virtually all of the aviation insurance risk it underwrites with recognized third parties in the aviation reinsurance market, with the amount of AIL’s maximum aggregate exposure not currently subject to such reinsurance agreements being equal to approximately U.S.$15m.

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Council Regulation (EC) No. 2027/97, as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No. 889/2002, governs air carrier liability. This legislation provides for unlimited liability of an air carrier in the event of death or bodily injuries suffered by passengers, implementing the Warsaw Convention of 1929 for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Transportation by Air, as amended by the Montreal Convention of 1999. Ryanair has extended its liability insurance to meet the appropriate requirements of the legislation. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Airline Industry—The Company faces the risk of loss and liability” for information on the Company’s risks of loss and liability.

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FACILITIES

​

The following are the principal facilities owned or leased by the Ryanair Group:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Site Area

​

Floor Space

​

​

​

​

Location

    

(Sq. Meters)

    

(Sq. Meters)

    

Tenure

    

Activity

Airside Business Park, Dublin

 

37,752

 

32,409

 

Freehold

 

Offices, Travel Labs Dublin, Training Center & OCC

Dublin Airport

 

8,190

 

8,269

 

Leasehold

 

Aircraft Maintenance

Vienna Airport (Hangar)

​

12,591

​

7,720

​

Leasehold

​

Aircraft Maintenance

Stansted Airport

 

17,262

 

14,302

 

Leasehold

 

Aircraft Maintenance & Simulator Training Center

East Midlands Airport

 

5,935

 

3,435

 

Freehold

 

Simulator Training Center

Prestwick Airport (Hangar)

 

16,022

 

14,295

 

Leasehold

 

Aircraft Maintenance

Frankfurt (Hahn) Airport (Hangar)

 

5,064

 

5,064

 

Leasehold

 

Aircraft Maintenance & Simulator Training Center

Bergamo Airport

 

16,647

 

9,563

 

Leasehold

 

Aircraft Maintenance & Training Center

Wroclaw Airport, Poland (Hangar)

 

8,701

 

7,484

 

Leasehold

 

Aircraft Maintenance

Malta Airport (Hangar)

​

6,729

​

3,696

​

Leasehold

​

Aircraft Maintenance

Seville, Spain (Hangar)

 

9,800

 

8,000

 

Leasehold

 

Aircraft Maintenance

Madrid, Spain

​

3,828

​

3,828

​

Leasehold

​

Travel Labs Madrid

Wroclaw, Poland

​

1,935

​

1,935

​

Leasehold

​

Travel Labs Wroclaw

Warsaw, Poland

​

747

​

747

​

Leasehold

​

Administrative Offices & OCC

Pieta, Malta

​

480

​

480

​

Leasehold

​

Administrative Offices

Vienna, Austria

​

1,325

​

1,325

​

Leasehold

​

Administrative Offices

​

Ryanair has agreements with the DAA, the Irish government authority charged with operating Dublin Airport, to lease check-in counters and other space at the passenger and cargo terminal facilities at Dublin Airport. The airport office facilities used by Ryanair at London (Stansted) are leased from the airport authority; similar facilities at each of the other airports Ryanair group airlines serve are provided by third party service providers.

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TRADEMARKS

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Ryanair’s name, logo, certain other names and logos, as well as certain slogans, are registered as:

​

(1)European Union Trademarks – registrations which afford uniform protection in all 27 EU member states.
(2)National trademarks (in, for example, the UK, Jordan and Lebanon) – registrations which afford protection in the state of registration.
(3)International trademarks – registrations designating relevant countries, which in turn operate as national trademark registrations.

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Registered trademarks give Ryanair an exclusive monopoly over the use of the particular mark in the relevant jurisdiction and the right to sue for trademark infringement should another party use an identical or similar mark in relation to identical or similar services.

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THE ENVIRONMENT

​

Ryanair’s Environmental Policy commits the Group to what the Board and management believe are ambitious future environmental targets, building on impressive achievements to date, including commitments to address climate change, and the priorities and policies which will allow the Group to continue to lower CO2 emission intensity and noise pollution.

​

Ryanair’s Environmental Strategy illustrates Ryanair’s commitment to managing its impact on the environment, with key targets and achievements including:

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Targets

●Achieving net carbon zero by 2050, as set out in Ryanair’s 2024 Sustainability Report – ‘Aviation with Purpose’;
●Reduce CO2 per passenger/kilometer to c.50 grams by 2031;
●Power 12.5% of our flights with Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) by 2030; and
●Retain, or improve, the Group’s strong CDP climate protection rating (currently “A-“).

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Achievements

●Becoming the first Airline Group to publish its CO2 statistics monthly in fiscal year 2019;
●Investing billions of euro in new fuel and noise efficient aircraft;
●Commercial SAF partnerships with Enilive, Neste, OMV, Repsol and Shell;
●Sustainalytics top rated European airline for ESG;
●Industry leading MSCI ‘A’ rating and CDP ‘A-‘ rating;
●Extended our Sustainable Aviation Research Centre partnership with Trinity College Dublin to 2030; and
●Appointment of a Director of Sustainability in 2021, reporting at least quarterly to the Audit Committee and Board, to oversee delivery of ambitious environmental commitments.

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Ryanair manages its impact on the environment and lowers CO2 emissions by operating a young fleet, achieving high load factors and efficient fuel burn. These enable Ryanair to minimize fuel and energy consumption and reduce noise pollution.

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Climate Governance and Strategy

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Ryanair’s Board has ultimate oversight and responsibility of the Group’s climate transition plan, strategy in achieving sustainability goals and climate-related risks and opportunities. The Board and Audit Committee receive quarterly updates on Ryanair’s climate related risks and performance from the Director of Sustainability & Finance and Group CFO.

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Climate-related risks and opportunities are incorporated into the Ryanair Group's environmental policy. The Board reviews the environmental policy annually and receives quarterly updates on performance. Environmental opportunities and threats are factored into our financial and operational planning, including operational fuel efficiencies and regulatory impacts.

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These risks are identified through scenario analysis, horizon scanning and ongoing industry scrutiny. Key transitional risks are assessed and managed across the organization primarily through the enterprise risk management register with upstream climate risks also raised to the Sustainability Committee. These risks include Market and Technology Shifts, Reputation, Policy, Legal and Physical Risks.

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Ryanair’s long-term strategy identifies climate change as a key area that will impact the business in coming years. Short and medium-term risks and opportunities are addressed on an ongoing basis by the Ryanair Sustainability Committee and Sustainability team who, ultimately, report back to the Board.

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In recent years, geopolitical events have disrupted existing supply and demand patterns of the energy market. Despite this disruption, movements towards a cleaner energy system have continued through advancements in European Union policies, including the “Fit for 55 package” and “REPowerEU”. High fossil fuel prices, as seen since the war in Ukraine began, present an opportunity to operate more efficiently and build momentum in energy transition to sustainable aviation fuels and fleet renewal through the Group’s 210 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft order and the Group’s new 300 Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft (150 firm and 150 options) order under the 2023 Boeing Agreement.

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In fiscal year 2022, the Ryanair Group published its Pathway to Net Zero – a detailed plan on how the Group aims to achieve its emissions reductions. This pathway forms a key pillar of our ongoing Group strategy. Emission reductions will come from:

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●32% technological and operational improvements;
●34% Sustainable Aviation Fuel;
●10% Single European Sky initiative; and
●24% carbon offsetting.

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The aviation industry conducted a feasibility study “Destination 2050” of reaching Net Zero emissions by 2050. This study demonstrates that reaching net zero emissions in aviation is possible. Key challenges are recognized in reaching these long-term goals (as detailed further in the below “Material transition risk related to climate change and consequences” section) most notably around the inability to obtain sufficient quantities of SAF.

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Ryanair recognizes that transition risk costs will arise in connection with the climate change transition. The Group has a history, as demonstrated through its recent aircraft orders, in maintaining a young, fuel efficient fleet and any breakthrough in new technology engines, will be procured as part of ongoing fleet renewal. Additionally, while sustainable aviation fuels currently trade at a premium of approximately 3x compared to normal jet kerosene, the long-term outlook is for price convergence and there are a number of policymaker decisions which are currently being reviewed which will aim to reduce the existing price divergence (e.g. government incentives to procure SAF, Emission Trading System reform legislation, etc.).

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Any and all firm commitments regarding climate change transition are recognized within respective going concern or impairment assessments. There are no material litigation risks related to climate change currently identified.

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Material transition risks related to climate change and consequences

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●Inability to meet mandated SAF blending – could lead to increased cost for SAF or potential non-compliance penalties resulting in lower earnings.

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Ryanair has bi-lateral agreements in place with a number of SAF suppliers. These agreements allow Ryanair access to SAF at key airport locations. These agreements are in place with Enilive, Neste, OMV, Repsol and Shell. By using SAF, Greenhouse Gas (“GHG”) emissions will decrease which will reduce Emissions Trading System (“ETS”) and Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (“CORSIA”) compliance costs.

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●Increased consumer concern about climate change could lead to a reluctance to fly.

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By Ryanair positioning itself as a leader in the climate change agenda for aviation, there is an opportunity that passengers will switch to flying with Ryanair. There is an opportunity to enhance the Group reputation and brand value as a carbon efficient airline.

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●Costs to transition to lower emissions technology could result in higher capital expenditure and lower earnings

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Ryanair has had a long-standing strategy for fleet modernization supported with strong cash flows and access to capital markets. Ryanair's current Boeing average fleet age is approximately 9 years.
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New technologies will be more fuel efficient, delivering ongoing operational cost savings, an example of which is Ryanair’s decision to retrofit 409 Boeing 737-800NG aircraft with split scimitar winglets, which provide an emission reduction benefit of approximately 1.5% and lower noise by approximately 6%.

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Material physical risks related to climate change and consequences

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●Increased severity of extreme weather events such as wild-fires, cyclones and floods could lead to operational disruption and potential revenue loss.

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Group assets are highly mobile and can be moved and are therefore not subject to acute risks associated with coastal flooding or tropical cyclones.

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●Chronic physical risks such as higher average temperatures or flooding could potentially lead to lower performance due to cancelled flights or closed bases.

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Weather conditions are closely monitored, with the Group flying predominantly intra-European routes which would be less affected by physical risks.

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Government Regulation

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Regulatory Authorities

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EU air carriers such as the Company and the Group Airlines are generally able to provide passenger services on domestic routes within any EU member state outside their home country, as well as between EU member states without restriction, subject to applicable EU and national regulations implemented by competent authorities, including the European Commission and EASA, as well as oversight by the European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (“Eurocontrol”). The Group Airlines are also subject to national regulation in their home countries, which is implemented primarily by (i) in Ireland, the Irish Aviation Authority (“IAA”) and the Department of Transport (“DoT”) in the case of Ryanair DAC, (ii) in Poland, the Polish Civil Aviation Authority (“Polish CAA”) in the case of Buzz, (iii) in Malta, Transport Malta and the Civil Aviation Directorate (“Maltese CAD”) in the case of Lauda Europe and Malta Air, and (iv) in the United Kingdom, the Civil Aviation Authority and the Department for Transport (“UK DfT”) in the case of Ryanair UK.

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Management believes that the present regulatory environment in the EU is generally characterized by high sensitivity to safety and security issues, which is demonstrated by intensive reviews of safety-related procedures, training and equipment by the national and EU regulatory authorities. During the Covid-19 crisis, various public health measures were imposed on airlines, including requirements in certain countries to verify passenger’s health documentation and, in certain cases, restrictions on the freedom to operate flights.

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Ireland

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Irish Aviation Authority. The IAA is primarily responsible for regulating the safety, security and technical aspects of aviation in Ireland. The IAA has broad regulatory and enforcement powers, including the authority to require reports and investigate and institute enforcement proceedings.

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To operate in the EU, an Irish air carrier is required to hold an AOC granted by the IAA attesting to the air carrier’s operational and technical competence to conduct airline services with specified types of aircraft. The IAA has broad authority to amend or revoke an AOC, with Ryanair’s ability to continue to hold its AOC being subject to ongoing compliance with current and future applicable statutes, rules and regulations pertaining to the airline industry. Ryanair DAC’s current AOC (No. IE 07/94) was issued by the IAA on January 11, 2022.

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Each aircraft operated by Ryanair DAC is required to have a Certificate of Airworthiness issued by the IAA. The validity of each Certificate of Airworthiness, and the Company’s Flight Operations Department, flight personnel, flight and emergency procedures, aircraft, and maintenance facilities are each subject to periodic review and inspections by the IAA.

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Under Ireland’s Air Navigation and Transport Act 2022, the air navigation service provision function of the IAA was transferred into a new corporate entity, AirNav Ireland, in May 2023, while the safety and security regulation functions of the IAA were retained within the IAA. The Act further provided for the dissolution of the Commission for Aviation Regulation (“CAR”) and the merger of its functions and responsibilities with the IAA, creating a single regulator for the civil aviation sector in Ireland, covering safety, security, economic and consumer regulation.

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Following the dissolution of CAR and the merger of its functions with the IAA (which took place on April 30, 2023), the IAA is responsible for issuing operating licenses to air carriers registered in Ireland under EU Regulation 1008/2008. The criteria for granting an operating license include, inter alia, an air carrier’s financial fitness, the adequacy of its insurance and the fitness of its management. In addition, EU regulations require that (i) the air carrier must be owned, for the purposes of EU Regulation 1008/2008, and continue to be owned (directly or through majority ownership) by EU member states and/or EU nationals and (ii) the air carrier must at all times be effectively controlled by such EU member states or EU nationals. The IAA has broad authority to revoke an operating license. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Limitations on Share Ownership by Non-EU Nationals.” See also “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Ownership of the Company’s Ordinary Shares or ADRs—EU Rules impose restrictions on the ownership of Ryanair Holdings’ ordinary shares by Non-EU nationals and the Company has applied a ban on the purchase of ordinary shares by Non-EU nationals since 2002” above.

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Ryanair’s current operating license (No 05/16) was issued by CAR (whose functions were merged with the IAA on April 30, 2023) on September 20, 2016 and is subject to periodic review.

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Department of Transport. The DoT is responsible for implementation of certain EU and Irish legislation and international standards relating to air transport.

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Malta

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Maltese Civil Aviation Directorate. The Maltese CAD is Malta's aviation regulator, assisting the Maltese Director General for Civil Aviation in fostering the development of civil aviation in Malta within a safety oversight system. The Maltese CAD is responsible for: the safety of aircraft, aircraft and aerodrome operators, air navigation service providers, licensing of aeronautical personnel and the conclusion of international air services agreements. To operate in the EU, a Maltese air carrier is required to hold an AOC granted by the Maltese CAD attesting to the air carrier’s operational and technical competence to conduct airline services with specified types of aircraft. The Maltese CAD has authority to amend or revoke the AOC, with Lauda Europe’s and Malta Air’s ability to continue to hold their respective AOCs being subject to ongoing compliance with applicable statutes. Lauda Europe’s and Malta Air’s flight operations, aircraft, maintenance facilities and air crew are subject to ongoing review and inspections by the Maltese CAD.

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The Company’s subsidiary, Malta Air, obtained an AOC (No. MT-57) and operating license (No. (CAD/MT-57) from the Maltese CAD on June 12, 2019.

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The Company’s subsidiary, Lauda Europe, obtained an AOC (No. MT-62) and operating license (No. (CAD/MT-62) from the Maltese CAD on September 4, 2020.

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Transport Malta.  Transport Malta is a government body overseeing transport in Malta, including the work of the Maltese CAD. It is responsible for implementation of certain EU and Maltese legislation and international standards relating to air transport.

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Poland

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Polish Civil Aviation Authority. The Polish CAA is a government body and the civil aviation supervisory authority in Poland. Apart from certification and licensing of airlines, the Polish CAA performs operational and regulatory functions in all matters relating to qualifications of personnel, safety, security, as well as maintaining registers of aircraft, personnel and training entities, amongst others.

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The Company’s subsidiary Ryanair Sun S.A., operating as Buzz, obtained an AOC (No. PL-066) and operating license (No. ULC-LER-1/4000-0156/06/17) from the Polish CAA in April 2018.

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UK

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UK Civil Aviation Authority. The UK CAA is primarily responsible for ensuring safety standards, consumer protection, efficient use of airspace and security risks. A UK air carrier is required to hold an AOC granted by the UK CAA attesting to the air carrier’s operational and technical competence to conduct airline services with specified types of aircraft. The UK CAA has an authority to amend or revoke the AOC, with Ryanair UK’s ability to continue to hold its AOC being subject to ongoing compliance with applicable statutes. Ryanair UK’s flight operations, aircraft, maintenance facilities and air crew are subject to ongoing review and inspections by the UK CAA.

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The Company’s subsidiary, Ryanair UK, obtained an AOC (No. GB 2451) and an operating license (OL/A/624) from the UK CAA on December 20, 2018.

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UK Department for Transport. The UK DfT is responsible for implementation of certain UK legislation and international standards relating to air transport.

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European Union

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The European Union Aviation Safety Agency. EASA is an agency of the EU that has been given specific regulatory and executive tasks in the field of aviation safety. The purpose of EASA is to draw-up common standards to ensure the highest levels of safety, oversee their uniform application across Europe and promote them at the global level.

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The European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation. Eurocontrol is an autonomous international organization established under the Eurocontrol Convention of December 13, 1960. Eurocontrol is responsible for, inter alia, the safety of air navigation and the collection of charges for air navigation services throughout Europe.

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International agreements concerning Eurocontrol provide for the payment of charges to Eurocontrol in respect of air navigation services for aircraft in airspace under the control of Eurocontrol. The relevant legislation imposes liability for the payment of any charges upon the operators of the aircraft in respect of which services are provided and upon the owners of such aircraft or the managers of airports used by such aircraft. The Company’s airline subsidiaries, as aircraft operators, are primarily responsible for the payment to Eurocontrol of charges incurred in relation to their aircraft. The legislation also authorizes the detention of aircraft in the case of default in the payment of any charge for air navigation services by the aircraft operator or the aircraft owner, as the case may be. This power of detention extends to any equipment, stores or documents, which may be onboard the aircraft when it is detained and may result in the possible sale of the aircraft.

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European Commission. The European Commission is the EU body with primary responsibility for the preparation of legislative proposals (for adoption by the European Parliament and the Council of the EU) and for the monitoring of the implementation of EU legislation by member states of the EU. The European Commission is also responsible for the enforcement of EU competition law and certain other laws.

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The European Commission has published guidelines on the financing of airports and start-up aid to airlines by regional airports that place restrictions on the incentives public airports can offer to airlines delivering traffic, when compared with the commercial freedom available to private airports.

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The European Union has adopted several legislative acts aimed at modernizing the EU’s air traffic control system, including the legislative package known as the “single European sky”, and its subsequent amendments “SES2” and “SES2+”. For example, EU Regulation 1070/09 (under “SES2”) focused on air traffic control performance, and extended the authority of EASA to include airports and air traffic management. The objective of the EU’s policy in this area is to enhance safety standards and the overall efficiency of air traffic control in Europe, as well as to reduce the cost of air traffic control services.

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The European Union has also adopted legislation on airport charges (EU Directive 2009/12), which was originally intended to address abusive pricing at monopoly airports. However, the legislation includes all European airports with over five million passengers per year. Management believes that the scope that exists within this Directive to address abuses of their dominant positions by Europe’s larger airports is very limited. See “Item 8. Financial Information¾Other Financial Information¾Legal Proceedings¾EU State Aid-Related Proceedings.”

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EU Regulation 1008/2008 grants EU airlines the freedom to set prices, reinforcing a principle that has underpinned the liberalized EU air transport market since the 1980s. However, in 2020 certain politicians in Austria and Italy called for the introduction of minimum prices on airline tickets, while the Italian government in 2023 passed a decree attempting to introduce a price cap on certain flights to Sicily and Sardinia. While none of these measures were ultimately implemented, it cannot be guaranteed that some form of government intervention in airline fares will not be introduced at a national or European level. If allowed to stand following judicial review, any such restriction would severely impact the Company’s ability to attract the most price sensitive consumers. EU Regulation 1008/2008 also sets out rules in respect of transparency of airline fares, requiring the inclusion of all mandatory taxes, fees, and charges in advertised prices. Ryanair includes this information in its advertised fares in all markets where it operates. While consumer benefits of the unbundling of airline services are widely acknowledged, some consumer law enforcement authorities have argued that certain optional price components should be included in advertised prices and/or that certain optional services should be considered mandatory, which, if implemented, would limit the Company’s commercial freedom.

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The European Union has also passed legislation governing the allocation and use of airport slots, a directive governing access to the ground handling market at EU airports, a directive on the terms of airlines’ participation in the EU Emissions Trading System, regulations on passenger rights and the rights of passengers with reduced mobility, and several other legislative acts affecting air transport, including matters of aviation security, noise, social security and sustainable aviation fuel.

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Registration of Aircraft

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Pursuant to the Irish Aviation Authority (Nationality and Registration of Aircraft) Order 2015 (the “Order”), the IAA regulates the registration of aircraft in Ireland. In order to be registered or continue to be registered in Ireland, an aircraft must be wholly owned by either (i) a citizen of Ireland or a citizen of another member state of the EU having a place of residence or business in Ireland or (ii) a company registered in and having a place of business in Ireland and having its principal place of business in Ireland or another member state of the EU and not less than two-thirds of the Directors of which are citizens of Ireland or of another member state of the EU. As of the date of this report, all Directors of Ryanair Holdings are citizens of a member state of the EU.

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The Company’s aircraft operated by Malta Air and Lauda Europe are registered in Malta, the aircraft operated by Buzz are registered in Poland and the aircraft operated by Ryanair UK are registered in the UK. In each of these countries

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similar regulations apply to the registration of aircraft as those described above in relation to aircraft operated by Ryanair DAC, which are registered in Ireland.

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Regulation of Competition

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Competition/Antitrust Law. It is a general principle of EU competition law that no agreement may be concluded between two or more separate economic undertakings that prevents, restricts, or distorts competition in the common market or any part of the common market. Such an arrangement may nevertheless be exempted by the European Commission, on either an individual or category basis. The second general principle of EU competition law is that any business or businesses having a dominant position in the EU common market or any substantial part of the common market may not abuse such dominant position. Similar competition laws apply at national level in EU member states, as well as in the UK and other non-EU countries where the Company operates. Ryanair is subject to the application of the general rules of competition law as well as specific rules on competition in the airline sector.

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An aggrieved person may sue for breach of competition law in the courts of a member state and/or petition the European Commission or a national competition authority for an order to put an end to the breach of competition law. The European Commission and national competition authorities also may impose fines and daily penalties on businesses and the courts may award damages and other remedies (such as injunctions) in appropriate circumstances.

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Competition law in Ireland is primarily embodied in the Competition Acts 2002 to 2022. This legislation is modeled on the EU competition law system. The Irish rules generally prohibit anti-competitive arrangements among businesses and prohibit the abuse of a dominant position. These rules are enforced either by public enforcement (primarily by the Competition and Consumer Protection Commission) through both criminal and civil sanctions or by private action in the courts. These rules apply to the airline sector but are subject to EU rules that override any contrary provisions of Irish competition law.

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In December 2022, the Italian competition authority (the “AGCM”) launched an investigation into alleged illegal price coordination between airlines, including Ryanair, on routes between mainland Italy and Sicily during the Christmas period. The investigation was closed in late 2023 with no finding of infringement. The AGCM subsequently launched a review of the use of pricing algorithms by airlines, which is ongoing.

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In September 2023, the AGCM launched an investigation into alleged abuse of dominance by Ryanair in its dealings with online and offline “bricks and mortar” travel agents in Italy. The Company has strongly refuted the allegation and is engaging with the AGCM whose investigation will likely conclude in late 2024. In the context of this investigation, in April 2024 the AGCM started interim proceedings to determine whether there exists a risk of irreparable damage to competition during the time required for completing the main investigation, unless interim measures are imposed on Ryanair. The AGCM closed these interim proceedings in late May 2024, concluding that there was no basis for the adoption of precautionary measures pending the outcome of the main investigation.  

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Certain operators of screenscraping websites (including Lastminute and On the Beach) have alleged in court proceedings that Ryanair’s objection to the unauthorized selling of its flight tickets by online travel agents to consumers is an attempt to restrict competition. Ryanair is vigorously defending such claims and welcomed the withdrawal by On the Beach of its action in UK courts in February 2024. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company—The Company faces risks related to unauthorized use of information from the Company’s website”.

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State Aid. EU law sets conditions on which State aid may be granted by EU member states to businesses. The EU Treaty prevents member states from granting such aid unless approved in advance by the EU. Any such grant of State aid to an airline is subject to challenge before the European Commission or, in certain circumstances, national

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courts. If aid is held to have been unlawfully granted it may have to be repaid by the airline to the granting member state, together with interest thereon.

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Under the terms of the EU—UK TCA, the UK has introduced a new subsidy control regime in order to prevent distortions of competition between the UK and the EU. See “Item 3. Key Information¾Risk Factors¾Risks Related to the Company—The Company is subject to legal proceedings alleging state aid at certain airports” and “Item 8. Financial Information¾Other Financial Information¾Legal Proceedings.”

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Data Protection

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Ryanair’s processing of personal data is subject to increasingly complex data protection laws including the EU’s GDPR as well as relevant national implementing legislation (Irish Data Protection Act 2018). The GDPR is directly applicable across the member states of the EU and an equivalent data protection regime operates in the UK post-Brexit (the European Commission has considered the UK regime to be adequate by way of the ‘adequacy decision’ adopted on June 28, 2021). The GDPR imposes strict obligations on companies which process personal data, including requirements to implement appropriate security measures to ensure that processing, storing, and transferring of personal data is done in accordance with the key data protection principles contained in the GDPR. There is an obligation to report data breaches which are likely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons (and in some instances an obligation to inform the data subjects) within stipulated timeframes. The GDPR also provides data subjects with enhanced rights in respect of their personal data, such as the “right to be forgotten” (to be erased from the databases of organizations holding their personal data, including erased from third party providers’ databases, provided there are no legitimate grounds for retaining the personal data) and the right to “data portability” (the right to receive the personal data concerning the data subject in a structured and commonly used and machine-readable format and to transmit that data to a nominated third party).

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A breach of the GDPR may result in the imposition of fines by supervisory authorities up to €20m or 4% of annual group-wide turnover (whichever is higher). Supervisory authorities also have the power to audit businesses and require measures to be taken by businesses to rectify any non-compliance (which can include orders to suspend data processing activities). Additionally, data subjects are entitled to seek compensation for any damage (including non-material damage) suffered in the event that the processing of their personal data is in breach of the GDPR’s requirements. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company—Ryanair is subject to increasingly complex data protection laws and regulations”.

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Consumer Protection

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Ryanair operates under stringent consumer protection laws. Despite diligent efforts to ensure full compliance, there is a possibility that government bodies or other entities might claim non-compliance with these laws by Ryanair. Certain authorities across Ryanair’s network have the power to conduct audits and demand corrective actions for any non-compliance. A significant breach by Ryanair of consumer laws could lead to authorities imposing fines of up to 10% of the annual group-wide turnover, or the issuing of strict compliance orders. Furthermore, consumers have the right to seek damages for any harm caused by a breach of their consumer rights and may also be represented in collective redress or class actions. Such cases, whether individually or collectively, could materially and adversely affect the Company's financial condition and operational results. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company—The Company is subject to increasingly strict sanctions for non-compliance with consumer protection laws”.

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Environmental Regulation

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Aircraft Noise Regulations. Ryanair is subject to international, national and, in some cases, local noise regulation standards. EU and Irish regulations have required that all aircraft operated by Ryanair comply with Stage 3 noise requirements. All of Ryanair’s aircraft currently comply with these regulations. Many airports in Ryanair’s network (including London Stansted, London Gatwick, Rome Ciampino, Dublin and Amsterdam) have established local noise restrictions, including limits on the number of hourly or daily operations or the time of such operations.

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Company Facilities. The Company maintains facilities across its network, including engineering facilities at the airports in Dublin, Shannon, Malta, Glasgow (Prestwick), London (Stansted), Frankfurt (Hahn), Nuremberg, Bergamo, Wroclaw, Kaunas, Seville, Madrid, Porto and Vienna. Planning permissions for Company facilities have been obtained in accordance with local requirements and management of noxious or potentially toxic substances as well as of waste removal is conducted in adherence to applicable local, national and EU regulations.

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Ryanair’s Policy on Noise and Emissions. Ryanair is committed to reducing emissions and noise through investments in new, efficient aircraft and engine technologies and the implementation of certain operational and commercial decisions to minimize the environmental impact of its operations. The Company is constantly working towards improving its environmental performance and in February 2024, was upgraded to a Leadership Level ‘A-’ rating (was “B”) from CDP – an international non-profit that helps organizations to disclose their environmental impact.

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In December 2005, Ryanair completed the fleet replacement program it commenced in 1999. All of Ryanair’s older Boeing 737-200A aircraft were replaced with Boeing 737-800 “next generation” (“NG”) aircraft. The design of these aircraft is aimed at minimizing drag, thereby reducing the rate of fuel burn and noise levels. The engines are also quieter and more fuel-efficient. The Boeing 737-800NG aircraft have a significantly superior fuel-burn to passenger-kilometer ratio than Ryanair’s former fleet of Boeing 737-200A aircraft. Ryanair has installed winglets on all of its Boeing 737-800NG aircraft. Winglets reduce both the rate of fuel burn and carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 4%, and also reduce noise emissions. In fiscal year 2023, Ryanair began to retro-fit scimitar winglets on the Boeing 737-800NG fleet. This retro-fit program will further reduce fuel burn of these aircraft by approximately 1.5% and noise by approximately 6%.

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In September 2014, Ryanair entered into an agreement with Boeing to purchase up to 200 Boeing 737-8200 “Gamechanger” aircraft (including 100 firm orders and 100 aircraft subject to option). The contract was approved by the shareholders of the Company at an extraordinary general meeting (“EGM”) on November 28, 2014. In June 2017, the Group agreed to purchase an additional 10 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft. In April 2018, the Company announced that it had converted 25 Boeing 737-8200 options into firm orders. In December 2020, the Company announced that it had converted the remaining 75 options to firm orders. This brought the Company’s firm order to 210 Boeing 737-8200s with a total contract value of approximately U.S.$9.6bn at standard list price of U.S.$102.5m per aircraft (net of basic credits and reflective of price escalation over the originally scheduled delivery timeframe). These aircraft have 197 seats and are fitted with CFM-LEAP-1B engines which, combined with the Advanced Technology winglet and other aerodynamic improvements, reduce fuel consumption by up to approximately 16% on a per seat basis compared to the Boeing 737-800NGs in Ryanair’s configuration and reduce operational noise emissions by up to 50%. See “—Aircraft” above for details on Ryanair’s fleet plan.  

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In May 2023, Ryanair signed an agreement with Boeing to purchase up to 300 Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft (including 150 firm orders and 150 aircraft subject to option) for delivery between 2027 and 2033. This agreement was approved by Shareholders at the Company’s 2023 AGM. These aircraft have 228 seats and are fitted with CFM-LEAP-1B engines, which reduce fuel consumption by up to approximately 20% compared to the Boeing 737-800NG and reduce noise emissions by approximately 50%. It is expected that up to 50% of this order will replace older aircraft in the fleet

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(including lease handbacks), while the remainder will facilitate disciplined traffic growth to approximately 300m passengers per annum by fiscal year 2034.

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In addition, Ryanair has distinctive operational characteristics that management believes help reduce the Company’s impact on the environment. In particular, Ryanair:

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●operates with a high-seat density of 189 seats on the Boeing 737-800NGs and 197 on the Boeing 737-8200 aircraft. This is in contrast to the 162 seats and two-class configuration of the Boeing 737-800 aircraft used by traditional network airlines, reducing fuel burn and emissions per passenger/kilometer. The Lauda A320 fleet has a high density of 180 seats;
●has reduced per passenger/Km emissions through high load factors (94% in fiscal year 2024);
●achieves quick turn-around times, thus reducing fuel burn and emissions when aircraft are on the ground;
●provides mainly direct services as opposed to connecting flights, in order to limit the need for passengers to transfer at main hubs and thus reduces the number of take-offs and landings per journey from four to two, reducing fuel burn and emissions per journey; and
●has minimal scheduled late-night departures of aircraft, reducing the impact of noise emissions.

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In 2021, a law was passed in France prohibiting domestic flights where an alternative direct train service operates in under 2.5 hours, with an exception made for connecting flights. The European Commission found this distorted competition between point to point carriers and network operators. Consequently, France amended the law to remove this exemption for connecting flights. The new formulation of the law de facto means that only 3 routes to Paris Orly airport (where the Company does not operate) are affected. The European Commission approved this law in December 2022. It entered into force on May 24, 2023 for a period of three years. Ryanair does not believe that any such measures can in fact make a significant contribution to reducing aviation’s environmental impact given that over half of all emissions from European aviation come from long-haul flights (which account for just a few percent of total European flights) and has argued that policy-makers should instead focus on measures that discourage connecting flights, the most environmentally inefficient form of air travel. A widespread introduction of bans on short-haul flights could have a negative impact on the Company’s results and operations.

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“Fit for 55”. We engage with European decision makers to support a fair green transition of the aviation sector. Among the measures included in the “Fit for 55” package, we welcome the legislation to increase the use of SAF and engaged relevant stakeholders to stress the importance of using sustainable fuels to cut the sector’s carbon footprint. We have highlighted the limited environmental benefit and the harmful consequences for the EU economy and connectivity resulting from other elements of the package, e.g., a kerosene tax that applies only to intra-EU flights. In December 2022, the European Parliament, the Council of Europe and the European Commission reached a political agreement to apply the ETS exclusively to intra-EEA flights until at least 2027. In 2026, the European Commission will again assess and review the geographic scope of the ETS with the view potentially to including long-haul flights within the scope.

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Emissions Trading. On November 19, 2008, the European Union adopted legislation to add aviation to the EU ETS as of 2012. This scheme, which had previously applied mainly to energy producers, is a cap-and-trade system for CO2 emissions to encourage industries to improve their CO2 efficiency. Under the legislation, airlines were granted initial free CO2 allowances based on historical “revenue tonne kilometres” and a CO2 efficiency benchmark. Any shortage of allowances has to be purchased in the open market and/or at government auctions. Management believes that this legislation has a negative impact on the European airline industry as it does not sufficiently promote environmentally efficient growth. The free CO2 allowances are being phased out between 2024 and 2026, which will increase the cost of compliance by the Company with the ETS.

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On January 1, 2021, a UK ETS replaced the UK’s participation in the EU ETS (in principle covering UK domestic flights and flights from the UK to the EU, while EU ETS still applies on flights from the EU to the UK, regardless of the nationality of the operating carrier). This scheme contains many consistent features with the concurrent EU ETS. Airlines have been granted allowances under the scheme with a subsequent deduction in allocated free EU ETS allowances. These were distributed in proportion to UK ETS activity based on historical “revenue tonne kilometre”. The UK has announced it plans to phase out the free CO2 allowances from 2026.

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Carbon Offsetting. On October 6, 2016, the CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) agreement was agreed between 191 ICAO countries. The CORSIA scheme uses market-based environmental policy instruments (carbon credits) to offset CO2 emissions above the 2019 levels, starting from 2021 to 2023, and above 85% of 2019 levels from 2024 to 2035. The scheme is voluntary for ICAO countries until 2026. As of June 2024, 126 out of 191 countries decided to participate.

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Ryanair takes its environmental responsibilities seriously and intends to continue to improve its environmental efficiency and to minimize emissions. Under Regulation 7 of The UK Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Directors’ Report) Regulations 2013, Ryanair is obliged to state its annual quantity of emissions in tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. Ryanair’s EU and UK Emissions Trading Scheme monitoring, reporting and allowance surrender obligations are mandated on a calendar year basis. During calendar year 2023, the Ryanair Group emitted 15.0m tCO2 (calendar 2022: 13.6m tCO2), which equates to 0.082 tCO2 (calendar 2022: 0.085) per passenger (a drop of over 3.5% per passenger).

​

Aviation Taxes. Ryanair is fundamentally opposed to the introduction of additional aviation taxes, including new environmental taxes, fuel taxes or emissions levies. Ryanair has offered, and continues to offer, among the lowest fares in Europe, to make passenger air travel affordable and accessible to European consumers. Ryanair remitted over €1.17bn in various environmental taxes in fiscal year 2024 up from approximately €0.83bn in fiscal year 2023 (and approximately €0.26bn in fiscal year 2022). Ryanair believes that the imposition of additional taxes on airlines will not only increase airfares, but will discourage new entrants into the market, resulting in less choice for consumers. Ryanair believes this would ultimately have adverse effects on the European economy in general.

​

As a company, Ryanair believes in free market competition and that aviation taxation distorts competition by favoring the less efficient flag carriers which generally have smaller and older aircraft, lower load factors, which offer connecting flights and operate primarily into congested airports, and which, as a result, have a much higher fuel burn per passenger. Furthermore, the introduction of a tax at a European level only, such as that proposed under the ETD, would distort competition between airlines operating solely within Europe and those operating also long-haul flights to and from Europe.

​

Airport charges

The EU Airport Charges Directive of March 2009 sets forth general principles that are to be followed by airports with more than 5m passengers per annum, and the airport with the highest passenger movement in each Member State, when setting airport charges, and provides for an appeals procedure for airlines in the event that they are not satisfied with the level of charges. However, Ryanair does not believe that this procedure is effective or that it constrains those airports that are currently abusing their dominant position, in part because the legislation was transposed improperly in certain countries, such as Ireland and Spain, thereby depriving airlines of even the basic safeguards provided for in the Directive. This legislation may in fact lead to higher airport charges, depending on how its provisions are applied by EU member states and subsequently by the courts.

​

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Slots

​

Currently, many of Ryanair Group’s airports have no “slot” allocation restrictions; however, a substantial number of the airports the Ryanair Group airlines serve, including its primary bases, are regulated by means of “slot” allocations, which represent authorizations to take off or land at a particular airport within a specified time period. EU law regulates the acquisition, transfer and loss of slots. Under EU Regulation No. 793/2004, slots may be transferred from one route to another by the same carrier, transferred within a group or as part of a change of control of a carrier, or swapped between carriers. In April 2008, the European Commission issued a communication on the application of the slot regulation, signaling the acceptance of secondary trading of airport slots between airlines. This was intended to allow more flexibility and mobility in the use of slots and further enhance possibilities for market entry at slot constrained airports. Any future legislation that might create an official secondary market for slots could create a potential source of revenue for certain of Ryanair’s current and potential competitors, many of which have many more slots allocated at primary airports at present than Ryanair. The European Commission proposed a revision to the slots’ legislation reflecting the principle of secondary trading. This revision has been negotiated by the EU institutions since 2014 and is currently stalled. Slot values depend on several factors, including the airport, time of day covered, the availability of slots and the class of aircraft. Ryanair’s ability to gain access to and develop its operations at slot-controlled airports will be affected by the availability of slots for takeoffs and landings at these specific airports. New entrants to an airport are currently given certain privileges in terms of obtaining slots, but such privileges are subject to the grandfathered rights of existing operators that are utilizing their slots. In March 2020, the European Union suspended the “80/20 use it or lose it” rule for the IATA summer season 2020 due to the Covid-19 crisis. The “80/20” rule provides that an airline is entitled to the same slot in the next equivalent scheduling period if it has used the allocated slot 80% of the time. The suspension of the “80/20” rule has been phased out and restored from the IATA summer season 2023. There is no assurance that the Ryanair Group will be able to obtain a sufficient number of slots at the slot-controlled airports that it desires to serve in the future at the time it needs them or on acceptable terms.

​

Other

​

The Company transitioned to local contracts of employment in a number of EU countries in recent years. Where this transition has occurred, the Company is subject to local laws and regulations (examples below).

​

Health and occupational safety issues relating to Ryanair employees employed under Irish law are addressed in Ireland by the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act, 2005 (as amended) and other regulations under that Act. Although licenses or permits are not issued under such legislation, compliance is monitored by the Health and Safety Authority (the “Authority”), which is the regulating body in this area. The Authority periodically reviews Ryanair DAC’s health and safety record and when appropriate, issues improvement notices or prohibition notices. Ryanair DAC has responded to all such notices to the satisfaction of the Authority.

​

For Malta Air and Lauda Europe, health and occupational safety issues are addressed in the Maltese Occupational Health and Safety Authority Act XXVII of 2000. Compliance is monitored by the Occupational Health and Safety Authority (“OHSA”), which enforces the law in workplaces. OHSA advises the Minister responsible for occupational health and safety regarding the making of regulations to promote, maintain and protect a high level of occupational health and safety, as well as takes enforcement action. OHSA can also carry out investigations on any matter concerning occupational health and safety.

​

The Polish Labor Code covers health and occupational safety issues. Under Article 184 of the Labor Code, compliance with provisions on health and occupational safety is monitored by the National Labor Inspectorate (“Państwowa Inspekcja Pracy”) and the National Sanitary Inspectorate (“Państwowa Inspekcja Sanitarna”).

​

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Occupational health and safety issues relating to Ryanair UK are governed by various legislation, the primary statute in England being the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (the “Health and Safety at Work Act”). The Health and Safety Executive (“HSE”), monitors compliance with the Health and Safety at Work Act and related legislation.

​

DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY

​

For certain information about each of the Company’s key facilities, see “—Facilities” above. Management believes that the Company’s facilities are suitable for its needs and are well maintained.

​

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

​

There are no unresolved staff comments.

​

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

​

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements of the Company and the notes thereto included in Item 18. Those consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

​

HISTORY

​

Ryanair’s current business strategy dates to the early 1990s, when Ryanair became the first European airline to replicate the low-fares, low-cost operating model pioneered by Southwest Airlines Co. in the United States. During the period between 1992 and 1994, Ryanair expanded its route network to include scheduled passenger services between Dublin and Birmingham, Manchester and Glasgow (Prestwick). In 1994, Ryanair began standardizing its fleet by purchasing used Boeing 737-200A aircraft to replace substantially all of its leased aircraft. Beginning in 1996, Ryanair continued to expand its service from Dublin to new provincial destinations in the UK. Ryanair Holdings completed its initial public offering in June 1997.

​

From 1997 through March 31, 2024, the Ryanair Group launched services on more than 2,500 routes throughout Europe and also increased the frequency of service on a number of its principal routes. Ryanair has established 95 airports as bases of operations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Route System, Scheduling and Fares” for a list of these bases. During fiscal years 2019 and 2020 the Company established a low-cost airline group adding startup airlines in Poland (Buzz) and the UK (Ryanair UK), along with the acquisition of Lauda and Malta Air (both now based in Malta), to Ryanair DAC in Ireland. Ryanair has increased the number of booked passengers from approximately 5m in fiscal year 1999 to approximately 184m in fiscal year 2024. As of March 31, 2024, Ryanair had a principal fleet of 557 Boeing 737 (including 146 Boeing 737-8200 “Gamechangers”) aircraft and 27 Airbus A320 aircraft and serves approximately 235 airports.  

​

Ryanair expects to have approximately 800 narrow-body aircraft in its operating fleet by 2034 following the delivery of all of the Boeing 737s currently on order, subject to lease hand-backs and disposals over the period. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Aircraft” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for additional details.  

​

BUSINESS OVERVIEW

​

Since Ryanair pioneered its low-cost operating model in Europe in the early 1990s, its passenger volumes and scheduled passenger revenues have increased significantly because the Company has substantially increased capacity

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and demand has been sufficient to match the increased capacity. Ryanair’s annual booked passenger volume has grown from approximately 1m passengers in 1991 to approximately 184m passengers in fiscal year 2024.

​

Total revenues increased from €10.78bn in fiscal year 2023 to €13.44bn in fiscal year 2024 primarily due to a 9% increase in traffic to 183.7m passengers. Average fares in fiscal year 2024 were up 21% to c.€49.80. Ancillary revenues increased by 12% to €4.30bn due to the increase in traffic and a solid performance in discretionary products such as priority boarding, reserved seating and in-flight sales.

​

Ryanair’s total break-even load factor was 81% in fiscal year 2023 and 80% in fiscal year 2024. Ryanair recorded an operating profit of €1.44bn in fiscal year 2023 and an operating profit of €2.06bn in fiscal year 2024. The Company recorded a profit after tax of €1.31bn in fiscal year 2023 and a profit after tax of €1.92bn in fiscal year 2024.  

​

Historical results are not predictive of future results

​

The historical results of operations discussed herein may not be indicative of Ryanair’s future operating performance. Ryanair’s future results of operations will be affected by, among other things, fuel prices; the airline pricing environment in a period of increased competition; flight disruptions and other global economic impacts caused by the war in Ukraine and the Israel/Hamas conflict; overall passenger traffic volume; the availability of new airports for expansion; the ability of Ryanair to finance its planned acquisition of aircraft and to discharge the resulting debt service obligations; economic and political conditions in Ireland, the UK and the EU including a high interest rate environment; the ability of the Company to generate profits for new acquisitions; terrorist threats or attacks (including cyber-attacks) within the EU; seasonal variations in travel; developments in government regulations, litigation and labor relations; foreign currency fluctuations; potential break-up of the Eurozone; Brexit; global inflation and supply chain pressures; the availability of aircraft; competition and the public’s perception regarding the safety of low-fares airlines; changes in aircraft acquisition, leasing, and other operating costs; flight interruptions caused by extreme weather events or other atmospheric disruptions; aircraft safety concerns; flight disruptions caused by periodic and prolonged ATC strikes in Europe; the rates of income and corporate taxes paid, the financial impact of the Covid-19 crisis and the Russian invasion of Ukraine on European economies. Ryanair expects its depreciation, staff, fuel and route charges to increase as additional aircraft and related flight equipment are acquired. Future fuel costs may also increase as a result of the depletion of petroleum reserves, the shortage of fuel production capacity, production restrictions imposed by fuel oil producers, sanctions imposed on oil producers, geopolitical tensions affecting oil producing countries and the imposition of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) mandates by the EU and UK Government. Maintenance expenses may also increase as a result of Ryanair’s fleet expansion and replacement program. The cost of insurance coverage for certain third-party liabilities arising from “acts of war” or terrorism increased dramatically following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. In addition, the financing of new Boeing 737-8200 aircraft and Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft may increase the total amount of the Company’s outstanding debt and the payments it is obliged to make to service such debt.

​

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

​

The following table sets forth certain income statement data (calculated under IFRS) for Ryanair expressed as a percentage of Ryanair’s total revenues for each of the periods indicated:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal Year ended March 31,

 

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

 

Total revenues

 

100

%  

100

%  

100

%

Scheduled revenues

 

68

 

64

 

55

​

Ancillary revenues

 

32

 

36

 

45

​

Total operating expenses

 

85

 

87

 

107

​

Fuel and oil

 

38

 

37

 

35

​

Staff costs

 

11

 

11

 

14

​

Airport and handling charges

 

11

 

12

 

17

​

Depreciation

 

8

 

9

 

15

​

Route charges

 

8

 

8

 

11

​

Marketing, distribution and other

 

6

 

6

 

9

​

Maintenance, materials and repairs

 

3

 

3

 

5

​

Operating profit/(loss)

 

15

 

13

 

(7)

​

Net finance income/(expense)

 

1

 

0

 

(2)

​

Profit/(loss) before tax

 

16

 

13

 

(9)

​

Tax (expense)/credit

 

(2)

 

(1)

 

4

​

Profit/(loss) after taxation

 

14

 

12

 

(5)

​

​

FISCAL YEAR 2024 COMPARED WITH FISCAL YEAR 2023

​

Profit after taxation. Ryanair recorded a profit after taxation of €1,917m in fiscal year 2024, as compared with a profit after taxation of €1,314m in fiscal year 2023. This increase was primarily attributable to a 9% increase in traffic at 21% higher average fares offset by increased jet fuel costs.

​

Scheduled revenues. Ryanair's scheduled passenger revenues increased by 32%, from €6,930m in fiscal year 2023 to €9,145m in fiscal year 2024, primarily reflecting a 9% increase in traffic to 183.7m passengers and a 21% increase in average fare to c.€49.80.

​

Scheduled passenger revenues accounted for 68% of Ryanair’s total revenues in fiscal year 2024 and 64% in fiscal year 2023.

​

Ancillary revenues. Ryanair's ancillary revenues, which comprise revenues from non-flight scheduled operations, in-flight sales and internet-related services, increased by 12%, from €3,845m in fiscal year 2023 to €4,299m in fiscal year 2024. The overall increase in ancillary revenues was due to a 9% increase in traffic to 183.7m passengers and a solid performance in discretionary products such as priority boarding, reserved seating and in-flight sales.

​

Operating expenses. As a percentage of total revenues, Ryanair's operating expenses were at 85% for fiscal year 2024 and 87% for fiscal year 2023. In absolute terms, total operating expenses increased by 22%, from €9,333m in fiscal year 2023 to €11,383m in fiscal year 2024, principally as a result of an increase in sectors flown and higher fuel costs. When comparing costs as a percentage of total revenues, staff costs, route charges, marketing, distribution and other and maintenance, materials and repairs remained in line with fiscal year 2023. Fuel increased as a percentage of total revenues primarily due to higher jet fuel prices offset by fuel burn savings on the new Boeing 737-8200 aircraft. Depreciation and airport and handling charges decreased as a percentage of total revenues due to the 21% increase in average fares.

​

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The following table sets forth the amounts in euro cent of, and percentage changes in, Ryanair's operating expenses (on a per passenger basis) for fiscal years 2024 and 2023 under IFRS. This data is calculated by dividing the relevant expense amount (as shown in the consolidated financial statements) by the number of booked passengers in the relevant year as shown in the table of “Selected Operating and Other Data” in Item 3 and rounding to the nearest euro cent; the percentage change is calculated on the basis of the relevant figures before rounding.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

​

​

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

% Change *

​

​

€

​

€

​

​

Fuel and oil

 

27.99

 

23.88

 

(17)%

Staff costs

 

8.16

 

7.07

 

(16)%

Airport and handling charges

 

8.08

 

7.36

 

(10)%

Depreciation

 

5.77

 

5.48

 

(5)%

Route charges

 

5.58

 

5.36

 

(4)%

Marketing, distribution and other

 

4.12

 

4.00

 

(3)%

Maintenance, materials and repairs

 

2.26

 

2.22

 

(2)%

Total operating expenses

 

61.96

 

55.37

 

(12)%

​

* ”+” is favorable and “-“ is adverse year-on-year.

​

Fuel and oil. Ryanair's fuel and oil costs per passenger increased by 17%, while in absolute terms, these costs increased by 28% from €4,026m in fiscal year 2023 to €5,143m in fiscal year 2024. The 28% increase reflected an increase in sectors flown and significantly higher jet fuel prices offset by fuel burn savings on the new Boeing 737-8200 aircraft. Fuel and oil costs include the direct cost of fuel, the cost of delivering fuel to the aircraft, aircraft de-icing and emissions trading costs (both EU and UK). The average fuel price paid by Ryanair (calculated by dividing total fuel costs (including into-plane and carbon charges) by the number of U.S. gallons of fuel consumed) increased by 31% from €2.46 per U.S. gallon in fiscal year 2023 to €3.23 per U.S. gallon in fiscal year 2024.

​

Staff costs. Ryanair's staff costs, which consist primarily of salaries, wages and benefits, increased by 16% on a per passenger basis, while in absolute terms, these costs increased by 26%, from €1,191m in fiscal year 2023 to €1,500m in fiscal year 2024. The increase in absolute terms was primarily attributable to the larger fleet, higher sectors, investment in operational resilience with higher crewing ratios, restoration of Covid-19 pay reductions, crew productivity pay increases implemented and Boeing delivery delays.

​

Airport and handling charges. Ryanair's airport and handling charges per passenger increased by 10% in fiscal year 2024 compared to fiscal year 2023. In absolute terms, airport and handling charges increased by 20%, from €1,241m in fiscal year 2023 to €1,485m in fiscal year 2024 due to 9% traffic growth, higher ground ATC and handling rates, and termination of temporary Covid reliefs (included in the prior year comparative).

​

Depreciation. Ryanair's depreciation per passenger increased by 5%, while in absolute terms these costs increased by 15% from €923m in fiscal year 2023 to €1,060m in fiscal year 2024. The increase was primarily due to higher amortisation resulting from the delivery of 48 new “Gamechanger” aircraft and higher aircraft utilisation (flight hours up 9%).

​

Route charges. Ryanair's route charges per passenger increased by 4%. In absolute terms, route charges increased by 13%, from €904m in fiscal year 2023 to €1,024m in fiscal year 2024, due to the 9% increase in flight hours and higher Eurocontrol rates.

​

Marketing, distribution and other expenses. Ryanair's marketing, distribution and other operating expenses, including those applicable to the generation of ancillary revenues, increased by 3% on a per passenger basis in fiscal year 2024, while in absolute terms, these costs increased by 12%, from €674m in fiscal year 2023 to €757m in fiscal

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year 2024, due to higher activity in the year (including increased credit card transactions and higher in-flight sales) and increased EU261 and right-to-care passenger compensation due to delays arising primarily from the knock-on effect of ATC related disruptions (including the NATS system failure in August 2023, and a record number of French ATC strikes).

​

Maintenance, materials and repairs. Ryanair's maintenance, materials and repair expenses increased by 2% on a per passenger basis, while in absolute terms these expenses increased by 11% from €374m in fiscal year 2023 to €415m in fiscal year 2024. The increase in absolute terms during the fiscal year was due to higher utilisation, engineering pay increases and lease handback costs.

​

Operating profit/(loss). As a result of the factors outlined above, an operating profit per passenger of €11.22 was recorded in fiscal year 2024 compared to an operating profit per passenger of €8.56 in fiscal year 2023.

​

Net finance income/(expense). Ryanair’s net finance income was positive at €62m due to higher deposit interest rates, lower gross debt, and a positive net cash position throughout the year. Foreign exchange translation reflects the impact of €/US$ exchange rate movements on balance sheet revaluations.

​

Taxation. The effective tax rate for fiscal year 2024 was approximately 10%, as compared to an effective tax rate of approximately 9% in fiscal year 2023, reflecting the mix of profits and losses incurred by Ryanair’s operating subsidiaries primarily in Ireland, Malta, Poland and the UK.

​

FISCAL YEAR 2023 COMPARED WITH FISCAL YEAR 2022

​

A discussion of fiscal year 2023 compared with fiscal year 2022 is included in Ryanair’s 2023 Annual Report and Form 20-F.

​

SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS

​

The Company’s results of operations have varied significantly from quarter to quarter, and management expects these variations to continue. Among the factors causing these variations are the airline industry’s sensitivity to general economic conditions and the seasonal nature of air travel. Ryanair typically records higher revenues and income in the first half of each fiscal year ended March 31 than the second half of such year.

​

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

​

Please see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 for information on recently issued accounting standards and whether they are material to the Company.

​

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

​

Liquidity. The Company finances its working capital requirements through a combination of cash generated from operations, debt capital market issuances and bank loans for general corporate purposes. See “Item 3. Key Information— Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company—The Company will incur significant costs acquiring new aircraft and any instability in the credit and capital markets could negatively impact Ryanair’s ability to obtain financing on acceptable terms” for more information about risks relating to liquidity and capital resources. The Company had gross cash resources at March 31, 2024 and 2023 of €4.12bn and €4.68bn, respectively. The €0.56bn decrease in gross cash resources year on year reflects capital expenditure of approximately €2.39bn and debt repayments of €1.10bn offset by an increase in operating activities.

​

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The Company’s net cash inflow from operating activities in fiscal year 2024 amounted to €3.16bn (fiscal year 2023: €3.89bn). The €0.73bn decrease in net cash flows from operating activities year on year primarily reflects the movement in forward bookings.

​

During fiscal year 2024, Ryanair’s primary cash requirements have been for operating expenses, capital expenditures and payments on indebtedness. Cash generated from operations were the primary sources of cash inflows in fiscal year 2024. In fiscal year 2023, Ryanair’s primary cash requirements were for operating expenses, capital expenditures and payments on indebtedness. Cash generated from operations were the primary sources of cash inflows for fiscal year 2023.

​

The Company’s net cash outflow from investing activities in fiscal year 2024 totaled €1.56bn, primarily reflecting 48 aircraft deliveries, aircraft pre-delivery deposits and capitalized maintenance. The Company’s net cash outflow from investing activities in fiscal year 2023 totaled €1.90bn, primarily reflecting 37 aircraft deliveries, aircraft pre-delivery deposits and capitalized maintenance.

​

Net cash outflows from financing activities totaled €1.33bn in fiscal year 2024, largely reflecting the repayment of the Group’s €0.75bn (2015) Eurobond issued at a coupon of 1.125%, €0.26bn of the Group’s €0.75bn revolving credit facility and an interim dividend payment of €0.20bn. Net cash outflows from financing activities totaled €1.05bn in fiscal year 2023, largely reflecting the repayment of the Group’s €0.85bn (2015) Eurobond issued at a coupon of 1.125%.

​

Capital Expenditures. Capital Expenditures in fiscal years 2024 and 2023 were €2.39bn and €1.92bn respectively. At March 31, 2024, 100% of Ryanair’s owned Boeing 737s were unencumbered. Ryanair has generally been able to generate sufficient funds from operations to meet its non-aircraft acquisition-related working capital requirements. Management believes that the working capital available to the Company is sufficient for its present requirements and will be sufficient to meet its anticipated requirements for capital expenditures and other cash requirements for fiscal year 2025.

​

The following table sets forth the dates on which and the number of aircraft that will be delivered, returned and disposed by the Company.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

Fiscal Year End

    

2024

    

2025

    

2026

    

2027

    

2028

    

2029

 

2030-2034

​

Total

Opening Fleet

 

537

 

584

 

645

 

644

 

652

 

667

​

681

​

537

Firm deliveries under 2014 Boeing Contract

 

48

 

64

 

—

 

—

 

—

 

—

​

—

​

112

Deliveries under 2023 Boeing Contract*

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

8

​

20

​

40

​

232

​

300

Planned Disposals or lease returns**

 

(1)

 

(3)

 

(1)

 

—

​

(5)

 

(26)

​

(113)

​

(149)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Closing Fleet

 

584

 

645

 

644

 

652

 

667

 

681

​

800

​

800

​

*150 aircraft are firm orders and 150 are subject to an option exercisable at Ryanair’s discretion.

**Subsequent to March 31, 2024, 3 aircraft leases due to end in fiscal year 2025 were extended to fiscal year 2029.

​

Capital Resources. Ryanair’s debt (including current maturities) totaled €2.75bn at March 31, 2024 and €4.12bn at March 31, 2023, with the change being primarily attributable to the repayment of the Group’s €0.75bn (2015) Eurobond issued at a coupon of 1.125% and €0.26bn of the Group’s €0.75bn revolving credit facility. Please see the table “Obligations Due by Period” on page 58 for more information on Ryanair’s long-term debt (including current maturities) and leases as of March 31, 2024. See also Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 18 for further information on the maturity profile of the interest rate structure and other information on the Company’s borrowings.

​

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Ryanair expects to finance the remaining aircraft under the 2014 Boeing Contract and the 2023 Boeing Contract from internally generated cash flows, however the Group will remain opportunistic in its financing strategy and will consider various financing options closer to the time of the respective delivery dates as may be considered appropriate. Ryanair’s ability to obtain additional loans to finance aircraft purchases is subject to the issuance of further bank commitments and the satisfaction of various contractual conditions. These conditions include, among other things, the execution of satisfactory documentation, the requirement that Ryanair perform all of its obligations under the Boeing agreements and that Ryanair not suffer a material adverse change in its conditions or prospects (financial or otherwise). In addition, as a result of the Company’s strong investment grade BBB+ (stable outlook) credit rating from both Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) and Fitch Ratings and following Ryanair’s issuance of €0.75bn in 1.125% unsecured Eurobonds with an 6.5-year tenor in February 2017 (repaid in August 2023), issuance of €0.85bn in 2.875% unsecured Eurobonds with a 5-year tenor in September 2020 and €1.20bn unsecured Eurobonds with a 5-year tenor at a coupon of 0.875% in May 2021 under its EMTN program, the Company may decide in the future to issue additional debt from capital markets to finance future aircraft deliveries.

​

Ryanair has a track record in securing finance for similar sized aircraft purchases. Of the 741 aircraft acquired under the 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2013 and 2014 Boeing Contracts, 348 were financed with approximately 66% US Ex-Im Bank (the “Ex-Im Bank”) loan guarantees via the bank and capital markets (with 85% loan to value), approximately 24% through sales and operating leaseback financing, and approximately 10% through Japanese operating leases with call options (“JOLCOs”) and commercial debt. These sources of funding continue to be available to the Company. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”  

​

At March 31, 2024, Ryanair had 27 leased Airbus A320 aircraft in the Lauda Europe fleet and 1 leased Boeing 737 aircraft in the Ryanair DAC fleet. As a result, Ryanair operates, but does not own, these aircraft, which were leased to provide flexibility for the aircraft delivery program. Ryanair has no right or obligation to acquire these aircraft at the end of the relevant lease terms. All 28 leases are U.S. dollar-denominated and require Ryanair to make fixed rental payments and, following the adoption of IFRS 16 are shown as lease liabilities on the Group’s balance sheet (with related right of use assets also recognized).

​

Since, under each of the Group’s leases, the Group has a commitment to maintain the relevant aircraft, an accounting provision is made during the lease term for this obligation based on estimated future costs of major airframe checks, engine maintenance checks and restitution of major life limited parts by making appropriate charges to the income statement calculated by reference to the number of hours or cycles operated during the year.

​

Ryanair currently has a corporate rating of BBB+ (stable outlook) from both S&P and Fitch Ratings and a €6bn EMTN program. Ryanair issued €0.75bn in unsecured Eurobonds with a 6.5-year tenor at a coupon of 1.125% in February 2017 (repaid in August 2023), €0.85bn in unsecured Eurobonds with a 5-year tenor at a coupon of 2.875% in September 2020, and €1.20bn in unsecured Eurobonds with a 5-year tenor at a coupon of 0.875% in May 2021 under this program. All of these issuances are guaranteed by Ryanair Holdings. The Company used the proceeds from these issuances for general corporate purposes.

​

In May 2019, Ryanair DAC entered into a €0.75bn general corporate purposes unsecured term loan facility, with a syndicate of 10 banks. The facility had 5-year tenor. In May 2023, the loan was refinanced with an unsecured €0.75bn syndicated revolving credit facility (at a lower margin) maturing in May 2028. €0.49bn was drawn under this facility at March 31, 2024.

​

​

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CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

​

The table below sets forth the contractual obligations and commercial commitments of the Company with definitive payment terms, which will require significant cash outlays in the future, as of March 31, 2024. These obligations primarily relate to Ryanair’s aircraft purchase and related financing obligations, which are described in more detail above. For additional information on the Company’s contractual obligations and commercial commitments, see Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 18.

​

The amounts listed under “Purchase Obligations” in the table reflect future obligations for firm aircraft purchases under the existing 2014 Boeing Contract and 2023 Boeing Contract. This table is calculated by multiplying the number of firm aircraft the Group is obligated to purchase under its agreements with Boeing during the relevant period by the standard list price (at the time of announcing the transactions) of approximately U.S. $102.5m for each Boeing 737-8200 aircraft and U.S.$135m for each Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft, adjusted for (i) basic credits (approximately 60% of the standard list price); (ii) price escalation over the original scheduled delivery timeframe; and (iii) advance payments paid in prior fiscal years. The dollar-denominated obligations are converted into euro at the year-end exchange rate of U.S. $1.0793 = €1.00. The Group is eligible for further customer specific credits, reflective, inter alia, of its longstanding partnership with Boeing, its launch customer status for the Boeing 737-8200 aircraft, its commitment to purchase 210 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft under the 2014 Boeing Contract and the Group’s largest ever single order of up to 300 Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft (including 150 firm orders and 150 options) under the 2023 Boeing Contract and the delayed commencement of Boeing 737-8200 aircraft deliveries. These customer specific credits are not included in the table below but will reduce the average amount payable per aircraft, and therefore, the Group’s obligations due under the 2014 Boeing Contract and 2023 Boeing Contract. The Group considers that Boeing customer specific credits are not material to the Group’s cash outflows over the time horizon of the 2014 Boeing Contract or the time horizon of the 2023 Boeing Contract. Under the terms of the 2014 Boeing Contract and 2023 Boeing Contract, the Group is required to make periodic advance payments of the purchase price for aircraft it has agreed to purchase over the two-year period preceding the scheduled delivery of aircraft with the balance of the purchase price being due at the time of delivery. Purchase Obligations detailed below are based on an agreed delivery schedule as of March 31, 2024.

​

The amounts listed under “Operating Lease Obligations” reflect the Company’s obligations under its aircraft operating lease arrangements at March 31, 2024.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Obligations Due by Period

Contractual Obligations

    

Total

    

Less than 1 year

    

1-2 years

    

2-5 years

    

After 5 years

​

​

​

€M

​

​

€M

​

​

€M

​

​

€M

​

​

€M

Debt (a)

 

​

2,582

 

​

50

 

​

843

 

​

1,689

 

​

—

Purchase Obligations (b)

 

​

11,653

 

​

2,162

 

​

186

 

​

3,889

 

​

5,416

Operating Lease Obligations

 

​

184

 

​

46

 

​

37

 

​

101

 

​

—

Future Interest Payments (c)

 

​

169

 

​

56

 

​

56

​

​

57

 

​

—

Total Contractual Obligations

​

​

14,588

​

​

2,314

​

​

1,122

​

​

5,736

​

​

5,416

​

(a)For additional information on Ryanair’s debt obligations, see Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 18.
(b)This reflects the 64 firm aircraft ordered under the 2014 Boeing Contract (146 already delivered by the end of fiscal year 2024) assuming delivery of 64 in fiscal year 2025. Also reflected are the 150 firm aircraft ordered under the 2023 Boeing Contract to be delivered over a 7-year period from calendar 2027 to 2033 (inclusive). For additional information on the Company’s purchase obligation, see Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements included in Item 18.
(c)In determining an appropriate methodology to estimate future interest payments, the Company has applied either the applicable fixed rate or currently applicable variable rate where appropriate. These interest rates are subject to change and amounts actually due may be higher or lower than noted in the table above.

​

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TREND INFORMATION

​

For information concerning the principal trends and uncertainties affecting the Company’s results of operations and financial condition, see “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—Strategy—Responding to market challenges” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Business Overview,” “—Results of Operations,” “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” above.

​

OFF-BALANCE SHEET TRANSACTIONS

​

The Company uses certain off-balance sheet arrangements in the ordinary course of business, including financial guarantees. Details of these arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources are discussed below.

​

Guarantees. Ryanair Holdings has provided an aggregate of approximately €2.76bn (as at March 31, 2024) in letters of guarantee to secure obligations of certain of its subsidiaries in respect of loans, capital market transactions and bank advances, including those relating to aircraft financing and related hedging transactions. This amount excludes guarantees given in relation to the 2014 Boeing Contract and 2023 Boeing Contract under which there was a total of 64 firm Boeing 737-8200s and 150 firm Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft yet to be delivered as at March 31, 2024 amounting to approximately U.S.$11bn at the standard list price of U.S.$102.5m and U.S.$135m respectively (net of basic credits and reflective of price escalation over the originally scheduled delivery timeframe).

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Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

Ryanair Holdings was established in 1996 as a holding company for Ryanair. The management of Ryanair Holdings and Ryanair are integrated, with the two companies having the same Directors and Executive Officers.

​

Directors

​

The following table sets forth certain information concerning the Directors of the Company. Following the retirements from the Board of Michael Cawley and Louise Phelan (both in June 2024) and the upcoming appointments of Jinane Laghrari Laabi (July 2024) and Amber Rudd (July 2024), the Board will comprise 14 Directors, effective July 2024.

​

​

​

​

​

​

Name

    

Age

    

Positions

Stan McCarthy (b)(c)

 

66

 

Chairman & Director

Róisín Brennan (b)(d)

 

59

 

Senior Independent Director

Eamonn Brennan (d)(e)

​

66

​

Director

Emer Daly (a)

 

61

 

Director

Geoff Doherty (a)

​

53

​

Director

Bertrand Grabowski (a)

​

67

​

Director

Elisabeth Köstinger (c)

​

45

​

Director

Jinane Laghrari Laabi (c)*

​

43

​

Director

Howard Millar (b)(c)

 

62

 

Director

Roberta Neri (d)

​

59

​

Director

Anne Nolan (c)

​

64

​

Director

Mike O’Brien (e)

 

80

 

Director

Michael O’Leary (b)

 

63

 

Director & Group CEO

Amber Rudd (d)*

​

60

​

Director

​

​

​

​

(a)   Audit Committee.

(d)   Remuneration Committee.

​

(b)   Executive Committee.

(e)   Safety & Security Committee.

​

(c)   Nomination Committee.

​

​

*Appointed from July 1, 2024

​

Stan McCarthy was appointed as a Director of Ryanair in May 2017, Deputy Chairman in April 2019 and Chairman in June 2020. Mr. McCarthy was Chief Executive of Kerry Group plc from January 2008 until September 2017.  He joined Kerry Group in 1976 and worked in a number of finance roles before being appointed as Vice President of Sales and Marketing in the USA in 1991, as President of Kerry North America in 1996 and as a Director of Kerry Group in 1999. Stan is an investor, advisor and Board member of a small number of privately-owned companies in diverse industries. An active philanthropist in both Ireland and the U.S., he donates to various organizations in health, education and poverty reduction. He has dual Irish and U.S. citizenship.

​

Róisín Brennan has served as a Director since May 2018 and was appointed Senior Independent Director (SID) in April 2024. She is a former Chief Executive of IBI Corporate Finance Ltd. where she had extensive experience advising Irish public companies. Róisín is currently a Non-Executive Director of Musgrave Group plc, Glanbia plc and Dell Bank International DAC having previously been a Non-Executive Director of DCC plc from 2005 until 2016 and Hibernia REIT plc from 2019 to 2022. She is an Irish Citizen.

​

Eamonn Brennan has served as a Director since April 2023.  Mr. Brennan was formerly Chief Executive of the Irish Aviation Authority, and more recently the Director General of Eurocontrol from 2018 to 2022. He is an Irish citizen.

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Emer Daly has served as a Director since December 2017. She is currently Board Chairman at RSA Insurance Ireland DAC and a Non-Executive Director of Chetwood Financial Limited and RGA International Reinsurance Company DAC. Emer previously served as a Non-Executive Director of Permanent TSB Group plc and as a Director of Payzone plc. Prior to that, Emer held senior roles with PwC and AXA Insurance for over 20 years. She is an Irish citizen.

​

Geoff Doherty has served as a Director since October 2021. Mr. Doherty is the Group Chief Financial Officer and an Executive Director of Kingspan Group plc. Prior to that, he was an Executive Director and Chief Financial Officer of Greencore Group plc. He is an Irish citizen.

​

Bertrand Grabowski joined the Board in October 2023.  He is a former Executive Board Member of DVB Bank and held senior roles with Citibank, Credit Agricole Indosuez and Banque Indosuez.  Bertrand is an independent aviation consultant and a Non-Executive Director of Jazeera Airways in Kuwait and Flybondi in Argentina.  He is a French citizen.

​

Elisabeth Köstinger has served as a Director since April 2023.  She is a former Austrian politician who was an MEP from 2009 to 2017, and subsequently served as Minister for Agriculture, Sustainability and Tourism. Since retiring from politics in 2022, Elisabeth has operated as an entrepreneur.  She is an Austrian citizen.

​

Jinane Laghrari Laabi joins the Board on July 1, 2024. She is a former partner with McKinsey & Co. (Casablanca) covering Morocco, Africa & Middle East and is a Non-Executive Director of Aluminium Du Moroc (a public listed company in Morocco). She is a Moroccan citizen.

​

Howard Millar has served as a Director since August 2015. He was previously Ryanair’s Deputy CEO and CFO from 2003 to December 2014 having been Ryanair’s Director of Finance from 1993 and Financial Controller since 1992. Howard is Co-Founder and former CEO of Sirius Aviation Capital Holdings Ltd., a global aircraft lessor. He is an Irish citizen.

​

Roberta Neri joined the Board in February 2024.  She is a former CEO of ENAV (the Italian Air Navigation Services provider from 2015 to 2020) and was CFO of ACEA (Italian utility company).  Roberta, who has over 30 years experience in both corporate and financial services industries, is a founding member and board director of Byom (a consulting firm focused on investment funds and companies operating in the industrial, renewable energy and infrastructure sector) and Operating Partner at Asterion Industrial Partners.  She is an Italian citizen.

​

Anne Nolan has served as a Director since December 2022.   She is a former Chair of the Irish Aviation Authority (from 2010 to 2018) and previously served as Chief Executive of the Irish Pharmaceutical Healthcare Association.  Anne has also served on various Boards including the Food Safety Authority of Ireland, the Irish Medicines Board, the Executive Committee of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and the Board of the Smurfit Graduate School of Business and is currently Chair of an Irish pharmaceutical technology start-up.  She is an Irish citizen.

​

Mike O’Brien has served as a Director since May 2016. Prior to that, he was Head of Flight Operations Inspectorate with the Maltese Civil Aviation Authority until he retired in 2016, having previously spent 10 years as the Head of Operating Standards with the Irish Aviation Authority until 2001. Capt. O’Brien served 4 years as the Chief Pilot and Flight Operations Manager of Ryanair from 1987 to 1991. He is an Irish citizen.

​

Michael O’Leary has served as a Director of Ryanair since 1988 and as CEO since 1994. Michael was appointed Group CEO in April 2019. He is an Irish citizen.

​

Amber Rudd joins the Board on July 1, 2024. She is a former UK Minister and MP who held senior cabinet positions including Home Secretary and Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change. Amber is a non-executive director of Centrica plc. She is a UK citizen.

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The Board of Directors has established a number of committees, including the following:

​

(a)Audit Committee. The Board of Directors established the Audit Committee in September 1996 to make recommendations concerning the engagement of independent external auditors; to review with the auditors the plans for and scope of each annual audit, the audit procedures to be utilized and the results of the audit; to approve the professional services provided by the auditors; to review the independence of the auditors; and to review the adequacy and effectiveness of the Company’s internal accounting controls. Mr. Doherty (Chair), Ms. Daly and Mr. Grabowski are the members of the Audit Committee. In accordance with the recommendations of the Irish Combined Code of Corporate Governance (the “Combined Code”), an independent Non-Executive Director, Mr. Doherty, is the chair of the Audit Committee. All members of the Audit Committee are independent for the purposes of the listing rules of the NASDAQ and the U.S. federal securities laws.

​

(b)Executive Committee. The Board of Directors established the Executive Committee in August 1996. The Executive Committee can exercise the powers exercisable by the full Board of Directors in circumstances in which action by the Board of Directors is required but it is impracticable to convene a meeting of the full Board of Directors. Mr. Millar (Chair), Ms. Brennan, Mr. McCarthy and Mr. O’Leary are members of the Executive Committee.

​

(c)Nomination Committee. The Board of Directors established the Nomination Committee in May 1999 to make recommendations and proposals to the full Board of Directors concerning the selection of individuals to serve as Executive and Non-Executive Directors. The Board of Directors as a whole then makes appropriate determinations regarding such matters after considering such recommendations and proposals. Mr. McCarthy (Chair), Ms. Köstinger, Ms. Laghrari Laabi (from July 1, 2024), Mr. Millar and Ms. Nolan are the members of the Nomination Committee.

​

(d)Remuneration Committee. The Board of Directors established the Remuneration Committee in September 1996. This committee has authority to determine the remuneration of Senior Management of the Company and to administer the share-based remuneration plans described below. Senior Management remuneration is comprised of a fixed basic pay and performance related bonuses which are awarded based on a combination of budget and non-budget performance criteria. The Remuneration Committee determines the remuneration and bonuses of the Group CEO, who is the only Executive Director. Ms. Brennan (Chair), Mr. Brennan, Ms. Neri and Ms. Rudd (from July 1, 2024) are the members of the Remuneration Committee. Mr. Brennan will take over as Remco Chair from July 1, 2024 to allow Ms. Brennan to focus on her SID role.

​

(e)Safety & Security Committee. The Board of Directors established the Safety and Security Committee in March 1997 to review and discuss air safety and security performance. The Safety and Security Committee reports to the full Board of Directors each quarter. The Safety and Security Committee is composed of Mr. O’Brien, Mr. Brennan and Ms. Carol Sharkey (who Co-Chairs the committee with Mr. O’Brien). Other attendees include the Accountable Managers of each of the Ryanair Group Airlines and various nominated persons who are invited to attend, as required, from time to time. Each airline has a separate Safety & Security Committee to comply with their local regulators’ requirements.

​

Powers of, and Action by, the Board of Directors

The Board of Directors is empowered by the Articles of Association of Ryanair Holdings (the “Articles”) to carry on the business of Ryanair Holdings, subject to the Articles, provisions of general law and the right of shareholders to give directions to the Directors by way of ordinary resolutions. Every Director who is present at a meeting of the Board of Directors of Ryanair Holdings has one vote. In the case of a tie on a vote, the chairman of the Board of Directors has a second or tie-breaking vote. A Director may designate an alternate Director to attend any Board of Directors meeting, and such alternate Director shall have all the rights of a Director at such meeting.

​

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The quorum for a meeting of the Board of Directors, unless another number is fixed by the Directors, consists of three Directors, a majority of whom must be EU nationals. The Articles require the vote of a majority of the Directors (or alternates) present at a duly convened meeting for the approval of any action by the Board of Directors.

​

Composition and Term of Office

The Articles provide that the Board of Directors shall consist of no fewer than 3 and no more than 15 Directors, unless otherwise determined by the shareholders. There is no maximum age for a Director and no Director is required to own any shares of Ryanair Holdings.

​

Directors are elected (or have their appointments confirmed) at the annual general meetings of shareholders.

​

Exemptions from NASDAQ Corporate Governance Rules

The Company relies on certain exemptions from the NASDAQ corporate governance rules. These exemptions, and the practices the Company adheres to, are as follows:

​

●The Company is exempt from NASDAQ’s quorum requirements applicable to meetings of shareholders, which require a minimum quorum of 33 1/3% for any meeting of the holders of common stock, which in the Company’s case are its Ordinary Shares. In keeping with Irish generally accepted business practice, the Articles provide for a quorum for general meetings of shareholders of two shareholders, regardless of the level of their aggregate share ownership.

​

●The Company is exempt from NASDAQ’s requirement with respect to Audit Committee approval of related party transactions, as well as its requirement that shareholders approve certain stock or asset purchases when a Director, officer or substantial shareholder has an interest. The Company is subject to extensive provisions under the Listing Rules of Euronext Dublin governing transactions with related parties, as defined therein, and the Irish Companies Act also restricts the extent to which Irish companies may enter into related party transactions. In addition, the Articles contain provisions regarding disclosure of interests by the Directors and restrictions on their votes in circumstances involving conflicts of interest. The concept of a related party for purposes of NASDAQ’s Audit Committee and shareholder approval rules differs in certain respects from the definition of a transaction with a related party under the Irish Listing Rules and the Irish Companies Act.

​

●NASDAQ requires shareholder approval for certain transactions involving the sale or issuance by a listed company of common stock other than in a public offering and when a plan or other equity compensation arrangement is established or materially amended. Under the NASDAQ rules, whether shareholder approval is required for transactions other than public offerings depends, among other things, on the number of shares to be issued or sold in connection with a transaction, while the Irish Listing Rules require shareholder approval when the value of a transaction, as measured under any one or more of four class tests, exceeds a certain percentage of the size of the listed company undertaking the transaction as measured for the purposes of same tests. The Irish Listing Rules also require shareholder approval of equity compensation arrangements but, subject to certain exceptions, if provided by the plan, permit amendments to the plan by a board committee without further shareholder approval.

​

●NASDAQ requires that each issuer solicit proxies and provide proxy statements for all meetings of shareholders and provide copies of such proxy solicitation to NASDAQ. The Company is exempt from this requirement as the solicitation of holders of ADRs is not required under the Irish Listing Rules or the Irish Companies Act. However, it has been Ryanair’s policy to solicit holders of ADRs, and it will do so again once the restriction on non-EU shareholders voting rights because of Brexit has been removed. For additional

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information, please see “Item 3 Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Ownership of the Company’s Ordinary Shares or ADRs”. Details of Ryanair’s annual general meetings and other shareholder meetings, together with the requirements for admission, voting or the appointment of a proxy are available on the website of the Company in accordance with the Irish Companies Act, the Company’s Articles of Association and the Irish Listing Rules.

​

The Company also follows certain other practices under the UK Corporate Governance Code and the Irish Corporate Governance Annex in lieu of those set forth in the NASDAQ corporate governance rules, as expressly permitted thereby.

​

Most significantly:

​

Independence. NASDAQ requires that a majority of an issuer’s Board of Directors be “independent” under the standards set forth in the NASDAQ rules and that Directors deemed independent be identified in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F. The Board of Directors has determined that each of the Company’s thirteen serving Non-Executive Directors is “independent” under the standards set forth in the UK Corporate Governance Code and the Irish Corporate Governance Annex (the “Code”).

​

Under the Code, there is no bright-line test establishing set criteria for independence, as there is under NASDAQ Rule 5605(a)(12). Instead, the Board of Directors determines whether the Director is independent, and whether there are relationships or circumstances which are likely to affect, or could appear to affect, the Director’s judgment. Under the Code, the Board of Directors may determine that a Director is independent notwithstanding the existence of relationships or circumstances which may appear relevant to its determination, but it should state its reasons if it makes such a determination. The Code specifies that relationships or circumstances that may be relevant include whether the Director: (i) is or has been an employee of the relevant company or group within the last five years; (ii) has, or has had within the last three years a direct or indirect material business relationship with such company; (iii) has received or receives payments from such company, subject to certain exceptions; (iv) has close family ties with any of the Company’s advisers, Directors or senior employees; (v) holds cross-Directorships or other significant links with other Directors; (vi) represents a significant shareholder; or (vii) has served on the Board of Directors for more than nine years.

​

In determining that each of the thirteen serving Non-Executive Directors is independent under the Code standard, the Ryanair Holdings Board of Directors identified such relevant factors with respect to Non-Executive Directors Messrs. Millar and O’Brien.

​

The Board considered Mr. Millar’s independence given that he was Ryanair’s Deputy CEO up to December 31, 2014, and CFO up to September 30, 2014. The Board has considered his employment and has concluded that Mr. Millar is an independent Non-Executive Director within the spirit and meaning of the Code.

​

The Board considered Mr. O’Brien’s independence given that he served as Chief Pilot and Flight Operations Manager of Ryanair from 1987 to 1991. The Board has considered Mr. O’Brien’s employment and has concluded that he is an independent Non-Executive Director within the spirit and meaning of the Code.

​

The Board considered that each of these Directors is independent in character and judgment as they either have other significant commercial and professional commitments and/or bring their own level of senior experience gained in their fields of international business and professional practice.

​

The NASDAQ independence criteria specifically state that an individual may not be considered independent if, within the last three years, such individual or a member of his or her immediate family has had certain specified relationships with the Company, its parent, any consolidated subsidiary, its internal or external auditors, or any company

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that has significant business relationships with the Company, its parent or any consolidated subsidiary. Neither ownership of a significant amount of stock nor length of service on the Board is a per se bar to independence under the NASDAQ rules.

​

senior management

​

The following table sets forth certain information concerning the Senior Management of the Ryanair Group:  

  ​

​

​

​

​

​

Name

    

Age

    

Position

Michael O’Leary

 

63

 

Group CEO

Neil Sorahan

 

52

 

Group CFO

Juliusz Komorek

 

46

 

Group CLO; Co. Secretary

Edward Wilson

​

60

​

Ryanair DAC CEO

Carol Sharkey

 

49

 

Chief Risk Officer

Tracey McCann

​

50

​

Ryanair DAC CFO

Andreas Gruber

 

39

 

Lauda Joint CEO

David O'Brien

 

60

 

Malta Air CEO & Lauda Joint CEO

Michal Kaczmarzyk

​

45

​

Buzz CEO

John Hurley

 

49

 

CTO

​

Michael O’Leary. Michael has served as a Director of Ryanair DAC since 1988 and a Director of Ryanair Holdings since 1996. Michael was appointed CEO of Ryanair in 1994 and Group CEO in April 2019, having previously served as CFO since 1988.

​

Neil Sorahan. Neil was appointed Group CFO in October 2019, having previously served as Ryanair’s CFO from October 2014. Prior to this he was Ryanair’s Finance Director since June 2006 and Treasurer from January 2003. Before joining Ryanair, Neil held various finance and treasury roles (1992 to 2002 incl.) at CRH plc.

​

Juliusz Komorek. Juliusz was appointed Group CLO; Company Secretary in late 2019 having previously served as Ryanair’s Chief Legal & Regulatory Officer; Company Secretary from May 2009 and Deputy Director of Legal and Regulatory Affairs since 2007. Prior to joining the Company in 2004, Juliusz had gained relevant experience in the European Commission’s Directorate General for Competition and in the Polish Embassy to the EU in Brussels, as well as in the private sector in Poland and the Netherlands. Juliusz is a lawyer, holding degrees from the universities of Warsaw and Amsterdam.

​

Edward Wilson. Eddie was appointed Ryanair DAC’s CEO in September 2019, having previously served as Ryanair’s CPO since December 2002. Prior to this he served as Head of Personnel since December 1997. Before joining Ryanair, Eddie was the Human Resources Manager for Gateway 2000 and held a number of other human resources-related positions in the Irish financial services sector.

​

Carol Sharkey. Carol was appointed Chief Risk Officer in May 2018 having held the position of Director of Safety and Security since 2014. She has worked at Ryanair since 1995 having previously held roles in in-flight, flight operations and in recent years has overseen the flight safety department.

​

Tracey McCann. Tracey was appointed Ryanair DAC’s CFO in January 2020 having previously served as Ryanair’s Director of Finance from December 2014. She joined Ryanair in 1991 and has held various senior finance roles.

​

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Andreas Gruber. Andreas was appointed CEO of Lauda in 2018. Prior to that, he held various operational and network planning roles within the Aerberlin Group. Following Lauda’s acquisition by the Ryanair Group, Andreas remained as Lauda’s Joint CEO.

​

David O’Brien. David was appointed Joint CEO of Lauda in April 2020 and CEO of Malta Air in December 2020, having previously served as Ryanair’s CCO since January 2014. Prior to that David was Ryanair’s Director of Flight and Ground Operations from December 2002. A graduate of the Irish Military College, prior to joining Ryanair, David followed a military career with positions in the airport sector and agribusiness in the Middle East, Russia and Asia.

​

Michal Kaczmarzyk. Michal was appointed CEO of Buzz in April 2017. Prior to joining Buzz, Michal served as the General Director of the Polish Airports State Company and CEO of Warsaw Chopin Airport. A former CEO of LS Airport Services and supervisory board member of Euro LOT Airline, Krakow Airport and Gdansk Airport, Michal also held roles with the Polish Industrial Development Agency, the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection and PwC.

​

John Hurley. John was appointed CTO in September 2014. He joined Ryanair from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, where he was Vice-President of Engineering and Product Operations, Director of Platform Development and Software Development Program Manager. He was previously Production Manager at both Intuition Publishing Ltd and Education Multimedia Group and has over 20 years of experience in the IT industry.

​

Compensation of Directors and senior management

​

Compensation

The aggregate amount of compensation paid by Ryanair Holdings and its subsidiaries to its key management personnel (defined as including each director, whether executive or otherwise, of the Group, as well as the Senior Management team reporting to the Board of Directors) named above in fiscal year 2024 was €16.5m (including a €6.5m (non-cash) technical accounting charge in relation to unvested share options). For details of Mr. O’Leary’s compensation in such fiscal year, see “—Remuneration Agreement with Mr. O’Leary” below.

​

During fiscal year 2024, each of Ryanair Holdings’ Non-Executive Directors was entitled to receive a base fee of €75,000 plus expenses per annum, as remuneration for their services to Ryanair Holdings. The Chairman of the Board received a fee of €150,000. The additional remuneration paid to Chairs of the Audit, Remuneration and Safety & Security Committees and to the Senior Independent Director (“SID”) is €25,000 per annum.

​

Directors’ service agreements do not contain provisions providing for compensation on their termination.

​

For further details of share-based remuneration that have been granted to the Company’s employees, including Senior Management, see “Item 10. Additional Information—Options to Purchase Securities from Registrant or Subsidiaries,” as well as Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

​

Remuneration Agreement with Mr. O’Leary

In December 2022 Michael O’Leary (“MOL”) extended his contract as Group CEO to July 2028 (previously July 2024). As part of this contract the Group CEO receives a basic salary of €1.2m p.a. (effective FY24). From fiscal year 2024 his maximum annual bonus was reduced to 50% of basic pay (previously 100%). In line with best practice, MOL does not receive any pension benefits. This contract extended the vesting period for the 10m share options granted in February 2019, which are exercisable at a strike price of €11.12, but only if the Ryanair Group PAT exceeds €2.2bn (up from a prior €2.0bn target) in any year up to fiscal year 2028 (inclusive) and/or the share price of the Company exceeds €21 for a period of 28 days between April 1, 2021 and March 31, 2028. If these targets are not achieved, these share

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options will lapse and MOL will receive nothing other than his basic salary and annual bonus. A final vesting condition is that these options will lapse should MOL leave the Ryanair Group’s employment on/before the end of July 2028.

​

Staff and Labor Relations

​

The following table sets forth the details of Ryanair’s team (including all Group airlines) at each of March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Number of Staff at March 31, 

Classification

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

Management

 

124

 

125

 

116

Administrative/IT Labs

 

1,552

 

1,028

 

828

Maintenance

 

652

 

506

 

483

Ground Operations

 

794

 

655

 

488

Pilots

 

7,049

 

6,582

 

5,860

Cabin Crew

 

16,905

 

13,365

 

11,341

Total

 

27,076

​

22,261

 

19,116

​

Ryanair Group airlines have concluded Collective Labor Agreements (“CLAs”) with trade unions in most of their major markets. Ryanair will continue to defend its existing high productivity business model. Ryanair believes that existing terms and conditions for both pilots and cabin crew are industry leading among European low cost operators with competitive pay, advantageous fixed rosters, outstanding promotional opportunities, and a wide choice of base locations across Europe.

​

European regulations require pilots to be licensed as commercial pilots with specific ratings for each aircraft type flown. In addition, European regulations require all commercial pilots to be medically certified as physically fit. Licenses and medical certification are subject to periodic re-evaluation and require recurrent training and recent flying experience in order to be maintained. Maintenance engineers must be licensed and qualified for specific aircraft types. Cabin crew must undergo initial and periodic competency training. Training programs are subject to approval and monitoring by the competent authority. In addition, the appointment of senior management personnel directly involved in the supervision of flight operations, training, maintenance, and aircraft inspection must be satisfactory to the competent authority. Based on its experience in managing the airline’s growth to date, management believes that there is a sufficient pool of qualified and licensed pilots, engineers, and mechanics within the EU and the U.K, supplemented through traineeships, to satisfy Ryanair’s anticipated future needs in the areas of flight operations, maintenance and quality control. Ryanair has also been able to supplement its pool of pilots and cabin crew through the limited use of contract agencies. These contract pilots and cabin crew are included in the table above.

​

Ryanair’s crew earn productivity-based incentive payments, including a sales bonus for onboard sales for flight attendants and payments based on the number of hours or sectors flown by pilots and cabin crew (within limits set by regulations governing maximum working hours.) Ryanair’s pilots and cabin crew are currently subject to EASA-approved limits of 900 flight-hours per calendar year.

​

If more stringent regulations on flight-hours were to be adopted, Ryanair’s flight personnel could experience a reduction in their total pay due to lower compensation for the number of hours or sectors flown and Ryanair could be required to hire additional flight personnel.

​

Ryanair Holdings’ shareholders have approved a number of share-based remuneration plans for employees and Directors including Share Option Plan 2013 and LTIP 2019 (which replaced Option Plan 2013 for share based remuneration granted after the 2019 AGM). Ryanair Holdings has granted share-based remuneration to several of its

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senior managers. For details of all outstanding share options, see “Item 10. Additional Information — Options to Purchase Securities from Registrant or Subsidiaries.”

​

Compensation recovery

​

Not applicable.

​

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

​

As of March 31, 2024, there were 1,140,045,528 Ordinary Shares outstanding. As of that date,  97,672,993 ADRs, representing 488,364,966 Ordinary Shares, were held of record in the United States by 53 holders, and represented in the aggregate 43% of the number of Ordinary Shares then outstanding. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Articles of Association” and “—Limitations on Share Ownership by Non-EU Nationals.”

​

MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

As of March 31, 2024, there were 1,140,045,528 Ordinary Shares outstanding. Based on information available to Ryanair Holdings, the following table summarizes holdings of those shareholders holding 3% or more of the Ordinary Shares as of March 31, 2024, March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

As of March 31, 2024

​

As of March 31, 2023

​

As of March 31, 2022

​

​

​

​

​

% of

​

​

​

% of

​

​

​

% of

​

​

    

No. of Shares

    

Class

    

No. of Shares

    

Class

    

No. of Shares

    

Class

    

Capital

 

140,769,464

​

12.3

%  

62,310,109

​

5.5

%  

117,345,252

 

10.3

%  

HSBC Holdings PLC

 

96,561,856

​

8.5

%  

88,611,652

​

7.8

%  

103,285,582

 

9.1

%  

Parvus Asset Management Europe

​

81,374,943

​

7.1

%  

45,532,192

​

4.0

%  

49,760,850

​

4.4

%  

BNP PARIBAS

​

79,917,192

​

7.0

%  

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

Baillie Gifford

​

67,571,625

​

5.9

%  

67,437,688

​

5.9

%  

88,863,106

​

7.8

%  

Société Générale SA (SG SA)

​

67,181,217

​

5.9

%  

—

​

—

​

72,365,694

​

6.4

%  

Fidelity

​

66,359,213

​

5.8

%  

48,099,289

​

4.2

%  

44,399,286

​

3.9

%  

MFS

 

46,399,853

​

4.1

%  

49,646,209

​

4.4

%  

44,973,351

 

4.0

%  

Michael O’Leary

​

44,099,892

​

3.9

%  

44,096,725

​

3.9

%  

44,096,725

​

3.9

%  

Bank of America Corporation

​

36,575,999

​

3.2

%  

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

AKO Capital

​

34,433,901

​

3.0

%  

58,367,069

​

5.1

%  

57,494,324

​

5.1

%  

Harris Associates

​

—

​

—

​

41,063,200

​

3.6

%  

—

​

—

​

Causeway Capital Management

​

—

​

—

​

46,214,550

​

4.1

%  

—

​

—

​

Marshall Wace

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

44,356,764

​

3.9

%  

​

As of March 31, 2024, the beneficial holdings in Ordinary Shares of the Directors of Ryanair Holdings as a group was 45,508,380 Ordinary Shares, representing 4% of Ryanair Holdings’ outstanding Ordinary Shares as of such date.

​

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

​

The Company has not entered into any “related party transactions” (except for remuneration paid by Ryanair to members of key management personnel as disclosed in Note 26 to the consolidated financial statements) in the three fiscal years ending March 31, 2024 or in the period from March 31, 2024 to the date hereof.

​

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Item 8. Financial Information

​

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

​

Please refer to “Item 18. Financial Statements.”

​

OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION

​

Legal Proceedings

The Company is engaged in litigation arising in the ordinary course of its business. Although no assurance can be given as to the outcome of any current or pending litigation, management does not believe that any such litigation will, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the results of operations or financial condition of the Company, except as described below.

​

EU State Aid-Related Proceedings. Since 2002, the European Commission has examined the agreements between Ryanair and various airports to establish whether they constituted illegal state aid. In many cases, the European Commission has concluded that the agreements did not constitute state aid. In other cases, Ryanair has successfully challenged the European Commission findings that there was state aid. In 2014, the European Commission announced findings of state aid to Ryanair in its arrangements with Pau, Nimes, Angouleme, Altenburg and Zweibrücken airports, ordering Ryanair to repay a total of approximately €10m of alleged aid. In 2016, the European Commission announced findings of state aid to Ryanair in its arrangements with Cagliari and Klagenfurt, ordering Ryanair to repay approximately €13m of alleged aid. Ryanair appealed these “aid” decisions to the EU General Court. In 2018, the EU General Court upheld the European Commission’s findings regarding Ryanair’s arrangements with Pau, Nimes, Angouleme and Altenburg airports, and overturned the European Commission’s finding regarding Ryanair’s arrangement with Zweibrücken airport. Ryanair appealed the negative rulings to the Court of Justice of the EU, but in December 2019 Ryanair discontinued the appeals as the Court had refused to grant an oral hearing in any of the cases. The appeal before the General Court regarding Ryanair’s arrangements with Cagliari airport has been discontinued following the European Commission’s withdrawal of its decision in March 2023 as a result of a General Court ruling in a related case.  In 2021, the General Court upheld the European Commission’s finding regarding Ryanair’s arrangements with Klagenfurt airport. Ryanair appealed this negative finding to the Court of Justice of the EU and received a ruling in November 2023 where the European Commission’s finding was upheld. In August 2019, the European Commission announced findings of state aid to Ryanair in its arrangements with Montpellier airport, ordering Ryanair to repay a total of approximately €9m of alleged aid. Ryanair appealed the Montpellier “aid” decision to the General Court and received a judgment in June 2023 upholding the European Commission’s finding.  Ryanair appealed the General Court judgment to the European Court of Justice in August 2023.  In July 2022, the European Commission announced a finding of state aid to Ryanair in its arrangements at La Rochelle airport, ordering Ryanair to repay approximately €8m of alleged aid. Ryanair appealed the La Rochelle “aid” decision to the General Court in November 2023.

​

Ryanair is facing similar legal challenges with respect to agreements with certain other airports, notably Carcassonne, Girona, Reus, Târgu Mureș, Beziers and Frankfurt (Hahn). These investigations are ongoing (as is the European Commission’s re-examination of the Cagliari case following its withdrawal in March 2023 of the 2016 “aid” decision) and Ryanair currently expects that they will conclude in 2024-25, with any European Commission decisions appealable to the EU General Court.

​

Ryanair is also facing an allegation that it has benefited from unlawful state aid in a German court case in relation to its arrangements with Frankfurt (Hahn) launched by Lufthansa in 2006.

​

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Adverse rulings in the above or similar cases could be used as precedents by competitors to challenge Ryanair’s agreements with other publicly-owned airports and could cause Ryanair to strongly reconsider its growth strategy in relation to public or state-owned airports across Europe. This could in turn lead to a scaling back of Ryanair’s growth strategy due to the smaller number of privately owned airports available for development. No assurance can be given as to the outcome of these proceedings, nor as to whether any unfavorable outcomes may, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the results of operations or financial condition of the Company.

​

Legal Proceedings Against Internet Ticket Touts. The Company is involved in a number of legal proceedings against internet ticket touts (“screenscraper websites”) in Germany, Ireland, France, Italy,  and the U.S. Screenscraper websites gain unauthorized access to Ryanair’s website and booking system, extract flight and pricing information and display it on their own websites for sale to customers at prices which include intermediary mark-ups on top of Ryanair’s fares. Ryanair does not allow any such commercial use of its website and objects to the practice of screenscraping also on the basis of certain legal principles, such as contractual and database rights, copyright protection, etc. The Company’s objective is to prevent any unauthorized use of its website and to prevent consumer harm, and the resultant reputational damage to the Company, that may arise due to the failure by some operators of screenscraper websites to provide Ryanair with the passengers’ genuine contact and payment method details. The Company also believes that the selling of airline tickets by screenscraper websites is inherently anti-consumer as it inflates the cost of air travel. At the same time, Ryanair encourages genuine price comparison websites which allow consumers to compare prices of several airlines and then refer consumers to the airline website in order to perform the booking at the original fare. Ryanair offers licensed access to its flight and pricing information to such websites. Ryanair also permits GDSs to provide access to Ryanair’s fares to traditional bricks and mortar travel agencies and closed corporate travel booking platforms. In addition, Ryanair offers Direct Distribution Agreements (DDAs) to online travel agents (OTAs). DDAs align with Ryanair’s exclusive online distribution model while allowing OTAs access to Ryanair’s price, flight, timetable and ancillary data for the purpose of display only on the OTA websites. The passenger can purchase accurately priced Ryanair flights and ancillary products and is brought to log in to their MyRyanair account and confirm their purchase on Ryanair.com. The Company has received favorable rulings in France, Germany, Czechia, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands and the U.S., and unfavorable rulings in Germany, Czechia, Spain, France, Switzerland, the UK and Italy. Following a positive decision in Ireland in November 2023, whereby the Irish High Court found that Flightbox, a screen scraper, was bound by the Terms of Use of the Ryanair website and, as such, granted Ryanair a permanent injunction prohibiting Flightbox from breaching the binding Terms of Use of the Ryanair website, Ryanair was approached by a number of OTAs, including On The Beach (OTB) and Kiwi with whom Ryanair have been in litigation with for several years. OTB and Kiwi both signed DDAs which culminated in the cessation of all extant legal proceedings between the parties. However, pending the outcome of the legal proceedings that remain ongoing or which may be initiated in the future, or of competition authority investigations (such as the one launched by the Italian AGCM in September 2023, outlined in “Item 4. Information on the Company—GOVERNMENT REGULATION—Regulation of competition.”), and if Ryanair were to be ultimately unsuccessful in any of them, the activities of screenscraper websites could lead to a reduction in the number of customers who book directly on Ryanair’s website and loss of ancillary revenues which are an important source of profitability through the sale of car hire, hotels, travel insurance, etc. Also, some business may be lost to the Company once potential customers are presented by a screenscraper website with a Ryanair fare or a fee for an ancillary product such as checked baggage or priority boarding inflated by the screenscraper’s intermediary fee. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company—The Company Faces Risks Related to Unauthorized Use of Information from the Company’s Website”.

​

U.S. Litigation. In November 2018, a putative securities class action complaint was filed against the Company and Mr. O’Leary in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “District Court”). The District Court appointed lead plaintiffs, the City of Birmingham Retirement and Relief System and City of Birmingham Firemen’s and Policemen’s Supplemental Pension System (the “Birmingham Funds”), in January 2019. The Birmingham Funds filed an amended complaint in April 2019 that purported to be on behalf of purchasers of Ryanair American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) between May 30, 2017 and September 28, 2018. The amended complaint alleged, among other things,

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that in filings with the SEC, investor calls, interviews, and other communications, the Company and/or Mr. O’Leary made materially false and misleading statements and omissions regarding employment and financial data, employee negotiation processes, the September 2017 pilot rostering management issue, and the likelihood and financial impact of unionization, which allegedly artificially inflated the market value of the Company’s securities. In June 2020, the District Court issued a ruling dismissing in part the Birmingham Funds’ claims, including claims regarding employment and financial data, employee negotiation processes, the September 2017 pilot rostering management issue, and the financial impact of unionization. The Birmingham Funds’ claims regarding the likelihood of unionization were not dismissed. In March 2021, the Birmingham Funds issued a motion to amend their claim, seeking, among other things, to re-introduce prior dismissed claims. The Company and Mr. O’Leary filed an opposition to the motion to amend in May 2021. The motion was refused in March 2022. In March 2023, following mediation, the parties agreed to settle the case. The total settlement amount was U.S.$5m, which is considerably less than the legal costs that would have been incurred had this action gone all the way to trial. The Company’s position remains that there was no lawful basis for this claim, but that the settlement will enable it to avoid the further costs and distraction of ongoing litigation, and it is therefore in the interest of all of the Company’s shareholders to agree to this very modest settlement. The final settlement agreement was approved by the Court in October 2023. The case is now closed.

​

Consumer Law Proceedings. In mid-2023, the Spanish Ministry of Consumer Affairs launched sanctioning proceedings against Ryanair and several other airlines regarding cabin baggage and other customer policies. The Company filed submissions with the Ministry explaining that its policies are fair, necessary for operational and safety purposes, and fully transparent. In May 2024, the Ministry ordered the discontinuation of these policies and imposed substantial fines on Ryanair and other airlines (a cumulative total of approx. €150 million). These decisions are subject to review by the Minister of Consumer Affairs, which is expected to conclude between June and September 2024, with any final decisions appealable to courts. Ryanair intends to fully defend its position with reference to its rights under Spanish and EU law, as well as positive court rulings in similar matters, but the outcome of these proceedings cannot be guaranteed.

​

Dividend Policy

​

From fiscal year 2025 onwards, under the Group’s new dividend policy, Ryanair plans to return approximately 25% of prior-year Profit After Tax (adjusted for non-recurring gains or losses) by way of ordinary dividend to our shareholders. A maiden ordinary dividend of €0.175 per share was paid in February 2024 and a final dividend of €0.178 per share was declared (payable after 2024 AGM approval). Additionally, the Board, taking into account prevailing market conditions and ensuring that the Group retains a prudent level of cash to fund debt and capex requirements will retain the flexibility to consider, when or if appropriate, the return of surplus cash to shareholders through special distributions (including dividends and/or share buybacks).

Share Buyback Program

​

Following shareholder approval at the 2006 AGM, a €300m share buyback program was formally announced on June 5, 2007. Permission was received at the annual general meeting held on September 20, 2007 to repurchase a maximum of 75.6m Ordinary Shares representing 5% of the Company’s then outstanding share capital. The €300m share buyback of approximately 59.5m Ordinary Shares, representing approximately 3.8% of the Company’s pre-existing share capital, was completed in November 2007. In February 2008, the Company announced a second share buyback program of up to €200m worth of Ordinary Shares, which was ratified by shareholders at the annual general meeting held on September 18, 2008. 18.1m Ordinary Shares were repurchased under this program at a cost of approximately €46m. The Company also completed share buybacks of €125m in respect of 36.5m Ordinary Shares in fiscal year 2012 and 15m Ordinary Shares at a cost of approximately €68m in fiscal year 2013.

​

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In April 2012, the Company held an EGM to authorize the Directors to repurchase Ordinary Shares and ADRs for up to 5% of the issued share capital of the Company traded on the NASDAQ. Up until April 2012, shareholders had only authorized the Directors to repurchase Ordinary Shares. As the ADRs typically trade at a premium compared to Ordinary Shares, this has resulted in increased costs in performing share buybacks and may continue to do so in the future. This authority was renewed at the Annual General Meeting held on September 20, 2013 and at subsequent Annual General Meetings and an Extraordinary General Meeting in 2016.

​

In fiscal year 2014, 69.5m Ordinary Shares (including Ordinary Shares underlying just over 6m ADRs) were repurchased at a cost of approximately €482m. In February 2015, the Company announced a €400m ordinary share buyback program which was completed between February and August 2015. In February 2016, the Company announced an €800m Ordinary Share buyback program (including Ordinary Shares underlying ADRs) and this program was subsequently increased to €886m in June 2016. €418m of this program was completed in fiscal year 2016 to buyback approximately 29.1m shares (including approximately 19.9m shares underlying ADRs) with the remaining €468m spent in fiscal year 2017 to buyback approximately 36m shares (including approximately 3.9m shares underlying ADRs). In addition to the above, in fiscal year 2017, the Company bought back 36.4m shares (including approximately 17.7m shares underlying ADRs) at a total cost of approximately €550m during the period November 2016 to February 2017. In February 2017, the Company announced the commencement of a €150m share buyback program in respect of shares underlying ADRs. The Company bought back approximately 2m shares underlying ADRs at a cost of €39m under this program during fiscal year 2018. In addition to the above, in fiscal year 2018, the Company bought back 33m shares at a total cost of €600m under its €600m share buyback program which commenced in May 2017 and 11.7m shares at a total cost of €190m under its €750m share buyback which commenced in February 2018. In fiscal year 2019, the Company bought back 37.8m shares at a total cost of approximately €561m under its €750m share buyback which commenced in February 2018. In fiscal year 2020, the Company bought back approximately 47.2m shares (including 15.8m shares underlying ADRs) at a cost of €581m under its €700m share buyback program (including Ordinary Shares underlying ADRs) which was announced and commenced in May 2019. This share buyback program was terminated in March 2020 as part of a series of measures introduced to preserve cash during the Covid-19 crisis.

​

There were no share repurchases in fiscal year 2024, 2023 or 2022. In May 2024 (fiscal year 2025), the Company announced and launched a €700m share buyback program (including Ordinary Shares underlying ADRs).

​

See “Item 9. The Offer and Listing—Trading Markets” below for further information regarding share buybacks.

​

SIGNIFICANT CHANGES

​

In May 2024, the Company announced and launched a €700m share buyback program (including Ordinary Shares underlying ADRs).

Item 9. The Offer and Listing

​

TRADING MARKETS

​

The primary market for Ryanair Holdings’ Ordinary Shares is Euronext Dublin. In December 2021, Ryanair Holdings delisted from the London Stock Exchange as the volume of trading on the London Stock Exchange did not justify the costs related to such listing. The Ordinary Shares were first listed for trading on the Official List of Euronext Dublin in June 1997 and were first admitted to the Official List of the London Stock Exchange in July 1998.

​

ADRs, each representing 5 Ordinary Shares, are traded on NASDAQ. The Bank of New York Mellon is Ryanair Holdings’ depositary for purposes of issuing ADRs evidencing the ADSs.

​

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Ryanair Holdings’ shares trade under the following stock symbols:

​

​

​

Euronext Dublin

RY4C

NASDAQ

RYAAY

​

Since certain of the Ordinary Shares are held by brokers or other nominees, the number of direct record holders in the United States, which is reported as 53, may not be fully indicative of the number of direct beneficial owners in the United States, or of where the direct beneficial owners of such shares are resident.

​

In order to increase the percentage of its share capital held by EU nationals, beginning June 26, 2001, Ryanair Holdings instructed the Depositary to suspend the issuance of new ADRs in exchange for the deposit of Ordinary Shares until further notice. Therefore, holders of Ordinary Shares cannot currently convert their Ordinary Shares into ADRs. The Depositary will however convert existing ADRs into Ordinary Shares at the request of the holders of such ADRs. The Company in 2002 implemented additional measures to restrict the ability of non-EU nationals to purchase Ordinary Shares. As a result, non-EU nationals are currently effectively barred from purchasing Ordinary Shares. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Limitations on Share Ownership by Non-EU Nationals” for additional information.

​

The Company, at its AGM and EGM of the Shareholders, has, in recent years, passed a special resolution permitting the Company to engage in Ordinary Share buyback programs subject to certain limits noted above. Since June 2007 (when the Company engaged in its first Ordinary Share buyback program) the Company has repurchased the following Ordinary Shares:

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended March 31,

    

No. of shares (m)

    

Approx. cost (€m)

2008-2021

​

407.7

​

4,525.9

2022

 

—

 

—

2023

 

—

 

—

2024

​

—

​

—

Period through June 24, 2024

​

11.3

​

226.4

Total

 

419.0

 

4,752.3

​

At an EGM of Shareholders held on April 19, 2012, the Company obtained a new repurchase authority which enables the Company to repurchase the Company’s ADRs which are traded on NASDAQ. Any ADRs purchased are converted to Ordinary Shares by the Company’s brokers for subsequent repurchase and cancellation by the Company.

​

As of March 31, 2024, the total number of options over Ordinary Shares outstanding under the Company’s Option Plan 2013 was 16.6m, representing approximately 1.5% of the Company’s issued share capital at that date. As of March 31, 2024, the total number of conditional share awards outstanding under the Company’s LTIP 2019 was 2.4m, representing approximately 0.2% of the Company’s issued share capital at that date. 16m options and all conditional shares referred to above had not yet vested at March 31, 2024.

​

Item 10. Additional Information

​

Description of Capital Stock

​

Ryanair Holdings’ capital stock consists of Ordinary Shares, each having a par value of 0.600 euro cent. As of March 31, 2024, a total of 1,140,045,528 Ordinary Shares were outstanding.

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On February 26, 2007, Ryanair effected a 2-for-1 share split as a result of which each of its then existing Ordinary Shares, with a par value of 1.27 euro cent, was split into two new Ordinary Shares, with a par value of 0.635 euro. On October 27, 2015, the Company completed a capital reorganization which involved the consolidation of its ordinary share capital on a 39 for 40 basis which resulted in the reduction of ordinary shares in issue by 33.8m ordinary shares to 1,319.3m as at that date. The par value of an ordinary share was also reduced from 0.635 euro cent each to 0.600 euro each under the reorganization. All ‘B’ Shares and Deferred Shares issued in connection with the B scheme were either redeemed or cancelled during fiscal year 2016 such that there were no ‘B’ Shares or Deferred Shares remaining in issue as at March 31, 2016. Each Ordinary Share entitles the holder thereof to one vote in respect of any matter voted upon by Ryanair Holdings’ shareholders subject to limitations described under Item 10. Additional Information”—Limitations on Share Ownership by Non-EU Nationals”.

​

Options to Purchase Securities from Registrant or Subsidiaries

​

During fiscal year 2014, Ryanair Holdings’ shareholders approved a stock option plan at the Company’s 2013 AGM (referred to herein as “Option Plan 2013”), under which all employees and Directors were eligible to receive options.  Grants of options were permitted to take place at the close of any of the ten years beginning with fiscal year 2014 (Option Plan 2013 was replaced by LTIP 2019 following shareholder approval at the 2019 AGM – see details below). Options are subject to at least a 5-year performance period. Under the rules of Option Plan 2013, no option is capable of being exercised after the tenth anniversary of the date of grant. The Remuneration Committee (“Remco”) has discretion to determine the financial performance targets that must be met with respect to the financial year. Those targets relate directly to the achievement of certain year-on-year growth targets in the Company’s profit after tax (“PAT”) figures for each of the financial years of the performance period and/or certain share price targets.  

​

Under Option Plan 2013, during the fiscal year 2017, 34 managers (excluding the Executive Officers) were granted 3m share options, in aggregate, at a strike price of €12.00. These options were subject to certain targets in relation to PAT and/or share price and vested in March 2023. Almost 0.2m of these options were outstanding at March 31, 2024 and must be fully exercised on/before August 25, 2024. During fiscal year 2019, 102 managers and 5 existing Non-Executive Board Members (NEDs) were granted 10m share options, in aggregate (of which a cumulative 0.25m relates to NEDs), at a strike price of €11.12. Approximately 3.7m of these options have lapsed. In fiscal year 2024, the vesting date and ambitious performance targets on approximately 5.9m of these options (excluding those granted to NEDs) were amended to align with the revised dates and targets agreed for Mr. O’Leary’s 10m share options grant below. In December 2022 Mr. O’Leary agreed to the extension of his contract as Group CEO to July 2028 (previously July 2024). This new contract extends the vesting period for the 10m share options granted to Mr. O’Leary in February 2019, which are exercisable at a strike price of €11.12, but only if the Ryanair Group PAT exceeds €2.2bn (up from a prior €2.0bn target) in any year up to financial year 2028 (inclusive) and/or the share price of the Company exceeds €21 for a period of 28 days between April 1, 2021 and March 31, 2028. The NED options referred to above have subsequently vested and are exercisable between September 30, 2024 and February 7, 2026.

​

At the 2019 AGM, shareholders approved a new Long Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP 2019”), which replaces Option Plan 2013 for all future grants. The implementation of LTIP 2019 followed a review by Remco (with the assistance of Deloitte) of the Company’s remuneration policy for senior employees and directors of the Company to ensure it continued to support the Company’s strategic objectives and aligned with external views on executive compensation.  Awards to employees under LTIP 2019 are ordinarily in the form of performance-based shares (“conditional shares”) with an upper limit on the market value of such conditional shares of 150% of base salary applicable in any year for an employee or Executive Director of the Group, with the possibility of up to 200% of base salary if the Board determines that exceptional circumstances exist. For flexibility, LTIP 2019 also includes the ability to make awards of share options, with the expectation that any such awards will be on an infrequent basis and will be principally focused on a small number of the Group’s executive management team. NEDs are not eligible to receive share option or performance-based-share awards under LTIP 2019. LTIP 2019 also contains provisions for the issue of conditional shares to facilitate the

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recruitment of senior management. In aggregate, in any ten-year period, the number of shares which may be in issue under the LTIP 2019 (and Option Plan 2013) by the Company may not exceed 10% of the issued ordinary share capital of the Company from time to time. Remco has determined that Mr. O’Leary will not be eligible to participate in LTIP 2019 grants until after the vesting period for his 2019 share options grant has elapsed.

The aggregate of 16.6m Ordinary Shares that would be issuable upon exercise in full of the options that were outstanding as of March 31, 2024 under Option Plan 2013 represent approximately 1.5% of the issued share capital of Ryanair Holdings as of such date. Of such total, options in respect of an aggregate of 10.4m Ordinary Shares were held by the Directors and Executive Officers of Ryanair Holdings. Only 0.6m of total options outstanding at March 31, 2024 had vested. For further information, see Notes 14 and 18 to the consolidated financial statements included herein.

​

In fiscal years 2022, 2023 and 2024 as a management retention tool, Remco granted conditional shares (approximately 2.4m in aggregate) under LTIP 2019 to over 80 managers (excluding the Group CEO and NEDs). The market value of such grants ranged between approximately 20% and 100% of base salary for participants (at the lower end of potential allocations). These conditional shares have a 3-year vesting period, with at least a 2-year hold period for certain senior managers, and will only vest in their entirety if (i) ambitious cumulative Group traffic targets (50% weighting) are achieved over the 3-year vesting period; (ii) Ryanair’s Total Shareholder Return (30% weighting) outperforms a peer group including Air France/KLM, EasyJet, IAG, Southwest Airlines & Wizz over the 3-year vesting period; (iii) Ryanair’s CDP environmental protection score (20% weighting) improves from a “B“ rating to an “A-“ or better rating over the 3-year vesting period; (iv) participants sign a 12-month non-compete clause; and (v) participants continue to be employed by the Ryanair Group for a period of approximately 3 years from the date of grant. In fiscal year 2024, 11 NEDs were granted 3,984 ordinary shares each under LTIP 2019. These grants are not subject to performance targets, vest at the end of May 2026 and further align NED interests with those of long-term Shareholders.

The Board of Directors may decide, at any time prior to the vesting of the LTIP awards, to impose further conditions on the awards and/or reduce the award (malus) or, in respect of awards to directors or executives, recover value from the participant following the vesting of an award (clawback). Further, the Board of Directors adopted an additional clawback policy in accordance with the new NASDAQ clawback rules as approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission, effective November 30, 2023. This policy has been acknowledged and accepted by Ryanair’s executive officers.

Articles of Association

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The following is a summary of certain provisions of the Articles of Association of Ryanair Holdings. This summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the complete text of the Articles.

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Objects. Ryanair Holdings’ objects, which are detailed in its Articles, are broad and include carrying on business as an investment and holding company. Ryanair Holdings’ Irish company registration number is 249885.

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Directors. Subject to certain exceptions, Directors may not vote on matters in which they have a material interest. The ordinary remuneration of the Directors is determined from time to time by ordinary resolutions of the shareholders. Any Director who holds any executive office, serves on any committee or otherwise performs services, which, in the opinion of the Directors, are outside the scope of the ordinary duties of a Director, may be paid such extra remuneration as the Directors may determine. The Directors may exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money. The Directors are not required to retire at any particular age. There is no requirement for Directors to hold shares. The Articles of Association provide that one-third of the Directors (rounded down to the next whole number if it is a fractional number) retire and offer themselves for re-election at each annual general meeting of the Company. However, in compliance with the requirements of the UK Corporate Governance Code, all Directors retire and present themselves for re-election by the shareholders annually. All of the shareholders entitled to attend and vote at the annual general meeting of the Company may vote on the re-election of Directors.

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General Meetings. Annual and extraordinary general meetings are called upon 21 days’ advance notice. All Ryanair shareholders who are entitled to attend, speak and vote at general meetings of the Company may appoint proxies electronically to attend, speak, ask questions and vote on behalf of them at general meetings. All holders of Ordinary Shares are entitled to attend, speak and vote at general meetings of the Company, subject to limitations described under “—Limitations on the Right to Own Shares” and “Item 10. Additional Information—Limitations on Share Ownership by Non-EU Nationals”.

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Rights, Preferences and Dividends Attaching to Shares. The Company has only three classes of shares, Ordinary Shares with a par value of 0.600 euro cent per share, B Shares with a nominal value of 0.050 cent per share and Deferred Shares with a nominal value of 0.050 cent per share. The B Shares and the Deferred Shares were created at an EGM of the Company held on October 22, 2015 in connection with a return of value to shareholders arising from the sale of the Company’s shareholding in Aer Lingus plc, and no such shares remain in issue. Accordingly, the Ordinary Shares currently represent the only class of shares in issue and rank equally with respect to payment of dividends and on any winding-up of the Company. Any dividend, interest or other sum payable to a shareholder that remains unclaimed for one year after having been declared may be invested by the Directors for the benefit of the Company until claimed. If the Directors so resolve, any dividend which has remained unclaimed for 12 years from the date of its declaration shall be forfeited and cease to remain owing by the Company. The Company is permitted under its Articles to issue redeemable shares on such terms and in such manner as the Company may, by special resolution, determine. The Ordinary Shares currently in issue are not redeemable. The liability of shareholders to invest additional capital is limited to the amounts remaining unpaid on the shares held by them. There are no sinking fund provisions in the Articles of the Company.

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Action Necessary to Change the Rights of Shareholders. The rights attaching to shares in the Company may be varied by special resolutions passed at meetings of the shareholders of the Company.

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Limitations on the Rights to Own Shares. The Articles contain detailed provisions enabling the Directors of the Company to limit the number of shares in which non-EU nationals have an interest or the exercise by non-EU nationals of rights attaching to shares. See “—Limitations on Share Ownership by Non-EU Nationals” below. Such powers may be exercised by the Directors if they are of the view that any license, consent, permit or privilege of the Company or any of its subsidiaries that enables it to operate an air service may be refused, withheld, suspended or revoked or have conditions attached to it that inhibit its exercise and the exercise of the powers referred to above could prevent such an occurrence. The exercise of such powers could result in non-EU holders of shares being prevented from attending, speaking or voting at general meetings of the Company and/or being required to dispose of shares held by them to EU nationals.

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Disclosure of Share Ownership. Under Irish law, the Company can require parties to disclose their interests in shares. The Articles of the Company provide that the Directors will not register any person as a holder of shares unless such person has completed a declaration indicating his/her nationality and the nature and extent of any interest which he/she holds in Ordinary Shares. See, also “—Limitations on Share Ownership by non-EU nationals” below. Under Irish law, if a party acquires or disposes of Ordinary Shares so as to bring his interest above or below 3% of the total voting rights of the Company, and every whole percentage thereafter up to 100%, he must notify the Company and the Central Bank of Ireland. The Company must disclose any notification it receives through the regulatory announcement service of Euronext Dublin.

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Other Provisions of the Articles of Association. There are no provisions in the Articles:

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(i)delaying or prohibiting a change in the control of the Company, but which operate only with respect to a merger, acquisition or corporate restructuring;

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(ii)discriminating against any existing or prospective holder of shares as a result of such shareholder owning a substantial number of shares; or

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(iii)governing changes in capital,

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in each case, where such provisions are more stringent than those required by law.

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Material Contracts

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In September 2014, the Group entered into an agreement with The Boeing Company to purchase up to 200 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft (100 firm orders and 100 aircraft subject to option), over a five-year period originally due to commence in fiscal year 2020 (the “2014 Boeing Contract”). This agreement was approved by shareholders at an EGM of the Company on November 28, 2014. Subsequently, the Group agreed to purchase an additional 10 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft bringing the total number of Boeing 737-8200 aircraft on order to 210 (assuming all options are exercised). In April 2018, the Company announced that it had converted 25 Boeing 737-8200 options into firm orders bringing the Company’s firm order to 135 Boeing 737-8200s with a further 75 options remaining. In December 2020, Ryanair increased its firm orders from 135 to 210 aircraft. The value of the 210 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft under the 2014 Boeing Contract is approximately U.S.$9.6bn at standard list price of U.S.$102.5m per aircraft (net of basic credits and reflective of price escalation over the originally scheduled delivery timeframe). The first Boeing 737-8200 aircraft was delivered to Ryanair in June 2021 and the Group had 146 of these aircraft in its fleet at March 31, 2024.

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In May 2023, the Group entered into an agreement with The Boeing Company to purchase up to 300 new Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft (150 firm orders and 150 aircraft subject to option) over a seven-year period from calendar 2027 to 2033 (inclusive). This agreement was approved by shareholders at the Company’s AGM on September 14, 2023. The value of the 150 firm Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft under the 2023 Boeing Contract is over U.S.$10.6bn at standard list price of U.S.$135m per aircraft (net of basic credits and reflective of price escalation over the originally scheduled delivery timeframe).

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Exchange Controls

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Except as indicated below, there are no restrictions on non-residents of Ireland dealing in Irish securities (including shares or depositary receipts of Irish companies such as the Company). Dividends and redemption proceeds also continue to be freely transferable to non-resident holders of such securities.

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It is an offence under Irish law (pursuant to various statutory instruments) to transfer funds or make funds or economic resources available, directly or indirectly to any person or entity in contravention of Irish, EU or United Nations sanctions or to otherwise contravene Irish, EU or United Nations sanctions. Any transfer of, or payment in respect of, securities (including shares or ADSs) involving a person or entity that is currently the subject of Irish, EU or United Nations sanctions or any person or entity controlled by any of the foregoing, or any person acting on behalf of the foregoing, may be subject to restrictions pursuant to such sanctions as implemented into Irish law.

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Under the Financial Transfers Act 1992 (the “1992 Act”), the Minister for Finance of Ireland may make provision for the restriction of financial transfers between Ireland and other countries. Financial transfers are broadly defined, and the acquisition or disposal of the ADRs, which represent shares issued by an Irish incorporated company, the acquisition or the disposal of Ordinary Shares and associated payments may fall within this definition. Dividends or payments on

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the redemption or purchase of shares and payments on the liquidation of an Irish-incorporated company would fall within this definition.

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The 1992 Act and underlying EU regulations prohibit financial transfers with certain persons and entities listed in the EU Consolidated Financial Sanctions List and United Nations Security Council Consolidated List, without the prior permission of the Central Bank of Ireland.

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See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company” in relation to the risks associated with Irish exchange controls or orders under the 1992 Act or United Nations sanctions implemented into Irish law.

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Limitations on Share Ownership by Non-Eu Nationals

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The Board of Directors of Ryanair Holdings is given certain powers under the Articles to take action to ensure that the number of Ordinary Shares held in Ryanair Holdings by non-EU nationals does not reach a level which could jeopardize the Company’s entitlement to continue to hold or enjoy the benefit of any license, permit, consent or privilege which it holds or enjoys, and which enables it to carry on business as an air carrier (a “License”). In particular, EU Regulation 1008/2008 requires that, in order to obtain and retain an operating license, an EU air carrier must be majority-owned and effectively controlled by EU nationals. As described below, the Directors from time to time set a “Permitted Maximum” on the number of Ordinary Shares that may be owned by non-EU nationals at such level as they believe will comply with EU law. The Permitted Maximum is currently set at 49.9%.

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In accordance with its Articles, Ryanair Holdings maintains a separate register (the “Separate Register”) of Ordinary Shares in which non-EU nationals, whether individuals, bodies corporate or other entities, have an interest (such shares are referred to as “Affected Shares” in the Articles). Interest in this context is widely defined and includes any interest held through ADRs, through Belgian law rights in the Euroclear Bank settlement system, or through CREST Depositary Interests, in each case in the Ordinary Shares of Ryanair Holdings underlying the relevant ADRs, Belgian law rights or CREST Depositary Interests. The Directors can require relevant parties to provide them with information to enable a determination to be made by the Directors as to whether Ordinary Shares are, or are to be treated as, Affected Shares. If such information is not available or forthcoming or is unsatisfactory then the Directors can, at their discretion, determine that Ordinary Shares are to be treated as Affected Shares. Registered holders of Ordinary Shares are also obliged to notify the Company if they are aware that any Ordinary Share which they hold ought to be treated as an Affected Share for this purpose. With regard to ADRs, the Directors can treat all of the relevant underlying shares as Affected Shares unless satisfactory evidence as to why they should not be so treated is forthcoming.

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In the event that, inter alia, (i) the refusal, withholding, suspension or revocation of any License or the imposition of any condition which materially inhibits the exercise of any License (an “Intervening Act”) has taken place, (ii) the Company (or any subsidiary) receives a notice or direction from any governmental body or any other body which regulates the provision of air transport services to the effect that an Intervening Act is imminent, threatened or intended, (iii) an Intervening Act may occur as a consequence of the level of non-EU ownership of Ordinary Shares or (iv) an Intervening Act is imminent, threatened or intended because of the manner of share ownership or control of Ryanair Holdings generally, the Directors can take action pursuant to the Articles to deal with the situation. They can, inter alia, (i) remove any Directors or change the chairman of the Board of Directors, (ii) identify those Ordinary Shares, ADRs or Affected Shares which give rise to the need to take action and treat such Ordinary Shares, ADRs, or Affected Shares as Restricted Shares (see below) or (iii) set a “Permitted Maximum” on the number of Affected Shares which may subsist at any time (which may not, save in the circumstances referred to below, be lower than 40% of the total number of issued shares) and treat any Affected Shares (or ADRs representing such Affected Shares) in excess of this Permitted Maximum as Restricted Shares (see below).

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In addition to the above, if as a consequence of a change of law or a direction, notice or requirement of any state, authority or person it is necessary to reduce the total number of Affected Shares below 40% or reduce the number of Affected Shares held by any particular shareholder or shareholders in order to overcome, prevent or avoid an Intervening Act, the Directors may resolve to (i) set the Permitted Maximum at such level below 40% as they consider necessary in order to overcome, prevent or avoid such Intervening Act, and/or (ii) treat such number of Affected Shares (or ADRs representing Affected Shares) held by any particular shareholder or shareholders as they consider necessary (which could include all of such Affected Shares or ADRs) as Restricted Shares (see below). The Directors may serve a Restricted Share Notice in respect of any Affected Share, or any ADR representing any ADS, which is to be treated as a Restricted Share. Holders of Restricted Shares may be deprived of the rights to attend, vote and speak at general meetings, which they would otherwise have as a consequence of holding such Ordinary Shares or ADRs. Holders of Restricted Shares may also be required to dispose of the Ordinary Shares or ADRs concerned to an EU national (so that the relevant shares (or shares underlying the relevant ADRs) will then cease to be Affected Shares) within 21 days or such longer period as the Directors may determine. The Directors are also given the power to transfer and sell such Restricted Shares, themselves, in cases of non-compliance with the Restricted Share Notice.

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To enable the Directors to identify Affected Shares, transferees of Ordinary Shares are generally required to provide a declaration as to the nationality of persons having interests in those shares. Shareholders are also obliged to notify Ryanair Holdings if they are aware that any shares, which they hold, ought to be treated as Affected Shares for this purpose. Purchasers or transferees of ADRs need not complete a nationality declaration because the Directors automatically treat all of the Ordinary Shares held by the Depositary as Affected Shares. ADS holders must open ADR accounts directly with the Depositary if they wish to provide to Ryanair Holdings nationality declarations (or such other evidence as the Directors may require) in order to establish to the Directors’ satisfaction that the Ordinary Shares underlying such holder’s ADRs are not Affected Shares. Holders of interests in Ordinary Shares through Belgian law rights in the Euroclear system or CREST Depositary Interests in the CREST system must complete a nationality declaration in accordance with the processes and procedures of Euroclear Bank and Euroclear UK & Ireland respectively.

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In deciding which Affected Shares are to be selected as Restricted Shares, the Directors may take into account which Affected Shares have given rise to the necessity to take action. Subject to that they will, insofar as practicable, firstly view as Restricted Shares those Affected Shares in respect of which no declaration as to whether or not such shares are Affected Shares has been made by the holder thereof and where information which has been requested by the Directors in accordance with the Articles has not been provided within specified time periods and, secondly, have regard to the chronological order in which details of Affected Shares have been entered in the Separate Register and, accordingly, treat the most recently registered Affected Shares as Restricted Shares to the extent necessary. Transfers of Affected Shares to Affiliates (as that expression is defined in the Articles) will not affect the chronological order of entry in the Separate Register for this purpose. The Directors do however have the discretion to apply another basis of selection if, in their sole opinion, that would be more equitable. Where the Directors have resolved to treat Affected Shares held by any particular shareholder or shareholders as Restricted Shares (i) because such Affected Shares have given rise to the need to take such action or (ii) because of a change of law or a requirement or direction of a regulatory authority necessitating such action (see above), such powers may be exercised irrespective of the date upon which such Affected Shares were entered in the Separate Register.

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The Permitted Maximum is currently set at 49.9%. This maximum level can be reduced at any time if it becomes necessary for the Directors to exercise their powers in the circumstances described above. The decision to make any such reduction or to change the Permitted Maximum from time to time will be published in at least one national newspaper in Ireland and in any country in which the Ordinary Shares or ADRs are listed. The relevant notice will specify the provisions of the Articles that apply to Restricted Shares and the name of the person or persons who will answer queries relating to Restricted Shares on behalf of Ryanair Holdings. The Directors shall publish information as to the number of shares held by EU nationals annually.

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In an effort to increase the percentage of its share capital held by EU nationals, on June 26, 2001, Ryanair Holdings instructed the Depositary to suspend the issuance of new ADSs in exchange for the deposit of Ordinary Shares until further notice to its shareholders. Holders of Ordinary Shares cannot convert their Ordinary Shares into ADRs during such suspension, and there can be no assurance that the suspension will ever be lifted.

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As a further measure to increase the percentage of Ordinary Shares held by EU nationals, on February 7, 2002, the Company issued a notice to shareholders to the effect that any purchase of interests in Ordinary Shares by a non-EU national after such date will immediately result in the issue of a Restricted Share Notice to such non-EU national purchaser. The Restricted Share Notice compels the non-EU national purchaser to sell the interests in Affected Shares to an EU national within 21 days of the date of issuance. In the event that any such non-EU national shareholder does not sell its interests in Ordinary Shares to an EU national within the specified time period, the Company can then compel such a sale. As a result, non-EU nationals are effectively barred from purchasing Ordinary Shares for as long as these restrictions remain in place. There can be no assurance that these restrictions will ever be lifted.

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As an additional measure to manage the Company’s EU nationality requirements, at the EGM held on April 19, 2012 the Company obtained a repurchase authority to enable the repurchase of ADRs for up to 5% of the issued share capital of the Company traded on the NASDAQ. This authority (which in 2017 was increased to 10% of the issued share capital of the Company traded on the NASDAQ) was renewed at each subsequent Annual General Meeting up to and including the September 2023 meeting.

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In order to protect the Company’s operating license and ensure that the Company (and its subsidiary EU airlines) remain majority EU owned and controlled in the event of a no-deal or “hard” Brexit, on March 8, 2019 the Board resolved that with effect from the date on which UK nationals cease to qualify as nationals of Member States for the purposes of Article 4 of EU Regulation 1008/2008 all Ordinary Shares and Depositary Shares held by or on behalf of non-EU (including UK) shareholders would be treated as Restricted Shares.

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In anticipation of the end of the Brexit transition period on December 31, 2020, on December 29, 2020 the Company announced that, with effect from January 1, 2021 UK nationals would cease to qualify as EU nationals and in accordance with the resolutions passed by the Board of the Company on March 8, 2019 all Ordinary Shares and Depositary Shares held by or on behalf of non-EU nationals (including UK nationals) would be treated as “Restricted Shares” (within the meaning of the Articles of Association). Restricted Share Notices were issued to the registered holder(s) of each Restricted Share specifying that the holder(s) of such shares are not entitled to attend, speak or vote at any general meeting of the Company for so long as those shares are treated as Restricted Shares pursuant to Article 41(J)(i) of the Articles of Association. UK nationals are not required to dispose of Ordinary Shares which they purchased prior to January 1, 2021.

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In January 2021, the Company published a notice in the Financial Times, the Irish Times and the Wall Street Journal to again notify and confirm to shareholders that with effect from January 1, 2021 UK nationals ceased to qualify as EU nationals and in accordance with the resolutions passed by the Board of the Company on March 8, 2019, all Ordinary Shares and Depositary Shares held by or on behalf of non-EU nationals (including UK nationals) are treated as “Restricted Shares” (within the meaning of the Articles of Association).

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While the vast majority of non-EU (including UK) investors in the Company comply with the prohibition on non-EU nationals acquiring Ordinary Shares and invest instead through the ADRs listed on NASDAQ, the Company has recorded a number of acquisitions of its Ordinary Shares by non-EU nationals since January 1, 2021 in respect of which the relevant investors did not comply with the disposal requirements in the Restricted Share Notices issued to them by the Company. On September 8, 2021, the Company announced that it had initiated a forced sale in accordance with the Articles, that a broker had been appointed to conduct the sale(s) of such Ordinary Shares independently of, and uninfluenced by, the Company over a period of weeks, and that the net proceeds of such sale(s) would be transmitted

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to the relevant investors in due course. The Company also disclosed that it may initiate further restricted share disposals from time to time and may elect to do so without further announcement. Further restricted share disposals occurred in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024.

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In December 2021, the Company delisted from the London Stock Exchange (“LSE”). Trading on the LSE as a percentage of overall trading volume in Ryanair’s Ordinary Shares reduced materially during 2021 such that the volume no longer justified the costs related to such listing and admission to trading. Moreover, delisting from the LSE consolidated trading liquidity to one regulated market for the benefit of all shareholders. The migration away from the LSE was also consistent with the extension of the prohibition on non-EU nationals acquiring Ryanair’s Ordinary Shares to include UK nationals from January 1, 2021.

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Notwithstanding the powers vested in the chairman of general meetings of the Company pursuant to Article 41(J)(i) of the Articles of Association, the chairman will not vote any Restricted Shares at any meeting of the Company.

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Concerns about the foreign ownership restrictions described above could result in the exclusion of Ryanair from certain stock tracking indices. Any such exclusion may adversely affect the market price of the Ordinary Shares and ADRs. See also “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors–Risks Related to Ownership of the Company’s Ordinary Shares or ADRs—EU Rules impose restrictions on the ownership of Ryanair Holdings’ ordinary shares by Non-EU nationals and the Company has applied a ban on the purchase of ordinary shares by Non-EU nationals since 2002” above.

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As a result of the measures introduced by the Company on January 1, 2021 to protect the Group’s operating licenses under EU Regulation 1008/2008, as at March 31, 2024, EU nationals owned 100% of the Ryanair Holdings’ Ordinary Shares with voting rights and over 48% of the Ryanair Holdings’ Ordinary Shares with economic rights (in each case assuming conversion of all outstanding ADRs into Ordinary Shares).

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Taxation

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Irish Tax Considerations

The following is a discussion of certain Irish tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of Ordinary Shares or ADRs. This discussion is based upon tax laws and practice of Ireland at the date of this document, which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. Particular rules may apply to certain classes of taxpayers (such as dealers in securities) and this discussion does not purport to deal with the tax consequences of purchase, ownership or disposition of the relevant securities for all categories of investors.

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The discussion is intended only as a general guide based on current Irish law and practice and is not intended to be, nor should it be considered to be, legal or tax advice to any particular investor or stockholder. Accordingly, current stockholders or potential investors should satisfy themselves as to the overall tax consequences by consulting their own tax advisers.

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Dividends. If Ryanair Holdings plc pays dividends or makes other relevant distributions, the following is relevant:  

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Withholding Tax. Unless exempted, a withholding tax (currently 25%) will apply to dividends or other relevant distributions paid by an Irish resident company. The withholding tax requirement will not apply to distributions paid to certain categories of Irish resident stockholders or to distributions paid to certain categories of non-resident stockholders.

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The following Irish resident stockholders, inter-alia, are exempt from withholding if they make to the Company, in advance of payment of any relevant distribution, an appropriate declaration of entitlement to exemption:

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●Irish resident companies;
●Pension schemes approved by the Irish Revenue Commissioners (“Irish Revenue”);
●Qualifying fund managers or qualifying savings managers in relation to approved retirement funds (“ARF”s) or approved minimum retirement funds (“AMRF”s);
●Personal Retirement Savings Account (“PRSA”) administrators who receive the relevant distribution as income arising in respect of PRSA assets;
●A pan-European Personal Pension Product (“PEPP”) provider who is receiving the relevant distribution as income arising in respect of PEPP assets;
●Qualifying employee share ownership trusts;
●Collective investment undertakings;
●Tax-exempt charities;
●Designated brokers receiving the distribution for special portfolio investment accounts;
●Any person who is entitled to exemption from income tax under Schedule F on dividends in respect of an investment in whole or in part of payments received in respect of a civil action or from the Personal Injuries Assessment Board for damages in respect of mental or physical infirmity;
●Certain qualifying trusts established for the benefit of an incapacitated individual and/or persons in receipt of income from such a qualifying trust;
●Any person entitled to exemption to income tax under Schedule F by virtue of Section 192(2) Taxes Consolidation Act (“TCA”) 1997;
●Unit trusts to which Section 731(5)(a) TCA 1997 applies; and
●Certain Irish Revenue-approved amateur and athletic sport bodies.

The following non-resident stockholders are exempt from withholding if they make to the Company, in advance of payment of any dividend, an appropriate declaration of entitlement to exemption:

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●Persons (other than a company) who (i) are neither resident nor ordinarily resident in Ireland and (ii) are resident for tax purposes in (a) a country which has signed a Double Taxation Agreement with Ireland (a “tax treaty country”) or (b) an EU member state other than Ireland;
●Companies not resident in Ireland which are resident in an EU member state or a tax treaty country, by virtue of the law of an EU member state or a tax treaty country and are not controlled, directly or indirectly, by an Irish resident or Irish residents;
●Companies not resident in Ireland which are directly or indirectly controlled by a person or persons who are, by virtue of the law of a tax treaty country or an EU member state, resident for tax purposes in a tax treaty country or an EU member state other than Ireland and which are not controlled directly or indirectly by persons who are not resident for tax purposes in a tax treaty country or EU member state;
●Companies not resident in Ireland the principal class of shares of which is substantially and regularly traded on a recognized stock exchange in a tax treaty country or an EU member state including Ireland or on an approved stock exchange; or
●Companies not resident in Ireland that are 75% subsidiaries of a single company, or are wholly owned by two or more companies, in either case the principal classes of shares of which is or are substantially and regularly traded on a recognized stock exchange in a tax treaty country or an EU member state including Ireland or on an approved stock exchange.

In the case of an individual non-resident stockholder resident in an EU member state or tax treaty country, the declaration must be accompanied by a current certificate of tax residence from the tax authorities in the stockholder’s country of residence. In the case of both an individual and corporate non-resident stockholder resident in an EU member

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state or tax treaty country, the declaration also must contain an undertaking by the individual or corporate non-resident stockholder that he, she or it will advise the Company accordingly if he, she or it ceases to meet the conditions to be entitled to the DWT exemption. No declaration is required if the stockholder is a 5% parent company in another EU member state in accordance with section 831 TCA 1997. Neither is a declaration required on the payment by a company resident in Ireland to another company so resident if the company making the dividend is a 51% subsidiary of that other company.

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The Irish Department of Finance had sought to introduce a Dividend Withholding Tax Real-Time Reporting system from January 1, 2021. Under this system, Irish resident companies would be required to obtain tax reference numbers from shareholders in advance of making a distribution. A public consultation process between stakeholders, shareholders and representative bodies with the Irish Revenue Commissioners ran between October 2019 and March 2020, the outcomes of which have yet to be published. One of the main areas of concern raised was regarding the practicality of managing such a system in respect of listed companies who have a large and diverse base of international investors. On May 19, 2020, having regard to the scale of the challenge facing the industry in preparing for the transfer of the Irish equities market to a new settlement system by March 2021, and business challenges and disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the Irish Revenue Commissioners postponed the planned introduction of the Real-Time Reporting System from January 1, 2021 until an undefined later date. On March 1, 2021 Irish Revenue stated that they will engage with stakeholders in advance of the resumption of the change management program and will ensure that adequate time is allocated to the delivery of any development work associated with Dividend Withholding Tax real-time reporting. Irish Revenue have not made any further statements on the issue.

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American Depositary Receipts. Special arrangements with regard to the dividend withholding tax obligation apply in the case of Irish companies using ADRs through U.S. depositary banks that have been authorized by the Irish Revenue. Such banks, which receive dividends from the Company and pass them on to the U.S. ADR holders beneficially entitled to such dividends, will be allowed to receive and pass on the gross dividends (i.e., before withholding) based on an “address system” where the recorded addresses of such holder, as listed in the depositary bank’s register of depositary receipts, is in the United States.

Taxation on Dividends. Companies’ resident in Ireland other than those taxable on receipt of dividends as trading income are exempt from corporation tax on distributions received on Ordinary Shares from other Irish resident companies. Stockholders that are “close” companies for Irish taxation purposes may, however, be subject to a corporation tax surcharge (currently 20%) on undistributed investment income.

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Individual stockholders who are resident or ordinarily resident in Ireland are subject to income tax on the gross dividend at their marginal tax rate but are entitled to a credit for the tax withheld by the Company paying the dividend. The dividend will also be subject to the universal social charge. An individual stockholder who is not liable or not fully liable for income tax by reason of exemption or otherwise may be entitled to receive an appropriate refund of tax withheld. A charge to Irish social security taxes can also arise for such individuals on the amount of any dividend received from the Company.

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Except in certain circumstances, a person who is neither resident nor ordinarily resident in Ireland and is entitled to receive dividends without deductions is not liable for Irish tax on the dividends. Where a person who is neither resident nor ordinarily resident in Ireland is subject to withholding tax on the dividend received due to not benefiting from any exemption from such withholding, the amount of that withholding will generally satisfy such person’s liability for Irish tax, however individual shareholders should confirm this with their own tax adviser.

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Capital Gains Tax. A person who is either resident or ordinarily resident in Ireland will generally be liable for Irish capital gains tax on any gain realized on the disposal of the Ordinary Shares or ADRs. The current capital gains tax rate is 33%. A person who is neither resident nor ordinarily resident in Ireland and who does not carry on a trade in Ireland through a branch or agency will not be subject to Irish capital gains tax on the disposal of the Ordinary Shares or ADRs.

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Irish Capital Acquisitions Tax. A gift or inheritance of the Ordinary Shares or ADRs will be within the charge to Irish Capital Acquisitions Tax (“CAT”) notwithstanding that the donor or the donee / successor in relation to such gift or inheritance is resident outside Ireland. CAT is charged at a rate of 33% above a tax-free threshold. This tax-free threshold is determined by the amount of the current benefit and of previous benefits taken since December 5, 1991, as relevant, within the charge to CAT and the relationship between the donor and the successor or donee. Gifts and inheritances between spouses (and in certain cases former spouses) are not subject to CAT.

​

In a case where an inheritance or gift of the Ordinary Shares or ADRs is subject to both Irish CAT and foreign tax of a similar character, the foreign tax paid may in certain circumstances be credited in whole or in part against the Irish tax.

​

Irish Stamp Duty. It is assumed for the purposes of this paragraph that ADRs are dealt in on a recognized stock exchange in the United States (the NASDAQ being a recognized stock exchange in the United States for this purpose). Under current Irish law, no stamp duty will be payable on the acquisition of ADRs by persons purchasing such ADRs or on any subsequent transfer of ADRs. A transfer of Ordinary Shares (including transfers effected through a securities settlement system) wherever executed and whether on sale, in contemplation of a sale or by way of a gift, will be subject to duty at the rate of 1% of the consideration given or, in the case of a gift or if the purchase price is inadequate or unascertainable, on the market value of the Ordinary Shares. Transfers of Ordinary Shares that are not liable for duty at the rate of 1% (e.g., transfers under which there is no change in beneficial ownership) may be subject to a fixed duty of €12.50.

​

The Irish Revenue treats a conversion of Ordinary Shares to ADRs made in contemplation of a sale or a change in beneficial ownership (under Irish law) as an event subject to stamp duty at a rate of 1%. The Irish Revenue has indicated that a re-conversion of ADRs to Ordinary Shares made in contemplation of a sale or a change in beneficial ownership (under Irish law) will not be subject to a stamp duty. However, the subsequent sale of the re-converted Ordinary Shares may give rise to Irish stamp duty at the 1% rate. If the transfer of the Ordinary Shares is a transfer under which there is no change in the beneficial ownership (under Irish law) of the Ordinary Shares being transferred, nominal stamp duty only may be payable on the transfer. Under Irish law, it is not clear whether the mere deposit of Ordinary Shares for ADRs or ADRs for Ordinary Shares would be deemed to constitute a change in beneficial ownership. Accordingly, it is possible that holders would be subject to stamp duty at the 1% rate when merely depositing Ordinary Shares for ADRs or ADRs for Ordinary Shares and, consequently, the Depositary reserves the right in such circumstances to require payment of stamp duty at the rate of 1% from the holders.

​

The person accountable for payment of stamp duty is the transferee or, in the case of a transfer by way of a gift or for a consideration less than the market value, all parties to the transfer. Stamp duty is normally payable within 30 days after the date of execution of the transfer, although the Irish e-Stamping system allows for 44 days. Late or inadequate payment of stamp duty will result in liability for interest, penalties, and fines.

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United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following is a summary of certain U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of Ordinary Shares or ADRs by a beneficial owner of the Ordinary Shares or ADRs who is a citizen or resident of the United States, a U.S. domestic corporation or otherwise subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis in respect of the Ordinary Shares or the ADRs (a “U.S. Holder”). This summary does not purport to be tax advice or a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to a decision to purchase, hold, or dispose of the Ordinary Shares or the ADRs. In particular, the summary deals only with U.S. Holders that will hold Ordinary Shares or ADRs as capital assets and generally does not address the tax treatment of U.S. Holders that may be subject to special tax rules such as banks, regulated investment companies, insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations dealers in securities or currencies, partnerships or partners therein, entities subject to the branch profits tax, traders in securities electing to mark to market, persons that own 10% or more of the stock of the Company (measured by vote or

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value), persons whose “functional currency” is not U.S. dollars or persons that hold the Ordinary Shares or the ADRs as a synthetic security or as part of an integrated investment (including a “straddle” or hedge) consisting of the Ordinary Shares or the ADRs and one or more other positions. Moreover, this summary does not address state, local or foreign taxes, the U.S. federal estate and gift taxes, the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income of certain non-corporate U.S. Holders, or alternative minimum tax consequences of acquiring, holding or disposing of Ordinary Shares or ADSs. 

​

This summary is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations promulgated thereunder, published rulings and court decisions, all as currently in effect. These authorities are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. In addition, this summary assumes the deposit agreement, and all other related agreements, will be performed in accordance with their terms.

 

Holders of the Ordinary Shares or the ADRs should consult their own tax advisors as to the U.S. or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership, and disposition of the Ordinary Shares or the ADRs in light of their particular circumstances, including, in particular, the effect of any foreign, state or local tax laws.

​

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, holders of the ADRs generally will be treated as the beneficial owners of the Ordinary Shares represented by those ADRs.

​

Taxation of Dividends

The gross amount of any dividends (including any amount withheld in respect of Irish taxes) paid with respect to the Ordinary Shares, including Ordinary Shares represented by ADRs, will generally be includible in the taxable income of a U.S. Holder when the dividends are received by the holder, in the case of Ordinary Shares, or when received by the Depositary, in the case of ADRs. Such dividends will not be eligible for the “dividends received” deduction allowed to U.S. corporations in respect of dividends from a domestic corporation. Dividends paid in euro generally should be included in the income of a U.S. Holder in a U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the day they are received by the holder, in the case of Ordinary Shares, or the Depositary, in the case of ADRs. U.S. Holders generally should not be required to recognize any foreign currency gain or loss to the extent such dividends paid in euro are converted into U.S. dollars immediately upon receipt.

 

Subject to certain exceptions for short-term and hedged positions, the U.S. dollar amount of dividends received by an individual with respect to the Ordinary Shares or ADRs will be taxable at the preferential rates for “qualified dividends” if (i) the Company is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) has approved for the purposes of the qualified dividend rules and (ii) the Company was not, in the year prior to the year in which the dividend is paid, and is not, in the year in which the dividend is paid, a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”). The Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Ireland for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital Gains, dated as of July 28, 1999 (the “U.S.-Ireland Income Tax Treaty”) has been approved for the purposes of the qualified dividend rules. Based on the Company’s audited financial statements and relevant market data, the Company believes that it was not treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes with respect to its 2022 and 2023 taxable years. In addition, based on the Company’s audited financial statements and its current expectations regarding the value and nature of its assets, the sources and nature of its income, and relevant market data, the Company does not expect to be a PFIC for its 2024 taxable year.

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Dividends received by U.S. Holders generally will constitute foreign source and “passive category” income for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. Subject to limitations under U.S. federal income tax law concerning credits or deductions for foreign taxes, any Irish taxes withheld at the appropriate rate from cash dividends on the Ordinary Shares or ADRs may be treated as a foreign income tax eligible for credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability (or at a U.S. Holder’s election, may be deducted in computing taxable income if the U.S. Holder has elected to deduct all foreign income taxes for the taxable year). As a result of new requirements adopted by the IRS in regulations promulgated in December 2021, Irish dividend withholding taxes generally will need to satisfy certain additional requirements in order for a credit to be allowed.

​

In the case of a U.S. Holder that either (i) is eligible for, and properly elects, the benefits of the U.S.-Ireland Income Tax Treaty, or (ii) consistently elects to apply a modified version of these rules under recently issued temporary guidance and complies with specific requirements set forth in such guidance, the Irish tax on dividends will be treated as meeting the new requirements and therefore as a creditable tax. In the case of all other U.S. Holders, the application of these requirements to the Irish dividend withholding tax is uncertain and, accordingly, no assurance can be given that any Irish withholding tax will be creditable. If the Irish dividend withholding tax is not a creditable tax for a U.S. Holder or the U.S. Holder does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for any foreign income taxes, the U.S. Holder may be able to deduct the Irish tax in computing such U.S. Holder’s taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The temporary guidance discussed above also indicated that the Treasury and the IRS are considering proposing amendments to the December 2021 regulations and that the temporary guidance can be relied upon until additional guidance is issued that withdraws or modifies the temporary guidance. Given the added complexity of the U.S. foreign tax credit rules, U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors concerning the implications of these rules in light of their particular circumstances.

​

Distributions of Ordinary Shares that are made as part of a pro rata distribution to all stockholders generally should not be subject to U.S. federal income tax, unless the U.S. Holder has the right to receive cash or property instead, in which case the U.S. Holder will be treated as if it received cash equal to the fair market value of the distribution.

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Taxation of Capital Gains

Upon a sale or other disposition of the Ordinary Shares or ADRs, U.S. Holders will recognize a gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar value of the amount realized on the disposition and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis, determined in U.S. dollars, in the Ordinary Shares or ADRs. Generally, such gains or losses will be capital gains or losses and will be long-term capital gains or losses if the Ordinary Shares or ADRs have been held for more than one year. Short-term capital gains are subject to U.S. federal income taxation at ordinary income rates, while long-term capital gains realized by a U.S. Holder that is an individual generally are subject to taxation at preferential rates. Gains realized by a U.S. Holder generally should constitute income from sources within the United States for foreign tax credit purposes and generally should constitute “passive category” income for such purposes. The deductibility of capital losses, in excess of capital gains, is subject to limitations.

 

Deposits and withdrawals of Ordinary Shares by U.S. Holders in exchange for ADRs should not result in the realization of gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

​

Foreign Financial Asset Reporting

Certain U.S. Holders that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of U.S.$50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or U.S.$75,000 at any time during the taxable year are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on IRS Form 8938, with respect to such assets. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts held at a non-U.S. financial institution, as well as securities issued by a non-U.S. issuer that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. The understatement of income attributable to “specified foreign financial assets” in excess of U.S.$5,000 extends the statute

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of limitations with respect to the tax return to six years after the return was filed.  U.S. Holders who fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties.  Holders are encouraged to consult with their own tax advisors regarding the possible application of these rules, including the application of the rules to their particular circumstances.

​

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

​

Dividends paid on, and proceeds from, the sale or other disposition of the Ordinary Shares or ADRs that are made within the United States or through certain U.S. related financial intermediaries generally will be subject to information reporting and may also be subject to backup withholding unless the holder (i) provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding or (ii) otherwise establish an exemption from backup withholding. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld may be allowed as a refund or credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

​

Documents on Display

​

Copies of Ryanair Holdings’ Articles may be examined at its registered office and principal place of business at Dublin Office, Airside Business Park, Swords, County Dublin, K67 NY94, Ireland and are also available on the Ryanair website.

​

Ryanair Holdings also files reports, including Annual Reports on Form 20-F, periodic reports on Form 6-K and other information, with the SEC pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC that apply to foreign private issuers. You may read and copy any materials filed with the SEC at its Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.

​

Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

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General

​

Ryanair is exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in commodity prices, carbon pricing, interest rates and currency exchange rates. The objective of financial risk management at Ryanair is to minimize the negative impact of commodity price, interest rate and foreign exchange rate fluctuations on the Company’s earnings, cash flows and equity.

​

To manage these risks, Ryanair uses various derivative financial instruments, including cross currency swaps, interest rate swaps, foreign currency forward contracts, commodity forwards and options. These derivative financial instruments are generally held to maturity and are not actively traded. The Company enters into these arrangements with the goal of hedging its operational and balance sheet risk. However, Ryanair’s exposure to commodity price, interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations cannot be neutralized completely.

​

In executing its risk management strategy, Ryanair currently enters into forward swap contracts and call options for the purchase of some of the jet fuel (jet kerosene) that it expects to use. It also uses foreign currency forward contracts intended to reduce its exposure to risks related to foreign currencies, principally the U.S. dollar. Furthermore, it enters into interest rate contracts with the objective of fixing certain borrowing costs and hedging principal repayments, particularly those associated with the purchase of new Boeing 737-8200s. Ryanair is also exposed to the risk that the counterparties to its derivative financial instruments may not be creditworthy. If a counterparty was to default on its obligations under any of the instruments described below, Ryanair’s economic expectations when entering

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into these arrangements might not be achieved and its financial condition could be adversely affected. Transactions involving derivative financial instruments are also relatively illiquid as compared with those involving other kinds of financial instruments. It is Ryanair’s policy not to enter into transactions involving financial derivatives for speculative purposes.

​

The following paragraphs describe Ryanair’s fuel hedging, carbon hedging, foreign currency and interest rate swap arrangements and analyze the sensitivity of the market value, earnings and cash flows of the financial instruments to hypothetical changes in commodity prices, carbon prices, interest rates and exchange rates as if these changes had occurred at March 31, 2024. The range of changes selected for this sensitivity analysis reflects Ryanair’s view of the changes that are reasonably possible over a one-year period.

​

Fuel Price Exposure and Hedging

​

Fuel costs constitute a substantial portion of Ryanair’s operating expenses (approximately 45% and 43% of such expenses in fiscal years 2024 and 2023, respectively). Ryanair engages in fuel price hedging transactions from time to time. Fuel hedging is achieved via fuel forward swap contracts and fuel call options. In a fuel forward swap transaction Ryanair and a counterparty agree to exchange payments equal to the difference between a fixed price for a given quantity of jet fuel and the market price for such quantity of jet fuel at a given date in the future, with Ryanair receiving the amount of any excess of such market price over such fixed price and paying to the counterparty the amount of any deficit of such fixed price under such market price. In a fuel call option transaction, a counterparty provides Ryanair with the right, but not the obligation, to purchase a fixed price for a given quantity of jet fuel in exchange for the market price at a given date in the future.

​

Ryanair has historically entered into arrangements providing for substantial protection against fluctuations in fuel prices, generally through forward swap contracts covering periods of up to 12 to 18 months of anticipated jet fuel requirements. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company—Changes in fuel costs and availability affect the Company’s results” for additional information on recent trends in fuel costs and the Company’s related hedging activities, as well as certain associated risks. See also “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Fiscal year 2024 compared with fiscal year 2023—Fuel and oil.” For the fiscal year 2024, Ryanair had entered into jet fuel forward swap contracts and fuel call options covering approximately 84% of fuel requirements (2023: 81%). As of March 31, 2024, the Company had entered into jet fuel forward swap contracts covering approximately 70% of its estimated requirements for the fiscal year 2025 at prices equivalent to approximately U.S.$795 per metric ton. The Company has designated the fuel forward swap contracts as hedging instruments in a hedge relationship. The Company believes these hedges to be effective for hedge accounting purposes.

​

While these hedging strategies can cushion the impact on Ryanair of fuel price increases in the short term, in the medium to longer-term, such strategies cannot be expected to eliminate the impact on the Company of an increase in the market price of jet fuel. The unrealized gains or losses on outstanding forward swap contracts and option agreements at March 31, 2024 and 2023, based on their fair values, amounted to a €190m gain and €344m loss (gross of tax), respectively. Based on Ryanair’s fuel consumption for fiscal year 2024, a change of U.S.$1.00 in the average annual price per metric ton of jet fuel (before the impact of derivatives) would have caused a change of approximately €4.8m in Ryanair’s fuel costs. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Company—Changes in fuel costs and availability affect the company’s results.”

​

Under IFRS, the Company’s fuel forward swap contracts are treated as cash flow hedges of forecast fuel purchases for risks arising from the commodity price of fuel. The contracts are recorded at fair value in the balance sheet and are re-measured to fair value at the end of each fiscal period through equity to the extent effective, with any ineffectiveness recorded through the income statement. In fiscal year 2024, the Company recorded a positive fair-value

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adjustment of €166m (net of tax), and in fiscal year 2023, the Company recorded a negative fair-value adjustment of €302m (net of tax) within accumulated other comprehensive income in respect of jet fuel forward swap contracts.

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Carbon Exposure and hedging

​

Ryanair engages in carbon hedging transactions in relation to obligations arising under the EU and UK Emission Trading Schemes. This hedging is achieved via forward contracts. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had entered into forward carbon hedging contracts covering approximately 100% of its estimated requirements for the fiscal year 2025 and approximately 28% of its estimated requirements for the fiscal year 2026 at prices equivalent to approximately €76 and €57 per allowance respectively. The Company has designated the carbon forward contracts as hedging instruments in a hedge relationship. The Company believes these hedges to be effective for hedge accounting purposes.

​

While these hedging strategies can cushion the impact on Ryanair of carbon price increases in the short term, in the medium to longer-term, such strategies cannot be expected to eliminate the impact on the Company of an increase in carbon market prices. The unrealized loss on outstanding carbon forward agreements at March 31, 2024, based on their fair values, amounted to a €163m loss. Based on Ryanair’s ETS exposure for fiscal year 2024, a change of €1.00 in the average ETS allowance price per CO2 ton would have caused a change of approximately €8m in Ryanair’s carbon costs.

​

In fiscal year 2024, the Group recognized a cost associated with the purchase of carbon credits in the income statement within ‘Fuel and oil’ of approximately €690m (2023: €425m).

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Foreign Currency Exposure and Hedging

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In recent years, Ryanair’s revenues have been denominated primarily in two currencies, the euro and the UK pound sterling. The euro and the UK pound sterling accounted for approximately 67% and 22%, respectively, of Ryanair’s total revenues in fiscal year 2024 (2023: 68% and 21% respectively). As Ryanair reports its results in euro, the Company is not exposed to any material currency risk as a result of its euro-denominated activities. Ryanair’s operating expenses are primarily euro, UK pounds sterling and U.S. dollars. Ryanair’s operations can be subject to significant direct exchange rate risks between the euro and the U.S. dollar because a significant portion of its operating costs (particularly those related to fuel purchases) is incurred in U.S. dollars, while practically none of its revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars. Appreciation of the euro against the U.S. dollar positively impacts Ryanair’s operating income because the euro equivalent of its U.S. dollar operating costs decreases, while depreciation of the euro against the U.S. dollar negatively impacts operating income. It is Ryanair’s policy to hedge a significant portion of its exposure to fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the euro. From time to time, Ryanair hedges its operating cash flows in UK pound sterling. Ryanair may choose to sell surplus UK pound sterling cash flows for euro after satisfying its UK pound sterling obligations.

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Hedging associated with the income statement. In fiscal years 2024 and 2023, the Company entered into a series of forward contracts, principally euro/U.S. dollar forward contracts to hedge against variability in cash flows arising from market fluctuations in foreign exchange rates associated with its forecast fuel, maintenance and insurance costs. At March 31, 2024, the total unrealized gain relating to these contracts amounted to approximately €86m, compared to a €37m total unrealized loss at March 31, 2023.

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Under IFRS, these foreign currency forward contracts are treated as cash flow hedges of forecast U.S. dollar and UK pound sterling purchases to address the risks arising from U.S. dollar and UK pound sterling exchange rates. The derivatives are recorded at fair value in the balance sheet and are re-measured to fair value at the end of each reporting period through equity to the extent effective, with ineffectiveness recorded through the income statement. Ryanair considers these hedges to be highly effective in offsetting variability in future cash flows arising from

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fluctuations in exchange rates, because the forward contracts are timed so as to match exactly the amount, currency and maturity date of the forecast foreign currency-denominated expense being hedged.

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Hedging associated with the balance sheet. In prior years, the Company entered into a series of cross currency interest rate swaps to manage exposures to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates of U.S. dollar-denominated floating rate borrowings, together with managing the exposures to fluctuations in interest rates on these U.S. dollar-denominated floating rate borrowings. Cross currency interest rate swaps were primarily used to convert a portion of the Company’s U.S. dollar-denominated debt to euro and floating rate interest exposures into fixed rate exposures and were set so as to match exactly the critical terms of the underlying debt being hedged (i.e. notional principal, interest rate settings, re-pricing dates). These cross currency interest rate swaps matured in fiscal year 2024.

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Hedging associated with capital expenditures. During fiscal years 2024 and 2023, the Company also held a series of euro/U.S. dollar contracts to hedge against changes in the fair value of aircraft purchase commitments under the Boeing contracts, which arise from fluctuations in the euro/U.S. dollar exchange rates. At March 31, 2024, the total unrealized gain relating to these contracts amounted to €57m, compared to €260m unrealized gain at March 31, 2023.

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Under IFRS, the Company generally accounts for these contracts as cash flow hedges. Cash flow hedges are recorded at fair value in the balance sheet and are re-measured to fair value at the end of the financial period through equity to the extent effective, with any ineffectiveness recorded through the income statement. The Company has found these hedges to be highly effective in offsetting changes in the fair value of the aircraft purchase commitments arising from fluctuations in exchange rates because the forward exchange contracts are always for the same amount, currency and maturity dates as the corresponding aircraft purchase commitments.

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A plus or minus change of 10% in relevant foreign currency exchange rates, based on outstanding foreign currency-denominated financial assets and financial liabilities at March 31, 2024 would have a positive impact of approximately €77m on the income statement (net of tax) (2023: €46m; 2022: €26m) if the rate fell by 10%, and a negative impact of approximately €63m on the income statement (net of tax) (2023: €38m; 2022: €2m) if the rate increased by 10%. The same movement of 10% in foreign currency exchange rates would have a positive approximately €501m impact (net of tax) on equity if the rate fell by 10% and a negative €410m impact (net of tax) if the rate increased by 10% (2023: €677m positive or €554m negative; 2022: €695m positive or €588m negative).

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INterest Rate Exposure and Hedging

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During the year ended March 31, 2022, the Group issued promissory notes to the value of approximately €0.2bn with maturity dates of October 2023. The notes were issued in settlement of certain aircraft trade payables and were non-interest bearing. These were non-cash settled in full during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024.

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Interest rate risk. Based on the levels of and composition of year-end interest bearing assets and liabilities, including derivatives, at March 31, 2024, a plus one percentage point movement in interest rates would result in a respective increase of approximately €42m (net of tax) in net finance income (2023: increase in net finance expense of €92m; 2022: decrease in net finance expense of €19m) and a minus one percentage point movement in interest rates would result in a respective decrease of approximately €16m in net finance income in the income statement (2023: decrease in net finance expense of €49m; 2022: increase in net finance expense of €33m;) and a nil increase or decrease in equity (2023: nil 2022: nil).

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Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

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Holders of ADSs are required to pay certain fees and expenses. The table below sets forth the fees and expenses which holders of ADSs, under the deposit agreement between the Company, The Bank of New York Mellon and holders of ADSs, can be charged for or which can be deducted from dividends or other distributions on the deposited shares. The Company and The Bank of New York Mellon have also entered into a separate letter agreement, which has the effect of reducing some of the fees listed below.

​

​

​

​

Persons depositing or withdrawing ADSs must pay:

    

For:

$5.00 (or less) per 100 ADSs (or portion of 100 ADSs).

​

Issuance of ADSs, including issuances resulting from a distribution of common shares or rights or other property.

​

​

​

​

​

Cancellation of ADSs for the purpose of withdrawal, including if the deposit agreement terminates.

​

​

​

$0.02 (or less) per ADS.

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Any cash distribution to the holder of the ADSs.

​

​

​

$0.02 (or less) per ADS per calendar year.

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Depositary services.

​

​

​

A fee equivalent to the fee that would be payable if securities distributed to the holder of ADSs had been shares and the shares had been deposited for issuance of ADSs.

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Distribution of securities distributed by the issuer to the holders of common securities, which are distributed by the depositary to ADS holders.

​

​

​

Registration or transfer fees.

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Transfer and registration of shares on Ryanair’s share register to or from the name of the depositary or its agent when the holder of ADSs deposits or withdraws common shares.

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​

​

Expenses of the depositary.

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Cable, telex and facsimile transmissions (when expressly provided for in the deposit agreement).

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​

​

​

​

Expenses of the depositary in converting foreign currency to U.S. dollars.

​

​

​

Taxes and other governmental charges the depositary or the custodian have to pay on any ADSs or common shares underlying ADSs (for example, stock transfer taxes, stamp duty or withholding taxes).

​

As necessary.

​

​

​

Any charges incurred by the depositary or its agents for servicing the deposited securities.

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As necessary.

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Reimbursement of Fees

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From April 1, 2023 to March 31, 2024 the Depositary collected annual depositary services fees equal to approximately U.S.$4m from holders of ADSs, net of fees paid to the Depositary by the Company.

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PART II

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Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

​

None.

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Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

​

None.

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Item 15. Controls and Procedures

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DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

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The Company has carried out an evaluation, as of March 31, 2024, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the Group CEO and Group CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a- 15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon the Company’s evaluation, the Group CEO and Group CFO have concluded that, as of March 31, 2024, the disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported as and when required, within the time periods specified in the applicable rules and forms, and that it is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Group CEO and Group CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

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MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

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The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

​

●pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

​

●provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and Directors; and

​

●provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

​

The Company’s management evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024, based on the criteria established in the 2013 Framework in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework,” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on

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the evaluation, management has concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024.  

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ATTESTATION REPORT OF THE REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

​

PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, audited the effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting as at March 31, 2024, as stated in their report which appears in “Item 18. Financial Statements”.

​

CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

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There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during fiscal year 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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Item 16. Reserved

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert

​

The Company’s Board of Directors has determined that Geoff Doherty qualifies as “Audit Committee financial expert” within the meaning of Item 16A of Form 20-F. Mr. Doherty is independent for purposes of the listing rules of NASDAQ.  

​

Item 16B. Code of Ethics

​

The Company has adopted a broad Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and an Anti-bribery and Corruption (“ABAC”) policy that meets the requirements for a “code of ethics” as defined in Item 16B of Form 20-F. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the ABAC policy applies to the Company’s Group CEO, Group CFO, Chief Accounting Officer, controller and persons performing similar functions, as well as to all of the Company’s other officers, Directors and employees. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and ABAC policy is available on Ryanair’s website at https://investor.ryanair.com (Information appearing on the website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.) The Company has not made any amendment to, or granted any waiver from, the provisions of this Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or the ABAC policy that apply to its Group CEO, Group CFO, Chief Accounting Officer, controller or persons performing similar functions during its most recently completed fiscal year.

​

Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

​

Our independent registered public accounting firm is PricewaterhouseCoopers (“PwC”), Dublin, Ireland, PCAOB Auditor Firm ID: 01366.

​

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Table of Contents

Audit and Non-Audit Fees

​

The following table sets forth the fees billed or billable to the Company by its independent auditors during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended March 31,

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Audit fees

​

0.9

​

0.8

​

0.6

Audit related fees

​

0.2

​

0.0

​

0.1

Tax fees

​

0.1

​

0.1

​

0.0

Total fees

​

1.2

​

0.9

​

0.7

​

Audit fees in the above table are the aggregate fees billed or billable by KPMG in fiscal year 2022, and by PwC in fiscal years 2023 and 2024 in connection with the audit of the Company’s annual financial statements, as well as work that generally only the independent auditor can reasonably be expected to provide, including the provision of statutory audits, discussions surrounding the proper application of financial accounting and reporting standards and services provided in connection with certain regulatory requirements including those under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

​

Audit related fees comprise fees for assurance and services related to audit and other attestation services performed by the auditor as required by statute, regulation or contract and which are not reported under “Audit fees”.

​

Tax fees include fees for all services, except those services specifically related to the audit of financial statements, performed by the independent auditor’s tax personnel, work performed in support of other tax-related regulatory requirements and tax compliance reporting.

​

All Other Fees

​

No fees were billed for each of the last two fiscal years for products and services other than above.

​

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

​

The Audit Committee expressly pre-approves every engagement of Ryanair’s independent auditors for all audit and non-audit services provided to the Company.

​

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

​

None.

​

Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

​

From April 1, 2023 to June 26, 2024 the Company did not buy any ordinary shares.

​

See “Item 8. Financial Information—Other Financial Information—Share Buyback Program” and “Item 9. The Offer and Listing—Trading Markets” for further information regarding the Company’s Ordinary Share buyback program, pursuant to which all of the shares purchased by the Company were purchased.

​

Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certified Accountant

​

Not applicable.

​

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Table of Contents

Item 16G. Corporate Governance

​

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Directors—Exemptions from NASDAQ Corporate Governance Rules” for further information regarding the ways in which the Company’s corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies listed on NASDAQ.

​

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure

​

Not applicable.

​

Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

​

Not applicable.

​

Item 16J. Insider trading policies

​

The Company has adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale, and other dispositions of its securities by Directors, Senior Management and employees that are designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to the Company. These policies and procedures are included in the Company’s Code of Dealing in Securities of Ryanair Holdings plc (the “Code of Dealing”), which is filed as Exhibit 11.1 to this annual report on Form 20-F.

​

The Company monitors inside information as defined under the EU Market Abuse Regulation 2014/596 (“MAR”) as part of its compliance with MAR and as part of its disclosure controls and procedures, and imposes restrictions on trading in its own securities when it has undisclosed inside information. The Company also generally refrains from trading in its own securities during its regular closed periods.

​

Item 16K. Cybersecurity

​

Risk assessment, policies and procedures

​

The Company is dependent on the use of technology and systems to run its operations. These technologies and systems include, among others, the Company's website and reservation system; flight planning and scheduling systems; flight dispatch and tracking systems; crew scheduling systems; baggage check-in kiosks; aircraft maintenance, planning, and record keeping systems; telecommunications systems; human resources systems; and financial planning, management, and accounting systems. The Company is committed to safeguarding these information systems and the information they hold, from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction.

​

The Company’s processes for identifying, assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats (including those associated with the Company’s use of third party service providers) are incorporated into its Enterprise Risk Management ("ERM") framework, alongside other critical business risks. The teams responsible for ERM and Information Security coordinate to review and assess these risks using a wide range of tools and services. The Company believes that integrating cybersecurity risks into its ERM framework ensures a proactive approach to cybersecurity, lessens the need for third party assistance in managing cybersecurity threats and helps safeguard the Company’s operations, financial performance and reputation.

​

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Table of Contents

The Company’s cybersecurity program is designed to detect, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity threats and risks, and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of its information systems, including the information residing on such systems. The program utilises guidance drawn from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework to set the cybersecurity agenda and prioritise cybersecurity activities. The strategies employed by the program, among others, include:

​

●the application of policies and procedures designed to comply with data security and privacy obligations;
●the implementation of administrative, technical, and physical controls;
●the utilisation of a Security Operations Center that conducts ongoing monitoring of networks and systems for potential signs of suspicious activity;
●the requirement that staff complete cybersecurity training, which is updated as new technology, security and privacy issues emerge;
●the tracking of key performance indicators and cybersecurity metrics to evaluate existing cybersecurity controls and practices;
●maintaining a cybersecurity incident response plan to respond to cybersecurity incidents, which includes standard processes for reporting, escalating and recommending remediation actions for cybersecurity incidents to senior management; and
●conducting periodic simulated cybersecurity scenarios to provide hands-on training and test the preparedness of the team to deal with cybersecurity threats.

​

Cybersecurity Governance

​

Board and Audit Committee

​

The Board is responsible for overseeing management’s assessment of major risks, including cybersecurity, facing the Company and for reviewing options to mitigate such risks. The Board’s oversight of major risks, including cybersecurity risks, occurs at both the full Board level and at the Board committee level through the Audit Committee. The Company benefits from certain Board and Audit Committee members having considerable IT, data and cyber experience.

​

The Audit Committee regularly receives updates on cybersecurity risks and the security and operations of the Company’s information technology systems from the Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”). These updates generally include any significant cybersecurity incidents, cybersecurity threats, cybersecurity program enhancements, and cybersecurity risks and related mitigation activities. This reporting helps to provide the Audit Committee with an informed understanding of the Company’s dynamic cybersecurity program and threat landscape. The Audit Committee also receives an ERM framework twice a year, in which material cybersecurity risks are identified, assessed and managed.

​

The Audit Committee has opportunities to report regularly to the Board and review any major issues that arise at the committee level, which may include cybersecurity risks. Senior Management (including the CTO) also brief Board members, including new members, on cybersecurity risks. Based on this information, Board members may request additional information to address any concerns.

​

Management

​

The Company has a dedicated cybersecurity organization within its technology department that focuses on current and emerging cybersecurity matters. The Company’s cybersecurity function is led by the Head of Information Security, who reports to the CTO.

​

The Company’s cybersecurity function engages in a range of cybersecurity activities such as threat detection, security mechanisms, and incident response. The cybersecurity function conducts vulnerability management and penetration testing to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities. Regular meetings are held with the Head of Information

96

Table of Contents

Security and the CTO to provide visibility of major issues and seek alignment with strategy. As noted in the “Risk assessment, policies and procedures” section above, the Company’s cybersecurity incident response plan includes standard processes for reporting, escalating and recommending remediation actions for cybersecurity incidents to Senior Management. Cybersecurity incidents that meet certain thresholds are escalated to the cybersecurity leaders and cross-functional teams on an as-needed basis for support and guidance.

​

The Head of Information Security has 30 years of IT experience across manufacturing, banking and aviation, including 12 years of cybersecurity experience. He holds the following relevant qualifications:

​

●BSc Information Technology
●CISSP (Certified Information Systems Security Professional)
●CISM (Certified Information Security Manager)
●CEH (Certified Ethical Hacker)

​

For details of the CTO’s experience, please see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Senior Management”.

​

Risks from Material Cybersecurity Threats

​

During fiscal year 2024, the Company reported no material cybersecurity incidents affecting the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of data or systems. There are no identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. For a detailed discussion of the Company’s cybersecurity related risks, see “Item 3. Key Information—Risks related to the Company—Ryanair is subject to cyber security risks and may incur increasing costs in an effort to minimize those risks”.

​

PART III

​

Item 17. Financial Statements

​

Not applicable.

​

​

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Table of Contents

Item 18. Financial Statements

​

RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

​

​

​

​

Page

​

​

Consolidated Balance Sheet of Ryanair Holdings plc and Subsidiaries as at March 31, 2024, March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022

F-5

​

​

Consolidated Income Statement of Ryanair Holdings plc and Subsidiaries for the Years ended March 31, 2024, March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022

F-6

​

​

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income of Ryanair Holdings plc and Subsidiaries for the Years ended March 31, 2024, March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022

F-7

​

​

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity of Ryanair Holdings plc and Subsidiaries for the Years ended March 31, 2024, March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022

F-8

​

​

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows of Ryanair Holdings plc and Subsidiaries for the Years ended March 31, 2024, March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022

F-9

​

​

Notes

F-10

​

​

​

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Table of Contents

Item 19. Exhibits

1.1

    

Memorandum and Articles of Association of Ryanair Holdings in effect as of the date of this Annual Report (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of Ryanair Holdings’ Annual Report on Form 20-F filed on July 24, 2023 (Commission file No. 000-29304)).

​

​

​

2.1

​

Issue and Paying Agency Agreement, dated July 27, 2023, between Ryanair DAC, Ryanair Holdings as guarantor, Citibank N.A., London Branch as fiscal agent, Citigroup Europe plc as registrar, the paying agents named therein and the transfer agents named therein.

​

​

​

2.2

​

Deed of Covenant, dated July 27, 2023, entered into by Ryanair DAC.

​

​

​

2.3

​

Deed of Guarantee, dated July 27, 2023, entered into by Ryanair Holdings as guarantor.

​

​

​

2.d

​

Description of the registrant’s securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

​

​

4.1

​

Purchase Agreement No. 4258 between the Boeing Company and Aviation Finance and Leasing Limited (formerly known as Aviation Finance and Leasing S.a.r.l.) (a subsidiary of Ryanair DAC) relating to Model Boeing 737-MAX-200 aircraft, together with ancillary documents subject to a request for confidential treatment that has now been granted (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4. of Ryanair Holdings’ Annual Report on Form 20-F filed on July 30, 2015 (Commission file No. 000-29304)).

​

4.2

​

Supplemental Agreement No. 5 to Purchase Agreement 4258 between the Boeing Company and Aviation Finance and Leasing Limited relating to Model Boeing 737-MAX-200 aircraft, dated as of December 2, 2020, together with ancillary documents (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.5 of Ryanair Holdings’ Annual Report on Form 20-F filed on July 27, 2021 (Commission file No. 000-29304)). Certain confidential information contained in this exhibit has been excluded from this exhibit because it is both not material and is the type that the registrant treats as private or confidential.

​

4.3

​

Purchase Agreement No. 5317 between The Boeing Company and Aviation Finance and Leasing Limited relating to Boeing Model 737-MAX-10 aircraft, together with ancillary documents (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.6 of Ryanair Holdings’ Annual Report on Form 20-F filed on July 24, 2023 (Commission file No. 000-29304)). Certain confidential information contained in this exhibit has been excluded from this exhibit because it is both not material and is the type that the registrant treats as private or confidential.

​

8.1

​

List of principal subsidiaries of the registrant.

​

​

​

11.1

​

Code of Dealing in securities of Ryanair Holdings plc.

​

​

​

12.1

​

Certifications pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

​

13.1

​

Certifications pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

​

97.1

​

Compensation recovery policy of Ryanair Holdings plc.

​

101.INS*

​

XBRL Instance Document  - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL Document

​

101.SCH*

​

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

99

Table of Contents

​

101.CAL*

​

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

​

101.DEF*

​

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

​

101.LAB*

​

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

​

101.PRE*

​

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

​

104

​

Cover Page Interactive Data File  - The cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

​

* In accordance with Rule 402 of Regulation S-T, the information in these exhibits shall not be deemed to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and shall not be incorporated by reference into any registration statement or other document filed under the Securities Act, or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

​

100

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

​

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf.

​

​

RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC

​

​

​

/s/MICHAEL O’LEARY

​

Name:

Michael O’Leary

​

Title:

Group CEO and Executive Director

​

​

​

Date: June 27, 2024

​

​

​

​

101

Table of Contents

​

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

​

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Ryanair Holdings plc

​

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

​

We have audited the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet of Ryanair Holdings plc and its subsidiaries (the “Group”) as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related Consolidated Income Statement, Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income, Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity and Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years then ended, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).  We also have audited the Group’s internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

​

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Group as of March 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board and International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as adopted by the European Union. Also in our opinion, the Group maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

​

Basis for Opinions

​

The Group's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 15.  Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Group’s consolidated financial statements and on the Group's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits.  We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Group in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

​

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB.  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

​

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks.  Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.  Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements.  Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk.  Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances.  We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

​

F-1

Table of Contents

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

​

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.  A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

​

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.  Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

​

Critical Audit Matters

​

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgements. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

​

Aircraft component- estimated useful lives and expected residual values

​

As described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, at March 31, 2024, the Group had €10.85 billion of property, plant and equipment long-lived assets, of which €10.61 billion were aircraft related. In estimating the useful lives and expected residual values of the aircraft component, the Group considered a number of factors, including its own historic experience and past practices of aircraft disposals, renewal programmes, forecasted growth plans, external valuations from independent appraisers, recommendations from the aircraft supplier and manufacturer and other industry-available information. The Group's estimate of each aircraft’s residual value is 15% of the market value on delivery, based on independent valuations and actual aircraft disposals during prior periods. Each aircraft’s useful life is determined to be 23 years.

​

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to Aircraft component- estimated useful lives and expected residual values is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgement by management when determining the useful lives and residual values assumptions; and (ii) a high degree of auditor judgement, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures to evaluate management’s assessment of the estimated useful lives and expected residual values assumptions.

​

​

F-2

Table of Contents

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the assessment of the useful life and residual values. These procedures also included, among others, evaluating the reasonableness of the estimated useful lives and expected residual values assumptions. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to useful life and residual values involved evaluating whether the assumptions used were reasonable considering a) recommendations from the aircraft manufacturer, b) the age profile of the aircraft and the Group’s aircraft renewal programme, c) third party valuations from an independent appraiser, and d) the Group’s own experience of disposal of its aircraft. We also considered the published estimates of certain other international airlines.

​

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers

Dublin, Ireland

June 26, 2024

​

We have served as the Group’s auditor since 2022.

​

F-3

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

​

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors Ryanair Holdings plc:

​

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

​

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Ryanair Holdings plc and subsidiaries (the ’Company’) as of March 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended March 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended March 31, 2022, in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and also IFRS as adopted by the European Union.

​

Basis for Opinion

​

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

​

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

​

We served as the Company’s auditor from 1985 to 2022.

​

KPMG

​

Dublin, Ireland

​

July 21, 2022

​

​

Note that the report set out above is included for the purposes of Ryanair Holdings plc’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for 2024 only and does not form part of Ryanair Holdings plc’s Annual Report and Accounts for 2024.

​

​

F-4

Table of Contents

​

Consolidated Balance Sheet

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

​

​

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

​

Note

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Non-current assets

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

Property, plant and equipment

​

2

​

10,847.0

​

9,908.9

​

9,095.1

Right of use assets

​

3

​

166.5

​

209.1

​

133.7

Intangible assets

​

4

​

146.4

​

146.4

​

146.4

Derivative financial instruments

​

11

​

3.3

​

54.6

​

185.1

Other assets

​

6

​

183.2

​

168.9

​

72.1

Deferred tax

​

12

​

2.1

​

6.6

​

42.3

Total non-current assets

​

  

​

11,348.5

​

10,494.5

​

9,674.7

Current assets

​

  

​

​

​

​

​

​

Inventories

​

5

​

6.2

​

6.0

​

4.3

Other assets

​

6

​

1,275.4

​

878.6

​

401.1

Trade receivables

​

7 & 11

​

76.4

​

59.7

​

43.5

Derivative financial instruments

​

11

​

349.5

​

292.1

​

1,400.4

Restricted cash

​

8 & 11

​

6.4

​

19.5

​

22.7

Financial assets: cash > 3 months

​

11

​

237.8

​

1,056.2

​

934.1

Cash and cash equivalents

​

11

​

3,875.4

​

3,599.3

​

2,669.0

Total current assets

​

  

​

5,827.1

​

5,911.4

​

5,475.1

Total assets

​

  

​

17,175.6

​

16,405.9

​

15,149.8

Current liabilities

​

  

​

​

​

​

​

​

Provisions

​

13

​

46.0

​

19.8

​

9.2

Trade payables

​

9

​

792.2

​

1,065.5

​

1,029.0

Accrued expenses and other liabilities

​

10

​

5,227.6

​

4,783.5

​

2,992.8

Current lease liability

​

3

​

39.4

​

43.2

​

56.9

Current maturities of debt

​

11

​

50.0

​

1,056.7

​

1,224.5

Current tax

​

12

​

66.6

​

66.3

​

47.7

Derivative financial instruments

​

11

​

178.8

​

386.6

​

38.6

Total current liabilities

​

  

​

6,400.6

​

7,421.6

​

5,398.7

Non-current liabilities

​

  

​

​

​

​

​

​

Provisions

​

13

​

138.1

​

154.5

​

94.1

Trade payables

​

9

​

—

​

—

​

49.2

Derivative financial instruments

​

11

​

3.3

​

11.2

​

—

Deferred tax

​

12

​

362.0

​

159.3

​

266.5

Non-current lease liability

​

3

​

125.2

​

163.1

​

81.4

Non-current maturities of debt

​

11

​

2,532.2

​

2,853.2

​

3,714.6

Total non-current liabilities

​

  

​

3,160.8

​

3,341.3

​

4,205.8

Shareholders’ equity

​

  

​

​

​

​

​

​

Issued share capital

​

14

​

6.9

​

6.9

​

6.8

Share premium account

​

14

​

1,404.3

​

1,379.9

​

1,328.2

Other undenominated capital

​

  

​

3.5

​

3.5

​

3.5

Retained earnings

​

  

​

5,899.8

​

4,180.0

​

2,880.9

Other reserves

​

15

​

299.7

​

72.7

​

1,325.9

Shareholders’ equity

​

  

​

7,614.2

​

5,643.0

​

5,545.3

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity

​

  

​

17,175.6

​

16,405.9

​

15,149.8

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

​

On behalf of the Board

​

​

​

​

Stan McCarthy

Michael O’Leary

Chairman

Group CEO

June 26, 2024

​

​

​

F-5

Table of Contents

Consolidated Income Statement

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended March 31,

​

​

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

​

Note

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Operating revenues

​

  

​

​

​

​

​

  

Scheduled revenues

​

16

​

9,145.1

​

6,930.3

​

2,652.5

Ancillary revenues

​

16

​

4,298.7

​

3,844.9

​

2,148.4

Total operating revenues

​

16

​

13,443.8

​

10,775.2

​

4,800.9

Operating expenses

​

  

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fuel and oil

​

  

​

(5,142.6)

​

(4,025.7)

​

(1,699.4)

Staff costs

​

17

​

(1,500.0)

​

(1,191.4)

​

(690.1)

Airport and handling charges

​

​

​

(1,484.5)

​

(1,240.5)

​

(813.4)

Depreciation

​

2 & 3

​

(1,059.5)

​

(923.2)

​

(719.4)

Route charges

​

  

​

(1,024.4)

​

(903.7)

​

(551.2)

Marketing, distribution and other

​

  

​

(757.2)

​

(674.4)

​

(411.3)

Maintenance, materials and repairs

​

​

​

(414.9)

​

(373.7)

​

(255.7)

Total operating expenses

​

  

​

(11,383.1)

​

(9,332.6)

​

(5,140.5)

Operating profit/(loss)

​

  

​

2,060.7

​

1,442.6

​

(339.6)

Other income/(expense)

​

  

​

​

​

​

​

​

Finance expense

​

19

​

(83.0)

​

(76.8)

​

(91.4)

Finance income

​

19

​

144.8

​

42.4

​

—

Foreign exchange gain

​

  

​

5.5

​

34.3

​

1.2

Total other income/(expense)

​

  

​

67.3

​

(0.1)

​

(90.2)

Profit/(loss) before tax

​

  

​

2,128.0

​

1,442.5

​

(429.8)

Tax (expense)/credit

​

12

​

(210.9)

​

(128.7)

​

189.0

Profit/(loss) for the year – all attributable to equity holders of parent

​

  

​

1,917.1

​

1,313.8

​

(240.8)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Basic earnings/(loss) per ordinary share (€)

​

21

​

1.6828

​

1.1557

​

(0.2130)

Diluted earnings/(loss) per ordinary share(€)

​

21

​

1.6743

​

1.1529

​

(0.2130)

Number of weighted average ordinary shares (in Ms)

​

21

​

1,139.2

​

1,136.8

​

1,130.5

Number of weighted average diluted shares (in Ms)

​

21

​

1,145.0

​

1,139.6

​

1,130.5

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

​

On behalf of the Board

​

​

Stan McCarthy

Michael O’Leary

Chairman

Group CEO

June 26, 2024

​

​

​

​

F-6

Table of Contents

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended March 31,

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Profit/(loss) for the year

 

1,917.1

 

1,313.8

 

(240.8)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Other comprehensive income/(loss):

 

​

 

​

 

​

​

 

​

​

​

​

​

Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:

​

​

​

​

​

​

Net actuarial gain

​

6.6

​

—

​

—

Items that are or may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss:

 

​

 

​

 

​

Movements in hedging reserve, net of tax:

 

​

 

​

 

​

Effective portion of changes in fair value of cash-flow hedges

 

466.2

 

621.6

 

851.3

Net change in fair value of cash-flow hedges transferred to property, plant and equipment

 

(293.9)

​

(291.7)

​

75.4

Net other changes in fair value of cash-flow hedges transferred to profit or loss

 

62.2

 

(1,593.9)

 

157.4

Net movements in cash-flow hedge reserve

 

234.5

 

(1,264.0)

 

1,084.1

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Total other comprehensive income/(loss) for the year, net of income tax

 

241.1

 

(1,264.0)

 

1,084.1

Total comprehensive income for the year – all attributable to equity holders of parent

 

2,158.2

 

49.8

 

843.3

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

​

On behalf of the Board

​

​

Stan McCarthy

Michael O’Leary

Chairman

Group CEO

June 26, 2024

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

F-7

Table of Contents

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

  

  

​

​

​

​

    

​

    

​

    

​

  

  

​

    

​

  

  

​

​

​

​

​

​

  

Issued

​

Share

​

​

​

Other

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Ordinary

​

​

Share

​

Premium

​

Retained

​

Undenominated

​

​

Other Reserves

​

Other

​

​

​

​

  

  

Shares

  

  

Capital

    

Account

    

Earnings

    

Capital

  

  

Hedging

    

Reserves

  

  

Total

​

​

​

M

​

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

​

€M

​

€M

​

​

€M

Balance at March 31, 2021

​

​

1,128.1

​

​

6.7

​

1,161.6

​

3,232.3

​

3.5

​

​

211.3

​

31.2

​

​

4,646.6

Loss for the year

​

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

(240.8)

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

​

(240.8)

Other comprehensive income

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Net movements in cash-flow reserve

​

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

​

1,084.1

​

—

​

​

1,084.1

Total other comprehensive income

​

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

​

1,084.1

​

—

​

​

1,084.1

Total comprehensive (loss)/income

​

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

(240.8)

​

—

​

​

1,084.1

​

—

​

​

843.3

Transactions with owners of the Company, recognized directly in equity

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Issue of ordinary equity shares

​

​

6.5

​

​

0.1

​

112.2

​

(65.5)

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

​

46.8

Share-based payments

​

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

​

—

​

8.6

​

​

8.6

Additional share premium on the allotment of shares

​

​

—

​

​

—

​

54.4

​

(54.4)

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

​

—

Transfer of exercised and expired share based awards

​

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

9.3

​

—

​

​

—

​

(9.3)

​

​

—

Balance at March 31, 2022

​

​

1,134.6

​

​

6.8

​

1,328.2

​

2,880.9

​

3.5

​

​

1,295.4

​

30.5

​

​

5,545.3

Profit for the year

​

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

 

1,313.8

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

​

 

1,313.8

Other comprehensive loss

​

 

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Net movements in cash-flow reserve

​

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

 

—

 

—

​

 

(1,264.0)

 

—

​

 

(1,264.0)

Total other comprehensive loss

​

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

 

—

 

—

​

 

(1,264.0)

 

—

​

 

(1,264.0)

Total comprehensive income/(loss)

​

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

 

1,313.8

 

—

​

 

(1,264.0)

 

—

​

 

49.8

Transactions with owners of the Company, recognized directly in equity

​

 

​

​

​

​

 

​

 

​

 

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Issue of ordinary equity shares

​

 

4.1

​

​

0.1

​

51.7

​

(20.1)

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

​

31.7

Share-based payments

​

 

—

​

 

—

​

—

 

—

 

—

​

 

—

 

16.2

​

 

16.2

Transfer of exercised and expired share based awards

​

 

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

5.4

​

—

​

​

—

​

(5.4)

​

​

—

Balance at March 31, 2023

​

 

1,138.7

​

 

6.9

 

1,379.9

 

4,180.0

 

3.5

​

 

31.4

 

41.3

​

 

5,643.0

Profit for the year

​

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

 

1,917.1

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

​

 

1,917.1

Other comprehensive income

​

 

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Net actuarial gains from retirement benefits plan

​

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

 

6.6

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

​

 

6.6

Net movements in cash-flow reserve

​

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

​

234.5

​

—

​

​

234.5

Total other comprehensive income

​

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

 

6.6

 

—

​

 

234.5

 

—

​

 

241.1

Total comprehensive income

​

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

 

1,923.7

 

—

​

 

234.5

 

—

​

 

2,158.2

Transactions with owners of the Company, recognized directly in equity

​

 

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Issue of ordinary equity shares

​

​

1.4

​

 

—

 

24.4

 

(8.0)

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

​

 

16.4

Dividends paid

​

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

(199.5)

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

​

(199.5)

Share-based payments

​

 

—

​

 

—

 

—

 

—

 

—

​

 

—

 

(3.9)

​

 

(3.9)

Transfer of exercised and expired share based awards

​

​

—

​

 

—

 

—

 

3.6

 

—

​

 

—

 

(3.6)

​

 

—

Balance at March 31, 2024

​

 

1,140.1

​

 

6.9

 

1,404.3

 

5,899.8

 

3.5

​

 

265.9

 

33.8

​

 

7,614.2

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

​

F-8

Table of Contents

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended March 31,

​

​

​

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

 

​

​

Note

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

Operating activities

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

  

​

Profit/(loss) after tax

​

​

​

1,917.1

​

1,313.8

​

(240.8)

​

Adjustments to reconcile profit/(loss) after tax to net cash from operating activities

​

​

​

​

​

  

​

  

​

Depreciation

​

2 & 3

​

1,059.5

​

923.2

​

719.4

​

(Increase) in inventories

​

5

​

(0.2)

​

(1.7)

​

(0.7)

​

Tax expense/(credit) on profit/(loss)

​

12

​

210.9

​

128.7

​

(189.0)

​

Share-based payments

​

17

​

(3.9)

​

16.2

​

8.6

​

(Increase) in trade receivables

​

7

​

(16.7)

​

(16.2)

​

(24.9)

​

(Increase) in other assets

​

​

​

(359.0)

​

(482.0)

​

(241.4)

​

(Decrease)/increase in trade payables

​

​

​

(46.4)

​

31.2

​

284.6

​

Increase in accrued expenses & other liabilities

​

​

​

449.6

​

1,788.9

​

1,722.8

​

(Decrease)/increase in provisions

​

13

​

(8.3)

​

33.7

​

45.5

​

Decrease/(increase) in finance expense

​

​

​

7.9

​

4.2

​

(6.6)

​

Increase in finance income

​

​

​

3.6

​

10.4

​

—

​

Foreign exchange and fair value

​

​

​

(7.1)

​

144.7

*

(146.5)

*

Income tax (paid)/refunded

​

12

​

(49.1)

​

(4.1)

​

9.5

​

Net cash from operating activities

​

​

​

3,157.9

​

3,891.0

​

1,940.5

​

Investing activities

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

  

​

Capital expenditure - purchase of property, plant and equipment

​

​

​

(2,391.9)

​

(1,914.7)

​

(1,181.6)

​

Supplier reimbursements for property, plant and equipment

​

2&11

​

—

​

127.5

​

113.9

​

Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment

​

​

​

—

​

4.9

​

110.5

​

Decrease in restricted cash

​

8

​

13.1

​

3.2

​

11.4

​

Decrease/(increase) in financial assets: cash > 3 months

​

​

​

818.4

​

(122.1)

​

(468.6)

​

Net cash (used in) investing activities

​

​

​

(1,560.4)

​

(1,901.2)

​

(1,414.4)

​

Financing activities

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

  

​

Proceeds from shares issued

​

​

​

16.4

​

31.7

​

46.8

​

Dividends paid

​

24

​

(199.5)

​

—

​

—

​

Proceeds from borrowings

​

​

​

—

​

—

​

1,192.0

**

Repayments of borrowings

​

​

​

(1,100.5)

​

(1,039.4)

​

(1,722.3)

​

Lease liabilities paid

​

​

​

(42.7)

​

(46.3)

​

(53.0)

​

Net cash (used in) financing activities

​

​

​

(1,326.3)

​

(1,054.0)

​

(536.5)

​

Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

​

​

​

271.2

​

935.8

​

(10.4)

​

Net foreign exchange differences

​

​

​

4.9

​

(5.5)

​

28.7

​

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year

​

​

​

3,599.3

​

2,669.0

​

2,650.7

​

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year

​

11

​

3,875.4

​

3,599.3

​

2,669.0

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Included in the cash flows from operating activities for the year are the following amounts:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Interest income received

​

​

​

148.4

​

52.7

​

—

​

Interest expense paid

​

​

​

(88.7)

​

(75.0)

​

(86.6)

​

​

*Includes an exceptional loss of €131m in fiscal year 2023 (2022: exceptional gain of €131m), attributable to the fair value measurement of jet fuel call options.

**€1.2bn bond net of transaction costs.

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

​

F-9

Table of Contents

Notes forming part of the Consolidated Financial Statements
​

1.           Basis of preparation and material accounting policies

​

The accounting policies applied in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for fiscal year 2024 are set out below. These have been applied consistently for all periods presented, except as otherwise stated.

​

(i) Business activity

​

Ryanair DAC and its subsidiaries (“Ryanair DAC”) has operated as an international airline since commencing operations in 1985. On August 23, 1996, Ryanair Holdings Limited, a newly formed holding company, acquired the entire issued share capital of Ryanair DAC. On May 16, 1997, Ryanair Holdings Limited re-registered as a public limited company, Ryanair Holdings plc (the “Company”). Ryanair Holdings plc and its subsidiaries are hereafter together referred to as “Ryanair Holdings plc” (or “we”, “our”, “us”, “Ryanair”, the “Company”, the “Ryanair Group”, or the “Group”) and currently operate a low-fares airline Group headquartered in Dublin Office, Airside Business Park, Swords, Dublin, Ireland. Ryanair Holdings plc incorporated Buzz during the year ended March 31, 2018; it acquired Lauda and set up Ryanair UK during the year ended March 31, 2019 and Malta Air during the year ended March 31, 2020. The principal trading activities of the Group are undertaken by Buzz, Lauda, Malta Air, Ryanair DAC and Ryanair UK.

​

(ii) Statement of compliance

​

In accordance with the International Accounting Standards (“IAS”) Regulation (EC 1606 (2002)) which applies throughout the European Union (“EU”), the consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as adopted by the EU (“IFRS as adopted by the EU”), which are effective for the year ended and as at March 31, 2024. In addition to complying with its legal obligation to comply with IFRS as adopted by the EU, the consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) (“IFRS as issued by the IASB”). The consolidated financial statements have also been prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 2014.

Details of legislative changes and new accounting standards or amendments to accounting standards, which are not yet effective and have not been early adopted in these consolidated financial statements, and the likely impact on future financial statements are set forth below in the prospective accounting changes section.

​

(iii) Basis of preparation

​

These consolidated financial statements are presented in euro millions, the euro being the functional currency of the parent entity and the primary Group companies. They are prepared on the historical cost basis, except for derivative financial instruments, which are stated at fair value and share-based payments, which are based on fair value determined as at the grant date of the relevant share options.

​

In adopting the going concern basis in preparing the financial statements, the Directors have considered Ryanair’s available sources of finance including access to the capital markets, sale and leaseback transactions, secured debt structures, the Group’s cash on-hand and cash generation and preservation projections, together with factors likely to affect its future performance, as well as the Group’s principal risks and uncertainties.  

​

Oil prices increased significantly following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and remain volatile in light of the Israel-Hamas conflict. Geopolitical events, including the escalation or expansion of hostilities in Ukraine and/or the Middle East, may lead to further trade restrictions and instability across Europe and worldwide. This has resulted in price increases of goods and services globally that may affect Ryanair which has exposure, either directly or indirectly, to certain raw materials, including steel and titanium used for aircraft it purchases and jet fuel.

F-10

Table of Contents

The Directors have reviewed the financial forecasts across a range of scenarios. Ryanair has modeled a base case assuming the Group achieves traffic of 200m guests in fiscal year 2025. However, there remains a risk of worsening conditions resulting from the invasion of Ukraine and/or the Israel-Hamas conflict. Accordingly, Ryanair has also modeled downside scenarios that include combinations of a decrease in yield, worse than expected load factors and adverse variations in fuel price.

​

As at March 31, 2024, the Group had a strong liquidity position with cash of over €4.1bn and net cash of almost €1.4bn. This level of cash, together with available sources of finance, is sufficient to cover the Group’s projected cash requirements for operating expenses, capital expenditure (primarily related to the acquisition of new aircraft), repayments of indebtedness and payment of corporation tax liabilities as they fall due, within at least the next 12-month period. Furthermore, as at March 31, 2024, Ryanair has 556 unencumbered, owned aircraft (100% of its owned fleet) and a BBB+ (stable outlook) credit rating from both S&P and Fitch Ratings.

​

Based on the assessment of the adequacy of the financial forecasts, testing various scenarios and considering the uncertainties described above, and available sources of finance outlined, the Directors have formed a judgement, at the time of approving the financial statements, that there is a reasonable expectation that the Company and the Group as a whole have adequate resources to continue in operational existence for a period of at least twelve months from the date of approval of the financial statements and that there were no material uncertainties that may cast significant doubt on the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern. For this reason, they continue to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the financial statements.  

​

(iv) New IFRS standards adopted during the year

​

The following new and amended standards, have been issued by the IASB, and have also been endorsed by the EU. These standards are effective for the first time for the financial year beginning on April 1, 2023 and therefore were applied by the Group for the first time to the fiscal year 2024 consolidated financial statements:

●Amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes: Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction (effective on or after January 1, 2023).
●Amendments to IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors: Definition of Accounting Estimates (effective on or after January 1, 2023).
●Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and IFRS Practice Statement 2: Disclosure of Accounting policies (effective on or after January 1, 2023).
●IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts; including amendments to IFRS 17 (effective on or after January 1, 2023).
●Amendments to IFRS 17 Insurance contracts: Initial Application of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9 – Comparative Information (effective on or after January 1, 2023).
●Amendments to IAS 12 Income taxes: International Tax Reform – Pillar Two Model Rules (effective on or after January 1, 2023).

​

The adoption of these new or amended standards did not have a material impact on the Group’s financial position or results for the year ended March 31, 2024, and are not expected to have a material impact on financial periods thereafter.

​

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(v) Prospective IFRS accounting changes, new standards and interpretations not yet effective

​

The following new or revised IFRS standards and IFRIC interpretations will be adopted for the purposes of the preparation of future financial statements, where applicable. Those that are not, as of yet, EU endorsed are flagged. While under review, we do not anticipate that the adoption of the other new or revised standards and interpretations will have a material impact on our financial position or results from operations.

​

●Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current, Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current – Deferral of Effective Date, and Non-current Liabilities with Covenants (effective on or after January 1, 2024).
●Amendments to IFRS 16 Leases: Lease Liability in a Sale & Leaseback (effective on or after January 1, 2024).
●Amendments to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures: Supplier Finance Arrangements (effective on or after January 1, 2024).
●Amendments to IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates: Lack of Exchangeability (effective on or after January 1, 2025).*
●IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements (effective on or after January 1, 2027).*
●IFRS 19 Subsidiaries without Public Accountability: Disclosures (effective on or after January 1, 2027).*
●Amendments to the Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments (Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7) (effective on or after January 1, 2026).*

​

*These standards or amendments to standards are not as of yet EU endorsed.

​

(vi) Critical accounting policies

​

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates, judgements and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts of assets and liabilities, income and expenses. These estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and various other factors believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, and the results of such estimates form the basis of carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. These underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. A revision to an accounting estimate is recognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period or in the period of the revision and future periods if these are also affected. Principal sources of estimation uncertainty have been set forth below. Actual results may differ from estimates.

​

Critical estimates

​

Long-lived assets

At March 31, 2024, the Group had €10.85bn of property, plant and equipment long-lived assets, of which €10.61bn were aircraft related. In accounting for long-lived assets, the Group must make estimates about the expected useful lives of the assets and the expected residual values of the assets.

​

In estimating the useful lives and expected residual values of the aircraft component, the Group considered a number of factors, including its own historic experience and past practices of aircraft disposals, renewal programmes, forecasted growth plans, external valuations from independent appraisers, recommendations from the aircraft supplier and manufacturer and other industry-available information.

​

The Group's estimate of each aircraft’s residual value is 15% of market value on delivery, based on independent valuations and actual aircraft disposals during prior periods, and each aircraft’s useful life is determined to be 23 years.

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Revisions to these estimates could be caused by changes to maintenance programmes, changes in utilisation of the aircraft, governmental regulations on ageing aircraft, changes in new aircraft technology, changes in governmental and environmental taxes, changes in new aircraft fuel efficiency and changing market prices for new and used aircraft of the same or similar types. The Group therefore evaluates its estimates and assumptions in each reporting period, and, when warranted, adjusts these assumptions. Any adjustments are accounted for on a prospective basis through depreciation expense.

​

Critical judgements

​

In the opinion of the Directors, the following significant judgements were exercised in the preparation of the financial statements:

​

Long-lived assets

On acquisition a judgement is made to allocate an element of the cost of an acquired aircraft to the cost of major airframe and engine overhauls, reflecting its service potential and the maintenance condition of its engines and airframe. This cost, which can equate to a substantial element of the total aircraft cost, is amortised over the shorter of the period to the next maintenance check (usually between 8 and 12 years) or the remaining useful life of the aircraft.

​

(vii) Basis of consolidation

​

The consolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of Ryanair Holdings plc and its subsidiary undertakings as of March 31, 2024. Subsidiaries are entities controlled by Ryanair. Control exists when Ryanair is exposed or has rights to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee.

​

All inter-company account balances and any unrealized income or expenses arising from intra-group transactions have been eliminated in preparing the consolidated financial statements.

​

(viii) Summary of material accounting policies

​

Accounting for subsidiaries

​

Subsidiaries are all entities controlled by the Group. The Group controls an entity when it is exposed to (has rights to) variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. The results of subsidiary undertakings acquired during the year are included in the consolidated income statement from the date at which control of the entity was obtained. They continue to be included in the consolidated income statement until control ceases.

​

Foreign currency translation

​

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the “functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in euro, which is the functional currency of the parent entity and primary Group entities.

Transactions arising in foreign currencies are translated into the respective functional currencies at the rates of exchange in effect at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are re-translated to euro at the rate of exchange prevailing at the reporting date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated to euro at foreign exchange rates in effect at the dates the transactions

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were affected. Foreign currency differences arising on retranslation are recognized in profit or loss, except for differences arising on qualifying cash flow hedges, which are recognized in other comprehensive income.

​

Segment reporting

​

The Group determines and presents operating segments based on the information that internally is provided to the Group CEO, who is the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM).

​

The Group comprises five separate airlines, Buzz, Lauda Europe (“Lauda”), Malta Air, Ryanair DAC and Ryanair UK (which is consolidated within Ryanair DAC). Ryanair DAC is reported as a separate segment as it exceeds the applicable quantitative thresholds for reporting purposes. Buzz, Malta Air and Lauda do not individually exceed the quantitative thresholds and accordingly are presented on an aggregate basis as they exhibit similar economic characteristics and their services, activities and operations are sufficiently similar in nature. The results of these operations are included as ‘Other Airlines.’

​

The CODM assesses the performance of the business based on the profit after tax of each airline for the reporting period. Resource allocation decisions for all airlines are based on airline performance for the relevant period, with the objective in making these resource allocation decisions being to optimise consolidated financial results.

​

Income statement classification and presentation

​

Individual income statement captions have been presented on the face of the income statement, together with additional line items, headings, and sub-totals, where it is determined that such presentation is relevant to an understanding of our financial performance, in accordance with IAS 1, “Presentation of Financial Statements”. Exceptional items are those that in management’s judgment need to be separately disclosed by virtue of their size, nature or incidence to provide additional information either on a primary statement or in a footnote.

​

Expenses are classified and presented in accordance with the nature-of-expenses method.

​

Property, plant and equipment

​

Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost, which includes capitalized borrowing costs, less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. Cost may also include transfers from other comprehensive income of any gain or loss on qualifying cash flow hedges of foreign currency purchases of property, plant and equipment.

​

Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition or construction of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use, are capitalized, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use. Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization.

​

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Depreciation is calculated so as to write off the cost, less estimated residual value, of assets on a straight-line basis over their expected useful lives at the following annual rates:

​

​

​

​

​

​

    

Rate of

 

​

​

Depreciation

​

Hangar and buildings

​

3.33 to 5

%

Plant and equipment (excluding aircraft)

​

20 to 33.3

%

Fixtures and fittings

​

20

%

Motor vehicles

​

33.3

%

​

Aircraft

​

An element of the cost of an acquired aircraft is attributed on acquisition to its service potential, reflecting the maintenance condition of its engines and airframe. This cost, which can equate to a substantial element of the total aircraft cost, is amortized over the shorter of the period to the next maintenance check (usually between 8 and 12 years for Boeing 737 aircraft) or the remaining life of the aircraft. The costs of subsequent major airframe and engine maintenance checks are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of the period to the next check or the estimated remaining life of the aircraft.

​

The remaining aircraft components are depreciated over their estimated useful lives to estimated residual values. The estimates of useful lives and residual values at year-end are:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

    

Number of Owned Aircraft

    

​

    

​

Aircraft Type

  

at March 31, 2024

  

Useful Life

  

Residual Value

Boeing 737s *

  

556

​

23 years from date of manufacture

  

15% of market value of new aircraft on delivery, determined periodically

*Including 146 new Boeing 737-8200s

​

The Group’s estimate of each aircraft’s residual value is 15% of market value on delivery, based on independent valuations and actual aircraft disposals during prior periods.

Advance and option payments in respect of aircraft purchase commitments and options to acquire aircraft are recorded at cost and are initially recognized in Trade Payables prior to payment. On acquisition of the related aircraft, these payments are included as part of the cost of aircraft and are depreciated from that date. Where the Company receives reimbursements from the supplier in respect of aircraft purchases, they are reflected as a reduction in the cost of the asset.

Rotable spare parts held by the Company are classified as property, plant and equipment if they are expected to be used over more than one period.

Gains and losses on disposal of items of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment, and are recognized on a net basis within other income/(expense) in profit or loss.

​

The Group evaluates, at the end of each reporting period, whether there is any indication that its aircraft may be impaired. Factors that may indicate potential impairment include, but are not limited to, a significant decrease in the market value of an aircraft based on observable information, a significant change in an aircraft’s physical condition and operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of the aircraft.

​

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Aircraft maintenance costs

​

The accounting for the cost of providing major airframe and certain engine maintenance checks for owned aircraft is described in the accounting policy for property, plant and equipment.

​

For aircraft held under lease agreements, Ryanair is contractually committed to either return the aircraft in a certain condition or to compensate the lessor based on the actual condition of the airframe, engines and life-limited parts upon return. In order to fulfill such conditions of the lease, maintenance, in the form of major airframe overhaul, engine maintenance checks, and restitution of major life-limited parts, is required to be performed during the period of the lease and upon return of the aircraft to the lessor. The estimated airframe and engine maintenance costs and the costs associated with the restitution of major life-limited parts, are provided for over the lease term for this contractual obligation, based on the present value of the estimated future cost of the major airframe overhaul, engine maintenance checks, and restitution of major life-limited parts, calculated by reference to the number of hours flown or cycles operated during the year. A portion of this provision is offset against the right of use asset, which is immediately depreciated as the liability is incurred as the aircraft is flown. The remaining portion of the provision, relating to normal wear and tear, is charged directly to the income statement.

​

All other maintenance costs, other than major airframe overhaul, engine maintenance checks, and restitution of major life-limited parts costs associated with leased aircraft, are expensed as incurred.

​

Intangible assets - landing rights

​

Intangible assets acquired are recognized to the extent it is considered probable that expected future benefits will flow to the Company and the associated costs can be measured reliably. Landing rights acquired as part of a business combination are capitalized at fair value at that date and are not amortized, where those rights are considered to be indefinite. The carrying values of those rights are reviewed for impairment at each reporting date and are subject to impairment testing when events or changes in circumstances indicate that carrying values may not be recoverable. No impairment to the carrying values of the Company’s intangible assets has been recorded to date.

​

Financial assets: cash > 3 months

​

Other financial assets comprise cash deposits of greater than three months’ maturity at commencement. All amounts are categorized as amortized cost and are recognized initially at fair value and then subsequently are measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest method in the balance sheet.

​

Derivative financial instruments

​

The Group uses various derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to market risks, including the risks relating to fluctuations in commodity prices and currency exchange rates. Ryanair uses forward swap contracts and options for the purchase of its jet fuel (jet kerosene) and forward contracts for carbon credit (Emission Trading Scheme) requirements to reduce its exposure to commodity price risk. It also uses foreign currency forward contracts to reduce its exposure to risks related to foreign currencies, principally the U.S. dollar exposure associated with the purchase of new Boeing 737-8200 aircraft and the U.S. dollar exposure associated with the purchase of jet fuel.

​

The Group’s derivative financial instruments are measured at fair value and recognised as either assets or liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet.

​

All derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges on inception. With the exception of the time value of jet fuel call options, all gains and losses are taken to other reserves. The time value of jet fuel call options is excluded from the designated hedging instrument, with movements in time value recognised in the income statement. At March 31, 2024,

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a net asset of €144m (2023: net asset of €231m) was recognised on balance sheet in respect of the Group’s foreign currency derivative instruments associated with future jet fuel purchases and aircraft additions, and a net asset of €27m (2023: net liability of €286m) was recognised in respect of its commodity derivative instruments associated with fuel and carbon operating expenses.

​

In determining the hedge effectiveness of derivative instruments used to hedge Ryanair’s fuel requirements, there is significant judgement involved in assessing whether the volumes of jet fuel hedged are still expected to be highly probable forecast transactions. Specifically, significant judgement is required in respect of the assumptions related to the future number of sectors and sector length. All of these assumptions impact upon forecast fuel consumption, and changes to these assumptions could have a significant effect on the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

​

In respect of foreign currency hedge effectiveness for future aircraft purchases, there is a high degree of judgement involved in assessing whether the future aircraft payments are still considered highly probable of occurring, and the timing of these future payments for aircraft. The timing of future payments for aircraft is dependent on the aircraft manufacturer’s ability to meet forecast aircraft delivery schedules.

​

As at March 31, 2024 the Group had entered into jet fuel forward swap contracts covering approximately 70% of its estimated requirements for fiscal year 2025. The Group believes these hedges to be effective for hedge accounting purposes.

​

Trade and other receivables and payables

​

Trade and other receivables and payables are stated on initial recognition at fair value plus any incremental direct costs and subsequently at amortized cost, net (in the case of receivables) of any impairment losses, which approximates fair value given the short-dated nature of these assets and liabilities.

Cash and cash equivalents

​

Cash represents cash held at banks and available on demand and is categorized for measurement purposes as amortized cost.

Cash equivalents are current asset investments (other than cash) that are readily convertible into known amounts of cash, typically cash deposits of more than one day but less than three months at the date of purchase, and money market funds. Deposits with maturities greater than three months but less than one year are recognized as short-term investments, are measured at amortized cost and are carried initially at fair value and then subsequently at amortized cost, using the effective-interest method.

​

​

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EU Emissions Trading System and UK Emissions Trading Scheme (“ETS”)

​

The EU Emissions Trading System and UK Emissions Trading Scheme (“ETS”), are cap-and-trade systems for CO2 emissions to encourage industries to improve their CO2 efficiency. On an annual basis, the Group surrenders allowances, received via a mixture of free allocations from governing bodies and carbon credits purchased in the external market, to cover carbon emissions. The Group recognizes the cost associated with the purchase of carbon credits as part of the ETS as an expense in the income statement within ‘Operating expenses – fuel and oil’. This expense is recognized in line with fuel consumed during the fiscal year as the Group’s carbon emissions and fuel consumptions are directly linked.

​

ETS allowances are recognized and measured at cost, as follows:

a)Allowances received from governing bodies for free – a nil amount is recognized.

b)

Carbon credits purchased in the external market – are recognized at their purchase price as a prepayment and are presented within ‘Other assets’ on the Group’s balance sheet.

A liability is recognized when carbon emissions produced exceed the allowances received from governing bodies. These excess emissions produced by the Group are measured at fair value, reflecting the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the reporting date. The liability is presented within ‘Accrued expenses and other liabilities’ on the Group’s balance sheet.

In the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, ETS allowances purchased are reflected within operating activities as an increase in other assets.

As noted on pages F-37 and F-38, the Group’s fuel risk management policy includes hedging of ETS exposures. The Group had purchased sufficient carbon credits to satisfy the fiscal year 2024 emissions and as such, the cost of emissions is not deemed to represent a major source of estimation uncertainty.

​

Interest-bearing loans and borrowings

​

All loans and borrowings are initially recorded at fair value, being the fair value of the consideration received, net of attributable transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, non-current interest-bearing loans are measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate methodology.

​

Leases

​

At inception of a contract, the Group assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains a lease, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Group uses the definition of a lease in IFRS 16.

​

Right of use assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. In determining the net present value of lease payments, the Group uses its incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the lease commencement date. The right of use asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred.

​

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The Group recognizes a depreciation charge for right of use assets on a straight-line basis over the lease term within depreciation expenses, and an interest expense on lease liabilities within finance expenses in the Group’s consolidated income statement. In addition, the right of use asset is periodically reduced by impairment losses, if any, and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.

​

The lease liability is measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. The interest rate implicit in the lease cannot be readily determined, and therefore the incremental borrowing rate of the Group has been used. The incremental borrowing rate is determined by reference to the borrowing rate the Group would be offered if it took out a securitized loan from a third-party financial institution for a similar amount and similar period. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, or if there is a change in the Group’s estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, if the Group changes its assessment of whether it will exercise a purchase, extension or termination option, if there is a revised in-substance fixed lease payment or if there is a contract modification. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right of use asset or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right of use asset has been reduced to zero.

​

The Group has lease agreements for aircraft with lease and non-lease components, which the Group has elected to account for as a single lease component.

​

The Group has elected to take the short-term lease exemption and, therefore, does not recognize a right of use asset or corresponding liability for lease arrangements with an original term of 12 months or less. Lease payments associated with short-term leases are recognized in the Group’s consolidated income statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

​

The Group has elected to take the low value lease exemption and, therefore, does not recognize a right of use asset or corresponding liability for lease arrangements for which the underlying value is of low value. Lease payments associated with these leases are recognized in the Group’s consolidated income statement on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

​

Provisions and contingencies

​

A provision is recognized in the balance sheet when there is a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefit will be required to settle the obligation. If the effect is material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected future outflow at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and, when appropriate, the risks specific to the liability.

The Group assesses the likelihood of any adverse outcomes to contingencies, as well as probable losses. We record provisions for such contingencies when it is probable that a liability will be incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. A contingent liability is disclosed where the existence of the obligation will only be confirmed by future events, or where the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with reasonable reliability. Provisions are re-measured at each reporting date based on the best estimate of the settlement amount.

​

Revenues

​

Scheduled revenues relate to the sale of flight seats and associated direct flight fees, including baggage fares and change fees. Scheduled revenues are measured at the amount paid by the passenger, net of taxes, and recognized within unearned revenue at the time of booking. Scheduled revenues are recognized within the income statement at the point in time when the flight service is provided (i.e. when the flight takes place).

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Ancillary revenues relate to activities connected with the flight service, including priority boarding, allocated seating and in-flight sales of merchandise. These services are recognized when the performance obligations have been satisfied which, as the majority of the ancillary services are related to passenger flight travel, is at the point in time when the flight service is provided.

The Group has determined it is an agent in relation to associated flight services including car hire, travel insurance, accommodation, airport transfer and parking and airport fast track services as the obligation is to arrange for the services to be provided by a third party and therefore revenue is mainly recognized at the point in time when the service is arranged. This is predominately at the time of booking by the passenger.

Where a flight is cancelled, a passenger is entitled to a cash refund, a voucher for a future flight, or to re-schedule the cancelled flight.  Additionally, gift vouchers may be purchased by passengers. Where a voucher is issued, a liability for the amount paid by the passenger is recognized in full and held within unearned revenue until the voucher is utilized against a future flight, when it expires, or when it is probable that it will expire unexercised.

Accordingly, unearned revenue, which is presented as a contract liability within the balance sheet, represents flight seats sold but not yet flown and where a voucher for a future flight has been issued. Unearned revenue is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities.

Where the Group expects to refund some, or all, of the amount paid for a flight service, for instance where a flight is cancelled, a refund liability is recognized for the full amount payable. This is recognized within unearned revenue and included in accrued expenses and other liabilities.

Share-based payments

​

The Company engages in equity-settled, share-based payment transactions in respect of services received from certain employees as part of the Option Plan 2013 and the LTIP 2019 (collectively “equity settled transactions”). The fair value of the services received is measured by reference to the fair value of the equity settled transactions on the date of the grant. The grant measurement date is the date that a shared understanding of the terms of the award is established between the Company and the employee. The cost of the employee services received in respect of the equity settled transactions granted is recognized in the income statement over the period that the services are received, which is the vesting period, with a corresponding increase in equity. To the extent that service is provided prior to the grant measurement date, the fair value of the equity settled transaction is initially estimated and re-measured at each reporting date until the grant measurement date is achieved. The fair value of the market conditions related to equity settled transactions granted is determined using a binomial lattice option-pricing model, which takes into account the exercise price of the equity settled transactions, the current share price, the risk-free interest rate, the expected volatility of the Ryanair Holdings plc share price over the life of the equity settled transaction, employee early exercise behavior and other relevant factors. Non-market vesting conditions are included in the assumptions about the number of equity settled transactions that are expected to vest. At each reporting date, the Company revises its estimates of the number of options/conditional shares that are likely to vest as a result of non-market conditions. Where the share-based payments give rise to the issue of new share capital, the proceeds received by the Company are credited to share capital (nominal value) and share premium (where applicable) when the share entitlements are exercised.

The Group recognizes the effect of modifications that increase the total fair value of the share-based payment arrangement. The incremental fair value granted is included in the measurement of the amount recognized for services received over the period from the modification date until the date when the modified equity-settled share-based payments transactions vest.

​

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Government grants

​

Grants that compensate the Company for related expenses incurred are recognized in the income statement on a systematic basis in the periods in which the related expenses are recognized in staff costs.

​

During recent years, many European countries in which the Ryanair Group operates made available payroll support schemes. The Ryanair Group utilized a number of these employment retention schemes to protect jobs within the Group. These schemes were a mix of short term Covid-19 specific programs and long term schemes linked to social security that existed pre Covid-19. The total amount of payroll supports received by the Group under the various schemes amounted to €nil in fiscal year 2024 (2023: €nil; 2022: €82m) and are offset against staff costs in the consolidated income statement. Such supports wound down significantly in the second half of fiscal year 2022.

​

In April 2020, the Group raised £600m unsecured debt for general corporate purposes under the HMT and Bank of England CCFF. The 0.44% interest rate was the prevailing rate for strong BBB rated companies. This debt was extended in March 2021 for a further 12 months at a 0.46% interest rate. In October 2021 the Group repaid the £600m HMT and Bank of England CCFF in full. There are no unfulfilled conditions attaching to government assistance at March 31, 2024.

​

Taxation

​

Income tax on the profit or loss for the year comprises current and deferred tax. It is recognized in the income statement except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity or other comprehensive income (“OCI”). The Group has determined that the interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax treatments do not meet the definition of income taxes, and therefore accounted for them under IAS 37 - Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets.

Current Tax

Current tax comprises the expected tax payable and receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year and any adjustment to the tax payable or receivable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax payable or receivable is the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received that reflects uncertainty related to income taxes, if any. It is measured using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. Current tax also includes any tax arising from dividends. Current tax assets and liabilities are offset only if certain criteria are met.

Deferred Tax

Deferred income tax is provided, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising from the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates and legislation enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date and expected to apply when the temporary differences reverse.  Deferred income tax is not recognized in relation to tax laws that implement the Pillar Two model rules published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, including tax law that implements qualified domestic minimum top-up taxes under those rules.

The following temporary differences are not provided for: (i) the initial recognition of assets and liabilities that effect neither accounting nor taxable profit and (ii) differences relating to investments in subsidiaries to the extent that it is probable they will not reverse in the future.

A deferred tax asset is recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which temporary differences can be utilized. The carrying amounts of deferred tax assets are reviewed at each

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reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that a sufficient taxable profit will be available to allow all or part of the deferred tax asset to be realized.

Tax liabilities are based on the best estimate of the likely obligation at each reporting period.  These estimates are subject to revision based on the outcome of tax audits and discussions with revenue authorities that can take several years to conclude.

​

Social insurance, passenger taxes and sales taxes

Social insurance, passenger taxes and sales taxes are recorded as a liability based on laws enacted in the jurisdictions to which they relate. Liabilities are recorded when an obligation has been incurred.

​

Share capital

​

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of ordinary shares and share options are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects. When share capital recognized as equity is repurchased, the amount of consideration paid, which includes any directly attributable costs, net of any tax effects, is recognized as a deduction from equity. Repurchased shares are classified as treasury shares and are presented as a deduction from total equity, until they are canceled.

​

Dividend distributions are recognized as a liability in the period in which the dividends are approved by the Company’s shareholders.

F-22

Table of Contents

2.           Property, plant and equipment

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

    

​

    

Hangar and

    

Plant and

    

Fixtures and

    

Motor

    

​

​

​

Aircraft

​

Buildings

​

Equipment

​

Fittings

​

Vehicles

​

Total

​

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Year ended March 31, 2024

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

Cost

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

At March 31, 2023

​

15,124.8

​

155.3

​

148.3

​

92.0

​

5.4

​

15,525.8

Additions in year

​

2,073.6

​

49.3

​

23.9

​

12.3

​

0.1

​

2,159.2

Supplier Reimbursements (Note 11)*

​

(226.8)

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

(226.8)

Disposals in year

​

(549.5)

​

(0.1)

​

(27.3)

​

(10.0)

​

(1.9)

​

(588.8)

At March 31, 2024

​

16,422.1

​

204.5

​

144.9

​

94.3

​

3.6

​

16,869.4

Depreciation

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

At March 31, 2023

​

5,393.0

​

43.2

​

93.8

​

81.5

​

5.4

​

5,616.9

Charge for year

​

966.3

​

5.5

​

15.4

​

7.0

​

0.1

​

994.3

Eliminated on disposal

​

(549.5)

​

(0.1)

​

(27.3)

​

(10.0)

​

(1.9)

​

(588.8)

At March 31, 2024

​

5,809.8

​

48.6

​

81.9

​

78.5

​

3.6

​

6,022.4

Net book value

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

At March 31, 2024

​

10,612.3

​

155.9

​

63.0

​

15.8

​

—

​

10,847.0

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

    

  

    

Hangar and

    

Plant and

    

Fixtures and

    

Motor

    

  

​

​

Aircraft

​

Buildings

​

Equipment

​

Fittings

​

Vehicles

​

Total

​

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Year ended March 31, 2023

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

Cost

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

At March 31, 2022

​

13,725.8

​

134.9

​

138.6

​

85.4

​

5.3

​

14,090.0

Additions in year

​

1,747.0

​

20.4

​

9.8

​

6.6

​

0.1

​

1,783.9

Supplier Reimbursements*

​

(127.5)

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

(127.5)

Disposals in year

​

(220.5)

​

—

​

(0.1)

​

—

​

—

​

(220.6)

At March 31, 2023

​

15,124.8

​

155.3

​

148.3

​

92.0

​

5.4

​

15,525.8

Depreciation

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

At March 31, 2022

​

4,795.0

​

39.3

​

78.9

​

76.5

​

5.2

​

4,994.9

Charge for year

​

815.5

​

3.9

​

14.8

​

4.8

​

0.2

​

839.2

Eliminated on disposal

​

(217.5)

​

—

​

0.1

​

0.2

​

—

​

(217.2)

At March 31, 2023

​

5,393.0

​

43.2

​

93.8

​

81.5

​

5.4

​

5,616.9

Net book value

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

At March 31, 2023

​

9,731.8

​

112.1

​

54.5

​

10.5

​

—

​

9,908.9

​

F-23

Table of Contents

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

    

​

    

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

    

​

​

​

​

​

Hangar and

    

Plant and

    

Fixtures and

    

Motor

​

​

​

​

Aircraft

​

Buildings

​

Equipment

​

Fittings

​

Vehicles

​

Total

​

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Year ended March 31, 2022

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

Cost

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

At March 31, 2021

​

12,595.1

​

124.1

​

131.9

​

85.2

​

5.3

​

12,941.6

Additions in year

​

1,600.5

​

10.8

​

7.3

​

4.8

​

—

​

1,623.4

Supplier Reimbursements*

​

(113.9)

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

(113.9)

Disposals in year

​

(355.9)

​

—

​

(0.6)

​

(4.6)

​

—

​

(361.1)

At March 31, 2022

​

13,725.8

​

134.9

​

138.6

​

85.4

​

5.3

​

14,090.0

Depreciation

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

At March 31, 2021

​

4,402.2

​

34.0

​

64.9

​

74.5

​

4.9

​

4,580.5

Charge for year

​

638.2

​

5.3

​

14.5

​

6.5

​

0.3

​

664.8

Eliminated on disposal

​

(245.4)

​

—

​

(0.5)

​

(4.5)

​

—

​

(250.4)

At March 31, 2022

​

4,795.0

​

39.3

​

78.9

​

76.5

​

5.2

​

4,994.9

Net book value

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

​

  

At March 31, 2022

​

8,930.8

​

95.6

​

59.7

​

8.9

​

0.1

​

9,095.1

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 2024, aircraft with a net book value of €nil (2023: €102m; 2022: €692m) were mortgaged to lenders as security for loans.

​

In the year ended March 31, 2024 the Group sold no Boeing 737-800NG aircraft (2023: nil; 2022: 10).

​

*Reimbursements related to reasonable, and fair, compensation agreed with Boeing for the delivery delay of the Boeing 737-8200 aircraft and is recorded as a reduction in PPE above.

​

F-24

Table of Contents

3.Right of use assets & lease liabilities

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended March 31,

Leases under IFRS 16 recognized in Consolidated Income Statement

​

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

​

​

    

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Interest on lease liabilities

​

​

 

8.8

​

6.8

​

3.7

Depreciation charge

​

​

​

65.2

​

84.0

​

54.5

Lease charge for the year

​

​

​

74.0

​

90.8

​

58.2

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

Right of use-assets

​

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

Balance at beginning of year

​

​

​

209.1

​

133.7

​

188.2

Depreciation charge for the year

​

​

​

(65.2)

​

(84.0)

​

(54.5)

Additions

​

​

​

22.6

​

47.2

​

—

Modification of leases

​

​

​

—

​

112.2

*

—

Balance at end of year

​

​

​

166.5

​

209.1

​

133.7

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

Lease Liabilities

​

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

Balance at beginning of year

​

​

​

206.3

​

138.3

​

183.1

Additions

​

​

​

—

​

9.9

​

—

Financing cash outflows from lease liabilities

​

​

​

(51.5)

​

(58.9)

​

(56.7)

Interest expense

​

​

​

8.8

​

6.8

​

3.7

Modification of leases

​

​

​

—

​

112.2

*

—

Exchange movements

​

​

​

1.0

​

(2.0)

​

8.2

Balance at end of year

​

​

​

164.6

​

206.3

​

138.3

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

Lease Liabilities

​

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

Current lease liability

​

​

​

39.4

​

43.2

​

56.9

Non-current lease liability

​

​

​

125.2

​

163.1

​

81.4

Total lease liabilities at end of year

​

​

​

164.6

​

206.3

​

138.3

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

A maturity analysis of our lease liabilities as at March 31, 2024 has been disclosed within Note 11.
* Relates to the extension of 24 Airbus A320 leases during fiscal year 2023.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

F-25

Table of Contents

4.Intangible assets

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

Landing rights

​

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Balance at beginning of year

​

​

​

146.4

​

146.4

​

146.4

Balance at end of year

​

​

 

146.4

 

146.4

 

146.4

​

Landing slots were acquired with the acquisition of Buzz Stansted Limited in April 2003 and Lauda in fiscal year 2019.

​

As these landing slots have no expiry date and are expected to be used in perpetuity, they are considered to be of indefinite life and accordingly are not amortized. The Company also considers that there has been no impairment of the value of these rights to date. The recoverable amount of these rights has been determined on a value-in-use basis, using discounted cash flow projections for a twenty year period for each route that has an individual landing right. The calculation of value-in-use is most sensitive to the operating margin and discount rate assumptions. Operating margins are based on the existing margins generated from these routes and adjusted for any known trading conditions. The trading environment is subject to both regulatory and competitive pressures that can have a material effect on the operating performance of the business. Foreseeable events, however, are unlikely to result in a change of projections of a significant nature so as to result in the landing rights’ carrying amounts exceeding their recoverable amounts. These projections have been discounted based on the estimated discount rate applicable to the asset of 11% for 2024, 13.4% for 2023 and 11.2% for 2022.

​

5.           Inventories

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

​

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Consumables

​

​

 

6.2

​

6.0

 

4.3

​

​

6.           Other assets

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

​

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Prepayments and other assets*

​

​

 

1,451.9

 

1,037.2

 

473.2

Interest receivable

​

​

 

6.7

 

10.3

 

—

​

​

​

 

1,458.6

 

1,047.5

 

473.2

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

*Included in prepayments and other assets are amounts due after 1 year of approximately €183m (2023: €169m; 2022: €72m). Prepayments include €920m (2023: €514m; 2022: €128m) pertaining to EU ETS carbon credits to be utilized within 1 year.

​

​

​

F-26

Table of Contents

7.           Trade receivables

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

    

​

​

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

 

​

​

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Trade receivables

 

​

​

76.4

 

59.7

 

43.5

​

 

​

​

76.4

 

59.7

 

43.5

​

All amounts fall due within one year.

​

There has been no change to the allowance for impairment during the year (2023: €nil 2022: €nil). There were no bad debt write-offs in the year (2023: €nil; 2022: €nil).

​

At March 31, 2024, €13m (2023: €5m; 2022: €4m) of the accounts receivable balance were past due, of which €nil (2023: €nil; 2022: €nil) was impaired and €13m (2023: €5m; 2022: €4m) was considered past due but not impaired for which the expected credit loss was considered immaterial.

​

8.           Restricted cash

​

Restricted cash consists of approximately €6m (2023: €20m; 2022: €23m) placed in escrow accounts for certain legal cases and appeals (which accounts for the majority of the balance).

​

9.           Trade payables

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

​

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Trade payables - Current

​

​

 

792.2

 

1,065.5

 

1,029.0

Trade payables - Non-current

​

​

 

—

 

—

 

49.2

​

​

​

 

792.2

 

1,065.5

 

1,078.2

​

Trade payables primarily relates to amounts that are payable at various dates in the three months after the end of the financial year in accordance with the creditors’ usual and customary credit terms.

​

F-27

Table of Contents

10.         Accrued expenses and other liabilities

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

    

​

​

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

 

​

​

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Accruals

 

​

​

1,603.1

 

1,276.6

 

953.0

Indirect tax and duties

 

​

​

725.5

 

720.4

 

485.6

Unearned revenue (contract liabilities)

 

​

​

2,899.0

 

2,786.5

 

1,554.2

​

 

​

​

5,227.6

 

4,783.5

 

2,992.8

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Contract liabilities comprise:

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

    

​

​

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

​

​

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Opening contract liabilities

​

​

​

2,786.5

​

1,554.2

​

290.9

Revenue deferred during the year

​

​

​

12,840.8

​

11,343.0

​

5,648.4

Revenue recognized during the year

​

​

​

(12,728.3)

​

(10,110.7)

​

(4,385.1)

Closing contract liabilities

​

​

​

2,899.0

​

2,786.5

​

1,554.2

​

Indirect tax and duties comprise:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

    

​

​

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

 

​

​

€M

 

€M

 

€M

PAYE (payroll taxes)

 

​

​

31.6

 

22.5

 

13.5

Other tax (principally air passenger duty in various countries)

 

​

​

693.9

 

697.9

 

472.1

​

 

​

​

725.5

 

720.4

 

485.6

​

​

​

​

​

​

Creditors for tax and social insurance are payable in the timeframe set out in the relevant legislation.

​

11.Financial instruments – Fair values and risk management

​

The Company utilizes financial instruments to reduce exposures to market risks throughout its business. Borrowings, cash and cash equivalents and liquid investments are used to finance the Company’s operations. The Company uses derivative financial instruments, principally jet fuel derivatives, options and forward foreign exchange contracts to manage commodity risks, interest rate risks and currency exposures and to achieve the desired profile of fixed and variable rate borrowings and leases in appropriate currencies. It is the Company’s policy that no speculative trading in financial instruments shall take place.

​

The main risks attaching to the Company’s financial instruments, the Company’s strategy and approach to managing these risks, and the details of the derivatives employed to hedge against these risks have been disclosed in this note.

​

(a)Accounting classifications and fair values

​

The following tables show the carrying amounts and fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities, by class and category, as at March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. It does not include fair value information for financial assets and financial liabilities not measured at fair value if the carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value (including cash and cash equivalents, financial assets: cash > 3 months, restricted cash, trade receivables, trade payables (current) and accrued expenses).

​

F-28

Table of Contents

The carrying value and fair value of the Company’s financial assets by class and category at March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Assets at

​

Cash-

​

Fair value

​

Total

​

​

​

​

Amortized

​

Flow

​

through

​

Carrying

​

Total Fair

​

​

Cost

​

 Hedges

​

Profit & Loss

​

Value

​

Value

​

    

€M

    

€M

​

€M

    

€M

    

€M

At March 31, 2024

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Cash and cash equivalents

 

3,875.4

 

—

​

—

 

3,875.4

 

—

Financial asset: cash > 3 months

 

237.8

 

—

​

—

 

237.8

 

—

Restricted cash

 

6.4

 

—

​

—

 

6.4

 

—

Derivative financial instruments:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

- U.S. dollar currency forward contracts

 

—

 

147.2

​

—

 

147.2

 

147.2

- Jet fuel & carbon derivative contracts

 

—

 

205.6

​

—

 

205.6

 

205.6

Trade receivables

 

76.4

 

—

​

—

 

76.4

 

—

Total financial assets at March 31, 2024

 

4,196.0

 

352.8

​

—

 

4,548.8

 

352.8

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Assets at

​

Cash-

​

Fair value

​

Total

​

​

​

​

Amortized

​

Flow

​

through

​

Carrying

​

Total Fair

​

​

Cost

​

 Hedges 

​

Profit & Loss

​

Value

​

Value

​

    

€M

    

€M

​

€M

    

€M

    

€M

At March 31, 2023

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Cash and cash equivalents

 

3,599.3

 

—

​

—

 

3,599.3

 

—

Financial asset: cash > 3 months

 

1,056.2

 

—

​

—

 

1,056.2

 

—

Restricted cash

 

19.5

 

—

​

—

 

19.5

 

—

Derivative financial instruments:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

- U.S. dollar currency forward contracts

 

—

 

279.4

​

—

 

279.4

 

279.4

- Jet fuel & carbon derivative contracts

​

—

 

49.6

​

—

 

49.6

 

49.6

- Jet fuel options

​

—

 

14.1

​

—

 

14.1

 

14.1

- Cross-currency swaps

 

—

 

3.6

​

—

 

3.6

 

3.6

Trade receivables

 

59.7

 

—

​

—

 

59.7

 

—

Total financial assets at March 31, 2023

 

4,734.7

 

346.7

​

—

 

5,081.4

 

346.7

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Assets at

​

Cash-

​

Fair value

​

Total

​

​

​

​

Amortized

​

Flow

​

through

​

Carrying

​

Total Fair

​

 

Cost

 

Hedges

​

Profit & Loss

 

Value

 

Value

​

    

€M

    

€M

​

€M

    

€M

    

€M

At March 31, 2022

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Cash and cash equivalents

 

2,669.0

 

—

​

—

 

2,669.0

 

—

Financial asset: cash > 3 months

 

934.1

 

—

​

—

 

934.1

 

—

Restricted cash

 

22.7

 

—

​

—

 

22.7

 

—

Derivative financial instruments:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

- U.S. dollar currency forward contracts

 

—

 

474.1

​

—

 

474.1

 

474.1

- Jet fuel & carbon derivative contracts

​

—

 

956.3

​

—

 

956.3

 

956.3

- Jet fuel options

​

—

 

—

​

150.5

 

150.5

 

150.5

- Cross-currency swaps

​

—

 

4.6

​

—

 

4.6

 

4.6

Trade receivables

 

43.5

 

—

​

—

 

43.5

 

—

Total financial assets at March 31, 2022

 

3,669.3

 

1,435.0

​

150.5

 

5,254.8

 

1,585.5

​

​

F-29

Table of Contents

The carrying values and fair values of the Company’s financial liabilities by class and category were as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Liabilities at

​

​

​

Fair value

​

Total

​

​

​

​

Amortized

​

Cash-Flow

​

through

​

Carrying

​

Total Fair

​

​

Cost

​

Hedges

​

Profit & Loss

​

Value

​

Value

​

    

€M

    

€M

​

€M

    

€M

    

€M

At March 31, 2024

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Current maturities of debt

 

50.0

​

—

​

—

​

50.0

​

50.0

Non-current maturities of debt

​

2,532.2

​

—

​

—

​

2,532.2

​

2,460.3

Derivative financial instruments:

 

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

-U.S. dollar currency forward contracts

 

—

​

3.3

​

—

​

3.3

​

3.3

-Jet fuel & carbon derivative contracts

 

—

​

178.8

​

—

​

178.8

​

178.8

Trade payables (Current)

​

792.2

​

—

​

—

​

792.2

​

—

Accrued expenses

 

1,603.1

​

—

​

—

​

1,603.1

​

—

Total financial liabilities at March 31, 2024

 

4,977.5

 

182.1

​

—

 

5,159.6

 

2,692.4

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Liabilities at

​

​

​

Fair value

​

Total

​

​

​

​

Amortized

​

Cash-Flow

​

through

​

Carrying

​

Total Fair

​

​

Cost

​

Hedges

​

Profit & Loss

​

Value

​

Value

​

​

€M

    

€M

​

€M

    

€M

    

€M

At March 31, 2023

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Current maturities of debt

 

1,056.7

​

—

​

—

​

1,056.7

​

1,051.7

Non-current maturities of debt

​

2,853.2

​

—

​

—

​

2,853.2

​

2,740.7

Derivative financial instruments:

 

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

-U.S. dollar currency forward contracts

 

—

​

48.0

​

—

​

48.0

​

48.0

-Jet fuel & carbon derivative contracts

 

—

​

349.8

​

—

​

349.8

​

349.8

Trade payables (Current)

 

1,065.5

​

—

​

—

​

1,065.5

​

—

Accrued expenses

 

1,276.6

​

—

​

—

​

1,276.6

​

—

Total financial liabilities at March 31, 2023

 

6,252.0

 

397.8

​

—

 

6,649.8

 

4,190.2

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Liabilities at

​

​

​

Fair value

​

Total

​

​

​

​

Amortized

​

Cash-Flow

​

through

​

Carrying

​

Total Fair

​

​

Cost

​

Hedges

​

Profit & Loss

​

Value

​

Value

​

​

€M

    

€M

​

€M

    

€M

    

€M

At March 31, 2022

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Current maturities of debt

 

1,224.5

 

—

​

—

 

1,224.5

 

1,224.5

Non-current maturities of debt

​

3,714.6

​

—

​

—

 

3,714.6

 

3,727.7

Derivative financial instruments:

 

​

​

​

​

​

 

​

​

​

-U.S. dollar currency forward contracts

 

—

 

—

​

31.0

 

31.0

 

31.0

-Jet fuel derivative contracts

 

—

 

7.6

​

—

 

7.6

 

7.6

Trade payables (Current)

 

1,029.0

 

—

​

—

 

1,029.0

 

—

Trade payables (Non-current)

​

49.2

​

—

​

—

​

49.2

​

49.2

Accrued expenses

 

953.0

 

—

​

—

 

953.0

 

—

Total financial liabilities at March 31, 2022

 

6,970.3

 

7.6

​

31.0

 

7,008.9

 

5,040.0

​

​

F-30

Table of Contents

(b)Measurement of fair values

​

Valuation techniques

​

Financial instruments measured at fair value in the balance sheet are categorized by the type of valuation method used.

​

The different valuation levels are defined as follows:

​

●Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Group can access at the measurement date.

​

●Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for that asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

​

●Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

​

The following paragraphs describe the valuation techniques used in measuring Level 2 fair values for each material class of financial instruments in the consolidated balance sheet, as well as the significant unobservable inputs used.

​

Financial instruments measured at fair value

​

Derivatives – interest rate swaps: Discounted cash flow analyses have been used to determine their fair value, taking into account current market inputs and rates. The Group’s credit risk and counterparty’s credit risk is taken into account when establishing fair value (Level 2).

​

Derivatives – currency forwards, jet fuel forward swap contracts and carbon contracts: A comparison of the contracted rate to the market rate for contracts providing a similar risk profile at March 31, 2024 has been used to establish fair value. The Group’s credit risk and counterparty’s credit risk is taken into account when establishing fair value (Level 2).

​

Derivatives – jet fuel call options: The fair value of jet fuel call options is determined based on standard option pricing valuation models (Level 2).

​

Financial instruments not measured at fair value

​

Long-term debt: The repayments which Ryanair is committed to make have been discounted at the relevant market rates of interest applicable (including credit spreads) at the relevant reporting year end date to arrive at a fair value representing the amount payable to a third party to assume the obligations.

​

Trade payables: The value of trade payables has not been discounted as the effects of discounting would not be material.

​

F-31

Table of Contents

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Level 1

​

Level 2

​

Level 3

​

Total

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

At March 31, 2024

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Derivative assets measured at fair value for risk management purposes

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

U.S. dollar currency forward contracts

 

—

 

147.2

 

—

 

147.2

Jet fuel & carbon derivative contracts

 

—

 

205.6

 

—

 

205.6

​

 

—

 

352.8

 

—

 

352.8

Derivative liabilities measured at fair value for risk management purposes

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

U.S. currency forward contracts

 

—

 

3.3

 

—

 

3.3

Jet fuel & carbon derivative contracts

 

—

 

178.8

 

—

 

178.8

​

 

—

 

182.1

 

—

 

182.1

Financial liabilities not measured at fair value

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Debt

 

—

 

2,510.3

 

—

 

2,510.3

Non-current trade payables

​

—

​

—

 

—

 

—

​

​

—

​

2,510.3

​

—

​

2,510.3

Total

 

—

 

3,045.2

 

—

 

3,045.2

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Level 1

​

Level 2

​

Level 3

​

Total

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

At March 31, 2023

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Derivative assets measured at fair value for risk management purposes

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

U.S. dollar currency forward contracts

 

—

 

279.4

 

—

 

279.4

Cross-currency swaps

 

—

 

3.6

 

—

 

3.6

Jet fuel & carbon derivative contracts

 

—

 

63.7

 

—

 

63.7

​

 

—

 

346.7

 

—

 

346.7

Derivative liabilities measured at fair value for risk management purposes

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

U.S. currency forward contracts

 

—

 

48.0

 

—

 

48.0

Jet fuel & carbon derivative contracts

 

—

 

349.8

 

—

 

349.8

​

 

—

 

397.8

 

—

 

397.8

Financial liabilities not measured at fair value

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Debt

 

—

 

3,792.4

 

—

 

3,792.4

Non-current trade payables

​

—

 

—

 

—

 

—

​

​

—

​

3,792.4

​

—

​

3,792.4

​

 

—

 

4,536.9

 

—

 

4,536.9

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Level 1

​

Level 2

​

Level 3

​

Total

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

At March 31, 2022

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Derivative assets measured at fair value for risk management purposes

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

U.S. dollar currency forward contracts

 

—

 

474.1

 

—

 

474.1

Jet fuel derivative contracts

 

—

 

1,106.8

 

—

 

1,106.8

Cross-currency swaps

 

—

 

4.6

 

—

 

4.6

​

 

—

 

1,585.5

 

—

 

1,585.5

Derivative liabilities measured at fair value for risk management purposes

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

U.S. currency forward contracts

 

—

 

31.0

 

—

 

31.0

Jet fuel derivative contracts

 

—

 

7.6

 

—

 

7.6

​

 

—

 

38.6

 

—

 

38.6

Financial liabilities not measured at fair value

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Debt

​

—

 

4,952.2

 

—

 

4,952.2

Non-current trade payables

 

—

 

49.2

 

—

 

49.2

​

​

—

​

5,001.4

​

—

​

5,001.4

Total

 

—

 

6,625.5

 

—

 

6,625.5

​

F-32

Table of Contents

Transfers between Levels 1 and 2 and transfers out of Level 3

​

During the years ended March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair-value measurements, and no transfers into or out of Level 3 fair-value measurement.

​

(c)Financial risk management

​

Risk management framework

​

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors has responsibility for monitoring the treasury policies and procedures of the Group, which include controls over the procedures used to manage the main financial risks arising from the Group’s operations. Such risks comprise market risks including commodity price, foreign exchange and interest rate risks, credit risk and liquidity risk. The Group uses various derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to market risks, including the risks relating to fluctuations in commodity prices and currency exchange rates. Ryanair uses forward swap contracts and call options for the purchase of its jet fuel (jet kerosene) and carbon credit (Emission Trading System) requirements to reduce its exposure to commodity price risk. It also uses foreign currency forward contracts to reduce its exposure to risks related to foreign currencies, principally the U.S. dollar exposure associated with the purchase of new Boeing 737 aircraft and the U.S. dollar exposure associated with the purchase of jet fuel. At March 31, 2024 all derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges. With the exception of the time value of jet fuel call options, all gains and losses are taken to other reserves. The time value of jet fuel call options is excluded from the designated hedging instrument, with movements in time value recognized in the income statement.

​

Market risk

​

Ryanair is exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in commodity prices, interest rates and currency exchange rates. The objective of financial risk management at Ryanair is to minimize the impact of commodity price, interest rate and foreign exchange rate fluctuations on the Company’s earnings, cash flows and equity.

​

The Group uses derivatives to manage market risks. All such transactions are carried out within the guidelines set by the Audit Committee. Generally, the Group seeks to apply hedge accounting to manage volatility in profit or loss.

​

Currency risk

​

The Group is exposed to foreign currency risk to the extent that there is a mismatch between the currencies in which sales, purchases, receivables and borrowings are denominated and the respective functional currencies of Group companies. The functional currencies of Group companies is the euro. The main currencies in which non-euro transactions occur giving rise to foreign currency risk are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars and UK pounds sterling.

​

The Company manages this risk by typically matching UK pounds sterling revenues against UK pounds sterling costs. Surplus UK pounds sterling revenues are sometimes used to fund forward foreign exchange contracts to hedge U.S. dollar currency exposures that arise in relation to fuel, maintenance, aviation insurance, and capital expenditure costs and typically UK pounds sterling are converted into euro. Additionally, the Group swaps euro for U.S. dollars using forward currency contracts to cover any expected U.S. dollar outflows for these costs. From time to time, the Company also swaps UK pounds sterling for euro using forward currency contracts to hedge expected future surplus UK pounds sterling. From time to time the Group also enters into cross-currency interest rate swaps to hedge against fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and interest rates in respect of U.S. dollar denominated borrowings.

​

F-33

Table of Contents

Forward currency contracts are designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted U.S. dollar payments and have been determined to be highly effective in offsetting variability in future cash flows arising from the fluctuation in the U.S. dollar and euro exchange rates for the forecasted U.S. dollar purchases.

​

In these hedge relationships, the main sources of ineffectiveness are changes in the timing of the hedged transactions. The Group recorded a hedge ineffectiveness loss of €nil on ineffective currency cash flow hedges for fiscal year 2024 (2023: €nil, 2022: €nil).

​

Exposure to currency risk

​

The summary quantitative data about the Group’s exposure to currency risk as reported to the management of the Group is as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

​

GBP

​

U.S.$

​

Euro €

​

GBP

​

U.S.$

​

Euro €

​

GBP

​

U.S.$

​

Euro €

​

    

£M

    

$M

    

€M

    

£M

    

$M

    

€M

    

£M

    

$M

    

€M

Monetary assets

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

UK pounds sterling cash and liquid resources

 

55.6

​

—

 

65.1

 

78.1

​

—

 

88.8

 

28.3

​

—

 

33.6

U.S. Dollar cash and liquid resources

 

—

​

785.5

 

727.8

 

—

​

671.3

 

619.3

 

—

​

386.8

 

349.6

​

 

55.6

​

785.5

 

792.9

 

78.1

​

671.3

 

708.1

 

28.3

​

386.8

 

383.2

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

​

GBP

​

U.S.$

​

Euro €

​

GBP

​

U.S.$

​

Euro €

​

GBP

​

U.S.$

​

Euro €

​

    

£M

​

$M

    

€M

    

£M

​

$M

    

€M

    

£M

​

$M

    

€M

Monetary liabilities

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

U.S. dollar long term debt*

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

280.8

​

259.1

​

—

​

311.3

​

281.3

Pre-delivery payments due to Boeing

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

669.2

​

617.4

​

—

​

296.2

​

267.7

​

​

—

​

—

 

—

​

—

​

950.0

 

876.5

​

—

​

607.5

 

549.0

​

*During the year ended March 31, 2022, the Group issued non-interest-bearing promissory notes to the value of approximately €230m (U.S.$250m) in settlement of certain aircraft trade payables. These were non-cash settled in full during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024.

​

The following exchange rates have been applied:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

€

​

£

​

$

March 31, 2022

​

1.0000

​

0.8422

​

1.1065

March 31, 2023

​

1.0000

​

0.8791

​

1.0839

March 31, 2024

​

1.0000

​

0.8548

​

1.0793

​

​

F-34

Table of Contents

The notional principal amounts of forward foreign exchange contracts are as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Within Year 1

​

4,403.6

​

5,873.1

​

4,607.7

Greater than 1 Year

​

447.9

​

1,203.5

​

2,097.8

Total

​

4,851.5

​

7,076.6

​

6,705.5

​

The notional principle amount of outstanding forward foreign exchange contracts at March 31, 2024 are treated as cash flow hedges to hedge jet fuel, capital expenditure and maintenance contracts in U.S. dollars. As at March 31, 2024 the hedged U.S. dollar rate was approximately U.S.$1.12 to €1.00.

​

Sensitivity analysis

​

If the rate fell by 10% outstanding foreign currency-denominated financial assets and financial liabilities at March 31, 2024 would have a positive impact of €77m on the income statement (net of tax) (2023: €46m; 2022: €26m) and a negative impact of €63m on the income statement (net of tax) (2023: €38m; 2022: €2m) if the rate increased by 10%. The same movement of 10% in foreign currency exchange rates would have a positive €501m impact (net of tax) on equity if the rate fell by 10% and a negative €410m impact (net of tax) if the rate increased by 10% (2023: €677m positive or €544m negative; 2022: €695m positive or €588m negative).

​

Interest rate risk

​

The Group’s objective for interest rate risk management is to reduce interest-rate risk by matching a proportion of floating rate assets with floating rate liabilities, and using financial instruments, which lock in interest rates on debt, when appropriate. Floating interest rates on financial liabilities are referenced to European interbank interest rates (EURIBOR). Secured long-term debt and interest rate swaps typically re-price on a quarterly basis. The Group uses current interest rate settings on existing floating rate debt at each year-end to calculate contractual cash flows. Fixed interest rates on financial liabilities are fixed for the duration of the underlying structures.

​

In previous years the Group utilized cross currency interest rate swaps to manage exposures to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates of U.S. dollar denominated floating rate borrowings, together with managing the exposures to fluctuations in interest rates on these U.S. dollar denominated floating rate borrowings. Cross currency interest rate swaps were primarily used to convert a portion of the Group’s U.S. dollar denominated debt to euro and floating rate interest exposures into fixed rate exposures and are set so as to match exactly the critical terms of the underlying debt being hedged (i.e. notional principal, interest rate settings, re-pricing dates). These were all designated in cash flow hedges of the forecasted U.S. dollar variable interest payments on the Group’s underlying debt and were determined to be highly effective in achieving offsetting cash flows. Accordingly, no ineffectiveness was recorded in the income statement relating to these hedges.

​

F-35

Table of Contents

Exposures to interest rate risk

​

The following was the maturity profile of the Group’s financial liabilities (excluding aircraft provisions, trade payables and accrued expenses).

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Weighted

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

average

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

2029 -

​

​

​

​

rate

​

2025

​

2026

​

2027

​

2028

​

2031

​

Total

At March 31, 2024

    

(%)

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Fixed rate

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Secured debt

 

​

​

​

 

​

​

​

 

​

 

​

 

​

Unsecured debt

 

1.67%

​

50.0

​

843.4

 

1,198.8

 

—

 

—

 

2,092.2

Debt

 

1.67%

​

50.0

 

843.4

 

1,198.8

 

—

 

—

 

2,092.2

Lease liabilities - right of use

​

4.43%

​

39.4

​

31.9

​

32.1

​

32.7

​

28.5

​

164.6

Total fixed rate debt

 

  

 

89.4

 

875.3

 

1,230.9

 

32.7

 

28.5

 

2,256.8

Floating rate

 

​

​

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Unsecured long term debt

​

4.30%

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

490.0

​

490.0

Total floating rate debt

 

4.30%

​

—

 

—

 

—

 

—

 

490.0

 

490.0

Total financial liabilities

 

  

 

89.4

 

875.3

 

1,230.9

 

32.7

 

518.5

 

2,746.8

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Weighted

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

average

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

2028 -

​

​

​

​

rate

​

2024

​

2025

​

2026

​

2027

​

2031

​

Total

At March 31, 2023

    

(%)

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Fixed rate

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Secured debt

 

2.43%

​

16.2

 

12.3

​

—

 

—

 

—

 

28.5

Unsecured debt

 

1.39%

​

1,040.5

*

46.0

 

846.1

 

1,198.8

 

—

 

3,131.4

Debt

 

1.39%

​

1,056.7

 

58.3

 

846.1

 

1,198.8

 

—

 

3,159.9

Lease liabilities - right of use

​

4.37%

​

43.2

​

38.4

​

31.8

​

32.2

​

60.7

​

206.3

Total fixed rate debt

 

  

 

1,099.9

 

96.7

 

877.9

 

1,231.0

 

60.7

 

3,366.2

Floating rate

 

​

​

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Unsecured long term debt

​

3.45%

​

—

​

750.0

**

—

​

—

​

—

​

750.0

Total floating rate debt

 

3.45%

​

—

 

750.0

 

—

 

—

 

—

 

750.0

Total financial liabilities

 

  

 

1,099.9

 

846.7

 

877.9

 

1,231.0

 

60.7

 

4,116.2

* Includes promissory notes amounting to approx. €230m

** Refinanced post year end (May 2023) with unsecured RCF at lower margin maturing May 2028

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Weighted

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

average

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

2027 -

​

​

​

​

rate

​

2023

​

2024

​

2025

​

2026

​

2028

​

Total

At March 31, 2022

    

(%)

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Fixed rate

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

Secured debt

 

2.43%

​

62.9

 

52.2

​

12.0

 

—

 

—

 

127.1

Unsecured debt

 

1.31%

​

1,140.9

*

807.7

 

47.8

 

847.0

 

1,197.9

 

4,041.3

Debt

 

1.35%

​

1,203.8

 

859.9

 

59.8

 

847.0

 

1,197.9

 

4,168.4

Lease liabilities - right of use

 

2.33%

​

56.9

​

51.0

​

26.2

​

3.1

​

1.1

​

138.3

Total fixed rate debt

 

​

 

1,260.7

 

910.9

 

86.0

 

850.1

 

1,199.0

 

4,306.7

Floating rate

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Secured long term debt

 

0.14%

​

20.7

 

—

 

—

 

—

 

—

 

20.7

Unsecured long term debt

​

0.75%

​

—

​

—

​

750.0

​

—

​

—

​

750.0

Total floating rate debt

 

0.73%

​

20.7

 

—

 

750.0

 

—

 

—

 

770.7

Total financial liabilities

​

  

 

1,281.4

 

910.9

 

836.0

 

850.1

 

1,199.0

 

5,077.4

* Includes promissory notes amounting to approx. €226m

​

​

F-36

Table of Contents

The Group holds significant cash balances that are invested on a short-term basis. At March 31, 2024, all of the Group’s cash and liquid resources attracted a weighted average interest rate of 4.2% (2023: 3.02%; 2022: -0.31%). Interest rates on cash and liquid resources are generally based on the appropriate EURIBOR or bank rates dependent on the principal amounts on deposit.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

​

Within

​

Within

​

Within

​

​

1 year

​

1 year

​

1 year

Financial assets

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Cash and cash equivalents

 

3,875.4

 

3,599.3

 

2,669.0

Cash > 3 months

 

237.8

 

1,056.2

 

934.1

Restricted cash

 

6.4

 

19.5

 

22.7

Total financial assets

 

4,119.6

 

4,675.0

 

3,625.8

​

Derivative financial instruments – Interest rate risk exposure

​

The Group had cross currency swaps to swap fixed rate U.S. dollar denominated debt of U.S.$nil (2023: U.S.$31m; 2022: U.S.$48m) into a fixed rate euro debt of €nil (2023: €25m; 2022: €38m).

​

Sensitivity analysis

​

Based on the levels of and composition of year-end interest bearing assets and liabilities, including derivatives, at March 31, 2024, a plus one percentage point movement in interest rates would result in a respective increase of approximately €42m (net of tax) in net finance income (2023: increase in net finance expense of €92m; 2022: decrease in net finance expense of €19m) and a minus one percentage point movement in interest rates would result in a respective decrease of approximately €16m in net finance income in the income statement (2023: decrease in net finance expense of €49m; 2022: increase in net finance expense of €33m;) and a nil increase or decrease in equity (2023: nil 2022: nil).

​

Jet fuel and carbon credits price risk

​

The Group’s historical fuel risk management policy has been to hedge up to approximately 90% of the forecast fuel consumption to ensure that the future cost per gallon of fuel is locked in. This policy was adopted to prevent the Group being exposed, in the short term, to adverse movements in global jet fuel prices. However, when deemed to be in the best interests of the Group, the Group does not necessarily hedge up to this limit. At March 31, 2024, the Group had entered into forward hedging covering approximately 70% of the Group’s estimated fuel exposure for fiscal year 2025.

​

The Group utilizes jet fuel forward swap contracts and jet fuel call options to manage exposure to jet fuel prices. These are used to hedge the Group’s forecasted fuel purchases and are arranged so as to match as closely as possible against forecasted fuel delivery and payment requirements. These contracts are designated as cash flow hedges of forecasted fuel payments and have been determined to be highly effective in offsetting variability in future cash flows arising from fluctuations in jet fuel prices.

​

The Group has entered into jet fuel forward swap contracts with a number of counterparties to hedge jet fuel purchases over a period of up to 18 to 24 months. The notional amount of these contracts are €2.7bn (2023: €3.3bn; 2022: €1.8bn) at an average hedged rate of approximately U.S.$795 per metric tonne. (2023: U.S.$885; 2022: U.S.$640).

​

F-37

Table of Contents

In these hedging relationships the main sources of ineffectiveness are changes in the timing of the hedged transactions. The Group recorded a hedge ineffectiveness charge of €nil in fiscal year 2024 (2023: €nil, 2022: €nil,) in relation to jet fuel hedges (€nil in relation to jet fuel swaps, and €nil in relation currency forward contracts).

​

The European Union Emissions Trading System (“EU-ETS”) is applicable to airlines from January 1, 2012. Ryanair recognizes the cost associated with the purchase of carbon credits as part of the EU-ETS as an expense in the income statement. This expense is recognized in line with fuel consumed during the fiscal year as the Group’s carbon emissions and fuel consumptions are directly linked.

​

The Group’s fuel risk management policy includes hedging of the Group’s EU-ETS and UK-ETS (carbon) exposures. This policy was adopted to prevent the Group being exposed, in the short term, to adverse movements in carbon credit prices. However, when deemed to be in the best interests of the Group, it may deviate from this policy. At March 31, 2024, the Group had hedged approximately 100% of the Group’s estimated carbon exposure for fiscal year 2025 at approximately €76 per EUA (2023: fiscal year 2024 was 54% hedged at €75 per EUA) and £66 per UKA (2023: £72) and approximately 28% for fiscal year 2026 at approximately €58 per EUA and £50 per UKA.

​

Sensitivity Analysis

​

A plus or minus change of 10% in the price of jet fuel at March 31, 2024 would have a €nil impact (2023: €7m decrease) on the income statement (net of tax) if the price fell by 10% and a €nil impact (2023: €4m increase) if the price increased by 10%. The same movement of 10% in the price of jet fuel at March 31, 2024 would have a negative €254m impact (2023: negative €258m) on equity if the price fell by 10% and a positive €254m impact (2023: positive €258m) if the price increased by 10%.

​

A plus or minus change of 10% in the price of carbon at March 31, 2024 would have a €nil impact (2023: €nil) on the income statement (net of tax) if the price fell by 10% and a €nil impact (2023: €nil) if the price increased by 10%. The same movement of 10% in the price of carbon at March 31, 2024 would have a negative €74m impact (2023: negative €32m) on equity if the price fell by 10% and a positive €72m impact (2023: positive €32m) if the price increased by 10%.

​

Credit risk

​

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Group if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations and arises principally from trade receivables, cash and cash equivalents, derivatives and guarantees.

​

Trade receivables

​

The Group’s revenues derive principally from airline travel on scheduled services, internet income and in-flight and related sales. Revenue is primarily derived from European routes. No individual customer accounts for a significant portion of total revenue.

​

At March 31, 2024, €13m (2023: €5m; 2022: €4m) of the accounts receivable balance were past due, of which €nil (2023: €nil; 2022: €nil) was impaired and €13m (2023: €5m; 2022: €4m) was considered past due but not impaired for which the expected credit loss was considered immaterial.

​

F-38

Table of Contents

Cash and cash equivalents

​

The Group holds significant cash balances, which are classified as either cash and cash equivalents or financial assets >3 months. These deposits and other financial instruments (principally certain derivatives and loans as identified above) give rise to credit risk on amounts due from counterparties. Credit risk is managed by limiting the aggregate amount and duration of exposure to any one counterparty through regular review of counterparties’ market-based ratings, Tier 1 capital level and credit default swap rates and by taking into account bank counterparties’ systemic importance to the financial systems of their home countries. The Group limits the concentration of risk in relation to any one institution for cash and cash equivalents. Deposits are entered into with parties that have high investment grade credit ratings from the main rating agencies, including Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), Moody’s and Fitch ratings. The Group also monitors where counterparty credit default swaps are trading. The maximum exposure arising in the event of default on the part of the counterparty is the carrying value of the relevant financial instrument. The Group is authorized to place funds on deposit for periods up to 18 months.

​

Derivatives

​

In line with the Group’s policies and procedures, derivatives are entered into with parties that have high investment grade credit ratings from the main rating agencies, including Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”), Moody’s and Fitch ratings. The Group also avoids concentration of risk in relation to derivative counterparties.

​

Guarantees

​

At March 31, 2024, the Group has provided approximately €2.76bn (2023: €4.12bn; 2022: €5.09bn) in letters of guarantee to secure obligations of subsidiary undertakings in respect of loans, bank advances and long dated foreign currency transactions.

​

In order to avail itself of the exemption contained in Section 357 of the Companies Act, 2014, the holding company, Ryanair Holdings plc, has guaranteed the liabilities and commitments of its subsidiary undertakings registered in Ireland. As a result, the subsidiary undertakings have been exempted from the requirement to annex their statutory financial statements to their annual returns.

​

Liquidity risk and capital management

​

Liquidity risk is the risk that the Group will encounter difficulty in meeting the obligations associated with its financial activities that are settled by delivering cash or another financial asset. The Group’s objective when managing liquidity is to ensure that it will have sufficient liquidity to meet its liabilities when they fall due and to provide adequately for contingencies.

​

The Group’s cash and liquid resources comprise cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and restricted cash. The Group defines the capital that it manages as the Group’s long-term debt and equity. The Group’s policy is to maintain a strong capital base so as to maintain investor, creditor and market confidence and to maintain sufficient financial resources to mitigate against risks and unforeseen events. In addition, the Group aims to achieve the best available return on investments of surplus cash – subject to credit risk and liquidity constraints.

​

​

F-39

Table of Contents

The Group finances its working capital requirements through a combination of cash generated from operations, bank loans and debt capital market issuances for general corporate purposes including the acquisition of aircraft. The Group had cash and liquid resources at March 31, 2024 of €4.2bn (2023: €4.7bn; 2022: €3.6bn). During the year, the Group had a net cash outflows of €2.4bn in relation to property, plant and equipment (2023: outflow of €1.8bn; 2022: outflow of €1bn). Cash generated from operations has been the principal source for these cash requirements during the year. The Group repaid a €750m 1.125% Eurobond under its EMTN programme in August 2023 and €260m under the Group’s Revolving Credit Facility in November 2023.

​

The Board of Directors periodically reviews the capital structure of the Group, considering the cost of capital and the risks associated with each class of capital. The Board approves any material adjustments to the capital structure in terms of the relative proportions of debt and equity.

​

Management believes that the working capital available to the Group is sufficient for its present requirements and will be sufficient to meet its anticipated requirements for capital expenditures and other cash requirements for fiscal year 2025.

​

At March 31, 2024, the Group had total borrowings of €2.7bn (2023: €4.1bn; 2022: €5.1bn), including  capitalized leases (under IFRS 16) of €165m (2023: €206m, 2022: €138m) from various financial institutions and the debt capital markets. Financing for the acquisition of nil Boeing 737-800NG aircraft (2023: 7; 2022: 50) was provided on the basis of guarantees granted by the Ex-Im Bank. The remaining long-term debt relates to two unsecured Eurobonds, with a cumulative amount of €2.1bn, a €490m unsecured Revolving Credit Facility, and 28 aircraft held under operating leases in right of use assets.

​

Exposure to liquidity risk

​

The following are the remaining contractual maturities of financial liabilities at the reporting date. These amounts are gross and undiscounted and include estimated contractual interest payments. The total contractual cash flows for the derivative financial instruments have been presented to reflect the gross settled amounts associated with the currency and commodity forward contracts.

​

F-40

Table of Contents

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Total

​

Total

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Carrying

​

Contractual

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Value

​

Cash Flows

​

2025

​

2026

​

2027

​

2028

​

Thereafter

At March 31, 2024

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Long and short term debt and leases:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

- Fixed rate debt: 1.67%

 

2,092.2

​

2,172.7

​

85.0

​

878.3

​

1,209.4

​

—

​

—

- Floating rate debt: 4.30%

 

490.0

​

579.2

​

21.2

​

21.3

​

21.3

​

21.5

​

493.9

- Lease liabilities

 

164.6

​

183.1

​

45.5

​

37.1

​

36.1

​

34.9

​

29.5

​

 

2,746.8

 

2,935.0

 

151.7

 

936.7

 

1,266.8

 

56.4

 

523.4

Derivative financial instruments

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

- Currency forward contracts – outflows

 

3.3

​

188.3

​

7.0

​

10.6

​

10.0

​

133.6

​

27.1

- Currency forward contracts – inflows

​

—

​

(195.0)

​

(7.0)

​

(10.7)

​

(10.2)

​

(138.5)

​

(28.6)

- Commodity forward contracts

 

178.8

​

178.8

​

178.8

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

Trade payables

 

792.2

​

792.2

​

792.2

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

Accrued expenses

 

1,603.1

​

1,603.1

​

1,603.1

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

Total at March 31, 2024

 

5,324.2

 

5,502.4

 

2,725.8

 

936.6

 

1,266.6

 

51.5

 

521.9

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Total

​

Total

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Carrying

​

Contractual

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Value

​

Cash Flows

​

2024

​

2025

​

2026

​

2027

​

Thereafter

At March 31, 2023

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Long and short term debt and leases:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

- Fixed rate debt: 1.39%

 

3,159.9

​

3,284.4

​

1,100.6

​

93.5

​

881.0

​

1,209.3

​

—

- Floating rate debt: 3.45%

 

750.0

​

782.3

​

25.9

​

756.4

​

—

​

—

​

—

- Lease liabilities

 

206.3

​

233.4

​

51.1

​

45.0

​

37.0

​

35.9

​

64.4

​

 

4,116.2

 

4,300.1

 

1,177.6

 

894.9

 

918.0

 

1,245.2

 

64.4

Derivative financial instruments

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

- Currency forward contracts – outflows

 

48.0

​

3,658.2

​

3,281.4

​

245.1

​

10.6

​

10.0

​

111.1

- Currency forward contracts – inflows

​

—

​

(3,645.4)

​

(3,263.2)

​

(246.9)

​

(10.7)

​

(10.2)

​

(114.4)

- Commodity forward contracts

 

349.8

​

349.8

​

341.8

​

8.0

​

—

​

—

​

—

Trade payables

 

1,065.5

​

1,065.5

​

1,065.5

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

Accrued expenses

 

1,276.6

​

1,276.6

​

1,276.6

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

Total at March 31, 2023

 

6,856.1

 

7,004.8

 

3,879.7

 

901.1

 

917.9

 

1,245.0

 

61.1

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Total

​

Total

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Carrying

​

Contractual

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Value

​

Cash Flows

​

2023

​

2024

​

2025

​

2026

​

Thereafter

At March 31, 2022

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Long and short term debt and leases:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

- Fixed rate debt: 1.35%

 

4,168.4

​

4,341.5

​

1,260.1

​

904.8

​

95.1

​

872.2

​

1,209.3

- Floating rate debt: 0.73%

 

770.7

​

783.5

​

26.4

​

5.7

​

751.4

​

—

​

—

- Lease liabilities

​

138.3

​

142.0

​

59.2

​

52.2

​

26.6

​

3.0

​

1.0

​

 

5,077.4

 

5,267.0

 

1,345.7

 

962.7

 

873.1

 

875.2

 

1,210.3

Derivative financial instruments

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

  

- Currency forward contracts – outflows

 

31.0

​

496.8

​

496.8

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

- Currency forward contracts – inflows

​

—

​

(463.7)

​

(463.7)

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

- Commodity forward contracts

 

7.6

​

7.6

​

7.6

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

Trade payables

 

1,078.2

​

1,078.2

​

1,029.0

​

49.2

​

—

​

—

​

—

Accrued expenses

 

953.0

​

953.0

​

953.0

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

Total at March 31, 2022

 

7,147.2

 

7,338.9

 

3,368.4

 

1,011.9

 

873.1

 

875.2

 

1,210.3

​

​

F-41

Table of Contents

The interest payments on floating rate debt in the table above reflect market forward interest rates at the reporting date and these amounts may change as market interest rates change. The future cash flows on derivative instruments may be different from the amount in the above table as interest rates and exchange rates change. Except for these financial liabilities, it is not expected that the cash flows included in the maturity analysis could occur significantly earlier, or for significantly different amounts.

​

(d) Derivative financial instruments – Designated as cash flow hedges

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Derivative financial instruments:

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Foreign currency risk

​

​

​

​

​

Property, plant and equipment - aircraft additions

60.3

​

269.6

​

337.5

Fuel and oil operating expenses

83.6

​

(38.2)

​

105.6

GBP currency swaps

—

​

—

​

—

Interest rate risk

​

​

​

​

​

Variable-rate instruments

—

​

3.6

​

4.5

Commodity price risk

​

​

​

​

​

Fuel and carbon operating expenses

26.8

​

(286.1)

​

948.7

Net derivative position at year end

170.7

​

(51.1)

​

1,396.3

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Change in gross value used for calculating hedge ineffectiveness:

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Foreign currency risk

​

​

​

​

​

Property, plant and equipment - aircraft additions

515.0

​

407.0

​

(129.8)

Fuel and oil operating expenses

(117.7)

​

405.1

​

(110.5)

GBP currency swap

—

​

—

​

9.6

Interest rate risk

​

​

​

​

​

Variable-rate instruments

—

​

3.8

​

(1.4)

Commodity price risk

​

​

​

​

​

Fuel and carbon operating expenses

(398.8)

​

2,806.5

​

(788.8)

Total

(1.5)

​

3,622.4

​

(1,020.9)

​

F-42

Table of Contents

The gross amounts at the reporting date relating to items designated as hedged items were as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 2024

​

Continuing

​

Balance

​

​

​

hedges

​

remaining **

​

Total

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Foreign currency risk

​

​

​

​

​

Property, plant and equipment - aircraft additions

(30.0)

​

(142.6)

​

(172.6)

Fuel and oil operating expenses

(83.7)

​

—

​

(83.7)

GBP currency swaps

—

​

—

​

—

Interest rate risk

​

​

​

​

​

Variable-rate instruments

—

​

—

​

—

Commodity price risk

​

​

​

​

​

Fuel and carbon operating expenses

(26.8)

​

—

​

(26.8)

Gross cashflow hedge reserve

(140.5)

​

(142.6)

​

(283.1)

​

​

​

​

​

​

*Deferred taxes included in Hedge reserve were €17m

** Balance remaining in the cashflow hedge reserve for which hedge accounting is no longer applied

​

At March 31, 2023

​

Continuing

​

Balance

​

​

​

hedges

​

remaining **

​

Total

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Foreign currency risk

​

​

​

​

​

Property, plant and equipment - aircraft additions

265.6

​

83.1

​

348.7

Fuel and oil operating expenses

(38.2)

​

—

​

(38.2)

GBP currency swaps

—

​

—

​

—

Interest rate risk

​

​

​

​

​

Variable-rate instruments

(6.6)

​

—

​

(6.6)

Commodity price risk

​

​

​

​

​

Fuel and carbon operating expenses

(300.1)

​

—

​

(300.1)

Gross cashflow hedge reserve

(79.3)

​

83.1

​

3.8

​

​

​

​

​

​

*Deferred taxes included in Hedge reserve were €28m

** Balance remaining in the cashflow hedge reserve for which hedge accounting is no longer applied

​

At March 31, 2022

​

Continuing

​

Balance

​

​

​

hedges

​

remaining **

​

Total

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Foreign currency risk

​

​

​

​

​

Property, plant and equipment - aircraft additions

322.5

​

72.6

​

395.1

Fuel and oil operating expenses

105.6

​

—

​

105.6

GBP currency swaps

—

​

—

​

—

Interest rate risk

​

​

​

​

​

Variable-rate instruments

(4.3)

​

—

​

(4.3)

Commodity price risk

​

​

​

​

​

Fuel and carbon operating expenses

948.7

​

—

​

948.7

Gross cashflow hedge reserve

1,372.5

​

72.6

​

1,445.1

​

​

​

​

​

​

*Deferred taxes included in Hedge reserve were €150m

​

​

​

​

​

​

F-43

Table of Contents

Movement: in derivative financial instruments designated as hedging instruments were as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 2024

​

Change in

​

Hedge ineffectiveness

​

Reclassified from

​

fair value

​

recognized in

​

hedging reserve

​

recognized in OCI

​

profit or loss*

​

to profit or loss**

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Foreign currency risk

​

​

​

​

​

Property, plant and equipment - aircraft additions

515.0

​

—

​

—

Fuel and oil operating expenses

(117.7)

​

—

​

(4.2)

GBP currency swaps

—

​

—

​

—

Interest rate risk

​

​

​

​

​

Variable-rate instruments

—

​

—

​

3.6

Commodity price risk

​

​

​

​

​

Fuel and carbon operating expenses

(398.8)

​

—

​

71.8

Total movement in derivative instruments

(1.5)

​

—

​

71.2

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 2023

​

Change in

​

Hedge ineffectiveness

​

Reclassified from

​

fair value

​

recognized in

​

hedging reserve

​

recognized in OCI

​

profit or loss*

​

to profit or loss**

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Foreign currency risk

​

​

​

​

​

Property, plant and equipment - aircraft additions

(407.0)

​

—

​

—

Fuel and oil operating expenses

(405.1)

​

—

​

261.2

GBP currency swaps

—

​

—

​

—

Interest rate risk

​

​

​

​

​

Variable-rate instruments

(3.8)

​

—

​

2.9

Commodity price risk

​

​

​

​

​

Fuel and carbon operating expenses

(2,806.5)

​

—

​

1,557.5

Total movement in derivative instruments

(3,622.4)

​

—

​

1,821.6

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 2022

​

​

​

​

​

Change in

​

Hedge ineffectiveness

​

Reclassified from

​

fair value

​

recognized in

​

hedging reserve

​

recognized in OCI

​

profit or loss*

​

to profit or loss**

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Foreign currency risk

​

​

​

​

​

Property, plant and equipment - aircraft additions

129.8

​

—

​

—

Fuel and oil operating expenses

110.5

​

—

​

3.2

GBP currency swaps

(9.6)

​

—

​

4.2

Interest rate risk

​

​

​

​

​

Variable-rate instruments

1.4

​

—

​

0.1

Commodity price risk

​

​

​

​

​

Fuel and carbon operating expenses

788.8

​

—

​

176.5

Total movement in derivative instruments

1,020.9

​

—

​

184.0

​

​

​

​

​

​

* Hedge ineffectiveness is classified within “Finance Expense” on the Consolidated Income Statement

** Reclassified from hedging reserve to income statement – Fuel & Oil Foreign Currency & Commodity are reclassified in Fuel and Oil; Variable rate instruments are reclassified to Finance expense

​

​

F-44

Table of Contents

The effective (gains)/losses arising on the hedging of aircraft capital expenditure are recognized as part of the capitalized cost of aircraft additions, within property, plant and equipment. The (gains)/losses arising on the hedging of interest rate swaps, commodity forward contracts and forward currency contracts (excluding aircraft capital expenditure) are recognized in the income statement when the hedged transaction occurs.

​

The following table indicates the amounts that were reclassified from other comprehensive income into the income statement, analyzed by income statement category, in respect of cash flow hedges realized during the year:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

​

​

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

​

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Commodity forward contracts

​

​

 

  

 

  

 

  

Reclassification adjustments for losses/(gains) recognized in fuel and oil operating expenses

​

​

 

71.8

 

1,557.5

 

176.5

Interest rate swaps

​

​

 

​

 

​

 

  

Reclassification adjustments for losses recognized in finance expense

​

​

 

3.6

 

2.9

 

0.1

Foreign currency forward contracts

​

​

 

​

 

​

 

  

Reclassification adjustments for losses/(gains) recognized in fuel and oil operating expenses

​

​

 

(4.2)

 

261.2

 

7.4

​

​

​

 

71.2

 

1,821.6

 

184.0

​

The following table indicates the amounts that were reclassified from other comprehensive income into the capitalized cost of aircraft additions within property, plant and equipment, in respect of cash flow hedges realized during the year:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

​

​

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

​

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Foreign currency forward contracts

​

​

 

  

 

  

 

  

Recognized in property plant and equipment – aircraft additions

​

​

 

(305.7)

 

(308.1)

 

78.1

​

​

​

 

(305.7)

 

(308.1)

 

78.1

​

​

F-45

Table of Contents

The following table sets out the fair values of the derivative financial instruments, as reported in the consolidated balance sheet, analyzed between those designated as continuing cash flow hedges and those where hedge accounting is no longer applied, along with the notional amounts.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

​

​

2024

​

​

2023

​

​

2022

​

​

Within

​

> 1 Year

​

​

​

​

Within

​

> 1 Year

​

​

​

​

Within

​

> 1 Year

​

​

​

​

1 Year 

​

(non—

​

​

​

​

1 Year 

​

(non—

​

​

​

​

1 Year

​

(non—

​

​

​

​

(current)

​

current)

​

Total

​

​

(current)

​

current)

​

Total

​

​

(current)

​

current)

​

Total

​

   

€M

   

€M

   

€M

  

  

€M

   

€M

   

€M

  

  

€M

   

€M

   

€M

Foreign currency risk notional amounts

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

for effective hedges

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

PP&E — aircraft additions

 

494.0

​

24.1

​

518.1

 

 

1,893.6

​

411.9

 

2,305.5

 

 

2,082.4

 

2,097.9

 

4,180.3

Fuel and oil operating expenses

 

3,701.7

​

423.7

​

4,125.4

 

 

3,979.4

​

791.6

 

4,771.0

 

 

2,151.8

 

—

 

2,151.8

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

— Within derivative financial assets

 

144.0

​

3.2

​

147.2

 

 

226.2

​

53.2

 

279.4

 

 

313.7

 

160.4

 

474.1

— Within derivative financial liabilities

 

—

​

(3.3)

​

(3.3)

 

 

(44.9)

​

(3.1)

 

(48.0)

 

 

(31.0)

 

—

 

(31.0)

​

 

144.0

 

(0.1)

 

143.9

 

 

181.3

 

50.1

 

231.4

 

 

282.7

 

160.4

 

443.1

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Interest rate risk notional amounts for effective hedges

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

Variable—rate instruments

 

—

​

—

 

—

 

 

16.4

​

15.6

 

32.0

 

 

12.1

 

31.4

 

43.5

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Total fair value for all interest rate risk related derivative instruments

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

— Within derivative financial assets

 

—

​

—

 

—

 

 

2.2

​

1.4

 

3.6

 

 

1.9

 

2.5

 

4.4

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Commodity price risk notional amounts for effective hedges

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

Fuel and carbon operating expenses

 

3,713.8

​

2.2

​

3,716.0

 

 

3,504.5

​

310.5

 

3,815.0

 

 

1,901.0

 

154.6

 

2,055.6

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Total fair value for all commodity fuel & carbon related derivative instruments:

 

  

 

  

​

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

— Within derivative financial assets

 

205.5

​

0.1

​

205.6

 

 

63.7

​

—

 

63.7

 

 

934.1

 

22.2

 

956.3

— Within derivative financial liabilities

 

(178.0)

​

(0.8)

​

(178.8)

 

 

(341.7)

​

(8.1)

 

(349.8)

 

 

(7.5)

 

—

 

(7.5)

​

 

27.5

 

(0.7)

 

26.8

 

 

(278.0)

 

(8.1)

 

(286.1)

 

 

926.6

 

22.2

 

948.8

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fair values as reported in the consolidated balance sheet

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

Derivative financial assets

 

349.5

​

3.3

​

352.8

 

 

292.1

​

54.6

 

346.7

 

 

1,400.4

 

185.1

 

1,585.5

Derivative financial liabilities

 

(178.0)

​

(4.1)

​

(182.1)

 

 

(386.6)

​

(11.2)

 

(397.8)

 

 

(38.6)

 

—

 

(38.6)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Derivative financial assets analyzed between those:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

— Designated as continuing cash flow hedges

 

322.6

​

3.3

​

325.9

 

 

292.1

​

54.6

 

346.7

 

 

1,208.6

 

185.1

 

1,393.7

— Where hedge accounting is no longer applied

 

26.9

​

—

​

26.9

 

 

—

​

—

 

—

 

 

41.2

 

—

 

41.2

— Designated as fair value financial instruments

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

​

150.6

​

—

​

150.6

​

 

349.5

 

3.3

 

352.8

 

 

292.1

 

54.6

 

346.7

 

 

1,400.4

 

185.1

 

1,585.5

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Derivative financial liabilities analyzed between those:

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

 

 

  

 

  

 

  

— Designated as continuing cash flow hedges

 

(178.0)

​

(4.1)

​

(182.1)

 

 

(386.6)

​

(11.2)

 

(397.8)

 

 

(7.5)

 

—

 

(7.5)

— Where hedge accounting is no longer applied

 

—

​

—

​

—

 

 

—

​

—

 

—

 

 

—

 

—

 

—

— Designated as fair value financial instruments

 

—

​

—

​

—

 

 

—

​

—

 

—

 

 

(31.1)

 

—

 

(31.1)

​

 

(178.0)

 

(4.1)

 

(182.1)

 

 

(386.6)

 

(11.2)

 

(397.8)

 

 

(38.6)

 

—

 

(38.6)

​

​

F-46

Table of Contents

12.         Deferred and current taxation

​

The components of the deferred and current taxation in the balance sheet are as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Current tax assets

​

​

​

​

​

​

Corporation tax assets

​

—

​

—

​

—

Total current tax assets

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Current tax liabilities

​

​

​

​

​

​

Corporation tax liabilities

​

66.6

​

66.3

​

47.7

Total current tax liabilities

​

66.6

​

66.3

​

47.7

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Deferred tax assets

​

​

​

​

​

​

Tax losses and temporary differences on plant, equipment and derivatives

​

(2.1)

​

(6.6)

​

(42.3)

Total deferred tax assets

​

(2.1)

​

(6.6)

​

(42.3)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Deferred tax liabilities

​

​

​

​

​

​

Temporary differences on property, plant and equipment and derivatives

​

362.0

​

159.3

​

266.5

Total deferred tax liabilities

​

362.0

​

159.3

​

266.5

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Reconciliation of current tax

​

​

​

​

​

​

Liability at beginning of year

 

66.3

​

47.7

 

48.1

Corporation tax charge/(credit) in year

 

49.4

​

22.7

 

(9.9)

Tax (paid)/received

 

(49.1)

​

(4.1)

 

9.5

Liability at end of year

 

66.6

 

66.3

 

47.7

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Reconciliation of deferred tax

​

​

​

​

​

​

Net liability at beginning of year

 

152.7

 

224.2

 

258.4

Temporary differences on derivatives hedging instruments

​

45.7

​

(177.5)

​

145.0

Tax losses and temporary differences on property, plant and equipment and other non-derivative items

​

161.5

​

106.0

​

(179.2)

Net liability at end of year

 

359.9

 

152.7

 

224.2

​

The components of the tax expense in the income statement were as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended

​

​

March 31, 

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Corporation tax charge/(credit)

 

49.4

 

22.7

 

(9.8)

Deferred tax charge/(credit) relating to temporary differences on property, plant and equipment, net operating losses and other non-derivative items

 

161.5

 

106.0

 

(179.2)

​

​

210.9

 

128.7

 

(189.0)

​

F-47

Table of Contents

The following table reconciles the statutory rate of Irish corporation tax to the Company’s effective corporation tax rate:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended

 

​

​

March 31, 

 

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

 

​

    

%

    

%

    

%

​

Statutory rate of Irish corporation tax on profit/(loss)

 

12.5

 

12.5

 

(12.5)

 

Non-Irish profits and losses subject to other tax rates

 

(2.4)

​

(4.3)

​

(21.3)

​

Valuation adjustments on deferred tax assets

 

—

​

0.3

​

(11.1)

 

Other movements

​

(0.2)

​

0.4

​

1.0

​

Total effective rate of taxation on profit/(loss)

 

9.9

 

8.9

 

(43.9)

​

​

The Group has applied the exception required by IAS 12 to recognising and disclosing information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes.

Many European jurisdictions (including Ireland, where the Group’s ultimate parent entity is based) have enacted laws to implement Pillar Two income taxes. These laws will apply to the Group from 1 April 2024. The extent to which Pillar Two taxes will impact the Group is dependent on how Pillar Two substance-based income exclusion (‘SBIE’) rules will apply to aircraft and flight crew. The OECD’s Inclusive Framework on Pillar Two has confirmed that it will give further consideration to SBIE rules for such assets and employees. The Group expects to be liable to Pillar Two taxes, and the extent of such liability cannot be fully estimated until further guidance on SBIE rules is published, however the impact of Pillar Two is not expected to be material.

​

The deferred tax movement per each type of temporary difference is detailed below:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended

​

​

March 31, 

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Property, plant and equipment

​

53.4

​

52.2

​

(149.7)

IFRS 15 transition adjustment

​

—

​

7.1

​

7.1

Net operating losses

​

108.0

​

46.7

​

(40.5)

Other

​

0.1

​

—

​

3.9

Deferred tax charge/(credit)

​

161.5

​

106.0

​

(179.2)

​

Deferred tax applicable to items charged or credited to other comprehensive income were as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Effective portion of changes in fair value of cash-flow hedges

 

48.7

​

66.6

​

117.7

Net change in fair value of cash-flow hedges transferred to property, plant and equipment

​

(11.8)

​

(16.4)

​

2.7

Net other changes in fair value of cash-flow hedges transferred to profit or loss

​

8.8

​

(227.7)

​

24.1

Total tax charge/(credit) in other comprehensive income

 

45.7

​

(177.5)

​

144.5

​

F-48

Table of Contents

The principal components of net deferred tax at each year-end were:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Arising on designated hedging instruments

​

18.2

​

(27.6)

​

149.8

Property, plant and equipment

​

367.1

​

313.8

​

261.7

Net operating losses

​

(25.4)

​

(133.5)

​

(180.2)

IFRS 15 transition adjustment

​

—

​

—

​

(7.1)

Total

 

359.9

 

152.7

 

224.2

​

Deferred tax assets are recognised on the basis that it is probable that sufficient future near-term profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences and losses carried forward may be utilised.  

​

The Group continues not to recognise a deferred tax asset in respect of approx. €240m of historic trading losses accrued in LaudaMotion GmBH.

​

No deferred tax has been provided for unremitted earnings of overseas subsidiaries. No temporary differences arise on the carrying value of the tax base of subsidiary companies as the Group’s trading subsidiaries are resident in countries with which Ireland has concluded double taxation agreements.

​

13.         Provisions

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

​

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Provision for aircraft maintenance on leased aircraft (a)

​

​

 

184.1

 

169.8

 

98.8

Provision for pension obligation (b)

​

​

 

—

 

4.5

 

4.5

​

​

​

 

184.1

 

174.3

 

103.3

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

    

At March 31, 

​

​

​

 

2024

    

2023

​

2022

(a) Provision for aircraft maintenance on leased aircraft

​

​

​

€M

 

€M

 

€M

At beginning of year

​

​

 

169.8

 

98.8

 

53.2

Increase in provision during the year

​

​

 

27.5

 

71.0

 

55.6

Utilization of provision upon the hand-back of aircraft

​

​

 

(13.2)

 

—

 

(10.0)

At end of year

​

​

 

184.1

 

169.8

 

98.8

​

During fiscal year 2024, the Company returned 2 Airbus A320 aircraft held under lease to the lessor (2023: 1; 2022: nil). During fiscal year 2024, the Company returned no Boeing 737 aircraft held under lease to the lessors (2023: nil; 2022: 3).

​

The expected timing of the outflows of economic benefits associated with the provision at March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Carrying

    

​

    

​

    

​

    

​

    

​

​

    

Value

    

2025

    

2026

    

2027

    

2028

    

Thereafter

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

At March 31, 2024

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Provision for leased aircraft maintenance

 

184.1

 

46.0

​

17.4

 

3.8

​

35.1

 

81.8

​

F-49

Table of Contents

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Carrying

    

​

    

​

    

​

    

​

    

​

​

    

Value

    

2024

    

2025

    

2026

    

2027

    

Thereafter

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

At March 31, 2023

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Provision for leased aircraft maintenance

 

169.8

 

19.8

​

30.1

 

10.4

 

5.4

 

104.1

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

    

Carrying

    

​

    

​

    

​

    

​

    

​

​

    

Value

    

2023

    

2024

    

2025

    

2026

    

Thereafter

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

At March 31, 2022

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Provision for leased aircraft maintenance

 

98.8

 

9.2

 

23.3

 

56.7

 

9.6

 

—

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

    

​

​

At March 31, 

​

 

​

​

2024

    

2023

    

2022

(b) Provision for pension obligation

​

​

​

€M

 

€M

 

€M

At beginning of year

 

​

​

4.5

 

4.5

 

4.5

Movement during the year

 

​

​

(4.5)

 

—

 

—

At end of year

 

​

​

—

 

4.5

 

4.5

​

See Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements for further details.

​

14.         Issued share capital, share premium account and share options

​

(a)Share capital

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

​

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Authorized/Share Capital reorganization

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

1,550,000,000 ordinary equity shares of 0.600 euro cent each

​

​

 

9.3

 

9.3

 

9.3

1,368,000,000 'B' Shares of 0.050 euro cent each

​

​

 

0.7

 

0.7

 

0.7

1,368,000,000 Deferred shares of 0.050 euro cent each

​

​

 

0.7

 

0.7

 

0.7

​

​

​

 

10.7

 

10.7

​

10.7

Allotted, called-up and partly paid:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

1,134,528,528 ordinary equity shares of 0.600 euro cent each

​

​

 

—

 

—

 

6.8

1,138,674,528 ordinary equity shares of 0.600 euro cent each

​

​

 

—

 

6.9

 

—

1,140,045,528 ordinary equity shares of 0.600 euro cent each

​

​

​

6.9

​

—

​

—

​

Movements in the share capital balance year-on-year principally relates to 1.4m new shares issued in fiscal year 2024, following the exercise of share options, (2023: 4.1m; 2022: 6.5m). There were no share buybacks, resulting in no cancelled shares, in fiscal year 2024 (2023: nil; 2022: nil). Ordinary equity shares do not confer on the holders thereof the specific right to be paid a dividend out of profits.

​

F-50

Table of Contents

(b)Share premium account

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

    

​

​

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

 

​

​

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Balance at beginning of year

 

​

​

1,379.9

 

1,328.2

 

1,161.6

Net proceeds from shares issued

​

​

​

16.4

​

31.7

​

46.8

Share premium receivable on shares issued

​

​

​

8.0

​

20.0

​

119.8

Balance at end of year

 

​

​

1,404.3

 

1,379.9

 

1,328.2

​

(c)Share options and share purchase arrangements

​

Option Plan 2013 allows employees or Directors to purchase shares in the Company up to an aggregate of approximately 5% (when aggregated with other ordinary shares over which options are granted and which have not yet been exercised) of the outstanding ordinary shares of Ryanair Holdings plc, subject to certain conditions. All grants are subject to approval by the Remuneration Committee. These are exercisable at a price equal to the market price of the ordinary shares at the time options are granted. The key terms of these option plans include the requirement that certain employees remain in employment with the Company for a specified period of time and that the Company achieves certain net profit targets and/or share price targets. At the 2019 AGM, shareholders approved LTIP 2019. LTIP 2019 replaces Option Plan 2013 for all future share based remuneration grants. There were approximately 2.4m cumulative conditional ordinary shares granted under LTIP 2019 at March 31, 2024.

​

Details of the share options outstanding are set out below:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Share

​

Weighted Avg.

​

    

​

​

​

​

Options

    

Exercise

​

     

​

​

​

​

M

     

Price (€)

Outstanding at March 31, 2021

 

​

​

​

​

30.0

​

9.83

Granted

 

​

​

​

​

—

​

—

Forfeited

 

​

​

​

​

(0.7)

​

12.98

Exercised

​

​

​

​

​

(6.5)

​

7.23

Outstanding at March 31, 2022

 

​

​

​

​

22.8

​

10.57

Granted

 

​

​

​

​

—

​

—

Forfeited

​

​

​

​

​

—

​

—

Exercised

 

​

​

​

​

(4.1)

​

7.64

Outstanding at March 31, 2023

 

​

​

​

​

18.7

​

11.24

Granted

​

​

​

​

​

—

​

—

Forfeited

​

​

​

​

​

(0.7)

​

11.12

Exercised

​

​

​

​

​

(1.4)

​

12.00

Outstanding at March 31, 2024

 

​

​

​

​

16.6

​

11.18

​

The mid-market price of Ryanair Holdings plc’s ordinary shares on Euronext Dublin at March 31, 2024 was €21.06 (2023: €14.95; 2022: €13.59). The highest and lowest prices at which the Company’s shares traded on Euronext Dublin in fiscal year 2024 were €21.49 and €13.96 respectively (fiscal year 2023 were €15.76 and €10.09 respectively; fiscal year 2022 were €18.45 and €11.83 respectively). There were 0.2m options exercisable at March 31, 2024 (2023: 1.7m; 2022: 4.3m). The average share price for fiscal year 2024 was €17.09 (2023: €13.20; 2022: €16.08).  

​

There were 1.4m options exercised during fiscal year 2024 (2023: 4.1m; 2022: 6.5m).

​

F-51

Table of Contents

At March 31, 2024 the range of exercise prices and weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding options are shown in the table below.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

No.

​

Remaining

​

​

​

​

Exercise

​

options

​

contractual

​

​

​

​

price

​

outstanding

​

life

​

​

​

​

€

​

M

     

(years)

Unvested

​

​

​

11.12

​

16.0

​

4.9

Vested

​

​

​

11.12

​

0.5

​

1.9

Vested

​

​

​

12.00

​

0.1

​

0.4

Weighted average

​

​

​

11.18

​

16.6

​

4.7

​

The Company has accounted for its share option and LTIP grants to employees at fair value, in accordance with IFRS 2, using a binomial lattice model to value the option grants. This has resulted in a credit of approximately €4m to the income statement (2023: charge of €16m; 2022: charge of €9m) being recognized within the income statement in accordance with employee services rendered.

​

A blend of the historical and implied volatilities of the Company’s own ordinary shares is used to determine expected volatility for share options granted. The weighted-average volatility is determined by calculating the weighted-average of volatilities for all share options granted in a given year. The expected term of share option grants represents the weighted-average period the awards are expected to remain outstanding. The service period is five years in relation to share options and three years in relation to LTIP conditional share grants.

​

15.         Other reserves

​

The total share-based payments reserve at March 31, 2024 was approximately €34m (2023: €41m; 2022: €31m). The total cash flow hedge reserve amounted to positive €266m at March 31, 2024 (2023: positive €31m; 2022: positive €1,295m). Further details of the Group’s derivatives are set out in Note 11 of the consolidated financial statements.

​

16.         Analysis of operating revenues and segmental analysis

​

The Group determines and presents operating segments based on the information that internally is provided to the Group CEO, who is the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM).

​

The Group comprises five separate airlines, Buzz, Lauda Europe (“Lauda”), Malta Air, Ryanair DAC and Ryanair UK (which is consolidated within Ryanair DAC). Ryanair DAC is reported as a separate segment as it exceeds the applicable quantitative thresholds for reporting purposes. Buzz, Malta Air and Lauda do not individually exceed the quantitative thresholds and accordingly are presented on an aggregate basis as they exhibit similar economic characteristics and their services, activities and operations are sufficiently similar in nature. The results of these operations are included as ‘Other Airlines.’ Due to a change in the composition of reportable segments in fiscal year 2024, comparative tables have been updated in accordance with IFRS 8.

​

The CODM assesses the performance of the business based on the profit after tax of each airline for the reporting period. Resource allocation decisions for all airlines are based on airline performance for the relevant period, with the objective in making these resource allocation decisions being to optimise consolidated financial results.

​

F-52

Table of Contents

Reportable segment information is presented as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 2024

​

​

​

​

Ryanair DAC

​

Other Airlines

​

Elimination

​

Total

​

​

​

     

€M

​

€M

​

€M

     

€M

Scheduled revenue

​

​

​

9,037.7

​

107.4

​

—

​

9,145.1

Ancillary revenue

​

​

​

4,298.7

​

—

​

—

​

4,298.7

Inter-segment revenue

​

​

​

744.6

​

1,366.1

​

(2,110.7)

​

—

Segment revenue

​

​

     

14,081.0

​

1,473.5

​

(2,110.7)

     

13,443.8

​

​

​

     

​

​

​

​

​

     

​

Reportable segment profit after income tax

​

​

​

1,860.0

​

57.1

​

—

​

1,917.1

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Other segment information:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Depreciation

​

​

​

(1,018.0)

​

(41.5)

​

—

​

(1,059.5)

Finance expense

​

​

​

(74.7)

​

(8.3)

​

—

​

(83.0)

Finance income

​

​

​

144.8

​

—

​

—

​

144.8

Capital expenditure

​

​

​

(1,926.6)

​

(42.7)

​

—

​

(1,969.3)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Reportable segment assets

 

​

 

16,867.5

​

308.1

​

—

 

17,175.6

Reportable segment liabilities

 

​

 

8,948.7

​

612.7

​

—

 

9,561.4

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 2023

​

​

​

​

Ryanair DAC

​

Other Airlines

​

Elimination

​

Total

​

​

​

     

€M

​

€M

​

€M

     

€M

Scheduled revenue

​

​

​

6,843.4

​

86.9

​

—

​

6,930.3

Ancillary revenue

​

​

​

3,844.9

​

—

​

—

​

3,844.9

Inter-segment revenue

​

​

​

759.4

​

1,294.5

​

(2,053.9)

​

—

Segment revenue

​

​

     

11,447.7

​

1,381.4

​

(2,053.9)

     

10,775.2

​

​

​

     

​

​

​

​

​

     

​

Reportable segment profit after income tax (i)

​

​

​

1,382.3

​

45.7

​

—

​

1,428.0

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Other segment information:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Depreciation

​

​

​

(876.6)

​

(46.6)

​

—

​

(923.2)

Finance expense

​

​

​

(70.2)

​

(6.6)

​

—

​

(76.8)

Finance income

​

​

​

42.4

​

—

​

—

​

42.4

Capital expenditure

​

​

​

(1,760.1)

​

(153.0)

​

—

​

(1,913.1)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Reportable segment assets

​

​

 

15,920.4

​

485.5

​

—

 

16,405.9

Reportable segment liabilities

​

​

 

9,914.7

​

848.2

​

—

 

10,762.9

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 2022

​

​

​

​

Ryanair DAC

​

Other Airlines

​

Elimination

​

Total

​

​

​

     

€M

​

€M

​

€M

     

€M

Scheduled revenue

​

​

​

2,616.1

​

36.4

​

—

​

2,652.5

Ancillary revenue

​

​

​

2,148.4

​

—

​

—

​

2,148.4

Inter-segment revenue

​

​

​

698.5

​

1,086.3

​

(1,784.8)

​

—

Segment revenue

​

​

     

5,463.0

​

1,122.7

​

(1,784.8)

     

4,800.9

​

​

​

     

​

​

​

​

​

     

​

Reportable segment (loss)/profit after income tax (i)

​

​

​

(354.7)

​

(0.3)

​

—

​

(355.0)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Other segment information:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Depreciation

​

​

​

(660.1)

​

(59.3)

​

—

​

(719.4)

Finance expense

​

​

​

(87.8)

​

(3.6)

​

—

​

(91.4)

Finance income

​

​

​

—

​

—

​

—

​

—

Capital expenditure

​

​

​

(1,527.8)

​

(5.0)

​

—

​

(1,532.8)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Reportable segment assets

 

​

 

14,832.1

​

317.7

​

—

 

15,149.8

Reportable segment liabilities

 

​

 

8,879.3

​

725.2

​

—

 

9,604.5

(i)Reportable segment profit after income tax in the financial year ended March 31, 2023, excludes a net exceptional loss after tax of €114m, attributable to the fair value measurement of jet fuel call options. Reportable segment (loss)/profit after income tax in the financial year ended March 31, 2022, excludes a net exceptional gain after tax of €114m, attributable to the fair value measurement of jet fuel call options.

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Table of Contents

Entity-wide disclosures:

​

Disaggregation of revenues

​

The following table disaggregates total revenue by primary geographical market. In accordance with IFRS 8, revenue by country of origin has been provided where revenue for that country is in excess of 10% of total revenue. Ireland is presented as it represents the country of domicile. “Other” includes all other countries in which the Group has operations.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended

​

​

​

​

March 31, 

​

     

​

​

2024

     

2023

     

2022

​

 

​

​

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Italy

​

​

​

2,853.3

​

2,364.5

​

1,188.8

Spain

​

​

​

2,416.2

​

1,883.4

​

873.8

United Kingdom

 

​

​

2,031.0

 

1,589.7

 

564.0

Ireland

​

​

​

791.0

​

640.4

​

229.6

Other

 

​

​

5,352.3

 

4,297.2

 

1,944.7

Total revenue

 

​

​

13,443.8

 

10,775.2

 

4,800.9

​

Ancillary revenues comprise revenues from non-flight scheduled operations, in-flight sales and internet-related services. Non-flight scheduled revenue arises from the sale of priority boarding, allocated seats, car hire, travel insurance, airport transfers, room reservations and other sources, including excess baggage charges and other fees, all directly attributable to the low-fares business.

The vast majority of ancillary revenue is recognized at a point in time, which is typically the flight date. The economic factors that would impact the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows associated with the provision of passenger travel-related ancillary services are homogeneous across the various component categories within ancillary revenue. Accordingly, there is no further disaggregation of ancillary revenue required in accordance with IFRS 15.

All of the Group’s operating profits/(losses) arise from lowfares airline-related activities. The major revenue earning assets of the Group are its aircraft. Since the Group’s aircraft fleet is flexibly employed across its route network in Europe, there is no suitable basis of allocating such assets and related liabilities to geographical segments.

​

17.         Staff numbers and costs

​

The average weekly number of staff, including the Executive Director, during the year, analyzed by category, was as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended

​

​

​

​

March 31, 

​

​

​

     

2024

     

2023

     

2022

Flight and cabin crew

​

​

 

21,602

 

18,432

 

15,289

Sales, operations, management and administration

​

​

 

2,896

 

2,365

 

1,958

Average

​

​

 

24,498

 

20,797

 

17,247

​

At March 31, 2024 the Company had a team of 27,076 aviation professionals (2023: 22,261; 2022: 19,116).

​

F-54

Table of Contents

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

The aggregate payroll costs of these persons were as follows:

​

​

​

Year ended

​

​

​

​

March 31, 

​

     

​

​

2024

     

2023

     

2022

​

​

​

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Staff and related costs

 

​

​

1,335.4

 

1,085.4

 

641.1

Social welfare costs

 

​

​

156.1

 

80.8

 

32.5

Other pension costs (a)

 

​

​

12.4

 

9.0

 

7.9

Share based payments

 

​

​

(3.9)

 

16.2

 

8.6

​

 

​

​

1,500.0

 

1,191.4

 

690.1

​

(a)Costs in respect of defined-contribution benefit plans and other pension arrangements were €12m in 2024 (2023: €9m; 2022: €8m).

​

Staff costs capitalized into assets (and therefore excluded from the table above) during the fiscal year 2024 amounted to €58m (2023: €36m; 2022: €28m).

​

Government grants and assistance

​

During recent years, many European countries in which the Ryanair Group operates made available payroll support schemes. The Ryanair Group utilized a number of these employment retention schemes to protect jobs within the Group. These schemes were a mix of short term Covid-19 specific programs and longterm schemes linked to social security that existed pre Covid-19. The total amount of payroll supports received by the Group under the various schemes amounted to €nil in fiscal year 2024 (2023: €nil; 2022: €82m) and are offset against staff costs in the consolidated income statement. Such supports wound down significantly in the second half of fiscal year 2022.

​

In April 2020, the Group raised £600m unsecured debt for general corporate purposes under the HMT and Bank of England CCFF. The 0.44% interest rate was the prevailing rate for strong BBB rated companies. This debt was extended in March 2021 for a further 12 months at a 0.46% interest rate. In October 2021 the Group repaid the £600m HMT and Bank of England CCFF in full.

​

There are no unfulfilled conditions attaching to government assistance at March 31, 2024.

​

F-55

Table of Contents

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

18. Statutory and other information

​

Year ended

​

​

March 31, 

​

     

2024

     

2023

     

2022

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Directors’ emoluments:

​

​

​

​

​

​

-Fees

 

1.1

 

0.6

 

0.6

-Share based compensation

 

3.1

 

1.9

 

1.9

-Other emoluments

 

1.8

 

0.9

 

1.0

Total Directors’ emoluments

 

6.0

 

3.4

 

3.5

Auditor’s remuneration (including reimbursement of outlay):

​

​

​

​

​

​

- Audit services (i)

 

0.9

 

0.8

 

0.6

- Audit related assurance services

​

0.0

​

0.0

​

0.0

- Other assurance services

​

0.2

​

0.0

​

0.1

- Tax advisory services (ii)

 

0.1

 

0.1

 

0.0

Total fees

 

1.2

 

0.9

 

0.7

Included within the above total fees, the following fees were payable to other PwC (2022: KPMG) firms outside of Ireland:

​

​

​

​

​

​

- Audit services (i)

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

0.1

- Audit related services

 

0.0

 

0.0

 

0.0

- Tax advisory services (ii)

 

0.1

 

0.1

 

0.0

Total fees

 

0.1

 

0.1

 

0.1

Depreciation of owned property, plant and equipment

 

994.3

 

839.2

 

664.8

​

(i)Audit services comprise audit work performed on the consolidated financial statements, including statutory financial statements of subsidiary entities. In fiscal year 2024 €1,000 (2023: €1,000; 2022: €1,000) of audit fees relate to the audit of the Parent Company.
(ii)Tax services include all services, except those services specifically related to the audit of financial statements, performed by the independent auditor’s tax personnel, supporting tax-related regulatory requirements, and tax compliance and reporting.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

(a)  Fees and emoluments - Executive Director

​

Year ended

​

​

March 31, 

​

     

2024

     

2023

     

2022

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Basic salary

 

1.20

 

0.50

 

0.50

Bonus (performance and target-related)

 

0.59

​

0.43

​

0.48

​

​

1.79

​

0.93

​

0.98

Non-cash technical accounting share based compensation charge (i)

 

2.89

 

1.78

 

1.78

​

 

4.68

 

2.71

 

2.76

​

(i)2024 includes a €2.89m (2023: €1.78m; 2022: €1.78m) non-cash, technical accounting charge for 10m unvested share options granted under the Group CEO’s contract in February 2019 (as extended to July 2028 in fiscal year 2023).

​

During the years ended March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 Michael O'Leary was the only Executive Director.

​

F-56

Table of Contents

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

(b)  Fees and emoluments – Non-Executive Directors

​

Year ended

​

​

March 31, 

​

     

2024

     

2023

     

2022

​

 

€'000

 

€'000

 

€'000

Fees

​

​

​

​

​

​

Eamonn Brennan

​

75.0

​

—

​

—

Róisín Brennan

​

100.0

​

50.0

​

50.0

Michael Cawley

​

75.0

 

50.0

 

50.0

Emer Daly

​

75.0

​

50.0

​

50.0

Geoff Doherty (i)

​

88.7

​

50.0

​

25.0

Bertrand Grabowski (ii)

​

37.5

​

—

​

—

Elisabeth Köstinger

​

75.0

​

—

​

—

Stan McCarthy

​

150.0

​

100.0

​

100.0

Howard Millar

 

75.0

 

50.0

 

50.0

Dick Milliken (iii)

 

45.6

 

50.0

 

50.0

Roberta Neri (iv)

​

12.5

​

—

​

—

Anne Nolan (v)

​

75.0

​

16.7

​

—

Mike O’Brien

 

100.0

 

75.0

 

75.0

Julie O’Neill (vi)

 

—

 

25.0

 

50.0

Louise Phelan

 

100.0

 

50.0

 

50.0

​

 

1,084.3

 

566.7

 

550.0

Emoluments

​

​

​

​

​

​

Share based compensation

 

200.0

 

72.5

 

80.1

Total

 

1,284.3

 

639.2

 

630.1

​

(i) Appointed Chair of the Audit Committee in September 2023. (ii) Joined in October 2023. (iii) Retired from the Board and as Chair of the Audit Committee in September 2023. (iv) Joined in February 2024. (v) Joined in December 2022. (vi) Retired in September 2022.

​

In fiscal year 2024 the Company incurred total share-based (non-cash) compensation expense of €3m (2023: €2m; 2022: €2m) in relation to Directors.

​

(c)  Pension benefits

From October 1, 2008, Michael O’Leary was no longer an active member of a Company defined benefit plan. The total accumulated accrued benefit for Mr. O’Leary at March 31, 2024 was €0.1m (2023: €0.1m; 2022: €0.1m).  Pension benefits have been computed in accordance with Section 6.1 of the Listing Rules of Euronext Dublin. Increases in transfer values of the accrued benefits have been calculated as at the year-end in accordance with version 1.1 of Actuarial Standard of Practice PEN-11.

​

Mr. O’Leary is a member of a defined contribution plan. During the years ended March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 the Company did not make contributions to the defined contribution plan for Mr. O’Leary.  No Non-Executive Directors are members of the Company pension plans or received pension contributions in fiscal years ended March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

​

19.Finance expense and finance income

Finance expense of €83m (2023: €77m; 2022: €91m) primarily relates to interest on debt obligations. Finance income of €145m (2023: €42m; 2022: €nil) primarily relates to deposit interest.

​

​

F-57

Table of Contents

20.Retirement benefits

​

Defined contribution schemes

​

At March 31, 2024 the Company operates defined-contribution retirement plans in Ireland and the UK.

The costs of these plans are charged to the consolidated income statement in the period in which they are incurred. The pension cost of these defined contribution plans was €12m in fiscal year 2024 (2023: €9m; 2022: €8m).

​

Defined-benefit schemes

​

During fiscal year 2016 the Company closed the defined benefit plan for UK employees to future accruals. The net pension asset recognized in the consolidated balance sheet for the scheme at March 31, 2024 was €3m (2023: net pension liability of €4m; 2022: net pension liability of €4m). Costs associated with the scheme during fiscal year 2024 were €nil (2023: €nil; 2022 €nil).

The amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheet in respect of defined benefit plans are as follows:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Present value of benefit obligations

 

(13.3)

 

(14.9)

 

(14.9)

Fair value of plan assets

 

16.4

 

10.4

 

10.4

Present value of net obligations

 

3.1

 

(4.5)

 

(4.5)

Related deferred tax (liability)/asset

 

(0.4)

 

0.6

 

0.6

Net pension asset/(liability)

 

2.7

 

(3.9)

 

(3.9)

​

​

21.      Earnings/(Loss) per share

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended March 31,

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

Basic earnings/(loss) per ordinary share (€)

 

1.6828

 

1.1557

 

(0.2130)

Diluted earnings/(loss) per ordinary share (€)

 

1.6743

 

1.1529

 

(0.2130)

Number of ordinary shares (in Ms) used for EPS (weighted average)

 

​

 

  

 

  

Basic

 

1,139.2

 

1,136.8

 

1,130.5

Diluted

 

1,145.0

 

1,139.6

 

1,130.5

​

Details of share options in issue have been described more fully in Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements. See below for explanation of diluted number of ordinary shares.

Diluted earnings per share takes account solely of the potential future exercise of share options and conditional shares granted under the Company’s share option and LTIP 2019 schemes. For fiscal year 2022, due to the loss-making position, share options are anti-dilutive in accordance with IAS 33 and therefore are not assumed to be converted. For fiscal year 2024, the weighted average number of shares in issue of 1,145m (2023: 1,140m) includes weighted average share options assumed to be converted, and equal to a total of 6m (2023: 3m) shares.

​

The average market value of the Company’s shares for the purpose of calculating the dilutive effect of the share options was based on quoted market prices for the year during which the options were outstanding.

​

​

F-58

Table of Contents

​

22.         Commitments and contingencies

​

Commitments

​

In September 2014, the Group agreed to purchase up to 200 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft (100 firm orders and 100 subject to option) from The Boeing Company over a five year period originally due to commence in fiscal year 2020 (the “2014 Boeing Contract”). This agreement was approved at an EGM of Ryanair Holdings plc on November 28, 2014. Subsequently, the Group agreed to purchase an additional 10 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft bringing the total number of Boeing 737-8200 aircraft on order to 210 (assuming all options are exercised). In April 2018, the Company announced that it had converted 25 Boeing 737-8200 options into firm orders bringing the Company’s firm order to 135 Boeing 737-8200s with a further 75 options remaining. In December 2020, shortly after the FAA's ungrounding of the Boeing 737-MAX aircraft in the U.S., the Company announced that it had converted its remaining 75 Boeing 737-8200 options into firm orders bringing the Company’s firm order to 210 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft. Following certification of the Boeing 737-8200 by the FAA in late March 2021, and EASA in early April 2021, the Group took delivery of its first Boeing 737-8200 in June 2021 and had 146 of these aircraft in its fleet at March 31, 2024. Deliveries are expected to continue until the end of fiscal year 2025.

​

In May 2023, the Group agreed to purchase up to 300 Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft (150 firm orders and 150 subject to option) from the Boeing Company for delivery between 2027 and 2033. This agreement received shareholder approval at the Company’s AGM in September 2023.

​

The table below includes the future Purchase Obligations for firm aircraft purchases under the existing 2014 and 2023 Boeing Contracts. This table is calculated by multiplying the number of firm aircraft the Group is obligated to purchase under its agreements with Boeing during the relevant period by the standard list price of approximately U.S. $102.5m for each Boeing 737-8200 aircraft and U.S.$135m for each Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft, adjusted for (i) basic credits (approximately 60% of the standard list price); (ii) price escalation over the original scheduled delivery timeframe; and (iii) advance payments paid in prior fiscal years. The dollar-denominated obligations are converted into euro at the year-end exchange rate of U.S. $1.0793 = €1.00. The Group is eligible for further customer specific credits, reflective, inter alia, of its longstanding partnership with Boeing, its launch customer status for both the Boeing 737-8200 aircraft and the Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft, its commitment to purchase 210 Boeing 737-8200 aircraft under the 2014 Boeing Contract and up to 300 Boeing 737-MAX-10 aircraft under the 2023 Boeing Contract and the delayed commencement of Boeing 737-8200 aircraft deliveries. These customer specific credits are not included in the table below but will reduce the average amount payable per aircraft, and therefore, the Group’s obligations due under the 2014 Boeing Contract and 2023 Boeing Contract. The Group considers that Boeing customer specific credits are not material to the Group’s cash outflows over the time horizon of the 2014 Boeing Contract or the time horizon of the 2023 Boeing Contract. Under the terms of the 2014 Boeing Contract and 2023 Boeing Contract, the Group is required to make periodic advance payments of the purchase price for aircraft it has agreed to purchase over the two-year period preceding the scheduled delivery of aircraft with the balance of the purchase price being due at the time of delivery. Purchase Obligations detailed below are based on an agreed delivery schedule as of March 31, 2024.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Obligations Due by Period

Purchase Obligations

​

Total

​

<1 year

​

1-2 years

​

2-5 years

​

After 5 years

​

    

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

​

€M

Purchase contracts with Boeing

 

11,653

 

2,162

​

186

​

3,889

​

5,416

​

​

​

F-59

Table of Contents

Contingencies

​

The Company is engaged in litigation arising in the ordinary course of its business. Although no assurance can be given as to the outcome of any current or pending litigation, management does not believe that any such litigation will, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the results of operations or financial condition of the Company, except as described below. Since 2002, the European Commission has examined the agreements between Ryanair and various airports to establish whether they constituted illegal state aid. In many cases, the European Commission has concluded that the agreements did not constitute state aid. In other cases, Ryanair has successfully challenged the European Commission finding that there was state aid. In 2014, the European Commission announced findings of state aid to Ryanair in its arrangements with Pau, Nimes, Angouleme, Altenburg and Zweibrücken airports, ordering Ryanair to repay a total of approximately €10m of alleged aid. In 2016, the European Commission announced findings of state aid to Ryanair in its arrangements with Cagliari and Klagenfurt, ordering Ryanair to repay approximately €13m of alleged aid. Ryanair appealed these “aid” decisions to the EU General Court. In 2018, the General Court upheld the Commission’s findings regarding Ryanair’s arrangements with Pau, Nimes, Angouleme and Altenburg airports, and overturned the Commission’s finding regarding Ryanair’s arrangement with Zweibrücken airport. Ryanair appealed the negative findings to the Court of Justice of the EU but in 2019 Ryanair discontinued these appeals as the Court had refused to grant an oral hearing in any of the cases. The appeal before the General Court regarding Ryanair’s arrangements with Cagliari airport has been discontinued following the European Commission’s withdrawal of its decision in 2023 as a result of a General Court ruling in a related case. In 2021, the General Court upheld the European Commission’s finding regarding Ryanair’s arrangements with Klagenfurt airport. Ryanair appealed this negative finding to the Court of Justice of the EU in 2021 and received a ruling in 2023 where the European Commission’s finding was upheld. In 2019, the European Commission announced findings of state aid to Ryanair in its arrangements with Montpellier airport, ordering Ryanair to repay a total of approximately €9m of alleged aid. Ryanair appealed the Montpellier “aid” decision in 2021 to the EU General Court and received a judgment in 2023 upholding the European Commission’s finding.  Ryanair appealed the General Court judgment to the European Court of Justice. In 2022, the European Commission announced findings of state aid to Ryanair in its arrangements with La Rochelle airport, ordering Ryanair to repay a total of approximately €8.4m of alleged aid. Ryanair has appealed this finding of state aid to the General Court. Ryanair is facing similar legal challenges with respect to agreements with certain other airports, notably Carcassonne, Girona, Reus, Târgu Mureș, Beziers and Frankfurt (Hahn). These investigations are ongoing (as is the European Commission’s re-examination of the Cagliari case following its withdrawal in March 2023 of the 2016 “aid” decision), and Ryanair currently expects that they will conclude in 2024, with any European Commission decisions appealable to the EU General Court. Ryanair is also facing an allegation in a German court case launched by Lufthansa in 2006 that it has benefited from unlawful state aid in relation to its arrangements with Frankfurt (Hahn). Adverse rulings in the above or similar cases could be used as precedents by competitors to challenge Ryanair’s agreements with other publicly owned airports and could cause Ryanair to strongly reconsider its growth strategy in relation to public or state-owned airports across Europe. This could in turn lead to a scaling back of Ryanair’s growth strategy due to the smaller number of privately owned airports available for development. No assurance can be given as to the outcome of these proceedings, nor as to whether any unfavorable outcomes may, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the results of operations or financial condition of the Company.

​

In mid-2023, the Spanish Ministry of Consumer Affairs launched sanctioning proceedings against Ryanair and several other airlines regarding cabin baggage and other customer policies. The Company filed submissions with the Ministry explaining that its policies are fair, necessary for operational and safety purposes, and fully transparent. In May 2024, the Ministry ordered the discontinuation of these policies and imposed substantial fines on Ryanair and other airlines (a cumulative total of approx. €150 million). These decisions are subject to review by the Minister of Consumer Affairs, which is expected to conclude between June and September 2024, with any final decisions appealable to courts. Ryanair intends to fully defend its position with reference to its rights under Spanish and EU law, as well as positive court rulings in similar matters, but the outcome of these proceedings cannot be guaranteed.

F-60

Table of Contents

23.         Note to cash flow statement

​

The following table outlines the changes in the carrying value of net cash/(debt):

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Net cash/(debt) at beginning of year

 

558.8

 

(1,451.6)

 

(2,276.5)

Changes from financing cashflows

​

​

​

​

​

​

Increase in cash and cash equivalents in year, including net foreign exchange differences

 

276.1

 

930.3

 

18.3

(Decrease)/increase in financial assets: cash > 3 months

 

(818.4)

 

122.1

 

468.6

(Decrease) in restricted cash

 

(13.1)

 

(3.2)

 

(11.4)

Net cash flow from decrease in debt

 

1,143.2

 

1,085.7

 

583.3

Movement in net funds resulting from cash flows

 

587.8

 

2,134.9

 

1,058.8

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Other changes

​

​

​

​

​

​

Translation on U.S. dollar denominated debt

​

16.2

​

0.9

​

(4.2)

Promissory notes

​

213.5

​

—

​

(225.9)

Lease additions

​

—

​

(122.1)

​

—

Interest expense

​

(3.5)

​

(3.3)

​

(3.8)

Movement from other changes

​

226.2

​

(124.5)

​

(233.9)

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Net cash/(debt) at end of year

 

1,372.8

 

558.8

 

(1,451.6)

Analyzed as:

 

  

 

  

 

  

Cash and cash equivalents, cash > 3 months and restricted cash

 

4,119.6

 

4,675.0

 

3,625.8

Total borrowings*

 

(2,746.8)

 

(4,116.2)

 

(5,077.4)

Net cash/(debt)

 

1,372.8

 

558.8

 

(1,451.6)

​

*Total borrowings include current and non-current maturities of debt and current and non-current lease liabilities.

​

The following table outlines the changes in the carrying value of share premium:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31, 

​

​

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

​

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Balance at beginning of year

​

​

 

1,379.9

 

1,328.2

 

1,161.6

Changes from financing cashflows

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Net proceeds from shares issued

​

​

 

16.4

 

31.7

 

46.8

Share premium receivable on shares issued

​

​

​

8.0

​

20.0

​

119.8

Movement in net funds resulting from cash flows

​

​

 

24.4

 

51.7

 

166.6

Balance at end of year

​

​

 

1,404.3

 

1,379.9

 

1,328.2

​

​

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Table of Contents

The following table outlines the changes in liabilities arising from financing activities:

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

At March 31,

​

​

​

    

2024

    

2023

    

2022

​

​

​

 

€M

 

€M

 

€M

Balance at beginning of year

​

​

​

(4,116.2)

​

(5,077.4)

​

(5,426.8)

Proceeds from borrowings

​

​

​

—

​

—

​

(1,192.0)

Repayments of borrowings

​

​

​

1,100.5

​

1,039.4

​

1,722.3

Lease liabilities paid

​

​

​

42.7

​

46.3

​

53.0

Lease additions

​

​

​

—

​

(122.1)

​

—

Interest expense

​

​

​

(3.5)

​

(3.3)

​

(3.8)

Foreign exchange

​

​

​

16.2

​

0.9

​

(4.2)

Promissory notes

​

​

​

213.5

​

—

​

(225.9)

Balance at end of year

​

​

​

(2,746.8)

​

(4,116.2)

​

(5,077.4)

Less than one year

​

​

​

(89.4)

​

(1,099.9)

​

(1,281.4)

More than one year

​

​

​

(2,657.4)

​

(3,016.3)

​

(3,796.0)

​

​

​

​

(2,746.8)

​

(4,116.2)

​

(5,077.4)

​

​

​

​

24.         Shareholder returns

​

An interim dividend of approx. €200m (€0.175 per share) was paid in February 2024. The Board is recommending the payment of a final dividend of approx. €200m (€0.178 per share), subject to AGM approval in September 2024.

​

There were no shareholder returns during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 or March 31, 2022.

​

25.       Post-balance sheet events

​

In May 2024, the Company announced and launched a €700m share buyback program (including Ordinary Shares underlying ADRs).

​

26.         Subsidiary undertakings and related party transactions

​

The following are the principal subsidiary undertakings within the Ryanair Group.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

    

​

​

Registered

​

Nature of

Name

 

% Held in ordinary shares

​

Office

​

Business

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Buzz (Ryanair Sun S.A.)

​

100

​

21 Cybernetyki Street, 02-677 Warsaw, Poland

​

Airline operator

Lauda Europe Limited

​

100

​

191, Level 3, Triq Marina, Pieta' PTA 9041, Malta

​

Airline operator

Malta Air Limited

​

100

​

191, Level 3, Triq Marina, Pieta’ PTA 9041, Malta

​

Airline operator

Ryanair DAC

​

100

​

Airside Business Park, Swords, Co. Dublin, Ireland

​

Airline operator

Ryanair UK Limited

​

100

​

Enterprise House, 2nd Floor, London Stansted Airport, England

​

Airline operator

​

Pursuant to Sections 314-316 of the Companies Act 2014, a full list of subsidiary undertakings will be annexed to the Company’s Annual Return to be filed with the Companies Registration Office in Ireland.

F-62

Table of Contents

In accordance with the basis of consolidation policy, as described in Note 1 of these consolidated financial statements, the subsidiary undertakings referred to above have been consolidated in the financial statements of Ryanair Holdings plc for the years ended March 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

​

The total amount of remuneration paid to senior key management (defined as the Executive team reporting to the Board of Directors, together with all Non-Executive Directors) amounted to €16.5m in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 (2023: €11.8m; 2022: €11.3m).

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Year ended

​

​

March 31, 

​

​

2024

​

2023

​

2022

​

    

€M

    

€M

    

€M

Basic salary and bonus

 

8.7

​

7.3

​

6.8

Pension contributions

 

0.2

​

0.2

​

0.2

Non-executive directors’ fees

​

1.1

​

0.6

​

0.6

​

​

10.0

​

8.1

​

7.6

Share-based compensation expense (non-cash technical accounting charge)

 

6.5

​

3.7

​

3.7

​

 

16.5

 

11.8

 

11.3

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

27.         Date of approval

​

The consolidated financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors of the Company on June 26, 2024.

​

​

​

​

F-63

Table of Contents

​

APPENDIX A (Unaudited)

​

GLOSSARY

​

Ancillary Revenue per booked passenger

Represents the average revenue earned per booked passenger flown from ancillary services.

​

Available seat miles (ASM)

Represents total seats available during the period multiplied by the average sector length.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Seats available

194.3m

179.9m

117.3m

38.7m

155.7m

Average sector length (miles) – See page 3

780

766

772

776

761

Available seat miles (ASM)

152bn

138bn

91bn

30bn

118bn

​

Average Booked Passenger Fare

Represents the average fare paid by a fare-paying passenger who has booked a ticket.

​

Average Daily Flight Hour Utilization

Represents the average number of flight hours flown in service per day per aircraft for the total fleet of operated aircraft.

​

Average Fuel Cost per U.S. Gallon

Represents the average cost per U.S. gallon of jet fuel for the fleet (including fueling and carbon charges) after giving effect to fuel hedging arrangements.

​

Average sector length (miles)

Represents the average number of miles flown by a fare-paying passenger.

​

Baggage commissions

Represents the commissions payable to airports on the revenue collected at the airports for excess baggage and airport baggage fees.

​

Booked passenger load factor

Represents the total number of seats sold as a percentage of total seat capacity on all sectors flown.

​

Break-even load factor

Represents the average percent of seats that must be filled on an average flight at current average fares for the revenue to break even with the operating costs.

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Cost per Available Seat miles (ASM)

€0.0749

€0.0676

€0.0565

€0.0824

€0.0624

Yield per Revenue Passenger Mile (RPM)

€0.0933

€0.0836

€0.0640

€0.0744

€0.0752

Break Even Load Factor

80%

81%

88%

108%

83%

​

​

F-64

Table of Contents

Cost per Available seat mile (ASM)

Represents total operating costs divided by Available Seat Miles (ASM).

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Total operating expenses - See page F-6

€11.38bn

€9.33bn

€5.14bn

€2.48bn

€7.37bn

Available Seat Miles (ASM)

152bn

138bn

91bn

30bn

118bn

Cost per Available Seat Mile

€0.0749

€0.0676

€0.0565

€0.0824

€0.0624

​

Cost per booked passenger

Represents operating expenses divided by booked passengers flown.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Total operating expenses - See page F-6

€11.38bn

€9.33bn

€5.14bn

€2.48bn

€7.37bn

Revenue Passengers Booked – See page 3

184m

169m

97m

28m

149m

Cost per booked passenger

€61.96

€55.37

€52.97

€89.95

€49.58

​

Gross Cash

Represents cash and cash equivalents, cash >3 months and restricted cash.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Cash and Cash Equivalents (€'M)

3,875.4

3,599.3

2,669.0

2,650.7

2,566.4

Cash > 3 months (€'M)

237.8

1,056.2

934.1

465.5

1,207.2

Restricted cash (€'M)

6.4

19.5

22.7

34.1

34.4

Gross Cash (€'M)

4,119.6

4,675.0

3,625.8

3,150.3

3,808.0

​

Net Cash/(Debt)

Refer to Note 23 on page F-61.

​

Net Margin

Represents profit after taxation as a percentage of total revenues.

​

Number of Airports Served

Represents the number of airports to/from which the carrier offered scheduled service at the end of the period.

​

Operating Costs (pre-exceptional)

Represents total operating costs excluding any exceptional items.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Operating Costs (€'M)

​

9,332.6

5,140.5

​

​

Exceptional Item (€'M)

n/a

(130.5)

130.5

n/a

n/a

Operating Costs (pre-exceptional) (€'M)

​

€9,202.1

€5,271.0

​

​

​

F-65

Table of Contents

Operating Margin

Represents operating profit as a percentage of total revenues.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Operating profit/(loss) – See page F-6 (€'M)

2,060.7

1,442.6

(339.6)

(839.4)

1,127.4

Total operating revenues - See page F-6 (€'M)

13,443.8

10,775.2

4,800.9

1,635.8

8,494.8

Operating Margin

15%

13%

(7%)

(51%)

13%

​

Profit/(loss) after tax (pre-exceptional)

Represents the profit or loss after tax excluding any exceptional items.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Profit/(loss) after tax (€'M)

​

1,313.8

(240.8)

​

​

Exceptional Item (€'M)

n/a

114.2

(114.2)

n/a

n/a

Profit/(loss) after tax (pre-exceptional)

​

€1,428.0

(355.0)

​

​

​

Revenue Passenger Miles (RPM)

Represents the number of booked passengers multiplied by the average sector length.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Revenue Passengers Booked – See page 3

184m

169m

97m

28m

149m

Average sector length (miles) – See page 3

780

766

772

776

761

Revenue passenger miles (RPM)

144bn

129bn

75bn

22bn

113bn

​

Revenue Passengers Booked

Represents the number of passengers booked.

​

Seats available

Represents sectors flown during the period multiplied by the individual capacity of the aircraft.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Sectors flown – See page 3

1,022,455

946,643

620,524

204,828

823,897

Average individual aircraft capacity

190

190

189

189

189

Seats available

194.3m

179.9m

117.3m

38.7m

155.7m

​

Sectors Flown

Represents the number of passenger flight sectors flown.

​

Total Borrowings

Refer to Note 23 on page F-61.

​

Total revenue per booked passenger

Represents the average revenue earned per booked passenger from fares and ancillary services.

​

Total Shareholder Return

Represents capital appreciation (measured as the difference between the closing share price at the end of each period) and dividends received by the shareholder.

F-66

Table of Contents

Yield per Revenue Passenger Miles (RPM)

Represents total revenue divided by Revenue Passenger Miles (RPM)

​

​

​

​

​

​

Fiscal year ended March 31

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

Total operating revenues – See page F-6

€13.44bn

€10.78bn

€4.80bn

€1.64bn

€8.49bn

Revenue passenger miles (RPM)

144bn

129bn

75bn

22bn

113bn

Yield per revenue passenger mile

€0.0933

€0.0836

€0.0640

€0.0744

€0.0752

​

​

​

​

​

​

F-67

​

Exhibit 2.1

​

​

​

Graphic

CLIFFORD CHANCE LLP

​

EXECUTION VERSION

​

RYANAIR DAC

€6,000,000,000

EURO MEDIUM TERM NOTE PROGRAMME

GUARANTEED BY

RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC


AMENDED AND RESTATED ISSUE AND PAYING

AGENCY AGREEMENT


​

​

​


​

CONTENTS

​

​

​

​

Clause

Page

​

​

​

1.

Interpretation

2

2.

Appointment of the Agents

8

3.

The Notes

8

4.

Issuance of Notes

11

5.

Transfers of Registered Notes

16

6.

Replacement Notes

17

7.

Payments to the Fiscal Agent

19

8.

Payments to Noteholders

20

9.

Miscellaneous Duties of the Paying Agents

24

10.

Reporting Obligation; Withholding; Right To Redirect

29

11.

Early Redemption and Exercise of Options

30

12.

Appointment and Duties of the Calculation Agent

32

13.

Fees and Expenses

33

14.

Terms of Appointment

34

15.

Changes in Agents

36

16.

Notices

40

17.

Law and Jurisdiction

41

18.

Contractual Recognition of Bail-In

42

19.

Modification

43

20.

Counterparts

43

21.

Illegality

43

22.

Whole Agreement

43

Schedule 1 Duties under the Issuer-ICSDs Agreement

45

Schedule 2 Provisions For Meetings of Noteholders

47

Schedule 3 The Specified Offices of the Agents

56

Schedule 4 Form of Calculation Agent Appointment Letter

58

Schedule 5 Form of Put Option Notice/early redemption notice

61

Schedule 6 Form of Put Option Receipt

65

Schedule 7 Regulations Concerning Transfers and Registration of Registered Notes

67

​

​

- i -


​

​

THIS AGREEMENT is made on 27 July 2023

BETWEEN:

(1)

RYANAIR DAC (the “Issuer”);

(2)

RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC (the “Guarantor”);

(3)

CITIBANK EUROPE PLC as registrar (the “Registrar”);

(4)

CITIBANK N.A., LONDON BRANCH as fiscal agent (the “Fiscal Agent”);

(5)

CITIBANK N.A., LONDON BRANCH as transfer agent (the “Transfer Agent”); and

(6)

CITIBANK N.A., LONDON BRANCH as paying agent (together with the Fiscal Agent, the “Paying Agents”).

WHEREAS:

(A)

The Issuer and the Guarantor have established a €6,000,000,000 Euro Medium Term Note Programme (the “Programme”) for the issuance of notes (the “Notes”), in connection with which they have entered into an amended and restated dealer agreement dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “Dealer Agreement”) and the Issuer has executed, in respect of English Law Notes (as defined below), an amended and restated deed of covenant governed by English law dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “English Law Deed of Covenant”) and, the Issuer has executed in respect of Irish Law Notes (as defined below), an amended and restated deed of covenant governed by Irish law dated 27 July 2023  (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “Irish Law Deed of Covenant”, and together with the English Law Deed of Covenant, the “Deeds of Covenant”).

(B)

The Guarantor has pursuant to, in respect of English Law Notes, an amended and restated deed of guarantee governed by English law dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “English Law Deed of Guarantee”) and, in respect of Irish Law Notes, an amended and restated deed of guarantee governed by Irish law dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “Irish Law Deed of Guarantee” and together with the English Law Deed of Guarantee, the “Deeds of Guarantee”) agreed unconditionally and irrevocably to guarantee the obligations of the Issuer under and in relation to the Notes.

(C)

The Issuer has made applications to the Irish Stock Exchange plc trading as Euronext Dublin for Notes issued under the Programme to be admitted to listing on the official list of Euronext Dublin (the “Official List”) and for the Notes issued under the Programme to be admitted to trading on the regulated market of Euronext Dublin. The regulated market of Euronext Dublin is a regulated market for the purposes of Directive 2014/65/EU (as amended, “MiFID II”). Notes may also be issued on the basis that they will not be admitted to listing, trading and/or quotation by any competent authority, stock exchange and/or quotation system or that they will be admitted to listing, trading

​

- 1 -


​

and/or quotation by such other or further competent authorities, stock exchanges and/or quotation systems as may be agreed with the Issuer.

(D)

In connection with the Programme, the Issuer and the Guarantor have prepared a base prospectus dated 27 July 2023 which has been approved by the Central Bank of Ireland as a base prospectus issued in compliance with Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 (the “Prospectus Regulation”).

(E)

Notes issued under the Programme may be issued either (1) pursuant to the Base Prospectus describing the Programme and Final Terms describing the final terms of the particular Tranche of Notes or (2) pursuant to a prospectus (the “Drawdown Prospectus”) which may be constituted either (a) by a single document or (b) by a registration document, a securities note (the “Securities Note”) and, if applicable, a summary which relates to a particular Tranche of Notes to be issued under the Programme.

(F)

The Issuer, the Guarantor and the Agents (as defined below) wish to record certain arrangements which they have made in relation to the Notes to be issued under the Programme.

(G)

In connection with the Programme the Issuer entered into an amended and restated issue and paying agreement dated 26 July 2022 (the “Current Issue and Paying Agency Agreement”) with the parties identified therein as “Paying Agents”.

(H)

This Agreement amends and restates the Current Issue and Paying Agency Agreement and any Notes issued under the Programme on or after the date hereof shall be issued pursuant to this Agreement. This Agreement does not affect any Notes issued under the Programme prior to the date of this Agreement. Subject to such amendment and restatement, the Current Issue and Paying Agency Agreement shall continue in full force and effect.

IT IS AGREED as follows:

1.

INTERPRETATION

1.1

Definitions

All terms and expressions which have defined meanings in the Base Prospectus or the Dealer Agreement shall have the same meanings in this Agreement except where the context requires otherwise or unless otherwise stated.  In addition, in this Agreement the following expressions have the following meanings:

“Agents” means the Paying Agents, the Registrar, the Transfer Agents and any Calculation Agent and “Agent” means any one of the Agents;

“Applicable Law” means any law or regulation including, but not limited to: (a) any domestic or foreign statute or regulation; (b) any rule or practice of any Authority with which the Agents are bound or accustomed to comply; and (c) any agreement entered into by the Agents and any Authority or between any two or more Authorities;

​

- 2 -


​

“Authority” means any competent regulatory, prosecuting, Tax or governmental authority in any jurisdiction, domestic or foreign;

“Base Prospectus” means the base prospectus prepared in connection with the Programme, as the same may be amended or supplemented from time to time;

“Bearer Notes” means Notes which are specified in their Conditions as being in bearer form;

“Calculation Agent” means, in relation to any Series of Notes, the institution appointed as calculation agent for the purposes of such Notes and named as such in the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus (as the case may be) in the case of the Fiscal Agent, pursuant to Clause 12 (Appointment and duties of the Calculation Agent), in the case of a Dealer, pursuant to clause 8 (Calculation Agent) of the Dealer Agreement and, in the case of any other institution pursuant to a letter of appointment in, or substantially in, the form set out in Schedule 4 (Form of Calculation Agent Appointment Letter) and, in any case, any successor to such institution in its capacity as such;

“CGN Permanent Global Note” means a Permanent Global Note representing Bearer Notes for which the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be) specify that the New Global Note form is not applicable;

“CGN Temporary Global Note” means a Temporary Global Note representing Bearer Notes for which the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be) specify that the New Global Note form is not applicable;

“Code” means the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended;

“Commissionaire Account” means an account with either Euroclear Bank SA/NV or Clearstream, Luxembourg, the terms of which include a third-party beneficiary clause (“stipulation pour autrui”) with the Issuer as the third-party beneficiary;

“Common Safekeeper” means an ICSD in its capacity as common safekeeper or a person nominated by the ICSDs to perform the role of common safekeeper;

“Common Service Provider” means a person nominated by the ICSDs to perform the role of common service provider;

“Conditions” has the meaning given in the Base Prospectus except that, in relation to any particular Tranche of Notes, it means the Conditions (as defined in the Base Prospectus) as supplemented, amended and/or replaced by the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be), and any reference to a numbered Condition shall be construed accordingly;

“Early Redemption Notice” means a notice of exercise relating to the change of control put option contained in Condition 9(g) (Change of Control), substantially in the form set out in Schedule 5 (Form of Put Option Notice/Early Redemption Notice) or such other form as may from time to time be agreed between the Issuer and the Fiscal Agent and distributed to each Paying Agent;

​

- 3 -


​

“English Law Notes” means any Note where “Governing Law” is specified in the relevant Final Terms as being “English Law”;

“FATCA Withholding” means any withholding or deduction required pursuant to an agreement described in section 1471(b) of the Code, or otherwise imposed pursuant to sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code, any regulations or agreements thereunder, any official interpretations thereof, or any law implementing an intergovernmental approach thereto;

“Global Note” means a CGN Temporary Global Note, a CGN Permanent Global Note, an NGN Temporary Global Note, an NGN Permanent Global Note or a Global Registered Note;

“Global Registered Note” means a Global Registered Note substantially in the form set out in Schedule 11 (Form of Global Registered Note) of the Programme Manual;

“ICSDs” means Clearstream, Luxembourg and Euroclear;

“ICSD DVP Syndicated New Issues Process” means the Delivery Versus Payment (DVP) Syndicated New Issues process within the ICSDs introduced in March 2022;

“Individual Note Certificate” means a registered note certificate substantially in the form set out in Schedule 12 (Form of Individual Note Certificate) of the Programme Manual;

“Irish Law Note” means any Note where “Governing Law” is specified in the relevant Final Terms as being “Irish Law”;

“Issuer-ICSDs Agreement” means the agreement between the Issuer and the ICSDs with respect to the settlement in the ICSDs of Notes in new global note form or Global Registered Notes to be held under the NSS;

“Local Banking Day” means a day (other than a Saturday or a Sunday) on which commercial banks are open for general business (including dealings in foreign exchange and foreign currency deposits) in the city in which the Fiscal Agent has its Specified Office;

“Local Time” means the time in the city in which the Fiscal Agent has its Specified Office;

“Master Global Note” means a Master Temporary Global Note, a Master Permanent Global Note or a Master Global Registered Note;

“Master Global Registered Note” means a Global Registered Note which is complete except that it requires:

(a)

a copy of the Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Notes (or relevant parts thereof, as the case may be) in respect of the Tranche of Notes to which it will relate to be attached thereto;

​

- 4 -


​

(b)

completion by the Fiscal Agent, on behalf of the Issuer, as to the details of the Tranche of Notes to which it will relate;

(c)

authentication by or on behalf of the Registrar; and

(d)

in the case of a Global Registered Note to be held under the NSS, effectuation by or on behalf of the Common Safekeeper;

“Master Permanent Global Note” means a Permanent Global Note which is complete except that it requires:

(a)

a copy of the Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (or relevant parts thereof, as the case may be) in respect of the Tranche of Notes to which it will relate to be attached thereto;

(b)

completion by the Fiscal Agent, on behalf of the Issuer, as to the details of the Tranche of Notes to which it will relate;

(c)

authentication by or on behalf of the Fiscal Agent; and

(d)

in the case of an NGN Permanent Global Note, effectuation by or on behalf of the Common Safekeeper;

“Master Temporary Global Note” means a Temporary Global Note which is complete except that it requires:

(a)

a copy of the Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (or relevant parts thereof, as the case may be) in respect of the Tranche of Notes to which it will relate to be attached thereto;

(b)

completion by the Fiscal Agent, on behalf of the Issuer, as to the details of the Tranche of Notes to which it will relate;

(c)

authentication by or on behalf of the Fiscal Agent; and

(d)

in the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note, effectuation by or on behalf of the Common Safekeeper;

“NGN Permanent Global Note” means a Permanent Global Note representing Bearer Notes for which the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be) specify that the New Global Note form is applicable;

“NGN Temporary Global Note” means a Temporary Global Note representing Bearer Notes for which the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be) specify that the New Global Note form is applicable;

“Note Certificate” means a Global Registered Note and/or an Individual Note Certificate;

“NSS” or “New Safekeeping Structure” means a structure where a Global Registered Note is registered in the name of a Common Safekeeper (or its nominee) for Euroclear

​

- 5 -


​

and/or Clearstream, Luxembourg and/or any other relevant clearing system and will be deposited on or about the issue date with the Common Safekeeper for Euroclear and/or Clearstream, Luxembourg;

“Permanent Global Note” means a Permanent Global Note substantially in the form set out in Schedule 9 (Form of Permanent Global Note) to the Programme Manual;

“Put Option Notice” means a notice of exercise relating to the put option contained in Condition 9(f) (Redemption at the option of Noteholders), substantially in the form set out in Schedule 5 (Form of Put Option Notice/Early Redemption Notice) or such other form as may from time to time be agreed between the Issuer and the Fiscal Agent and distributed to each Paying Agent;

“Put Option Receipt” means a receipt delivered by a Paying Agent in relation to a Definitive Note which is the subject of a Put Option Notice or Early Redemption Notice, substantially in the form set out in Schedule 6 (Form of Put Option Receipt) or such other form as may from time to time be agreed between the Issuer and the Fiscal Agent and distributed to each Paying Agent;

“Register” has the meaning set out in Clause 5 (Transfer of Registered Notes);

“Regulations” means the regulations concerning the transfer of Registered Notes as the same may from time to time be promulgated by the Issuer and approved by the Registrar (the initial regulations being set out in Schedule 7 (Regulations concerning transfers and registration of Registered Notes));

“Replacement Agent” means the Fiscal Agent or, in respect of any Tranche of Notes, the Agent named as such in the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be);

“Required Agent” means any Paying Agent (which may be the Fiscal Agent) or Transfer Agent (which expression shall include, for the purposes of this definition only, the Registrar) which is the sole remaining Paying Agent or (as the case may be) Transfer Agent with its Specified Office in any city where a listing authority, stock exchange and/or quotation system by which the Notes are admitted to listing, trading and/or quotation requires there to be a Paying Agent, or, as the case may be Transfer Agent;

“Tax” means any present or future taxes, duties, assessments or governmental charges of whatever nature imposed, levied, collected, withheld or assessed by or on behalf of any Authority having power to tax;

“Temporary Global Note” means a Temporary Global Note substantially in the form set out in Schedule 8 (Form of Temporary Global Note) to the Programme Manual; and

“Specified Office” of any Agent means the office specified against its name in Schedule 3 (The Specified Offices of the Agents) or, in the case of any Agent not originally party hereto, specified in its terms of appointment (or, in the case of a Calculation Agent which is a Dealer, specified for the purposes of clause 8 (Calculation Agent) of the Dealer Agreement) or such other office in the same city or town as such Agent may

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specify by notice to the Issuer and the other parties hereto in accordance with Clause 15.8 (Changes in Specified Offices).

1.2

Meaning of outstanding

For the purposes of this Agreement (but without prejudice to its status for any other purpose), a Note shall be considered to be “outstanding” unless one or more of the following events has occurred:

1.2.1

Redeemed or purchased:  it has been redeemed in full, or purchased under Condition 9(j) (Redemption and Purchase - Purchase), and in either case has been cancelled in accordance with Condition 9(k) (Redemption and Purchase - Cancellation);

1.2.2

Due date:  the due date for its redemption in full has occurred and all sums due in respect of such Note (including all accrued interest) have been received by the Fiscal Agent and remain available for payment;

1.2.3

Void:  all claims for principal and interest in respect of such Note have become void under Condition 14 (Prescription);

1.2.4

Replaced:  it has been mutilated or defaced, or is alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, and has been replaced pursuant to Condition 15 (Replacement of Notes and Coupons); or

1.2.5

Meetings:  for the purposes of Schedule 2 (Provisions for Meetings of the Noteholders) only, it is held by, or by any person for the benefit of, the Issuer or the Guarantor.

1.3

Records

Any reference in this Agreement to the records of an ICSD shall be to the records that each of the ICSDs holds for its customers which reflect the amount of such customers’ interests in the Notes (but excluding any interest in any Notes of one ICSD shown in the records of another ICSD).

1.4

Clauses and Schedules

Any reference in this Agreement to a Clause or a sub-clause or a Schedule is, unless otherwise stated, to a clause or a sub-clause hereof or a schedule hereto.

1.5

Principal and interest

In this Agreement, any reference to principal or interest includes any additional amounts payable in relation thereto under the Conditions.

1.6

Other agreements

All references in this Agreement to an agreement, instrument or other document (including the Dealer Agreement, the Deeds of Covenant, the Deeds of Guarantee, the Base Prospectus and any Drawdown Prospectus or part thereof) shall be construed as a

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reference to that agreement, instrument or other document as the same may be amended, supplemented, replaced or novated from time to time.  In addition, in the context of any particular Tranche of Notes, each reference in this Agreement to the Base Prospectus shall be construed as a reference to the Base Prospectus as supplemented and/or amended by the relevant Final Terms.

1.7

Legislation

Any reference in this Agreement to any legislation (whether primary legislation or regulations or other subsidiary legislation made pursuant to primary legislation) shall be construed as a reference to such legislation as the same may have been, or may from time to time be, amended or re-enacted.

1.8

Headings

Headings and sub-headings are for ease of reference only and shall not affect the construction of this Agreement.

2.

APPOINTMENT OF THE AGENTS

2.1

Appointment

The Issuer and the Guarantor appoint each of the Agents at their respective Specified Offices as their agent in relation to the Notes for the purposes specified in this Agreement and in the Conditions and all matters incidental thereto.

2.2

Acceptance of appointment

Each of the Agents accepts its appointment as agent of the Issuer and the Guarantor in relation to the Notes and shall perform all matters expressed to be performed by it in, and otherwise comply with, the Conditions and the provisions of this Agreement and, in connection therewith, shall take all such action as may be incidental thereto.

3.

THE NOTES

3.1

Temporary and Permanent Global Notes

Each Temporary Global Note and each Permanent Global Note shall:

3.1.1

Form:  be in substantially the form set out in (in the case of a Temporary Global Note) Schedule 7 (Form of Temporary Global Note) to the Programme Manual and (in the case of a Permanent Global Note) Schedule 8 (Form of Permanent Global Note) to the Programme Manual but with such modifications, amendments and additions as the Relevant Dealer, the Issuer, the Guarantor and the Fiscal Agent shall have agreed;

3.1.2

Conditions:  have the Conditions attached thereto or incorporated by reference therein;

3.1.3

Final Terms:  have the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (or relevant parts thereof, as the case may be) attached thereto;

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3.1.4

Executed and authenticated:  be executed by or on behalf of the Issuer or shall be a duplicate of the relevant Master Temporary Global Note or, as the case may be, Master Permanent Global Note supplied by the Issuer under Clause 4.2 (Master Global Notes) and, in any case, shall be authenticated by or on behalf of the Fiscal Agent; and

3.1.5

Effectuated:  in the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note, be effectuated by or on behalf of the Common Safekeeper.

3.2

Definitive Notes

Each Definitive Note shall:

3.2.1

Form: be in substantially the form (duly completed) set out in Schedule 9 (Form of Definitive Note) to the Programme Manual but with such modifications, amendments and additions as the Relevant Dealer, the Issuer, the Guarantor and the Fiscal Agent shall have agreed;

3.2.2

Security printed:  be security printed in accordance with all applicable legal and stock exchange requirements;

3.2.3

Serial numbers:  have a unique certificate or serial number printed thereon;

3.2.4

Coupons:  if so specified in the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be), have Coupons attached thereto at the time of its initial delivery;

3.2.5

Talons:  if so specified in the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be), have a Talon attached thereto at the time of its initial delivery;

3.2.6

Conditions:  have the Conditions and the relevant Final Terms (or relevant parts thereof) or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (or relevant parts thereof, as the case may be) endorsed thereon, or attached thereto or incorporated by reference therein;

3.2.7

Executed and authenticated:  be executed by or on behalf of the Issuer and authenticated by or on behalf of the Fiscal Agent; and

3.2.8

Format:  otherwise be in accordance with the customary practice of, and format used in, the international Eurobond market.

3.3

Global Registered Notes

Each Global Registered Note shall:

3.3.1

Form:  be in substantially the form set out in Schedule 10 (Form of Global Registered Note) of the Programme Manual but with such modifications, amendments and additions as the Relevant Dealer, the Issuer, the Guarantor and the Registrar shall have agreed;

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3.3.2

Conditions:  have the Conditions attached thereto or incorporated by reference therein;

3.3.3

Final Terms:  have the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (or relevant parts thereof, as the case may be) attached thereto;

3.3.4

Executed and authenticated:  be executed by or on behalf of the Issuer or shall be a duplicate of the relevant Master Global Registered Note supplied by the Issuer under Clause 4.2 (Master Global Notes) and, in any case, shall be authenticated by or on behalf of the Registrar; and

3.3.5

Effectuated:  in the case of a Global Registered Note to be held under the New Safekeeping Structure, be effectuated by or on behalf of the Common Safekeeper.

3.4

Individual Note Certificates

Each Individual Note Certificate shall:

3.4.1

Form:  be in substantially the form set out in Schedule 11 (Form of Individual Note Certificate) of the Programme Manual but with such modifications, amendments and additions as the Relevant Dealer, the Issuer, the Guarantor and the Registrar shall have agreed to be necessary;

3.4.2

Serial numbers:  have a unique certificate or serial number printed thereon;

3.4.3

Conditions:  have the Conditions and the relevant Final Terms (or relevant parts thereof) or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (or relevant parts thereof, as the case may be) endorsed thereon, or attached thereto or incorporated by reference therein; and

3.4.4

Executed and authenticated:  be executed by or on behalf of the Issuer and authenticated by or on behalf of the Registrar.

3.5

Signatures

Each Master Temporary Global Note, Master Permanent Global Note and Master Global Registered Note, if any, will be signed by or on behalf of the Issuer.  A Master Temporary Global Note, Master Permanent Global Note and Master Global Registered Note may be used provided that the person(s) whose signature(s) appear thereon were/was an authorised signatory/ies at the date of signing such Master Temporary Global Note, Master Permanent Global Note and Master Global Registered Note notwithstanding that any such person may, for any reason (including death), have ceased to be such authorised signatory at the time of the creation and issue of the relevant Tranche or the issue and delivery of the relevant Note.

3.6

Facsimile signatures

Any facsimile signature affixed to a Note may be that of a person who is at the time of the creation and issue of the relevant Tranche an authorised signatory for such purpose of the Issuer notwithstanding that such person may for any reason (including death)

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have ceased to be such an authorised signatory at the time at which the relevant Note may be delivered.

3.7

Notification

The Issuer shall promptly notify in writing the Fiscal Agent and the Registrar of any change in the names of the person or persons whose signatures are to be used.

4.

ISSUANCE OF NOTES

4.1

Issuance procedure

Upon the conclusion of any Relevant Agreement, the Issuer shall, as soon as practicable but in any event, not later than 5.00 p.m. (Local time) on the third Local Banking Day prior to the proposed Issue Date:

4.1.1

Confirmation of terms:  confirm by fax to the Fiscal Agent, or, if such Relevant Agreement relates to Registered Notes, the Registrar (copied to the Fiscal Agent) all such information as the Fiscal Agent, or, as the case may be, the Registrar may reasonably require to carry out its functions under this Agreement and in particular, whether customary eurobond or medium term note settlement and payment procedures will apply to the relevant Tranche and (if a Master Global Note is to be used), such details as are necessary to enable it to complete a duplicate of the Master Global Note and (if medium term note settlement and payment procedures are to apply) the account of the Issuer to which payment should be made;

4.1.2

Final Terms:  deliver a copy, duly executed, of the Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be) in relation to the relevant Tranche to the Fiscal Agent, or, as the case may be, the Registrar (copied to the Fiscal Agent); and

4.1.3

Global Note:  unless a Master Global Note is to be used and the Issuer shall have provided such document to the Fiscal Agent and/or the Registrar, as the case may be, pursuant to Clause 4.2 (Master Global Notes), ensure that there is delivered to the Fiscal Agent or, as the case may be, Registrar an appropriate Global Note (in unauthenticated (and, if applicable, uneffectuated) form but executed on behalf of the Issuer and otherwise complete) in relation to the relevant Tranche.

4.2

Master Global Notes

The Issuer may, at its option, deliver from time to time to the Fiscal Agent a stock of Master Temporary Global Notes and Master Permanent Global Notes and/or, to the Registrar, a stock of Master Global Registered Notes.

4.3

Delivery of Final Terms

The Fiscal Agent shall on behalf of the Issuer deliver a copy of the Final Terms in relation to the relevant Tranche to the Central Bank of Ireland and, where the relevant

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Notes are to be admitted to trading on Euronext Dublin, deliver a copy of the Final Terms in relation to the relevant Tranche to Euronext Dublin as soon as practicable but in any event not later than 2.00 p.m. (London time) on the London business day prior to the proposed issue date therefor.

4.4

Authentication, effectuation and delivery of Global Note

As soon as reasonably practicable before the issue of any Global Note, the Fiscal Agent (or its agent on its behalf) or, as the case may be, the Registrar (or an agent on its behalf), shall authenticate it.  Following authentication of any Global Note, the Fiscal Agent or, as the case may be, the Registrar shall:

4.4.1

Medium term note settlement procedures:  in the case of a Tranche of Notes which is not syndicated among two or more Dealers but which is intended to be cleared through a clearing system, on the Local Banking Day immediately preceding its Issue Date deliver the Global Note to the relevant depositary for Euroclear and/or Clearstream, Luxembourg (which in the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note, or a Global Registered Note to be held under the NSS, shall be a specified Common Safekeeper) or to the relevant depositary for such other clearing system as shall have been agreed between the Issuer and the Fiscal Agent or, as the case may be, the Registrar and:

instruct the clearing systems to whom (or to whose depositary or Common Safekeeper) such Global Note has been delivered, to credit the underlying Notes represented by such Global Note to the securities account(s) at such clearing systems that have been notified to the Fiscal Agent or, as the case may be, the Registrar by the Issuer, on a delivery against payment basis or, if specifically agreed between them, on a delivery free of payment basis;

in the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note, or a Global Registered Note to be held under the NSS instruct the Common Safekeeper to effectuate the Global Note (provided that, if the Fiscal Agent is the Common Safekeeper, the Fiscal Agent shall effectuate the Global Note);

4.4.2

Eurobond settlement procedures: in the case of a Tranche of Notes which is syndicated among two or more Dealers, at or about the time on the Issue Date specified in the Relevant Agreement, deliver the Global Note (in the case of settlement under the ICSD DVP Syndicated New Issues Process) to the common depositary or specified Common Safekeeper of the ICSDs, as the case may be, for the common depositary or specified Common Safekeeper to instruct the relevant ICSD: (i) to credit the Notes free of payment to the Commissionaire Account of the Mandated Dealer or such other Dealer as the Issuer may direct to settle the Notes (the “Settlement Bank”); and (ii) to release the Notes only following payment of the net subscription monies into the Commissionaire Account, on a delivery against payment basis.  In the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note, or a Global Registered Note to be held under the NSS, such Global Note must be delivered

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to the specified Common Safekeeper together with instructions to the specified Common Safekeeper to effectuate the Global Note; or

4.4.3

Other settlement procedures:  otherwise, at such time, on such date, deliver the Global Note to such person and in such place as may have been agreed between the Issuer and the Fiscal Agent or, as the case may be, the Registrar (provided that in the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note, or a Global Registered Note to be held under the NSS it must be delivered to the specified Common Safekeeper together with instructions to the Common Safekeeper to effectuate the Global Note).

4.5

Repayment of advance

If the Fiscal Agent should pay an amount (an “advance”) to the Issuer or the Guarantor in the belief that a payment has been or will be received from a Dealer, and if such payment is not received by the Fiscal Agent on the date that the Fiscal Agent pays the Issuer or the Guarantor, the Issuer (or, in default, the Guarantor) shall forthwith repay the advance (unless prior to such repayment the payment is received from the Dealer) and shall pay interest on such amount which shall accrue (as well after as before judgment) on the basis of a year of 365 days (366 days in the case of a leap year) in the case of an advance paid in sterling or 360 days in the case of an advance paid in any other currency and, in either case, the actual number of days elapsed from the date of payment of such advance until the earlier of (i) repayment of the advance or (ii) receipt by the Fiscal Agent of the payment from the Dealer, and at the rate per annum which is the aggregate of one per cent. per annum and the rate specified by the Fiscal Agent as reflecting its cost of funds for the time being in relation to the unpaid amount.

4.6

Delivery of Permanent Global Note

The Issuer shall, in relation to each Tranche of Notes which is represented by a Temporary Global Note which is due to be exchanged for a Permanent Global Note in accordance with its terms, ensure that there is delivered to the Fiscal Agent not less than five Local Banking Days before the relevant Temporary Global Note becomes exchangeable therefor, the Permanent Global Note (in unauthenticated (and, if applicable, uneffectuated) form, but executed by the Issuer and otherwise complete) in relation thereto unless a Master Permanent Global Note is to be used and the Issuer has provided a Master Permanent Global Note to the Fiscal Agent pursuant to Clause 4.2 (Master Global Notes).  The Fiscal Agent shall authenticate and deliver such Permanent Global Note in accordance with the terms hereof and of the relevant Temporary Global Note and, in the case of an NGN Permanent Global Note, instruct the Common Safekeeper to effectuate the Permanent Global Note.

4.7

Delivery of Definitive Notes

The Issuer shall, in relation to each Tranche of Notes which is represented by a Global Note which is due to be exchanged for Definitive Notes or Individual Note Certificates in accordance with its terms, ensure that there is delivered to the Fiscal Agent not less than ten Local Banking Days before the relevant Global Note becomes exchangeable therefor, the Definitive Notes or Individual Note Certificates, as the case may be, (in unauthenticated form but executed by the Issuer and otherwise complete) in relation

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thereto.  The Fiscal Agent shall authenticate and deliver such Definitive Notes or Individual Note Certificates in accordance with the terms hereof and of the relevant Global Note.

4.8

Coupons

Where any Definitive Notes are to be delivered in exchange for a Global Note, the Fiscal Agent shall ensure that in the case of Definitive Notes with Coupons attached, such Definitive Notes shall have attached thereto only such Coupons as shall ensure that neither loss nor gain of interest shall accrue to the bearer thereof upon such exchange.

4.9

Duties of Fiscal Agent, Registrar and Replacement Agent

Each of the Fiscal Agent, Registrar and the Replacement Agent shall hold in safe custody all unauthenticated Temporary Global Notes, Permanent Global Notes or Definitive Notes (including any Coupons attached thereto), Global Registered Notes or Individual Note Certificates delivered to it in accordance with this Clause 4 and Clause 6 (Replacement Notes) and shall ensure that they (or, in the case of Master Global Notes copies thereof) are authenticated, effectuated (if applicable) and delivered only in accordance with the terms hereof, of the Conditions and, if applicable, the relevant Note. The Issuer shall ensure that each of the Fiscal Agent, Registrar and the Replacement Agent holds sufficient Notes, Note Certificates or Coupons to fulfil its respective obligations under this Clause 4 and Clause 6 (Replacement Notes) and each of the Fiscal Agent, Registrar and the Replacement Agent undertakes to notify the Issuer if it holds insufficient Notes, Note Certificates or Coupons for such purposes.

4.10

Authority to authenticate and effectuate

Each of the Fiscal Agent, Registrar and the Replacement Agent is authorised by the Issuer to authenticate and, if applicable, effectuate such Temporary Global Notes, Permanent Global Notes, Definitive Notes, Global Registered Notes and Individual Note Certificates as may be required to be authenticated or, as the case may be, effectuated hereunder by the signature of any of their respective officers or any other person duly authorised for the purpose by the Fiscal Agent, Registrar or (as the case may be) the Replacement Agent.

4.11

Exchange of Temporary Global Note

On each occasion on which a portion of a Temporary Global Note is exchanged for a portion of a Permanent Global Note or, as the case may be, for Definitive Notes, the Fiscal Agent shall:

4.11.1

CGN Temporary Global Note:  in the case of a CGN Temporary Global Note, note or procure that there is noted on the Schedule to the CGN Temporary Global Note the aggregate principal amount thereof so exchanged and the remaining principal amount of the CGN Temporary Global Note (which shall be the previous principal amount thereof less the aggregate principal amount so exchanged) and shall procure the signature of such notation on its behalf; and

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4.11.2

NGN Temporary Global Note:  in the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note, instruct the ICSDs (in accordance with the provisions of Schedule 7 (Duties under the Issuer-ICSDs Agreement)) to make appropriate entries in their records to reflect the aggregate principal amount thereof so exchanged and the remaining principal amount of the NGN Temporary Global Note (which shall be the previous principal amount thereof less the aggregate principal amount so exchanged).

The Fiscal Agent shall cancel or procure the cancellation of each Temporary Global Note against surrender of which full exchange has been made for a Permanent Global Note or Definitive Notes or, in the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note exchangeable for an NGN Permanent Global Note, instruct the Common Safekeeper to destroy such NGN Temporary Global Note.

4.12

Exchange of Permanent Global Note

On each occasion on which a portion of a Permanent Global Note is exchanged for Definitive Notes, the Fiscal Agent shall:

4.12.1

CGN Permanent Global Note:  in the case of a CGN Permanent Global Note, note or procure that there is noted on the Schedule to the CGN Permanent Global Note the aggregate principal amount thereof so exchanged and the remaining principal amount of the CGN Permanent Global Note (which shall be the previous principal amount thereof less the aggregate principal amount so exchanged) and shall procure the signature of such notation on its behalf; and

4.12.2

NGN Permanent Global Note:  in the case of an NGN Permanent Global Note, instruct the ICSDs (in accordance with the provisions of Schedule 7 (Duties under the Issuer-ICSDs Agreement)) to make appropriate entries in their records to reflect the aggregate principal amount thereof so exchanged and the remaining principal amount of the NGN Permanent Global Note (which shall be the previous principal amount thereof less the aggregate principal amount so exchanged).

The Fiscal Agent shall cancel or procure the cancellation of each Permanent Global Note against surrender of which full exchange has been made for Definitive Notes.

4.13

Exchange of Global Registered Note for Individual Note Certificates

If the Global Registered Note becomes exchangeable for Individual Note Certificates in accordance with its terms, the Registrar shall authenticate and deliver to each person designated by a Clearing System an Individual Note Certificate in accordance with the terms of this Agreement and the Global Registered Note.

4.14

Delivery of Coupon sheets by Issuer

The Issuer shall, in relation to any Definitive Notes to which a Talon is attached upon the initial delivery thereof, on each occasion on which a Talon becomes exchangeable for further Coupons, not less than five Local Banking Days before the date on which the final Coupon comprised in any Coupon sheet (which includes a Talon) matures (the

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“Talon Exchange Date”), ensure that there is delivered to the Fiscal Agent such number of Coupon sheets as may be required in order to enable the Paying Agents to fulfil their obligation under Clause 4.15 (Delivery of Coupon sheets by Paying Agents).

4.15

Delivery of Coupon sheets by Paying Agents

The relevant Paying Agent shall, against the presentation and surrender of any Talon, on or after the Talon Exchange Date in respect of such Talon, deliver a Coupon sheet provided, however, that if any Talon is presented and surrendered for exchange to a Paying Agent and the Replacement Agent has delivered a replacement therefor such Paying Agent shall as soon as reasonably practicable notify the Issuer of such presentation and surrender and shall not exchange against the same unless and until it is so instructed by the Issuer. After making such exchange, the Paying Agent shall cancel each Talon surrendered to it and in respect of which a Coupon sheet shall have been delivered and shall (if such Paying Agent is not the Fiscal Agent) deliver the same to the Fiscal Agent.

4.16

Changes in Dealers

The Issuer undertakes to notify the Fiscal Agent and the Registrar of any changes in the identity of the Dealers appointed generally in respect of the Programme and the Fiscal Agent agrees to notify the other Agents thereof as soon as reasonably practicable thereafter.

4.17

Election of Common Safekeeper

The Issuer hereby authorises and instructs the Fiscal Agent to elect an ICSD to be Common Safekeeper for each issue of an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note, or a Global Registered Note to be held under the NSS in relation to which one of the ICSDs must be Common Safekeeper. From time to time, the Issuer and the Fiscal Agent may agree to vary this election. The Issuer acknowledges that in connection with the election of either of the ICSDs as Common Safekeeper any such election is subject to the right of the ICSDs to jointly determine that the other shall act as Common Safekeeper in relation to any such issue and agrees that no liability shall attach to the Fiscal Agent in respect of any such election made by it.

5.

TRANSFERS OF REGISTERED NOTES

5.1

Maintenance of the Register

The Registrar shall maintain in relation to the Registered Notes a register (the “Register”), which shall be kept at its Specified Office in accordance with the Conditions and be made available by the Registrar to the Issuer, the Guarantor and the other Agents for inspection and for the taking of copies or extracts therefrom at all reasonable times.  The Register shall show the aggregate principal amount, serial numbers and dates of issue of Note Certificates, the names and addresses of the initial Holders thereof and the dates of all transfers to, and the names and addresses of, all subsequent Holders thereof, all cancellations of Note Certificates and all replacements of Note Certificates.

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5.2

Registration of Transfers in the Register

The Registrar shall receive requests for the transfer of Registered Notes in accordance with the Conditions and the Regulations and shall make the necessary entries in the Register.

5.3

Transfer Agents to receive requests for Transfers of Registered Notes

Each of the Transfer Agents shall receive requests for the transfer of Registered Notes in accordance with the Conditions and the Regulations and assist, if required, in the issue of new Note Certificates to give effect to such transfers and, in particular, upon any such request being duly made, shall promptly notify the Registrar of:

5.3.1

the aggregate principal amount of the Registered Notes to be transferred;

5.3.2

the name(s) and addresses to be entered on the Register of the Holder(s) of the new Note Certificate(s) to be issued in order to give effect to such transfer; and

5.3.3

the place and manner of delivery of the new Note Certificate(s) to be delivered in respect of such transfer,

and shall forward the Note Certificate(s) relating to the Registered Notes to be transferred (with the relevant form(s) of transfer duly completed) to the Registrar with such notification.

6.

REPLACEMENT NOTES

6.1

Delivery of replacements

Subject to receipt of sufficient Temporary Global Notes, Permanent Global Notes, Definitive Notes, Coupons, Global Registered Notes and Individual Note Certificates in accordance with Clause 4.9 (Duties of Fiscal Agent and Replacement Agent), the Replacement Agent shall, upon and in accordance with the instructions (which instructions may, without limitation, include terms as to the payment of expenses and as to evidence, security and indemnity) of the Issuer but not otherwise, authenticate (if necessary) and deliver a Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate as the case may be, as a replacement for any of the same which has been mutilated or defaced or which has or has been alleged to have been destroyed, stolen or lost provided, however, that:

6.1.1

Surrender or destruction:  no Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate as the case may be, shall be delivered as a replacement for any of the same which has been mutilated or defaced otherwise than against surrender of the same or, in the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note, or a Global Registered Note to be held under the NSS, appropriate confirmation of destruction from the Common Safekeeper; and

6.1.2

Effectuation:  any replacement NGN Temporary Global Note or NGN Permanent Global Note, or a Global Registered Note to be held under the NSS

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shall be delivered to the Common Safekeeper together with instructions to effectuate it.

The Replacement Agent shall not issue a replacement for any of the same until the applicant has furnished the Replacement Agent with such evidence and indemnity as the Issuer, the Guarantor and/or the Replacement Agent may reasonably require and has paid such costs and expenses as may be incurred in connection with such replacement.

6.2

Replacements to be numbered

Each replacement Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate delivered hereunder shall bear a unique certificate or (as the case may be) serial number.

6.3

Cancellation of mutilated or defaced Notes

The Replacement Agent shall cancel each mutilated or defaced Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate surrendered to it and in respect of which a replacement has been delivered.

6.4

Notification

The Replacement Agent shall notify the Issuer, the Guarantor and the other Agents of the delivery by it in accordance herewith of any replacement Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate specifying the serial number thereof and the certificate or (as the case may be) serial number (if any and if known) of the Note which it replaces and confirming (if such be the case) that the Note which it replaces has been cancelled and (if such is the case) destroyed in accordance with Clause 6.5 (Destruction).

6.5

Destruction

Unless the Issuer and the Guarantor instruct otherwise, the Replacement Agent shall destroy each mutilated or defaced Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate surrendered to and cancelled by it and in respect of which a replacement has been delivered and shall furnish the Issuer and the Guarantor with a certificate as to such destruction specifying the certificate or serial numbers (if any) of the Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Notes (distinguishing between different denominations), in numerical sequence and the total number by payment or maturity date of Coupons (distinguishing Talons), Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificates, so destroyed.  In the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note, or a Global Registered Note to be held under the NSS which has been destroyed by the Common Safekeeper, the Replacement Agent shall furnish the Issuer and the Guarantor with a copy of the confirmation of destruction received by it from the Common Safekeeper.

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7.

PAYMENTS TO THE FISCAL AGENT

7.1

Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent

In order to provide for the payment of principal and interest in respect of the Notes as the same becomes due and payable, the Issuer (or, in default, the Guarantor) shall pay to the Fiscal Agent, on or before the date on which such payment becomes due, an amount equal to the amount of principal and/or (as the case may be) interest falling due in respect of the Notes on such date.

7.2

Manner and time of payment

7.2.1

Each amount payable by the Issuer or, as the case may be, the Guarantor under Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent) shall be paid unconditionally by credit transfer in the currency in which the Notes of the relevant Series are denominated or, if different, payable and in immediately available, freely transferable, cleared funds not later than 10.00 a.m. (Local Time) on the relevant day to such account with such bank as the Fiscal Agent may from time to time by notice to the Issuer and the Guarantor have specified for the purpose. The Issuer or (as the case may be) the Guarantor shall, before 10.00 a.m. (Local Time) on the second Local Banking Day before the due date of each payment by it under Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent), procure that the bank effecting payment for it confirms by tested telex or authenticated SWIFT message to the Fiscal Agent the payment instructions relating to such payment.

7.2.2

The Issuer will pay on the principal and/or interest due date or by such earlier time as may be determined by the Agent in its absolute discretion. If the Agent determines in its absolute discretion that payment in accordance with this Clause 7.2 is required to be made earlier, it will provide the Issuer with no less than 21 days prior notice in writing of such requirement.

7.3

Exclusion of liens and interest

The Fiscal Agent shall be entitled to deal with each amount paid to it under this Clause 7 in the same manner as other amounts paid to it as a banker by its customers provided, however, that:

7.3.1

Liens:  it shall not exercise against the Issuer or the Guarantor any lien, right of set-off or similar claim in respect thereof;

7.3.2

Interest:  it shall not be liable to any person for interest thereon;

7.3.3

Money held by the Fiscal Agent: money held by the Fiscal Agent need not be segregated except as required by law; and

7.3.4

UK FCA Client Money Rules: any funds held are not subject to the UK FCA Client Money Rules.

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7.4

Application by Fiscal Agent

The Fiscal Agent shall apply each amount paid to it hereunder in accordance with Clause 8 (Payments to Noteholders) and shall not be obliged to repay any such amount unless the claim for the relevant payment becomes void under Condition 14 (Prescription) or otherwise ceases in accordance with the Conditions, in which event it shall refund at the written request of the Issuer or (as the case may be) the Guarantor such portion of such amount as relates to such payment by paying the same by credit transfer to such account with such bank as the Issuer or (as the case may be) the Guarantor has by notice to the Fiscal Agent specified for the purpose.

7.5

Failure to confirm payment instructions

If the Fiscal Agent has not:

7.5.1

Notification:  by 12.00 noon (Local Time) on the second Local Banking Day before the due date of any payment to it under Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent), received notification of the relevant payment confirmation referred to in Clause 7.2 (Manner and time of payment); or

7.5.2

Payment:  by 10.00 a.m. (Local Time) on the due date of any payment received the full amount payable under Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent),

it shall forthwith notify the Issuer and the Guarantor and the Paying Agents thereof.  If the Fiscal Agent subsequently receives notification of such payment instructions or payment of the amount due, it shall forthwith notify the Issuer and the Guarantor and the Paying Agents thereof.

8.

PAYMENTS TO NOTEHOLDERS

8.1

Payments by Paying Agents

The Fiscal Agent or each other Paying Agent acting through its respective Specified Office shall make payments of interest or, as the case may be, principal in respect of Notes in accordance with the Conditions applicable thereto (and, in the case of a Temporary Global Note, a Permanent Global Note, or a Global Registered Note, the terms thereof) provided, however, that:

8.1.1

Replacements:  if any Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate is presented or surrendered for payment to any Paying Agent and such Paying Agent has delivered a replacement therefor or has been notified that the same has been replaced, such Paying Agent shall as soon as reasonably practicable notify the Issuer and the Guarantor of such presentation or surrender and shall not make payment against the same until it is so instructed by the Issuer or, as the case may be, the Guarantor and has received the amount to be so paid;

8.1.2

No obligation:  a Paying Agent shall not be obliged (but shall be entitled) to make payments of principal or interest in respect of the Notes, if:

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(a)

in the case of the Fiscal Agent, it has not received the full amount of any payment due to it under Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent); or

(b)

in the case of any other Paying Agent:

(i)

it has been notified in accordance with Clause 7.5 (Failure to confirm payment instructions) that confirmation of the relevant payment instructions has not been received, unless it is subsequently notified that confirmation of such payment instructions has been received; or

(ii)

it is not able to establish that the Fiscal Agent has received (whether or not at the due time) the full amount of any payment due to it under Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent);

8.1.3

Cancellation:  each Paying Agent shall:

(a)

cancel or procure the cancellation of each Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note (in the case of early redemption, together with such unmatured Coupons or unexchanged Talons as are attached to or are surrendered with it at the time of such redemption), or, as the case may be, Coupon against surrender of which it has made full payment and shall (if such Paying Agent is not the Fiscal Agent) deliver or procure the delivery of each Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note (together with as aforesaid) or Coupon so cancelled by it to the Fiscal Agent and, in the case of full payment in respect of an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note, the Fiscal Agent shall instruct the Common Safekeeper to destroy the relevant Global Note; and

(b)

cancel or procure the cancellation of each Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate against surrender of which it has made full payment and shall deliver or procure the delivery of each Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate so cancelled to the Registrar;

8.1.4

Recording of payments:  upon any payment being made in respect of the Notes represented by a Temporary Global Note or a Permanent Global Note, the relevant Paying Agent or, as the case may be, the Registrar shall:

(a)

in the case of a CGN Temporary Global Note or a CGN Permanent Global Note, enter or procure that there is entered on the Schedule thereto (or, in the absence of a Schedule, on the face thereof) the amount of such payment and, in the case of payment of principal, the remaining principal amount of the Notes represented by such Global Note (which shall be the previous principal amount less the principal amount in respect of which payment has then been paid) and shall procure the signature of such notation on its behalf; and

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(b)

in the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note, instruct the ICSDs (in accordance with the provisions of Schedule 7 (Duties under the Issuer-ICSDs Agreement)) to make appropriate entries in their records to reflect the amount of such payment and, in the case of payment of principal, the remaining principal amount of the Notes represented by such Global Note (which shall be the previous principal amount less the principal amount in respect of which payment has then been paid);

8.1.5

Withholding taxes:  notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, each Paying Agent shall be entitled to make a deduction or withholding from any payment which it makes under this Agreement for or on account of any Tax if and only to the extent so required by Applicable Law, in which event such Paying Agent shall make such payment after such deduction or withholding has been made and shall account to the relevant Authority within the time allowed for the amount so withheld or deducted or, at its option, shall reasonably promptly after making such payment return to the Issuer the amount so deducted or withheld, in which case, the Issuer shall so account to the relevant authority for such amount. For the avoidance of doubt, FATCA Withholding is a deduction or withholding which is deemed to be required by Applicable Law for the purposes of this Clause 8.1.5; and

8.1.6

US withholding forms: if requested, any Agents that are United States persons within the meaning of section 7701(a)(30) of the Internal Revenue Code shall present the Issuer with an IRS Form W-9.  If any Agent is not a United States person within the meaning of section 7701(a)(30) of the Internal Revenue Code, such Agent shall present a form W-8IMY identifying itself as a qualified intermediary undertaking primary responsibility for 1099 reporting, withholding under Chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code and backup withholding under the Internal Revenue Code with respect to all payments received under the Notes.  Any such forms provided under this paragraph (h) shall be updated or replaced as required by law.

8.2

Exclusion of liens and commissions

No Paying Agent shall exercise any lien, right of set-off or similar claim against any person to whom it makes any payment under Clause 8.1 (Payments by Paying Agents) in respect thereof, nor shall any commission or expense be charged by it to any such person in respect thereof.

8.3

Reimbursement by Fiscal Agent

If a Paying Agent other than the Fiscal Agent makes any payment in accordance with Clause 8.1 (Payments by Paying Agents):

8.3.1

Notification:  it shall notify the Fiscal Agent and, in the case of a Global Registered Note or an Individual Note Certificate, the Registrar of the amount so paid by it, the certificate or serial number (if any) of the Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate against presentation or surrender of which

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payment of principal or interest was made and (if applicable) the number of Coupons by maturity against which payment of interest was made; and

8.3.2

Payment:  subject to and to the extent of compliance by the Issuer or, as the case may be, the Guarantor with Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent) (whether or not at the due time), the Fiscal Agent shall pay to such Paying Agent out of the funds received by it under Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent), by credit transfer in immediately available, freely transferable, cleared funds to such account with such bank as such Paying Agent may by notice to the Fiscal Agent have specified for the purpose, an amount equal to the amount so paid by such Paying Agent.

8.4

Appropriation by Fiscal Agent

If the Fiscal Agent makes any payment in accordance with Clause 8.1 (Payments by Paying Agents), it shall be entitled to appropriate for its own account out of the funds received by it under Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent) an amount equal to the amount so paid by it.

8.5

Reimbursement by Issuer or Guarantor

Subject to sub-clauses 8.1.1 (Replacements) and 8.1.2 (No obligation) if any Paying Agent makes a payment in respect of Notes at a time at which the Fiscal Agent has not received the full amount of the relevant payment due to it under Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent), and the Fiscal Agent is not able out of the funds received by it under Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent) to reimburse such Paying Agent therefor (whether by payment under Clause 8.3 (Reimbursement by the Fiscal Agent) or appropriation under Clause 8.4 (Appropriation by the Fiscal Agent)), the Issuer (or, in default, the Guarantor) shall from time to time on demand pay to the Fiscal Agent for the account of such Paying Agent:

8.5.1

Unfunded amount:  the amount so paid out by such Paying Agent and not so reimbursed to it; and

8.5.2

Funding cost:  interest on such amount from the date on which such Paying Agent made such payment until the date of reimbursement of such amount/an amount sufficient to indemnify such Paying Agent against any cost, loss or expense which it incurs as a result of making such payment and not receiving reimbursement of such amount;

provided, however, that any payment made under sub-clause 8.5.1 (Unfunded amount) shall satisfy pro tanto the Issuer’s and the Guarantor’s obligations under Clause 7.1 (Issuer or Guarantor to pay Fiscal Agent).

8.6

Interest

Interest shall accrue for the purpose of sub-clause 8.5.2 (Funding cost) (as well after as before judgment) on the basis of a year of 365 days (366 days in the case of a leap year) in the case of an amount paid in sterling or 360 days in the case of an amount paid in any other currency and, in either case, the actual number of days elapsed and at the rate

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per annum which is the aggregate of one per cent. per annum and the rate per annum specified by the Fiscal Agent as reflecting its cost of funds for the time being in relation to the unpaid amount.

8.7

Partial payments

If at any time and for any reason a Paying Agent makes a partial payment in respect of any Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate presented or surrendered for payment to or to the order of that Paying Agent, such Paying Agent shall:

8.7.1

Endorsement:  in the case of a CGN Temporary Global Note, CGN Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate endorse thereon a statement indicating the amount and date of such payment; and

8.7.2

ICSDs’ records:  in the case of an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note, instruct the ICSDs (in accordance with the provisions of Schedule 7 (Duties under the Issuer-ICSDs Agreement)) to make appropriate entries in their respective records to reflect such partial payments.

9.

MISCELLANEOUS DUTIES OF THE PAYING AGENTS

9.1

Records

The Fiscal Agent or, as the case may be, the Registrar shall:

9.1.1

Records:  separately in respect of each Series of Notes, maintain a record of, in the case if the Fiscal Agent, all Temporary Global Notes, Permanent Global Notes, Definitive Notes, Coupons and, in the case of the Registrar, all Note Certificates delivered hereunder and of their redemption, payment, exchange, cancellation, mutilation, defacement, alleged destruction, theft or loss or replacement provided, however, that no record need be maintained of the serial numbers of Coupons (save insofar as that a record shall be maintained of the serial numbers of unmatured Coupons and/or unexchanged Talons missing at the time of redemption or other cancellation of the relevant Definitive Notes and, in the case of Coupons, of any subsequent payments against such Coupons) and shall send as soon as reasonably practicable to the other Paying Agents a list of any unmatured Coupons and/or unexchanged Talons missing upon redemption of the relevant Definitive Note;

9.1.2

Certifications:  separately in respect of each Series of Notes, maintain a record of all certifications received by it in accordance with the provisions of any Temporary Global Note and all certifications received by it in accordance with Clause 9.3 (Cancellation);

9.1.3

Rate of exchange:  upon request by the Issuer or the Guarantor, inform the Issuer or the Guarantor of the spot rate of exchange quoted by it for the purchase of the currency in which the relevant Notes are denominated against payment of Euros (or such other currency specified by the Issuer or the Guarantor) on the

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date on which the Relevant Agreement (as defined in the Dealer Agreement) in respect of such Notes was made; and

9.1.4

Inspection:  make such records available for inspection at all reasonable times by the Issuer, the Guarantor and the other Agents.

9.2

Information from Paying Agents

The Paying Agents shall make available to the Fiscal Agent and the Registrar such information as may reasonably be required for:

9.2.1

the maintenance of the records referred to in Clause 9.1 (Records); and

9.2.2

the Fiscal Agent to perform the duties set out in Schedule 7 (Duties under the Issuer-ICSDs Agreement).

9.3

Cancellation

The Issuer may from time to time deliver, to the Fiscal Agent Definitive Notes and unmatured Coupons appertaining thereto and to the Registrar Note Certificates of which it, the Guarantor or any of their respective Subsidiaries is the Holder for cancellation, whereupon the Fiscal Agent or, as the case may be, Registrar shall cancel the same and, if applicable, make the corresponding entries in the Register. In addition, the Issuer may from time to time:

9.3.1

Fiscal Agent:  procure the delivery to the Fiscal Agent of a CGN Temporary Global Note or a CGN Permanent Global Note with instructions to cancel a specified aggregate principal amount of Notes represented thereby (which instructions shall be accompanied by evidence satisfactory to the Fiscal Agent that the Issuer or, as the case may be, the Guarantor is entitled to give such instructions) whereupon the Fiscal Agent shall note or procure that there is noted on the Schedule to such CGN Temporary Global Note or (as the case may be) CGN Permanent Global Note the aggregate principal amount of Notes so to be cancelled and the remaining principal amount thereof (which shall be the previous principal amount thereof less the aggregate principal amount of the Notes so cancelled) and shall procure the signature of such notation on its behalf; or

9.3.2

ICSDs:  instruct the Fiscal Agent to cancel a specified aggregate principal amount of Notes represented by an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note (which instructions shall be accompanied by evidence satisfactory to the Fiscal Agent that the Issuer, or as the case may be, the Guarantor is entitled to give such instructions) whereupon the Fiscal Agent shall instruct the ICSDs (in accordance with the provisions of Schedule 7 (Duties under the Issuer-ICSDs Agreement)) to make appropriate entries in their respective records to reflect such cancellation.

9.3.3

Purchase and Cancellation of Notes by Issuer: If the Issuer purchases any of its Notes for cancellation, the Issuer shall provide the Paying Agents instructions in the form agreed to by the Paying Agents confirming the details of the Notes

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to be purchased. The Issuer shall provide the instructions to the Paying Agents no later than two business days prior to the date on which the Notes are intended to be purchased and cancelled. Once the Notes have been received by the Paying Agents, such Paying Agent will request the immediate cancellation of the Notes.

9.4

Definitive Notes and Coupons in issue

As soon as practicable (and in any event within one month) after each interest or other payment date in relation to any Series of Notes, after each date on which Notes are cancelled in accordance with Clause 9.3 (Cancellation), and after each date on which the Notes fall due for redemption in accordance with the Conditions, the Fiscal Agent shall notify the Issuer, the Guarantor and the other Paying Agents (on the basis of the information available to it and distinguishing between the Notes of each Series) of the number of any Definitive Notes and/or the number of Coupons (by reference to maturity) against presentation or surrender of which payment has been made and of the number of any Definitive Notes (distinguishing between different denominations) or, as the case may be, Coupons which have not yet been presented or surrendered for payment.

9.5

Note Certificates in issue

As soon as practicable (and in any event within three months) after each date on which Notes fall due for redemption, the Registrar shall notify the Issuer of the serial numbers and principal amount of any Note Certificates against surrender of which payment has been made and of the serial numbers and principal amount of any Note Certificates (and the names and addresses of the Holders thereof) which have not yet been surrendered for payment.

9.6

Destruction

The Fiscal Agent:  or, as the case may be, the Registrar:

9.6.1

Cancelled Notes:  may destroy each Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate cancelled by it (or cancelled by another Paying Agent or Replacement Agent and delivered to it) in accordance with Clause 4.11 (Exchange of Temporary Global Note), Clause 4.12 (Exchange of Permanent Global Note), Clause 4.15 (Delivery of Coupon sheets by Paying Agents), Clause 6.3 (Cancellation of mutilated or defaced Notes) or sub-clause 8.1.3 (Cancellation) or Clause 9.3 (Cancellation), in which case it shall furnish the Issuer and the Guarantor with a certificate as to such destruction distinguishing between the Notes of each Series and specifying the certificate or serial numbers of the Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Notes, Global Registered Note and Individual Note Certificates in numerical sequence (and, in the case of Definitive Notes, containing particulars of any unmatured Coupons and unexchanged Talons attached thereto or surrendered therewith) and the total number by payment or maturity date of Coupons (distinguishing Talons) so destroyed;

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9.6.2

Destruction by Common Safekeeper:  may instruct the Common Safekeeper to destroy each NGN Temporary Global Note and NGN Permanent Global Note, or a Global Registered Note to be held under the NSS in accordance with Clause 4.11 (Exchange of Temporary Global Note) or Clause 8.1 (Payments by Paying Agents) in which case, upon receipt of confirmation of destruction from the Common Safekeeper, the Fiscal Agent shall furnish the Issuer and the Guarantor with a copy of such confirmation (provided that, if the Fiscal Agent is the Common Safekeeper, the Fiscal Agent shall destroy each NGN Temporary Global Note and NGN Permanent Global Note in accordance with Clause 4.11 (Exchange of Temporary Global Note) or Clause 8.1 (Payments by Paying Agents) and furnish the Issuer and the Guarantor with confirmation of such destruction); and

9.6.3

Notes electronically delivered to the Common Safekeeper:  where it has delivered any authenticated Global Note to a Common Safekeeper for effectuation using electronic means, is authorised and instructed to destroy the authenticated Global Note retained by it following its receipt of confirmation from the Common Safekeeper that the relevant Global Note has been effectuated.

9.7

Voting Certificates and Block Voting Instructions

Each Paying Agent shall, at the request of the Holder of any Bearer Note held in a clearing system, issue Voting Certificates and Block Voting Instructions in a form and manner which comply with the provisions of Schedule 2 (Provisions for Meetings of Noteholders) (except that it shall not be required to issue the same less than forty-eight hours before the time fixed for any Meeting therein provided for) and shall perform and comply with the provisions of Schedule 2 (Provisions for Meetings of Noteholders).  Each Paying Agent shall keep a full record of Voting Certificates and Block Voting Instructions issued by it and will give to the Issuer or, as the case may be, the Guarantor not less than twenty-four hours before the time appointed for any Meeting or adjourned Meeting full particulars of all Voting Certificates and Block Voting Instructions issued by it in respect of such meeting or adjourned Meeting.

9.8

Forms of Proxy and Block Voting Instructions

The Registrar shall, at the request of the Holder of any Registered Note held in a clearing system, issue Forms of Proxy and Block Voting Instructions in a form and manner which comply with the provisions of Schedule 2 (Provisions for Meetings of Noteholders) (except that it shall not be required to issue the same less than forty-eight hours before the time fixed for any Meeting therein provided for) and shall perform and comply with the provisions of Schedule 2 (Provisions for Meetings of Noteholders).  The Registrar shall keep a full record of Forms of Proxy and Block Voting Instructions issued by it and will give to the Issuer or, as the case may be, the Guarantor not less than twenty-four hours before the time appointed for any Meeting or adjourned Meeting full particulars of all Forms of Proxy and Block Voting Instructions issued by it in respect of such meeting or adjourned Meeting.

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9.9

Provision of information

9.9.1

The Issuer or, in relation to sub-clauses (b) (Documents for inspection) and (c) (Tax redemption) below, the Guarantor, as the case may be, shall provide to the Fiscal Agent (for distribution among the Paying Agents) and the Registrar:

(a)

Specimens:  at the same time as it is required to deliver any Definitive Notes pursuant to Clause 4.7 (Delivery of Definitive Notes), specimens of such Notes;

(b)

Documents for inspection:  sufficient copies of all documents required to be available for inspection as provided in the Base Prospectus or Drawdown Prospectus (as the case may be) or, in relation to any Notes, the Conditions; and

(c)

Tax redemption:  in the event that the provisions of Condition 9(b) (Redemption for tax reasons) become relevant in relation to any Notes, the documents required thereunder;

9.9.2

The Registrar shall provide the Fiscal Agent with all such information as the Fiscal Agent may reasonably require in order to perform the obligations set out in Clause 9.12 (Notifications and Filings) hereof.

9.9.3

The Issuer undertakes to the Agents that:

(a)

it will provide to the Agents all documentation and other information within its possession or control required by the Agents from time to time to comply with any Applicable Law forthwith upon request by the Agents; and

(b)

it will notify the Agents in writing within 30 days of any change that affects the Issuer’s tax status pursuant to any Applicable Law.

9.10

Documents available for inspection

Each of the Paying Agents and the Registrar shall make available for inspection during normal business hours at its Specified Office such documents as may be specified as so available at the specified office of such agent in the Base Prospectus or Drawdown Prospectus (as the case may be) or, in relation to any Notes, the Conditions, or as may be required by any listing authority, stock exchange and/or quotation system by which any Notes may from time to time be admitted to listing, trading and/or quotation.

9.11

Deposit of Deeds of Covenant and Deeds of Guarantee

The Fiscal Agent and the Registrar acknowledge that a duly executed original of each of the Deeds of Covenant and Deeds of Guarantee have been deposited with and are held by it to the exclusion of the Issuer and the Guarantor and that each Beneficiary (as defined in the Deeds of Covenant) is entitled to production of such originals.  The Fiscal Agent shall provide, at the request and expense of each Beneficiary (as defined in the

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Deeds of Covenant), certified copies of the Deeds of Covenant and the Deeds of Guarantee.

9.12

Notifications and filings

The Fiscal Agent shall (on behalf of the Issuer and the Guarantor) make all necessary notifications and filings as may be required from time to time in relation to the issue, purchase and redemption of Notes by all applicable laws, regulations and guidelines and, in particular but without limitation, those promulgated by, Japanese governmental or regulatory authorities, in the case of Notes denominated in Japanese Yen and the Bank of England, in the case of Notes denominated in or linked to sterling.  Save as aforesaid, the Issuer or the Guarantor, as the case may be, shall be solely responsible for ensuring that each Note to be issued or other transactions to be effected hereunder shall comply with all applicable laws and regulations of any governmental or other regulatory authority and that all necessary consents and approvals of, notifications to and registrations and filings with, any such authority in connection therewith are effected, obtained and maintained in full force and effect.

9.13

Forwarding of notices

The Fiscal Agent, or as the case may be, the Registrar shall as soon as reasonably practicable notify the Issuer and the Guarantor of any notice delivered to it declaring any Note due and payable by reason of an Event of Default or requiring any breach of any provision of this Agreement or the Conditions applicable to any Tranche of Notes to be remedied.

9.14

Publication of notices

The Fiscal Agent, or as the case may be, the Registrar shall, upon and in accordance with the instructions of the Issuer or, as the case may be, the Guarantor but not otherwise, arrange for the publication in accordance with the Conditions of any notice which is to be given to the Holders of any Notes and shall supply a copy thereof to each other Paying Agent.

9.15

Issuer-ICSDs Agreement

The Fiscal Agent and Registrar shall comply with the provisions set out in Schedule 7 (Duties under the Issuer-ICSDs Agreement).

10.

REPORTING OBLIGATION; WITHHOLDING; RIGHT TO REDIRECT

10.1

Each party shall, within ten business days of a written request by another party, supply to that other party such forms, documentation and other information relating to it, its operations, or any Notes as that other party reasonably requests for the purposes of that other party’s compliance with Applicable Law and shall notify the relevant other party reasonably promptly in the event that it becomes aware that any of the forms, documentation or other information provided by such party is (or becomes) inaccurate in any material respect; provided, however, that no party shall be required to provide any forms, documentation or other information pursuant to this Clause 10.1 to the extent that: (i) any such form, documentation or other information (or the information required

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to be provided on such form or documentation) is not reasonably available to such party and cannot be obtained by such party using reasonable efforts; or (ii) doing so would or might in the reasonable opinion of such party constitute a breach of any: (a) Applicable Law; (b) fiduciary duty; or (c) duty of confidentiality.

10.2

The Issuer shall notify the Paying Agents and, if applicable, the Registrar in the event that it determines that any payment to be made by the Paying Agents or the Registrar under any Notes is a payment which could be subject to FATCA Withholding if such payment were made to a recipient that is generally unable to receive payments free from FATCA Withholding, and the extent to which the relevant payment is so treated, provided, however, that the Issuer’s obligation under this Clause 10.2 shall apply only to the extent that such payments are so treated by virtue of characteristics of the Issuer, such Notes, or both.

10.3

In the event that the Issuer determines in its sole discretion that any deduction or withholding for or on account of any Tax will be required by Applicable Law in connection with any payment due to either of the Paying Agents or the Registrar on any Notes, then the Issuer will be entitled to redirect or reorganise any such payment in any way that it sees fit in order that the payment may be made without such deduction or withholding provided that, any such redirected or reorganised payment is made through a recognised institution of international standing and otherwise made in accordance with this Agreement. The Issuer will promptly notify the Paying Agents and the Registrar of any such redirection or reorganisation. For the avoidance of doubt, FATCA Withholding is a deduction or withholding which is deemed to be required by Applicable Law for the purposes of this Clause 10.3.

11.

EARLY REDEMPTION AND EXERCISE OF OPTIONS

11.1

Exercise of call or other option

If the Issuer or the Guarantor intends (other than consequent upon an Event of Default) to redeem all or any of the Notes prior to their stated maturity date or to exercise any other option under the Conditions, it shall, not less than 14 days prior to the latest date for the publication of the notice of redemption or of exercise of such option required to be given to the Holders of any Notes, give notice of such intention to the Fiscal Agent stating the date on which such Notes are to be redeemed or such option is to be exercised.

11.2

Exercise of put options

Each Paying Agent shall make available to Noteholders during the period specified in Condition 9(f) (Redemption at the option of Noteholders) for the deposit of Put Option Notices forms of Put Option Notice upon request during usual business hours at its Specified Office. Each Paying Agent shall also make available to Noteholders, in relation to Condition 9(g) (Change of Control), forms of Early Redemption Notice upon request during usual business hours at its Specified Office.  Upon receipt by a Paying Agent of a duly completed Put Option Notice or Early Redemption Notice such Paying Agent shall notify the Issuer and (in the case of a Paying Agent other than the Fiscal Agent) the Fiscal Agent thereof indicating the certificate or serial numbers (if any) and principal amount of the Notes in respect of which the Put Option or Early Redemption

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Notice is exercised.  Any such Paying Agent with which a Definitive Note or Individual Note Certificate is deposited shall deliver a duly completed Put Option Receipt to the depositing Noteholder and shall hold such Definitive Note or Individual Note Certificate on behalf of the depositing Noteholder (but shall not, save as provided below or in the Conditions, release it) until the Optional Redemption Date (Put), in the case of a Put Option Notice, or Effective Date, in the case of an Early Redemption Notice, when it shall present such Definitive Note or Individual Note Certificate to itself for payment of the redemption moneys therefor and interest (if any) accrued to such date in accordance with the Conditions and Clause 8 (Payments to Noteholders) and pay such amounts in accordance with the directions of the Noteholder contained in the Put Option Notice or Early Redemption Notice, as relevant; provided, however, that if, prior to the Optional Redemption Date (Put), in the case of a Put Option Notice, or Effective Date, in the case of an Early Redemption Notice, such Definitive Note or Notes evidenced by such Individual Note Certificate become immediately due and payable or upon due presentation of such Definitive Note or Individual Note Certificate payment of such redemption moneys is improperly withheld or refused, the relevant Paying Agent shall mail notification thereof to the depositing Noteholder at such address as may have been given by such Noteholder in the relevant Put Option Notice or Early Redemption Notice, as relevant, and shall, in the case of a Definitive Note, hold such Note at its Specified Office for collection by the depositing Noteholder against surrender of the relevant Put Option Receipt and, in the case of an Individual Note Certificate, mail such Note Certificate by uninsured post to, and at the risk of, the Noteholder at such address as may have been given by such Noteholder in the relevant Put Option Notice or Early Redemption Notice, as relevant.  For so long as any outstanding Definitive Note is held by a Paying Agent in accordance with the preceding sentence, the depositor of the relevant Definitive Note, and not the relevant Paying Agent, shall be deemed to be the bearer of such Definitive Note for all purposes.  Any Paying Agent which receives a Put Option Notice or Early Redemption Notice, as relevant, in respect of Notes represented by a Permanent Global Note or a Global Registered Note shall make payment of the relevant redemption moneys and interest accrued to the Optional Redemption Date (Put), in the case of a Put Option Notice, or Effective Date, in the case of an Early Redemption Notice, in accordance with the Conditions, Clause 8 (Payments to Noteholders) and the terms of the Permanent Global Note or Global Registered Note, as the case may be.

11.3

Details of exercise

At the end of any applicable period for the exercise of such option or, as the case may be, not later than 7 days after the latest date for the exercise of such option in relation to a particular date, each Paying Agent shall:

11.3.1

in the case of the exercise of an option in respect of a Permanent Global Note or a Definitive Note, promptly notify the Fiscal Agent of the principal amount of the Notes in respect of which such option has been exercised with it together with their certificate or, as the case may be, serial numbers and the Fiscal Agent shall promptly notify such details to the Issuer; and

11.3.2

in the case of the exercise of an option in respect of a Global Registered Note or an Individual Note Certificate, promptly notify the Registrar of the principal

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amount of the Notes in respect of which such option has been exercised with it together with their certificate or, as the case may be, serial numbers and the Registrar shall promptly notify such details to the Issuer.

12.

APPOINTMENT AND DUTIES OF THE CALCULATION AGENT

12.1

Appointment

The Issuer and the Guarantor appoint the Fiscal Agent at its specified office as Calculation Agent in relation to each Series of Notes in respect of which it is named as such in the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be) for the purposes specified in this Agreement and in the Conditions and all matters incidental thereto.

12.2

Acceptance of appointment

12.2.1

The Fiscal Agent accepts its appointment as Calculation Agent in relation to each Series of Notes in respect of which it agrees to be named as such in the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be) and shall perform all matters expressed to be performed by it in, and otherwise comply with, the Conditions and the provisions of this Agreement and, in connection therewith, shall take all such action as may be incidental thereto.  The Fiscal Agent acknowledges and agrees that it shall be named in the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be) as Calculation Agent in respect of each Series of Notes unless the Dealer (or one of the Dealers) through whom such Notes are issued has agreed with the Issuer and the Guarantor to act as Calculation Agent or the Issuer and the Guarantor otherwise agrees to appoint another institution as Calculation Agent.

12.2.2

Notwithstanding anything included in the Base Prospectus, the relevant Final Terms, and/or any agreement (whether oral or in writing) between the Issuer and any Dealer(s) for the issue by the Issuer and the subscription by such Dealer(s) (or on such other basis as may be agreed between the Issuer and the relevant Dealer(s) at the relevant time) in connection with the issue of any Series of Notes, the Issuer agrees that the Fiscal Agent or Citibank, N.A., London Branch (in its capacity as Calculation Agent, if named as such in the relevant Final Terms) will have no obligation to exercise any discretion (including, but not limited to, determinations of alternative or substitute benchmarks, successor reference rates, screen pages, interest adjustment factors/fractions or spreads, market disruptions, benchmark amendment conforming changes, selection and polling of reference banks).

12.2.3

To the extent that the Base Prospectus, the relevant Final Terms, and/or any  agreement (whether oral or in writing) between the Issuer and any Dealer(s) for the issue by the Issuer and the subscription by such Dealer(s) (or on such other basis as may be agreed between the Issuer and the relevant Dealer(s) at the relevant time) in connection with the issue of any Series of Notes requires Citibank, N.A., London Branch (in its capacity as Calculation Agent, if named as such in the relevant Final Terms) to exercise any such discretions and/or

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make such determinations as set out in sub-clause 12.2.2, such references shall be construed as the Issuer or its financial adviser or alternate agent appointed by the Issuer exercising such discretions and/or determinations and/or actions and not Citibank, N.A., London Branch (in its capacity as Calculation Agent, if named as such in the relevant Final Terms).

12.3

Calculations and determinations

The Calculation Agent shall in respect of each Series of Notes in relation to which it is appointed as such:

12.3.1

Determinations:  obtain such quotes and rates and/or make such determinations, calculations, adjustments, notifications and publications as may be required to be made by it by the Conditions at the times and otherwise in accordance with the Conditions; and

12.3.2

Records:  maintain a record of all quotations obtained by it and of all amounts, rates and other items determined or calculated by it and make such records available for inspection at all reasonable times by the Issuer and the Guarantor and the Agents.

13.

FEES AND EXPENSES

13.1

Fees

The Issuer (or, in default, the Guarantor) shall pay to the Fiscal Agent for account of the Agents (other than the Calculation Agent) such fees as may have been agreed between the Issuer, the Guarantor and the Fiscal Agent and recorded in a letter dated 28 May 2014 from the Fiscal Agent to the Issuer and the Guarantor in respect of the services of the Agents (other than the Calculation Agent) hereunder (plus any applicable value added tax). The Issuer (or, in default, the Guarantor) shall pay to any Calculation Agent such fees as may be agreed between the Issuer, the Guarantor and such Calculation Agent in respect of its services hereunder (plus any applicable value added tax).

13.2

Front-end expenses

The Issuer (or, in default, the Guarantor) shall on demand reimburse the Fiscal Agent and each other Agent for all reasonable expenses (including, without limitation, legal fees and any publication, advertising, communication, courier, postage and other out-of-pocket expenses) properly incurred in connection with its services hereunder (plus any applicable value added tax), other than such costs and reasonable expenses as are separately agreed to be reimbursed out of the fees payable under Clause 13.1 (Fees).

Any expenses under this Clause 13 shall include any costs or charges incurred by the Fiscal Agent in carrying out instructions to clear and/or settle transfers of securities under this Agreement (including cash penalty charges that may be incurred under Article 7 of the Central Securities Depositaries Regulation (EU) No 909/2014 if a settlement fail occurs due to the Issuer’s failure to deliver any required securities or cash or other action or omission).

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13.3

Taxes

The Issuer (or, in default, the Guarantor) shall pay all stamp, registration and other taxes and duties (including any interest and penalties thereon or in connection therewith) which may be payable upon or in connection with the execution and delivery of this Agreement and any letters of appointment under which any Agent is appointed as agent hereunder, and the Issuer and the Guarantor shall jointly and severally indemnify each Agent on demand against any claim, demand, action, liability, damages, cost, loss or expense (including, without limitation, legal fees and any applicable value added tax) which it may incur or which may be made against it as a result or arising out of or in relation to any failure to pay or delay in paying any of the same.  All payments by the  Issuer or (as the case may be) the Guarantor under this Clause 13, Clause 14.3 (Indemnity in favour of the Agents) or Clause 14.5 (Consequential damages disclaimer) shall be made free and clear of, and without withholding or deduction for, any taxes, duties, assessments or governmental charges of whatsoever nature imposed, levied, collected, withheld or assessed by the Republic of Ireland or any political subdivision or any authority thereof or therein having power to tax, unless such withholding or deduction is required by law. In that event, the Issuer or (as the case may be) the Guarantor shall pay such additional amounts as will result in the receipt by the relevant Agent of such amounts as would have been received by it if no such withholding or deduction had been required.

14.

TERMS OF APPOINTMENT

14.1

Rights and Powers

Each of the Paying Agents, the Registrar, the Transfer Agents, the Replacement Agents and (in the case of sub-clauses 14.1.4 (Genuine documents), 14.1.5 (Lawyers) and 14.1.6 (Expense or liability) each Calculation Agent) may, in connection with its services hereunder:

14.1.1

Absolute owner:  except as ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction or as required by law and notwithstanding any notice of ownership, trust or any other interest therein, any writing thereon or any notice of any previous loss or theft thereof, but subject to sub-clause 8.1.1 (Replacements), treat the Holder of any Note or Coupon as the absolute owner thereof and make payments thereon accordingly;

14.1.2

Correct terms:  assume that the terms of each Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate as issued are correct;

14.1.3

Determination by Issuer:  refer any question relating to the ownership of any Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate or the adequacy or sufficiency of any evidence supplied in connection with the replacement of any of the same to the Issuer for determination by the Issuer and rely upon any determination so made;

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14.1.4

Genuine documents:  rely upon the terms of any notice, communication or other document reasonably believed by it to be genuine;

14.1.5

Lawyers:  engage and pay for the advice or services of any lawyers or other experts whose advice or services it considers necessary and rely upon any advice so obtained (and such Paying Agent, Registrar, Transfer Agent, Replacement Agent or, as the case may be, such Calculation Agent shall be protected and shall incur no liability as against the Issuer or the Guarantor in respect of any action taken, or suffered to be taken, in accordance with such advice and in good faith);

14.1.6

Expense or liability:  treat itself as being released from any obligation to take any action hereunder which it reasonably expects will result in any expense or liability to it, the payment of which within a reasonable time is not, in its reasonable opinion, assured to it;

14.1.7

Acquisition of interest in Notes: acquire an interest in the Notes or be involved in any other transaction with the Issuer or Guarantor;

14.1.8

Conflicting Instructions: be entitled to do nothing, without liability, if conflicting, unclear or equivocal instructions are received, however if a Paying Agent does receive conflicting, unclear or equivocal instructions, it shall, as soon as reasonably practicable, notify the Issuer and/or the Guarantor, as the case may be; and

14.1.9

Notwithstanding anything else herein contained, each of the Paying Agents, the Registrar, the Transfer Agents, the Replacement Agents and the Calculation Agent:

(a)

may refrain without liability from doing anything that would or might in its opinion be contrary to any law of any state or jurisdiction (including but not limited to the European Union, United States of America or, in each case, any jurisdiction forming a part of it and Germany, England and Wales) or any directive or regulation of any agency of any such state or jurisdiction or which would or might otherwise render it liable to any person or cause it to act in a manner which might prejudice its interests and may without liability do anything which is, in its opinion, necessary to comply with any such law, directive or regulation; and

(b)

shall be protected against liability for acting on any instruction which it reasonably believes (acting in good faith) to be genuine and to have been delivered, signed or sent by the proper party or parties or upon written instructions from the Issuer and/or the Guarantor.

14.2

Extent of Duties

Each Agent shall only be obliged to perform the duties set out herein and such other duties as are necessarily incidental thereto.  No Agent shall:

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14.2.1

Fiduciary duty:  be under any fiduciary duty or other obligation towards or have any relationship of agency or trust for or with any person other than the Issuer and the Guarantor; or

14.2.2

Enforceability of any Notes:  be responsible for or liable in respect of the legality, validity or enforceability of any Temporary Global Note, Permanent Global Note, Definitive Note, Coupon, Global Registered Note or Individual Note Certificate or any act or omission of any other person (including, without limitation, any other Agent).

14.3

Indemnity in favour of the Agents

The Issuer and the Guarantor shall jointly and severally indemnify each Agent against any direct claim, demand, action, liability, damages, cost, loss or expense (including, without limitation, legal fees and any applicable value added tax) which it incurs, other than such reasonable costs and expenses as are separately agreed to be reimbursed out of the fees payable under Clause 13.1 (Fees) and otherwise than by reason of its own gross negligence or wilful misconduct, default or bad faith, as a result or arising out of or in relation to its acting as the agent of the Issuer and the Guarantor in relation to the Notes.  The Indemnity shall survive the termination or expiry of the Agreement and the resignation and/or removal of the Agent.

14.4

Indemnity in favour of the Issuer and Guarantor

Each Agent shall severally indemnify the Issuer and the Guarantor against any direct claim, demand, action, liability, damages, cost, loss or expense (including, without limitation, legal fees and any applicable value added tax) which it incurs as a result of the gross negligence or wilful misconduct of such Agent or of their respective officers, directors or employees.  The Indemnity shall survive the termination or expiry of the Agreement and the resignation and/or removal of the Agent.

14.5

Consequential damages disclaimer

Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary, including, without limitation, any indemnity given by each Agent herein, an Agent shall not in any event be liable for special, indirect, punitive or consequential loss or damage of any kind whatsoever (including but not limited to lost profits), whether or not foreseeable, even if the relevant Agent has been advised of the likelihood of such loss or damage and regardless of whether the claim for loss or damage is made in negligence, for breach of contract, breach of trust, breach of fiduciary obligation or otherwise; provided, however, that this Clause 14.5 shall be deemed not to apply in the event of a determination of fraud on the part of the Agent in a non-appealable judgment by a court having jurisdiction.

15.

CHANGES IN AGENTS

15.1

Resignation

Any Agent may resign its appointment as the agent of the Issuer and the Guarantor hereunder and/or in relation to any Series of Notes upon the expiration of not less than

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30 days’ notice to that effect by such Agent to the Issuer and the Guarantor (with a copy, in the case of an Agent other than the Fiscal Agent, to the Fiscal Agent and in the case of an Agent other than the Registrar, to the Registrar) provided, however, that:

15.1.1

Payment date:  if in relation to any Series of Notes any such resignation which would otherwise take effect less than 30 days before the maturity date or other date for redemption of such Series or any interest or other payment date in relation to any such Series it shall not take effect, in relation to such Series only, until the thirtieth day following such date; and

15.1.2

Successors:  in respect of any Series of Notes, in the case of the Fiscal Agent, the Registrar, the Calculation Agent or the Required Agent, such resignation shall not be effective until a successor thereto has been appointed by the Issuer and the Guarantor as their agent in relation to such Series of Notes in accordance with Clause 15.4 (Additional and successor agents) or in accordance with Clause 15.5 (Agents may appoint successors) and notice of such appointment has been given in accordance with the Conditions.

15.2

Revocation

The Issuer and the Guarantor (acting together) may revoke their appointment of any Agent as their agent hereunder and/or in relation to any Series of Notes by not less than thirty days’ notice to that effect to such Agent (with a copy, in the case of an Agent other than the Fiscal Agent, to the Fiscal Agent and in the case of an Agent other than the Registrar, to the Registrar) provided, however, that in respect of any Series of Notes, in the case of the Fiscal Agent, the Registrar, the Calculation Agent or any Required Agent, such revocation shall not be effective until a successor thereto has been appointed by the Issuer and the Guarantor as their agent in relation to such Series of Notes and notice of such appointment has been given in accordance with the Conditions.

15.3

Automatic termination

The appointment of any Agent shall terminate forthwith if:

15.3.1

Incapacity:  such Agent becomes incapable of acting;

15.3.2

Receiver:  a secured party takes possession, or a receiver, manager or other similar officer is appointed, of the whole or any part of the undertaking, assets and revenues of such Agent;

15.3.3

Insolvency:  such Agent admits in writing its insolvency or inability to pay its debts as they fall due;

15.3.4

Liquidator:  an administrator or liquidator of such Agent or the whole or any part of the undertaking, assets and revenues of such Agent is appointed (or application for any such appointment is made);

15.3.5

Composition:  such Agent takes any action for a readjustment or deferment of any of its obligations or makes a general assignment or an arrangement or

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composition with or for the benefit of its creditors or declares a moratorium in respect of any of its indebtedness;

15.3.6

Winding-up:  an order is made or an effective resolution is passed for the winding-up of such Agent; or

15.3.7

Analogous event:  any event occurs which has an analogous effect to any of the foregoing.

If the appointment of the Fiscal Agent, Registrar, Calculation Agent or any Required Agent is terminated in accordance with this Clause 15.3, the Issuer and the Guarantor (acting together) shall forthwith appoint a successor in accordance with Clause 15.4 (Additional and successor agents).

15.4

Additional and successor agents

The Issuer and the Guarantor (acting together) may appoint a successor fiscal agent, registrar or calculation agent and additional or successor paying agents and transfer agents and shall forthwith give notice of any such appointment to the continuing Agents and the Noteholders, whereupon the Issuer, the Guarantor, the continuing Agents, and the additional or successor fiscal agent, registrar, calculation agent, paying agent, transfer agent or paying agent shall acquire and become subject to the same rights and obligations between themselves as if they had entered into an agreement in the form mutatis mutandis of this Agreement.

15.5

Agents may appoint successors

If the Fiscal Agent, Registrar, Calculation Agent or any Required Agent gives notice of its resignation in accordance with Clause 15.1 (Resignation) and by the tenth day before the expiry of such notice a successor has not been duly appointed in accordance with Clause 15.4 (Additional and successor agents), the Fiscal Agent or (as the case may be), Registrar, Calculation Agent or Required Agent may itself, following such consultation with the Issuer and the Guarantor as is practicable in the circumstances, appoint as its successor any reputable and experienced financial institution and give notice of such appointment to the Issuer, the Guarantor, the remaining Agents and the Noteholders, whereupon the Issuer, the Guarantor, the remaining Agents and such successor shall acquire and become subject to the same rights and obligations between themselves as if they had entered into an agreement in the form mutatis mutandis of this Agreement.

15.6

Release

Upon any resignation or revocation taking effect under Clause 15.1 (Resignation) or 15.2 (Revocation) or any termination taking effect under Clause 15.3 (Automatic termination), the relevant Agent shall:

15.6.1

Discharge:  be released and discharged from its obligations under this Agreement (save that it shall remain entitled to the benefit of and subject to Clause 13.3 (Taxes), Clause 14 (Terms of Appointment) and Clause 15 (Changes in Agents));

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15.6.2

Fiscal Agent’s records:  in the case of the Fiscal Agent, deliver to the Issuer, the Guarantor and to its successor a copy, certified as true and up-to-date by an officer or authorised signatory of the Fiscal Agent, of the records maintained by it in accordance with Clause 9.1 (Records); and

15.6.3

Calculation Agent’s records:  in the case of any Calculation Agent, deliver to the Issuer, the Guarantor and its successor a copy, certified as true and up-to-date by an officer or authorised signatory of such Calculation Agent, of the records maintained by it in accordance with Clause 12 (Appointment and Duties of the Calculation Agent); and

15.6.4

Registrar’s records:  in the case of the Registrar, deliver to the Issuer, the Guarantor and its successor a copy, certified as true and up-to-date by an officer or authorised signatory of the Registrar, of the records maintained by it in accordance with Clause 5.1 (Maintenance of the Register); and

15.6.5

Moneys and papers:  forthwith (upon payment to it of any amount due to it in accordance with Clause 13 (Fees and Expenses) or Clause 14.4 (Indemnity in favour of the Agents)) transfer all moneys and papers (including any unissued Notes held by it hereunder and any documents held by it pursuant to Clause 9.10 (Documents available for inspection)) to its successor and, upon appropriate notice, provide reasonable assistance to its successor for the discharge of its duties and responsibilities hereunder.

15.7

Merger

Any legal entity into which any Agent is merged or converted or any legal entity resulting from any merger or conversion to which such Agent is a party shall, to the extent permitted by applicable law, be the successor to such Agent without any further formality, whereupon the Issuer, the Guarantor, the other Agents and such successor shall acquire and become subject to the same rights and obligations between themselves as if they had entered into an agreement in the form mutatis mutandis of this Agreement.  Notice of any such merger or conversion shall forthwith be given by such successor to the Issuer, the Guarantor, the other Agents and the Noteholders.

15.8

Changes in Specified Offices

If any Agent decides to change its Specified Office (which may only be effected within the same city unless the prior written approval of the Issuer and the Guarantor has been obtained), it shall give notice to the Issuer and the Guarantor (with a copy to the other Agents) of the address of the new Specified Office stating the date on which such change is to take effect, which date shall be not less than 30 days after the date of such notice.  The Issuer (or, in default, the Guarantor) shall at its own expense not less than 14 days prior to the date on which such change is to take effect (unless the appointment of the relevant Agent is to terminate pursuant to any of the foregoing provisions of this Clause 15.1 (Resignation) on or prior to the date of such change) give notice thereof to the Noteholders.

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16.

NOTICES

16.1

Addresses for Notices

All notices and communications hereunder shall be made in writing (by letter or email), shall be effective upon receipt by the addressee and shall be sent as follows:

16.1.1

if to the Issuer to it at:

​

​

Address:

Corporate Head Office

​

Airside Business Park

​

Swords

​

Co. Dublin

​

Republic of Ireland

​

​

Attention:

Company Secretary

Email:

tr1@ryanair.com

​

16.1.2

if to the Guarantor to it at:

Address:

Corporate Head Office

​

Airside Business Park

​

Swords

​

Co. Dublin

​

Republic of Ireland

​

​

Attention:

Company Secretary

Email:

tr1@ryanair.com

​

16.1.3

if to the Fiscal Agent, the Registrar, a Paying Agent or a Transfer Agent to it at the address, email address or fax number specified against its name in Schedule 3 (The Specified Offices of the Agents)

or, in any case, to such other address, email address or fax number or for the attention of such other person or department as the addressee has by prior notice to the sender specified for the purpose.

16.2

Effectiveness

All notices and communication sent in accordance with Clause 16.1 (Addresses for Notices) shall take effect, in the case of a letter, at the time of delivery, in the case of an electronic communication, when the relevant receipt of such communication being read is given, or where no read receipt is requested by the sender, at the time of sending, provided, that no delivery failure notification is received by the sender within 24 hours of sending such communication; provided that any such notice or other communication which is received (or deemed to take effect in accordance with the foregoing) after 4.00 p.m. (local time) or on a non-business day in the place of receipt shall be deemed to take effect at 10.00 a.m. on the next following business day in such place. Any communication delivered to any party under this Agreement which is to be sent by electronic communication will be written legal evidence.

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17.

LAW AND JURISDICTION

17.1

Governing law

17.1.1

If “English law” is specified in the applicable Final Terms as being the Governing Law, this Agreement and any non-contractual obligations arising out of or in connection with it shall, in respect of such Notes, be governed by English law.

17.1.2

If “Irish law” is specified in the applicable Final Terms as being the Governing Law, this Agreement and any non-contractual obligations arising out of or in connection with it shall, in respect of such Notes, be governed by the laws of Ireland.

17.2

Jurisdiction

17.2.1

If “English law” is specified in the applicable Final Terms as being the Governing Law, the courts of England shall have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute (a “Dispute”), arising out of or in connection with this Agreement in relation to such Notes (including a dispute relating to the existence, validity or termination of this Agreement or any non-contractual obligation arising out of or in connection with this Agreement) or the consequences of its nullity. The parties agree that the courts of England are the most appropriate and convenient courts to settle any Dispute and, accordingly, that they will not argue to the contrary.

17.2.2

If “Irish law” is specified in the applicable Final Terms as being the Governing Law, the courts of Ireland shall have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute (a “Dispute”), arising out of or in connection with this Agreement in relation to such Notes (including a dispute relating to the existence, validity or termination of this Agreement or any non-contractual obligation arising out of or in connection with this Agreement) or the consequences of its nullity. The parties agree that the courts of Ireland are the most appropriate and convenient courts to settle any Dispute and, accordingly, that they will not argue to the contrary.

17.3

Service of process

Each of the Issuer and the Guarantor agrees that the documents which start any Proceedings in England and any other documents required to be served in relation to those Proceedings in England may be served on it by being delivered to Ryanair UK Limited at Enterprise House, 2nd Floor, Bassingbourn Road, London Stansted Airport, England, CM24 1QW, or to such other person with an address in England and/or at such other address in England as the Issuer or Guarantor respectively may specify by notice in writing to the Agents. Nothing in this paragraph shall affect the right of any Agent to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. This Clause 17.3 applies to Proceedings in England and to Proceedings elsewhere.

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17.4

Rights of Third Parties

If “English law” is specified in the applicable Final Terms as being the Governing Law, a person who is not a party to this Agreement has no right under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 to enforce any term of this Agreement.

18.

CONTRACTUAL RECOGNITION OF BAIL-IN

Notwithstanding and to the exclusion of any other term of this Agreement and/or any Relevant Agreement or any other agreements, arrangements, or understanding between each BRRD Party and each BRRD Counterparty, each BRRD Counterparty acknowledges and accepts that a BRRD Liability arising under this Agreement and/or any Relevant Agreement may be subject to the exercise of Bail-in Powers by the Relevant Resolution Authority, and acknowledges, accepts, and agrees to be bound by:

(a)

the effect of the exercise of Bail-in Powers by the Relevant Resolution Authority in relation to any BRRD Liability of each BRRD Party to each BRRD Counterparty under this Agreement and/or any Relevant Agreement, that (without limitation) may include and result in any of the following, or some combination thereof:

(i)

the reduction of all, or a portion, of the BRRD Liability or outstanding amounts due thereon;

(ii)

the conversion of all, or a portion, of such BRRD Liability into shares, other securities or other obligations of the relevant BRRD Party or another person, and the issue to or conferral on the BRRD Counterparty of such shares, securities or obligations;

(iii)

the cancellation of such BRRD Liability;

(iv)

the amendment or alteration of any interest, if applicable, thereon, the maturity or the dates on which any payments are due, including by suspending payment for a temporary period;

(b)

the variation of the terms of this Agreement and/or any Relevant Agreement, as deemed necessary by the Relevant Resolution Authority, to give effect to the exercise of Bail-in Powers by the Relevant Resolution Authority.

“Bail-in Legislation” means in relation to a member state of the European Economic Area which has implemented, or which at any time implements, the BRRD, the relevant implementing law, regulation, rule or requirement as described in the EU Bail-in Legislation Schedule from time to time.

“Bail-in Powers” means any Write-down and Conversion Powers as defined in the EU Bail-in Legislation Schedule, in relation to the relevant Bail-in Legislation.

“BRRD” means Directive 2014/59/EU establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms.

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“BRRD Counterparty” means each party to this Agreement and/or any Relevant Agreement, as the case may be, other than the relevant BRRD Party, that is a counterparty to any BRRD Party.

“BRRD Liability” means a liability in respect of which the relevant Write Down and Conversion Powers in the applicable Bail-in Legislation may be exercised.

“BRRD Party” means any party to this Agreement and/or any Relevant Agreement subject to the Bail-in Legislation.

“EU Bail-in Legislation Schedule” means the document described as such, then in effect, and published by the Loan Market Association (or any successor person) from time to time at the LMA website under EU Bail-in Legislation Schedule.

“Relevant Resolution Authority” means the resolution authority with the ability to exercise any Bail-in Powers in relation to the relevant BRRD Party.

19.

MODIFICATION

For the avoidance of doubt, this Agreement may be amended by further agreement among the parties hereto and without the consent of the Noteholders.

20.

COUNTERPARTS

This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and by different parties hereto in separate counterparts, each of which when so executed shall be deemed to be an original and all of which when so executed shall constitute one and the same binding agreement between the parties.

21.

ILLEGALITY

Notwithstanding anything else herein contained, the Paying Agents, Transfer Agent, Calculation Agent and the Registrar, having consulted with the Issuer where legally permissible, may refrain from doing anything that would or might, in their reasonable opinion, be contrary to any law of any state or jurisdiction (including but not limited to the European Union, the United States of America or, in each case, any jurisdiction forming a part of it and England and Wales) or any directive or regulation of any agency of any such state or jurisdiction and may do anything which is, in their reasonable opinion and having consulted with the Issuer where legally permissible, necessary to comply with any such law, directive or regulation.

22.

WHOLE AGREEMENT

22.1.1

This Agreement contains the whole agreement between the Parties relating to the subject matter of this Agreement at the date of this Agreement to the exclusion of any terms implied by law which may be excluded by contract and supersedes any previous written or oral agreement between the Parties in relation to the matters dealt with in this Agreement.

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22.1.2

Each Party acknowledges that it has not been induced to enter into this Agreement by any representation, warranty or undertaking not expressly incorporated into it.

22.1.3

So far as is permitted by law and except in the case of fraud, each Party agrees and acknowledges that its only right and remedy in relation to any representation, warranty or undertaking made or given in connection with this Agreement shall be for breach of the terms of this Agreement to the exclusion of all other rights and remedies (including those in tort or arising under statute).

22.1.4

In sub-clauses 22.1.1 to 22.1.3, “this Agreement” includes all documents entered into pursuant to this Agreement.

AS WITNESS the hands of the duly authorised representatives of the parties hereto the day and year first before written.

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SCHEDULE 1

DUTIES UNDER THE ISSUER-ICSDS AGREEMENT

In relation to each Tranche of Bearer Notes that are, or are to be, represented by an NGN Temporary Global Note or an NGN Permanent Global Note or a Global Registered Note to be held under the NSS, the Fiscal Agent or the Registrar will comply with the following provisions:

1.

Initial issue outstanding amount:  The Fiscal Agent or the Registrar will inform each of the ICSDs, through the Common Service Provider appointed by the ICSDs to service the Notes, of the initial issue outstanding amount (the “IOA”) for such Tranche on or prior to the relevant Issue Date.

2.

Mark up or mark down:  If any event occurs that requires a mark up or mark down of the records which an ICSD holds for its customers to reflect such customers’ interest in the Notes, the Fiscal Agent or the Registrar will (to the extent known to it) promptly provide details of the amount of such mark up or mark down, together with a description of the event that requires it, to the ICSDs (through the Common Service Provider) to ensure (i) that the IOA of any NGN Temporary Global Notes or NGN Permanent Global Notes, as set out in the records of Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg, or (ii) the IOA of any Global Registered Note held under the NSS, as reflected in the records of Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg remains at all times accurate.

3.

Reconciliation of records:  The Fiscal Agent or the Registrar will at least once every month reconcile its record of the IOA of the Notes with information received from the ICSDs (through the Common Service Provider) with respect to the IOA maintained by the ICSDs for the Notes and will as soon as reasonably practicable inform the ICSDs (through the Common Service Provider) of any discrepancies.

4.

Resolution of discrepancies:  The Fiscal Agent or the Registrar will as soon as reasonably practicable assist the ICSDs (through the Common Service Provider) in resolving any discrepancy identified in the IOA of Notes any NGN Temporary Global Notes or NGN Permanent Global Notes or in the records reflecting the IOA of any Global Note held under the NSS.

5.

Details of payments:  The Fiscal Agent or the Registrar will as soon as reasonably practicable provide the ICSDs (through the Common Service Provider) details of all amounts paid by it under the Notes (or, where the Notes provide for delivery of assets other than cash, of the assets so delivered).

6.

Change of amount:  The Fiscal Agent will (to the extent known to it) as soon as reasonably practicable provide to the ICSDs (through the Common Service Provider) notice of any changes to the Notes that will affect the amount of, or date for, any payment due under the Notes.

7.

Notices to Noteholders:  The Fiscal Agent or the Registrar will (to the extent known to it) as soon as reasonably practicable provide to the ICSDs (through the Common Service Provider) copies of all information that is given to the Holders of the Notes.

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8.

Communications from ICSDs:  The Fiscal Agent or the Registrar will as soon as reasonably practicable pass on to the Issuer all communications it receives from the ICSDs directly or through the Common Service Provider relating to the Notes.

9.

Default:  The Fiscal Agent or the Registrar will (to the extent known to it) as soon as reasonably practicable notify the ICSDs (through the Common Service Provider) of any failure by the Issuer to make any payment or delivery due under the Notes when due.

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SCHEDULE 2

PROVISIONS FOR MEETINGS OF NOTEHOLDERS

1.

DEFINITIONS

In this Agreement and the Conditions, the following expressions have the following meanings:

“Block Voting Instruction” means, in relation to any Meeting, a document in the English language issued by a Paying Agent for Holders of Bearer Notes and/or a document in the English language issued by the Registrar for Holders of Registered Notes:

(a)

certifying that certain specified Notes (the “deposited Notes”) have been deposited with such Paying Agent or, as the case may be, the Registrar (or to the order of such Paying Agent or, as the case may be, the Registrar at a bank or other depositary) or blocked in an account with a clearing system and will not be released until the earlier of:

(i)

the conclusion of the Meeting; and

(ii)

the surrender to such Paying Agent or the Registrar, not less than 48 hours before the time fixed for the Meeting (or, if the Meeting has been adjourned, the time fixed for its resumption), of the receipt for the deposited or blocked Notes and notification thereof by such Paying Agent to the Issuer and the Guarantor;

(b)

certifying that the depositor of each deposited Note or a duly authorised person on its behalf has instructed the relevant Paying Agent or, as the case may be, the Registrar that the votes attributable to such deposited Note are to be cast in a particular way on each resolution to be put to the Meeting and that, during the period of 48 hours before the time fixed for the Meeting, such instructions may not be amended or revoked;

(c)

listing the total number and (if in definitive form) the certificate numbers of the deposited Notes, distinguishing for each resolution between those in respect of which instructions have been given to vote for, or against, the resolution; and

(d)

authorising a named individual or individuals to vote in respect of the deposited Notes in accordance with such instructions;

“Chairperson” means, in relation to any Meeting, the individual who takes the chair in accordance with paragraph 8 (Chairperson);

“Extraordinary Resolution” means a resolution passed at a Meeting duly convened and held in accordance with this Schedule by a majority of not less than three quarters of the votes cast;

“Form of Proxy” means, in relation to any Meeting, a document in the English language available from the Registrar signed by a Holder of Registered Notes or, in the

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case of a corporation, executed under its seal or signed on its behalf by a duly authorised officer and delivered to the Registrar not later than 48 hours before the time fixed for such Meeting, appointing a named individual or individuals to vote in respect of the Registered Notes held by such Noteholder;

“Meeting” means a meeting of Noteholders (whether originally convened or resumed following an adjournment);

“Proxy” means, in relation to any Meeting, a person appointed to vote under a Block Voting Instruction by a Holder of a Bearer Note and/or a person appointed to vote under a Block Voting Instruction or a Form of Proxy by a Holder of a Registered Note, other than:

(a)

any such person whose appointment has been revoked and in relation to whom the Fiscal Agent, or as the case may be, the Registrar, has been notified in writing of such revocation by the time which is 48 hours before the time fixed for such Meeting; and

(b)

any such person appointed to vote at a Meeting which has been adjourned for want of a quorum and who has not been re-appointed to vote at the Meeting when it is resumed;

“Relevant Fraction” means:

(a)

for all business other than voting on an Extraordinary Resolution, one tenth;

(b)

for voting on any Extraordinary Resolution other than one relating to a Reserved Matter, one more than half; and

(c)

for voting on any Extraordinary Resolution relating to a Reserved Matter, three quarters;

provided, however, that, in the case of a Meeting which has resumed after adjournment for want of a quorum it means:

(i)

for all business other than voting on an Extraordinary Resolution relating to a Reserved Matter, the fraction of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Notes represented or held by the Voters actually present at the Meeting; and

(ii)

for voting on any Extraordinary Resolution relating to a Reserved Matter, one quarter;

“Reserved Matter” means any proposal:

(a)

to change any date fixed for payment of principal or interest in respect of the Notes, to reduce the amount of principal or interest payable on any date in respect of the Notes or to alter the method of calculating the amount of any payment in respect of the Notes on redemption or maturity or the date for any such payment;

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(b)

to effect the exchange or substitution of the Notes for, or the conversion of the Notes into, shares, bonds or other obligations or securities of the Issuer or the Guarantor or any other person or body corporate formed or to be formed;

(c)

to change the currency in which amounts due in respect of the Notes are payable;

(d)

to modify any provision of the Guarantee of the Notes;

(e)

to change the quorum required at any Meeting or the majority required to pass an Extraordinary Resolution; or

(f)

to amend this definition;

“Voter” means in relation to any Meeting:  the bearer of a Voting Certificate or a Proxy, the bearer of a Definitive Note who produces such Definitive Note at the Meeting or subject to paragraph 5 (Record Date) below, a Holder of Registered Notes, provided however that (subject to paragraph 5 (Record Date) below) any Holder of Registered Notes which has appointed a Proxy under a Block Voting Instruction or Form of Proxy shall not be a “Voter” except to the extent that such appointment has been revoked and the Registrar notified in writing of such revocation at least 48 hours before the time fixed for such Meeting;

“Voting Certificate” means, in relation to any Meeting a certificate in the English language issued by a Paying Agent for Holders of Bearer Notes and dated in which it is stated:

(a)

that certain specified Notes (the “deposited Notes”) have been deposited with such Paying Agent (or to its order at a bank or other depositary) or blocked in an account with a clearing system and will not be released until the earlier of:

(i)

the conclusion of the Meeting; and

(ii)

the surrender of such certificate to such Paying Agent; and

(b)

that the bearer of such certificate is entitled to attend and vote at the Meeting in respect of the deposited Notes;

“Written Resolution” means a resolution in writing signed by or on behalf of 90 per cent. of Holders of Notes who for the time being are entitled to receive notice of a Meeting in accordance with the provisions of this Schedule, whether contained in one document or several documents in the same form, each signed by or on behalf of one or more such Holders of the Notes;

“24 hours” means a period of 24 hours including all or part of a day upon which banks are open for business in the places where the relevant Meeting is to be held and in respect of a Meeting of Holders of Bearer Notes, each of the places where the Paying Agents have their Specified Offices and in respect of a Meeting of Holders of Registered Notes, the place where the Registrar has its Specified Office (disregarding for this purpose the day upon which such Meeting is to be held) and such period shall be extended by one period or, to the extent necessary, more periods of 24 hours until

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there is included as aforesaid all or part of a day upon which banks are open for business as aforesaid; and

“48 hours” means 2 consecutive periods of 24 hours.

2.

ISSUE OF VOTING CERTIFICATES, FORMS OF PROXY AND BLOCK VOTING INSTRUCTIONS FOR MEETING OF HOLDERS OF BEARER NOTES

(a)

The Holder of a Bearer Note may obtain a Voting Certificate from any Paying Agent or require any Paying Agent to issue a Block Voting Instruction by depositing such Note with such Paying Agent or arranging for such Bearer Note to be (to its satisfaction) held to its order or under its control or blocked in an account with a clearing system not later than 48 hours before the time fixed for the relevant Meeting.  A Voting Certificate or Block Voting Instruction shall be valid until the release of the deposited Notes to which it relates.  So long as a Voting Certificate or Block Voting Instruction is valid, the bearer thereof (in the case of a Voting Certificate) or any Proxy named therein (in the case of a Block Voting Instruction) shall be deemed to be the Holder of the Bearer Notes to which it relates for all purposes in connection with the Meeting.  A Voting Certificate and a Block Voting Instruction cannot be outstanding simultaneously in respect of the same Note.

(b)

The Holder of an interest in a Registered Note may require the Registrar to issue a Block Voting Instruction by arranging (to the satisfaction of the Registrar) for such Registered Note to be blocked in an account with a clearing system not later than 48 hours before the time fixed for the relevant Meeting.  The registered Holder of a Registered Note may require the Registrar to issue a Block Voting Instruction by delivering to the Registrar written instructions not later than 48 hours before the time fixed for the relevant Meeting.  Any registered Holder of a Registered Note may obtain an uncompleted and unexecuted Form of Proxy from the Registrar.  A Block Voting Instruction shall be valid until the release of the deposited Notes to which it relates.  A Form of Proxy and a Block Voting Instruction cannot be outstanding simultaneously in respect of the same Note.

3.

REFERENCES TO DEPOSIT/RELEASE OF NOTES

(a)

Where Bearer Notes are represented by a Global Note or are held in definitive form within a clearing system, references to the deposit, or release, of Notes shall be construed in accordance with the usual practices (including blocking the relevant account) of such clearing system.

(b)

Where Registered Notes are represented by a Global Registered Note and/or are held within a clearing system, references to the deposit, or release, of Notes shall be construed in accordance with the usual practices (including blocking the relevant account) of such clearing system.

4.

VALIDITY OF BLOCK VOTING INSTRUCTIONS AND FORMS OF PROXY

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A Block Voting Instruction shall be valid only if, in the case of a Bearer Note it is deposited at the Specified Office of the Fiscal Agent, and in the case of a Registered Notes it is deposited at the Specified Office of the Registrar, or at some other place approved by the Fiscal Agent or, as the case may be, the Registrar, at least 24 hours before the time fixed for the relevant Meeting or the Chairperson decides otherwise before the Meeting proceeds to business.  A Form of Proxy shall be valid only if it is deposited at the Specified Office of the Registrar, or at some other place approved by the Registrar, at least 24 hours before the time fixed for the relevant Meeting or the Chairperson decided otherwise before the Meeting proceeds to business.  If the Fiscal Agent or, as the case may be, the Registrar requires, a notarised copy of each Block Voting Instruction or, as the case may be, Form of Proxy and satisfactory proof of the identity of each Proxy named therein shall be produced at the Meeting, but the Fiscal Agent and, as the case may be, the Registrar shall not be obliged to investigate the validity of any Block Voting Instruction or, as the case may be, Form of Proxy or the authority of any Proxy.

5.

RECORD DATE

The Issuer may fix a record date for the purposes of any Meeting of Holders of Registered Notes or any resumption thereof following its adjournment for want of a quorum provided that such record date is not more than 10 days prior to the time fixed for such Meeting or (as the case may be) its resumption.  The person in whose name a Note is registered in the Register on the record date at close of business in the city in which the Registrar has its Specified Office shall be deemed to be the Holder of such Note for the purposes of such Meeting of Holders of Registered Notes and notwithstanding any subsequent transfer of such Note or entries in the Register.

6.

CONVENING OF MEETING

The Issuer and the Guarantor (acting together) may convene a Meeting at any time, and shall be obliged to do so upon the request in writing of Noteholders holding not less than one tenth of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Notes.

7.

NOTICE

At least 21 days’ notice (exclusive of the day on which the notice is given and of the day on which the relevant Meeting is to be held) specifying the date, time and place of the Meeting shall be given to the Noteholders and, in the case of a Meeting of Holders of Bearer Notes, the Paying Agents and, in the case of a Meeting of Holders of Registered Notes, the Registrar, (with a copy to the Issuer and the Guarantor). References to persons being “present” at or “attending” a meeting shall include being present at or attending by means of video or telephone conference facilities. The notice shall set out the full text of any resolutions to be proposed and shall state that the Notes may be deposited with, or to the order of, in the case of a Meeting of Holders of Bearer Notes, any Paying Agent and, in the case of a Meeting of Holders of Registered Notes, the Registrar, for the purpose of obtaining Voting Certificates or appointing Proxies not later than 48 hours before the time fixed for the Meeting.

8.

CHAIRPERSON

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An individual (who may, but need not, be a Noteholder) nominated in writing by the Issuer and the Guarantor (acting together) may take the chair at any Meeting but, if no such nomination is made or if the individual nominated is not present within 15 minutes after the time fixed for the Meeting, those present shall elect one of themselves to take the chair failing which, the Issuer may appoint a Chairperson.  The Chairperson of an adjourned Meeting need not be the same person as was the Chairperson of the original Meeting.

9.

QUORUM

The quorum at any Meeting shall be at least two Voters representing or holding not less than the Relevant Fraction of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Notes; provided, however, that, so long as at least the Relevant Fraction of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Notes is represented by a Global Note, a single Proxy representing the Holder thereof shall be deemed to be two Voters for the purpose of forming a quorum. References to persons being “present” at or “attending” a meeting shall include being present at or attending by means of video or telephone conference facilities.

10.

ADJOURNMENT FOR WANT OF QUORUM

If within 45 minutes after the time fixed for any Meeting a quorum is not present, then:

(a)

in the case of a Meeting requested by Noteholders, it shall be dissolved; and

(b)

in the case of any other Meeting, it shall be adjourned for such period (which shall be not less than 14 days and not more than 42 days) and to such place as the Chairperson determines; provided, however, that:

(i)

the Meeting shall be dissolved if the Issuer and the Guarantor (acting together) so decide; and

(ii)

no Meeting may be adjourned more than once for want of a quorum.

11.

ADJOURNED MEETING

The Chairperson may, with the consent of (and shall if directed by) any Meeting, adjourn such Meeting from time to time and from place to place, but no business shall be transacted at any adjourned Meeting except business which might lawfully have been transacted at the Meeting from which the adjournment took place.

12.

NOTICE FOLLOWING ADJOURNMENT

Paragraph 7 (Notice) shall apply to any Meeting which is to be resumed after adjournment for want of a quorum save that:

(a)

10 days’ notice (exclusive of the day on which the notice is given and of the day on which the Meeting is to be resumed) shall be sufficient; and

(b)

the notice shall specifically set out the quorum requirements which will apply when the Meeting resumes.

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It shall not be necessary to give notice of the resumption of a Meeting which has been adjourned for any other reason.

13.

PARTICIPATION

The following may attend and speak at a Meeting:

(a)

Voters;

(b)

representatives of the Issuer, the Guarantor, the Fiscal Agent and the Registrar;

(c)

the financial advisers of the Issuer and the Guarantor;

(d)

the legal counsel to the Issuer, the Guarantor, the Fiscal Agent and the Registrar; and

(e)

any other person approved by the Meeting.

14.

SHOW OF HANDS

Every question submitted to a Meeting shall be decided in the first instance by a show of hands.  Unless a poll is validly demanded before or at the time that the result is declared, the Chairperson’s declaration that on a show of hands a resolution has been passed, passed by a particular majority, rejected or rejected by a particular majority shall be conclusive, without proof of the number of votes cast for, or against, the resolution.  Where there is only one Voter, this paragraph shall not apply and the resolution will immediately be decided by means of a poll.

15.

POLL

A demand for a poll shall be valid if it is made by the Chairperson, the Issuer, the Guarantor or one or more Voters representing or holding not less than one fiftieth of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Notes.  The poll may be taken immediately or after such adjournment as the Chairperson directs, but any poll demanded on the election of the Chairperson or on any question of adjournment shall be taken at the Meeting without adjournment.  A valid demand for a poll shall not prevent the continuation of the relevant Meeting for any other business as the Chairperson directs.

16.

VOTES

Every Voter shall have:

(a)

on a show of hands, one vote; and

(b)

on a poll, the number of votes obtained by dividing the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Note(s) represented or held by them by the unit of currency in which the Notes are denominated.

In the case of a voting tie the Chairperson shall have a casting vote.

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Unless the terms of any Block Voting Instruction state otherwise, a Voter shall not be obliged to exercise all the votes to which they are entitled or to cast all the votes which they exercise in the same way.

17.

VALIDITY OF VOTES BY PROXIES

Any vote by a Proxy in accordance with the relevant Block Voting Instruction or, as the case may be, Form of Proxy shall be valid even if such Block Voting Instruction or, as the case may be, Form of Proxy or any instruction pursuant to which they were respectively given has been amended or revoked, provided that, in the case of a Proxy for a Holder of Bearer Notes, the Fiscal Agent and in the case of a Proxy for a Holder of Registered Notes, the Registrar, has not been notified in writing of such amendment or revocation by the time which is 24 hours before the time fixed for the relevant Meeting.  Unless revoked, any appointment of a Proxy under a Block Voting Instruction or, as the case may be, Form of Proxy in relation to a Meeting shall remain in force in relation to any resumption of such Meeting following an adjournment; provided, however, that no such appointment of a Proxy in relation to a Meeting originally convened which has been adjourned for want of a quorum shall remain in force in relation to such Meeting when it is resumed.  Any person appointed to vote at such a Meeting must be re-appointed under a Block Voting Instruction or, as the case may be, Form of Proxy to vote at the Meeting when it is resumed.

18.

POWERS

A Meeting shall have power (exercisable by Extraordinary Resolution), without prejudice to any other powers conferred on it or any other person:

(a)

to approve any Reserved Matter;

(b)

to approve any proposal by the Issuer and the Guarantor (acting together) for any modification, abrogation, variation or compromise of any of the Conditions or any arrangement in respect of the obligations of the Issuer under or in respect of the Notes;

(c)

to approve any proposal by the Guarantor for any modification of any provision of the Guarantee of the Notes or any arrangement in respect of the obligations of the Guarantor thereunder;

(d)

to approve any proposal by the Issuer and the Guarantor (acting together) for any modification of any provision of the English Law Deed of Covenant or Irish Law Deed of Covenant (as applicable) or the English Law Deed of Guarantee or Irish Law Deed of Guarantee (as applicable) insofar as it relates to the English Law Deed of Covenant or Irish Law Deed of Covenant (as applicable) or any arrangement in respect of the obligations of the Issuer thereunder;

(e)

to approve the substitution of any person for the Issuer (or any previous substitute) as principal obligor under the Notes and the English Law Deed of Covenant or Irish Law Deed of Covenant (as applicable) or the substitution of any person for the Guarantor as guarantor under the English Law Deed of

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Guarantee or Irish Law Deed of Guarantee (as applicable) of the Notes and the English Law Deed of Covenant or Irish Law Deed of Covenant (as applicable);

(f)

to waive any breach or authorise any proposed breach by the Issuer of its obligations under or in respect of the Notes or the English Law Deed of Covenant or Irish Law Deed of Covenant (as applicable), any proposed breach by the Guarantor of its obligations under the Guarantee of the Notes or the English Law Deed of Guarantee or Irish Law Deed of Guarantee (as applicable) insofar as it relates to the English Law Deed of Covenant or Irish Law Deed of Covenant (as applicable) or any act or omission which might otherwise constitute an event of default under the Notes;

(g)

to authorise the Fiscal Agent or any other person to execute all documents and do all things necessary to give effect to any Extraordinary Resolution;

(h)

to give any other authorisation or approval which is required to be given by Extraordinary Resolution; and

(i)

to appoint any persons as a committee to represent the interests of the Noteholders and to confer upon such committee any powers which the Noteholders could themselves exercise by Extraordinary Resolution.

19.

EXTRAORDINARY RESOLUTION BINDS ALL HOLDERS

An Extraordinary Resolution shall be binding upon all Noteholders and holders of Coupons and Talons whether or not present at such Meeting and each of the Noteholders shall be bound to give effect to it accordingly.  Notice of the result of every vote on an Extraordinary Resolution shall be given to the Noteholders and the Paying Agents (with a copy to the Issuer and Guarantor) within 14 days of the conclusion of the Meeting.

20.

MINUTES

Minutes shall be made of all resolutions and proceedings at each Meeting.  The Chairperson shall sign the minutes, which shall be prima facie evidence of the proceedings recorded therein.  Unless and until the contrary is proved, every such Meeting in respect of the proceedings of which minutes have been summarised and signed shall be deemed to have been duly convened and held and all resolutions passed or proceedings transacted at it to have been duly passed and transacted.

21.

WRITTEN RESOLUTION

A Written Resolution shall take effect as if it were an Extraordinary Resolution.

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SCHEDULE 3

THE SPECIFIED OFFICES OF THE AGENTS

The Fiscal Agent:

​

​

Citibank N.A., London Branch

Citigroup Centre

Canada Square, Canary Wharf

London E14 5LB

United Kingdom

​

Fax:

+353 1622 2210

Attention:

Agency & Trust

​

The Registrar:

Citibank Europe plc

1 North Wall Quay

Dublin 1

Ireland

​

Email:

register@citi.com

Attention:

Citibank Europe plc, as Registrar

​

The other Paying Agent:

Citibank N.A., London Branch

Citigroup Centre

Canada Square, Canary Wharf

London E14 5LB

United Kingdom

​

​

Fax:

+353 1622 2210

Attention:

Agency & Trust

​

The Transfer Agent:

Citibank N.A., London Branch

Citigroup Centre

Canada Square, Canary Wharf

London E14 5LB

United Kingdom

​

Fax:

+353 1622 2210

Attention:

Agency & Trust

​

The Calculation Agent:

Citibank N.A., London Branch

Citigroup Centre

Canada Square, Canary Wharf

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London E14 5LB

United Kingdom

Fax:

+353 1622 2210

Attention:

Agency & Trust

​

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SCHEDULE 4

FORM OF CALCULATION AGENT APPOINTMENT LETTER

[On letterhead of the Issuer]

[for use if the Calculation Agent is not a Dealer]

[·]

[Name of Calculation Agent]

[Address]

Dear Sirs,

RYANAIR DAC

€6,000,000,000

Euro Medium Term Note Programme

Guaranteed by RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC

We refer to the amended and restated issue and paying agency agreement dated 27 July 2023  entered into in respect of the above Euro Medium Term Note Programme (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “Agency Agreement”) between ourselves as Issuer, Ryanair Holdings plc as Guarantor, Citibank N.A., London Branch as fiscal agent and certain other financial institutions named therein, a copy of which has been supplied to you by us.

All terms and expressions which have defined meanings in the Agency Agreement shall have the same meanings when used herein.

EITHER

[We hereby appoint you as Calculation Agent at your specified office detailed in the Confirmation as our agent in relation to [specify relevant Series of Notes] (the “Notes”) upon the terms of the Agency Agreement for the purposes specified in the Agency Agreement and in the Conditions and all matters incidental thereto.]

OR

[We hereby appoint you as Calculation Agent at your specified office detailed in the Confirmation set out below as our agent in relation to each Series of Notes in respect of which you are named as Calculation Agent in the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be) upon the terms of the Agency Agreement and (in relation to each such Series of Notes) in the Conditions and all matters incidental thereto.]

We hereby agree that, notwithstanding the provisions of the Agency Agreement or the Conditions, your appointment as Calculation Agent may only be revoked in accordance with Clause 15.2 (Revocation) thereof if you have been negligent in the exercise of your obligations thereunder or have failed to exercise or perform your obligations thereunder.

Please complete and return to us the Confirmation on the copy of this letter duly signed by an authorised signatory confirming your acceptance of this appointment.

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​

The provisions of Clause 17 (Law and Jurisdiction) of the Agency Agreement shall apply to this letter as if set out herein in full.

Yours faithfully

​

​

​

RYANAIR DAC

​

​

​

By:

​

​

​

​

RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC

​

​

​

By:

​

​

​

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​

​

FORM OF CONFIRMATION

EITHER

We hereby accept our appointment as Calculation Agent of the Issuer and the Guarantor in relation to the Notes, and shall perform all matters expressed to be performed by the Calculation Agent in, and shall otherwise comply with, the Conditions and the provisions of the Agency Agreement and, in connection therewith, shall take all such action as may be incidental thereto.

OR

We hereby accept our appointment as Calculation Agent of the Issuer and the Guarantor in relation to each Series of Notes in respect of which we are named as Calculation Agent in the relevant Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus or Securities Note (as the case may be), and shall perform all matters expressed to be performed by the Calculation Agent in, and shall otherwise comply with (in relation to each such Series of Notes) the Conditions and the provisions of the Agency Agreement and, in connection therewith, shall take all such action as may be incidental thereto.

For the purposes of [the Notes] [each such Series of Notes] and the Agency Agreement our specified office and communication details are as follows:

Address:

[·]

Fax:

[·]

Attention:

[·]

[Calculation Agent]

By:

​

Date:

​

​

​

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​

SCHEDULE 5

FORM OF PUT OPTION NOTICE/EARLY REDEMPTION NOTICE

To:

[Paying Agent]

RYANAIR DAC

€6,000,000,000

Euro Medium Term Note Programme

guaranteed by

RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC

[PUT OPTION]/[EARLY REDEMPTION]1 NOTICE*

OPTION 1 (DEFINITIVE NOTES) - [complete/delete as applicable]

By depositing this duly completed Notice with the above Paying Agent in relation to [specify relevant Series of Notes] (the “Notes”) in accordance with [Condition 9(f) (Redemption at the option of Noteholders)]/[Condition 9(g) (Change of Control)] [delete as applicable], the undersigned Holder of the Notes specified below and deposited with this [Put Option Notice]/[Early Redemption Notice] [delete as applicable] exercises its option to have such Notes redeemed in accordance with [Condition 9(f) (Redemption at the option of Noteholders)]/[Condition 9(g) (Change of Control)] [delete as applicable] on [date].

This Notice relates to the Note(s) bearing the following certificate numbers and in the following denominations:

Certificate Number

    

Denomination

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

OPTION 2 (PERMANENT GLOBAL NOTE) - [complete/delete as applicable]

By depositing this duly completed Notice with the above Paying Agent for the [specify relevant Series of Notes] (the “Notes”) in accordance with [Condition 9(f) (Redemption at the option of Noteholders)]/[Condition 9(g) (Change of Control)] [delete as necessary] and the terms of the Permanent Global Note issued in respect of the Notes, the undersigned Holder of the Permanent


1

Delete as applicable.

*

The Put Option Notice/Early Redemption Notice, duly completed and executed, should be deposited at the specified office of any Paying Agent.  If the relevant Notes are in definitive form or individual note certificate form, such Definitive Notes and all Coupons, or as the case may be, Individual Note Certificate relating thereto and maturing after the date fixed for redemption should be deposited with the Put Option Notice/Early Redemption Notice.  If the relevant Notes are in global form, the Put Option Notice/Early Redemption Notice should be submitted in accordance with the operating rules and regulations of the relevant clearing system and, if possible, the relevant interests in the relevant Global Note should be blocked to the satisfaction of the relevant Paying Agent.

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​

Global Note exercises its option to have [currency] [amount] of the Notes redeemed accordance with [Condition 9(f) (Redemption at the option of Noteholders)]/[Condition 9(g) (Change of Control)] [delete as applicable] on [date].

OPTION 3 (INDIVIDUAL NOTE CERTIFICATES) - [complete/delete as applicable]

By depositing this duly completed Notice with the above Paying Agent in relation to [specify relevant Series of Notes] (the “Notes”) in accordance with [Condition 9(f) (Redemption at the option of Noteholders)]/[Condition 9(g) (Change of Control)] [delete as applicable], the undersigned Holder of the principal amount of Notes specified below and evidenced by the Individual Note Certificate(s) referred to below and presented with this [Put Option Notice]/[Early Redemption Notice] [delete as applicable] exercises its option to have such Notes redeemed in accordance with [Condition 9(f) (Redemption at the option of Noteholders)]/[Condition 9(g) (Change of Control)] [delete as applicable] on [date].

This Notice relates to Note(s) in the aggregate principal amount of [currency]………………… evidenced by Individual Note Certificates bearing the following serial numbers:

…………………………………….

…………………………………….

…………………………………….

OPTION 4 (GLOBAL REGISTERED NOTE)

By depositing this duly completed Notice with the above Paying Agent in relation to [specify relevant Series of Notes] (the “Notes”) in accordance with [Condition 9(f) (Redemption at the option of Noteholders)]/[Condition 9(g) (Change of Control)] [delete as applicable], the undersigned Holder of the principal amount of Notes specified below exercises its option to have such Notes redeemed in accordance with [Condition 9(f) (Redemption at the option of Noteholders)]/[Condition 9(g) (Change of Control)] [delete as applicable] on [date].

This Notice relates to Note(s) in the aggregate principal amount of [currency]…………………

[END OF OPTIONS]

Payment should be made by [complete and delete as appropriate]:

·

[[currency] cheque drawn on a bank in [currency centre] and in favour of [name of payee] and mailed at the payee’s risk by uninsured airmail post to [name of addressee] at [addressee’s address].]

OR

·

[transfer to [details of the relevant account maintained by the payee] with [name and address of the relevant bank].]

OPTION (INDIVIDUAL NOTE CERTIFICATES) - [complete/delete as applicable]

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​

If the Individual Note Certificates referred to above are to be returned to the undersigned in accordance with the Conditions and the Agency Agreement relating to the Notes, they should be returned by post to:

…………………………………….

…………………………………….

…………………………………….

The undersigned acknowledges that any Individual Note Certificates so returned will be sent by uninsured airmail post at the risk of the registered Holder.

​

Name of Holder:

…………………………………….

​

​

Signature of Holder:

…………………………………….

​

[END OF OPTIONS]

All notices and communications relating to this [Put Option Notice]/[Early Redemption Notice] [delete as applicable] should be sent to the address specified below.

Name of Holder:

…………………………………….

​

​

Contact details:

…………………………………….

​

​

​

​

Signature of Holder:

…………………………………….

​

​

Date:

……………………………………….

​

[To be completed by Paying Agent:]

Received by:

[Signature and stamp of Paying Agent:]

​

At its office at ……………………………..

​

……………………………………………..

​

On …………………………………………

​

​

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​

THIS NOTICE WILL NOT BE VALID UNLESS ALL OF THE PARAGRAPHS REQUIRING COMPLETION HAVE BEEN DULY COMPLETED.

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SCHEDULE 6

FORM OF PUT OPTION RECEIPT

RYANAIR DAC

€6,000,000,000

Euro Medium Term Note Programme

guaranteed by

RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC

PUT OPTION RECEIPT†

OPTION 1 (DEFINITIVE NOTES)

We hereby acknowledge receipt of a [Put Option Notice]/[Early Redemption Notice] [delete as applicable] relating to [specify relevant Series of Notes] (the “Notes”) having the certificate number(s) [and denomination(s)] set out below.  We will hold such Note(s) in accordance with the terms of the Conditions of the Notes and the Agency Agreement dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time) relating thereto.

In the event that, pursuant to such Conditions and the Agency Agreement, the depositor of such Note(s) becomes entitled to their return, we will return such Definitive Note(s) to the depositor against presentation and surrender of this Put Option Receipt.

Certificate Number

    

Denomination

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

OPTION 2 (INDIVIDUAL NOTE CERTIFICATES)

We hereby acknowledge receipt of a [Put Option Notice]/[Early Redemption Notice] [delete as applicable] relating to [specify relevant Series of Notes] (the “Notes”) having the principal amount specified below and evidenced by the Individual Note Certificate(s) referred to below.  We will hold such Individual Note Certificate(s) in accordance with the terms of the Conditions of the Notes and the Agency Agreement dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time) relating thereto.

In the event that, pursuant to such Conditions and the Agency Agreement, the Noteholder becomes entitled to the return of such Individual Note Certificate(s), we will return such Individual Note Certificate(s) to the Noteholder by uninsured post to, and at the risk of, the Noteholder at such address as may have been given by such Noteholder in the relevant [Put Option Notice]/[Early Redemption Notice] [delete as applicable].


†

A Receipt will only be issued in the case of deposit of a Definitive Note or an Individual Note Certificate.

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​

This Notice relates to the Note(s) bearing the following certificate numbers and in the following denominations:

Certificate Number

​

Denomination

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

END OF OPTIONS

Dated: [date]

[PAYING AGENT]

By:

duly authorised

​

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SCHEDULE 7

REGULATIONS CONCERNING TRANSFERS AND REGISTRATION OF REGISTERED NOTES

1.

Subject to paragraph 4 and paragraph 11 below, Registered Notes may be transferred by execution of the relevant form of transfer under the hand of the transferor or, where the transferor is a corporation, under its common seal or under the hand of two of its officers duly authorised in writing.  Where the form of transfer is executed by an attorney or, in the case of a corporation, under seal or under the hand of two of its officers duly authorised in writing, a copy of the relevant power of attorney certified by a financial institution in good standing or a notary public or in such other manner as the Registrar may require or, as the case may be, copies certified in the manner aforesaid of the documents authorising such officers to sign and witness the affixing of the seal must be delivered with the form of transfer.  In this Schedule, “transferor” shall, where the context permits or requires, include joint transferors and shall be construed accordingly.

2.

The Note Certificate issued in respect of the Registered Notes to be transferred must be surrendered for registration, together with the form of transfer (including any certification as to compliance with restrictions on transfer included in such form of transfer) endorsed thereon, duly completed and executed, at the Specified Office of the Registrar or any Transfer Agent, and together with such evidence as the Registrar or (as the case may be) the relevant Transfer Agent may reasonably require to prove the title of the transferor and the authority of the persons who have executed the form of transfer.  The signature of the person effecting a transfer of a Registered Note shall conform to any list of duly authorised specimen signatures supplied by the Holder of such Note or be certified by a financial institution in good standing, notary public or in such other manner as the Registrar or such Transfer Agent may require.

3.

No Noteholder may require the transfer of a Registered Note to be registered during the period of 15 calendar days ending on the due date for any payment of principal or interest in respect of such Note.

4.

No Noteholder which has executed a Form of Proxy in relation to a Meeting of Holders of Registered Notes may require the transfer of a Note covered by such Form of Proxy to be registered until the earlier of the conclusion of the Meeting and its adjournment for want of a quorum.

5.

The executors or administrators of a deceased Holder of a Registered Note (not being one of several joint Holders) and, in the case of the death of one or more of several joint Holders, the survivor or survivors of such joint Holders, shall be the only persons recognised by the Issuer and the Guarantor as having any title to such Registered Note.

6.

Any person becoming entitled to any Registered Notes in consequence of the death or bankruptcy of the Holder of such Registered Notes may, upon producing such evidence that they hold the position in respect of which they propose to act under this paragraph or of their title as the Registrar or the relevant Transfer Agent may require (including legal opinions), become registered themselves as the Holder of such Notes or, subject to the provisions of these Regulations, the Notes and the Conditions as to transfer, may transfer such Registered Notes. The Issuer, the Guarantor, the Transfer Agents, the

​

- 67 -


​

Registrar and the Paying Agents shall be at liberty to retain any amount payable upon the Registered Notes to which any person is so entitled until such person is so registered or duly transfers such Notes.

7.

Unless otherwise required by them and agreed by the Issuer, the Guarantor and the Registrar, the Holder of any Notes shall be entitled to receive only one Note Certificate in respect of their holding.

8.

The joint Holders of any Registered Note shall be entitled to one Note Certificate only in respect of their joint holding which shall, except where they otherwise direct, be delivered to the joint Holder whose name appears first in the Register in respect of the joint holding.

9.

Where there is more than one transferee (to hold other than as joint Holders), separate forms of transfer (obtainable from the Specified Office of the Registrar or any Transfer Agent) must be completed in respect of each new holding.

10.

A Holder of Registered Notes may transfer all or part only of their holding of Notes provided that both the principal amount of Notes transferred and the principal amount of the balance not transferred are a Specified Denomination.  Where a Holder of Registered Notes has transferred part only of their holding of Registered Notes, a new Note Certificate in respect of the balance of such holding will be delivered to him.

11.

The Issuer, the Guarantor, the Transfer Agents and the Registrar shall, save in the case of the issue of replacement Registered Notes pursuant to Condition 15 (Replacement of Note and Coupons), make no charge to the Holders for the registration of any holding of Registered Notes or any transfer thereof or for the issue of any Registered Notes or for the delivery thereof at the Specified Office of any Transfer Agent or the Registrar or by uninsured post to the address specified by the Holder, but such registration, transfer, issue or delivery shall be effected against such indemnity from the Holder or the transferee thereof as the Registrar or the relevant Transfer Agent may require in respect of any tax or other duty of whatever nature which may be levied or imposed in connection with such registration, transfer, issue or delivery.

12.

Provided a transfer of a Registered Note is duly made in accordance with all applicable requirements and restrictions upon transfer and the Note(s) transferred are presented to a Transfer Agent and/or the Registrar in accordance with the Agency Agreement and these Regulations, and subject to unforeseen circumstances beyond the control of such Transfer Agent or the Registrar arising, such Transfer Agent or the Registrar will, within five business days of the request for transfer being duly made, deliver at its Specified Office to the transferee or despatch by uninsured post (at the request and risk of the transferee) to such address as the transferee entitled to the Registered Notes in relation to which such Note Certificate is issued may have specified, a Note Certificate in respect of which entries have been made in the Register, all formalities complied with and the name of the transferee completed on the Note Certificate by or on behalf of the Registrar; and, for the purposes of this paragraph, “business day” means a day on which commercial banks are open for business (including dealings in foreign currencies) in the cities in which the Registrar and (if applicable) the relevant Transfer Agent have their respective Specified Offices.

​

​

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​

SIGNATURES

The Issuer

For and on behalf of

RYANAIR DAC

​

​

​

​

By:

/s/ Neil Sorahan

​

​

​

The Guarantor

​

For and on behalf of

​

RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC

​

​

​

By:

/s/ Neil Sorahan

​

​

​

[Signature page to the Agency Agreement]


​

The Fiscal and Calculation Agent

​

For and on behalf of

​

CITIBANK N.A., LONDON BRANCH

​

By: /s/ Rachel Clear

​

​

​

The Registrar

​

For and on behalf of

​

CITIBANK EUROPE PLC

​

By: /s/ Viola Japaul

​

​

​

The Other Paying Agent

​

For and on behalf of

​

CITIBANK N.A., LONDON BRANCH

​

By: /s/ Rachel Clear

​

​

​

The Transfer Agent

​

For and on behalf of

​

CITIBANK N.A., LONDON BRANCH

​

By: /s/ Rachel Clear

​

​

[Signature page to the Agency Agreement]


​

​

​

​

​

​

Exhibit 2.2

​

​

​

​

Graphic

CLIFFORD CHANCE LLP

EXECUTION VERSION

RYANAIR DAC

€6,000,000,000

EURO MEDIUM TERM NOTE PROGRAMME

GUARANTEED BY

RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC

​

​

AMENDED AND RESTATED

DEED OF COVENANT

​

​

​

​

​


​

THIS DEED OF COVENANT is made on 27 July 2023

BY

(1)

RYANAIR DAC (the “Issuer”)

IN FAVOUR OF

(2)

THE ACCOUNTHOLDERS (as defined below); and

(3)

THE PERSONS for the time being and from time to time registered as holders of the Registered Notes (in respect of English Law Notes only) referred to below (the “Holders” of Registered Notes and, together with the Accountholders, the “Beneficiaries”);

WHEREAS

(A)

The Issuer has established a Euro Medium Term Note Programme (the “Programme”) for the issuance of notes (the “Notes”), in connection with which it has entered into an amended and restated dealer agreement dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “Dealer Agreement”) and an amended and restated issue and paying agency agreement dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “Agency Agreement”).

(B)

The Issuer wishes to amend and restate the provisions of the deed of covenant dated 26 July 2022 (the “Original Deed of Covenant”). With effect from the date hereof, the Original Deed of Covenant shall for all purposes be amended and restated as set out in this Deed.

(C)

The Issuer has made applications to the Irish Stock Exchange plc, trading as Euronext Dublin for Notes issued under the Programme to be admitted to listing on the official list (the “Official List”) and to trading on the regulated market of Euronext Dublin. Notes may also be issued on the basis that they will not be admitted to listing, trading and/or quotation by any competent authority, stock exchange and/or quotation system or that they will be admitted to listing, trading and/or quotation by such other or further competent authorities, stock exchanges and/or quotation systems as may be agreed with the Issuer.

(D)

In connection with the Programme, the Issuer has prepared a base prospectus dated on or about the date hereof which has been approved by the Central Bank of Ireland as a base prospectus issued in compliance with Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 (the “Prospectus Regulation”).

(E)

Notes issued under the Programme may be issued either (1) pursuant to the Base Prospectus describing the Programme and Final Terms describing the final terms of the particular Tranche of Notes or (2) pursuant to a prospectus (the “Drawdown Prospectus”) relating to the particular Tranche of Notes which may be constituted either (a) by a single document or (b) by a registration document, a securities note and, if applicable, a summary.

(F)

Notes issued under the Programme may be issued in bearer form (“Bearer Notes”) or in registered form (“Registered Notes”). Bearer Notes may be in the form of either a

​

- 1 -


​

temporary global note in bearer form (the “Temporary Global Note”) or a permanent global note in bearer form (the “Permanent Global Note”). Registered Notes may be in the form of a global note in registered form (a “Global Registered Note”).

(G)

The Issuer wishes to constitute the Registered Notes (in respect of English Law Notes only) by deed poll and to make arrangements for the protection of the interests of Accountholders in certain circumstances.

NOW THIS DEED OF COVENANT WITNESSES as follows:

1.

INTERPRETATION

1.1

Definitions

All terms and expressions which have defined meanings in the Base Prospectus, the Dealer Agreement or the Agency Agreement shall have the same meanings in this Deed of Covenant except where the context requires otherwise or unless otherwise stated.  In addition, in this Deed of Covenant the following expressions have the following meanings:

“Accountholder” means any accountholder with a Clearing System which at the Determination Date has credited to its securities account with such Clearing System one or more Entries in respect of a Global Note, except for any Clearing System in its capacity as an accountholder of another Clearing System;

“Clearing System” means each of Euroclear Bank SA/NV, Clearstream, Luxembourg, and any other clearing system specified in the relevant Final Terms;

“Conditions” has the meaning given in the Base Prospectus except that, in relation to any particular Tranche of English Law Notes, it means the Conditions (as defined in the Base Prospectus) as supplemented, amended and/or replaced by the relevant Final Terms, and any reference to a numbered Condition shall be construed accordingly;

“Determination Date” means, in relation to any Temporary Global Note or Permanent Global Note which is an English Law Note, the date on which such Temporary Global Note or Permanent Global Note becomes void in accordance with its terms and, in relation to any Global Registered Note which is an English Law Note, has the meaning given to it in the Global Registered Note;

“Direct Rights” means, in the case of Bearer Notes (in respect of English Law Notes only), the rights referred to in Clause 3.1 (Direct rights – Bearer Notes) and, in the case of Registered Notes (in respect of English Law Notes only), the rights referred to in Clause 3.2 (Direct Rights – Registered Notes);

“Entry” means, in relation to a Global Note which is an English Law Note, any entry which is made in the securities account of any Accountholder with a Clearing System in respect of English Law Notes represented by such Global Note;

“English Law Note” means any Note issued by the Issuer where “Governing Law” is specified in the relevant Final Terms as being “English Law”;

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- 2 -


​

“Global Note” means a Temporary Global Note, a Permanent Global Note or a Global Registered Note which is, in each case, an English Law Note; and

“Principal Amount” means, in respect of any Entry, the aggregate principal amount of the English Law Notes to which such Entry relates.

1.2

Clauses

Any reference in this Deed of Covenant to a Clause is, unless otherwise stated, to a clause hereof.

1.3

Amendment and Restatement

The Original Deed of Covenant, with effect from the date hereof, shall (save in relation to any Notes issued prior to the date of this Deed of Covenant or any Notes issued on or after the date of this Deed of Covenant and which are consolidated with, and form a single Series with, the Notes of any Series issued prior to the date of this Deed of Covenant) be amended and restated on the terms of this Deed of Covenant. Subject to the above, any English Law Notes issued on or after the date of this Deed of Covenant shall be issued pursuant to this Deed of Covenant. This does not affect any Notes issued prior to the date of this Deed of Covenant. Subject to such amendments and restatements, the Original Deed of Covenant and the Notes shall remain in full force and effect.

1.4

Other agreements

All references in this Deed of Covenant to an agreement, instrument or other document (including the Base Prospectus, the Dealer Agreement and the Agency Agreement) shall be construed as a reference to that agreement, instrument or other document as the same may be amended, supplemented, replaced or novated from time to time.  In addition, in the context of any particular Tranche of English Law Notes, each reference in this Deed of Covenant to the Base Prospectus shall be construed as a reference to the Base Prospectus as supplemented and/or amended by the relevant Final Terms.

1.5

Legislation

Any reference in this Deed of Covenant to any legislation (whether primary legislation or regulations or other subsidiary legislation made pursuant to primary legislation) shall be construed as a reference to such legislation as the same may have been, or may from time to time be, amended or re-enacted.

1.6

Headings

Headings and sub-headings are for ease of reference only and shall not affect the construction of this Deed of Covenant.

1.7

Benefit of Deed of Covenant

Any English Law Notes issued under the Programme on or after the date of this Deed of Covenant shall have the benefit of this Deed of Covenant but shall not have the benefit of any other or subsequent deed of covenant relating to the Programme (unless expressly so provided in any such subsequent deed).

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- 3 -


​

1.8

Final Terms or Drawdown Prospectus

In the case of a Tranche of English Law Notes issued pursuant to a Drawdown Prospectus, each reference in this Deed of Covenant to “Final Terms” shall be read and construed as a reference to such Drawdown Prospectus unless the context requires otherwise.

2.

THE REGISTERED NOTES

The Issuer hereby constitutes the Registered Notes (in respect of English Law Notes only) and covenants in favour of each Holder of a Registered Note (in respect of an English Law Note) that it will duly perform and comply with the obligations expressed to be undertaken by it in each Note Certificate and in the Conditions (and for this purpose any reference in the Conditions to any obligation or payment under or in respect of the English Law Notes shall be construed to include a reference to any obligation or payment under or pursuant to this provision).

3.

DIRECT RIGHTS

3.1

Bearer Notes

In respect of English Law Notes only, if any Global Note representing all or part of a Tranche of Bearer Notes becomes void in accordance with its terms, each Accountholder shall have against the Issuer all rights (“Direct Rights”) which such Accountholder would have had in respect of the English Law Notes if, immediately before the Determination Date in relation to that Global Note, it had been the Holder of Definitive Notes of that Tranche, duly executed, authenticated and issued, in an aggregate principal amount equal to the Principal Amount of such Accountholder’s Entries relating to such Global Note including (without limitation) the right to receive all payments due at any time in respect of such Definitive Notes as if such Definitive Notes had (where required by the Conditions) been duly presented and (where required by the Conditions) surrendered on the due date in accordance with the Conditions. In respect of English Law Notes only, anything which might prevent the issuance of Definitive Notes in an aggregate principal amount equal to the Principal Amount of any Entry of any Accountholder shall be disregarded for the purposes of this Clause 3.1, but without prejudice to its effectiveness for any other purpose.

3.2

Registered Notes

In respect of English Law Notes only, if the Determination Date occurs in respect of any Global Registered Note in accordance with its terms then, subject to Clause 3.4 (Notification and No Further Action), each Accountholder shall acquire rights of enforcement against the Issuer (“Direct Rights”) to compel the Issuer to perform its obligations to the Holder in respect of the English Law Notes represented by the Global Registered Note, including the obligation of the Issuer to make all payments when due at any time in respect of such English Law Notes in accordance with the Conditions as if such English Law Notes had (where required by the Conditions) been duly presented and surrendered on the due date in accordance with the Conditions.

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- 4 -


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3.3

Effect

Notwithstanding the Direct Rights that may be created under Clause 3.2 (Registered Notes):

3.3.1

Discharge: payment to the Holder in respect of any English Law Notes represented by the Global Registered Note shall constitute a discharge of the Issuer’s obligations to the extent of any such payment; and

3.3.2

Payment to Holder: nothing herein shall oblige the Issuer to make any payment under the Registered Notes (in respect of English Law Notes only) to or to the order of any person other than the Holder.

3.4

Notification and No Further Action

In relation only to Direct Rights in respect of Registered Notes (in respect of English Law Notes only) under Clause 3.2 (Registered Notes):

3.4.1

Notification: as a condition of exercise of such Direct Rights by an Accountholder, such Accountholder shall, as soon as practicable, give notice of such exercise to the Holders of English Law Notes of the same Series in the manner provided for in the Conditions or the Global Note Certificate for notices to be given by the Issuer to Noteholders; and

3.4.2

Issuer undertaking: to facilitate the giving of such notice, the Issuer shall procure that the Registrar delivers the above notice to the Clearing Systems upon the instruction and at the expense of the relevant Accountholder.

Subject (only in the case of Registered Notes) to Clause 3.4.1 (Notification and No Further Action – Notification), no further action shall be required on the part of the Issuer or any other person for the Accountholders to enjoy the Direct Rights.

4.

EVIDENCE

4.1

Records

The records of the Clearing Systems shall be conclusive as to the identity of the Accountholders and the respective amounts of English Law Notes credited to their securities accounts and a statement issued by a Clearing System setting out:

4.1.1

Name:  the name of the Accountholder in respect of which it is issued; and

4.1.2

Principal Amount:  the Principal Amount of any Entry credited to the securities account of such Accountholder with such Clearing System on any date,

shall be conclusive evidence for all purposes of this Deed of Covenant.

4.2

Determination Date

If a Clearing System determines the Determination Date, such determination shall be binding on all Accountholders with such Clearing System.

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- 6 -


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5.

DEPOSIT OF DEED OF COVENANT

This Deed of Covenant shall be deposited with and held by the Fiscal Agent for so long as the Programme remains in effect and thereafter until the date on which all the obligations of the Issuer under or in respect of the English Law Notes (including, without limitation, its obligations under this Deed of Covenant) have been discharged in full.  The Issuer hereby acknowledges the right of every Beneficiary to the production of this Deed of Covenant.

6.

STAMP DUTIES

The Issuer shall pay all stamp, registration and other taxes and duties (including any interest and penalties thereon or in connection therewith) which may be payable upon or in connection with the execution and delivery of this Deed of Covenant, and shall indemnify each Beneficiary against any claim, demand, action, liability, damages, cost, loss or expense (including, without limitation, legal fees and any applicable value added tax) which it may incur or which may be made against it as a result or arising out of or in relation to any failure to pay or delay in paying any of the same.

7.

BENEFIT OF DEED OF COVENANT

7.1

Deed Poll

This Deed of Covenant shall take effect as a deed poll for the benefit of the Beneficiaries from time to time.

7.2

Benefit

This Deed of Covenant shall enure to the benefit of each Beneficiary and its (and any subsequent) successors and assigns, each of which shall be entitled severally to enforce this Deed of Covenant against the Issuer.

7.3

Assignment

The Issuer shall not be entitled to assign or transfer all or any of its rights, benefits and obligations hereunder. Each Beneficiary shall be entitled to assign all or any of its rights and benefits hereunder.

8.

PARTIAL INVALIDITY

If at any time any provision hereof is or becomes illegal, invalid or unenforceable in any respect under the laws of any jurisdiction, neither the legality, validity or enforceability of the remaining provisions hereof nor the legality, validity or enforceability of such provision under the laws of any other jurisdiction shall in any way be affected or impaired thereby.

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9.

NOTICES

9.1

Address for notices

All notices and other communications to the Issuer hereunder shall be made in writing (by letter or email) and shall be sent to the Issuer at:

Ryanair DAC

Address:Corporate Head Office

Airside Business Park

Swords

Co. Dublin

Republic of Ireland

Attention:Company Secretary

Email:tr1@ryanair.com

or to such other address, email address or for the attention of such other person or department as the Issuer has notified to the Noteholders in the manner prescribed for the giving of notices in connection with the English Law Notes.

9.2

Effectiveness

All notices and communications sent in accordance with Clause 9.1 (Address for notices) shall take effect, in the case of a letter, at the time of delivery, in the case of an electronic communication, when the relevant receipt of such communication being read is given, or where no read receipt is requested by the sender, at the time of sending, provided, that no delivery failure notification is received by the sender within 24 hours of sending such communication; provided that any such notice or other communication which is received (or deemed to take effect in accordance with the foregoing) after 4.00 p.m. (local time) or on a non-business day in the place of receipt shall be deemed to take effect at 10.00 a.m. on the next following business day in such place. Any communication delivered to any party under this Deed of Covenant which is to be sent by electronic communication will be written legal evidence.

10.

LAW AND JURISDICTION

10.1

Governing law

This Deed of Covenant and all matters arising out of or connected with it are governed by English law.

10.2

English courts

The courts of England have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute (a “Dispute”), arising out of or in connection with this Deed of Covenant (including a dispute relating to the existence, validity or termination of this Deed of Covenant or any non-contractual obligation arising out of or in connection with this Deed of Covenant) or the consequences of its nullity.

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10.3

Appropriate forum

The Issuer agrees that the courts of England are the most appropriate and convenient courts to settle any Dispute and, accordingly, that it will not argue to the contrary.

10.4

Service of process

The Issuer agrees that the documents which start any Proceedings and any other documents required to be served in relation to those Proceedings may be served on it by being delivered to Ryanair UK Limited at Enterprise House, 2nd Floor, Bassingbourn Road, London Stansted Airport, England, CM24 1QW, or to such other person with an address in England and/or at such other address in England as the Issuer may specify by notice in writing to the Beneficiaries.  Nothing in this paragraph shall affect the right of any Beneficiary to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. This clause applies to Proceedings in England and to Proceedings elsewhere.

11.

MODIFICATION

The Agency Agreement contains provisions for convening meetings of Noteholders to consider matters relating to the English Law Notes, including the modification of any provision of this Deed of Covenant. Any such modification may be made by supplemental deed poll if sanctioned by an Extraordinary Resolution and shall be binding on all Beneficiaries (to the extent that this Deed of Covenant relates to the relevant Series of English Law Notes).

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IN WITNESS whereof this Deed of Covenant has been executed by the Issuer and is intended to be and is hereby delivered on the date first before written.

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Given under the Common seal of)

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RYANAIR DAC)

and DELIVERED as a DEED:

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Authorised Person: /s/ Neil Sorahan)

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Authorised Person: /s/ Juliusz Komorek)

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[Signature page to the Deed of Covenant]


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Exhibit 2.3

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Graphic

CLIFFORD CHANCE LLP

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EXECUTION VERSION

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RYANAIR DAC

€6,000,000,000

EURO MEDIUM TERM NOTE PROGRAMME

GUARANTEED BY

RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC

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AMENDED AND RESTATED
DEED OF GUARANTEE

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THIS DEED OF GUARANTEE is made on 27 July 2023

BY

(1)

RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC (the “Guarantor”)

IN FAVOUR OF

(2)

THE NOTEHOLDERS (as defined in the Base Prospectus described below); and

(3)

THE ACCOUNTHOLDERS (as defined in the English Law Deed of Covenant described below) (together with the Noteholders, the “Beneficiaries”).

WHEREAS

(A)

RYANAIR DAC (the “Issuer”) and the Guarantor have established a Euro Medium Term Note Programme (the “Programme”) for the issuance of notes (the “Notes”), in connection with which they have entered into an amended and restated dealer agreement dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “Dealer Agreement”) and an amended and restated issue and paying agency agreement dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “Agency Agreement”) and the Issuer has executed in respect of English Law Notes (as defined in the Base Prospectus described below), an amended and restated deed of covenant governed by English law dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “English Law Deed of Covenant”) and, the Issuer has executed in respect of Irish Law Notes (as defined in the Base Prospectus described below), an amended and restated deed of covenant governed by Irish law dated 27 July 2023 (as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “Irish Law Deed of Covenant”, and together with the English Law Deed of Covenant, the “Deeds of Covenant”).

(B)

The Guarantor wishes to amend and restate the provisions of the deed of guarantee dated 26 July 2022 (the “Original Deed of Guarantee”). With effect from the date hereof, the Original Deed of Guarantee shall for all purposes be amended and restated as set out in this Deed.

(C)

The Issuer has made applications to Euronext Dublin for Notes issued under the Programme to be admitted to listing on the official list (the “Official List”) and to trading on the regulated market of the Irish Stock Exchange plc, trading as Euronext Dublin (“Euronext Dublin”). Notes may also be issued on the basis that they will not be admitted to listing, trading and/or quotation by any competent authority, stock exchange and/or quotation system or that they will be admitted to listing, trading and/or quotation by such other or further competent authorities, stock exchanges and/or quotation systems as may be agreed with the Issuer.

(D)

In connection with the Programme, the Issuer and the Guarantor have prepared a base prospectus dated on or about the date hereof (the “Base Prospectus”) which has been approved by the Central Bank of Ireland as a base prospectus issued in compliance with Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 (the “Prospectus Regulation”).

(E)

Notes issued under the Programme may be issued either (1) pursuant to the Base Prospectus describing the Programme and Final Terms describing the final terms of the particular Tranche of Notes or (2) pursuant to a prospectus (the “Drawdown

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Prospectus”) relating to a particular Tranche of Notes which may be constituted either (a) by a single document or (b) by a registration document, a securities note and, if applicable, a summary.

(F)

The Guarantor has agreed to unconditionally and irrevocably guarantee the payment of all sums expressed to be payable from time to time by the Issuer to Noteholders in respect of the English Law Notes and to Accountholders in respect of the English Law Deed of Covenant.

NOW THIS DEED OF GUARANTEE WITNESSES as follows:

1.

INTERPRETATION

1.1

Definitions

All terms and expressions which have defined meanings in the Base Prospectus, the Dealer Agreement, the Agency Agreement or the English Law Deed of Covenant shall have the same meanings in this Deed of Guarantee except where the context requires otherwise or unless otherwise stated.

1.2

Amendment and Restatement

The Original Deed of Guarantee, with effect from the date hereof, shall (save in relation to any Notes issued prior to the date of this Deed of Guarantee or any Notes issued on or after the date of this Deed of Guarantee and which are consolidated with, and form a single Series with, the Notes of any Series issued prior to the date of this Deed of Guarantee) be amended and restated on the terms of this Deed of Guarantee. Subject to the above, any English Law Notes issued on or after the date of this Deed of Guarantee shall be issued pursuant to this Deed of Guarantee. This does not affect any Notes issued prior to the date of this Deed of Guarantee. Subject to such amendments and restatements, the Original Deed of Guarantee and the Notes shall remain in full force and effect.

1.3

Clauses

Any reference in this Deed of Guarantee to a Clause is, unless otherwise stated, to a clause hereof.

1.4

Other agreements

All references in this Deed of Guarantee to an agreement, instrument or other document (including the Base Prospectus, the Dealer Agreement, the Agency Agreement and the English Law Deed of Covenant) shall be construed as a reference to that agreement, instrument or other document as the same may be amended, supplemented, restated, extended, replaced or novated from time to time. In addition, in the context of any particular Tranche of English Law Notes, each reference in this Deed of Guarantee to the Base Prospectus shall be construed as a reference to the Base Prospectus as supplemented and/or amended by the relevant Final Terms.

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1.5

Legislation

Any reference in this Deed of Guarantee to any legislation (whether primary legislation or regulations or other subsidiary legislation made pursuant to primary legislation) shall be construed as a reference to such legislation as the same may have been, or may from time to time be, amended or re-enacted.

1.6

Headings

Headings and sub-headings are for ease of reference only and shall not affect the construction of this Deed of Guarantee.

1.7

Benefit of Deed of Guarantee

Any English Law Notes issued under the Programme on or after the date of this Deed of Guarantee shall have the benefit of this Deed of Guarantee but shall not have the benefit of the Irish Law Deed of Guarantee or any subsequent guarantee relating to the Programme (unless expressly so provided in any such subsequent guarantee).

2.

GUARANTEE AND INDEMNITY

2.1

Guarantee

In respect of English Law Notes only, the Guarantor hereby unconditionally and irrevocably guarantees:

2.1.1

The Notes:  to each Noteholder the due and punctual payment of all sums from time to time payable by the Issuer in respect of the relevant English Law Note as and when the same become due and payable and accordingly undertakes to pay to such Noteholder, in the manner and currency prescribed by the Conditions for payments by the Issuer in respect of such English Law Note, any and every sum or sums which the Issuer is at any time liable to pay in respect of such English Law Note and which the Issuer has failed to pay; and

2.1.2

The Direct Rights:  to each Accountholder the due and punctual payment of all sums from time to time payable by the Issuer to such Accountholder in respect of the Direct Rights as and when the same become due and payable and accordingly undertakes to pay to such Accountholder, in the manner and currency prescribed by the Conditions for payments by the Issuer in respect of the English Law Notes, any and every sum or sums which the Issuer is at any time liable to pay to such Accountholder in respect of the English Law Notes and which the Issuer has failed to pay.

2.2

Indemnity

In respect of English Law Notes only, the Guarantor irrevocably and unconditionally agrees as a primary obligation to indemnify each Beneficiary from time to time from and against any loss, liability or cost incurred by such Beneficiary as a result of any of the obligations of the Issuer under or pursuant to any English Law Note, the English Law Deed of Covenant or any provision thereof being or becoming void, voidable, unenforceable or ineffective for any reason whatsoever, whether or not known to such Beneficiary or any other person, the amount of such loss being the amount which such

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Beneficiary would otherwise have been entitled to recover from the Issuer. Any amount payable pursuant to this indemnity shall be payable in the manner and currency prescribed by the Conditions for payments by the Issuer in respect of the English Law Notes. This indemnity constitutes a separate and independent obligation from the other obligations under this Deed of Guarantee and shall give rise to a separate and independent cause of action.

3.

COMPLIANCE WITH THE CONDITIONS

The Guarantor covenants in favour of each Beneficiary that it will duly perform and comply with the obligations expressed to be undertaken by it in the Conditions.

4.

PRESERVATION OF RIGHTS

4.1

Principal obligor

The obligations of the Guarantor hereunder shall be deemed to be undertaken as principal obligor and not merely as surety.

4.2

Continuing obligations

The obligations of the Guarantor herein contained shall constitute and be continuing obligations notwithstanding any settlement of account or other matter or thing whatsoever and shall not be considered satisfied by any intermediate payment or satisfaction of all or any of the Issuer’s obligations under or in respect of any English Law Note or the English Law Deed of Covenant and shall continue in full force and effect for so long as the Programme remains in effect and thereafter until all sums due from the Issuer in respect of the English Law Notes and under the English Law Deed of Covenant have been paid, and all other actual or contingent obligations of the Issuer thereunder or in respect thereof have been satisfied, in full.

4.3

Obligations not discharged

Neither the obligations of the Guarantor herein contained nor the rights, powers and remedies conferred upon the Beneficiaries by this Deed of Guarantee or by law shall be discharged, impaired or otherwise affected by:

4.3.1

Winding up:  the winding up, dissolution, administration, examination, examinership, re-organisation or moratorium of the Issuer or any change in its status, function, control or ownership;

4.3.2

Illegality:  any of the obligations of the Issuer under or in respect of any English Law Note or the English Law Deed of Covenant being or becoming illegal, invalid, unenforceable or ineffective in any respect;

4.3.3

Indulgence:  time or other indulgence (including for the avoidance of doubt, any composition) being granted or agreed to be granted to the Issuer in respect of any of its obligations under or in respect of any English Law Note or the English Law Deed of Covenant;

4.3.4

Amendment:  any amendment, novation, supplement, extension, (whether of maturity or otherwise) or restatement (in each case, however fundamental and

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of whatsoever nature) or replacement, waiver or release of, any obligation of the Issuer under or in respect of any English Law Note or the English Law Deed of Covenant or any security or other guarantee or indemnity in respect thereof including without limitation any change in the purposes for which the proceeds of the issue of any English Law Note are to be applied and any extension of or any increase of the obligations of the Issuer in respect of any English Law Note or the addition of any new obligations for the Issuer under the English Law Deed of Covenant; or

4.3.5

Analogous events:  any other act, event or omission which, but for this sub-clause, might operate to discharge, impair or otherwise affect the obligations expressed to be assumed by the Guarantor herein or any of the rights, powers or remedies conferred upon the Beneficiaries or any of them by this Deed of Guarantee or by law.

4.4

Settlement conditional

Any settlement or discharge between the Guarantor and the Beneficiaries or any of them shall be conditional upon no payment to the Beneficiaries or any of them by the Issuer or any other person on the Issuer’s behalf being avoided or reduced by virtue of any laws relating to bankruptcy, insolvency (including examinership under the Companies Act 2014 of Ireland), liquidation or similar laws of general application for the time being in force and, in the event of any such payment being so avoided or reduced, the Beneficiaries shall be entitled to recover the amount by which such payment is so avoided or reduced from the Guarantor subsequently as if such settlement or discharge had not occurred.

4.5

Exercise of Rights

No Beneficiary shall be obliged before exercising any of the rights, powers or remedies conferred upon it by this Deed of Guarantee or by law:

4.5.1

Demand:  to make any demand of the Issuer, save for the presentation of the relevant English Law Note;

4.5.2

Take action:  to take any action or obtain judgment in any court against the Issuer; or

4.5.3

Claim or proof:  to make or file any claim or proof in a winding up or dissolution of the Issuer,

and (save as aforesaid) the Guarantor hereby expressly waives presentment, demand, protest and notice of dishonour in respect of any English Law Note.

4.6

Deferral of Guarantor’s rights

The Guarantor agrees that, so long as any sums are or may be owed by the Issuer in respect of any English Law Note or under the English Law Deed of Covenant or the Issuer is under any other actual or contingent obligation thereunder or in respect thereof,

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the Guarantor will not exercise any rights which the Guarantor may at any time have by reason of the performance by the Guarantor of its obligations hereunder:

4.6.1

Indemnity:  to be indemnified by the Issuer;

4.6.2

Contribution:  to claim any contribution from any other guarantor of the Issuer’s obligations under or in respect of any English Law Note or the English Law Deed of Covenant; or

4.6.3

Subrogation:  to take the benefit (in whole or in part and whether by way of subrogation or otherwise) of any rights of any Beneficiary against the Issuer in respect of amounts paid by the Guarantor under this Deed of Guarantee or any security enjoyed in connection with any English Law Note or the English Law Deed of Covenant by any Beneficiary.

4.7

Pari passu

The Guarantor undertakes that its obligations hereunder will at all times rank at least pari passu with all other present and future unsecured obligations of the Guarantor, save for such obligations as may be preferred by provisions of law that are both mandatory and of general application.

5.

DEPOSIT OF DEED OF GUARANTEE

This Deed of Guarantee shall be deposited with and held by the Fiscal Agent for so long as the Programme remains in effect and thereafter until all the obligations of the Issuer under or in respect of the English Law Notes (including, without limitation, its obligations under the English Law Deed of Covenant) have been discharged in full. The Guarantor hereby acknowledges the right of every Beneficiary to the production of this Deed of Guarantee.

6.

STAMP DUTIES

The Guarantor shall pay all stamp, registration and other taxes and duties (including any interest and penalties thereon or in connection therewith) which are payable upon or in connection with the execution and delivery of this Deed of Guarantee, and shall indemnify each Beneficiary against any claim, demand, action, liability, damages, cost, loss or expense (including, without limitation, legal fees and any applicable value added tax) which it incurs as a result or arising out of or in relation to any failure to pay or delay in paying any of the same.

7.

BENEFIT OF DEED OF GUARANTEE

7.1

Deed poll

This Deed of Guarantee shall take effect as a deed poll for the benefit of the Beneficiaries from time to time.

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7.2

Benefit

This Deed of Guarantee shall enure to the benefit of each Beneficiary and its (and any subsequent) successors and assigns, each of which shall be entitled severally to enforce this Deed of Guarantee against the Guarantor.

7.3

Assignment

The Guarantor shall not be entitled to assign or transfer all or any of its rights, benefits and obligations hereunder. Each Beneficiary shall be entitled to assign all or any of its rights and benefits hereunder.

8.

PARTIAL INVALIDITY

If at any time any provision hereof is or becomes illegal, invalid or unenforceable in any respect under the laws of any jurisdiction, neither the legality, validity or enforceability of the remaining provisions hereof nor the legality, validity or enforceability of such provision under the laws of any other jurisdiction shall in any way be affected or impaired thereby.

9.

NOTICES

9.1

Address for notices

All notices and other communications to the Guarantor hereunder shall be made in writing (by letter or email) and shall be sent to the Guarantor at:

Ryanair Holdings plc

Address:Corporate Head Office

Airside Business Park

Swords

Co. Dublin

Republic of Ireland

Attention:Company Secretary

Email:tr1@ryanair.com

or to such other address, email address or for the attention of such other person or department as the Guarantor has notified to the relevant Noteholders in the manner prescribed for the giving of notices in connection with the relevant English Law Notes.

9.2

Effectiveness

All notices and communications sent in accordance with Clause 9.1 (Notices – Address for notices) shall take effect, in the case of  letter, at the time of delivery, in the case of an electronic communication, when the relevant receipt of such communication being read is given, or where no read receipt is requested by the sender, at the time of sending, provided, that no delivery failure notification is received by the sender within 24 hours of sending such communication; provided that any communication which is received (or deemed to take effect in accordance with the foregoing) after 4.00 p.m. (local time) or on a non-business day in the place of receipt shall be deemed to take effect at the

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10.00 a.m. on the next following business day in such place. Any communication delivered to the Guarantor under this Deed of Guarantee which is to be sent by electronic communication will be written legal evidence.

10.

CURRENCY INDEMNITY

If any sum due from the Guarantor under this Deed of Guarantee or any order or judgment given or made in relation thereto has to be converted from the currency (the “first currency”) in which the same is payable under this Deed of Guarantee or such order or judgment into another currency (the “second currency”) for the purpose of (a) making or filing a claim or proof against the Guarantor, (b) obtaining an order or judgment in any court or other tribunal or (c) enforcing any order or judgment given or made in relation to this Deed of Guarantee, the Guarantor shall indemnify each Beneficiary on demand against any loss suffered as a result of any discrepancy between (i) the rate of exchange used for such purpose to convert the sum in question from the first currency into the second currency and (ii) the rate or rates of exchange at which such Beneficiary may in the ordinary course of business purchase the first currency with the second currency upon receipt of a sum paid to it in satisfaction, in whole or in part, of any such order, judgment, claim or proof.  This indemnity constitutes a separate and independent obligation from the other obligations under this Deed of Guarantee and shall give rise to a separate and independent cause of action.

11.

LAW AND JURISDICTION

11.1

Governing law

This Deed of Guarantee and any non-contractual obligations arising out of or in connection with it are governed by English law.

11.2

English courts

The courts of England have exclusive jurisdiction to settle any dispute (a “Dispute”), arising out of or in connection with this Deed of Guarantee (including a dispute relating to the existence, validity or termination of this Deed of Guarantee or any non-contractual obligation arising out of or in connection with this Deed of Guarantee) or the consequences of its nullity.

11.3

Appropriate forum

The Guarantor agrees that the courts of England are the most appropriate and convenient courts to settle any Dispute and, accordingly, that it will not argue to the contrary.

11.4

Service of process

The Guarantor agrees that the documents which start any Proceedings and any other documents required to be served in relation to those Proceedings may be served on it by being delivered to Ryanair UK Limited at Enterprise House, 2nd Floor, Bassingbourn Road, London Stansted Airport, England, CM24 1QW, or to such other person with an address in England and/or at such other address in England as the Guarantor may specify by notice in writing to the Beneficiaries.  Nothing in this paragraph shall affect the right of any Beneficiary to serve process in any other manner

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permitted by law.  This clause applies to Proceedings in England and to Proceedings elsewhere.

12.

MODIFICATION

The Agency Agreement contains provisions for convening meetings of Noteholders to consider matters relating to the English Law Notes, including the modification of any provision of this Deed of Guarantee. Any such modification may be made by supplemental deed poll if sanctioned by an Extraordinary Resolution and shall be binding on all Beneficiaries.

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IN WITNESS whereof this Deed of Guarantee has been executed by the Guarantor and is intended to be and is hereby delivered on the date first before written.

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Given under the Common Seal of)

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RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC)

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and DELIVERED as a DEED:

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Authorised Person: /s/ Neil Sorahan)

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Authorised Person: /s/ Juliusz Komorek )

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[Signature page to the Deed of Guarantee]


Exhibit 2.d

DESCRIPTION OF THE REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES

REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

As of March 31, 2024, Ryanair Holdings plc (“Ryanair” or the “Company”) had two classes of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”): our Ordinary Shares and our American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”).

1. Ordinary Shares.

This summary of the general terms and provisions of our Ordinary Shares does not purport to be complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by reference to our Memorandum and Articles of Association (the “Articles”), which is incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of Ryanair Holdings’ Annual Report on Form 20-F filed on July 24, 2023 (Commission file No. 000-29304).

Ryanair’s capital stock consists of Ordinary Shares, each having a par value of 0.600 euro cent. As of March 31, 2024, a total of 1,140,045,528 Ordinary Shares were outstanding.

All of the Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding are fully paid, duly authorized and validly issued. In the following description, a “shareholder” is the person registered in Ryanair’s register of members as the holder of the relevant shares. The Depositary will be the shareholder of record in respect of those Ordinary Shares represented by ADSs against which American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) are issued.

A.Dividends Rights

Ryanair may, by ordinary resolution of the shareholders, declare dividends, but no such dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by the Directors. If and so far as in the opinion of the Directors the profits of Ryanair available for distribution justify such payments, the Directors may also from time to time pay interim dividends of such amounts and on such dates and in respect of such periods as they think fit. No dividend may be paid otherwise than out of profits available for distribution in accordance with the provisions of the Irish Companies Act.

The Ordinary Shares currently represent the only class of shares in issue and rank equally with respect to payment of dividends and on any winding-up of the Company. Any dividend, interest or other sum payable to a shareholder that remains unclaimed for one year after having been declared may be invested by the Directors for the benefit of the Company until claimed. If the Directors so resolve, any dividend which has remained unclaimed for 12 years from the date of its declaration shall be forfeited and cease to remain owing by the Company.

B.Voting Rights

Subject to any special rights or restrictions (including disenfranchisement) as to voting attached by or in accordance with the Articles to any class of shares, at a general meeting every shareholder shall have one vote for each share of which he or she is the holder on all matters voted on by shareholders, including the election of directors.

Annual and extraordinary meetings are called upon 21 days’ advance notice. Subject to any special rights or restrictions (including disenfranchisement) as to voting attached by or in accordance with the Articles to any class of shares all Ryanair shareholders may appoint proxies electronically to attend, speak, ask questions and vote on behalf of them at annual general meetings. Subject to any special rights or


restrictions (including disenfranchisement) as to voting attached by or in accordance with the Articles to any class of shares all holders of Ordinary Shares are entitled to attend, speak at and vote at general meetings, subject to certain limitations.

The Articles provide that one-third of the Directors (rounded down to the next whole number if it is a fractional number) retire and offer themselves for re-election at each annual general meeting of the Company. However, in compliance with the recommendations of the UK Corporate Governance Code and the requirements set out in the Irish Corporate Governance Annex, all Directors retire and present themselves for re-election by the shareholders annually. All of the shareholders entitled to attend and vote at the annual general meeting of the Company may vote on the re-election of Directors. Shareholders do not have cumulative voting rights for the election of Directors.

No shareholder shall, unless the Directors otherwise determine, be entitled to vote, either in person or by proxy, at any meeting in respect of any share held by him or her or to exercise any privilege as a shareholder in respect of any share held by him or her if any call or other sum then payable by him or her to Ryanair in respect of that share remains unpaid.

C.Liquidation Rights

Upon the winding-up of Ryanair, the assets of the Company available for distribution to the shareholders will be paid to the shareholders in proportion to the capital paid up or credited as paid up on the shares held by them at the commencement of the winding-up.

D.Rights, Preferences and Dividends Attaching to Shares

The Ordinary Shares currently represent the only class of shares in issue and rank equally with respect to payment of dividends and on any winding-up of Ryanair.

The Company is permitted under its Articles to issue redeemable shares on such terms and in such manner as the Company may, by special resolution, determine. The Ordinary Shares currently in issue are not redeemable. The liability of shareholders to invest additional capital is limited to the amounts remaining unpaid on the shares held by them. There are no sinking fund provisions in the Articles of the Company.  There are no appraisal rights under Irish law for dissenting shareholders.

There are no provisions in the Articles:

a.delaying or prohibiting a change in the control of the Company, but which operate only with respect to a merger, acquisition or corporate restructuring;
b.discriminating against any existing or prospective shareholders as a result of such shareholder owning a substantial number of shares (except in connection with the limitations on ownership by non-EU nationals discussed below);
c.governing changes in capital,

in each case, where such provisions are more stringent than those required by law.

E.Action Necessary to Change the Rights of Shareholders.

The rights attaching to the Ordinary Shares may be varied by special resolutions passed at meetings of the shareholders of Ryanair.

F.Limitations on Share Ownership

The Directors of Ryanair may limit the number of Ordinary Shares in which non-EU nationals have an interest or the exercise by non-EU nationals of rights attaching to Ordinary Shares. Such powers may be exercised by the Directors if they are of the view that any licence, consent, permit or privilege of Ryanair or any of its subsidiaries that enables it to operate an air service may be refused, withheld, suspended or revoked or have conditions attached to it that inhibit its exercise and the exercise of the powers referred to above could prevent such an occurrence.

Ryanair maintains a separate register (the “Separate Register”) of Ordinary Shares in which non-EU nationals, whether individuals, bodies corporate or other entities, have an interest (such shares are referred to as “Affected Shares” in the Articles).

To enable the Directors to identify Affected Shares, transferees of Ordinary Shares are generally required to provide a declaration as to the nationality of persons having interests in those shares. Shareholders are also obliged to notify Ryanair if they are aware that any shares that they hold ought to be treated as Affected Shares for this purpose. The Directors automatically treat all of the Ordinary Shares held by the Depositary as Affected Shares.

G.Disclosure of Share Ownership.

The Directors may require shareholders, or other persons appearing to be interested or to have been interested in Ordinary Shares, to disclose such information as the Company requires relating to the ownership of any interest in the Ordinary Shares. Additionally, under Irish law, a shareholder must notify Ryanair of the percentage of his or her voting rights if the percentage of voting rights he or she holds (or is deemed to hold) as shareholder reaches a specified percentage, which is currently set at 3% (a “notifiable interest”).  Such shareholder must also notify Ryanair if (a) their notifiable interest increases or decreases by more than 1% or (b) their notifiable interest falls below the specified percentage. 

H.Transfer of Shares.

The transfer agent and registrar for the Ordinary Shares is Link Registrars.

2. American Depositary Shares.

This summary of the general terms and provisions of our ADSs does not purport to be complete and is subject to and qualified in its entirety by our Form F-6 filed on February 20, 2007 (Commission file No. 333-140783), which is incorporated herein by reference, including the exhibits thereto. In the following description, a “Holder” is the person registered with the Depositary (as defined below) as the holder of the relevant ADSs.

A.General.

American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) evidencing ADSs are issuable pursuant to an amended and restated deposit agreement dated February 20, 2007 among Ryanair, the Bank of New York Mellon as depositary (the “Depositary”), and the Holders from time to time of ADSs (the “Deposit Agreement”). The principal executive office of the Depositary is 240 Greenwich Street, New York, N.Y. 10286. Each ADS represents the right to receive five Ordinary Shares. An ADR may represent any number of ADSs.

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B.Voting

Upon receipt of notice of any meeting of shareholders and at Ryanair’s request the Depositary shall, to the extent permitted by applicable laws, mail the information in such notice to the Holders along with instructions for the voting of their respective ADSs.

Upon the request of a Holder, the Depositary shall endeavour to vote or cause to be voted the amount of Ordinary Shares represented by the ADSs in accordance with the Holder’s instructions. If no instructions are received by the Depositary from any Holder by the relevant date, the Depositary shall deem such Holder to have instructed the Depositary to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by Ryanair; provided, that no such instruction shall be given with respect to any matter as to which Ryanair informs the Depositary that (x) Ryanair does not wish such proxy given, (y) substantial opposition exists or (z) such matter materially and adversely affects the rights of holders of Shares.

In accordance with the Articles and Irish law, failure by a Holder, or a person holding an interest in Ordinary Shares through a Holder, to comply with any request for information from Ryanair relating to, inter alia, the capacity in which such Holder owns the ADSs and the identity of any other person interested in such ADSs and the nature of such interest, may result in withdrawal of the Holder’s voting rights.  Additional voting restrictions relating to non-EU nationals are discussed below under “—Restrictions On The Right To Transfer Or Withdraw The Underlying Securities.”

C.Collecting And Distributing Dividends

Whenever the Depositary shall receive any cash dividend or other cash distribution by Ryanair on any Ordinary Shares in a currency other than U.S. dollars (“Dollars”), the Depositary shall, subject to the provisions of the Deposit Agreement, promptly convert such dividend or distribution into Dollars and shall distribute the amount thus received (net of the expenses of the Depositary, if applicable), to the Holders entitled thereto, in proportion to the number of ADSs representing such Ordinary Shares held by them respectively. Such distribution may be made upon an averaged or other practicable basis without regard to any distinctions among Holders on account of exchange restrictions or the date of delivery of any ADR or ADRs or otherwise. The amount distributed to the Holders of ADRs will be reduced by any amount on account of taxes to be withheld by Ryanair or the Depositary.

Failure by a Holder to comply with any request for information from Ryanair relating to, inter alia, the capacity in which such Holder owns the ADSs and the identity of any other person interested in such ADSs and the nature of such interest, may result in retention by Ryanair of the dividends otherwise payable on the ADSs held by that Holder.

D.Procedures For Transmitting Notices, Reports And Proxy Soliciting Material

In addition to the procedures for transmitting notices discussed above under “—Voting,” the Depositary shall make available for inspection by Holders, at its corporate trust office and at any other designated transfer offices, any reports and communications, including any proxy material, received from Ryanair which are both (a) received by the Depositary or the custodian or the nominee of either of them as the holder of the Ordinary Shares and (b) made generally available to the holders of such Ordinary Shares by Ryanair. The Depositary shall also send to the Holders copies of such reports when furnished by Ryanair.

E.Sale Or Exercise Of Rights

In the event that Ryanair shall offer or cause to be offered to shareholders any rights to subscribe for additional Ordinary Shares or any rights of any other nature, the Depositary shall have discretion as to the procedure to be followed in making such rights available to Holders or in disposing of such rights on behalf of such Holders and making the net proceeds as promptly as practicable available in Dollars to such


Holders or, if by the terms of such rights offering or, for any other reason, the Depositary may not either make such rights available to Holders or dispose of such rights and make the net proceeds available to such Holders, then the Depositary shall allow the rights to lapse; provided, however, that the Depositary will, if requested by Ryanair, take action as follows:

(i) if at the time of the offering of any rights the Depositary determines that it is lawful and feasible to make such rights available to Holders by means of warrants or otherwise, the Depositary shall distribute to the Holders warrants or other instruments therefor in such form as it may determine, in proportion to the number of ADSs representing such Ordinary Shares held by them, respectively, or employ such other method as it may deem feasible in order to facilitate the exercise, sale or transfer of rights by such Holders; or

(ii) if at the time of the offering of any rights the Depositary determines that it is not lawful and feasible to make such rights available to Holders by means of warrants or otherwise, or if the rights represented by such warrants or such other instruments are not exercised and appear to be about to lapse, the Depositary may sell such rights or such warrants or other instruments at public or private sale, at such place or places and upon such terms as it may deem proper, and may allocate, subject to the other terms and conditions of the Deposit Agreement, the proceeds of such sales for the accounts of the Holders otherwise entitled to such rights, warrants or other instruments, upon an averaged or other practicable basis without regard to any distinctions among such Holders because of exchange restrictions, the date of delivery of any ADSs or otherwise.

F.Deposit Or Sale Of Securities Resulting From Dividends, Splits Or Plans Of Reorganization

Whenever the Depositary receives any distribution of securities other Ordinary Shares, the Depositary will cause the securities to be distributed promptly to the Holders entitled thereto, in any manner that the Depositary may deem equitable and practicable for accomplishing such distribution; provided, however, that, if in the opinion of the Depositary such distribution cannot be made proportionately among the Holders entitled thereto, or if for any other reason the Depositary, after consultation with Ryanair, deems such distribution not to be feasible, the Depositary may adopt, with Ryanair's approval, such method as it may deem equitable and practicable for the purpose of effecting such distribution, including, but not limited to, the public or private sale of any securities received, or any part thereof, and the net proceeds of any such sale (net of the fees of the Depositary) shall be distributed to the Holders entitled thereto.

If any distribution consists of a dividend in, or free distribution of, Ordinary Shares, the Depositary may, with Ryanair's approval, and shall if Ryanair shall so request, deliver promptly to the Holders entitled thereto, an aggregate number of ADSs representing the number of Ordinary Shares received as such dividend or free distribution.  In lieu of delivering fractional ADSs in any such case, the Depositary will sell the amount of Ordinary Shares represented by the aggregate of such fractions and distribute as promptly as practicable the net proceeds.  

In the event that the Depositary determines that any distribution in property (including Ordinary Shares and rights to subscribe therefor) is subject to any tax, duty or other governmental charge (including, without limitation, any applicable stamp taxes) which the Depositary is obligated to withhold, the Depositary may by public or private sale dispose of all or a portion of such property (including Ordinary Shares and rights to subscribe therefor) in such amounts and in such manner as the Depositary deems necessary and practicable to pay any such taxes, duties or other governmental charges, and the Depositary shall distribute the net proceeds of any such sale after deduction of such taxes, duties or other governmental charges to the Holders entitled thereto.


Whenever the Depositary shall receive notice from Ryanair of the declaration of a dividend or other distribution payable in Ordinary Shares or cash at the election of each shareholder or, if no such election is made, payable in Ordinary Shares or in cash as provided in the instruments governing such dividend or other distribution, the Depositary shall mail to the Holders a notice, the form of which shall be in the discretion of the Depositary, which shall contain (a) such information as is contained in the notice received by the Depositary from Ryanair and (b) a statement that each of the Holders as of the close of business on a specified date will be entitled, subject to any applicable provisions of law, including any applicable provisions of Irish law, the Articles or the instruments governing such dividend or distribution, to instruct the Depositary as to the manner in which such Holder elects to receive such dividend or distribution.  The Depositary shall endeavor, in so far as practicable to make the election in accordance with the instructions set forth in such Holder’s request.  If the Depositary does not receive timely instructions from any Holder as to such Holder’s election, the Depositary shall make no election with respect to the Ordinary Shares represented by such Holder's ADSs and shall distribute such Ordinary Shares or cash so received, if any, in respect of such Deposited Securities in accordance with the preceding sentence.

In circumstances where the provisions of the Deposit Agreement governing distributions of Ordinary Shares do not apply, upon any change in nominal value, change in par value, split-up, consolidation, or any other reclassification of Ordinary Shares, or upon any recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation, or sale of assets affecting Ryanair or to which it is a party, any securities which shall be received by the Depositary or a custodian in exchange for or in conversion of or in respect of Ordinary Shares shall be treated as new Ordinary Shares under the Deposit Agreement, and ADSs shall thenceforth represent the new Ordinary Shares so received in exchange or conversion, unless additional ADRs are delivered. In any such case the Depositary may with the approval of Ryanair execute and deliver additional ADRs as in the case of a dividend in Ordinary Shares, or call for the surrender of outstanding ADRs to be exchanged for new ADRs specifically describing such new Ordinary Shares.

G.Amendment, Extension Or Termination Of The Deposit Arrangement

The form of the ADRs and any provisions of the Deposit Agreement may at any time and from time to time be amended by agreement in writing between Ryanair and the Depositary in any respect which they may deem necessary or desirable. Any amendment which shall impose or increase any fees or charges (other than taxes and other governmental charges, registration fees, cable, telex or facsimile transmission costs, delivery costs or other such expenses), or which shall otherwise prejudice any substantial existing right of Holders, shall, however, not become effective as to outstanding ADSs until the expiration of thirty days after notice of such amendment shall have been given to the Holders, provided that any amendments which (i) are reasonably necessary (as agreed by Ryanair and the Depositary) in order for ADSs or Ordinary Shares to be traded solely in electronic book-entry form and (ii) do not impose or increase any fees or charges to be borne by Holders, shall be deemed not to prejudice any substantial rights of Holders. Every Holder at the time any such amendment so becomes effective shall be deemed, by continuing to hold such ADSs, to consent and agree to such amendment and to be bound by the Deposit Agreement or the ADRs as amended thereby. In no event shall any amendment impair the right of the Holder to surrender such ADSs and receive therefor the Ordinary Shares represented thereby, except in order to comply with mandatory provisions of applicable law.

The Depositary shall at any time at Ryanair’s direction, terminate the Deposit Agreement by mailing notice of such termination to the Holders at least 90 days prior to the date fixed in such notice for such termination. The Depositary may likewise terminate the Deposit Agreement upon 90 days’ notice to Ryanair and the Holders if at any time 90 days shall have expired after the Depositary shall have delivered to Ryanair a written notice of its election to resign and a successor depositary shall not have been appointed and accepted its appointment.


On and after the date of termination, each Holder will, upon (a) surrender of such ADSs at the Corporate Trust Office of the Depositary, (b) payment of the applicable fee of the Depositary for the surrender of ADSs, and (c) payment of any applicable taxes, duties or other governmental charges, be entitled to delivery of the amount of Ordinary Shares represented by the ADSs evidenced by such ADR. If any ADSs remain outstanding after the date of termination, the Depositary shall discontinue the registration of transfers of ADSs, suspend the distribution of dividends to the Holders thereof, and shall not give any further notices or perform any further acts under the Deposit Agreement, except that the Depositary shall continue to collect dividends and other distributions pertaining to Ordinary Shares, shall sell rights as provided in the Deposit Agreement, and shall continue to deliver Ordinary Shares, together with any dividends or other distributions received with respect thereto and the net proceeds of the sale of any rights or other property, in exchange for ADSs surrendered to the Depositary (after deducting, in each case, the applicable fee of the Depositary for the surrender, any applicable expenses for the account of the Holder and any applicable taxes or other governmental charges). At any time after the expiration of two years from the date of termination of the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary may sell the Ordinary Shares then held and may thereafter hold uninvested the net proceeds of any such sale, together with any other cash then held by it hereunder, in an unsegregated account without liability for interest, for the pro rata benefit of the Holders of ADSs which have not theretofore been surrendered, such Holders thereupon becoming general creditors of the Depositary with respect to such net proceeds.

H.Rights of Holders to Inspect the Transfer Books of the Depositary and the List of Holders

The Depositary will keep books for the registration of ADSs and transfers of ADSs which at all reasonable times shall be open for inspection by the Holders, provided that such inspection shall not be for the purpose of communicating with Holders in the interest of a business or object other than the business of Ryanair or a matter related to the Deposit Agreement, the Articles or the ADSs or Ordinary Shares.

I.Restrictions On The Right To Transfer Or Withdraw The Underlying Securities

The Ordinary Shares and ADSs are subject to the restrictions on ownership and voting described above under “Ordinary Shares — Limitations on Share Ownership.” Holders agree to be bound by such restrictions and the Depositary has agreed to take certain actions in enforcing those restrictions. The Depositary will forward to the Holders or to Ryanair, as the case may be, communications furnished to it relating to the application of such provisions.

The Directors may elect to treat some or all of the Ordinary Shares held by the Depositary as Affected Shares. The Directors are entitled to assume that each Holder with a registered address in the United States is or holds on behalf of a United States national and that each Holder with a registered address in Canada is or holds on behalf of a Canadian national. A Holder must have its ADRs registered in its own name and provide to Ryanair a nationality declaration or such other evidence as the Directors may require in order to establish to the Directors’ satisfaction that the Ordinary Shares underlying such Holder’s ADRs are not Affected Shares.

Since some or all Holders may be deemed Affected Holders or Holders through which Affected Holders have Interests (as defined in the Articles) in Ordinary Shares, in the event of a determination by the Directors, some or all of the Holders may not be entitled to attend or speak at any general meeting of the Company or any meeting of shareholders, or to direct the voting of some or all of the Ordinary Shares underlying their ADRs. In addition, some or all of the underlying Ordinary Shares may be sold if the Holder has not disposed of the particular ADRs or the underlying Ordinary Shares to a person who is not an Affected Holder (or a person through which an Affected Holder would have an Interest in Ordinary Shares) to the Directors' satisfaction within 21 days after notice to the Depositary requiring such disposal.


If the Depositary receives a notice from Ryanair concerning specific Ordinary Shares in which an Affected Holder is believed or is deemed by the Directors to be interested, the Depositary will, if the notice requires such action, (i) refuse to register any transfer of the related ADR until the notice is withdrawn by Ryanair, (ii) not exercise the voting rights attaching to the related ADR until notice is withdrawn by Ryanair, (iii) give notice to the Holder of the related ADR informing the Holder of the actions described in (i) and (ii) above and (iv) state that the Holder must dispose of the related ADR or underlying Ordinary Shares as described above. The notice from the Depositary will also state that if any forced sale of the underlying Ordinary Shares has occurred, the related ADR will represent only the right to receive the proceeds of such sale, less taxes and expenses.

Although both (i) transfers of Ordinary Shares to the Depositary or its nominee as a deposit in exchange for ADRs and (ii) transfers of ADRs are exempt from the requirement to furnish a nationality declaration on transfer, withdrawals of Ordinary Shares in exchange for ADRs require such a declaration by the transferee. If a transferee does not furnish a nationality declaration, the foreign registrar will complete a nationality declaration on behalf of the transferee designating the Ordinary Shares being withdrawn as being held by an Affected Holder.

If, to enforce the foreign ownership restriction, the Ordinary Shares underlying an ADR are sold pursuant to the Articles, such ADR will thereafter represent only the right to receive the cash proceeds of sale (less any taxes and expenses incurred or paid in distributing such cash) and any remaining unsold Ordinary Shares underlying such ADR. Any denial of voting rights or sale of Ordinary Shares may be attributed pro rata to all Holders or, in certain circumstances, to specified Holders identified by the Directors in a restricted share notice. In deciding which Ordinary Shares to identify as restricted shares, the Directors, subject to certain conditions, will firstly treat as restricted shares those Affected Shares in respect of which they have requested and not received a nationality declaration and secondly shall take into consideration the chronological order in which the Affected Shares were entered in the Separate Register. Any Holder holding through a nominee should be aware that such nominee may be required to provide Ryanair with certain information as to the identity of such nominee's beneficial holders and that, to the extent that such nominee does not provide such information, such Holder may be deemed to be in violation of the restrictions on ownership and voting referred to above.

J.Limitations On The Depositary’s Liability

The Depositary shall not incur any liability to any Holder, if by reason of any provision of any present or future law or regulation of the United States, Ireland or the European Union or any other provision of applicable law, or by reason of any requirement, direction or applicable rule, law or regulation or any governmental or regulatory authority or stock exchange, or by reason of any provision, present or future, of the Articles or any of the Ordinary Shares, or by reason of any act of God or war or other circumstances beyond the control of either of them, the Depositary shall be prevented or forbidden from or be subject to any civil or criminal penalty on account of doing or performing any act or thing which by the terms of the Deposit Agreement it is provided shall be done or performed; nor shall the Depositary incur any liability to any Holder by reason of any non-performance or delay, caused as aforesaid, in the performance of any act or thing which by the terms of the Deposit Agreement it is provided shall or may be done or performed, or by reason of any exercise of, or failure to exercise, any discretion provided for in the Deposit Agreement or the Articles.  

Where, by the terms of a distribution of a dividend, or an offering or distribution of rights, such distribution or offering may not be made available to Holders, and the Depositary may not dispose of such distribution or offering on behalf of such Holders and make the net proceeds available to such Holders, then the Depositary shall not make such distribution or offering, and shall allow any rights, if applicable, to lapse.  


The Depositary does not assume any obligation and shall not be subject to any liability under the Deposit Agreement to Holders, except that they agree to perform their obligations specifically set forth in the Deposit Agreement without negligence or bad faith.  The Depositary shall not be subject to any liability with respect to the validity or worth of the Ordinary Shares.  The Depositary shall not be liable for any action or non-action by it in reliance upon the advice of or information from legal counsel, accountants, any governmental authority, any person presenting Ordinary Shares for deposit, any Holder, or any other person believed by it in good faith to be competent to give such advice or information.  

The Depositary shall not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote any of the Deposited Securities, or for the manner in which any such vote is cast or the effect of any such vote, provided that any such action or non-action is in good faith.  The Depositary shall not be liable for any acts or omissions made by a successor depositary whether in connection with a previous act or omission of the Depositary or in connection with any matter arising wholly after the removal or resignation of the Depositary, provided that in connection with the issue out of which such potential liability arises, the Depositary performed its obligations without negligence or bad faith while it acted as Depositary.  


Exhibit 8.1

List of principal subsidiaries

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Name

Jurisdiction of incorporation

Ryanair DAC

Ireland

Aviation Finance and Leasing Limited

Malta

Ryanair Finance Limited

Ireland

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Exhibit 11.1

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CODE OF DEALING IN SECURITIES OF

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RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC

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ADOPTED BY RESOLUTION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE COMPANY
ON 14 DECEMBER 2004 AND AMENDED BY RESOLUTIONS OF THE BOARD OF
DIRECTORS OF THE COMPANY IN MARCH 2010, APRIL 2014, MAY 2016,
JANUARY 2021, SEPTEMBER 2022 AND JANUARY 2024

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WITH EFFECT FROM 26 JANUARY 2024

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Index

Introduction

1

The Code of Dealing

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Article 1:

Covered Persons

5

Article 2:

Persons Closely Associated

5

Article 3:

Purpose of Dealing

5

Article 4:

Clearance to deal to be obtained

7

Article 5:

No dealing except in Window Periods

8

Article 6:

No dealing in other circumstances

8

Article 7:

Dealing in another company’s securities

9

Article 8:

Written record

9

Article 9:

Dealing inexceptional circumstances

9

Article 10:

Public disclosure of notifications of PDMRs and Persons Closely Associated with them

10

Article 11:

Other prohibited transactions

10

Article 12:

Covered Person acting as a trustee

10

Article 13:

List of transactions conducted on own account

11

Article 14:

Transactions which may not be conducted during a Closed Period

11

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Schedules

Schedule 1:

Definitions of “Financial Instruments” and “Ryanair Holdings Share Option Scheme”

Schedule 2:

European Commission non-exhaustive list of transactions which should trigger the notification requirement

Schedule 3:

European Commission non-exhaustive list of dealings which may be permitted during closed periods

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Appendices

Appendix 1:

Designated Members of Management for Clearance under Article 4

Appendix 2:

Notifiable Transactions – PDMRs and PCAs

Appendix 3:

Securities Dealing Request Form

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i


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Introduction

1.

Importance of having a Code of Dealing

Ryanair Holdings plc (“Ryanair” or the “Company”) has had a code of dealing (“Code of Dealing” or the “Code”) in place since 1997. It is appropriate to periodically update this Code, and the Code is re-circulated to all Persons Discharging Managerial Responsibilities (defined in Article 1 of this Code) (“PDMRs”) and Relevant Employees (defined in Article 1 of this Code) of the Company following each periodic update. It is expected that all the recipients will study this Code carefully and familiarise themselves thoroughly with its provisions including the notes and appendices. Non-compliance with the Code could result in suspension of the listing of the securities of the Company. Non-compliance with either the Code or with the Market Abuse Regulation (the “MAR”)1 could also involve the commission of both criminal and civil offences. For these reasons, non-compliance will be viewed by the board of directors of Ryanair (the “Board”) as a very serious matter and may lead to disciplinary action being taken against the individual concerned.

The purpose of the Code is to ensure that PDMRs, Relevant Employees and Persons Closely Associated with them (“Covered Persons”) do not abuse and do not place themselves under suspicion of abusing Inside Information (defined in 2(a) of this Introduction) that they may have or be thought to have, especially in periods leading up to an announcement of results. The Code set out in this document is based on MAR. It also includes provisions which are intended to ensure compliance with U.S. securities laws and regulations of the NASDAQ Stock Market. This document also draws attention to relevant Irish statutory provisions relating to “insider dealing”.

The Code is an important part of the Company’s MAR compliance framework. The Code should be read in conjunction with the Ryanair Market Abuse Policy (together with the documents referred to therein) which sets out the Company’s MAR obligations and the steps the Company has taken and will continue to take to achieve compliance with its MAR obligations (the “Ryanair MAR Documents”).

The key “insider dealing” provisions under MAR are summarised in section 2(a) below.

The Company has a subsidiary, Ryanair DAC (“DAC”), which has debt securities (i.e. bonds) listed on Euronext Dublin and so DAC also has market abuse related obligations under EU MAR. Therefore, this Code shall also apply to DAC and references in this Policy to “the Company” and the “securities of the Company” etc. shall be deemed to be a reference to DAC where the context requires it. This Code shall be deemed to apply to any other entity within the Group and such entity’s securities which becomes subject to MAR in the future.

2.

Irish and US provisions relating to “Insider Dealing”

Insider Dealing (defined in Article 5 of this Code), either as principal or agent, is rendered a criminal offence and any person found guilty is liable on conviction, under Irish law, to imprisonment for up to a maximum of ten years and/or a fine up to a maximum of €10,000,000. Civil


1 MAR refers to the EU Market Abuse Regulation 2014/596 (“EU MAR”).

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2


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law sanctions may also apply. These very substantial penalties are intended to be a serious deterrent to any attempt at Insider Dealing.

(a)

Insider Dealing under the Market Abuse regime2

Under the Market Abuse regime, Inside Information is defined as information of a precise nature3 relating directly or indirectly to one or more issuers of financial instruments or to one or more financial instruments which has not been made public and which, if it were made public, would be likely to have a significant effect on the price of those financial instruments or on the price of related derivative financial instruments.4

There are a number of very limited defences to the Market Abuse offences. Engaging in buy-back programmes, own share purchases or post public offer stabilisation measures will not constitute market abuse provided the specific conditions set out in MAR are adhered to.

MAR imposes an obligation on companies to disclose Inside Information without delay, unless the conditions justifying a delay are satisfied (broadly: disclosure would prejudice legitimate interests, non-disclosure would not be likely to mislead the public and the Company can ensure the confidentiality of the information).5 Once Inside Information exists the Company must control

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2 Market Abuse means insider dealing or market manipulation. In summary:

Insider dealing is committed where a person in possession of inside information (1) uses it to acquire or dispose, or to try to acquire or dispose of, for his own account or for the account of a third party, directly or indirectly, financial instruments to which that information relates (Article 8(1) of MAR) (the use of information by cancelling or amending an order concerning a financial instrument to which the information relates where the order was placed before the person concerned possessed the inside information is also considered insider dealing); or (2) discloses inside information to any other person unless such disclosure is made in normal course of the exercise of his employment, profession or duties, or recommends another person, on the basis of inside information, to acquire or dispose of financial instruments to which the inside information relates (Article 10(1) of the Market Abuse Regulation).

Market Manipulation is extremely broadly defined and includes (1) transactions which give, or are likely to give, false or misleading signals as to the supply of, demand for, or price of financial instruments, or which secure the price of one or several financial instruments at an abnormal or artificial level, unless reasons for trade are legitimate and conform to accepted market practice; (2) transactions or orders to trade which employ fictitious devices or any other form of deception or contrivance; (3) dissemination of information through media which gives or is likely to give false or misleading signals as to financial instruments; or (4) transmitting false or misleading information or providing false or misleading inputs in relation to a benchmark where the person making the transmission or providing the input knew or ought to have known that it was false or misleading or any other behaviour which manipulates the calculation of a benchmark.

3 “information of a precise nature” is defined in Article 7(2) of MAR as information that (a) indicates: (i) a set of circumstances which exists or may reasonably be expected to come into existence, or (ii) an event which has occurred or may reasonably be expected to occur, and (b) is specific enough to enable a conclusion to be drawn as to the possible effect of that set of circumstances or event, as the case may be, on the prices of financial instruments or derivative financial instruments.

4 “information which, if it were made public, would be likely to have a significant effect on the prices of financial instruments or related derivative instruments” is defined in Article 7(4) of MAR as meaning information that a reasonable investor would be likely to use as part of the basis of the investor’s investment decisions and includes cognate expressions.

5 Article 4 of MAR provides that a company that has delayed the disclosure of inside information shall inform the competent authority (i.e. the Central Bank) that disclosure was delayed and provide a written explanation as to how the conditions for delay were met, immediately after the information is disclosed to the public.

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3


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access to that information and take effective measures to deny access to that information other than to those who need it.

The competent authority under the Irish Market Abuse regime is the Central Bank of Ireland (the “Central Bank”). The Central Bank has wide powers under the regime including a power to prosecute offences and issue directions on a wide range of matters (including the power to direct the trading of any financial instrument be suspended and a direction not to dispose of or otherwise dissipate assets). The Central Bank can also carry out assessments as to whether contraventions of MAR has occurred and can impose sanctions on foot of those assessments which range from a private or public caution or reprimand including fines against the Company (of up to €15,000,000 or 15% of total annual turnover) and/or any person in contravention (of up to €5,000,000). The Central Bank is able to conduct “dawn raids” on premises, search and inspect them for relevant records and seize any records inspected or produced.

Under the Irish Companies Act 2014 a person who commits the offence of “Market Abuse” is potentially liable to criminal sanction – if convicted on indictment he can be fined up to €10 million or be imprisoned for 10 years, or both. Civil liability provisions include a liability to compensate other parties for any loss incurred by these parties and to account for any profits made.

(b)

Inside Dealing under the US Securities Exchange Act of 1934

In addition, Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934 generally make it unlawful for any person to make any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact in connection with the purchase or sale of securities. Dealings in a company’s securities by company personnel (directly or indirectly) or a significant shareholder of the Company at a time that any such person is in possession of material non-public information, or the disclosure of such information to third parties (including, but not limited to, family members and securities analysts) who subsequently trade on it, is likely to be deemed a violation of these rules. Persons engaging in such insider dealings are potentially liable for damages to counterparties, as well as contemporaneous traders in the subject security. They may also be subject to civil penalties of up to three times the profit gained or loss avoided in the insider dealing transaction, and criminal penalties for the wilful violation of the U.S. securities laws.

3.

Limitations of the Code

The Code is intended to be a detailed guide to the obligations of Covered Persons relating to transactions in certain securities of the Company. However, it is not a substitute for appropriate


6 Defined similarly to the offence under MAR.

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legal advice. Such advice should be sought in every case where there is the slightest doubt as to whether a particular transaction complies fully with the obligations imposed on Covered Persons under the Code, or under applicable law. Covered Persons must ensure that they are fully aware of all the provisions of MAR and the Ryanair MAR Documents.

THE CODE OF DEALING

Article 1: Covered Persons

In this Code, the term “Covered Persons” is used to describe, together, PDMRs, Relevant Employees and Persons Closely Associated with PDMRs and Relevant Employees.

A PDMR is defined in MAR Article 3(25), and for the purposes of this Code is a member of the administrative, management or supervisory bodies of the Company (in the case of Ryanair, all members of its Board), or a senior executive who is not a member of the Board, having regular access to Inside Information relating directly or indirectly to the Company and having the power to make managerial decisions affecting the future developments and prospects of the Company. PDMRs must comply with the terms of this Code as though they were Directors.

The term “Persons Closely Associated” is defined in Article 2 of this Code.

The concept of “Relevant Employee” continues to be used in this Code insofar as such persons must comply with all of the terms of this Code. A Relevant Employee is an employee of the Company who has been notified, in writing, by the Group CFO or his designated deputy that they are considered to be a Relevant Employee for the purposes of the Code. The Group CFO or his designated deputy maintains a list of such employees. Such list may be updated from time to time.

Article 2: Persons Closely Associated

For the purposes of this Code, a person is a Person Closely Associated with a PDMR or Relevant Employee if he/she is:

(a)

a spouse, or a partner considered to be equivalent to a spouse in accordance with national law (i.e. a civil partner);

(b)

a dependent child, in accordance with national law;

(c)

a relative who has shared the same household as that person for at least one year on the date of the transaction concerned; or

(d)

a legal person, trust or partnership, the managerial responsibilities of which are discharged by a PDMR or Relevant Employee within the Company or by a person referred to in (a), (b) or (c) above, that is directly or indirectly controlled by, is set up for the benefit of, or the economic interests of which are substantially equivalent to, those of such a person.

Article 3: Notification of dealing

Covered Persons must notify the Company and, in the case of PDMRs and Persons Closely Associated with them only, the Central Bank of every transaction conducted on their own account relating to the shares or debt instruments of the Company or to derivatives or other Financial Instruments (defined in Schedule 1 of this Code) linked to them.

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Notifications to the Company are to be made promptly and no later than one business day after the date of the transaction. Notifications to the Company shall be sent by secure email to the persons designated in Article 4, from whom clearance must also be obtained. PDMRs and Persons Closely Associated with them are required to use the notification template set out in Appendix 2 to this Code.

Notifications to the Central Bank are to be made promptly and no later than three business days after the date of the transaction. Notifications to the Central Bank shall be sent through the Central Bank Portal (the Company Secretary can assist the PDMRs and PCAs with these notifications). The Company will also make the requisite market announcement in relation to the transaction.

The types of transactions that must be notified include:

(a)

the pledging or lending of Financial Instruments;

(b)

transactions undertaken by persons professionally arranging or executing transactions or by another person on behalf of PDMR, Relevant Employee or a Person Closely Associated with either a PDMR or Relevant Employee, including where discretion is exercised;

(c)

transactions made under a life insurance policy.

For the purposes of point (a), a pledge, or a similar security interest, of Financial Instruments in connection with the depositing of the Financial Instruments in a custody account does not need to be notified, unless and until such time that such pledge or other security interest is designated to secure a specific credit facility.

For the purpose of point (c), the obligation to notify is not incumbent on the insurance company.

The European Commission has prescribed a non-exhaustive list of the types of transactions triggering the requirement to notify, in addition to those listed in (a) to (c) above.7 This list is set out in Schedule 2 of this Code.

The obligation to notify under this Article 3 shall apply to any transaction once a total amount of €5,000 has been reached for total transactions within a calendar year. The threshold of €5,000 shall be calculated by adding without netting all relevant transactions.8

A notification pursuant to this Article 3 shall contain the following information:

(a)

the name of the PDMR, Relevant Employee or Person Closely Associated with either the PDMR or Relevant Employee;

(b)

the reason for responsibility to notify;

(c)

the name of the Company;

(d)

a description and the identifier of the Financial Instrument;

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7 Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/522 of 17th December 2015.

8 The European Securities and Markets Authority (“ESMA”) published technical standards in September 2015 in which it indicated that the single transaction that leads to reaching and crossing the threshold amount of €5,000 should be reported as well as any subsequent transactions.

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(e)

the nature of the transaction (for example acquisition or disposal) indicating whether it is linked to the exercise of the Ryanair Holdings Share Option Scheme (as defined in Schedule 1) or to the examples set out above (pledging or lending of Financial Instruments, etc.);

(f)

the date and place of the transaction;

(g)

the price and volume of the transaction; and

(h)

in the case of a pledge whose terms provide for its value to change, this should be disclosed together with its value at the date of the pledge.9

PDMRs and Relevant Employees shall notify in writing Persons Closely Associated with them of their obligations under this Article 3 and shall keep a record of such notification.

Covered Persons should ensure that any investment manager acting on their behalf (whether discretionary or not) notifies them of any notifiable transactions conducted on their behalf so that they can notify the Company in writing within the above time limits.

Additional disclosure obligations arise under the Irish Companies Act 2014 for Directors and their connected persons if they are interested in 1% or more of the Company’s issued share capital. Under Section 13(d) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, any person who indirectly or directly becomes the beneficial owner of more than 5% of an issuer's registered equity securities must file with the SEC a Schedule 13D within 10 days after the acquisition.

If a Covered Person is unsure as to whether or not a particular transaction is a notifiable transaction, they should consult the Company Secretary.

Article 4: Clearance to deal to be obtained

A Covered Person must not conduct any transaction on their own account relating to the shares or debt instruments of the Company or to derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked to them without obtaining clearance to do so in advance, in accordance with this Article 4.

A Director (other than the Chairman and Group Chief Executive Officer) or the Company Secretary must not conduct any transaction on their own account relating to the shares or debt instruments of the Company or to derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked to them without advising the Chairman or one or more other Directors designated for this purpose (being the Group Chief Executive Officer and members of the Remuneration Committee) in advance and receiving clearance.

In his own case, the Chairman must not conduct any transaction on his own account relating to the shares or debt instruments of the Company or to derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked to them without first notifying the Group Chief Executive Officer (or a Director designated for this purpose) and receiving clearance to deal from him or, if the Group Chief Executive Officer is not present, without first notifying the Senior Independent Director or a committee of the Board or other officer of the Company nominated

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9 In its technical standards ESMA indicated that it is not expected that a separate notification is sent for each individual transaction. A PDMR or Personal Closely Associated with them is permitted to send a single notification listing and detailing multiple transactions carried out within the three business day reporting window. Such notification must still report each and every individual transaction during the relevant period.

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for that purpose by the Group Chief Executive Officer and receiving clearance to deal from that Director, committee or officer.

In his own case, the Group Chief Executive Officer must not conduct any transaction on his own account relating to the shares or debt instruments of the Company or to derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked to them without first notifying the Chairman (or a director designated for this purpose) and receiving clearance to deal from him or, if the Chairman is not present, without first notifying the Senior Independent Director or a committee of the Board or other officer of the Company nominated for that purpose by the Chairman and receiving clearance to deal from that Director, committee or officer.

Covered Persons, who are not Directors, must not conduct any transaction on their own account relating to the shares or debt instruments of the Company or to derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked to them without advising the Company Secretary or those members of management designated for this purpose (whose names are set out in Appendix 1 to this Code) in advance using the template clearance request form and receiving clearance.

The obligation to obtain clearance under this Article 4 shall apply to any transaction once a total amount of

€5,000 has been reached for total transactions within a calendar year. The threshold of €5,000 shall be calculated by adding without netting all relevant transactions.

The template clearance request form is set out in Appendix 3 to this Code.

Article 5: No dealing except in Window Periods

Pursuant to Market Abuse Regulation Article 19(11), a PDMR must not conduct any transaction on its own account or for the account of a third party, directly or indirectly relating to the shares or debt instruments of a listed company or to derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked to that company during a “closed period” of 30 calendar days prior to the announcement of that company’s interim or year-end results.

As a result of Ryanair’s listing on the NASDAQ, the Company has adopted the more onerous U.S. practice of prescribing that any transaction of the type described in the above paragraph, and conducted by Covered Persons, may only take place during “window periods” tied to the announcement by the Company of its quarterly and annual results. Consequently, Covered Persons may only conduct transactions of the type described above during the period beginning 24 hours after the release by the Company of its quarterly results and its annual results and ending (i) 45 days later or (ii) if earlier, the end of the next quarterly accounting period (i.e., 31 March, 30 June, 30 September and 31 December as appropriate), (“Window Periods”).

Any period other than a Window Period is referred to in this Code as a “Closed Period” for the purposes of this Code. A Covered Person may not conduct a transaction on its own account or for the account of a third party, directly or indirectly relating to the shares or debt instruments of the Company or to derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked to the Company during a Closed Period.

Article 6: No dealing in other circumstances

A Covered Person who possesses Inside Information is prohibited from using that information by acquiring or disposing of, for its own account or for the account of a third party, directly or indirectly, Financial Instruments to which that information relates (“Insider Dealing”) and for the avoidance of doubt, will not be given clearance to conduct a transaction on its own account or for the account of a third party, directly

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or indirectly relating to the shares or debt instruments of the Company or to derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked to the Company.10

The use of Inside Information by cancelling or amending an order concerning a Financial Instrument to which the information relates where the order was placed before the person concerned possessed the Inside Information, shall also be regarded as Insider Dealing.

Recommending that another person engage in Insider Dealing or inducing another person to engage in Insider Dealing and the unlawful disclosure of Insider Information are also prohibited.11

Article 7: Dealing in another company’s securities

Covered Persons must not conduct transactions on their own account in the shares or debt instruments of any other company or in the derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked thereto at any time when they are in possession of Inside Information material to that other company, by virtue of their position as a Director or as an employee of the Company or any subsidiary undertaking or parent undertaking of the Company, in relation to those shares, etc.

Article 8: Written record

A written record must be maintained by the Company of the receipt of any request for clearance received from a Covered Person pursuant to Article 4 of this Code and of any clearance given. Written confirmation from the Company that such request and clearance, if any, have been recorded must be given to the Covered Person concerned.

Article 9: Dealing in exceptional circumstances

In exceptional circumstances, where a PDMR or Relevant Employee can demonstrate that the particular transaction cannot be executed at a moment in time other than during the Closed Period, it is the only reasonable course of action available to the PDMR or Relevant Employee, and where the PDMR or Relevant Employee is not in possession of Inside Information, clearance may be given for a PDMR or Relevant Employee to trade on its own account during a Closed Period. Clearance may not, however, be given if the person responsible for giving clearance is aware of any other reason why the PDMR or Relevant Employee would be prohibited from trading on its own account by this Code.

An example of the type of circumstance which may be considered exceptional for these purposes would be if the PDMR or Relevant Employee is in severe financial difficulty which requires the immediate sale of shares i.e. he has a pressing financial commitment that cannot otherwise be satisfied. A liability of such a person to pay tax would not normally constitute severe financial difficulty unless the person has no other


10 Under MAR, a person who deals while in possession of Insider Information will be presumed to have used that information.

11 Any person in possession of Inside Information cannot disclose Inside Information to any other person unless such disclosure is made in the normal course of the exercise of the first mentioned person’s employment, profession or duties and cannot recommend or induce another person, on the basis of Inside Information, to acquire or dispose of Financial Instruments to which the information relates.

Dealings in securities of the Company or any other company while in possession of “material” information that has not been made public would also constitute a violation of U.S. securities laws. See paragraph 2(b) of the Introduction. While the term “material” is not defined in Section 10(b) or the accompanying rules and regulations, information is likely to be deemed “material” where there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable investor would consider the information important in deciding whether to buy, sell or hold a security, or where there is a substantial likelihood that the information if made public would result in a significant change in the price of the security.

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means of satisfying the liability. A circumstance would be considered exceptional if the person in question is required by a court order to transfer or sell shares or there is some other overriding legal requirement for him to do so.

Transactions under the Ryanair Holdings Share Option Scheme or where the beneficial interest in the relevant security does not change may also be permitted during a Closed Period. The European Commission has prescribed a non-exhaustive list of dealings which may be permitted by companies during closed periods,12 which list is included in Schedule 3 of this Code.

The determination of whether circumstances are exceptional for this purpose must be made by the person responsible for the clearance. Euronext or the Central Bank, as applicable, should be consulted by the Company at an early stage regarding any application by a PDMR or Relevant Employee to deal in exceptional circumstances.

Article 10: Public disclosure of notifications of PDMRs and Persons Closely Associated with them

The Company must ensure that information which is notified by PDMRs or Persons Closely Associated with them in accordance with Article 3 is made public promptly (via its website or other such medium) and no later than two business days after receipt of the notification from the PDMR or Person Closely Associated with them.

Article 11: Other prohibited transactions

A PDMR and Relevant Employee should also observe the following rules:

(a)

the personal dealings of the PDMR or Relevant Employee in the shares or debt instruments of the Company (or any other company) or in the derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked to such shares or debt instruments must not conflict or interfere with the performance of the duties of that PDMR or Relevant Employee towards the Company; and

(b)

when effecting investment transactions, a PDMR or Relevant Employee must abide by the rules of the relevant stock exchange, and any other rules pertaining to the transaction and must also comply with the terms of issue of new securities, if appropriate.

Article 12: Covered Person acting as a trustee

Where a Covered Person is a sole trustee (other than a bare trustee), the provisions of this Code will apply, as if he was trading on his own account. Where a Covered Person is a co-trustee (other than a bare trustee), he must advise his co-trustees that he is a Covered Person for the purposes of this Code. If he is not a beneficiary, a transaction in the Company’s shares, or debt instruments or the Company or in the derivatives or other Financial Instruments undertaken by that trust will not be regarded as a transaction to be notified by the Covered Person for the purposes of this Code, where the decision to deal is taken by the other trustees acting independently of the Covered Person or by investment managers on behalf of the trustees. The other trustees or the investment managers will be assumed to have acted independently of the Covered Person for this purpose where they:


12 Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/522 of 17th December 2015.

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(a)

have taken the decision to deal without consultation with, or other involvement or influence of, the Covered Person concerned; or

(b)

if they have delegated the decision-making to a committee of which the Covered Person is not a member.

Article 13: List of transactions conducted on own account

A list of PDMRs, Relevant Employees and Persons Closely Associated with them shall be maintained by the Company on an ongoing basis. A list of transactions conducted by PDMRs, Relevant Employees and Persons Closely Associated with them on their own account relating to the shares or debt instruments of the Company or to derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked to them since the date of the previous list should be circulated to members of the Board with the Board papers for each Board meeting where such Dealings are:

(a)

by or on behalf of a Director;

(b)

by Persons Closely Associated with a Director; or

(c)

by investment managers on behalf of either a Director or Persons Closely Associated with a Director.

Article 14: Transactions which may not be conducted during a Closed Period

For the avoidance of doubt, the concept of “dealing” is very wide and the following examples of transactions are considered to be covered by this Code, and shall only be conducted having obtained clearance from the Company in accordance with Article 4 of this Code (and not during a Closed Period):

(a)

undertakings or elections to take up entitlements under a rights issue or other offer (including an offer of shares in lieu of a cash dividend);

(b)

the take up of entitlements under a rights issue or other offer (including an offer of shares in lieu of a cash dividend);

(c)

allowing entitlements to lapse under a rights issue or other offer (including an offer of shares in lieu of a cash dividend);

(d)

the sale of sufficient entitlement nil-paid to allow take up of the balance of any entitlements under a rights issue;

(e)

undertakings to accept, or the acceptance of, a takeover offer;

(f)

a dealing by a Covered Person with his spouse, child or step-child (as defined in section 2 of the Companies Act, 2014, and therefore a child includes a step-child and adopted child);

(g)

transfers of shares arising out of the operation of an employees’ share scheme into a saving scheme investing only in securities of the Company following:

(i)

exercise of an option under a savings related share option scheme; or

(ii)

release of shares from a profit sharing scheme;

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(h)

with the exception of a disposal of securities received by Covered Person as a participant, dealings in connection with a Revenue Commissioners approved employee share scheme, or any other employees’ share scheme under which participation is extended, on similar terms to those contained in a Revenue Commissioners approved employee share scheme, to all or most employees of the participating companies in that scheme;

(i)

transfers of shares already held by means of a matched sale and purchase into a saving scheme or into a pension scheme in which the relevant Covered Person is a participant or beneficiary;

(j)

the cancellation or surrender of an option under an employees’ share scheme;

(k)

a dealing by a Covered Person in a scheme or arrangement where the assets of the scheme (other than a scheme investing only in the securities of the Company) or arrangement are invested at the discretion of a third party; and

(l)

bona fide gifts to a Covered Person by a third party; and

(m)

entering into, amending or cancelling a trading plan or an investment programme under which securities of the Company may be purchased or sold.

If at any time a Covered Person is in any doubt as to whether or not they require clearance to take any action, which may constitute a dealing directly or indirectly relating to the shares or debt instruments of the Company or to derivatives or other Financial Instruments linked to the Company, they should contact the Company Secretary before taking any further action.

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Schedule 1

Definitions of “Financial Instruments” and “Ryanair Holdings Share Option Scheme”

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“Financial Instruments”

any one of the following:

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(a)transferable securities;

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(b)money-market instruments;

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(c)units in collective investment undertakings;

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(d)

options, futures, swaps, forward rate agreements and any other derivative contracts relating to securities, currencies, interest rates or yields, emission allowances or other derivatives instruments, financial indices or financial measures which may be settled physically or in cash;

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(e)

options, futures, swaps, forwards and any other derivative contracts relating to commodities that must be settled in cash or may be settled in cash at the option of one of the parties other than by reason of default or other termination event;

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(f)

options, futures, swaps, and any other derivative contract relating to commodities that can be physically settled provided that they are traded on a regulated market, a multilateral trading facility (“MTF”), or an organised trading facility (“OTF”), except for wholesale energy products traded on an OTF that must be physically settled;

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(g)

options, futures, swaps, forwards and any other derivative contracts relating to commodities, that can be physically settled not otherwise mentioned in paragraph above and not being for commercial purposes, which have the characteristics of other derivative financial instruments;

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(h)

derivative instruments for the transfer of credit risk;

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(i)

financial contracts for differences;

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(j)

options, futures, swaps, forward rate agreements and any other derivative contracts relating to climatic variables, freight rates or inflation rates or other official economic statistics that must be settled in cash or may be settled in cash at the option of one of the parties other than by reason of default or other termination event, as well as any other derivative contracts relating to assets, rights, obligations, indices and measures not otherwise mentioned in this Section, which have the characteristics of other derivative financial instruments, having regard to whether, inter alia, they are traded on a

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regulated market, a multilateral trading facility (“MTF”), or an organised trading facility (“OTF”); and

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(k)

emission allowances consisting of any units recognised for compliance with the requirements of Directive 2003/87/EC (Emissions Trading Scheme).

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“Ryanair Holdings Share Option Scheme”

The Ryanair Holdings plc Share Option Plan of 2013, the Ryanair Holdings plc Long-Term Incentive Plan of 2019 and any other employee share option scheme or long-term incentive plan adopted by the Company from time to time.

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Schedule 2

Non-exhaustive list of transactions which should trigger the notification requirement

​

(Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/522 of 17 December 2015)

Notified transactions should include:

(a)

the acquisition, disposal, short sale, subscription or exchange;

(b)

the acceptance or exercise of a stock option, including of a stock option granted to PDMRs as part of their remuneration package, and the disposal of shares stemming from the exercise of a stock option;

(c)

entering into or exercise of equity swaps;

(d)

transactions in or related to derivatives, including cash-settled transaction;

(e)

entering into a contract for difference on a financial instrument of the concerned issuer or on emission allowances or auction products based thereon;

(f)

the acquisition, disposal or exercise of rights, including put and call options, and warrants;

(g)

the subscription to a capital increase or debt instrument issuance;

(h)

transactions in derivatives and financial instruments linked to a debt instrument of the concerned issuer, including credit default swaps;

(i)

conditional transactions upon the occurrence of the conditions and actual execution of the transactions;

(j)

automatic or non-automatic conversion of a financial instrument intoanother financial instrument, including the exchange of convertible bonds to shares;

(k)

gifts and donations made or received, and inheritance received;

(l)

transactions executed in index-related products, baskets and derivatives, insofar as required by Article 19 of Regulation (EU) No 596/2014;

(m)

transactions executed in shares or units of investment funds, including alternative investment funds (AIFs) referred to in Article 1 of Directive 2011/61/EU, insofar as required by Article 19 of Regulation (EU) No 596/2014;

(n)

transactions executed by manager of an AIF in which the person discharging managerial responsibilities or a person closely associated with such a person has invested, insofar as required by Article 19 of Regulation (EU) No 596/2014;

(o)

transactions executed by a third party under an individual portfolio or asset management mandate on behalf or for the benefit of a person discharging managerial responsibilities or a person closely associated with such a person;

(p)

borrowing or lending of shares or debt instruments of the issuer or derivatives or other financial instruments linked thereto.

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In addition MAR provides that the following transactions by PDMRs and/or Persons Closely Associated with a PDMR shall be notifiable to the Company and the Central Bank:

​

(a)

the pledging or lending of financial instruments by a PDMR or a Persons Closely Associated with a PDMR. A pledge or similar security interest, of financial instruments in connection with the depositing of the financial instruments in a custody account does not need to be notified, unless and until such time that such pledge or other security interest is designated to secure a specific credit facility;

(b)

transactions undertaken by persons professionally arranging or executing transactions or by another person on behalf of a PDMR or a Person Closely Associated with a PDMR, including where discretion is exercised; and

(c)

transactions made under a life insurance policy, where the policyholder is a PDMR or a Person Closely Associated with a PDMR and they bear the investment risk and have the power or discretion to make investment decisions in relation to the policy. No notification obligation is imposed on the insurance company.

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Schedule 3

Non-exhaustive list of dealings which may be permitted during closed periods (Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/522 of 17 December 2015)

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1.

Award or grant of financial instruments under an employee scheme to a person discharging managerial responsibilities when:

(a)

The employee scheme and its terms have been previously approved by the relevant instances of the company in accordance with national law;

(b)

The terms of the employee scheme specify:

(i)

the timing of the award or the grant;

(ii)

the amount of financial instruments awarded or granted, or the basis on which such an amount is calculated and given that no discretion can be exercised;

(iii)

the persons entitled to the award or grant include PDMRs who should not have any discretion as to the acceptance of the awarded/granted financial instruments.

2.

Award of financial instruments under an employee scheme to a person discharging managerial responsibilities taking place in the closed period where a pre-planned and organised approach is followed regarding the conditions, the periodicity, the time of the award, the group of entitled persons to whom the financial instruments are granted and the amount of financial instruments to be awarded, the award or grant of financial instruments takes place under a defined framework under which any inside information that may exist cannot influence the award or grant of financial instruments.

3.

Exercise of options or warrants and conversion of convertible bonds assigned under an employee scheme when the expiration date of such options, warrants or convertible bonds falls within a closed period, as well as sales of the shares acquired pursuant to such exercise or conversion provided that all of the following conditions are met:

(a)

the person discharging managerial responsibilities notifies the company of his choice to exercise or convert at least 4 months before the expiration date; and

(b)

the decision of the person discharging managerial responsibilities is irrevocable; and

(c)

the person discharging managerial responsibilities has received the authorisation from the company prior to proceeding.

4.

Purchases of the company’s financial instruments under an employee saving scheme provided that all of the following conditions are met:

(a)

the person discharging managerial responsibilities has entered into the scheme before the closed period, except when he cannot enter into the scheme at another time due to the date of commencement of employment; and

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(b)

the person discharging managerial responsibilities does not alter the conditions of his participation into the scheme or cancel his participation into the scheme during the closed period; and

(c)

the purchase operations are clearly organised under the scheme terms and the person discharging managerial responsibilities has no right or legal possibility to alter them during the closed period or are planned under the scheme to intervene at a fixed date which falls in the closed period.

5.

Transfer or receipt, directly or indirectly, of financial instruments provided that the financial instruments are transferred between two accounts held by the person discharging managerial responsibilities and that such transfer does not result in a change in their price.

6.

Acquisition of qualification shares of the company when the final date for such an acquisition, under the company’s statute or by-law, falls during the closed period and provided that the person discharging managerial responsibilities submits evidence to the company of the reasons for the acquisition not taking place at another time, and the company is satisfied with the provided explanation.

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Appendix 1

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Designated Members of Management for Clearance under Article 4

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Title

Name

Group Chief Executive Officer

Michael O’Leary

Group Chief Financial Officer

Neil Sorahan

Company Secretary

Juliusz Komorek

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Appendix 2

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Notifiable Transaction: PDMRs and PCAs

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Ryanair Holdings plc

(the “Company”)

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Addressee: [Insert Name of Addressee]

Position: [Insert Position of Addressee]

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If you require any assistance in completing this form, please contact the Company Secretary.

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1

Details of the PDMRs/person closely associated

a)

Name

[Include first name(s) and last name(s).]

[If the PCA is a legal person, state its full name including legal form as provided for in the register where it is incorporated, if applicable.]

b)

Position/status

[For PDMRs, state job title eg CEO, Chair, Director] [For PCAs, state that the notification concerns a PCA and the name of the relevant PDMR]

c)

Initial notification

/Amendment

[Please indicate if this is an initial notification or an amendment to a prior notification. If this is an amendment, please explain the previous error which this amendment has corrected.]

2

Details of the transaction(s): section to be repeated for (i) each type of instrument; (ii) each type of transaction; (iii) each date; and (iv) each place where transactions have been conducted

a)

Description of the financial instrument,

type of instrument Identification code

[State the nature of the instrument e.g. a share, a debt instrument, a derivative or a financial instrument linked to a share or debt instrument.]

b)

Nature of the transaction (e.g. exercise of options/ acquisition/disposal)

[Description of the transaction type e.g. acquisition, disposal, subscription, contract for difference, etc.]

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[Please indicate whether the transaction is linked to the exercise of a share option programme.]

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[If the transaction was conducted pursuant to an

Investment Programme or a Trading Plan, please indicate that fact and provide the date on which the relevant Investment Programme or Trading Plan was entered into.]

c)

Price(s) and volume(s)

Price(s)

Volume(s)

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[Where more than one transaction of the same nature (purchase, disposal, etc.) of the same financial instrument are executed on the same day and at the same place of transaction, prices and volumes of these transactions should be separately identified in the table above, using as many lines as needed. Do not aggregate or net off transactions.]

[In each case, please specify the currency and the metric for quantity.]

d)

Aggregated information

-

Aggregated volume

-

Price

[Please aggregate the volumes of multiple transactions when these transactions:

–

relate to the same financial instrument;

–

are of the same nature;

–

are executed on the same day; and

–are executed at the same place of transaction.] [State the metric for quantity.]

[Provide:

–in the case of a single transaction, the price of the single transaction; and

–

in the case where the volumes of multiple transactions

are aggregated, the weighted average price of the aggregated transactions]

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[State the currency]

e)

Date of the transaction

[Date of the particular day of execution of the notified transaction, using the date format: YYYY-MM-DD and please specify the time zone]

f)

Place of the transaction

[Please name the trading venue where the transaction was executed. If the transaction was not executed on any trading venue, please state ‘outside a trading venue’]

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Appendix 3

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Securities Dealing Request Form

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Ryanair Holdings plc

(the “Company”)

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Addressee: [Insert Name of Authorising Person]

Position: [Insert Position of Authorising Person]

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Nature of the
Dealing

Number of
securities in
Company

Other details

Proposed date
of dealing

Approximate
value of
transaction

[Description of the transaction type (e.g. acquisition; disposal; subscription; option exercise; settling a contract for difference; entry into, or amendment or cancellation of an investment programme or trading plan).]

[If actual number is not known, provide a maximum amount (e.g. “up to 100 ordinary shares” or “up to €1,000 of ordinary shares”).]

[Please include all other relevant details which might reasonably assist the person considering your application for clearance (e.g. transfer will be for no consideration).]

[If you are applying for clearance to enter into, amend or cancel an investment programme or trading plan, please provide full details of the relevant programme or plan or attach a copy of its terms.]

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Type of securities: [State the nature of the instrument e.g. a share or a debt instrument of the Company or a derivative or a financial instrument linked to a share or debt instrument of the Company.]

Name of person in whose name dealing will take place (block capitals)

Name of person making request (block capitals)

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Address (For correspondence purposes):

Phone Number:

Mobile Phone Number:

Email Address:

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I hereby apply for approval for the above proposed dealing. I confirm that I have read and understood the Company’s Code of Dealing and procedures as they apply to me.

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By submitting this form, I acknowledge that I will be deemed to have confirmed and agreed that:

●the information included in this form is accurate and complete;
●I am not, to the best of my knowledge and belief, in possession of inside information relating to the Company or any Company securities;
●If I am given clearance to deal and I still wish to deal, I will do so as soon as possible and in any event within three business days (or such shorter period as notified in the response) (provided that none of these days fall within a Closed Period) and will notify the Company Secretary of the Company of any Notifiable Transaction within 1 business day after the date of the notifiable event; and
●If I become aware that I am in possession of inside information before I deal, I will inform the Company Secretary and refrain from dealing.

Signature:

Date:

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23


Exhibit 12.1

Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

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I, Michael O’Leary, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Ryanair Holdings plc (the “Company”);
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the Company and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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/s/ MICHAEL O’LEARY

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Michael O’Leary

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Group CEO

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June 27, 2024

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Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

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I, Neil Sorahan, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Ryanair Holdings plc (the “Company”);
2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d- 15(f)) for the Company and have:
(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the Company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
5.The Company’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the Company’s auditors and the audit committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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/s/ NEIL SORAHAN

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Neil Sorahan

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Group CFO

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June 27, 2024

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Exhibit 13.1

Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to
Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
18 U.S.C. Section 1350

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Pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsections (a) and (b) of section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), each of the undersigned officers of Ryanair Holdings plc (the “Company”), does hereby certify, to such officer’s knowledge, that:

The Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2024 (the “Form 20-F”) of the Company fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and information contained in the Form 20-F fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

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/s/ MICHAEL O’LEARY

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Michael O’Leary

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Group CEO

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Date: June 27, 2024

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/s/ NEIL SORAHAN

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Neil Sorahan

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Group CFO

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Date: June 27, 2024

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A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to the Company and will be retained by the Company and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.


Exhibit 97.1

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RYANAIR HOLDINGS PLC POLICY FOR THE

RECOVERY OF ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION

1.Purpose. The purpose of this Policy is to describe the circumstances in which Executive Officers will be required to repay or return Erroneously Awarded Compensation to the Company in accordance with the Clawback Rules. Each Executive Officer shall be bound by the terms of this Policy and this Policy shall apply to, and be enforceable against, any Executive Officer and his or her successors (as specified in Section ‎11 of this Policy) regardless of whether or not such Executive Officer is aware of his or her status as such.

2.Administration. Except as specifically set forth herein, this Policy shall be administered by the Administrator. Any determinations made by the Administrator shall be final and binding on all affected individuals and need not be uniform with respect to each individual covered by this Policy. Subject to any limitation under applicable law, the Administrator may authorize and empower any officer or employee of the Company to take any and all actions necessary or appropriate to carry out the purpose and intent of this Policy (other than with respect to any recovery under this Policy involving such officer or employee).

3.Definitions. For purposes of this Policy, the following capitalized terms shall have the meanings set forth below.

(a)“Accounting Restatement” shall mean an accounting restatement due to the material noncompliance of the Company with any financial reporting requirement under the securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements (a “Big R” restatement), or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period (a “little r” restatement). For the avoidance of doubt, an Accounting Restatement will not be deemed to occur in the event of a restatement of the Company’s financial statements due to a retrospective (i) application of a change in accounting principles; (ii) revision to reportable segment information due to a change in the structure of the Company’s internal organization; (iii) reclassification due to a discontinued operation; (iv) application of a change in reporting entity, such as from a reorganization of entities under common control; or (v) revision for share splits, reverse share splits, bonus issues, scrip dividends, share repurchases or redemptions, or other changes in capital structure.

(b)“Administrator” shall mean the Remuneration Committee or any other committee designated by the Board to administer the Policy, and in the absence of such designation, the Board.

(c)“Board” shall mean the Board of Directors of the Company.

(d)“Clawback Eligible Incentive Compensation” shall mean, with respect to each individual who served as an Executive Officer at any time during the applicable performance period for any Incentive-based Compensation (whether or not such individual is serving as an Executive Officer at the time the Erroneously Awarded Compensation is required to be repaid to the Company), all Incentive-based Compensation Received by such individual: (i) on or after the

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Effective Date; (ii) after beginning service as an Executive Officer; (iii) while the Company has a class of securities listed on the Listing Exchange; and (iv) during the applicable Clawback Period.

(e)“Clawback Period” shall mean, with respect to any Accounting Restatement, the three completed fiscal years of the Company immediately preceding the Restatement Date and any transition period (that results from a change in the Company’s fiscal year) of less than nine months within or immediately following those three completed fiscal years.

(f)“Clawback Rules” shall mean Section 10D of the Exchange Act and any applicable rules or standards adopted by the SEC thereunder (including Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act) or the Listing Exchange pursuant to Rule 10D-1 under the Exchange Act (including Nasdaq Stock Market Listing Rule 5608), in each case as may be in effect from time to time.

(g)“Committee” shall mean the Remuneration Committee of the Board.

(h)“Company” shall mean Ryanair Holdings plc (together with each of its direct and indirect subsidiaries).

(i)“Effective Date” shall mean October 2, 2023.

(j)“Erroneously Awarded Compensation” shall mean, with respect to each Executive Officer in connection with an Accounting Restatement, the amount of Clawback Eligible Incentive Compensation that exceeds the amount of Clawback Eligible Incentive Compensation that otherwise would have been Received had it been determined based on the restated amounts, computed without regard to any taxes paid.

(k)“Exchange Act” shall mean the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

(l)“Executive Officer” shall mean any individual who is or was an executive officer as determined by the Administrator in accordance with the definition of “executive officer” as set forth in the Clawback Rules and any other senior executive, employee or other personnel of the Company who may from time to time be deemed subject to the Policy by the Administrator. For the avoidance of doubt, the Administrator shall have full discretion to determine which individuals in the Company shall be considered an “Executive Officer” for purposes of this Policy.

(m)“Financial Reporting Measures” shall mean measures that are determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing the Company’s financial statements, and any measures that are derived wholly or in part from such measures. Share price and total shareholder return shall for purposes of this Policy be considered Financial Reporting Measures. For the avoidance of doubt, a Financial Reporting Measure (i) includes “non-GAAP” financial measures for purposes of Regulation G of the Exchange Act, as well as other measures, metrics and ratios that are not non-GAAP measures; and (ii) need not be presented within the Company’s financial statements or included in a filing with the SEC.

(n)“Impracticable” shall mean, in accordance with the good faith determination of the Committee, or if the Committee does not consist of independent directors, a majority of the independent directors serving on the Board, that recovery would be impracticable and any of the

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following conditions are met: (i) the direct expenses paid to a third party to assist in enforcing the Policy against an Executive Officer would exceed the amount to be recovered, after the Company has made a reasonable attempt to recover the applicable Erroneously Awarded Compensation, documented such reasonable attempt(s) and provided such documentation to the Listing Exchange; (ii) recovery would violate Irish law where that law was adopted prior to November 28, 2022, provided that, before concluding that it would be Impracticable to recover any amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation based on violation of Irish law, the Company has obtained an opinion of Irish counsel, acceptable to the Listing Exchange, that recovery would result in such a violation and a copy of the opinion is provided to the Listing Exchange; or (iii) recovery would likely cause an otherwise tax-qualified retirement plan, under which benefits are broadly available to employees of the Company, to fail to meet the requirements of 26 U.S.C. 401(a)(13) or 26 U.S.C. 411(a) and regulations thereunder.

(o)“Incentive-based Compensation” shall mean any compensation that is granted, earned or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of a Financial Reporting Measure.

(p)“Listing Exchange” shall mean the Nasdaq Stock Market or such other U.S. national securities exchange or national securities association on which the Company’s securities are listed.

(q)“Method of Recovery” shall include, but is not limited to: (i) requiring reimbursement of Erroneously Awarded Compensation; (ii) seeking recovery of any gain realized on the vesting, exercise, settlement, sale, transfer, or other disposition of any equity-based awards; (iii) offsetting the Erroneously Awarded Compensation from any compensation otherwise owed by the Company to the Executive Officer; (iv) cancelling outstanding vested or unvested equity awards; and/or (v) taking any other remedial and recovery action permitted by applicable law, as determined by the Administrator.

(r)“Policy” shall mean this Policy for the Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation, as the same may be amended and/or restated from time to time.

(s)“Received” shall, with respect to any Incentive-based Compensation, mean deemed receipt and Incentive-based Compensation shall be deemed received in the Company’s fiscal period during which the Financial Reporting Measure specified in the Incentive-based Compensation award is attained, even if the payment or grant of the Incentive-based Compensation occurs after the end of that period. For the avoidance of doubt, Incentive-based Compensation that is subject to both a Financial Reporting Measure vesting condition and a service-based vesting condition shall be considered received when the Financial Reporting Measure is achieved, even if the Incentive-based Compensation continues to be subject to the service-based vesting condition.

(t)“Restatement Date” shall mean the earlier to occur of: (i) the date the Board, a committee of the Board or the persons authorized by the Company to take such action if Board action is not required, concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that the Company is required to prepare an Accounting Restatement; or (ii) the date a court, regulator or other legally authorized body directs the Company to prepare an Accounting Restatement.

(u)“SEC” shall mean the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

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4.Repayment of Erroneously Awarded Compensation.

(a)In the event the Company is required to prepare an Accounting Restatement, the Administrator shall reasonably promptly (in accordance with the applicable Clawback Rules) determine the amount of any Erroneously Awarded Compensation for each Executive Officer in connection with such Accounting Restatement and shall reasonably promptly thereafter provide each Executive Officer with written notice containing the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation and a demand for repayment or return, as applicable. For Clawback Eligible Incentive Compensation based on share price or total shareholder return where the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in the applicable Accounting Restatement, the amount shall be determined by the Administrator based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the Accounting Restatement on the share price or total shareholder return upon which the Clawback Eligible Incentive Compensation was Received (in which case, the Company shall maintain documentation of such determination of that reasonable estimate and provide such documentation to the Listing Exchange). The Administrator is authorized to engage, on behalf of the Company, any third-party advisors it deems advisable in order to perform any calculations contemplated by this Policy. For the avoidance of doubt, recovery under this Policy with respect to an Executive Officer shall not require the finding of any misconduct by such Executive Officer or such Executive Officer being found responsible for the accounting error leading to an Accounting Restatement.

(b)In the event that any repayment of Erroneously Awarded Compensation is owed to the Company, the Administrator shall recover reasonably promptly the Erroneously Awarded Compensation through any Method of Recovery it deems reasonable and appropriate in its discretion based on all applicable facts and circumstances and taking into account the time value of money and the cost to shareholders of delaying recovery. For the avoidance of doubt, except to the extent permitted pursuant to the Clawback Rules, in no event may the Company accept an amount that is less than the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation in satisfaction of an Executive Officer’s obligations hereunder. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Company shall not be required to take the actions contemplated in this Section ‎4(b) if recovery would be Impracticable. In implementing the actions contemplated in this Section ‎4(b), the Administrator will act in accordance with the listing standards and requirements of the Listing Exchange and with the applicable Clawback Rules.

5.Reporting and Disclosure. The Company shall file all disclosures with respect to this Policy in accordance with the requirements of U.S. federal securities laws, including any disclosure required by applicable SEC rules.

6.Indemnification Prohibition. The Company shall not be permitted to indemnify any Executive Officer against the loss of any Erroneously Awarded Compensation that is repaid, returned or recovered pursuant to the terms of this Policy and/or pursuant to the Clawback Rules or to pay or reimburse any Executive Officer for the cost of third-party insurance purchased by an Executive Officer to cover any such loss under this Policy and/or pursuant to the Clawback Rules. Further, the Company shall not enter into any agreement that exempts any Incentive-based Compensation from the application of this Policy or that waives the Company’s right to recovery of any Erroneously Awarded Compensation and this Policy shall supersede any such agreement

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(whether entered into before, on or after the Effective Date). Any such purported indemnification (whether oral or in writing) shall be null and void.

7.Interpretation. The Administrator is authorized to interpret and construe this Policy and to make all determinations necessary, appropriate, or advisable for the administration of this Policy. It is intended that this Policy be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the requirements of the Clawback Rules. The terms of this Policy shall also be construed and enforced in such a manner as to comply with applicable law, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and any other law or regulation that the Administrator determines is applicable. In the event any provision of this Policy is determined to be unenforceable or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be applied to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law and shall automatically be deemed amended in a manner consistent with its objectives to the extent necessary to conform to any limitations required by applicable law.

8.Effective Date. This Policy shall be effective as of the Effective Date.

9.Amendment; Termination. The Administrator may modify or amend this Policy, in whole or in part, from time to time in its discretion and shall amend any or all of the provisions of this Policy as it deems necessary, including as and when it determines that it is legally required by the Clawback Rules, or any federal securities law, SEC rule or Listing Exchange rule. The Administrator may terminate this Policy at any time, and this Policy shall remain in effect only so long as the Clawback Rules apply to the Company. Notwithstanding anything in this Section ‎9 to the contrary, no amendment or termination of this Policy shall be effective if such amendment or termination would (after taking into account any actions taken by the Company contemporaneously with such amendment or termination) cause the Company to violate the Clawback Rules, or any federal securities law, SEC rule or Listing Exchange rule.  Furthermore, unless otherwise determined by the Administrator or as otherwise amended, this Policy shall automatically be deemed amended in a manner necessary to comply with any change in the Clawback Rules.

10.Other Recoupment Rights; No Additional Payments. The Administrator intends that this Policy will be applied to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. The Administrator may require that any employment agreement, equity award agreement, or any other agreement entered into on or after the Effective Date shall, as a condition to the grant of any benefit thereunder, require an Executive Officer to agree to abide by the terms of this Policy. Executive Officers shall be deemed to have accepted continuing employment on terms that include compliance with the Policy, to the extent of its otherwise applicable provisions, and to be contractually bound by its enforcement provisions. Executive Officers who cease employment or service with the Company shall continue to be bound by the terms of the Policy with respect to Clawback Eligible Incentive Compensation. Any right of recoupment under this Policy is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies or rights of recoupment that may be available to the Company under applicable law, regulation or rule or pursuant to the terms of any similar policy in any employment agreement, cash-based bonus plan, employees’ share scheme, equity award agreement or similar agreement and any other legal remedies available to the Company. To the extent that an Executive Officer has already reimbursed the Company for any Erroneously Awarded Compensation Received under any duplicative recovery obligations established by the Company or applicable law, it shall be

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appropriate for any such reimbursed amount to be credited to the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation that is subject to recovery under this Policy, as determined by the Administrator in its sole discretion. Nothing in this Policy precludes the Company from implementing any additional clawback or recoupment policies with respect to Executive Officers or any other service provider of the Company. Application of this Policy does not preclude the Company from taking any other action to enforce any Executive Officer’s obligations to the Company, including termination of employment or institution of civil or criminal proceedings or any other remedies that may be available to the Company with respect to any Executive Officer.

11.Successors. This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all Executive Officers and their beneficiaries, estates, heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives to the extent required by the Clawback Rules or as otherwise determined by the Administrator.

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6