6-K
false2025-01-31Q10001000275--10-31The dilutive effect of stock options was calculated using the treasury stock method. When the exercise price of options outstanding is greater than the average market price of our common shares, the options are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the three months ended January 31, 2025, an average of 459,803 outstanding options with an average exercise price of $177.97 were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the three months ended January 31, 2024, an average of 2,216,903 outstanding options with an average exercise price of $130.78 were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.We are required to maintain balances due to regulatory requirements or contractual restrictions from central banks, other regulatory authorities, and other counterparties. 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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
 
FORM
6-K
 
 
Report of Foreign Private Issuer
Pursuant to Rule
13a-16
or
15d-16
under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the month of February 2025
Commission File Number:
001-13928
 
 
Royal Bank of Canada
(Translation of registrant’s name into English)
 
 
 
200 Bay Street
Royal Bank Plaza
Toronto, Ontario
Canada M5J 2J5
Attention: Senior Vice-President,
Deputy General Counsel
& Corporate Secretary
1 Place Ville Marie
Montreal, Quebec
Canada H3B 3A9
Attention: Senior Vice-President,
Deputy General Counsel
& Corporate Secretary
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form
20-F
or Form
40-F.
Form
20-F 
☐
   Form
40-F 
☒
This report on Form
6-K,
management’s discussion and analysis and unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements included in exhibit 99.2, and exhibit 99.3 hereto are incorporated by reference as exhibits into the Registration Statement on Form
F-3
(File
No. 333-275898)
and the Registration Statements on Form
S-8
(File Nos.
333-12036,
333-12050,
333-13052,
333-13112,
333-117922,
333-207754,
333-207750,
333-207748,
333-252536
and
333-268715).
 
 
 

Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
ROYAL BANK OF CANADA
Date: February 27, 2025
By:
/s/ Katherine Gibson
Name:
Katherine Gibson
Title:
Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT INDEX
 
Exhibit
  
Description of Exhibit
99.1    First Quarter 2025 Earnings Release
99.2    First Quarter 2025 Report to Shareholders (which includes management’s discussion and analysis and unaudited
interim
condensed consolidated financial statements)
99.3    Return on Equity and Assets Ratios
   Rule
13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
Certifications
31.1    - Certification of the Registrant’s Chief Executive Officer
31.2    - Certification of the Registrant’s Chief Financial Officer
101    Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL)
104    Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
   Exhibit 99.1
LOGO   

FIRST QUARTER 2025

EARNINGS RELEASE

 

 ROYAL BANK OF CANADA REPORTS FIRST QUARTER 2025 RESULTS

 

All amounts are in Canadian dollars and are based on financial statements presented in compliance with International Accounting Standard 34 Interim Financial Reporting, unless otherwise noted. Our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders and Supplementary Financial Information are available at http://www.rbc.com/investorrelations and on https://www.sedarplus.com/.

 

Net income 

 

$5.1 Billion  

 

Up 43% YoY  

 

   

Diluted EPS1 

 

$3.54 

 

Up 42% YoY  

 

   

Total PCL1 

 

$1,050 Million  

 

PCL on loans ratio1

up 7 bps1 QoQ

 

   

ROE1  

 

16.8%  

 

Up 370 bps YoY  

   

CET1 Ratio2  

 

13.2% 

 

Above regulatory 

requirements  

 

 

Adjusted net income3

 

$5.3 Billion

 

Up 29% YoY

   

Adjusted Diluted EPS3

 

$3.62 

 

Up 27% YoY  

 

   

Total ACL1

 

$6.9 Billion

 

ACL on loans ratio1

up 4 bps QoQ

 

   

Adjusted ROE3  

 

17.2%  

 

Up 230 bps YoY  

   

LCR4

 

128% 

 

Unchanged from 128% last quarter

 

 

TORONTO, February 27, 2025 — Royal Bank of Canada5 (RY on TSX and NYSE) today reported record net income of $5.1 billion for the quarter ended January 31, 2025, up $1.5 billion or 43% from the prior year. Diluted EPS was $3.54, up 42% over the same period, reflecting growth across each of our business segments. The inclusion of HSBC Bank Canada (HSBC Canada) results6 increased net income by $214 million. Adjusted net income3 and adjusted diluted EPS3 of $5.3 billion and $3.62 were up 29% and 27%, respectively, from the prior year.

 

Our consolidated results reflect an increase in total PCL of $237 million from a year ago, mainly reflecting higher provisions in Commercial Banking, Wealth Management and Personal Banking, partially offset by lower provisions in Capital Markets. The PCL on loans ratio of 42 bps increased 5 bps from the prior year.

 

Pre-provision, pre-tax earnings3 of $7.5 billion were up $2.3 billion or 45% from last year. The inclusion of HSBC Canada results increased pre-provision, pre-tax earnings3 by $451 million. Excluding HSBC Canada results, pre-provision, pre-tax earnings3 increased 36% from last year, mainly due to higher fee-based revenue in Wealth Management reflecting market appreciation and net sales, and higher revenue in Capital Markets driven by strength across Corporate & Investment Banking and Global Markets. Both segments also benefitted from the impact of foreign exchange translation. Higher net interest income reflecting strong average volume growth in Personal Banking and Commercial Banking and higher spreads in Personal Banking, also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher expenses driven by higher variable compensation on improved results and continued investments in technology and talent across our businesses.

 

Compared to last quarter, net income was up 22% reflecting growth across each of our business segments. Adjusted net income3 was up 18% over the same period. Pre-provision, pre-tax earnings3 were up 24% as higher revenues more than offset expense growth. The PCL on loans ratio of 42 bps increased 7 bps from the prior quarter, mainly reflecting higher provisions in Wealth Management and Capital Markets. The PCL on impaired loans ratio1 was 39 bps, up 13 bps from the prior quarter, including one account in the other services sector that migrated from performing to impaired during the quarter. The PCL on performing loans ratio was 3 bps, down 6 bps from the prior quarter.

 

Our capital position remains robust, with a CET1 ratio2 of 13.2%, supporting solid volume growth, and $2.4 billion of capital returned to our shareholders through common share dividends and share buybacks.

 

 

“RBC’s first quarter exemplifies our commitment to staying ahead of our clients’ expectations in an increasingly complex world. In Q1, we delivered strong results and client-driven growth across our businesses, while prudently managing risk and making investments in technology and talent to position the bank for the future. At our upcoming Investor Day, we look forward to sharing more about how we plan to capitalize on our financial and strategic strength to elevate the value we create for our clients and shareholders.”

 

– Dave McKay, President and Chief Executive Officer of Royal Bank of Canada

 

 

 

Q1 2025

Compared to

Q1 2024

 

Reported:

•  Net income of $5,131 million

•  Diluted EPS of $3.54

•  ROE of 16.8%

•  CET1 ratio2 of 13.2%

 

  

h   43%

h   42%

h   370 bps

i   170 bps

 

Adjusted3:

•  Net income of $5,254 million

•  Diluted EPS of $3.62

•  ROE of 17.2%

 

 

h   29%

h   27%

h   230 bps

 

 

Q1 2025

Compared to

Q4 2024

 

•  Net income of $5,131 million

•  Diluted EPS of $3.54

•  ROE of 16.8%

•  CET1 ratio2 of 13.2%

 

h   22%

h   22%

h   250 bps

g  unchanged

 

•  Net income of $5,254 million

•  Diluted EPS of $3.62

•  ROE of 17.2%

 

h   18%

h   18%

h   210 bps

 

 

 

1

See the Glossary section of our interim Management’s Discussion and Analysis dated February 26, 2025, for the three months ended January 31, 2025, available at https://www.sedarplus.com/, for an explanation of the composition of these measures. Such explanation is incorporated by reference hereto.

2

This ratio is calculated by dividing Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) by risk-weighted assets (RWA), in accordance with Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions’ (OSFI) Basel III Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) guideline.

3

These are non-GAAP measures. For further information, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section on pages 4 to 5 of this Earnings Release.

4

The liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s Liquidity Adequacy Requirements (LAR) guideline. For further details, refer to the Liquidity and funding risk section of our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders.

5

When we say “we”, “us”, “our”, “the bank” or “RBC”, we mean Royal Bank of Canada and its subsidiaries, as applicable.

6

On March 28, 2024, we completed the acquisition of HSBC Canada (HSBC Canada transaction). HSBC Canada results reflect revenue, PCL, non-interest expenses and income taxes associated with the acquired operations and clients, which include the acquired assets, assumed liabilities and employees with the exception of assets and liabilities relating to treasury and liquidity management activities. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section of our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders.

 

- 1 -


 Personal Banking

 

 

Net income of $1,678 million increased $325 million or 24% from a year ago. The inclusion of HSBC Canada results increased net income by $91 million. Excluding HSBC Canada results, net income increased $234 million or 17%, primarily driven by higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and average volume growth of 8% in deposits and 4% in loans in Personal Banking – Canada. Higher non-interest income also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher non-interest expenses, primarily due to higher staff-related costs, including severance, higher professional fees and ongoing technology investments.

 

Compared to last quarter, net income increased $99 million or 6%, primarily driven by higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads supported by a favourable shift in product mix, and average volume growth of 1% in deposits and 1% in loans in Personal Banking - Canada.

 

  Commercial Banking

 

 

Net income of $777 million increased $127 million or 20% from a year ago. The inclusion of HSBC Canada results increased net income by $73 million. Excluding HSBC Canada results, net income increased $54 million or 8%, primarily driven by higher net interest income reflecting average volume growth of 10% in loans and acceptances. The increase also includes the impact of the cessation of Bankers’ Acceptance-based lending, which was largely offset in non-interest income, and average volume growth of 8% in deposits. These factors were partially offset by lower non-interest income, primarily in credit fees reflecting the impact of the cessation of Bankers’ Acceptance-based lending, which was largely offset in net interest income as noted above, as well as higher non-interest expenses.

 

Compared to last quarter, net income remained relatively flat, as higher net interest income reflecting average volume growth of 1% in loans and acceptances and 1% in deposits, as well as higher non-interest income, was offset by higher PCL, mainly due to higher provisions on impaired loans in a few sectors.

 

 Wealth Management

 

 

Net income of $980 million increased $316 million or 48% from a year ago, mainly due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales, which also drove higher variable compensation. The prior year also included the cost of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation special assessment.

 

Compared to last quarter, net income increased $11 million or 1%, mainly reflecting revenue growth driven by higher fee-based client assets and net interest income. This was largely offset by higher expenses, primarily reflecting higher staff costs, including seasonally higher compensation, and higher PCL, which includes provisions related to the California wildfires.

 

 Insurance

 

 

Net income of $272 million increased $52 million or 24% from a year ago, primarily due to higher insurance service result driven by the impact of reinsurance contract recaptures and improved claims experience across the majority of our products. Lower taxes reflecting changes in earnings mix also contributed to the increase. This was partially offset by lower insurance investment result, primarily reflecting higher favourable investment-related experience in the prior period on transition to IFRS 17.

 

Compared to last quarter, net income increased $110 million or 68%, primarily due to higher insurance service result driven by the impact of reinsurance contract recaptures, adjustments relating to deferred acquisition expenses in the prior period and improved claims experience.

 

 Capital Markets

 

 

Net income of $1,432 million increased $278 million or 24% from a year ago, primarily driven by higher revenue in Corporate & Investment Banking and Global Markets, as well as the impact of foreign exchange translation. These factors were partially offset by higher compensation on increased results and higher taxes including the impact of Pillar Two legislation and changes in earnings mix.

 

Compared to last quarter, net income increased $447 million or 45%, mainly due to higher revenue in Global Markets, reflecting higher fixed income, equity and foreign exchange trading revenue across most regions. Higher revenue in Corporate & Investment Banking also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher compensation on increased results and higher taxes including the impact of Pillar Two legislation and changes in earnings mix.

 

- 2 -


 Corporate Support

 

 

Net loss was $8 million for the current quarter.

 

Net loss was $247 million in the prior quarter, primarily due to the after-tax impact of HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs of $134 million, which is treated as a specified item. Residual unallocated costs also contributed to the net loss.

 

Net loss was $459 million in the prior year, primarily due to the after-tax impact of HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs of $218 million and the after-tax impact of management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction of $207 million, both of which are treated as specified items.

 

 Capital, Liquidity and Credit Quality

 

 

Capital – As at January 31, 2025, our CET1 ratio7 of 13.2% was unchanged from last quarter, as net internal capital generation was offset by RWA growth (excluding FX).

 

Liquidity – For the quarter ended January 31, 2025, the average LCR8 was 128%, which translates into a surplus of approximately $91 billion, compared to 128% and a surplus of approximately $86 billion in the prior quarter. Average LCR8 remained relatively stable from the prior quarter as growth in deposits and funding was largely offset by loan growth and securities and securities financing transactions.

 

NSFR9 as at January 31, 2025 was 115%, which translates into a surplus of approximately $143 billion, compared to 114% and a surplus of approximately $137 billion in the prior quarter. NSFR9 increased compared to the previous quarter, primarily due to an increase in wholesale funding, lower funding requirements on securities and securities financing transactions, and growth in the bank’s book capital as well as in deposits, partially offset by loan growth.

 

Credit Quality

 

Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024

Total PCL of $1,050 million increased $237 million or 29% from a year ago, mainly due to higher provisions in Commercial Banking, Wealth Management and Personal Banking, partially offset by lower provisions in Capital Markets. The PCL on loans ratio of 42 bps increased 5 bps. The PCL on impaired loans ratio of 39 bps increased 8 bps.

 

PCL on performing loans of $68 million decreased $65 million or 49%, mainly due to migration to impaired in Capital Markets, partially offset by unfavourable changes to credit quality and portfolio growth.

 

PCL on impaired loans of $985 million increased $300 million or 44%, primarily due to higher provisions in Commercial Banking, Personal Banking and Capital Markets.

 

Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024

Total PCL increased $210 million or 25% from last quarter, mainly reflecting provisions taken in the current quarter in Wealth Management, as compared to releases of provisions last quarter and higher provisions in Capital Markets. The PCL on loans ratio increased 7 bps. The PCL on impaired loans ratio increased 13 bps.

 

PCL on performing loans decreased $140 million or 67%, mainly due to lower unfavourable changes in credit quality and migration to impaired in Capital Markets, partially offset by lower favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast and portfolio growth.

 

PCL on impaired loans increased $345 million or 54%, primarily due to higher provisions in Capital Markets, Commercial Banking and Personal Banking.

 

7

This ratio is calculated by dividing CET1 by RWA, in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guideline.

8

The LCR is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline. For further details, refer to the Liquidity and funding risk section of our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders.

9

The Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline. For further details, refer to the Liquidity and funding risk section of our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders.

 

- 3 -


 Key Performance and Non-GAAP Measures

 

 

Performance measures

We measure and evaluate the performance of our consolidated operations and each business segment using a number of financial metrics, such as net income and ROE. Certain financial metrics, including ROE, do not have a standardized meaning under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions.

 

Non-GAAP measures

We believe that certain non-GAAP measures (including non-GAAP ratios) are more reflective of our ongoing operating results and provide readers with a better understanding of management’s perspective on our performance. These measures enhance the comparability of our financial performance for the three months ended January 31, 2025 with the corresponding period in the prior year and the three months ended October 31, 2024. Non-GAAP measures do not have a standardized meaning under GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions.

 

The following discussion describes the non-GAAP measures we use in evaluating our operating results.

 

Pre-provision, pre-tax earnings

We use pre-provision, pre-tax earnings to assess our ability to generate sustained earnings growth outside of credit losses, which are impacted by the cyclical nature of the credit cycle. The following table provides a reconciliation of our reported results to pre-provision, pre-tax earnings and illustrates the calculation of pre-provision, pre-tax earnings presented:

 

      For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   

January 31

2025

    

October 31

2024

  

January 31

2024

 

 Net income

   $ 5,131      $ 4,222      $ 3,582  

 Add: Income taxes

     1,302        993        766  

 Add: PCL

     1,050        840        813  

Pre-provision, pre-tax earnings (1)

   $  7,483      $  6,055      $  5,161  

 

(1)

For the three months ended January 31, 2025, pre-provision, pre-tax earnings excluding HSBC Canada results of $7,032 million is calculated as pre-provision, pre-tax earnings of $7,483 million less net income of $214 million, income taxes of $82 million, and PCL of $155 million.

 

Adjusted results

We believe that providing adjusted results as well as certain measures and ratios excluding the impact of the specified items discussed below and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles enhances comparability with prior periods and enables readers to better assess trends in the underlying businesses.

 

Our results for all reported periods were adjusted for the following specified item:

•   HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs.

 

Our results for the three months ended January 31, 2024 were adjusted for the following specified item:

•   Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction.

 

- 4 -


The following table provides a reconciliation of our reported results to our adjusted results and illustrates the calculation of adjusted measures presented. The adjusted results and measures presented below are non-GAAP measures or ratios.

 

Consolidated results, reported and adjusted                      
     As at or for the three months ended  

(Millions of Canadian dollars,

except per share, number of and percentage amounts)

   January 31
2025
    

October 31

2024

  

January 31

2024

 

 Total revenue

   $ 16,739      $ 15,074      $ 13,485  

 PCL

     1,050        840        813  

 Non-interest expense

     9,256        9,019        8,324  

 Income before income taxes

     6,433        5,215        4,348  

 Income taxes

     1,302        993        766  

Net income

   $ 5,131      $ 4,222      $ 3,582  

Net income available to common shareholders

   $ 5,011      $ 4,128      $ 3,522  

Average number of common shares (thousands)

     1,413,937        1,414,460        1,406,324  

Basic earnings per share (in dollars)

   $ 3.54      $ 2.92      $ 2.50  

Average number of diluted common shares (thousands)

     1,416,502        1,416,829        1,407,641  

Diluted earnings per share (in dollars)

   $ 3.54      $ 2.91      $ 2.50  

ROE

     16.8%        14.3%        13.1%  

Effective income tax rate

     20.2%        19.0%        17.6%  

Total adjusting items impacting net income (before-tax)

   $ 165      $ 298      $ 631  

Specified item: HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs (1), (2)

     12        177        265  

Specified item: Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction (1)

     -        -        286  

Amortization of acquisition-related intangibles (3)

     153        121        80  

Total income taxes for adjusting items impacting net income

   $ 42      $ 81      $ 147  

Specified item: HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs (1)

     6        43        47  

Specified item: Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction (1)

     -        -        79  

Amortization of acquisition-related intangibles (3)

     36        38        21  

Adjusted results (4)

        

Income before income taxes - adjusted

   $ 6,598      $ 5,513      $ 4,979  

Income taxes - adjusted

     1,344        1,074        913  

Net income - adjusted

     5,254        4,439        4,066  

Net income available to common shareholders - adjusted

     5,134        4,345        4,006  

Average number of common shares (thousands)

     1,413,937        1,414,460        1,406,324  

Basic earnings per share (in dollars) - adjusted (4)

   $ 3.63      $ 3.07      $ 2.85  

Average number of diluted common shares (thousands)

      1,416,502         1,416,829         1,407,641  

Diluted earnings per share (in dollars) - adjusted (4)

   $ 3.62      $ 3.07      $ 2.85  

ROE - adjusted (4)

     17.2%        15.1%        14.9%  

Effective income tax rate - adjusted (4)

     20.4%        19.5%        18.3%  

 

(1)

These amounts have been recognized in Corporate Support.

(2)

As at January 31, 2025, the cumulative HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs (before-tax) incurred were $1.4 billion.

(3)

Represents the impact of amortization of acquisition-related intangibles (excluding amortization of software), and any goodwill impairment.

(4)

See the Glossary section of our interim Management’s Discussion and Analysis dated February 26, 2025, for the three months ended January 31, 2025, available at https://www.sedarplus.com/, for an explanation of the composition of these measures. Such explanation is incorporated by reference hereto.

 

Additional information about ROE and other key performance and non-GAAP measures and ratios can be found under the Key performance and non-GAAP measures section of our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders.

 

- 5 -


 

 CAUTION REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

 

From time to time, we make written or oral forward-looking statements within the meaning of certain securities laws, including the “safe harbour” provisions of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and any applicable Canadian securities legislation. We may make forward-looking statements in this document, in other filings with Canadian regulators or the SEC, in reports to shareholders, and in other communications. In addition, our representatives may communicate forward-looking statements orally to analysts, investors, the media and others. Forward-looking statements in this document include, but are not limited to, statements by our President and Chief Executive Officer. The forward-looking statements contained in this document represent the views of management and are presented for the purpose of assisting the holders of our securities and financial analysts in understanding our financial position and results of operations as at and for the periods ended on the dates presented, as well as our financial performance objectives, vision, strategic goals and priorities and anticipated financial performance, and may not be appropriate for other purposes. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “believe”, “expect”, “suggest”, “seek”, “foresee”, “forecast”, “schedule”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “estimate”, “goal”, “commit”, “target”, “objective”, “plan”, “outlook”, “timeline” and “project” and similar expressions of future or conditional verbs such as “will”, “may”, “might”, “should”, “could”, “can”, “would” or negative or grammatical variations thereof.

By their very nature, forward-looking statements require us to make assumptions and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, both general and specific in nature, which give rise to the possibility that our predictions, forecasts, projections, expectations or conclusions will not prove to be accurate, that our assumptions may not be correct, that our financial performance, environmental & social or other objectives, vision and strategic goals will not be achieved, and that our actual results may differ materially from such predictions, forecasts, projections, expectations or conclusions.

We caution readers not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements as a number of risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements. These factors – many of which are beyond our control and the effects of which can be difficult to predict – include, but are not limited to: credit, market, liquidity and funding, insurance, operational, compliance (which could lead to us being subject to various legal and regulatory proceedings, the potential outcome of which could include regulatory restrictions, penalties and fines), strategic, reputation, legal and regulatory environment, competitive and systemic risks, risks associated with escalating trade tensions, including protectionist trade policies such as the imposition of tariffs, and other risks discussed in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders, including business and economic conditions in the geographic regions in which we operate, Canadian housing and household indebtedness, information technology, cyber and third-party risks, geopolitical uncertainty, environmental and social risk, digital disruption and innovation, privacy and data related risks, regulatory changes, culture and conduct risks, the effects of changes in government fiscal, monetary and other policies, tax risk and transparency, and our ability to anticipate and successfully manage risks arising from all of the foregoing factors. Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations in such forward-looking statements can be found in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders, as may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports.

We caution that the foregoing list of risk factors is not exhaustive and other factors could also adversely affect our results. When relying on our forward-looking statements to make decisions with respect to us, investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and potential events, as well as the inherent uncertainty of forward-looking statements. Material economic assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained in this document are set out in the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section and for each business segment under the Strategic priorities and Outlook headings in our 2024 Annual Report, as updated by the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section of our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders. Such sections may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports. Any forward-looking statements contained in this document represent the views of management only as of the date hereof, and except as required by law, we do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time by us or on our behalf.

Additional information about these and other factors can be found in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders, as may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports. Information contained in or otherwise accessible through the websites mentioned does not form part of this document. All references in this document to websites are inactive textual references and are for your information only.

 

ACCESS TO QUARTERLY RESULTS MATERIALS

Interested investors, the media and others may review this quarterly Earnings Release, quarterly results slides, supplementary financial information and our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders at rbc.com/investorrelations.

 

Quarterly conference call and webcast presentation

Our quarterly conference call is scheduled for February 27, 2025 at 8:30 a.m. (EST) and will feature a presentation about our first quarter results by RBC executives. It will be followed by a question and answer period with analysts. Interested parties can access the call live on a listen-only basis at rbc.com/investorrelations/quarterly-financial-statements.html or by telephone (416-340-2217, 866-696-5910, passcode 5693723#). Please call between 8:20 a.m. and 8:25 a.m. (EST).

 

Management’s comments on results will be posted on our website shortly following the call. A recording will be available by 5:00 p.m. (EST) from February 27, 2025 until May 28, 2025 at rbc.com/investorrelations/quarterly-financial-statements.html or by telephone (905-694-9451 or 800-408-3053, passcode 6992661#).

 

Media Relations Contacts

Gillian McArdle, Vice President, Corporate Communications, gillian.mcardle@rbccm.com, 416-842-4231

 

Investor Relations Contacts

Asim Imran, Senior Vice President, Head of Investor Relations, asim.imran@rbc.com, 416-955-7804

Marco Giurleo, Senior Director, Investor Relations, marco.giurleo@rbc.com, 437-239-5374

 

ABOUT RBC

Royal Bank of Canada is a global financial institution with a purpose-driven, principles-led approach to delivering leading performance. Our success comes from the 98,000+ employees who leverage their imaginations and insights to bring our vision, values and strategy to life so we can help our clients thrive and communities prosper. As Canada’s biggest bank and one of the largest in the world, based on market capitalization, we have a diversified business model with a focus on innovation and providing exceptional experiences to our more than 19 million clients in Canada, the U.S. and 27 other countries. Learn more at rbc.com.

 

We are proud to support a broad range of community initiatives through donations, community investments and employee volunteer activities. See how at rbc.com/peopleandplanet.

 

® Registered Trademarks of Royal Bank of Canada.

 

 

                                     

 

 

- 6 -

EX-99.2
Exhibit 99.2
 
 
 
Royal Bank of Canada first quarter 2025 results
 
 
 
All amounts are in Canadian dollars and are based on financial statements presented in compliance with International Accounting Standard 34
Interim Financial Reporting
, unless otherwise noted. Our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders and Supplementary Financial Information are available at http://www.rbc.com/investorrelations and on https://www.sedarplus.com/.
 
 
Net income
$5.1 Billion
Up 43% YoY
 
    
 
Diluted EPS
1
$3.54
Up 42% YoY
 
   
 
 
Total PCL
1
$1,050 Million
PCL on loans ratio
1
up 7 bps
1
QoQ
 
   
 
 
 
ROE
1, 2
16.8%
Up 370 bps YoY
 
   
 
 
CET1 ratio
1
13.2%
Above regulatory requirements
 
                
 
 
Adjusted
net income
3
$5.3 Billion
Up 29% YoY
 
    
 
 
Adjusted
diluted EPS
3
$3.62
Up 27% YoY
 
   
 
 
Total ACL
1
$6.9 Billion
ACL on loans ratio
1
up 4 bps
QoQ
 
   
 
 
Adjusted ROE
3
17.2%
Up 230 bps YoY
 
   
 
 
LCR
1
128%
Unchanged from 128%
last quarter
 
TORONTO, February
 27, 2025
— Royal Bank of Canada
4
(RY on TSX and NYSE) today reported record net income of $5.1 billion for the quarter ended January 31, 2025, up $1.5 billion or 43% from the prior year. Diluted EPS was $3.54, up 42% over the same period, reflecting growth across each of our business segments. The inclusion of HSBC Bank Canada (HSBC Canada) results
5
increased net income by $214 million. Adjusted net income
3
and adjusted diluted EPS
3
of $5.3 billion and $3.62 were up 29% and 27%, respectively, from the prior year.
Our consolidated results reflect an increase in total PCL of $237 million from a year ago, mainly reflecting higher provisions in Commercial Banking, Wealth Management and Personal Banking, partially offset by lower provisions in Capital Markets. The PCL on loans ratio of 42 bps increased 5 bps from the prior year.
Pre-provision,
pre-tax
earnings
6
of $7.5 billion were up $2.3 billion or 45% from last year. The inclusion of HSBC Canada results increased
pre-provision,
pre-tax
earnings
6
by $451 million. Excluding HSBC Canada results,
pre-provision,
pre-tax
earnings
6
increased 36% from last year, mainly due to higher fee-based revenue in Wealth Management reflecting market appreciation and net sales, and higher revenue in Capital Markets driven by strength across Corporate & Investment Banking and Global Markets. Both segments also benefitted from the impact of foreign exchange translation. Higher net interest income reflecting strong average volume growth in Personal Banking and Commercial Banking and higher spreads in Personal Banking, also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher expenses driven by higher variable compensation on improved results and continued investments in technology and talent across our businesses.
Compared to last quarter, net income was up 22% reflecting growth across each of our business segments. Adjusted net income
3
was up 18% over the same period.
Pre-provision,
pre-tax
earnings
6
were up 24% as higher revenues more than offset expense growth. The PCL on loans ratio of 42 bps increased 7 bps from the prior quarter, mainly reflecting higher provisions in Wealth Management and Capital Markets. The PCL on impaired loans ratio was 39 bps, up 13 bps from the prior quarter, including one account in the other services sector that migrated from performing to impaired during the quarter. The PCL on performing loans ratio was 3 bps, down 6 bps from the prior quarter.
Our capital position remains robust, with a CET1 ratio of 13.2%, supporting solid volume growth, and $2.4 billion of capital returned to our shareholders through common share dividends and share buybacks.
 
 
“RBC’s first quarter exemplifies our commitment to staying ahead of our clients’ expectations in an increasingly complex world. In Q1, we delivered strong results and client-driven growth across our businesses, while prudently managing risk and making investments in technology and talent to position the bank for the future. At our upcoming Investor Day, we look forward to sharing more about how we will capitalize on our financial and strategic strength to elevate the value we create for our clients and shareholders.”
– Dave McKay, President and Chief Executive Officer of Royal Bank of Canada
 
 
     
 
Q1 2025
Compared to
Q1 2024
 
 
   

Reported:
•   Net income of $5,131 million
•   Diluted EPS of $3.54
•   ROE of 16.8%
•   CET1 ratio of 13.2%
 

 
h
  43%
h
  42%
h
  370 bps
i
  
170 bps
 
 

Adjusted
3
:
•   Net income of $5,254 million
•   Diluted EPS of $3.62
•   ROE of 17.2%
 

 
h
  29%
h
  27%
h
  230 bps
             
       
 
Q1 2025
Compared to
Q4 2024
 
 
 
   
•   Net income of $5,131 million
•   Diluted EPS
of $3.54
•   ROE of 16.8%
•   CET1 ratio of 13.2%
 
 
h
  
22%
h
  22%
h
  250 bps
g
  unchanged
 
 
•   Net income of $5,254 million
•   Diluted EPS
of $3.62
•   ROE of 17.2%
 
 
h
  18%
h
  18%
h
  210 bps
 
             
 
(1)
See the Glossary section of this Q1 2025
Report to Shareholders for composition of these measures.
(2)
Return on equity (ROE). This measure does not have a standardized meaning under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). For further information, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section of this Q1 2025
Report to Shareholders.
(3)
These are
non-GAAP
measures. For further information, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section of this Q1 2025
Report to Shareholders.
(4)
When we say “we”, “us”, “our”, “the bank” or “RBC”, we mean Royal Bank of Canada and its subsidiaries, as applicable.
(5)
On March 28, 2024, we completed the acquisition of HSBC Canada (HSBC Canada transaction). HSBC Canada results reflect revenue, PCL,
non-interest
expenses and income taxes associated with the acquired operations and clients, which include the acquired assets, assumed liabilities and employees with the exception of assets and liabilities relating to treasury and liquidity management activities. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section of this Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders.
(6)
Pre-provision,
pre-tax
(PPPT) earnings is calculated as income (January 31, 2025: $5,131 million; October 31, 2024: $4,222 million; January 31, 2024: $3,582 million) before income taxes (January 31, 2025: $1,302 million; October 31, 2024: $993 million; January 31, 2024: $766 million) and PCL (January 31, 2025: $1,050 million; October 31, 2024: $840 million; January 31, 2024: $813 million). For the three months ended January 31, 2025, pre-provision, pre-tax earnings excluding HSBC Canada results of $7,032 million is calculated as
pre-provision,
pre-tax
earnings of $7,483 million less net income of $214 million, income taxes of $82 million, and PCL of $155 million. This is a
non-GAAP
measure. PPPT earnings do not have a standardized meaning under GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions. We use PPPT earnings to assess our ability to generate sustained earnings growth outside of credit losses, which are impacted by the cyclical nature of a credit cycle. We believe that certain
non-GAAP
measures are more reflective of our ongoing operating results and provide readers with a better understanding of management’s perspective on our performance.

Table of Contents
2   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
 
Table of contents
 
1
 
2
 
2
 
3
 
  3   About Royal Bank of Canada
  4   Selected financial and other highlights
  5   Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook
6
 
7
 
  7   Overview
11
 
  11   How we measure and report our business segments
  11   Key performance and non-GAAP measures
  13   Personal Banking
  14   Commercial Banking
  15   Wealth Management
  16   Insurance
  17   Capital Markets
  18   Corporate Support
19
 
20
 
  20   Condensed balance sheets
  21   Off-balance sheet arrangements
21
 
  21   Credit risk
  25   Market risk
  29   Liquidity and funding risk
38
 
43
 
  43   Summary of accounting policies and estimates
  43   Controls and procedures
43
 
44
 
47
 
48
  (unaudited)
53
  (unaudited)
70
 
 
 
 
 
Management’s Discussion and Analysis
 
Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) is provided to enable a reader to assess our results of operations and financial condition for the three month period ended or as at January 31, 2025, compared to the corresponding period in the prior fiscal year and the three month period ended October 31, 2024. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the quarter ended January 31, 2025 (Condensed Financial Statements) and related notes and our 2024 Annual Report. This MD&A is dated February 26, 2025. All amounts are in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise specified, and are based on financial statements presented in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), unless otherwise noted.
Additional information about us, including our 2024 Annual Information Form, is available free of charge on our website at rbc.com/investorrelations, on the Canadian Securities Administrators’ website, SEDAR+, at sedarplus.com and on the EDGAR section of the United States (U.S.) Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) website at sec.gov.
Information contained in or otherwise accessible through the websites mentioned herein does not form part of this report. All references in this report to websites are inactive textual references and are for your information only.
 
Caution regarding forward-looking statements
 
From time to time, we make written or oral forward-looking statements within the meaning of certain securities laws, including the “safe harbour” provisions of the
United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995
and any applicable Canadian securities legislation. We may make forward-looking statements in this Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders, in other filings with Canadian regulators or the SEC, in other reports to shareholders, and in other communications. In addition, our representatives may communicate forward-looking statements orally to analysts, investors, the media and others. Forward-looking statements in this document include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our financial performance objectives, priorities, vision and strategic goals, the economic, market, and regulatory review and outlook for Canadian, U.S., United Kingdom (U.K.), European and global economies, the regulatory environment in which we operate and the risk environment including our credit risk, market risk, liquidity and funding risk and include statements made by our President and Chief Executive Officer. The forward-looking statements contained in this document represent the views of management and are presented for the purpose of assisting the holders of our securities and financial analysts in understanding our financial position and results of operations as at and for the periods ended on the dates presented, as well as our financial performance objectives, vision, strategic goals and priorities and anticipated financial performance, and may not be appropriate for other purposes. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “believe”, “expect”, “suggest”, “seek”, “foresee”, “forecast”, “schedule”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “estimate”, “goal”, “commit”, “target”, “objective”, “plan”, “outlook”, “timeline” and “project” and similar expressions of future or conditional verbs such as “will”, “may”, “might”, “should”, “could”, “can”, “would” or negative or grammatical variations thereof.
By their very nature, forward-looking statements require us to make assumptions and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, both general and specific in nature, which give rise to the possibility that our predictions, forecasts, projections, expectations or conclusions will not prove to be accurate, that our assumptions may not be correct, that our financial performance, environmental & social or other objectives, vision and strategic goals will not be achieved, and that our actual results may differ materially from such predictions, forecasts, projections, expectations or conclusions.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   3
 
We caution readers not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements as a number of risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in such forward-looking statements. These factors – many of which are beyond our control and the effects of which can be difficult to predict – include, but are not limited to: credit, market, liquidity and funding, insurance, operational, compliance (which could lead to us being subject to various legal and regulatory proceedings, the potential outcome of which could include regulatory restrictions, penalties and fines), strategic, reputation, legal and regulatory environment, competitive and systemic risks, risks associated with escalating trade tensions, including protectionist trade policies such as the imposition of tariffs, and other risks discussed in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of this Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders, including business and economic conditions in the geographic regions in which we operate, Canadian housing and household indebtedness, information technology, cyber and third-party risks, geopolitical uncertainty, environmental and social risk, digital disruption and innovation, privacy and data related risks, regulatory changes, culture and conduct risks, the effects of changes in government fiscal, monetary and other policies, tax risk and transparency, and our ability to anticipate and successfully manage risks arising from all of the foregoing factors. Additional factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations in such forward-looking statements can be found in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of this Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders, as may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports.
We caution that the foregoing list of risk factors is not exhaustive and other factors could also adversely affect our results. When relying on our forward-looking statements to make decisions with respect to us, investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties and potential events, as well as the inherent uncertainty of forward-looking statements. Material economic assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained in this document are set out in the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section and for each business segment under the Strategic priorities and Outlook headings in our 2024 Annual Report, as updated by the Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook section of this Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders. Such sections may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports. Any forward-looking statements contained in this document represent the views of management only as of the date hereof, and except as required by law, we do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time by us or on our behalf.
Additional information about these and other factors can be found in the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report and the Risk management section of this Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders, as may be updated by subsequent quarterly reports.
 
Overview and outlook
 
 
About Royal Bank of Canada
 
Royal Bank of Canada is a global financial institution with a purpose-driven,
principles-led
approach to delivering leading performance. Our success comes from the 98,000+ employees who leverage their imaginations and insights to bring our vision, values and strategy to life so we can help our clients thrive and communities prosper. As Canada’s biggest bank and one of the largest in the world, based on market capitalization, we have a diversified business model with a focus on innovation and providing exceptional experiences to our more than 19 million clients in Canada, the U.S. and 27 other countries. Learn more at rbc.com.
Effective the fourth quarter of 2024, the Personal & Commercial Banking segment became two standalone business segments: Personal Banking and Commercial Banking. With this change, RBC Direct Investing
®
moved from the previous Personal & Commercial Banking segment to the Wealth Management segment. Comparative results in this MD&A have been revised to conform to our new basis of segment presentation.

Table of Contents
4   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Selected financial and other highlights
 
 
     As at or for the three months ended          For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except per share,
number of and percentage amounts)
 
January 31
2025
(1)
   
October 31
2024
(1)
   
January 31
2024
        
Q1 2025 vs.
Q4 2024
   
Q1 2025 vs.
Q1 2024
 
Total revenue
 
$
16,739
 
  $ 15,074     $ 13,485      
$
1,665
 
 
$
3,254
 
Provision for credit losses (PCL)
 
 
1,050
 
    840       813      
 
210
 
 
 
237
 
Non-interest
expense
 
 
9,256
 
    9,019       8,324      
 
237
 
 
 
932
 
Income before income taxes
 
 
6,433
 
    5,215       4,348    
 
 
 
1,218
 
 
 
2,085
 
Net income
 
$
5,131
 
  $ 4,222     $ 3,582    
 
 
$
909
 
 
$
1,549
 
Net income – adjusted
(2), (3)
 
$
5,254
 
  $ 4,439     $ 4,066    
 
 
$
815
 
 
$
1,188
 
Segments – net income
           
Personal Banking
(4)
 
$
1,678
 
  $ 1,579     $ 1,353      
$
99
 
 
$
325
 
Commercial Banking
(4)
 
 
777
 
    774       650      
 
3
 
 
 
127
 
Wealth Management
(4)
 
 
980
 
    969       664      
 
11
 
 
 
316
 
Insurance
 
 
272
 
    162       220      
 
110
 
 
 
52
 
Capital Markets
 
 
1,432
 
    985       1,154      
 
447
 
 
 
278
 
Corporate Support
 
 
(8
) 
    (247 )      (459 )   
 
 
 
239
 
 
 
451
 
Net income
 
$
5,131
 
  $ 4,222     $ 3,582    
 
 
$
909
 
 
$
1,549
 
Selected information
           
Earnings per share (EPS) – basic
 
$
3.54
 
  $ 2.92     $ 2.50      
$
0.62
 
 
$
1.04
 
             – diluted
 
 
3.54
 
    2.91       2.50      
 
0.63
 
 
 
1.04
 
             – basic adjusted
(2), (3)
 
 
3.63
 
    3.07       2.85      
 
0.56
 
 
 
0.78
 
             – diluted adjusted
(2), (3)
 
 
3.62
 
    3.07       2.85      
 
0.55
 
 
 
0.77
 
Return on common equity (ROE)
(3)
 
 
16.8%
    14.3%     13.1%    
 
250 bps
 
 
370 bps
ROE – adjusted
(2), (3)
 
 
17.2%
    15.1%     14.9%    
 
210 bps
 
 
230 bps
Average common equity
(5)
 
$
118,550
 
  $ 114,750     $ 107,100      
$
3,800
 
 
$
11,450
 
Net interest margin (NIM) – on average earning assets, net
(3)
 
 
1.60%
 
    1.68%     1.41%    
 
(8) bps
 
 
19 bps
PCL on loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.42%
    0.35%     0.37%    
 
7 bps
 
 
5 bps
PCL on performing loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.03%
    0.09%     0.06%    
 
(6) bps
 
 
(3) bps
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.39%
    0.26%     0.31%    
 
13 bps
 
 
8 bps
Gross impaired loans (GIL) as a % of loans and acceptances
 
 
0.78%
    0.59%     0.48%    
 
19 bps
 
 
30 bps
Liquidity coverage ratio (LCR)
(3), (6)
 
 
128%
    128%     132%    
 
– bps
 
 
(400) bps
Net stable funding ratio (NSFR)
(3), (6)
 
 
115%
    114%     113%  
 
 
 
 100 bps
 
 
 200 bps
Capital, Leverage and Total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC) ratios 
(3), (7)
           
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio
 
 
13.2%
    13.2%     14.9%    
 
– bps
 
 
(170) bps
 
Tier 1 capital ratio
 
 
14.6%
    14.6%     16.3%    
 
– bps
 
 
(170) bps
 
Total capital ratio
 
 
16.4%
    16.4%     18.1%    
 
– bps
 
 
(170) bps
 
Leverage ratio
 
 
4.4%
    4.2%     4.4%    
 
20 bps
 
 
 
– bps
TLAC ratio
 
 
29.8%
    29.3%     31.4%    
 
50 bps
 
 
(160) bps
TLAC leverage ratio
 
 
8.9%
    8.4%     8.5%  
 
 
 
50 bps
 
 
 
40 bps
Selected balance sheet and other information
(8)
           
Total assets
 
$
2,191,026
 
  $  2,171,582     $  1,974,405      
$
 19,444
 
 
$
 216,621
 
Securities, net of applicable allowance
 
 
488,025
 
    439,918       405,813      
 
48,107
 
 
 
82,212
 
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses
 
 
1,006,050
 
    981,380       858,316      
 
24,670
 
 
 
147,734
 
Derivative related assets
 
 
153,686
 
    150,612       105,038      
 
3,074
 
 
 
48,648
 
Deposits
 
 
1,441,940
 
    1,409,531       1,241,168      
 
32,409
 
 
 
200,772
 
Common equity
 
 
122,763
 
    118,058       108,360      
 
4,705
 
 
 
14,403
 
Total risk-weighted assets (RWA)
(3), (7)
 
 
708,941
 
    672,282       590,257      
 
36,659
 
 
 
118,684
 
Assets under management (AUM)
(3)
 
 
1,428,700
 
    1,342,300       1,150,100      
 
86,400
 
 
 
278,600
 
Assets under administration (AUA)
(3), (9)
 
 
5,148,300
 
    4,965,500       4,490,100    
 
 
 
182,800
 
 
 
658,200
 
Common share information
           
Shares outstanding (000s) – average basic
 
 
1,413,937
 
    1,414,460       1,406,324      
 
(523
) 
 
 
7,613
 
            – average diluted
 
 
1,416,502
 
    1,416,829       1,407,641      
 
(327
) 
 
 
8,861
 
            – end of period
 
 
 1,412,878
 
    1,414,504       1,408,257      
 
(1,626
) 
 
 
4,621
 
Dividends declared per common share
 
$
1.48
 
  $ 1.42     $ 1.38      
$
0.06
 
 
$
0.10
 
Dividend yield
(3)
 
 
3.4%
    3.5%     4.5%    
 
(10) bps
 
 
(110) bps
Dividend payout ratio
(3)
 
 
42%
    49%     55%    
 
(700) bps
 
 
(1,300) bps
 
Common share price (RY on TSX)
(10)
 
$
177.18
 
  $ 168.39     $ 131.21      
$
8.79
 
 
$
45.97
 
Market capitalization (TSX)
(10)
 
 
250,334
 
    238,188       184,777    
 
 
 
12,146
 
 
 
65,557
 
Business information (number of)
           
Employees (full-time equivalent) (FTE)
 
 
94,624
 
    94,838       90,166      
 
(214
) 
 
 
4,458
 
Bank branches
 
 
1,286
 
    1,292       1,248      
 
(6
) 
 
 
38
 
Automated teller machines (ATMs)
 
 
4,358
 
    4,367       4,341    
 
 
 
(9
) 
 
 
17
 
Period average US$ equivalent of C$1.00
(11)
 
 
0.699
 
    0.733       0.745      
 
(0.034
) 
 
 
(0.046
) 
Period-end
US$ equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
0.687
 
    0.718       0.744    
 
 
 
(0.031
) 
 
 
(0.057
) 
 
(1)   On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, and are included in our Personal Banking, Commercial Banking, Wealth Management and Capital Markets segments. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section.
(2)   These are
non-GAAP
measures. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
(3)   See Glossary for composition of these measures.
(4)   Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation. For further details, refer to the About Royal Bank of Canada section.
(5)   Average amounts are calculated using methods intended to approximate the average of the daily balances for the period.
(6)   The LCR and NSFR are calculated in accordance with the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions’ (OSFI) Liquidity Adequacy Requirements (LAR) guideline. LCR is the average for the three months ended for each respective period. For further details, refer to the Liquidity and funding risk section.
(7)   Capital ratios and RWA are calculated using OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) guideline, the Leverage ratio is calculated using OSFI’s Leverage Requirements (LR) guideline, and both the TLAC and TLAC leverage ratios are calculated using OSFI’s TLAC guideline. Both the CAR guideline and LR guideline are based on the Basel III framework. For further details, refer to the Capital management section.
(8)   Represents
period-end
spot balances.
(9)   AUA includes $15 billion and $6 billion (October 31, 2024 – $15 billion and $6 billion; January 31, 2024 – $14 billion and $6 billion) of securitized residential mortgages and credit card loans, respectively.
(10)   Based on TSX closing market price at
period-end.
(11)   Average amounts are calculated using
month-end
spot rates for the period.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   5
 
Economic, market and regulatory review and outlook – data as at February 26, 2025
 
The predictions and forecasts in this section are based on information and assumptions from sources we consider reliable. If this information or these assumptions are not accurate, actual economic outcomes may differ materially from the outlook presented in this section.
Economic and market review and outlook
Central banks have continued to reduce interest rates from elevated levels as inflation slows. Unemployment rates remain low across most advanced economies, but have risen more substantially in Canada. The Canadian economy has continued to underperform other advanced economies. Business investment in Canada has remained low; however household spending has shown signs of strengthening. The U.S. economy has remained resilient with strong GDP growth and a low unemployment rate. The potential for further protectionist U.S. trade policy is adding to economic uncertainty globally. High levels of U.S. government spending are expected to prevent a significant softening in U.S. labour markets in calendar 2025 but will add to inflation pressures. We expect that the Bank of Canada (BoC) will continue to lower interest rates in calendar 2025 in response to underperforming economic growth and soft labour markets. We do not anticipate the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) to reduce interest rates in calendar 2025 with inflation in the U.S. slowing gradually. GDP growth is expected to continue to rise at a moderate pace in the Euro area and the U.K. with the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Bank of England (BOE) expected to continue reducing interest rates at a gradual pace.
Canada
Canadian GDP is expected to increase by 1.1%
1
and 1.2%
1
in the first and second calendar quarters of 2025, respectively, after increasing slightly in the fourth calendar quarter of 2024. Population growth is expected to slow sharply in calendar 2025 as a result of reduced federal government plans for permanent and temporary resident arrivals. The unemployment rate is expected to increase slightly further into the second calendar quarter of 2025 from 6.6% in January 2025, before beginning to edge slightly lower in the second half of the calendar year. The BoC is expected to continue reducing interest rates to a 2.25% rate by the end of the third calendar quarter of 2025. While inflation has slowed to around the BoC’s 2% inflation target, an underperforming economy and elevated unemployment rate are expected to keep downward pressure on inflation in calendar 2025. Lower interest rates are expected to result in stronger GDP growth on a
per-person
basis in calendar 2025, although the potential for protective U.S. international trade policy remains a downside risk to the Canadian economy. Our economic outlook assumes that blanket 25% U.S. tariffs on Canadian imports will be avoided, but the threat of significant targeted tariff increases on specific industries will remain a source of uncertainty for businesses.
U.S.
U.S. GDP is expected to grow more slowly at a 1.5%
1
rate in the first and second calendar quarters of 2025, yet remain resilient relative to most other advanced economies. The U.S. unemployment rate has edged higher over the last calendar year but edged lower for a second consecutive month in January 2025 to 4.0%. Despite high interest rates, employment has continued to increase at a solid rate and consumer spending growth has remained strong. U.S. inflation remains above the Fed’s 2% target and has changed slightly from a year ago at 3.0% in January 2025. While a significant government budget deficit is expected to keep GDP growth positive and prevent a larger increase in the unemployment rate, it will also limit the decline in inflation and interest rates in calendar 2025. We do not expect the Fed to lower the target range for the federal funds rate in calendar 2025 after 100 basis points of reductions in the second half of calendar 2024. The potential for additional protectionist U.S. trade policy remains a downside risk for economic growth and labour markets.
Europe
Euro area GDP is expected to grow at 0.2% and 0.3% over the first and second calendar quarters of 2025, respectively. Unemployment rates remain very low across most countries in the Euro area but GDP growth has been mixed with an underperforming German economy offset by stronger growth in other Euro area economies. Inflation in the Euro area has gradually slowed. We expect the ECB will continue to gradually reduce the deposit rate in calendar 2025 by another 50 basis points, adding to the 125 basis points of reductions since early June 2024. U.K. GDP is expected to rise 0.3% and 0.4% in the first and second calendar quarters of 2025, respectively, after strengthening in calendar 2024. U.K. unemployment remains low and inflation has gradually slowed. We expect the BoE will reduce the bank rate by another 75 basis points in calendar 2025 following 75 basis points of reductions since July 2024.
Financial markets
Bond yields in the U.S. rose in recent months on growing expectations that the Fed would cut interest rates by less than previously expected. Yields in the Euro area and the U.K. have changed little; while Canadian bond yields have declined, reflecting expectations that the BoC will continue to reduce interest rates to support an underperforming Canadian economy and risks associated with potential U.S. tariffs. Tariff uncertainties remain a significant source of volatility in financial markets globally and have contributed to a stronger U.S. dollar. Commodity prices remain historically high and equity markets remain near record highs early in calendar 2025.
 
1
 
  Annualized rate

Table of Contents
6   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Regulatory environment
We continue to monitor and prepare for regulatory developments and changes in a manner that seeks to ensure compliance with new requirements while mitigating adverse business or financial impacts. Such impacts could result from new or amended laws or regulations and the expectations of those who enforce them. A high level summary of the key regulatory changes that have the potential to increase or decrease our costs and the complexity of our operations is included in the Legal and regulatory environment risk section of our 2024 Annual Report and updates are listed below.
Global uncertainty
In January 2025, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected global growth of 3.3% for calendar 2025, up 0.1% from its October forecast, with higher growth projections for the U.S. largely offset by downward revisions in other major economies. Though the IMF expects global inflation to decline, significant uncertainty continues to pose risks to the global economic outlook, driven by: challenges in monetary policy normalization, including policy changes interrupting the ongoing disinflation process; potential financial market instability or faster-than-anticipated deceleration in growth resulting from the persistence of inflation and elevated interest rates, along with their associated impact on consumer and business confidence; escalating trade tensions, including protectionist trade policies such as the imposition of tariffs, which could lower investment and disrupt supply chains; shifts in U.S. trade, foreign relations, defense and immigration policies, which could disrupt global alliances and heighten economic, market and other risks; deepening economic concerns, particularly in China’s real estate sector and Europe’s energy sector, that could have an impact on global growth; potential inflationary pressures and restrictive monetary policy in response to accelerated growth in U.S. debt levels; continuing geopolitical tensions, such as those between Russia and Ukraine, those in the Middle East, and those between China and Taiwan and the West; increased polarization and social unrest; extreme weather-related events; and cyclical imbalances in the global economy. Our diversified business model, as well as our product and geographic diversification, continue to help mitigate the risks posed by global uncertainty.
For a discussion on risk factors resulting from these and other developments which may affect our business and financial results, refer to the risk sections of our 2024 Annual Report. For further details on our framework and activities to manage risks, refer to the risk and Capital management sections of this Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders.
 
Key corporate events
 
HSBC Bank Canada
On March 28, 2024, we completed the acquisition of HSBC Bank Canada (HSBC Canada). The following table provides details on the impact of the acquisition of HSBC Canada (the HSBC Canada transaction) on our Personal Banking segment, Commercial Banking segment and consolidated results, and reflects revenue, PCL,
non-interest
expenses and income taxes associated with the acquired operations and clients, which include the acquired assets, assumed liabilities and employees with the exception of assets and liabilities relating to treasury and liquidity management activities (HSBC Canada results).
 
    
For the three months ended January 31, 2025
 
   
Segment results – Personal Banking
         
Segment results – Commercial Banking
         
Consolidated results
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Excluding
HSBC
Canada
   
HSBC
Canada
   
Total
          
Excluding
HSBC
Canada
   
HSBC
Canada
   
Total
          
Excluding
HSBC
Canada
   
HSBC
Canada
   
Total
 
Net interest income
 
$
 3,274
 
 
$
 231
 
 
$
 3,505
 
   
$
 1,470
 
 
$
 326
 
 
$
 1,796
 
   
$
7,359
 
 
$
 589
 
 
$
7,948
 
Non-interest
income
 
 
1,276
 
 
 
30
 
 
 
1,306
 
         
 
299
 
 
 
32
 
 
 
331
 
         
 
8,664
 
 
 
127
 
 
 
8,791
 
Total revenue
 
 
4,550
 
 
 
261
 
 
 
4,811
 
   
 
1,769
 
 
 
358
 
 
 
2,127
 
   
 
 16,023
 
 
 
716
 
 
 
 16,739
 
PCL
 
 
483
 
 
 
5
 
 
 
488
 
   
 
188
 
 
 
151
 
 
 
339
 
   
 
895
 
 
 
155
 
 
 
1,050
 
Non-interest
expense
 
 
1,885
 
 
 
130
 
 
 
2,015
 
         
 
604
 
 
 
106
 
 
 
710
 
         
 
8,991
 
 
 
265
 
 
 
9,256
 
Income before income taxes
 
 
2,182
 
 
 
126
 
 
 
2,308
 
   
 
977
 
 
 
101
 
 
 
1,078
 
   
 
6,137
 
 
 
296
 
 
 
6,433
 
Income taxes
 
 
595
 
 
 
35
 
 
 
630
 
         
 
273
 
 
 
28
 
 
 
301
 
         
 
1,220
 
 
 
82
 
 
 
1,302
 
Net income
 
$
1,587
 
 
$
91
 
 
$
1,678
 
         
$
704
 
 
$
73
 
 
$
777
 
         
$
4,917
 
 
$
214
 
 
$
5,131
 

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   7
 
Financial performance
 
 
Overview
 
Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024
Net income of $5,131 million was up $1,549 million or 43% from a year ago. Diluted EPS of $3.54 was up $1.04 or 42% and ROE of 16.8% was up from 13.1% a year ago. Our CET1 ratio of 13.2% was down 170 bps from a year ago.
Adjusted net income of $5,254 million was up $1,188 million or 29% from a year ago. Adjusted diluted EPS of $3.62 was up $0.77 or 27% and adjusted ROE of 17.2% was up from 14.9% from a year ago.
Our earnings were up from a year ago, primarily driven by higher results across all of our business segments. Prior period results also reflect higher HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs and the impact of management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction, both of which were treated as specified items and reported in Corporate Support. Our earnings also reflect an increase due to the impact of foreign exchange translation.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Net income of $5,131 million was up $909 million or 22% from last quarter. Diluted EPS of $3.54 was up $0.63 or 22% and ROE of 16.8% was up from 14.3% in the prior quarter. Our CET1 ratio of 13.2% was unchanged from last quarter.
Adjusted net income of $5,254 million was up $815 million or 18% from last quarter. Adjusted diluted EPS of $3.62 was up $0.55 or 18% and adjusted ROE of 17.2% was up from 15.1% last quarter.
Our earnings reflect higher results across all of our business segments. Results in the current period also reflect a lower impact from HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs, which is treated as a specified item in Corporate Support. Our earnings also reflect an increase due to the impact of foreign exchange translation.
For further details on our business segment results and CET1 ratio, refer to the Business segment results and Capital management sections, respectively.
Adjusted results
Adjusted results exclude specified items and the
after-tax
impact of amortization of acquisition-related intangibles. Adjusted results are
non-GAAP
measures. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
Impact of foreign currency translation
The following table reflects the estimated impact of foreign currency translation on key income statement items:
 
     For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except per share amounts)
 
Q1 2025 vs.
Q1 2024
   
Q1 2025 vs.
Q4 2024
 
Increase (decrease):
   
Total revenue
 
$
477
 
 
$
315
 
PCL
 
 
13
 
 
 
7
 
Non-interest
expense
 
 
261
 
 
 
167
 
Income taxes
 
 
22
 
 
 
16
 
Net income
 
 
181
 
 
 
125
 
Impact on EPS
   
Basic
 
$
0.13
 
 
$
0.09
 
Diluted
 
 
0.13
 
 
 
0.09
 
The relevant average exchange rates that impact our business are shown in the following table:
 
     For the three months ended  
(Average foreign currency equivalent of C$1.00) (1)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
   
January 31
2024
 
U.S. dollar
 
 
0.699
 
    0.733       0.745  
British pound
 
 
0.556
 
    0.558       0.588  
Euro
 
 
0.669
 
    0.665       0.683  
 
  (1)   Average amounts are calculated using
month-end
spot rates for the period.
 

Table of Contents
8   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Total revenue
 
     For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
   
January 31
2024
 
Interest and dividend income
 
$
26,455
 
  $ 26,498     $ 25,609  
Interest expense
 
 
18,507
 
    18,827       19,277  
Net interest income
 
$
7,948
 
  $ 7,671     $ 6,332  
NIM
 
 
1.60%
 
    1.68%     1.41%
Insurance service result
 
$
286
 
  $ 173     $ 187  
Insurance investment result
 
 
82
 
    66       141  
Trading revenue
 
 
1,195
 
    383       804  
Investment management and custodial fees
 
 
2,667
 
    2,501       2,185  
Mutual fund revenue
 
 
1,236
 
    1,189       1,030  
Securities brokerage commissions
 
 
471
 
    428       388  
Service charges
 
 
612
 
    596       554  
Underwriting and other advisory fees
 
 
674
 
    656       606  
Foreign exchange revenue, other than trading
 
 
318
 
    301       262  
Card service revenue
 
 
317
 
    332       326  
Credit fees
 
 
435
 
    358       395  
Net gains on investment securities
 
 
55
 
    13       70  
Income (loss) from joint ventures and associates
 
 
19
 
    11       12  
Other
 
 
424
 
    396       193  
Non-interest
income
 
 
8,791
 
    7,403       7,153  
Total revenue
 
$
 16,739
 
  $  15,074     $  13,485  
Additional trading information
     
Net interest income
(1)
 
$
364
 
  $ 520     $ 344  
Non-interest
income
 
 
1,195
 
    383       804  
Total trading revenue
 
$
1,559
 
  $ 903     $ 1,148  
 
  (1)   Reflects net interest income arising from trading-related positions, including assets and liabilities that are classified or designated at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL).  
Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024
Total revenue increased $3,254 million or 24% from a year ago, mainly due to higher net interest income. Higher investment management and custodial fees, trading revenue, other revenue and mutual fund revenue also contributed to the increase. The impact of foreign exchange translation increased revenue by $477 million. The inclusion of HSBC Canada revenue contributed $716 million to total revenue.
Net interest income increased $1,616 million or 26%, of which $589 million reflects the inclusion of HSBC Canada net interest income. The remaining increase of $1,027 million or 16% was mainly due to average volume growth in Personal Banking and Commercial Banking, as well as higher spreads in Personal Banking. The impact of foreign exchange translation also contributed to the increase.
NIM was up 19 bps compared to last year, mainly due to the acquisition of HSBC Canada including the accretion of fair value adjustments, favourable product mix in Personal Banking, higher trading net interest margin in Capital Markets as well as the sustained impact of a higher rate environment across most of our business segments. These factors were partially offset by competitive pricing pressures in deposits in Personal Banking and Commercial Banking.
Trading revenue increased $391 million or 49%, primarily due to higher equity trading revenue across most regions.
Investment management and custodial fees increased $482 million or 22%, primarily due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales.
Mutual fund revenue increased $206 million or 20%, primarily due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales in Wealth Management, as well as higher average mutual fund balances driving higher distribution fees in Personal Banking.
Other revenue increased $231 million, largely attributable to the impact of management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction in the same quarter last year, which is treated as a specified item. This was partially offset by changes in the fair value of the hedges related to our U.S. share-based compensation plans, which was largely offset in Non-interest expense.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Total revenue increased $1,665 million or 11% from prior quarter, primarily due to higher trading revenue. Higher net interest income, investment management and custodial fees, as well as insurance service result also contributed to the increase. The impact of foreign exchange translation increased revenue by $315 million.
Net interest income increased $277 million or 4%, largely due to average volume growth in Personal Banking and Wealth Management, as well as higher spreads in Personal Banking. The impact of foreign exchange translation also contributed to the increase.
Insurance service result increased $113 million or 65%, primarily due to the impact of reinsurance contract recaptures, adjustments relating to deferred acquisition expenses in the prior period and improved claims experience.
Trading revenue increased $812 million, mainly due to higher equity and fixed income trading revenue across most regions.
Investment management and custodial fees increased $166 million or 7%, largely due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   9
 
Provision for credit losses
(1)
 
     For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
   
January 31
2024 
(2)
 
Personal Banking
 
$
63
 
  $ 131     $ 133  
Commercial Banking
 
 
30
 
    66       16  
Wealth Management
 
 
36
 
    (57 )      (27 ) 
Capital Markets
 
 
(61
) 
    68       10  
Corporate Support and other
(3)
 
 
–
 
    –       1  
PCL on performing loans
 
 
68
 
    208       133  
Personal Banking
 
$
427
 
  $ 361     $ 332  
Commercial Banking
 
 
308
 
    233       154  
Wealth Management
 
 
45
 
    32       38  
Capital Markets
 
 
205
 
    14       161  
PCL on impaired loans
 
 
985
 
    640       685  
PCL – Loans
 
 
1,053
 
    848       818  
PCL – Other
(4)
 
 
(3
) 
    (8 )      (5 ) 
Total PCL
 
$
1,050
 
  $ 840     $ 813  
PCL on loans is comprised of:      
Retail
 
$
104
 
  $ 138     $ 137  
Wholesale
 
 
(36
) 
    70       (4 ) 
PCL on performing loans
 
 
68
 
    208       133  
Retail
 
 
485
 
    424       359  
Wholesale
 
 
500
 
    216       326  
PCL on impaired loans
 
 
985
 
    640       685  
PCL – Loans
 
$
1,053
 
  $ 848     $ 818  
PCL on loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.42%
 
    0.35%     0.37%
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.39%
 
    0.26%     0.31%
 
(1)   Information on loans represents loans, acceptances and commitments.
(2)   Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation. For further details, refer to the About Royal Bank of Canada section.
(3)   Includes PCL recorded in Corporate Support and Insurance.
(4)   PCL – Other includes amounts related to debt securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) and amortized cost, accounts receivable, and financial and purchased guarantees.
Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024
Total PCL increased $237 million or 29% from a year ago, due to higher provisions in Commercial Banking, Wealth Management and Personal Banking, partially offset by lower provisions in Capital Markets. The PCL on loans ratio increased 5 bps.
PCL on performing loans decreased $65 million or 49%, mainly due to migration to impaired in Capital Markets, partially offset by unfavourable changes to credit quality and portfolio growth.
PCL on impaired loans increased $300 million or 44%, primarily due to higher provisions in Commercial Banking, Personal Banking and Capital Markets.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Total PCL increased $210 million or 25% from last quarter, mainly reflecting provisions taken in the current quarter in Wealth Management, as compared to releases of provisions last quarter and higher provisions in Capital Markets. The PCL on loans ratio increased 7 bps.
PCL on performing loans decreased $140 million or 67%, mainly due to lower unfavourable changes in credit quality and migration to impaired in Capital Markets, partially offset by lower favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast and portfolio growth.
PCL on impaired loans increased $345 million or 54%, primarily due to higher provisions in Capital Markets, Commercial Banking and Personal Banking.

Table of Contents
10   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Non-interest
expense
 
     For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
   
January 31
2024
 
Salaries
 
$
2,354
 
  $ 2,345     $ 2,078  
Variable compensation
 
 
2,569
 
    2,348       2,083  
Benefits and retention compensation
 
 
686
 
    582       605  
Share-based compensation
 
 
378
 
    148       397  
Human resources
 
 
5,987
 
    5,423       5,163  
Equipment
 
 
681
 
    674       619  
Occupancy
 
 
429
 
    514       407  
Communications
 
 
327
 
    348       321  
Professional fees
 
 
502
 
    657       624  
Amortization of other intangibles
 
 
435
 
    398       352  
Other
 
 
895
 
    1,005       838  
Non-interest
expense
 
$
9,256
 
  $ 9,019     $ 8,324  
Efficiency ratio
(1)
 
 
55.3%
 
    59.8%     61.7%
Efficiency ratio – adjusted
(1), (2)
 
 
54.3%
 
    57.9%     57.9%
 
  (1)   See Glossary for composition of these measures.  
  (2)   This is a
non-GAAP
ratio. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
 
Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024
Non-interest
expense increased $932 million or 11% from a year ago, of which $265 million reflects the inclusion of HSBC Canada
non-interest
expense. The remaining increase of $667 million or 8% was primarily due to higher variable compensation commensurate with increased results and higher staff costs, including severance. The impact of foreign exchange translation of $261 million and ongoing technology investments also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by lower HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs, which is treated as a specified item, the cost of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) special assessment in the prior year, and the change in the fair value of our U.S. share-based compensation plans, which was largely offset in Other revenue.
Our efficiency ratio of 55.3% decreased 640 bps from 61.7% last year. Our adjusted efficiency ratio of 54.3% decreased 360 bps from 57.9% last year.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Non-interest
expense increased $237 million or 3% from last quarter, primarily due to higher variable compensation commensurate with increased results, higher staff costs, largely reflecting seasonally higher compensation and severance, as well as the impact of foreign exchange translation of $167 million. These factors were partially offset by lower HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs, which is treated as a specified item. The prior period also reflected higher professional fees and the impact of higher legal provisions in Capital Markets.
Our efficiency ratio of 55.3% decreased 450 bps from 59.8% last quarter. Our adjusted efficiency ratio of 54.3% decreased 360 bps from 57.9% last quarter.
Adjusted efficiency ratio is a
non-GAAP
ratio. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
Income taxes
 
     For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
   
January 31
2024
 
Income taxes
 
$
1,302
 
  $ 993     $ 766  
Income before income taxes
 
 
6,433
 
    5,215       4,348  
Effective income tax rate
 
 
20.2%
 
    19.0%     17.6%
Adjusted results
(1), (2)
     
Income taxes – adjusted
 
$
1,344
 
  $ 1,074     $ 913  
Income before income taxes – adjusted
 
 
6,598
 
    5,513       4,979  
Effective income tax rate – adjusted
 
 
20.4%
 
    19.5%     18.3%
 
  (1)   These are
non-GAAP
measures. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
 
  (2)   See Glossary for composition of these measures.  
Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024
Income tax expense increased $536 million or 70% from a year ago, primarily due to higher income before income taxes. Adjusted income tax expense increased $431 million or 47%.
The effective income tax rate of 20.2% increased 260 bps, primarily due to the impact of Pillar Two legislation, which became effective for us beginning November 1, 2024, and the impact of changes in earnings mix. The adjusted effective income tax rate of 20.4% increased 210 bps. For further details on Pillar Two legislation, refer to Note 9 of our Condensed Financial Statements.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   11
 
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Income tax expense increased $309 million or 31% from last quarter, primarily due to higher income before income taxes. Adjusted income tax expense increased $270 million or 25%.
The effective income tax rate of 20.2% increased 120 bps, primarily due to the impact of the Pillar Two legislation noted above. The adjusted effective income tax rate of 20.4% increased 90 bps.
For further details on specified items, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
 
Business segment results
 
 
How we measure and report our business segments
 
The key methodologies and assumptions used in our management reporting framework are periodically reviewed by management to ensure they remain valid. Effective the first quarter of 2025, we increased our capital attribution rates to our business segments to better align with our internal targets, which reduced the amount of unattributed capital retained in Corporate Support. For Insurance, the allocation of capital remains unchanged and continues to be based on fully diversified economic capital.
For further details on the key methodologies and assumptions used in our management reporting framework, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section of our 2024 Annual Report.
 
Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures
 
Performance measures
We measure and evaluate the performance of our consolidated operations and each business segment using a number of financial metrics, such as net income and ROE. Certain financial metrics, including ROE, do not have a standardized meaning under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions.
Return on common equity
We use ROE, at both the consolidated and business segment levels, as a measure of return on total capital invested in our business. Management views the business segment ROE measure as a useful measure for supporting investment and resource allocation decisions because it adjusts for certain items that may affect comparability between business segments and certain competitors.
Our consolidated ROE calculation is based on net income available to common shareholders divided by total average common equity for the period. Business segment ROE calculations are based on net income available to common shareholders divided by average attributed capital for the period. For each segment, with the exception of Insurance, average attributed capital includes the capital and leverage required to underpin various risks and amounts invested in goodwill and intangibles and other regulatory deductions. For Insurance, the allocation of capital is based on fully diversified economic capital.
The attribution of capital involves the use of assumptions, judgments and methodologies that are regularly reviewed and revised by management as deemed necessary. Changes to such assumptions, judgments and methodologies can have a material effect on the business segment ROE information that we report. Other companies that disclose information on similar attributions and related return measures may use different assumptions, judgments and methodologies.
The following table provides a summary of our ROE calculations:
 
     For the three months ended  
   
January 31
2025
       
October 31
2024
       
January 31
2024
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except percentage amounts)
 
Personal
Banking 
(3)
   
Commercial
Banking 
(3)
   
Wealth
Management 
(3)
   
Insurance
   
Capital
Markets 
(3)
   
Corporate
Support
   
Total
         Total          Total  
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
1,648
 
 
$
758
 
 
$
955
 
 
$
270
 
 
$
1,397
 
 
$
(17
) 
 
$
5,011
 
    $ 4,128       $ 3,522  
Total average common equity 
(1), (2)
 
 
27,600
 
 
 
19,350
 
 
 
25,000
 
 
 
2,150
 
 
 
37,250
 
 
 
7,200
 
 
 
118,550
 
         114,750            107,100  
ROE
 
 
 23.7%
 
 
 
 15.5%
 
 
 
   15.2%
 
 
 
 49.9%
 
 
 
 14.9%
 
 
 
 n.m.
 
 
 
 16.8%
 
        14.3%         13.1%
 
(1)   Total average common equity represents rounded figures.
(2)   The amounts for the segments are referred to as attributed capital.
(3)   Effective the first quarter of 2025, we increased our capital attribution rates. For further details, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section.
n.m.   not meaningful
Non-GAAP
measures
We believe that certain
non-GAAP
measures (including
non-GAAP
ratios) are more reflective of our ongoing operating results and provide readers with a better understanding of management’s perspective on our performance. These measures enhance the comparability of our financial performance for the three months ended January 31, 2025 with the corresponding period in the prior year and the three months ended October 31, 2024.
Non-GAAP
measures do not have a standardized meaning under GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other financial institutions.

Table of Contents
12   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
The following discussion describes the
non-GAAP
measures we use in evaluating our operating results.
Adjusted results
We believe that providing adjusted results as well as certain measures and ratios excluding the impact of the specified items discussed below and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles enhances comparability with prior periods and enables readers to better assess trends in the underlying businesses.
Our results for all reported periods were adjusted for the following specified item:
•  
HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs.
Our results for the three months ended January 31, 2024 were adjusted for the following specified item:
•  
Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction.
Consolidated results, reported and adjusted
The following table provides a reconciliation of our reported results to our adjusted results and illustrates the calculation of adjusted measures presented. The adjusted results and measures presented below are non-GAAP measures or ratios.
 
     As at or for the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except per share, number of and percentage amounts)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
   
January 31
2024
 
Total revenue
 
$
16,739
 
  $ 15,074     $ 13,485  
PCL
 
 
1,050
 
    840       813  
Non-interest expense
 
 
9,256
 
    9,019       8,324  
Income before income taxes
 
 
6,433
 
    5,215       4,348  
Income taxes
 
 
1,302
 
    993       766  
Net income
 
$
5,131
 
  $ 4,222     $ 3,582  
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
5,011
 
  $ 4,128     $ 3,522  
Average number of common shares (thousands)
 
 
1,413,937
 
    1,414,460       1,406,324  
Basic earnings per share (in dollars)
 
$
3.54
 
  $ 2.92     $ 2.50  
Average number of diluted common shares (thousands)
 
 
 1,416,502
 
     1,416,829        1,407,641  
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars)
 
$
3.54
 
  $ 2.91     $ 2.50  
ROE
 
 
16.8%
 
    14.3%     13.1%
Effective income tax rate
 
 
 20.2%
 
    19.0%     17.6%
Total adjusting items impacting net income (before-tax)
 
$
165
 
  $ 298     $ 631  
Specified item: HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs
(1), (2)
 
 
12
 
    177       265  
Specified item: Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction 
(1)
 
 
–
 
    –       286  
Amortization of acquisition-related intangibles
(3)
 
 
153
 
    121       80  
Total income taxes for adjusting items impacting net income
 
$
42
 
  $ 81     $ 147  
Specified item: HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs
(1)
 
 
6
 
    43       47  
Specified item: Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction 
(1)
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
    79  
Amortization of acquisition-related intangibles
(3)
 
 
36
 
    38       21  
Adjusted results
     
Income before income taxes – adjusted
 
$
6,598
 
  $ 5,513     $ 4,979  
Income taxes – adjusted
 
 
1,344
 
    1,074       913  
Net income – adjusted
 
 
5,254
 
    4,439       4,066  
Net income available to common shareholders – adjusted
(4)
 
 
5,134
 
    4,345       4,006  
Average number of common shares (thousands)
 
 
1,413,937
 
    1,414,460       1,406,324  
Basic earnings per share (in dollars) – adjusted
 
$
3.63
 
  $ 3.07     $ 2.85  
Average number of diluted common shares (thousands)
 
 
1,416,502
 
    1,416,829       1,407,641  
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars) – adjusted
 
$
3.62
 
  $ 3.07     $ 2.85  
ROE – adjusted
 
 
17.2%
 
    15.1%     14.9%
Effective income tax rate – adjusted
 
 
20.4%
 
    19.5%     18.3%
     
Adjusted efficiency ratio
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total revenue
 
$
16,739
 
  $ 15,074     $ 13,485  
Add specified item: Management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction (before-tax)
(1)
 
 
–
 
    –       286  
Total revenue – adjusted
(4)
 
$
16,739
 
  $ 15,074     $ 13,771  
Non-interest expense
 
$
9,256
 
  $ 9,019     $ 8,324  
Less specified item: HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs (before-tax)
(1)
 
 
12
 
    177       265  
Less: Amortization of acquisition-related intangibles (before-tax)
(3)
 
 
153
 
    121       80  
Non-interest expense – adjusted
(4)
 
$
9,091
 
  $ 8,721     $ 7,979  
Efficiency ratio
 
 
55.3%
 
    59.8%     61.7%
Efficiency ratio – adjusted
 
 
54.3%
 
    57.9%     57.9%
 
(1)   These amounts have been recognized in Corporate Support.
(2)   As at January 31, 2025, the cumulative HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs (before-tax) incurred were $1.4 billion.
(3)   Represents the impact of amortization of acquisition-related intangibles (excluding amortization of software), and any goodwill impairment.
(4)   See Glossary for composition of these measures.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   13
 
Personal Banking
 
 
     As at or for the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
January 31
2025 
(1)
   
October 31
2024 
(1)
   
January 31
2024 
(2)
 
Net interest income
 
$
3,505
 
  $ 3,346     $ 2,854  
Non-interest income
 
 
1,306
 
    1,312       1,177  
Total revenue
 
 
4,811
 
    4,658       4,031  
PCL on performing assets
 
 
63
 
    124       134  
PCL on impaired assets
 
 
425
 
    359       330  
PCL
 
 
488
 
    483       464  
Non-interest expense
 
 
2,015
 
    2,033       1,724  
Income before income taxes
 
 
2,308
 
    2,142       1,843  
Net income
 
$
1,678
 
  $ 1,579     $ 1,353  
Revenue by business
     
Personal Banking – Canada
 
$
4,499
 
  $ 4,366     $ 3,753  
Caribbean & U.S. Banking
 
 
312
 
    292       278  
Selected balance sheet and other information
     
ROE
 
 
23.7%
 
    23.8%     26.6%
NIM
 
 
2.58%
 
    2.49%     2.34%
Efficiency ratio
 
 
41.9%
 
    43.6%     42.8%
Operating leverage
(3)
 
 
2.5%
 
    2.1%     0.0%
Average total earning assets, net
 
$
539,900
 
  $ 534,500     $ 486,200  
Average loans and acceptances, net
 
 
530,100
 
    525,000       476,600  
Average deposits
 
 
437,200
 
    431,000       369,700  
AUA
(4)
 
 
266,400
 
    255,400       218,600  
Average AUA
 
 
261,600
 
    252,400       215,200  
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.32%
 
    0.27%     0.28%
Other selected information – Personal Banking – Canada
                       
Net income
 
$
1,583
 
  $ 1,485     $ 1,259  
NIM
 
 
2.50%
 
    2.41%     2.25%
Efficiency ratio
 
 
40.5%
 
    41.8%     41.2%
Operating leverage
 
 
2.3%
 
    2.5%     (0.3)%
 
(1)   On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, which impacted results, balances and ratios for the periods ended January 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section.
(2)   Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation. For further details, refer to the About Royal Bank of Canada section.
(3)   See Glossary for composition of this measure.
(4)   AUA represents period-end spot balances and includes securitized residential mortgages and credit card loans as at January 31, 2025 of $15 billion and $6 billion, respectively (October 31, 2024 – $15 billion and $6 billion; January 31, 2024 – $14 billion and $6 billion).
Financial performance
Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024
Net income increased $325 million or 24% from a year ago. The inclusion of HSBC Canada results increased net income by $91 million. Excluding HSBC Canada results, net income increased $234 million or 17%, primarily driven by higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and average volume growth of 6% in Personal Banking – Canada. Higher non-interest income also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher non-interest expenses.
Total revenue increased $780 million or 19%.
Personal Banking – Canada revenue increased $746 million or 20%, of which $261 million reflects the inclusion of HSBC Canada revenue. The remaining increase of $485 million or 13% was primarily due to higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and average volume growth of 8% in deposits and 4% in loans. Higher average mutual fund balances driving higher distribution fees also contributed to the increase.
Caribbean & U.S. Banking revenue increased $34 million or 12%, mainly reflecting the impact of foreign exchange translation. Higher net interest income reflecting average volume growth in loans and deposits also contributed to the increase.
NIM was up 24 bps, mainly due to changes in product mix and the sustained impact of a higher rate environment. These factors were partially offset by competitive pricing pressures in deposits.
PCL increased $24 million or 5%, mainly due to higher provisions on impaired loans, largely in our Canadian personal and credit cards portfolios, resulting in an increase of 4 bps in the PCL on impaired loans ratio. This was partially offset by lower provisions on performing loans, largely driven by favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast.
Non-interest expense increased $291 million or 17%, of which $130 million reflects the inclusion of HSBC Canada non-interest expense. The remaining increase of $161 million or 9% was primarily due to higher staff-related costs, including severance, higher professional fees and ongoing technology investments.

Table of Contents
14   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Net income increased $99 million or 6% from last quarter, primarily driven by higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and average volume growth of 1% in Personal Banking – Canada.
Total revenue increased $153 million or 3%, primarily due to higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and average volume growth of 1% in deposits and 1% in loans in Personal Banking – Canada.
NIM was up 9 bps, mainly due to a favourable shift in product mix.
PCL increased $5 million or 1%, mainly due to higher provisions on impaired loans, largely in our Canadian residential mortgages portfolio, resulting in an increase of 5 bps in the PCL on impaired loans ratio. This was partially offset by lower provisions on performing loans, mainly driven by lower unfavourable changes in credit quality.
Non-interest expense decreased $18 million or 1%, as the prior period reflected higher marketing costs, lease exit costs and higher professional fees. These factors were partially offset by higher staff-related costs, primarily due to severance and seasonally higher compensation in the current quarter.
 
Commercial Banking
 
 
     As at or for the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
January 31
2025 
(1)
   
October 31
2024 
(1)
   
January 31
2024 
(2)
 
Net interest income
 
$
1,796
 
  $ 1,763     $ 1,282  
Non-interest
income
 
 
331
 
    314       331  
Total revenue
 
 
2,127
 
    2,077       1,613  
PCL on performing assets
 
 
31
 
    66       16  
PCL on impaired assets
 
 
308
 
    233       154  
PCL
 
 
339
 
    299       170  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
710
 
    713       542  
Income before income taxes
 
 
1,078
 
    1,065       901  
Net income
 
$
777
 
  $ 774     $ 650  
Selected balance sheet and other information
     
ROE
 
 
15.5%
    16.7%     23.0%
NIM
 
 
3.89%
    3.89%     4.33%
Efficiency ratio
 
 
33.4%
    34.3%     33.6%
Operating leverage
 
 
0.9%
    5.8%     1.3%
Average total earning assets, net
 
$
183,300
 
  $ 180,200     $ 117,800  
Average loans and acceptances, net
 
 
183,200
 
    180,600       136,000  
Average deposits
 
 
304,900
 
    301,900       256,300  
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.67%
    0.52%     0.45%
 
(1)   On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, which impacted results, balances and ratios for the periods ended January 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section.
(2)   Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation. For further details, refer to the About Royal Bank of Canada section.
Financial performance
Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024
Net income increased $127 million or 20% from a year ago. The inclusion of HSBC Canada results increased net income by $73 million. Excluding HSBC Canada results, net income increased $54 million or 8%, primarily driven by higher total revenue, partially offset by higher non-interest expenses.
Total revenue increased $514 million or 32%, of which $358 million reflects the inclusion of HSBC Canada revenue. The remaining increase of $156 million or 10% was primarily due to higher net interest income reflecting average volume growth of 10% in loans and acceptances. The increase also includes the impact of the cessation of Bankers’ Acceptance-based lending, which was largely offset in non-interest income, and average volume growth of 8% in deposits. These factors were partially offset by lower non-interest income, primarily in credit fees reflecting the impact of the cessation of Bankers’ Acceptance-based lending, which was largely offset in net interest income as noted above. Lower credit fees were also partially offset by higher service charges.
PCL increased $169 million or 99%, mainly due to higher provisions on impaired loans in the HSBC Canada portfolio in a few sectors, including the forest products, industrial products and consumer discretionary sectors, resulting in an increase of 22 bps in the PCL on impaired loans ratio.
Non-interest
expense increased $168 million or 31%, of which $106 million reflects the inclusion of HSBC Canada
non-interest
expense. The remaining increase of $62 million or 11% was primarily due to higher staff-related costs and higher professional fees.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Net income remained relatively flat from last quarter as higher total revenue was offset by higher PCL.
Total revenue increased $50 million or 2%, primarily due to higher net interest income reflecting average volume growth of 1% in loans and acceptances and 1% in deposits.
PCL increased $40 million or 13%, mainly due to higher provisions on impaired loans in a few sectors, including the consumer discretionary and forest products sectors, resulting in an increase of 15 bps in the PCL on impaired loans ratio. This was partially offset by lower provisions on performing loans, mainly driven by lower unfavourable changes in credit quality and favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast.
Non-interest
expense remained relatively flat.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   15
 
Wealth Management
 
 
     As at or for the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
January 31
2025 
(1)
   
October 31
2024
(1)
   
January 31
2024
(2)
 
Net interest income
 
$
1,394
 
  $ 1,282     $ 1,230  
Non-interest
income
 
 
4,174
 
    3,904       3,457  
Total revenue
 
 
5,568
 
    5,186       4,687  
PCL on performing assets
 
 
36
 
    (57 )      (27 ) 
PCL on impaired assets
 
 
45
 
    32       38  
PCL
 
 
81
 
    (25 )      11  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
4,204
 
    3,981       3,841  
Income before income taxes
 
 
1,283
 
    1,230       835  
Net income
 
$
980
 
  $ 969     $ 664  
Revenue by business
     
Canadian Wealth Management
 
$
1,693
 
  $ 1,554     $ 1,327  
U.S. Wealth Management (including City National)
 
 
2,466
 
    2,331       2,158  
U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) (US$ millions)
 
 
1,722
 
    1,709       1,609  
Global Asset Management
 
 
867
 
    768       725  
International Wealth Management
 
 
344
 
    350       317  
Investor Services
 
 
198
 
    183       160  
Selected balance sheet and other information
     
ROE
 
 
15.2%
 
    16.0%     11.5%
NIM
 
 
3.34%
 
    3.31%     3.25%
Pre-tax
margin
(3)
 
 
23.0%
 
    23.7%     17.8%
Number of advisors
(4)
 
 
6,180
 
    6,116       6,125  
Average total earning assets, net
 
$
165,700
 
  $ 153,900     $ 150,500  
Average loans and acceptances, net
 
 
122,100
 
    115,100       113,400  
Average deposits
 
 
183,700
 
    167,600       160,000  
AUA
(5)
 
 
 4,856,800
 
     4,685,900        4,249,500  
AUM
(5)
 
 
1,419,200
 
    1,332,500       1,141,200  
Average AUA
 
 
4,778,100
 
    4,621,700       4,204,100  
Average AUM
 
 
1,361,700
 
    1,289,500       1,122,100  
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.15%
    0.11%     0.13%
 
Estimated impact of U.S. dollar, British pound
and Euro translation on key income statement items
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
For the three
months ended
 
 
Q1 2025 vs.
Q1 2024
   
Q1 2025 vs.
Q4 2024
 
Increase (decrease):
   
Total revenue
 
$
200
 
 
$
129
 
PCL
 
 
6
 
 
 
5
 
Non-interest expense
 
 
158
 
 
 
102
 
Net income
 
 
29
 
 
 
18
 
Percentage change in average U.S. dollar equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
(6)%
 
 
 
(5)%
 
Percentage change in average British pound equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
(5)%
 
 
 
–%
 
Percentage change in average Euro equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
(2)%
 
 
 
1%
 
 
(1)   On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, which impacted results, balances and ratios for the periods ended January 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section.
(2)   Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation. For further details, refer to the About Royal Bank of Canada section.
(3)  
Pre-tax
margin is defined as Income before income taxes divided by Total revenue.
(4)   Represents client-facing advisors across all of our Wealth Management businesses.
(5)   Represents
period-end
spot balances.
Financial performance
Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024
Net income increased $316 million or 48% from a year ago, mainly due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales, which also drove higher variable compensation. The prior year also included the cost of the FDIC special assessment.
Total revenue increased $881 million or 19%.
Canadian Wealth Management revenue increased $366 million or 28%, mainly due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales. Higher transactional revenue, primarily driven by client activity, and higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and average volume growth in deposits also contributed to the increase.
U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) revenue increased $308 million or 14%. In U.S. dollars, revenue increased $113 million or 7%, primarily due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales.
Global Asset Management revenue increased $142 million or 20%, primarily due to higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales and higher performance fees. The inclusion of HSBC Canada revenue also contributed to the increase.
International Wealth Management revenue increased $27 million or 9%, primarily due to the impact of foreign exchange translation and higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation.

Table of Contents
16   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Investor Services revenue increased $38 million or 24%, mainly due to higher net interest income reflecting higher spreads and average volume growth in deposits.
PCL increased $70 million, primarily due to provisions taken on performing loans in the current quarter in U.S. Wealth Management (including City National), mainly reflecting unfavourable changes in credit quality outlook, including provisions related to the California wildfires, as compared to releases of provisions last year.
Non-interest expense increased $363 million or 9%, largely due to higher variable compensation commensurate with increased results, the impact of foreign exchange translation and higher staff costs. These factors were partially offset by the cost of the FDIC special assessment in the prior year.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Net income increased $11 million or 1% from last quarter, mainly reflecting revenue growth driven by higher fee-based client assets and net interest income. This was largely offset by higher expenses, primarily reflecting higher staff costs, including seasonally higher compensation, and higher PCL, which includes provisions related to the California wildfires.
Total revenue increased $382 million or 7%, mainly due to the impact of foreign exchange translation and higher fee-based client assets reflecting market appreciation and net sales. Higher net interest income reflecting higher average volume growth in deposits, higher performance fees, as well as higher transactional revenue, primarily driven by client activity, also contributed to the increase.
PCL was $81 million compared to $(25) million last quarter, primarily reflecting provisions taken on performing loans in the current quarter in U.S. Wealth Management (including City National), mainly driven by unfavourable changes in credit quality outlook, including provisions related to the California wildfires, as compared to releases of provisions last quarter.
Non-interest expense increased $223 million or 6%, primarily reflecting higher staff costs, including seasonally higher compensation, and the impact of foreign exchange translation.
 
Insurance
 
 
     As at or for the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
   
January 31
2024
 
Non-interest
income
     
Insurance service result
 
$
286
 
  $ 173     $ 187  
Insurance investment result
 
 
82
 
    66       141  
Other income
 
 
38
 
    39       35  
Total revenue
 
 
406
 
    278       363  
PCL
 
 
–
 
    –       1  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
87
 
    75       71  
Income before income taxes
 
 
319
 
    203       291  
Net income
 
$
272
 
  $ 162     $ 220  
Selected balances and other information
     
ROE
 
 
 49.9%
 
     31.7%      40.5%
Premiums and deposits
(1)
 
$
2,317
 
  $ 1,502     $ 1,346  
Contractual service margin (CSM)
(2)
 
 
2,008
 
    2,137       1,977  
 
(1)   Premiums and deposits include premiums on risk-based individual and group insurance and annuity products as well as segregated fund deposits, consistent with insurance industry practices.
(2)   Represents the CSM of insurance contract assets and liabilities net of reinsurance contract held assets and liabilities. For insurance contracts, the CSM represents the unearned profit (net inflows) for providing insurance coverage. For reinsurance contracts held, the CSM represents the net cost or net gain of purchasing reinsurance. The CSM is not applicable to contracts measured using the premium allocation approach.
Financial performance
Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024
Net income increased $52 million or 24% from a year ago, primarily due to higher insurance service result driven by the impact of reinsurance contract recaptures and improved claims experience across the majority of our products. Lower taxes reflecting changes in earnings mix also contributed to the increase. This was partially offset by lower insurance investment result, primarily reflecting higher favourable investment-related experience in the prior period on transition to IFRS 17.
Total revenue increased $43 million or 12%, primarily due to higher insurance service result, partially offset by lower insurance investment result, as noted above.
Non-interest
expense increased $16 million or 23%, primarily due to higher staff-related costs, including severance.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Net income increased $110 million or 68% from last quarter, primarily due to higher insurance service result driven by the impact of reinsurance contract recaptures, adjustments relating to deferred acquisition expenses in the prior period and improved claims experience.
Total revenue increased $128 million or 46%, primarily due to higher insurance service result, as noted above.
Non-interest
expense increased $12 million or 16%, primarily due to higher staff-related costs, including severance, and ongoing technology investments.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   17
 
Capital Markets
 
 
    
As at or for the three months ended
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
January 31
2025 
(1)
   
October 31 
2024
(1)
   
January 31
2024
 
Net interest income
(2)
 
$
918
 
  $ 941     $ 661  
Non-interest income
(2)
 
 
2,838
 
    1,962       2,290  
Total revenue
(2)
 
 
3,756
 
    2,903       2,951  
PCL on performing assets
 
 
(63
) 
    68       6  
PCL on impaired assets
 
 
205
 
    14       161  
PCL
 
 
142
 
    82       167  
Non-interest expense
 
 
2,041
 
    1,897       1,642  
Income before income taxes
 
 
1,573
 
    924       1,142  
Net income
 
$
1,432
 
  $ 985     $ 1,154  
Revenue by business
     
Corporate & Investment Banking
(3), (4)
 
$
1,715
 
  $ 1,537     $ 1,380  
Global Markets
(3)
 
 
2,079
 
    1,349       1,682  
Other
(4)
 
 
(38
) 
    17       (111 ) 
Selected balance sheet and other information
     
ROE
 
 
14.9%
    11.8%     14.6%
Average total assets
 
$
 1,326,700
 
  $  1,099,000     $  1,194,900  
Average trading securities
 
 
211,600
 
    173,700       204,100  
Average loans and acceptances, net
 
 
159,700
 
    148,700       142,100  
Average deposits
 
 
360,300
 
    301,100       292,500  
PCL on impaired loans as a % of average net loans and acceptances
 
 
0.51%
    0.04%     0.45%
 
Estimated impact of U.S. dollar, British pound
and Euro translation on key income statement items
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
For the three
months ended
 
 
Q1 2025 vs.
Q1 2024
          
Q1 2025 vs.
Q4 2024
 
Increase (decrease):
     
Total revenue
 
$
226
 
   
$
145
 
PCL
 
 
7
 
   
 
2
 
Non-interest expense
 
 
89
 
   
 
54
 
Net income
 
 
113
 
         
 
77
 
Percentage change in average U.S. dollar equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
(6)%
 
   
 
(5)%
 
Percentage change in average British pound equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
(5)%
 
   
 
–%
 
Percentage change in average Euro equivalent of C$1.00
 
 
(2)%
 
         
 
1%
 
 
(1)   On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, which impacted results, balances and ratios for the periods ended January 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section.
(2)   The taxable equivalent basis (teb) adjustment for the three months ended January 31, 2025 was $26 million (October 31, 2024 – $13 million; January 31, 2024 – $54 million). For further discussion, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section of our 2024 Annual Report.
(3)   Effective the third quarter of 2024, we moved the majority of our debt origination business from Global Markets to Corporate & Investment Banking. Comparative amounts for the three months ended January 31, 2024 have been revised from those previously presented.
(4)   Comparative amounts have been revised from those previously presented.
Financial performance
Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024
Net income increased $278 million or 24% from a year ago, primarily driven by higher revenue in Corporate & Investment Banking and Global Markets, as well as the impact of foreign exchange translation. These factors were partially offset by higher compensation on increased results and higher taxes including the impact of Pillar Two legislation and changes in earnings mix.
Total revenue increased $80
5 million or
27%.
Corporate & Investment Banking revenue increased $335 million or 24%, mainly due to the impact of loan underwriting markdowns in the prior year, higher loan syndication activity in North America, higher lending revenue in Europe and Canada, as well as higher debt origination primarily in the U.S. The impact of foreign exchange translation also contributed to the increase.
Global Markets revenue increased $397 million or 24%, mainly due to the impact of foreign exchange translation, higher equity trading revenue across most regions and higher foreign exchange trading revenue primarily in Canada.
Other revenue improved $73 million or 66%, largely reflecting lower residual funding and capital costs.
PCL decreased $25 million or 15%, mainly due to lower provisions on impaired loans in the real estate and related sector. This was partially offset by a higher provision taken on one account in the other services sector tha
t mig
rated from performing to impaired during the current quarter and resulted in releases of provisions on performing loans and higher provisions taken on impaired loans. The PCL on impaired loans ratio increased 6 bps.
Non-interest
expense increased $399 million or 24%, mainly driven by higher compensation on increased results, the impact of foreign exchange translation and ongoing technology investments.

Table of Contents
18   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Net income increased $447 million or 45% from last quarter, mainly due to higher revenue in Global Markets. Higher revenue in Corporate & Investment Banking also contributed to the increase. These factors were partially offset by higher compensation on increased results and higher taxes including the impact of Pillar Two legislation and cha
nges in earnin
gs mix.
Total revenue increased $853 million or 29%, mainly due to higher fixed income, equity and foreign exchange trading revenue across most regions. The impact of foreign exchange translation also contributed to the increase.
PCL increased $60 million or 73%, primarily due to a higher provision taken on one account in the other services sector that migrated from performing to impaired during the current quarter and resulted in releases of provisions on performing loans and higher provisions taken on impaired loans.
Non-interest
expense increased $144 million or 8%, largely driven by higher compensation on increased results and the impact of foreign exchange translation. These factors were partially offset by the impact of higher legal provisions in the prior quarter.
 
Corporate Support
 
 
     For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
   
January 31
2024
 
Net interest income (loss)
(1)
 
$
335
 
  $ 339     $ 305  
Non-interest
income (loss)
(1), (2)
 
 
(264
) 
    (367 )      (465 ) 
Total revenue
(1), (2)
 
 
71
 
    (28 )      (160 ) 
PCL
 
 
–
 
    1       –  
Non-interest
expense
(2)
 
 
199
 
    320       504  
Income (loss) before income taxes
(1)
 
 
(128
) 
    (349 )      (664 ) 
Income taxes (recoveries)
(1)
 
 
(120
) 
    (102 )      (205 ) 
Net income (loss)
 
$
(8
) 
  $ (247 )    $ (459 ) 
 
(1)   Teb adjusted.
(2)   Revenue for the three months ended January 31, 2025 included gains of $112 million (October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024 – gains of $47 million and gains of $222 million, respectively) on economic hedges of our U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) share-based compensation plans, and
non-interest
expense included $108 million (October 31, 2024 and January 31, 2024 – $50 million and $206 million, respectively) of share-based compensation expense driven by changes in the fair value of liabilities relating to our U.S. Wealth Management (including City National) share-based compensation plans.
Due to the nature of activities and consolidation adjustments reported in this segment, we believe that a comparative period analysis is not relevant.
Total revenue and Income taxes (recoveries) in Corporate Support include the deduction of the teb adjustment related to
gross-up
of income from the U.S. tax credit investment business and income from Canadian taxable corporate dividends received on or before December 31, 2023 that are recorded in Capital Markets. For further details on the elimination of the availability of the dividend received deduction for Canadian taxable corporate dividends after December 31, 2023, refer to the Legal and regulatory environment risk section in our 2024 Annual Report.
The teb amount for the three months ended January 31, 2025 was $26 million, compared to $13 million in the prior quarter and $54 million in the same quarter last year.
The following identifies the material items, other than the teb impacts noted previously, affecting the reported results in each period.
Q1 2025
Net loss was $8 million.
Q4 2024
Net loss was $247 million, primarily due to the
after-tax
impact of HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs of $134 million, which is treated as a specified item. Residual unallocated costs also contributed to the net loss.
Q1 2024
Net loss was $459 million, primarily due to the
after-tax
impact of HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs of $218 million and the
after-tax
impact of management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction of $207 million, both of which are treated as specified items.
For further details on specified items, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   19
 
Quarterly results and trend analysis
 
Our quarterly results are impacted by a number of trends and recurring factors, which include seasonality of certain businesses, general economic and market conditions, and fluctuations in the Canadian dollar relative to other currencies. The following table summarizes our results for the last eight quarters (the period):
Quarterly results
(1)
 
    
2025
           2024            2023  
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except per share and percentage amounts)
 
Q1
(2)
           Q4
(2)
    Q3 
(2)
    Q2 
(2)
    Q1            Q4     Q3     Q2  
Personal Banking
 
$
4,811
 
    $ 4,658     $ 4,490     $ 4,163     $ 4,031       $ 4,009     $ 3,898     $ 3,711  
Commercial Banking
 
 
2,127
 
      2,077       2,036       1,656       1,613         1,565       1,511       1,433  
Wealth Management
 
 
5,568
 
      5,186       4,964       4,789       4,687         4,332       4,556       4,548  
Insurance
 
 
406
 
      278       285       298       363         248       336       272  
Capital Markets
(3)
 
 
3,756
 
      2,903       3,004       3,154       2,951         2,564       2,679       2,662  
Corporate Support
(3)
 
 
71
 
            (28 )      (148 )      94       (160 )              (33 )      (3 )      (181 ) 
Total revenue
 
 
 16,739
 
       15,074        14,631        14,154        13,485          12,685        12,977        12,445  
PCL
 
 
1,050
 
      840       659       920       813         720       616       600  
Non-interest
expense
 
 
9,256
 
            9,019       8,599       8,308       8,324               8,059       7,765       7,400  
Income before income taxes
 
 
6,433
 
      5,215       5,373       4,926       4,348         3,906       4,596       4,445  
Income taxes
 
 
1,302
 
            993       887       976       766               (33 )      736       765  
Net income
 
$
5,131
 
          $ 4,222     $ 4,486     $ 3,950     $ 3,582             $ 3,939     $ 3,860     $ 3,680  
EPS  – basic
 
$
3.54
 
    $ 2.92     $ 3.09     $ 2.75     $ 2.50       $ 2.77     $ 2.73     $ 2.60  
   – diluted
 
 
3.54
 
            2.91       3.09       2.74       2.50               2.76       2.73       2.60  
Effective income tax rate
 
 
20.2%
 
      19.0%     16.5%     19.8%     17.6%       (0.8)%       16.0%     17.2%
Period average US$ equivalent of C$1.00
 
$
0.699
 
          $ 0.733     $ 0.730     $ 0.734     $ 0.745             $ 0.732     $ 0.750     $ 0.737  
 
(1)   Fluctuations in the Canadian dollar relative to other foreign currencies have affected our consolidated results over the period.
(2)   On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, and are included in our Personal Banking, Commercial Banking, Wealth Management and Capital Markets segments. For further details, refer to the Key corporate events section.
(3)   Teb adjusted. For further discussion, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section of our 2024 Annual Report.
Seasonality
Seasonal factors may impact our results in certain quarters. The first quarter has historically been stronger for our Capital Markets businesses. The second quarter has fewer days than the other quarters, which generally results in a decrease in net interest income and certain expense items. The third and fourth quarters include the summer months, which generally results in lower client activity and may negatively impact the results of our Capital Markets trading business.
Trend analysis
Earnings over the period have been impacted by the factors noted below.
Personal Banking revenue has benefitted from volume growth in loans and deposits over the period. NIM has been favourably impacted by changes in product mix and the higher interest rate environment, partially offset by competitive pricing pressures. HSBC Canada revenue has been included since the transaction closed on March 28, 2024.
Commercial Banking revenue has benefitted from volume growth in loans and deposits over the period. HSBC Canada revenue has been included since the transaction closed on March 28, 2024.
Wealth Management revenue has generally benefitted from growth in
fee-based
client assets, which is influenced by market conditions. On July 3, 2023, we completed the sale of the European asset servicing activities of RBC Investor Services
®
and its associated Malaysian centre of excellence. The fourth quarter of 2023 reflected impairment losses on our interest in an associated company.
Insurance revenue reflects fluctuations in market conditions and insurance experience. New business gains are deferred through CSM and new business losses are reflected through insurance service result. In the first quarter of 2025, insurance revenue also reflected the impact of reinsurance contract recaptures.
Capital Markets revenue is influenced, to a large extent, by market conditions that impact client activity. While investment banking fee pools were muted in 2023, we saw an increase in activity beginning the second quarter of 2024. Over the period, we have seen improving client activity across all major products. Sales & trading activity improved in 2023 and carried increasingly strong momentum into 2024 and 2025 as market conditions continued to be constructive.
PCL is comprised of provisions taken on performing assets and provisions taken on impaired assets. PCL on performing assets fluctuated over the period as it is impacted by changes in credit quality, macroeconomic conditions and exposures. Provisions on performing assets over the period have generally been reflective of unfavourable changes in credit quality. During the early part of the period, there were unfavourable changes in our macroeconomic forecast. Starting in 2024, we have seen improvements in our macroeconomic forecast. The second quarter of 2024 includes initial PCL on performing loans purchased in the HSBC Canada transaction. PCL on impaired assets has generally trended upwards over the period.
Non-interest
expense has been impacted by fluctuations in variable compensation over the period, commensurate with fluctuations in revenue and earnings. Changes in the fair value of our U.S. share-based compensation plans, which are largely offset in revenue, have also contributed to fluctuations over the period and are impacted by market conditions. While we continue to focus on efficiency management activities, expenses over the period also reflect investments in staff and technology. Beginning in fiscal 2023, expenses have also included HSBC Canada transaction and integration costs. HSBC Canada
non-interest
expenses have been included since the transaction closed on March 28, 2024.

Table of Contents
20   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Our effective income tax rate has fluctuated over the period, mostly due to varying levels of tax adjustments and changes in earnings mix. The fourth quarter of 2023 reflects the recognition of deferred tax assets relating to realized losses in City National associated with the intercompany sale of certain debt securities. The first quarter of 2025 reflects the impact of Pillar Two legislation, which became effective for us beginning November 1, 2024.
 
Financial condition
 
 
Condensed balance sheets
 
 
        As at       
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
 
Assets
   
Cash and due from banks
 
$
71,200
 
  $ 56,723  
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
 
 
47,924
 
    66,020  
Securities, net of applicable allowance
(1)
 
 
488,025
 
    439,918  
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
 
280,451
 
    350,803  
Loans
   
Retail
 
 
633,400
 
    626,978  
Wholesale
 
 
379,250
 
    360,439  
Allowance for loan losses
 
 
(6,600
) 
    (6,037 ) 
Other – Derivatives
 
 
153,686
 
    150,612  
     – Other
 
 
143,690
 
    126,126  
Total assets
 
$
2,191,026
 
  $ 2,171,582  
Liabilities
   
Deposits
 
$
1,441,940
 
  $ 1,409,531  
Other – Derivatives
 
 
161,590
 
    163,763  
     – Other
 
 
440,563
 
    457,550  
Subordinated debentures
 
 
13,670
 
    13,546  
Total liabilities
 
 
2,057,763
 
    2,044,390  
Equity attributable to shareholders
 
 
133,167
 
    127,089  
Non-controlling
interests
 
 
96
 
    103  
Total equity
 
 
133,263
 
    127,192  
Total liabilities and equity
 
$
 2,191,026
 
  $  2,171,582  
 
(1)   Securities are comprised of trading and investment securities.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Total assets increased $19 billion or 1% from October 31, 2024. Foreign exchange translation increased total assets by $129 billion.
Cash and due from banks increased $14 billion or 26%, primarily due to higher deposits with central banks reflecting short-term cash management activities.
Interest-bearing deposits with banks decreased $18 billion or 27%, mainly due to lower deposits with central banks reflecting cash management activities.
Securities, net of applicable allowance, increased $48 billion or 11%, primarily due to higher government debt securities reflecting liquidity management activities and favourable market opportunities. The impact of foreign exchange translation also contributed to the increase.
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements (reverse repos) and securities borrowed decreased $70 billion or 20%, primarily reflecting decreased client financing activity.
Loans (net of Allowance for loan losses) increased $25 billion or 3%, primarily due to volume growth in wholesale loans and residential mortgages and the impact of foreign exchange translation.
Derivative assets increased $3 billion or 2%, mainly attributable to the impact of foreign exchange translation, largely offset by lower fair values on foreign exchange contracts.
Other assets increased $18 billion or 14%, largely due to higher cash collateral and higher commodity trading receivables reflecting market conditions and client activity. The impact of foreign exchange translation also contributed to the increase.
Total liabilities increased $13 billion or 1%. Foreign exchange translation increased total liabilities by $129 billion.
Deposits increased $32 billion or 2%, mainly attributable to the impact of foreign exchange translation, higher demand deposits driven by client activity and higher business and government term deposits driven by liquidity management activities, partially offset by lower bank term deposits reflecting decreased client activity.
Derivative liabilities decreased $2 billion or 1%, mainly attributable to lower fair values on foreign exchange contracts and lower equity contracts, largely offset by the impact of foreign exchange translation.
Other liabilities decreased $17 billion or 4%, mainly due to lower obligations related to repurchase agreements (repos) reflecting decreased client financing activity, partially offset by higher securities sold short and the impact of foreign exchange translation.
Total equity increased $6 billion or 5%, reflecting earnings, net of dividends, the impact of foreign currency translation and the issuance of limited recourse capital notes.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   21
 
 
Off-balance
sheet arrangements
 
In the normal course of business, we engage in a variety of financial transactions that, for accounting purposes, are not recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Off-balance
sheet transactions are generally undertaken for risk, capital and funding management purposes which benefit us and our clients. These include transactions with structured entities and may also include the purchase or issuance of guarantees. These transactions give rise to, among other risks, varying degrees of market, credit, liquidity and funding risks, which are discussed in the Risk management section of this Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders.
Our significant
off-balance
sheet transactions include those described on pages 64 to 66 of our 2024 Annual Report.
 
Risk management
 
 
Credit risk
 
Credit risk is the risk of loss associated with an obligor’s potential inability or unwillingness to fulfill its contractual obligations on a timely basis and may arise directly from the risk of default of a primary obligor (e.g., issuer, debtor, counterparty, borrower or policyholder), indirectly from a secondary obligor (e.g., guarantor or reinsurer), through
off-balance
sheet exposures, contingent credit risk, associated credit risk and/or transactional risk. Credit risk includes counterparty credit risk arising from both trading and
non-trading
activities.
Our Enterprise Credit Risk Management Framework (ECRMF) and supporting credit policies are designed to clearly define roles and responsibilities, acceptable practices, limits and key controls. There have been no material changes to our ECRMF as described in our 2024 Annual Report.

Table of Contents
22   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Residential mortgages and home equity lines of credit (insured vs. uninsured)
(1)
Residential mortgages and home equity lines of credit are secured by residential properties. The following table presents a breakdown by geographic region.
 
    
As at January 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except percentage amounts)
 
Residential mortgages
       
Home equity
lines of credit 
(2)
 
 
Insured 
(3)
        
Uninsured
        
Total
        
Total
 
Region
(4)
                 
Canada
                 
Atlantic provinces
 
$
8,713
 
 
 
42
% 
   
$
11,921
 
 
 
58
% 
   
$
20,634
 
   
$
1,683
 
Quebec
 
 
11,639
 
 
 
25
 
   
 
35,405
 
 
 
75
 
   
 
47,044
 
   
 
3,332
 
Ontario
 
 
31,709
 
 
 
14
 
   
 
191,308
 
 
 
86
 
   
 
223,017
 
   
 
17,998
 
Alberta
 
 
18,584
 
 
 
43
 
   
 
24,818
 
 
 
57
 
   
 
43,402
 
   
 
4,410
 
Saskatchewan and Manitoba
 
 
8,437
 
 
 
41
 
   
 
12,313
 
 
 
59
 
   
 
20,750
 
   
 
1,674
 
B.C. and territories
 
 
12,432
 
 
 
14
 
     
 
75,981
 
 
 
86
 
     
 
88,413
 
     
 
8,081
 
Total Canada
(5)
 
 
91,514
 
 
 
21
 
   
 
351,746
 
 
 
79
 
   
 
443,260
 
   
 
37,178
 
U.S.
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
35,235
 
 
 
100
 
   
 
35,235
 
   
 
2,320
 
Other International
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
     
 
3,427
 
 
 
100
 
     
 
3,427
 
     
 
1,411
 
Total International
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
     
 
38,662
 
 
 
100
 
     
 
38,662
 
     
 
3,731
 
Total
 
$
 91,514
 
 
 
19
% 
     
$
 390,408
 
 
 
81
% 
     
$
 481,922
 
     
$
 40,909
 
 
     As at October 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars,
except percentage amounts)
  Residential mortgages         Home equity
lines of credit (2)
 
  Insured (3)          Uninsured          Total          Total  
Region
(4)
                 
Canada
                 
Atlantic provinces
  $ 8,692       43 %      $ 11,688       57 %      $ 20,380       $ 1,704  
Quebec
    11,781       25         35,129       75         46,910         3,346  
Ontario
    32,011       14         189,638       86         221,649         18,173  
Alberta
    18,804       43         24,459       57         43,263         4,448  
Saskatchewan and Manitoba
    8,549       41         12,258       59         20,807         1,718  
B.C. and territories
    12,607       14           75,575       86           88,182           8,061  
Total Canada
(5)
    92,444       21         348,747       79         441,191         37,450  
U.S.
    –       –         33,092       100         33,092         2,144  
Other International
    –       –           3,261       100           3,261           1,421  
Total International
    –       –           36,353       100           36,353           3,565  
Total
  $  92,444       19 %        $  385,100       81 %        $  477,544         $  41,015  
 
  (1)   Disclosure is provided in accordance with the requirements of OSFI’s Guideline
B-20
(Residential Mortgage Underwriting Practices and Procedures).
 
  (2)   Includes $40,892 million and $17 million of uninsured and insured home equity lines of credit, respectively (October 31, 2024 – $40,998 million and $17 million, respectively), reported within the personal loan category. The amounts in U.S. and Other International include term loans collateralized by residential properties.  
  (3)   Insured residential mortgages are mortgages whereby our exposure to default is mitigated by insurance through the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation or other private mortgage default insurers.  
  (4)   Region is based upon the address of the property mortgaged. The Atlantic provinces are comprised of Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; B.C. and territories are comprised of British Columbia, Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon.  
  (5)   Total consolidated residential mortgages in Canada of $443 billion (October 31, 2024 – $441 billion) includes $12 billion (October 31, 2024 – $12 billion) of mortgages with commercial clients in Commercial Banking, of which $9 billion (October 31, 2024 – $9 billion) are insured, and $18 billion (October 31, 2024 – $18 billion) of residential mortgages in Capital Markets, of which $18 billion (October 31, 2024 – $18 billion) are held for securitization purposes. All of the residential mortgages held for securitization purposes are insured (October 31, 2024 – all insured).
Residential mortgages portfolio by amortization period
(1)
The following table provides a summary of the percentage of residential mortgages that fall within the remaining amortization periods based upon current customer payment amounts, which incorporate payments larger than the minimum contractual amount and/or higher frequency of payments.
 
      As at      
    
January 31  
2025  
     
   October 31
   2024
     
Canada 
(2)
 
U.S. and other
International
  
Total
       Canada (2)   U.S. and other
International
  Total
Amortization period
               
≤
25 years
  
 
68
% 
 
 
33
% 
  
 
66
% 
      62 %      31 %      60 % 
> 25 years
≤
30 years
  
 
32
 
 
 
67
 
  
 
34
 
      28       69       30  
> 30 years
≤
35 years
  
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
  
 
–
 
        10       –       10  
Total
  
 
100
% 
 
 
100
% 
  
 
100
% 
        100 %      100 %      100 % 
 
  (1)   Disclosure is provided in accordance with the requirements of OSFI’s Guideline
B-20
(Residential Mortgage Underwriting Practices and Procedures).
 
  (2)   Our policy is to originate mortgages with amortization periods of 30 years or less. Amortization periods greater than 30 years reflect the impact of increases in interest rates on our variable rate mortgage portfolios. For these loans, the amortization period resets to the original amortization schedule upon renewal. We do not originate mortgage products with a structure that would result in negative amortization, as payments on variable rate mortgages automatically increase to ensure accrued interest is covered.  

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   23
 
Average
loan-to-value
(LTV) ratios
(1)
The following table provides a summary of our average LTV ratios for newly originated and acquired uninsured residential mortgages and RBC Homeline Plan
®
products by geographic region, as well as the respective LTV ratios for our total Canadian Banking residential mortgage portfolio outstanding.
 
     For the three months ended  
   
January 31
2025
       
October 31
2024
   
Uninsured
         Uninsured
    
Residential
mortgages 
(2)
   
RBC Homeline
Plan products 
(3)
       Residential
mortgages (2)
  RBC Homeline
Plan products (3)
Average of newly originated and acquired for the period, by region
(4)
         
Atlantic provinces
 
 
70
% 
 
 
70
% 
      70 %      69 % 
Quebec
 
 
70
 
 
 
70
 
      71       70  
Ontario
 
 
70
 
 
 
64
 
      70       64  
Alberta
 
 
71
 
 
 
69
 
      72       69  
Saskatchewan and Manitoba
 
 
72
 
 
 
72
 
      73       72  
B.C. and territories
 
 
67
 
 
 
63
 
      67       61  
U.S.
 
 
71
 
 
 
n.m.
 
      72       n.m.
Other International
 
 
73
 
 
 
n.m.
 
        66       n.m.
Average of newly originated and acquired for the period
(5),
(6)
 
 
70
% 
 
 
66
% 
        70 %      65 % 
Total Canadian Banking residential mortgages portfolio
(7)
 
 
57
% 
 
 
48
% 
        56 %      47 % 
 
  (1)   Disclosure is provided in accordance with the requirements of OSFI’s Guideline
B-20
(Residential Mortgage Underwriting Practices and Procedures).
 
  (2)   Residential mortgages exclude residential mortgages within the RBC Homeline Plan products.  
  (3)   RBC Homeline Plan products are comprised of both residential mortgages and home equity lines of credit.  
  (4)   Region is based upon the address of the property mortgaged. The Atlantic provinces are comprised of Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick; B.C. and territories are comprised of British Columbia, Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon.  
  (5)   The average LTV ratios for newly originated and acquired uninsured residential mortgages and RBC Homeline Plan products are calculated on a weighted basis by mortgage amounts at origination.  
  (6)   For newly originated mortgages and RBC Homeline Plan products, LTV is calculated based on the total facility amount for the residential mortgage and RBC Homeline Plan product divided by the value of the related residential property.  
  (7)   Weighted by mortgage balances and adjusted for property values based on the Teranet-National Bank
House Price Index
‡
.
 
  n.m.   not meaningful  
Net International wholesale exposure by region, asset type and client type
(1), (2)
The following table provides a breakdown of our credit risk exposure by region, asset type and client type.
 
     As at  
   
January 31
2025
       
October 31
2024
 
   
Asset type
       
Client type
                     
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Loans
Outstanding
   
Securities 
(3)
   
Repo-style
transactions
   
Derivatives
        
Financials
   
Sovereign
   
Corporate
        
Total
         Total  
Europe (excluding U.K.)
 
$
17,415
 
 
$
33,383
 
 
$
7,029
 
 
$
4,468
 
   
$
28,632
 
 
$
15,641
 
 
$
18,022
 
   
$
62,295
 
    $ 52,307  
U.K.
 
 
13,743
 
 
 
23,203
 
 
 
4,148
 
 
 
2,361
 
   
 
16,867
 
 
 
14,922
 
 
 
11,666
 
   
 
43,455
 
      36,311  
Caribbean
 
 
6,850
 
 
 
12,323
 
 
 
2,895
 
 
 
1,027
 
   
 
9,891
 
 
 
4,528
 
 
 
8,676
 
   
 
23,095
 
      22,612  
Asia-Pacific
 
 
6,027
 
 
 
39,809
 
 
 
4,788
 
 
 
1,577
 
   
 
20,443
 
 
 
27,603
 
 
 
4,155
 
   
 
52,201
 
      43,874  
Other
(4)
 
 
2,049
 
 
 
1,601
 
 
 
3,485
 
 
 
78
 
     
 
3,114
 
 
 
1,963
 
 
 
2,136
 
     
 
7,213
 
        8,022  
Net International exposure 
(5), (6)
 
$
 46,084
 
 
$
 110,319
 
 
$
 22,345
 
 
$
 9,511
 
     
$
 78,947
 
 
$
 64,657
 
 
$
 44,655
 
     
$
 188,259
 
      $  163,126  
 
(1)   Geographic profile is based on country of risk, which reflects our assessment of the geographic risk associated with a given exposure. Typically, this is the residence of the borrower.
(2)   Exposures are calculated on a fair value basis and net of collateral, which includes $424 billion against repo-style transactions (October 31, 2024 – $459 billion) and $15 billion against derivatives (October 31, 2024 – $16 billion).
(3)   Securities include $20 billion of trading securities (October 31, 2024 – $14 billion), $37 billion of deposits (October 31, 2024 – $29 billion), and $53 billion of investment securities (October 31, 2024 – $44 billion).
(4)   Includes exposures in the Middle East, Africa and Latin America.
(5)   Excludes $7,387 million (October 31, 2024 – $6,950 million) of exposures to supranational agencies.
(6)   Reflects $5,912 million of mitigation through credit default swaps, which are largely used to hedge single name exposures and market risk (October 31, 2024 – $4,296 million).

Table of Contents
24   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Credit quality performance
The following credit quality performance tables and analysis provide information on loans, which represents loans, acceptances and commitments, and other financial assets:
Gross impaired loans
 
     As at and for the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
 
Personal Banking
 
$
1,822
 
  $ 1,652  
Commercial Banking
 
 
2,742
 
    2,372  
Wealth Management
 
 
482
 
    508  
Capital Markets
 
 
2,830
 
    1,335  
Total GIL
 
$
7,876
 
  $ 5,867  
Impaired loans, beginning balance
 
$
  5,867
 
  $ 5,685  
Classified as impaired during the period (new impaired)
(1)
 
 
3,044
 
    1,343  
Net repayments
(1)
 
 
(293
) 
    (354 ) 
Amounts written off
 
 
(581
) 
    (721 ) 
Other
(2)
 
 
(161
) 
    (86 ) 
Impaired loans, balance at end of period
 
$
7,876
 
  $   5,867  
GIL as a % of related loans and acceptances
   
Total GIL as a % of related loans and acceptances
 
 
0.78%
 
    0.59%
Personal Banking
 
 
0.34%
 
    0.31%
Personal Banking – Canada
 
 
0.29%
 
    0.26%
Commercial Banking
 
 
1.47%
 
    1.29%
Wealth Management
 
 
0.38%
 
    0.42%
Capital Markets
 
 
1.74%
 
    0.88%
 
(1)   Certain GIL movements for Personal Banking – Canada retail and wholesale portfolios are generally allocated to new impaired, as Net repayments and certain Other movements are not reasonably determinable. Certain GIL movements for Caribbean Banking retail and wholesale portfolios are generally allocated to Net repayments and new impaired, as Net repayments and certain Other movements are not reasonably determinable.
(2)   Includes return to performing status during the period, recoveries of loans and advances previously written off, sold, amounts related to foreclosed properties held as investment properties and interests in joint ventures for certain
co-lending
arrangements, foreign exchange translation and other movements.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Total GIL increased $2,009 million or 34% from last quarter and the total GIL ratio of 78 bps increased 19 bps, mainly due to higher impaired loans in Capital Markets and Commercial Banking.
GIL in Personal Banking increased $170 million or 10%, primarily due to higher impaired loans in our Canadian residential mortgages portfolio.
GIL in Commercial Banking increased $370 million or 16%, mainly due to higher impaired loans in a few sectors, including the real estate and related and transportation sectors.
GIL in Wealth Management decreased $26 million or 5%, mainly driven by lower impaired loans in a few sectors, including the investments and real estate and related sectors.
GIL in Capital Markets increased $1,495 million, mainly due to one account in the other services sector.
Allowance for credit losses (ACL)
 
      As at  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
 
Personal Banking
 
$
3,385
 
  $ 3,273  
Commercial Banking
 
 
1,882
 
    1,626  
Wealth Management
 
 
521
 
    466  
Capital Markets
 
 
1,144
 
    986  
Corporate Support and other
 
 
1
 
    1  
ACL on loans
 
 
6,933
 
    6,352  
ACL on other financial assets
(1)
 
 
12
 
    12  
Total ACL
 
$
6,945
 
  $ 6,364  
ACL on loans is comprised of:
 
 
       
 
 
Retail
 
$
3,121
 
  $ 3,011  
Wholesale
 
 
1,827
 
    1,825  
ACL on performing loans
 
$
4,948
 
  $   4,836  
ACL on impaired loans
 
 
1,985
 
    1,516  
 
(1)   ACL on other financial assets mainly represents allowances on debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, accounts receivable and financial guarantees.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Total ACL increased $581 million or 9% from last quarter, reflecting an increase in ACL on loans.
ACL on performing loans increased $112 million or 2%, due to unfavourable changes in credit quality, the impact of foreign exchange translation and portfolio growth, partially offset by migration to impaired in Capital Markets and favourable changes to our macroeconomic forecast.
ACL on impaired loans increased $469 million or 31%, primarily in Commercial Banking and Capital Markets.
For further details, refer to Note 5 of our Condensed Financial Statements.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   25
 
Market risk
 
Market risk is defined to be the impact of market factors and prices upon our financial condition. This includes potential financial gains or losses due to changes in market-determined variables such as interest rates, credit spreads, equity prices, commodity prices, foreign exchange rates and implied volatilities. There have been no material changes to our Market Risk Management Framework from the framework described in our 2024 Annual Report. Using that framework, we continuously seek to ensure that our market risk exposure is consistent with risk appetite constraints set by the Board of Directors.
Market risk controls include limits on probabilistic measures of potential loss in trading positions, such as
Value-at-Risk
(VaR) and stress testing. Market risk controls are also in place to manage Interest Rate Risk in the Banking Book (IRRBB). To monitor and control IRRBB, we assess two primary metrics, Net Interest Income (NII) risk and Economic Value of Equity (EVE) risk, under a range of market shocks, scenarios, and time horizons. There has been no material change to the VaR or IRRBB measurement methodology, controls, or limits from those described in our 2024 Annual Report. For further details on our approach to the management of market risk, refer to the Market risk section of our 2024 Annual Report.
Market risk measures – FVTPL positions
VaR and Trading VaR
The following table presents our Market risk VaR and Trading VaR figures:
 
    
January 31, 2025
         October 31, 2024          January 31, 2024  
         
For the three
months ended
              For the three
months ended
              For the three
months ended
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
As at
   
Average
   
High
   
Low
         As at     Average          As at     Average  
Equity
 
$
13
 
 
$
15
 
 
$
23
 
 
$
12
 
    $ 23     $ 21       $ 10     $ 9  
Foreign exchange
 
 
6
 
 
 
4
 
 
 
7
 
 
 
2
 
      6       6         3       4  
Commodities
 
 
7
 
 
 
7
 
 
 
11
 
 
 
5
 
      11       8         5       5  
Interest rate
(1)
 
 
22
 
 
 
23
 
 
 
28
 
 
 
19
 
      23       30         30       34  
Credit specific
(2)
 
 
8
 
 
 
8
 
 
 
9
 
 
 
7
 
      8       8         8       7  
Diversification
(3)
 
 
(33
) 
 
 
(32
) 
 
 
n.m.
 
 
 
n.m.
 
        (37 )      (44 )          (31 )      (29 ) 
Trading VaR
 
$
23
 
 
$
25
 
 
$
35
 
 
$
20
 
      $ 34     $ 29         $ 25     $ 30  
Total VaR
 
$
26
 
 
$
32
 
 
$
40
 
 
$
25
 
      $ 34     $ 34         $ 123     $ 122  
 
(1)   General credit spread risk and funding spread risk associated with uncollateralized derivatives are included under interest rate VaR.
(2)   Credit specific risk captures issuer-specific credit spread volatility.
(3)   Trading VaR is less than the sum of the individual risk factor VaR results due to risk factor diversification.
n.m.   not meaningful
Q1 2025 vs. Q1 2024
Average Trading VaR of $25 million decreased $5 million from a year ago, primarily driven by exposure changes in our fixed income portfolio, partially offset by exposure changes in our equity derivatives portfolio.
Average total VaR of $32 million decreased $90 million from a year ago, primarily reflecting the impact of management of closing capital volatility related to the HSBC Canada transaction in the same quarter last year.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Average Trading VaR of $25 million decreased $4 million from last quarter, primarily driven by exposure changes in our equity derivatives portfolio.
Average total VaR of $32 million remained relatively stable from last quarter.

Table of Contents
26   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
The following chart displays a bar graph of our daily trading profit and loss and a line graph of our daily market risk VaR. We incurred no net trading losses in the three months ended January 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024.
 
 
 
  (1)   Trading revenue (teb) in the chart above excludes the impact of loan underwriting commitments.
Market risk measures for assets and liabilities of RBC Insurance
®
We offer a range of insurance products to clients and hold investments to meet future obligations to policyholders. The investments which support actuarial liabilities are predominantly fixed income assets measured at FVTPL. Consequently, changes in the fair values of these assets are largely offset by changes in the discount rates used in the measurement of insurance and reinsurance contract assets and liabilities, and the impacts of both are reflected in Insurance investment result in the Consolidated Statements of Income. As at January 31, 2025, we held assets in support of $21 billion of insurance contract liabilities net of insurance contract assets and reinsurance contracts held balances (October 31, 2024 – $20 billion).
Market risk measures – IRRBB sensitivities
The following table shows the potential
before-tax
impact of an immediate and sustained 100 bps increase or decrease in interest rates on projected EVE and
12-month
NII, assuming no subsequent hedging. Interest rate risk measures are based on current
on-
and
off-balance
sheet positions which can change over time in response to business activity and management actions.
 
    
January 31
2025
        
October 31
2024
        
January 31
2024
 
   
EVE risk
       
NII risk
(1)
                                 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Canadian
dollar
impact
   
U.S.
dollar
impact
   
Total
        
Canadian
dollar
impact
   
U.S.
dollar
impact
   
Total
         EVE risk     NII risk (1)          EVE risk     NII risk (1)  
Before-tax
impact of:
                         
100 bps increase in rates
 
$
 (1,829
) 
 
$
(278
) 
 
$
 (2,107
) 
   
$
   377
 
 
$
  126
 
 
$
 503
 
    $  (2,076 )    $     400       $  (1,649 )    $     535  
100 bps decrease in rates
 
 
1,649
 
 
 
    (5
) 
 
 
1,644
 
 
 
 
 
(469
) 
 
 
(120
) 
 
 
(589
) 
 
 
    1,663       (502 )   
 
    1,309       (622 ) 
 
(1)   Represents the
12-month
NII exposure to an instantaneous and sustained shift in interest rates.
As at January 31, 2025, an immediate and sustained
-100
bps shock would have had a negative impact to our NII of $589 million, up from $502 million last quarter. An immediate and sustained +100 bps shock as at January 31, 2025 would have had a negative impact to the bank’s EVE of $2,107 million, up from $2,076 million last quarter. The quarter-over-quarter change in NII sensitivity was largely attributable to growth in low cost deposits, while the quarter-over-quarter change in EVE sensitivity was primarily due to continued growth in the bank’s book capital. During the first quarter of 2025, NII and EVE risks remained within approved limits.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   27
 
Linkage of market risk to selected balance sheet items
The following tables provide the linkages between selected balance sheet items with positions included in our trading market risk and
non-trading
market risk disclosures, which illustrates how we manage market risk for our assets and liabilities through different risk measures:
 
    
As at January 31, 2025
         
Market risk measure
     
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Balance
sheet amount
   
Traded risk 
(1)
   
Non-traded

risk
(2)
   
Non-traded
risk
primary risk sensitivity
Assets subject to market risk
       
Cash and due from banks
 
$
71,200
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
71,200
 
 
Interest rate
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
 
 
47,924
 
 
 
1
 
 
 
47,923
 
 
Interest rate
Securities
       
Trading
 
 
189,416
 
 
 
161,798
 
 
 
27,618
 
 
Interest rate, credit spread
Investment, net of applicable allowance
 
 
298,609
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
298,609
 
 
Interest rate, credit spread, equity
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
 
280,451
 
 
 
235,353
 
 
 
45,098
 
 
Interest rate
Loans
       
Retail
 
 
633,400
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
633,400
 
 
Interest rate
Wholesale
 
 
379,250
 
 
 
2,825
 
 
 
376,425
 
 
Interest rate
Allowance for loan losses
 
 
(6,600
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(6,600
) 
 
Interest rate
Other
       
Derivatives
 
 
153,686
 
 
 
150,971
 
 
 
2,715
 
 
Interest rate, foreign exchange
Other assets
 
 
136,246
 
 
 
58,937
 
 
 
77,309
 
 
Interest rate
Assets not subject to market risk
(3)
 
 
7,444
 
                   
Total assets
 
$
2,191,026
 
 
$
609,885
 
 
$
1,573,697
 
   
Liabilities subject to market risk
       
Deposits
 
$
1,441,940
 
 
$
67,363
 
 
$
1,374,577
 
 
Interest rate
Other
       
Obligations related to securities sold short
 
 
45,460
 
 
 
45,238
 
 
 
222
 
 
Interest rate, equity
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
 
 
274,592
 
 
 
243,755
 
 
 
30,837
 
 
Interest rate
Derivatives
 
 
161,590
 
 
 
156,653
 
 
 
4,937
 
 
Interest rate, foreign exchange
Other liabilities
 
 
96,886
 
 
 
41,346
 
 
 
55,540
 
 
Interest rate
Subordinated debentures
 
 
13,670
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
13,670
 
 
Interest rate
Liabilities not subject to market risk
(4)
 
 
23,625
 
                   
Total liabilities
 
$
2,057,763
 
 
$
554,355
 
 
$
 1,479,783
 
   
Total equity
 
 
133,263
 
     
Total liabilities and equity
 
$
 2,191,026
 
     
 
(1)   Traded risk includes positions that are classified or designated as FVTPL and positions whose revaluation gains and losses are reported in revenue within our trading portfolios. Market risk measures of VaR and stress tests are used as risk controls for traded risk.
(2)  
Non-traded
risk includes positions used in the management of IRRBB and other
non-trading
portfolios. Other material
non-trading
portfolios include positions from RBC Insurance and investment securities, net of applicable allowance, not included in IRRBB.
(3)   Assets not subject to market risk include physical and other assets.
(4)   Liabilities not subject to market risk include payroll related and other liabilities.

Table of Contents
28   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
     As at October 31, 2024
          Market risk measure      
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Balance sheet
amount
    Traded risk (1)    
Non-traded

risk (2)
   
Non-traded
risk
primary risk sensitivity
Assets subject to market risk
       
Cash and due from banks
  $ 56,723     $ –     $ 56,723     Interest rate
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
    66,020       3       66,017     Interest rate
Securities
       
Trading
    183,300       161,031       22,269     Interest rate, credit spread
Investment, net of applicable allowance
    256,618       –       256,618     Interest rate, credit spread, equity
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
    350,803       299,032       51,771     Interest rate
Loans
       
Retail
    626,978       –       626,978     Interest rate
Wholesale
    360,439       3,152       357,287     Interest rate
Allowance for loan losses
    (6,037 )      –       (6,037 )    Interest rate
Other
       
Derivatives
    150,612       147,017       3,595     Interest rate, foreign exchange
Other assets
    115,133       47,936       67,197     Interest rate
Assets not subject to market risk
(3)
    10,993                      
Total assets
  $ 2,171,582     $ 658,171     $ 1,502,418      
Liabilities subject to market risk
       
Deposits
  $ 1,409,531     $ 63,706     $ 1,345,825     Interest rate
Other
       
Obligations related to securities sold short
    35,286       34,985       301     Interest rate, equity
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
    305,321       280,386       24,935     Interest rate
Derivatives
    163,763       157,587       6,176     Interest rate, foreign exchange
Other liabilities
    94,666       39,802       54,864     Interest rate
Subordinated debentures
    13,546       –       13,546     Interest rate
Liabilities not subject to market risk
(4)
    22,277                      
Total liabilities
  $  2,044,390     $ 576,466     $  1,445,647      
Total equity
    127,192        
Total liabilities and equity
  $ 2,171,582        
 
(1)   Traded risk includes positions that are classified or designated as FVTPL and positions whose revaluation gains and losses are reported in revenue within our trading portfolios. Market risk measures of VaR and stress tests are used as risk controls for traded risk.
(2)  
Non-traded
risk includes positions used in the management of IRRBB and other
non-trading
portfolios. Other material
non-trading
portfolios include positions from RBC Insurance and investment securities, net of applicable allowance, not included in IRRBB.
(3)   Assets not subject to market risk include physical and other assets.
(4)   Liabilities not subject to market risk include payroll related and other liabilities.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   29
 
Liquidity and funding risk
 
Liquidity and funding risk (liquidity risk) is the risk that we may be unable to generate sufficient cash or its equivalents in a timely and cost-effective manner to meet our commitments. Liquidity risk arises from mismatches in the timing and value of
on-balance
sheet and
off-balance
sheet cash flows.
Our liquidity risk management activities are conducted in accordance with internal frameworks and policies, including the Enterprise Risk Management Framework (ERMF), the Enterprise Risk Appetite Framework (ERAF), the Enterprise Liquidity Risk Management Framework (LRMF), the Enterprise Liquidity Risk Policy, and the Enterprise Pledging Policy. Collectively, our frameworks and policies establish liquidity and funding management requirements that are appropriate for the execution of our strategy and ensuring liquidity risk remains within our risk appetite. There have been no material changes to our internal frameworks and policies from those described in our 2024 Annual Report.
Liquidity reserve
Our liquidity reserve consists only of available unencumbered liquid assets. Although unused wholesale funding capacity could be another potential source of liquidity, it is excluded in the determination of the liquidity reserve.
 
    
As at January 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Bank-owned
liquid assets
   
Securities
received
as collateral
from securities
financing
and derivative
transactions
          
Total liquid
assets
   
Encumbered
liquid assets
   
Unencumbered
liquid assets
 
Cash and deposits with banks
 
$
119,124
 
 
$
–
 
   
$
119,124
 
 
$
3,393
 
 
$
115,731
 
Securities issued or guaranteed by sovereigns, central banks or multilateral development banks
(1)
 
 
368,204
 
 
 
325,992
 
   
 
694,196
 
 
 
402,563
 
 
 
291,633
 
Other securities
 
 
168,398
 
 
 
144,145
 
   
 
312,543
 
 
 
176,707
 
 
 
135,836
 
Other liquid assets
(2)
 
 
45,184
 
 
 
–
 
         
 
45,184
 
 
 
37,317
 
 
 
7,867
 
Total liquid assets
 
$
 700,910
 
 
$
 470,137
 
         
$
 1,171,047
 
 
$
 619,980
 
 
$
 551,067
 
 
    
As at October 31, 2024
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Bank-owned
liquid assets
    Securities
received
as collateral
from securities
financing
and derivative
transactions
           Total liquid
assets
    Encumbered
liquid assets
    Unencumbered
liquid assets
 
Cash and deposits with banks
  $ 122,743     $ –       $ 122,743     $ 3,269     $ 119,474  
Securities issued or guaranteed by sovereigns, central banks or multilateral development banks
(1)
    323,826       385,479         709,305       426,552       282,753  
Other securities
    165,875       126,205         292,080       163,635       128,445  
Other liquid assets
(2)
    37,601       –               37,601       31,583       6,018  
Total liquid assets
  $  650,045     $  511,684             $  1,161,729     $  625,039     $  536,690  
 
 
     As at                             
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
                         
Royal Bank of Canada
 
$
266,821
 
  $ 243,915          
Foreign branches
 
 
57,146
 
    69,723          
Subsidiaries
 
 
227,100
 
    223,052          
Total unencumbered liquid assets
 
$
551,067
 
  $ 536,690          
 
(1)   Includes liquid securities issued by provincial governments and U.S. government-sponsored entities working under U.S. Federal government’s conservatorship (e.g., Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation).
(2)   Encumbered liquid assets amount represents cash collateral and margin deposit amounts pledged related to
over-the-counter
and exchange-traded derivative transactions.
The liquidity reserve is typically most affected by routine flows of retail and commercial client banking activities, where liquid asset portfolios reflect changes in deposit and loan balances, as well as business strategies and client flows related to the activities in Capital Markets. Corporate Treasury also affects liquidity reserves through the management of funding issuances, which could result in timing differences between when debt is issued and funds are deployed into business activities.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Total unencumbered liquid assets increased $14 billion or 3% from last quarter, primarily due to an increase in on-balance sheet securities, partially offset by a decrease in cash and deposits with banks.

Table of Contents
30   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Asset encumbrance
The table below provides a summary of our
on-
and
off-balance
sheet amounts for cash, securities and other assets, distinguishing between those that are encumbered, and those available for sale or use as collateral in secured funding transactions. Other assets, such as mortgages and credit card receivables, can also be monetized, albeit over longer timeframes than those required for marketable securities. As at January 31, 2025, our unencumbered assets available as collateral comprised 25% of total assets (October 31, 2024 – 25%).
 
    
As at January 31, 2025
 
   
Total Assets
         
Encumbered
         
Unencumbered
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Bank-owned

assets
   
Securities
received
as collateral
from securities
financing
and derivative
transactions
   
Total
          
Pledged
as collateral
   
Other 
(1)
          
Available
as collateral 
(2)
   
Other 
(3)
 
Cash and deposits with banks
 
$
119,124
 
 
$
   –
 
 
$
119,124
 
   
$
   –
 
 
$
3,393
 
   
$
115,731
 
 
$
   –
 
Securities
(4)
 
 
498,827
 
 
 
526,646
 
 
 
1,025,473
 
   
 
604,411
 
 
 
30,437
 
   
 
387,296
 
 
 
3,329
 
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses
(5)
                 
Mortgage securities
 
 
56,017
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
56,017
 
   
 
27,222
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
28,795
 
 
 
–
 
Mortgage loans
 
 
425,269
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
425,269
 
   
 
68,925
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
42,693
 
 
 
313,651
 
Other loans
 
 
524,764
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
524,764
 
   
 
6,630
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
25,786
 
 
 
492,348
 
Derivatives
 
 
153,686
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
153,686
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
   
 
–
 
 
 
153,686
 
Others
(6)
 
 
143,690
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
143,690
 
         
 
37,317
 
 
 
–
 
         
 
7,867
 
 
 
98,506
 
Total
 
$
1,921,377
 
 
$
526,646
 
 
$
2,448,023
 
         
$
744,505
 
 
$
33,830
 
         
$
608,168
 
 
$
1,061,520
 
                                                       
     As at October 31,2024  
    Total Assets           Encumbered           Unencumbered  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Bank-owned
assets
    Securities
received
as collateral
from securities
financing
and derivative
transactions
   
Total
           Pledged
as collateral
    Other (1)            Available
as collateral (2)
    Other (3)  
Cash and deposits with banks
  $ 122,743     $ –     $ 122,743       $ –     $ 3,269       $ 119,474     $ –  
Securities
(4)
    450,719       571,869       1,022,588         614,654       31,156         373,206       3,572  
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses
(5)
                 
Mortgage securities
    57,450       –       57,450         27,927       –         29,523       –  
Mortgage loans
    419,522       –       419,522         71,307       –         40,851       307,364  
Other loans
    504,408       –       504,408         6,343       –         25,250       472,815  
Derivatives
    150,612       –       150,612         –       –         –       150,612  
Others
(6)
    126,126       –       126,126               31,583       –               6,018       88,525  
Total
 
$
 1,831,580
 
 
$
 571,869
 
 
$
 2,403,449
 
         
$
 751,814
 
 
$
 34,425
 
         
$
 594,322
 
 
$
 1,022,888
 
 
(1)   Includes assets restricted from use to generate secured funding due to legal or other constraints.
(2)   Represents assets that are immediately available for use as collateral, including National Housing Act Mortgage-Backed Securities (NHA MBS), our unencumbered mortgage loans that qualify as eligible collateral at Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLB), as well as loans that qualify as eligible collateral for discount window facility available to us and lodged at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY).
(3)   Other unencumbered assets are not subject to any restrictions on their use to secure funding or as collateral but would not be considered immediately available.
(4)   Includes bank-owned liquid assets and securities received as collateral from off-balance sheet securities financing, derivative transactions, and margin lending. Includes $30 billion (October 31, 2024 – $31 billion) of collateral received through reverse repurchase transactions that cannot be rehypothecated in its current legal form.
(5)   Effective the first quarter of 2025, mortgage securities, mortgage loans and other loans are presented net of allowance for loan losses. Comparative amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to the presentation adopted in the current period.
(6)   The Pledged as collateral amount represents cash collateral and margin deposit amounts pledged related to OTC and exchange-traded derivative transactions.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
Total unencumbered assets available as collateral increased $14 billion or 2% from last quarter, primarily due to an increase in on-balance sheet securities.
Funding
Funding strategy
Maintaining a diversified funding base is a key strategy for managing our liquidity risk profile.
Core funding, comprising capital, longer-term wholesale liabilities and a diversified pool of personal as well as the stable portion of our commercial and institutional deposits, is the foundation of our structural liquidity position.
Wholesale funding activities are well-diversified by geography, investor segment, instrument, currency, structure and maturity. We maintain an ongoing presence in different funding markets, which allows us to continuously monitor market developments and trends, identify opportunities and risks and take appropriate and timely actions.
We continuously evaluate opportunities to expand into new markets and untapped investor segments since diversification expands our wholesale funding flexibility, minimizes funding concentration and dependency and generally reduces financing costs.
We regularly assess our funding concentration and have implemented limits on certain funding sources to support diversification of our funding base.
Deposit and funding profile
As at January 31, 2025, relationship-based deposits, which are the primary source of funding for retail and commercial lending, were $999 billion or 56% of our total funding (October 31, 2024 – $977 billion or 55%). The remaining portion is comprised of short- and long-term wholesale funding.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   31
 
Funding for highly liquid assets consists primarily of short-term wholesale funding that reflects the monetization period of those assets. Long-term wholesale funding is used mostly to fund less liquid wholesale assets and to support liquid asset buffers.
Senior long-term debt issued by the bank on or after September 23, 2018, that has an original term greater than 400 days and is marketable, subject to certain exceptions, is subject to the Canadian Bank Recapitalization
(Bail-in)
regime. Under the
Bail-in
regime, in circumstances when the Superintendent of Financial Institutions has determined that a bank may no longer be viable, the Governor in Council may, upon a recommendation of the Minister of Finance that he or she is of the opinion that it is in the public interest to do so, grant an order directing the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) to convert all or a portion of certain shares and liabilities of that bank into common shares. As at January 31, 2025, the notional value of issued and outstanding long-term debt subject to conversion under the
Bail-in
regime was $117 billion (October 31, 2024 – $111 billion).
For further details on our wholesale funding, refer to the Composition of wholesale funding tables below.
Long-term debt issuance
We operate long-term debt issuance registered programs. Each long-term debt program allows issuances in multiple currencies. The following table summarizes our registered programs and their authorized limits by geography:
 
Programs by geography
 
 
Canada
 
U.S.
  
Europe
•  Canadian Shelf Program – $25 billion
 
•  U.S. Shelf Program – US$75 billion
  
•  European Debt Issuance Program – US$75 billion
 
 
 
  
•  Global Covered Bond Program –
€
75 billion
We also raise long-term funding using Canadian Senior Notes, Kangaroo Bonds (issued in the Australian domestic market by foreign firms) and Yankee Certificates of Deposit (issued in the U.S. domestic market by foreign firms).
As presented in the following charts, our current long-term debt profile is well-diversified by both currency and product.
 
 
(1)   Includes unsecured and secured long-term funding and subordinated debentures with an original term to maturity greater than 1 year
 
(1)   Includes unsecured and secured long-term funding and subordinated debentures with an original term to maturity greater than 1 year
 
(2)  Mortgage-backed securities and Canada Mortgage Bonds
The following table shows the composition of wholesale funding based on remaining term to maturity:
Composition of wholesale funding
(1)
 
    
As at January 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Less than
1 month
   
1 to 3
months
   
3 to 6
months
   
6 to 12
months
   
Less than 1
year sub-total
   
1 year to
2 years
   
2 years and
greater
   
Total
 
Deposits from banks
(2)
 
$
2,384
 
 
$
143
 
 
$
96
 
 
$
1,287
 
 
$
3,910
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
–
 
 
$
3,910
 
Certificates of deposit and commercial paper 
(3)
 
 
10,240
 
 
 
12,324
 
 
 
28,781
 
 
 
40,621
 
 
 
91,966
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
91,966
 
Asset-backed commercial paper
(4)
 
 
3,868
 
 
 
7,610
 
 
 
6,108
 
 
 
893
 
 
 
18,479
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
18,479
 
Senior unsecured medium-term notes
(5)
 
 
52
 
 
 
7,432
 
 
 
8,554
 
 
 
11,689
 
 
 
27,727
 
 
 
30,221
 
 
 
57,639
 
 
 
115,587
 
Senior unsecured structured notes
(6)
 
 
1,751
 
 
 
2,559
 
 
 
2,211
 
 
 
3,633
 
 
 
10,154
 
 
 
6,173
 
 
 
9,791
 
 
 
26,118
 
Mortgage securitization
 
 
23
 
 
 
1,015
 
 
 
727
 
 
 
757
 
 
 
2,522
 
 
 
2,341
 
 
 
11,809
 
 
 
16,672
 
Covered bonds/asset-backed securities
(7)
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,508
 
 
 
4,122
 
 
 
6,748
 
 
 
12,378
 
 
 
23,947
 
 
 
28,589
 
 
 
64,914
 
Subordinated liabilities
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,182
 
 
 
2,182
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
11,556
 
 
 
13,738
 
Other
(8)
 
 
5,079
 
 
 
994
 
 
 
1,327
 
 
 
530
 
 
 
7,930
 
 
 
20,138
 
 
 
189
 
 
 
28,257
 
Total
 
$
 23,397
 
 
$
 33,585
 
 
$
 51,926
 
 
$
 68,340
 
 
$
 177,248
 
 
$
 82,820
 
 
$
 119,573
 
 
$
 379,641
 
Of which:
               
– Secured
 
$
8,848
 
 
$
10,133
 
 
$
10,957
 
 
$
8,398
 
 
$
38,336
 
 
$
26,288
 
 
$
40,398
 
 
$
105,022
 
– Unsecured
 
 
14,549
 
 
 
23,452
 
 
 
40,969
 
 
 
59,942
 
 
 
138,912
 
 
 
56,532
 
 
 
79,175
 
 
 
274,619
 

Table of Contents
32   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
     As at October 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Less than
1 month
    1 to 3
months
    3 to 6
months
    6 to 12
months
    Less than 1
year sub-total
    1 year to
2 years
    2 years and
greater
    Total  
Deposits from banks
(2)
  $ 7,248     $ 118     $ 120     $ 1,025     $ 8,511     $ –     $ –     $ 8,511  
Certificates of deposit and commercial
paper 
(3)
    8,377       10,413       16,882       37,702       73,374       139       –       73,513  
Asset-backed commercial paper
(4)
    4,140       3,951       7,167       2,286       17,544       –       –       17,544  
Senior unsecured medium-term notes
(5)
    5,436       7,786       7,253       12,750       33,225       20,453       57,351       111,029  
Senior unsecured structured notes
(6), (9)
    1,354       1,698       3,638       3,404       10,094       4,414       13,125       27,633  
Mortgage securitization
    41       509       1,296       946       2,792       2,143       11,949       16,884  
Covered bonds/asset-backed securities
(7)
    –       2,243       1,514       7,451       11,208       19,017       36,245       66,470  
Subordinated liabilities
    –       –       –       –       –       2,088       11,626       13,714  
Other
(8)
    5,121       311       1,082       1,460       7,974       16,992       160       25,126  
Total
  $  31,717     $  27,029     $  38,952     $  67,024     $  164,722     $  65,246     $  130,456     $  360,424  
Of which:
               
– Secured
  $ 9,252     $ 6,788     $ 9,977     $ 10,683     $ 36,700     $ 21,160     $ 48,194     $ 106,054  
– Unsecured
(9)
    22,465       20,241       28,975       56,341       128,022       44,086       82,262       254,370  
 
(1)   Excludes bankers’ acceptances and repos.
(2)   Excludes deposits associated with services we provide to banks (e.g., custody, cash management).
(3)   Includes bearer deposit notes (unsecured).
(4)   Only includes consolidated liabilities, including our collateralized commercial paper program.
(5)   Includes deposit notes and floating rate notes (unsecured).
(6)   Includes notes where the payout is tied to movements in foreign exchange, commodities and equities.
(7)   Includes covered bonds collateralized with residential mortgages and securities backed by credit card receivables.
(8)   Includes tender option bonds (secured) of $4,957 million (October 31, 2024 – $5,157 million), other long-term structured deposits (unsecured) of $23,104 million (October 31, 2024 – $19,777 million) and wholesale guaranteed interest certificates of $196 million (October 31, 2024 – $192 million).
(9)   Effective the first quarter of 2025, we updated the scope of senior unsecured structured notes to better reflect the distribution channel used to issue these notes. Comparative amounts have been revised from those previously presented to align with the approach we adopted this quarter.
Credit ratings
Our ability to access unsecured funding markets and to engage in certain collateralized business activities on a cost-effective basis are largely dependent on maintaining competitive credit ratings. Credit ratings and outlooks provided by rating agencies reflect their views and methodologies. Ratings are subject to change, based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, our financial strength, competitive position, liquidity and other factors not completely within our control.
The following table presents our major credit ratings:
Credit ratings
(1)
 
     
As at February 26, 2025
 
     
Short-term

debt
    
Legacy senior
long-term debt 
(2)
      
Senior
long-term debt 
(3)
      
Outlook
 
Moody’s
‡
(4)
  
 
P-1
 
  
 
Aa1
 
    
 
A1
 
    
 
stable
 
Standard & Poor’s
‡
(5)
  
 
A-1+
 
  
 
AA-
 
    
 
A
 
    
 
stable
 
Fitch Ratings
‡
(6)
  
 
F1+
 
  
 
AA
 
    
 
AA-
 
    
 
stable
 
DBRS
‡
(7)
  
 
R-1 (high)
 
  
 
AA (high)
 
    
 
AA
 
    
 
stable
 
 
  (1)   Credit ratings are not recommendations to purchase, sell or hold a financial obligation in as much as they do not comment on market price or suitability for a particular investor. Ratings are determined by the rating agencies based on criteria established from time to time by them and are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the rating organization.  
  (2)   Includes senior long-term debt issued prior to September 23, 2018 and senior long-term debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is excluded from the
Bail-in
regime.
 
  (3)   Includes senior long-term debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is subject to conversion under the
Bail-in
regime.
 
  (4)   On October 8, 2024, Moody’s affirmed our ratings with stable outlook.  
  (5)   On June 25, 2024, Standard & Poor’s affirmed our ratings with a stable outlook.  
  (6)   On June 11, 2024, Fitch Ratings affirmed our ratings with a stable outlook.  
  (7)   On May 10, 2024, DBRS affirmed our ratings with a stable outlook.  
Additional contractual obligations for rating downgrades
We are required to deliver collateral to certain counterparties in the event of a downgrade from our current credit rating. The following table shows the additional collateral obligations required at the reporting date in the event of a
one-,
two-
or three-notch downgrade. These additional collateral obligations are incremental requirements for each successive downgrade and do not represent the cumulative impact of multiple downgrades. The amounts reported change periodically due to several factors, including the transfer of trading activity to centrally cleared financial market infrastructures and exchanges, the expiration of transactions with downgrade triggers, the imposition of internal limitations on new agreements to exclude downgrade triggers, as well as normal course
mark-to-market.
There is no outstanding senior debt issued in the market that contains rating triggers that would lead to early prepayment of principal.
 
     As at  
   
January 31
2025
       
October 31
2024
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
One-notch

downgrade
   
Two-notch

downgrade
   
Three-notch

downgrade
        
One-notch

downgrade
   
Two-notch

downgrade
   
Three-notch

downgrade
 
Contractual derivatives funding or margin requirements
 
$
336
 
 
$
135
 
 
$
289
 
    $ 232     $ 100     $ 199  
Other contractual funding or margin requirements
(1)
 
 
50
 
 
 
42
 
 
 
97
 
 
 
    41       63       16  
 
(1)   Includes Guaranteed Investment Certificates (GICs) issued by our municipal markets business out of New York.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   33
 
Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)
The LCR is a Basel III metric that measures the sufficiency of high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) available to meet liquidity needs over a
30-day
period in an acute stress scenario. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and OSFI regulatory minimum coverage level for LCR is 100%.
OSFI requires Canadian banks to disclose the LCR using the standard Basel disclosure template and calculated using the average of daily LCR positions during the quarter.
Liquidity coverage ratio common disclosure template
(1)
 
     For the three months ended  
   
January 31
2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)  
Total unweighted
value (average) 
(2)
   
Total weighted
value (average)
 
High-quality liquid assets
   
Total high-quality liquid assets (HQLA)
 
 
 
 
 
$
419,334
 
Cash outflows
   
Retail deposits and deposits from small business customers, of which:
 
$
    420,412
 
 
$
42,986
 
Stable deposits
(3)
 
 
131,221
 
 
 
3,937
 
Less stable deposits
 
 
289,191
 
 
 
39,049
 
Unsecured wholesale funding, of which:
 
 
477,086
 
 
 
225,033
 
Operational deposits (all counterparties) and deposits in networks of cooperative banks
(4)
 
 
173,949
 
 
 
40,998
 
Non-operational
deposits
 
 
284,418
 
 
 
165,316
 
Unsecured debt
 
 
18,719
 
 
 
18,719
 
Secured wholesale funding
   
 
43,687
 
Additional requirements, of which:
 
 
415,628
 
 
 
86,947
 
Outflows related to derivative exposures and other collateral requirements
 
 
78,967
 
 
 
22,162
 
Outflows related to loss of funding on debt products
 
 
10,454
 
 
 
10,454
 
Credit and liquidity facilities
 
 
326,207
 
 
 
54,331
 
Other contractual funding obligations
(5)
 
 
23,750
 
 
 
23,750
 
Other contingent funding obligations
(6)
 
 
859,482
 
 
 
15,025
 
Total cash outflows
 
 
 
 
 
$
437,428
 
Cash inflows
   
Secured lending (e.g., reverse repos)
 
$
335,387
 
 
$
58,628
 
Inflows from fully performing exposures
 
 
20,671
 
 
 
12,406
 
Other cash inflows
 
 
38,255
 
 
 
38,255
 
Total cash inflows
 
 
 
 
 
$
 109,289
 
         
Total
adjusted value
 
Total HQLA
   
$
419,334
 
Total net cash outflows
 
 
 
 
 
 
328,139
 
Liquidity coverage ratio
 
 
 
 
 
 
128%
                 
   
October 31
2024
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)          Total
adjusted value
 
Total HQLA
    $ 399,835  
Total net cash outflows
 
 
 
 
     313,441  
Liquidity coverage ratio
 
 
 
 
    128%
 
(1)   The LCR is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline, which, in turn, reflects liquidity-related requirements issued by the BCBS. The LCR for the quarter ended January 31, 2025 is calculated as an average of 62 daily positions.
(2)   With the exception of other contingent funding obligations, unweighted inflow and outflow amounts are items maturing or callable in 30 days or less. Other contingent funding obligations also include debt securities with remaining maturity greater than 30 days.
(3)   As defined by the BCBS, stable deposits from retail and small business customers are deposits that are insured and are either held in transactional accounts or the bank has an established relationship with the client making the withdrawal unlikely.
(4)   Operational deposits from customers other than retail and small and
medium-sized
enterprises, are deposits which clients need to keep with the bank in order to facilitate their access and ability to use payment and settlement systems primarily for clearing, custody and cash management activities.
(5)   Other contractual funding obligations primarily include outflows from unsettled securities trades and outflows from obligations related to securities sold short.
(6)   Other contingent funding obligations include outflows related to other
off-balance
sheet facilities that carry low LCR runoff factors (0% – 5%).
We manage our LCR position within a target range that reflects our liquidity risk tolerance, business mix, asset composition and funding capabilities. The range is subject to periodic review, considering changes to internal requirements and external developments.
We maintain HQLA in major currencies with dependable market depth and breadth. Our treasury management practices are designed to ensure that the levels of HQLA are actively managed to meet target LCR objectives. Our Level 1 assets, as calculated according to OSFI LAR and the BCBS LCR requirements, represent 86% of total HQLA. These assets consist of cash, placements with central banks and highly rated securities issued or guaranteed by governments, central banks and supranational entities.

Table of Contents
34   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
LCR captures cash flows from
on-
and
off-balance
sheet activities that are either expected or could potentially occur within 30 days in an acute stress scenario. Cash outflows result from the application of withdrawal and
non-renewal
factors to demand and term deposits, differentiated by client type (wholesale, retail and small- and
medium-sized
enterprises). Cash outflows also arise from business activities that create contingent funding and collateral requirements, such as repo funding, derivatives, short sales of securities and the extension of credit and liquidity commitments to clients. Cash inflows arise primarily from maturing secured loans, interbank loans and
non-HQLA
securities.
LCR does not reflect any market funding capacity that we believe would be available in a stress situation. All maturing wholesale debt is assigned 100% outflow in the LCR calculation.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
The average LCR for the quarter ended January 31, 2025 was 128%, which translates into a surplus of approximately $91 billion, compared to 128% and a surplus of approximately $86 billion in the prior quarter. Average LCR remained relatively stable from the prior quarter as growth in deposits and funding was largely offset by loan growth and securities and securities financing transactions.
Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR)
NSFR is a Basel III metric that measures the sufficiency of available stable funding relative to the amount of required stable funding. The BCBS and OSFI regulatory minimum coverage level for NSFR is 100%.
Available stable funding is defined as the portion of capital and liabilities expected to be reliable over the
one-year
time horizon considered by the NSFR. Required stable funding is a function of the liquidity characteristics and residual maturities of various bank assets and
off-balance
sheet exposures.
OSFI requires Canadian Domestic Systemically Important Banks
(D-SIBs)
to disclose the NSFR using the standard Basel disclosure template. Amounts presented in this disclosure template are determined in accordance with the requirements of OSFI’s LAR guideline and are not necessarily aligned with the classification requirements prescribed under IFRS.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   35
 
Net Stable Funding Ratio common disclosure template
(1)
 
    
As at January 31, 2025
 
   
Unweighted value by residual maturity
(2)
   
Weighted
value
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)  
No maturity
   
< 6 months
   
6 months to
< 1 year
   
≥
 1 year
 
Available Stable Funding (ASF) Item
         
Capital:
 
$
134,649
 
 
$
   –
 
 
$
   –
 
 
$
12,196
 
 
$
146,845
 
Regulatory Capital
 
 
134,649
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
12,196
 
 
 
146,845
 
Other Capital Instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
Retail deposits and deposits from small business customers:
 
 
347,752
 
 
 
133,980
 
 
 
61,720
 
 
 
65,995
 
 
 
558,190
 
Stable deposits
(3)
 
 
101,352
 
 
 
56,510
 
 
 
31,302
 
 
 
27,814
 
 
 
207,520
 
Less stable deposits
 
 
246,400
 
 
 
77,470
 
 
 
30,418
 
 
 
38,181
 
 
 
350,670
 
Wholesale funding:
 
 
341,794
 
 
 
460,498
 
 
 
72,793
 
 
 
172,809
 
 
 
402,944
 
Operational deposits
(4)
 
 
185,822
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
92,911
 
Other wholesale funding
 
 
155,972
 
 
 
460,498
 
 
 
72,793
 
 
 
172,809
 
 
 
310,033
 
Liabilities with matching interdependent assets
(5)
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,884
 
 
 
1,661
 
 
 
22,096
 
 
 
–
 
Other liabilities:
 
 
61,810
 
 
 
249,364
 
 
 
18,109
 
NSFR derivative liabilities
   
 
42,390
 
 
All other liabilities and equity not included in the above categories
 
 
61,810
 
 
 
188,601
 
 
 
529
 
 
 
17,844
 
 
 
18,109
 
Total ASF
                                 
$
1,126,088
 
Required Stable Funding (RSF) Item
         
Total NSFR high-quality liquid assets (HQLA)
         
$
44,951
 
Deposits held at other financial institutions for operational purposes
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,077
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,039
 
Performing loans and securities:
 
 
289,288
 
 
 
316,031
 
 
 
119,109
 
 
 
551,523
 
 
 
798,043
 
Performing loans to financial institutions secured by
Level 1 HQLA
 
 
–
 
 
 
87,167
 
 
 
9,556
 
 
 
23
 
 
 
9,446
 
Performing loans to financial institutions secured by
non-Level
1 HQLA and unsecured performing loans to financial institutions
 
 
8,008
 
 
 
117,063
 
 
 
23,923
 
 
 
17,415
 
 
 
50,102
 
Performing loans to
non-financial
corporate clients, loans to retail and small business customers, and loans to sovereigns, central banks and PSEs, of which:
 
 
 194,354
 
 
 
 61,755
 
 
 
 34,580
 
 
 
 189,588
 
 
 
 374,265
 
With a risk weight of less than or equal to 35% under
the Basel II standardized approach for credit risk
 
 
–
 
 
 
700
 
 
 
591
 
 
 
5,277
 
 
 
4,075
 
Performing residential mortgages, of which:
 
 
39,778
 
 
 
46,883
 
 
 
49,880
 
 
 
317,954
 
 
 
299,713
 
With a risk weight of less than or equal to 35% under
the Basel II standardized approach for credit risk
 
 
39,778
 
 
 
46,845
 
 
 
49,849
 
 
 
316,819
 
 
 
298,714
 
Securities that are not in default and do not qualify as HQLA, including exchange-traded equities
 
 
47,148
 
 
 
3,163
 
 
 
1,170
 
 
 
26,543
 
 
 
64,517
 
Assets with matching interdependent liabilities
(5)
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,884
 
 
 
1,661
 
 
 
22,096
 
 
 
–
 
Other assets:
 
 
7,867
 
 
 
352,676
 
 
 
103,701
 
Physical traded commodities, including gold
 
 
7,867
 
       
 
6,687
 
Assets posted as initial margin for derivative contracts and contributions to default funds of CCPs
   
 
21,616
 
 
 
18,373
 
NSFR derivative assets
   
 
33,804
 
 
 
–
 
NSFR derivative liabilities before deduction of variation margin posted
   
 
77,574
 
 
 
3,879
 
All other assets not included in the above categories
 
 
–
 
 
 
152,906
 
 
 
20
 
 
 
66,756
 
 
 
74,762
 
Off-balance
sheet items
         
 
910,237
 
 
 
35,264
 
Total RSF
                                 
$
982,998
 
Net Stable Funding Ratio (%)
                                 
 
115%
         
     As at October 31, 2024         
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts)                              
Weighted
value
 
Total ASF
                                  $  1,103,220  
Total RSF
                                    965,984  
Net Stable Funding Ratio (%)
                                    114%
 
(1)   The NSFR is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline, which, in turn, reflects liquidity-related requirements issued by the BCBS.
(2)   Totals for the following rows encompass the residual maturity categories of less than 6 months, 6 months to less than 1 year, and greater than or equal to 1 year in accordance with the requirements of the common disclosure template prescribed by OSFI: Other liabilities, NSFR derivative liabilities, Other assets, Assets posted as initial margin for derivative contracts and contributions to default funds of central counterparties (CCPs), NSFR derivative assets, NSFR derivative liabilities before deduction of variation margin posted and
Off-balance
sheet items.
(3)   As defined by the BCBS, stable deposits from retail and small business customers are deposits that are insured and are either held in transactional accounts or the bank has an established relationship with the client making the withdrawal unlikely.
(4)   Operational deposits from customers other than retail and small- and
medium-sized
enterprises, are deposits which clients need to keep with the bank in order to facilitate their access and ability to use payment and settlement systems primarily for clearing, custody and cash management activities.
(5)   Interdependent assets and liabilities represent NHA MBS liabilities, including liabilities arising from transactions involving the Canada Mortgage Bond program and their corresponding encumbered mortgages.

Table of Contents
36   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Available stable funding is comprised primarily of a diversified pool of personal and commercial deposits, capital and long-term wholesale liabilities. Required stable funding is driven mainly by the bank’s mortgage and loan portfolio, secured loans to financial institutions and to a lesser extent by other less liquid assets. NSFR does not reflect any unused market funding capacity that we believe would be available.
Volume and composition of available stable funding is actively managed to optimize our structural funding position and meet NSFR objectives. Our NSFR is managed in accordance with our comprehensive LRMF.
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
The NSFR as at January 31, 2025 was 115%, which translates into a surplus of approximately $143 billion, compared to 114% and a surplus of approximately $137 billion in the prior quarter. NSFR increased compared to the previous quarter, primarily due to an increase in wholesale funding, lower funding requirements on securities and securities financing transactions, and growth in the bank’s book capital as well as in deposits, partially offset by loan growth.
Contractual maturities of financial assets, financial liabilities and
off-balance
sheet items
The following tables provide remaining contractual maturity profiles of all our assets, liabilities, and
off-balance
sheet items at their carrying value (e.g., amortized cost or fair value) and maturity profiles of assets and liabilities of insurance contracts and reinsurance contracts held at their carrying value based on the estimated timing of when the settlement of the amounts are expected to occur at the balance sheet date.
Off-balance
sheet items are allocated based on the expiry date of the contract.
Details of contractual maturities and commitments to extend funds are a source of information for the management of liquidity risk. Among other purposes, these details form a basis for modelling a behavioural balance sheet with effective maturities to calculate liquidity risk measures. For further details, refer to the Risk measurement and internal liquidity section within the Liquidity and funding risk section of our 2024 Annual Report.
 
    
As at January 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Less than 1
month
   
1 to 3
months
   
3 to 6
months
   
6 to 9
months
   
9 to 12
months
   
1 year
to 2 years
   
2 years
to 5 years
   
5 years
and greater
   
With no
specific
maturity
   
Total
 
Assets
                   
Cash and deposits with banks
 
$
116,898
 
 
$
6
 
 
$
   –
 
 
$
   –
 
 
$
   –
 
 
$
   –
 
 
$
   –
 
 
$
   –
 
 
$
2,220
 
 
$
119,124
 
Securities
                   
Trading (1)
 
 
84,492
 
 
 
2,567
 
 
 
1,176
 
 
 
50
 
 
 
109
 
 
 
270
 
 
 
645
 
 
 
13,396
 
 
 
86,711
 
 
 
189,416
 
Investment, net of applicable allowance
 
 
5,369
 
 
 
9,243
 
 
 
11,221
 
 
 
15,442
 
 
 
19,007
 
 
 
56,633
 
 
 
71,751
 
 
 
108,667
 
 
 
1,276
 
 
 
298,609
 
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed (2)
 
 
126,591
 
 
 
69,178
 
 
 
33,461
 
 
 
12,144
 
 
 
19,051
 
 
 
162
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
19,864
 
 
 
280,451
 
Loans, net of applicable allowance
 
 
40,691
 
 
 
37,876
 
 
 
51,468
 
 
 
49,970
 
 
 
51,052
 
 
 
289,717
 
 
 
297,582
 
 
 
84,739
 
 
 
102,955
 
 
 
1,006,050
 
Other
                   
Customers’ liability under acceptances
 
 
17
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
46
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
11
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
74
 
Derivatives
 
 
12,639
 
 
 
16,664
 
 
 
9,414
 
 
 
7,621
 
 
 
9,214
 
 
 
17,075
 
 
 
32,008
 
 
 
49,051
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
153,686
 
Other financial assets
 
 
54,094
 
 
 
4,086
 
 
 
2,597
 
 
 
382
 
 
 
834
 
 
 
208
 
 
 
761
 
 
 
1,739
 
 
 
4,434
 
 
 
69,135
 
Total financial assets
 
 
440,791
 
 
 
139,620
 
 
 
109,383
 
 
 
85,609
 
 
 
99,267
 
 
 
364,065
 
 
 
402,758
 
 
 
257,592
 
 
 
217,460
 
 
 
2,116,545
 
Other
non-financial
assets
 
 
15,771
 
 
 
2,295
 
 
 
942
 
 
 
342
 
 
 
341
 
 
 
3,128
 
 
 
3,331
 
 
 
9,384
 
 
 
38,947
 
 
 
74,481
 
Total assets
 
$
456,562
 
 
$
141,915
 
 
$
110,325
 
 
$
85,951
 
 
$
99,608
 
 
$
367,193
 
 
$
406,089
 
 
$
266,976
 
 
$
256,407
 
 
$
2,191,026
 
Liabilities and equity
                   
Deposits (3)
                   
Unsecured borrowing
 
$
103,083
 
 
$
66,475
 
 
$
96,968
 
 
$
77,019
 
 
$
87,804
 
 
$
58,760
 
 
$
83,739
 
 
$
52,959
 
 
$
699,794
 
 
$
1,326,601
 
Secured borrowing
 
 
4,183
 
 
 
10,270
 
 
 
8,235
 
 
 
2,922
 
 
 
1,675
 
 
 
8,234
 
 
 
13,899
 
 
 
9,288
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
58,706
 
Covered bonds
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,503
 
 
 
4,108
 
 
 
2,235
 
 
 
3,303
 
 
 
21,202
 
 
 
20,341
 
 
 
3,941
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
56,633
 
Other
                   
Acceptances
 
 
17
 
 
 
2
 
 
 
44
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
11
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
74
 
Obligations related to securities sold short
 
 
36,356
 
 
 
1,509
 
 
 
3,996
 
 
 
2,303
 
 
 
1,157
 
 
 
139
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
45,460
 
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned (2)
 
 
153,900
 
 
 
83,432
 
 
 
10,315
 
 
 
1,539
 
 
 
4
 
 
 
905
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
24,497
 
 
 
274,592
 
Derivatives
 
 
13,251
 
 
 
18,207
 
 
 
11,320
 
 
 
8,261
 
 
 
10,163
 
 
 
19,180
 
 
 
33,807
 
 
 
47,401
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
161,590
 
Other financial liabilities
 
 
43,739
 
 
 
3,165
 
 
 
2,823
 
 
 
1,896
 
 
 
1,818
 
 
 
1,107
 
 
 
2,544
 
 
 
18,915
 
 
 
1,140
 
 
 
77,147
 
Subordinated debentures
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,128
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
11,542
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
13,670
 
Total financial liabilities
 
 
354,529
 
 
 
184,563
 
 
 
137,809
 
 
 
96,175
 
 
 
108,052
 
 
 
109,527
 
 
 
154,341
 
 
 
144,046
 
 
 
725,431
 
 
 
2,014,473
 
Other
non-financial
liabilities
 
 
1,567
 
 
 
1,333
 
 
 
300
 
 
 
199
 
 
 
2,417
 
 
 
1,640
 
 
 
1,576
 
 
 
22,728
 
 
 
11,530
 
 
 
43,290
 
Equity
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
133,263
 
 
 
133,263
 
Total liabilities and equity
 
$
356,096
 
 
$
185,896
 
 
$
138,109
 
 
$
96,374
 
 
$
 110,469
 
 
$
111,167
 
 
$
155,917
 
 
$
166,774
 
 
$
870,224
 
 
$
2,191,026
 
Off-balance
sheet items
                   
Financial guarantees
 
$
1,254
 
 
$
3,146
 
 
$
3,825
 
 
$
4,456
 
 
$
4,892
 
 
$
1,856
 
 
$
6,705
 
 
$
2,133
 
 
$
23
 
 
$
28,290
 
Commitments to extend credit
 
 
4,891
 
 
 
12,314
 
 
 
16,347
 
 
 
15,419
 
 
 
19,427
 
 
 
69,184
 
 
 
224,882
 
 
 
23,762
 
 
 
4,585
 
 
 
390,811
 
Other credit-related commitments
 
 
50,872
 
 
 
1,659
 
 
 
3,050
 
 
 
2,637
 
 
 
2,986
 
 
 
430
 
 
 
1,226
 
 
 
119
 
 
 
82,568
 
 
 
145,547
 
Other commitments
 
 
6
 
 
 
11
 
 
 
18
 
 
 
17
 
 
 
18
 
 
 
62
 
 
 
156
 
 
 
241
 
 
 
1,018
 
 
 
1,547
 
Total
off-balance
sheet items
 
$
57,023
 
 
$
17,130
 
 
$
23,240
 
 
$
22,529
 
 
$
27,323
 
 
$
71,532
 
 
$
232,969
 
 
$
26,255
 
 
$
88,194
 
 
$
566,195
 
 
(1)   With the exception of debt securities within the Insurance segment, trading debt securities classified as FVTPL have been included in the less than 1 month category as there is no expectation to hold these assets to their contractual maturity.
(2)   Open reverse repo and repo contracts, which have no set maturity date and are typically short-term, have been included in the with no specific maturity category.
(3)   A major portion of relationship-based deposits are repayable on demand or at short notice on a contractual basis while, in practice, these customer balances form a core base for our operations and liquidity needs, as explained in the preceding Deposit and funding profile section.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   37
 
     As at October 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Less than
1 month
    1 to 3
months
    3 to 6
months
    6 to 9
months
    9 to 12
months
    1 year
to 2 years
    2 years
to 5 years
    5 years
and greater
    With no
specific
maturity
    Total  
Assets
                   
Cash and deposits with banks
  $ 120,584     $ 6     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ –     $ 2,153     $ 122,743  
Securities
                   
Trading (1)
    80,203       148       380       22       34       229       707       11,903       89,674       183,300  
Investment, net of applicable allowance
    5,974       7,588       6,782       12,445       9,746       51,674       67,730       93,451       1,228       256,618  
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed (2)
    170,052       65,837       57,921       15,720       20,727       181       –       –       20,365       350,803  
Loans, net of applicable allowance
    40,647       32,131       45,916       52,365       50,309       287,726       288,217       79,694       104,375       981,380  
Other
                   
Customers’ liability under acceptances
    22       2       –       –       –       –       11       –       –       35  
Derivatives
    13,657       19,365       9,293       6,548       5,797       17,376       31,389       47,187       –       150,612  
Other financial assets
    42,579       4,573       2,168       423       671       175       732       1,829       4,229       57,379  
Total financial assets
    473,718       129,650       122,460       87,523       87,284       357,361       388,786       234,064       222,024       2,102,870  
Other
non-financial
assets
    11,393       2,158       1,450       259       233       1,941       3,122       9,501       38,655       68,712  
Total assets
  $ 485,111     $ 131,808     $ 123,910     $ 87,782     $ 87,517     $ 359,302     $ 391,908     $ 243,565     $ 260,679     $ 2,171,582  
Liabilities and equity
                   
Deposits (3)
                   
Unsecured borrowing
  $ 122,083     $ 72,933     $ 83,574     $ 84,252     $ 77,207     $ 55,196     $ 85,458     $ 44,264     $ 668,975     $ 1,293,942  
Secured borrowing
    4,437       6,000       9,513       3,939       1,956       7,447       14,969       9,050       –       57,311  
Covered bonds
    –       2,245       1,498       4,019       2,230       17,134       27,207       3,945       –       58,278  
Other
                   
Acceptances
    22       2       –       –       –       –       11       –       –       35  
Obligations related to securities sold short
    35,286       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       35,286  
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned (2)
    221,377       38,828       14,726       7,586       2       466       –       –       22,336       305,321  
Derivatives
    13,153       23,372       12,176       11,160       8,025       18,305       32,865       44,707       –       163,763  
Other financial liabilities
    40,922       3,332       2,917       2,060       2,024       1,073       2,393       16,788       1,293       72,802  
Subordinated debentures
    –       –       –       –       –       2,025       –       11,521       –       13,546  
Total financial liabilities
    437,280       146,712       124,404       113,016       91,444       101,646       162,903       130,275       692,604       2,000,284  
Other
non-financial
liabilities
    1,501       5,769       452       231       198       1,664       1,821       21,425       11,045       44,106  
Equity
    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       127,192       127,192  
Total liabilities and equity
  $  438,781     $  152,481     $  124,856     $  113,247     $  91,642     $  103,310     $  164,724     $  151,700     $  830,841     $  2,171,582  
Off-balance
sheet items
                   
Financial guarantees
  $ 917     $ 2,929     $ 4,485     $ 3,818     $ 4,368     $ 1,563     $ 7,140     $ 1,977     $ 25     $ 27,222  
Commitments to extend credit
    7,317       9,060       15,891       17,305       20,109       63,200       217,555       25,580       2,950       378,967  
Other credit-related commitments
    51,645       1,600       2,360       2,927       2,534       460       1,299       113       81,379       144,317  
Other commitments
    7       12       19       20       19       70       179       260       926       1,512  
Total
off-balance
sheet items
  $ 59,886     $ 13,601     $ 22,755     $ 24,070     $ 27,030     $ 65,293     $ 226,173     $ 27,930     $ 85,280     $ 552,018  
 
(1)   With the exception of debt securities within the Insurance segment, trading debt securities classified as FVTPL have been included in the less than 1 month category as there is no expectation to hold these assets to their contractual maturity.
(2)   Open reverse repo and repo contracts, which have no set maturity date and are typically short-term, have been included in the with no specific maturity category.
(3)   A major portion of relationship-based deposits are repayable on demand or at short notice on a contractual basis while, in practice, these customer balances form a core base for our operations and liquidity needs, as explained in the preceding Deposit and funding profile section.

Table of Contents
38   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Capital management
 
We continue to manage our capital in accordance with our Capital Management Framework as described in our 2024 Annual Report. In addition, we continue to monitor for new regulatory capital developments, including OSFI guidance, in order to ensure compliance with these requirements as disclosed in the Capital management section in our 2024 Annual Report, and as updated below.
OSFI expects Canadian banks to meet the Basel III targets for CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratios as per CAR guidelines. Under Basel III, banks select from two main approaches, the Standardized Approach (SA) or the Internal Ratings Based (IRB) Approach, to calculate their minimum regulatory capital required to support credit, market and operational risks. We apply the IRB approach to credit risk to determine minimum regulatory capital requirements for the majority of our portfolios. Certain credit risk portfolios are subject to the SA, primarily in Wealth Management including our City National wholesale portfolio, our Caribbean Banking operations and certain
non-mortgage
retail portfolios acquired through the HSBC Canada transaction. For consolidated regulatory reporting of market risk capital and operational risk capital, we use the revised SA as noted in our 2024 Annual Report.
The Financial Stability Board (FSB) has
re-designated
us as a Global Systemically Important Bank
(G-SIB).
This designation requires us to maintain a higher loss absorbency requirement (common equity as a percentage of RWA) of 1% consistent with the
D-SIB
requirement. In addition to the Basel III targets, OSFI established a Domestic Stability Buffer (DSB) applicable to all Canadian
D-SIBs
to further ensure the financial stability of the Canadian financial system. The current OSFI requirement for the DSB is set at 3.5% of total RWA as reaffirmed by OSFI on December 17, 2024.
Under OSFI’s Total Loss Absorbing Capacity (TLAC) guideline,
D-SIBs
are required to maintain a risk-based TLAC ratio which builds on the risk-based capital ratios described in the CAR guideline, and a TLAC leverage ratio which builds on the leverage ratio described in OSFI’s LR guideline. The TLAC requirement is intended to address the sufficiency of a
D-SIB’s
loss absorbing capacity in supporting its recapitalization in the event of its failure. TLAC is defined as the aggregate of Tier 1 capital, Tier 2 capital and external TLAC instruments, which allow conversion in whole or in part into common shares under the CDIC Act and meet all of the eligibility criteria under the TLAC guideline.
On July 5, 2024, OSFI announced a
one-year
delay to the increase in the capital floor factor prescribed in OSFI’s CAR guidelines, maintaining the current 67.5% of RWA (as calculated using only the SA for credit, market and operational risk) factor throughout 2024 and 2025, and delaying the 70% factor implementation from 2025 to 2026, and the 72.5% factor implementation from 2026 to 2027. On February 12, 2025, OSFI announced an indefinite delay in any further increases to the capital floor factor, and committed to providing at least two years notice to affected banks prior to resuming increases in the capital floor.
Our methodology for allocating capital to our business segments is based on the Basel III regulatory capital requirements, with the exception of Insurance. Effective the first quarter of 2025, we increased our capital attribution rates to our business segments. For further details, refer to the How we measure and report our business segments section.
For further details, refer to the Capital management section of our 2024 Annual Report.
The following table provides a summary of OSFI’s current regulatory target ratios under Basel III and Pillar 2 requirements. We are in compliance with all current capital, leverage and TLAC requirements imposed by OSFI:
 
Basel III
capital,
leverage and TLAC
ratios
 
 
OSFI regulatory target requirements for large banks under Basel III
   
 
Domestic
Stability
Buffer 
(3)
   
Minimum including
Capital Buffers,
D-SIB/G-SIB
surcharge and
Domestic Stability
Buffer as at
January 31, 2025
(4)
   
RBC
capital,
leverage
and TLAC
ratios as at
January 31,
2025
 
 
Minimum
   
Capital
Buffers
   
Minimum
including
Capital
Buffers
   
D-SIB/G-SIB
surcharge
(1)
   
Minimum including
Capital Buffers
and
D-SIB/G-SIB

surcharge
(1), (2)
 
                 
Common Equity Tier 1     4.5%       2.6%       7.1%       1.0%       8.1%       3.5%       11.6%       13.2%  
Tier 1 capital     6.0%       2.6%       8.6%       1.0%       9.6%       3.5%       13.1%       14.6%  
Total capital     8.0%       2.6%       10.6%       1.0%       11.6%       3.5%       15.1%       16.4%  
Leverage ratio     3.0%       n.a.       3.0%       0.5%       3.5%       n.a.       3.5%       4.4%  
TLAC ratio     21.6%       n.a.       21.6%       n.a.       21.6%       3.5%       25.1%       29.8%  
TLAC leverage ratio     7.25%       n.a.       7.25%       n.a.       7.25%       n.a.       7.25%       8.9%  
 
(1)   A capital surcharge, equal to the higher of our
D-SIB
surcharge and the BCBS’s
G-SIB
surcharge, is applicable to risk-weighted capital. For leverage ratio, only 50% of our
D-SIB
surcharge for capital is the required surcharge.
(2)   The capital buffers include the capital conservation buffer of 2.5% and the countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB) as prescribed by OSFI. The CCyB, calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guidelines, was 0.09% as at January 31, 2025 (October 31, 2024 – 0.08%; January 31, 2024 – 0.06%).
(3)   The DSB can range from 0% to 4% of total RWA and is currently set at 3.5%.
(4)   Minimum target requirements reflect CCyB requirements as at January 31, 2025 which are subject to change based on exposures held at the reporting date.
n.a.   not applicable

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   39
 
The following table provides details on our regulatory capital, TLAC available, RWA, and on ratios for capital, leverage and TLAC. Our capital position remains strong and our capital, leverage and TLAC ratios remain well above OSFI regulatory targets.
 
     As at  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
   
January 31
2024
 
Capital
(1)
     
CET1 capital
 
$
93,321
 
  $ 88,936     $ 88,106  
Tier 1 capital
 
 
103,718
 
    97,952       96,140  
Total capital
 
 
115,914
 
    110,487       106,865  
RWA used in calculation of capital ratios
(1)
     
Credit risk
 
$
579,866
 
  $ 548,809     $ 474,677  
Market risk
 
 
36,530
 
    33,930       30,980  
Operational risk
 
 
92,545
 
    89,543       84,600  
Total RWA
 
$
708,941
 
  $ 672,282     $ 590,257  
Capital ratios and Leverage ratio
(1)
     
CET1 ratio
 
 
13.2%
 
    13.2%     14.9%
Tier 1 capital ratio
 
 
14.6%
 
    14.6%     16.3%
Total capital ratio
 
 
16.4%
 
    16.4%     18.1%
Leverage ratio
 
 
4.4%
 
    4.2%     4.4%
Leverage ratio exposure
 
$
  2,367,402
 
  $   2,344,228     $   2,173,419  
TLAC available and ratios
(2)
     
TLAC available
 
$
211,585
 
  $ 196,659     $ 185,556  
TLAC ratio
 
 
29.8%
 
    29.3%     31.4%
TLAC leverage ratio
 
 
8.9%
 
    8.4%     8.5%
 
  (1)   Capital, RWA and capital ratios are calculated using OSFI’s CAR guideline and the Leverage ratio is calculated using OSFI’s LR guideline. Both the CAR guideline and LR guideline are based on the Basel III framework.  
  (2)   TLAC available and TLAC ratios are calculated using OSFI’s TLAC guideline. The TLAC standard is applied at the resolution entity level which for us is deemed to be Royal Bank of Canada and its subsidiaries. A resolution entity and its subsidiaries are collectively called a resolution group. The TLAC ratio and TLAC leverage ratio are calculated using the TLAC available as a percentage of total RWA and leverage exposure, respectively.  

Table of Contents
40   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Q1 2025 vs. Q4 2024
 
 
 
(1)   Represents rounded figures.
(2)   Represents net internal capital generation of $2.9 billion or 43 bps consisting of Net income available to shareholders less common and preferred share dividends and distributions on other equity instruments.
Our CET1 ratio of 13.2% was unchanged from last quarter, as net internal capital generation was offset by RWA growth (excluding FX).
Total RWA increased by $37 billion, mainly due to the impact of business growth primarily in corporate lending, including loan underwriting, trading related activities, and personal lending and residential mortgages in Canada. The impact of foreign exchange and net credit migration also contributed to the increase. In our CET1 ratio, the impact of foreign exchange translation on RWA is largely mitigated with economic hedges.
Our Tier 1 capital ratio of 14.6% was unchanged from last quarter, as the issuance of limited recourse capital notes (LRCNs) was offset by the factors noted above under the CET1 ratio.
Our Total capital ratio of 16.4% was unchanged from last quarter mainly reflecting the factors noted above under the Tier 1 capital ratio.
Our Leverage ratio of 4.4% was up 20 bps from last quarter, primarily due to net internal capital generation, the issuance of LRCNs and lower business-driven growth in leverage exposures.
Total leverage exposures increased by $23 billion, primarily due to the impact of foreign exchange translation, partially offset by lower business-driven leverage exposures. Business-driven leverage exposures declined mainly in repo-style transactions, partially offset by growth in trading securities, wholesale and retail loans, and cash collateral.
Our TLAC ratio of 29.8% was up 50 bps, reflecting a favourable impact from a net increase in eligible external TLAC instruments, partially offset by the factors noted above under the Total Capital ratio.
Our TLAC leverage ratio of 8.9% was up 50 bps, reflecting a favourable impact from a net increase in eligible external TLAC instruments, as well as the factors noted above under the Leverage ratio.
External TLAC instruments include long-term debt subject to conversion under the
Bail-in
regime. For further details, refer to Deposit and funding profile in the Liquidity and funding risk section.
Selected capital management activity
The following table provides our selected capital management activity:
 
    
For the three months ended
January 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of shares)  
Issuance or
redemption date
   
Number of
shares 
(000s)
   
Amount
 
Tier 1 capital
     
Common shares activity
     
Issued in connection with share-based compensation plans
(1)
   
 
216
 
 
$
22
 
Purchased for cancellation
(2)
   
 
(1,942
) 
 
 
(29
) 
Issuance of limited recourse capital notes (LRCNs) Series 5
(2), (3), (4)
 
 
November 1, 2024
 
 
 
1,000
 
 
 
1,396
 
Tier 2 capital
     
Redemption of December 23, 2029 subordinated debentures
(2), (3)
 
 
December 23, 2024
 
   
$
 (1,500
) 
Issuance of February 4, 2035 subordinated debentures
(2), (3)
 
 
January 29, 2025
 
         
$
1,500
 
 
  (1)   Amounts include cash received for stock options exercised during the period and fair value adjustments to stock options.
  (2)   For further details, refer to Note 10 of our Condensed Financial Statements.
  (3)  
Non-Viability
Contingent Capital (NVCC) instruments.
  (4)   For the LRCNs, the number of shares represents the number of notes issued.
On June 10, 2024, we announced a normal course issuer bid (NCIB) to purchase up to 30 million of our common shares, commencing on June 12, 2024 and continuing until June 11, 2025, or such earlier date as we complete the repurchase of all shares permitted under the bid. For the three months ended January 31, 2025, the total number of common shares repurchased and cancelled under our NCIB program was approximately 1,942 thousand. The total cost of the shares repurchased was $338 million. Since the inception of this NCIB, the total number of common shares repurchased and cancelled was approximately 2,830 thousand, at a cost of approximately $478 million.

Table of Contents
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   41
 
We determine the amount and timing of purchases under the NCIB, subject to prior consultation with OSFI. Purchases may be made through the TSX, the NYSE and other designated exchanges and alternative Canadian trading systems. The price paid for repurchased shares is the prevailing market price at the time of acquisition.
On November 1, 2024, we issued US$1,000 million of LRCN Series 5 at a price of US$1,000 per note. The LRCN Series 5 bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.350% per annum until November 24, 2034. Thereafter, the interest rate on the LRCN Series 5 will reset every five years at a rate per annum equal to the prevailing
5-Year
U.S. Treasury Rate plus 2.257% until their maturity on November 24, 2084.
On December 23, 2024, we redeemed all $1,500 million of our outstanding NVCC 2.88% subordinated debentures due December 23, 2029 for 100% of their principal amount plus accrued interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.
On January 29, 2025, we issued $1,500 million of NVCC subordinated debentures. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.279% per annum until February 4, 2030, and at the Daily Compounded Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average plus 1.45% thereafter until their maturity on February 4, 2035.
Selected share data
(1)
 
    
As at January 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of shares and as otherwise noted)  
Number of
shares 
(000s)
   
Amount
   
Dividends
declared per
share
 
Common shares issued
 
 
1,413,354
 
 
$
21,006
 
 
$
1.48
 
Treasury shares – common shares
(2)
 
 
(476
) 
 
 
(83
) 
       
Common shares outstanding
 
 
1,412,878
 
 
$
20,923
 
       
Stock options and awards
     
Outstanding
 
 
8,077
 
   
Exercisable
 
 
4,105
 
 
 
       
 
       
First preferred shares issued
     
Non-cumulative
Series BD
(3), (4)
 
 
24,000
 
 
$
600
 
 
$
0.20
 
Non-cumulative
Series BF
(3), (4)
 
 
12,000
 
 
 
300
 
 
 
0.19
 
Non-cumulative
Series BH
(4)
 
 
6,000
 
 
 
150
 
 
 
0.31
 
Non-cumulative
Series BI
(4)
 
 
6,000
 
 
 
150
 
 
 
0.31
 
Non-cumulative
Series BO
(3), (4)
 
 
14,000
 
 
 
350
 
 
 
0.37
 
Non-cumulative
Series BT
(3), (4), (5)
 
 
750
 
 
 
750
 
 
 
4.20%
 
Non-cumulative
Series BU
(3), (4), (5)
 
 
750
 
 
 
750
 
 
 
7.408%
 
Non-cumulative
Series BW
(3), (4), (5)
 
 
600
 
 
 
600
 
 
 
6.698%
 
Other equity instruments issued
     
Limited recourse capital notes Series 1
(3), (4), (6), (7)
 
 
1,750
 
 
 
1,750
 
 
 
4.50%
 
Limited recourse capital notes Series 2
(3), (4), (6), (7)
 
 
1,250
 
 
 
1,250
 
 
 
4.00%
 
Limited recourse capital notes Series 3
(3), (4), (6), (7)
 
 
1,000
 
 
 
1,000
 
 
 
3.65%
 
Limited recourse capital notes Series 4
(3), (4), (6), (7)
 
 
1,000
 
 
 
1,370
 
 
 
7.50%
 
Limited recourse capital notes Series 5
(3), (4), (6), (7)
 
 
1,000
 
 
 
1,396
 
 
 
6.35%
 
Preferred shares and other equity instruments issued
 
 
70,100
 
 
 
10,416
 
 
Treasury instruments – preferred shares and other equity instruments
(2)
 
 
(28
) 
 
 
(12
) 
       
Preferred shares and other equity instruments outstanding
 
 
70,072
 
 
$
10,404
 
       
Dividends on common shares
   
$
2,092
 
 
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments
(8)
 
 
       
 
 
 
118
 
 
 
       
 
 
  (1)   For further details about our capital management activity, refer to Note 10 of our Condensed Financial Statements.  
  (2)   Positive amounts represent a short position and negative amounts represent a long position.  
  (3)   Dividend rate will reset every five years.  
  (4)   NVCC instruments.  
  (5)   The dividends declared per share represent the per annum dividend rate applicable to the shares issued as at the reporting date.  
  (6)   For LRCN Series, the number of shares represent the number of notes issued and the dividends declared per share represent the annual interest rate percentage applicable to the notes issued as at the reporting date.  
  (7)   In connection with the issuance of LRCN Series 1, on July 28, 2020, we issued $1,750 million of First Preferred Shares Series BQ (Series BQ); in connection with the issuance of LRCN Series 2, on November 2, 2020, we issued $1,250 million of First Preferred Shares Series BR (Series BR); in connection with the issuance of LRCN Series 3, on June 8, 2021, we issued $1,000 million of First Preferred Shares Series BS (Series BS); in connection with the issuance of LRCN Series 4 on April 24, 2024, we issued US$1,000 million of First Preferred Shares Series BV (Series BV); and in connection with the issuance of LRCN Series 5 on November 1, 2024, we issued US$1,000 million of First Preferred Shares Series BX (Series BX). The Series BQ, BR and BS preferred shares were issued at a price of $1,000 per share and the Series BV and BX preferred shares were issued at a price of US$1,000 per share. The Series BQ, BR, BS, BV and BX preferred shares were issued to a consolidated trust to be held as trust assets in connection with the LRCN series. For further details, refer to Note 19 of our 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.  
  (8)   Excludes distributions to
non-controlling
interests.
 
As
at February 21, 2025, the number of outstanding common shares was 1,412,531,522, net of treasury shares held of 851,250, and the number of stock options and awards was 8,048,483.

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42   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
NVCC provisions require the conversion of the capital instrument into a variable number of common shares in the event that OSFI deems a bank to be
non-viable
or a federal or provincial government in Canada publicly announces that a bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection. If a NVCC trigger event were to occur, our NVCC capital instruments as at January 31, 2025, which were the preferred shares Series BD, BF, BH, BI, BO, BT, BU, BW, LRCN Series 1, LRCN Series 2, LRCN Series 3, LRCN Series 4, LRCN Series 5 and subordinated debentures due on January 27, 2026, June 30, 2030, January 28, 2033, November 3, 2031, May 3, 2032, February 1, 2033, April 3, 2034, August 8, 2034, and February 4, 2035 would be converted into common shares pursuant to an automatic conversion formula with a conversion price based on the greater of: (i) a contractual floor price of $5.00 (subject to adjustment in certain circumstances), and (ii) the current market price of our common shares at the time of the trigger event
(10-day
weighted average). Based on a floor price of $5.00 and including an estimate for accrued dividends and interest, these NVCC capital instruments would convert into a maximum of approximately 6.3 billion common shares, in aggregate, which would represent a dilution impact of 81.6% based on the number of common shares outstanding as at January 31, 2025.
Global systemically important banks
(G-SIBs)
13 assessment indicators
(1)
The BCBS and FSB use 13 indicators in the assessment methodology for determining the systemic importance of large global banks. As noted previously, we are designated as a
G-SIB.
The following table provides the 13 indicators used in the
G-SIB
assessment methodology:
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
October 31
2024
   
October 31
2023
 
Cross-jurisdictional activity
(2)
   
Cross-jurisdictional claims
 
$
1,023,919
 
  $ 1,095,074  
Cross-jurisdictional liabilities
 
 
794,662
 
    822,122  
Size
(3)
   
Total exposures as defined for use in the Basel III leverage ratio
 
 
2,387,168
 
    2,205,597  
Interconnectedness
(4)
   
Intra-financial system assets
 
 
198,763
 
    178,747  
Intra-financial system liabilities
 
 
160,819
 
    154,580  
Securities outstanding
 
 
579,357
 
    453,282  
Substitutability/financial institution infrastructure
(5)
   
Payment activity
 
 
48,863,795
 
    48,548,510  
Assets under custody
 
 
4,482,490
 
    3,903,071  
Underwritten transactions in debt and equity markets
 
 
288,311
 
    217,449  
Trading volume
   
Fixed income
 
 
9,494,080
 
    8,692,240  
Equities and other securities
 
 
6,856,367
 
    5,488,456  
Complexity
(6)
   
Notional amount of
over-the-counter
derivatives
 
 
  34,254,579
 
      26,584,099  
Trading and investment securities
 
 
94,511
 
    79,676  
Level 3 assets
 
 
5,404
 
    5,190  
 
(1)   The
G-SIBs
indicators are prepared based on the methodology prescribed in BCBS updated guidelines published in July 2018, and are disclosed in accordance with OSFI’s Global Systemically Important Banks – Public Disclosure Requirements Advisory. The indicators are based on the regulatory scope of consolidation, which excludes RBC Insurance subsidiaries, unless otherwise specified by the assessment methodology. For our 2024 standalone
G-SIB
disclosure, please refer to our Regulatory Disclosures at rbc.com/investor relations.
(2)   Represents a bank’s level of interaction outside its domestic jurisdiction.
(3)   Represents the total
on-
and
off-
balance sheet exposures of the bank, as determined by leverage ratio rules, which reflect OSFI’s implementation of the final Basel III reforms, prior to regulatory adjustments.
(4)   Represents transactions with other financial institutions.
(5)   Represents the extent to which the bank’s services could be substituted by other institutions.
(6)   Includes the level of complexity and volume of a bank’s trading activities represented through derivatives, trading securities, investment securities and level 3 assets.
2024 vs. 2023
During 2024, notional amounts of over-the-counter derivatives increased primarily due to higher trading activity in interest rate and foreign exchange contracts. Assets under custody increased primarily due to market appreciation. The increase in total exposures as defined for use in the Basel III leverage ratio was mainly driven by the impact of the acquisition of HSBC Canada and business growth in retail and wholesale loans. Other movements primarily reflect normal course of business activity.

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Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   43
 
Accounting and control matters
 
 
Summary of accounting policies and estimates
 
Our Condensed Financial Statements are presented in compliance with International Accounting Standard (IAS) 34
Interim Financial Reporting
. Our material accounting policies are described in Note 2 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
Future changes in accounting policies and disclosures
Future changes in accounting policies and disclosures that are not yet effective for us are described in Note 2 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
Controls and procedures
 
Disclosure controls and procedures
As of January 31, 2025, management evaluated, under the supervision of and with the participation of the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined under rules adopted by the Canadian securities regulatory authorities and the U.S. SEC. Based on that evaluation, the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of January 31, 2025.
Internal control over financial reporting
No changes were made in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended January 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
Related party transactions
 
In the ordinary course of business, we provide normal banking services and operational services, and enter into other transactions with associated and other related corporations, including our joint venture entities, on terms similar to those offered to
non-related
parties. We grant loans to directors, officers and other employees at rates normally accorded to preferred clients. In addition, we offer deferred share and other plans to
non-employee
directors, executives and certain other key employees. For further information, refer to Notes 12 and 25 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.

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44   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Glossary
 
 
Adjusted Results and Measures
We believe that providing adjusted results as well as certain measures and ratios enhances comparability with prior periods and enables readers to better assess trends in the underlying businesses. For further details, including a reconciliation, refer to the Key performance and
non-GAAP
measures section.
•  
Adjusted effective income tax rate
– calculated as effective income tax rate excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted income before income taxes
– calculated as income before income taxes excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted income taxes
– calculated as income taxes excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted net income
– calculated as net income excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted net income available to common shareholders
– calculated as net income available to common shareholders excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted
non-interest
expense
– calculated as
non-interest
expense excluding the impact of specified items and amortization of acquisition-related intangibles.
•  
Adjusted total revenue
– calculated as total revenue excluding the impact of specified items.
Acceptances
A bill of exchange or negotiable instrument drawn by the borrower for payment at maturity and accepted by a bank. The acceptance constitutes a guarantee of payment by the bank and can be traded in the money market. The bank earns a “stamping fee” for providing this guarantee.
Allowance for credit losses (ACL)
The amount deemed adequate by management to absorb expected credit losses as at the balance sheet date. The allowance is established for all financial assets subject to impairment assessment, including certain loans, debt securities, customers’ liability under acceptances, financial guarantees, and undrawn loan commitments. The allowance is changed by the amount of provision for credit losses recorded, which is charged to income, and decreased by the amount of write-offs net of recoveries in the period.
ACL on loans ratio
ACL on loans ratio is calculated as ACL on loans as a percentage of total loans and acceptances.
Asset-backed securities (ABS)
Securities created through the securitization of a pool of assets, for example auto loans or credit card loans.
Assets under administration (AUA)
Assets administered by us, which are beneficially owned by clients, unless otherwise noted. Services provided in respect of assets under administration are of an administrative nature, including safekeeping, collecting investment income, settling purchase and sale transactions, and record keeping.
Assets under management (AUM)
Assets managed by us, which are beneficially owned by clients, unless otherwise noted. Services provided in respect of assets under management include the selection of investments and the provision of investment advice. We have assets under management that are also administered by us and included in assets under administration.
Attributed capital
Attributed capital to our business segments is based on the Basel III regulatory capital and leverage requirements other than for our insurance segment for which we attribute capital based only on economic capital.
Auction rate securities (ARS)
Debt securities whose interest rates are regularly reset through an auction process.
Average earning assets, net
Average earning assets include interest-bearing deposits with other banks, securities, net of applicable allowance, assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed, loans, net of allowance, cash collateral and margin deposits. Insurance assets, and all other assets not specified are excluded. The averages are based on the daily balances for the period.
Basis point (bp)
One
one-hundredth
of a percentage point (.01%).
Collateral
Assets pledged as security for a loan or other obligation. Collateral can take many forms, such as cash, highly rated securities, property, inventory, equipment and receivables.
Collateralized debt obligation (CDO)
Securities with multiple tranches that are issued by structured entities and collateralized by debt obligations including bonds and loans. Each tranche offers a varying degree of risk and return so as to meet investor demand.
Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS)
Securities created through the securitization of commercial mortgages.
Commitments to extend credit
Unutilized amount of credit facilities available to clients either in the form of loans, bankers’ acceptances and other
on-balance
sheet financing, or through
off-balance
sheet products such as guarantees and letters of credit.
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital
A regulatory Basel III capital measure comprised mainly of common shareholders’ equity less regulatory deductions and adjustments for goodwill and intangibles, defined benefit pension fund assets, shortfall in allowances and other specified items. The CET1 capital is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guideline. For more details, refer to the Capital management section.
Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio
A risk-based capital measure calculated as CET1 capital divided by risk-weighted assets. The CET1 ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guideline.
Contractual service margin (CSM)
For insurance contracts, the CSM represents the unearned profit (net inflows) for providing insurance coverage. For reinsurance contracts held, the CSM represents the net cost or net gain of purchasing reinsurance.
Covered bonds
Full recourse
on-balance
sheet obligations issued by banks and credit institutions that are fully collateralized by assets over which investors enjoy a priority claim in the event of an issuer’s insolvency.
Credit default swaps (CDS)
A derivative contract that provides the purchaser with a
one-time
payment should the referenced entity/entities default (or a similar triggering event occur).
Derivative
A contract between two parties, which requires little or no initial investment and where payments between the parties are dependent upon the movements in price of an underlying instrument, index or financial rate. Examples of derivatives include swaps, options, forward rate agreements and futures. The notional amount of the derivative is the contract amount used as a reference point to calculate the payments to be exchanged between the two parties, and the notional amount itself is generally not exchanged by the parties.
Dividend payout ratio
Common dividends as a percentage of net income available to common shareholders.
Dividend yield
Dividends per common share divided by the average of the high and low share price in the relevant period.
Earnings per share (EPS), basic
Calculated as net income available to common shareholders divided by the average number of shares outstanding. Adjusted EPS, basic is calculated in the same manner, using adjusted net income available to common shareholders.
Earnings per share (EPS), diluted
Calculated as net income available to common shareholders divided by the average number of shares outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effects of stock options and other convertible securities. Adjusted EPS, diluted is calculated in the same manner, using adjusted net income available to common shareholders.
Efficiency ratio
Non-interest
expense as a percentage of total revenue. Adjusted efficiency ratio is calculated in the same manner, using adjusted
non-interest
expense and adjusted total revenue.
Expected credit losses
The difference between the contractual cash flows due to us in accordance with the relevant contractual terms and the cash flows that we expect to receive, discounted to the balance sheet date.
Fair value
Fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

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Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   45
 
Funding valuation adjustment
Funding valuation adjustments are calculated to incorporate cost and benefit of funding in the valuation of uncollateralized and under-collateralized OTC derivatives. Future expected cash flows of these derivatives are discounted to reflect the cost and benefit of funding the derivatives by using a funding curve, implied volatilities and correlations as inputs.
Guarantees and standby letters of credit
These primarily represent irrevocable assurances that a bank will make payments in the event that its client cannot meet its financial obligations to third parties. Certain other guarantees, such as bid and performance bonds, represent
non-financial
undertakings.
Hedge
A risk management technique used to mitigate exposure from market, interest rate or foreign currency exchange risk arising from normal banking operations. The elimination or reduction of such exposure is accomplished by establishing offsetting positions. For example, assets denominated in foreign currencies can be offset with liabilities in the same currencies or through the use of foreign exchange hedging instruments such as futures, options or foreign exchange contracts.
Hedge funds
A type of investment fund, marketed to accredited high net worth investors, that is subject to limited regulation and restrictions on its investments compared to retail mutual funds, and that often utilize aggressive strategies such as selling short, leverage, program trading, swaps, arbitrage and derivatives.
High-quality liquid assets (HQLA)
HQLA are cash or assets that can be converted into cash quickly through sales (or by being pledged as collateral) with no significant loss of value.
Impaired loans
Loans are classified as impaired when there has been a deterioration of credit quality to the extent that management no longer has reasonable assurance of timely collection of the full amount of principal and interest in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Credit card balances are not classified as impaired as they are directly written off after payments are 180 days past due.
Insurance contracts
Contracts under which we accept significant insurance risk from a policyholder by agreeing to compensate the policyholder if a specified uncertain future event adversely affects the policyholder. Insurance contracts also include reinsurance contracts issued by us to compensate another company for claims arising from underlying insurance contracts issued by that other company.
Insurance investment result
Calculated as Net investment income from the Insurance segment, Insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contracts and Reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held. Net investment income primarily comprises interest and dividend income and net gains (losses) on financial instruments and derivatives relating to the Insurance segment. Insurance and reinsurance finance income (expense) represents the net effect of and changes in the time value of money and financial risks on insurance contracts and reinsurance contracts held, respectively.
Insurance service result
Calculated as Insurance revenue less Insurance service expense from insurance contracts and Net income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held. Insurance revenue represents the revenue recognized in the period as we provide insurance services for the groups of insurance contracts. Insurance service expense represents the costs incurred in providing insurance services in the period, which includes incurred claims and other directly attributable expenses, allocation of acquisition costs, changes relating to past or current services and changes in loss components of onerous groups of contracts. Net income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held represents the amounts recovered from the reinsurers less the allocation of premiums paid on reinsurance contracts held.
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
IFRS are principles-based standards, interpretations and the framework adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board.
Leverage ratio
A Basel III regulatory measure, the ratio divides Tier 1 capital by the leverage exposure measure. The leverage ratio is a
non-risk
based measure and is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LR guideline.
Leverage ratio exposure
The leverage ratio exposure is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LR guideline and is defined as the sum of total assets plus
off-balance
sheet items after certain adjustments.
Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)
The LCR is a Basel III standard that aims to ensure that an institution has an adequate stock of unencumbered HQLA that consists of cash or assets that can be converted into cash at little or no loss of value in private markets, to meet its liquidity needs for a 30 calendar day liquidity stress scenario. The LCR is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline.
Loan-to-value
(LTV) ratio
Calculated based on the total facility amount for the residential mortgage and RBC Homeline Plan product divided by the value of the related residential property.
Master netting agreement
An agreement between us and a counterparty designed to reduce the credit risk of multiple derivative transactions through the creation of a legal right of offset of exposure in the event of a default.
Net interest income
The difference between what is earned on assets such as loans and securities and what is paid on liabilities such as deposits and subordinated debentures.
Net interest margin (NIM) on average earning assets, net
Calculated as net interest income divided by average earning assets, net.
Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR)
The NSFR is a Basel III standard that requires institutions to maintain a stable funding profile defined as available amount of stable funding (ASF) in relation to the composition of their assets and
off-balance
sheet activities defined as required amount of stable funding (RSF). The ratio should be at least equal to 100% on an ongoing basis. The NSFR is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s LAR guideline.
Normal course issuer bid (NCIB)
A program for the repurchase of our own shares for cancellation through a stock exchange that is subject to the various rules of the relevant stock exchange and securities commission.
Notional amount
The contract amount used as a reference point to calculate payments for derivatives.
Off-balance
sheet financial instruments
A variety of arrangements offered to clients, which include credit derivatives, written put options, backstop liquidity facilities, stable value products, financial standby letters of credit, performance guarantees, credit enhancements, mortgage loans sold with recourse, commitments to extend credit, securities lending, documentary and commercial letters of credit, sponsor member guarantees, securities lending indemnifications and indemnifications.
Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (OSFI)
The primary regulator of federally chartered financial institutions and federally administered pension plans in Canada. OSFI’s mission is to safeguard policyholders, depositors and pension plan members from undue loss.
Operating leverage
The difference between our revenue growth rate and
non-interest
expense growth rate.
Options
A contract or a provision of a contract that gives one party (the option holder) the right, but not the obligation, to perform a specified transaction with another party (the option issuer or option writer) according to specified terms.
Provision for credit losses (PCL)
The amount charged to income necessary to bring the allowance for credit losses to a level determined appropriate by management. This includes provisions on performing and impaired financial assets.
PCL on loans ratio
PCL on loans ratio is calculated using PCL on loans as a percentage of average net loans and acceptances.
RBC Homeline Plan products
This is comprised of residential mortgages and secured personal loans whereby the borrower pledges real estate as collateral.
Reinsurance contracts held
Contracts under which we transfer significant insurance risk to a reinsurer that compensates us for claims relating to underlying insurance contracts issued by us and are accounted for separately from the underlying insurance contracts to which they relate.
Repurchase agreements
These involve the sale of securities for cash and the simultaneous repurchase of the securities for value at a later date. These transactions normally do not constitute economic sales and therefore are treated as collateralized financing transactions.
Return on common equity (ROE)
Net income available to common shareholders, expressed as a percentage of average common equity. ROE is based on actual balances of average common equity before rounding. Adjusted ROE is calculated in the same manner, using adjusted net income available to common shareholders.

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46   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Reverse repurchase agreements
These involve the purchase of securities for cash and the simultaneous sale of the securities for value at a later date. These transactions normally do not constitute economic sales and therefore are treated as collateralized financing transactions.
Risk-weighted assets (RWA)
Assets adjusted by a regulatory risk-weight factor to reflect the riskiness of
on-
and
off-balance
sheet exposures. Certain assets are not risk-weighted, but deducted from capital. The calculation is defined by OSFI’s CAR guideline. For more details, refer to the Capital management section.
Securities lending
Transactions in which the owner of securities agrees to lend it under the terms of a prearranged contract to a borrower for a fee. Collateral for the loan consists of either high quality securities or cash and collateral value must be at least equal to the market value of the loaned securities. Borrowers pay a negotiated fee for loans collateralized by securities, whereas for cash collateral lenders pay borrowers interest at a negotiated rate and reinvest the cash collateral to earn a return. An intermediary such as a bank often acts as agent lender for the owner of the security in return for a share of the revenue earned by the owner from lending securities. Most often, agent lenders indemnify the owner against the risk of the borrower’s failure to redeliver the loaned securities – counterparty credit risk if a borrower defaults and market risk if the value of the
non-cash
collateral declines. The agent lender does not indemnify against the investment risk of
re-investing
cash collateral which is borne by the owner.
Securities sold short
A transaction in which the seller sells securities and then borrows the securities in order to deliver them to the purchaser upon settlement. At a later date, the seller buys identical securities in the market to replace the borrowed securities.
Securitization
The process by which various financial assets are packaged into newly issued securities backed by these assets.
Standardized Approach (SA) for credit risk
Risk weights prescribed by OSFI are used to calculate RWA for the credit risk exposures. Credit assessments by OSFI-recognized external credit rating agencies of Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLP; Moody’s Investor Service, Inc.; Fitch Ratings, Inc.; and DBRS Limited are used to risk-weight our Sovereign and Bank exposures based on the standards and guidelines issued by OSFI.
Structured entities
A structured entity is an entity in which voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when the activities that significantly affect the entity’s returns are directed by means of contractual arrangements. Structured entities often have restricted activities, narrow and well defined objectives, insufficient equity to finance their activities, and financing in the form of multiple contractually-linked instruments.
Taxable equivalent basis (teb)
Income from certain specified tax advantaged sources (U.S. tax credit investment business as well as eligible Canadian taxable corporate dividends received on or before December 31, 2023) is increased to a level that would make it comparable to income from taxable sources. There is an offsetting adjustment in the tax provision, thereby generating the same
after-tax
net income.
Tier 1 capital and Tier 1 capital ratio 
Tier 1 capital comprises predominantly of CET1 capital, with additional Tier 1 items such as preferred shares, limited recourse capital notes and
non-controlling
interests in subsidiaries Tier 1 instruments. The Tier 1 capital ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guideline by dividing Tier 1 capital by risk-weighted assets.
Tier 2 capital
Tier 2 capital consists mainly of subordinated debentures that meet certain criteria, certain loan loss allowances and
non-controlling
interests in subsidiaries’ Tier 2 instruments.
Total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC)
The aggregate of Tier 1 capital, Tier 2 capital, and external TLAC instruments which allow conversion in whole or in part into common shares under the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Act and meet all of the eligibility criteria under the guideline.
TLAC ratio
The risk-based TLAC ratio is defined as TLAC divided by total risk-weighted assets. The TLAC ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s TLAC guideline.
TLAC leverage ratio
The TLAC leverage ratio is defined as TLAC divided by the leverage ratio exposure. The TLAC leverage ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s TLAC guideline.
Total capital and total capital ratio
Total capital is defined as the total of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. The total capital ratio is calculated in accordance with OSFI’s CAR guideline by dividing total capital by risk-weighted assets.
Tranche
A security class created whereby the risks and returns associated with a pool of assets are packaged into several classes of securities offering different risk and return profiles from those of the underlying asset pool. Tranches are typically rated by ratings agencies, and reflect both the credit quality of underlying collateral as well as the level of protection based on the tranches’ relative subordination.
Unattributed capital
Unattributed capital represents common equity in excess of common equity attributed to our business segments and is reported in the Corporate Support segment.
Value-at-Risk
(VaR)
A generally accepted risk-measurement concept that uses statistical models based on historical information to estimate within a given level of confidence the maximum loss in market value we would experience in our financial portfolio from an adverse
one-day
movement in market rates and prices.

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Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   47
 
Enhanced Disclosure Task Force recommendations index
 
We aim to present transparent, high-quality risk disclosures by providing disclosures in our 2024 Annual Report, Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders (RTS), Supplementary Financial Information package (SFI), and Pillar 3 Report, in accordance with recommendations from the FSB’s Enhanced Disclosure Task Force (EDTF). Information within the SFI and Pillar 3 Report is not and should not be considered incorporated by reference into our Q1 2025 Report to Shareholders.
The following index summarizes our disclosure by EDTF recommendation:
 
            
Location of disclosure
Type of Risk
 
Recommendation
 
Disclosure
  
RTS
page
 
Annual
Report page
  
SFI
page
General
  1  
Table of contents for EDTF risk disclosure
   47   140    1
  2  
Define risk terminology and measures
    
69-75, 137-139
   –
  3  
Top and emerging risks
    
66-69
   –
  4  
New regulatory ratios
   38-40  
114-120
   –
Risk governance, risk management and business model
  5  
Risk management organization
    
69-75
   –
  6  
Risk culture
    
69-75
   –
  7  
Risk in the context of our business activities
     124    –
  8  
Stress testing
  
 
  73, 85    –
Capital adequacy and risk-weighted assets (RWA)
  9  
Minimum Basel III capital ratios and Domestic systemically important bank surcharge
   38  
114-120
   –
  10  
Composition of capital and reconciliation of the accounting balance sheet to the regulatory balance sheet
     –    *
  11  
Flow statement of the movements in regulatory capital
     –    19
  12  
Capital strategic planning
    
114-120
   –
  13  
RWA by business segments
     –    20
  14  
Analysis of capital requirement, and related measurement model information
    
75-79
   *
  15  
RWA credit risk and related risk measurements
     –    *
  16  
Movement of RWA by risk type
     –    20
 
  17  
Basel back-testing
  
 
  72,
75-77
   31
 
Liquidity
  18  
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of our liquidity reserve
   29  
92-93, 98-99
   –
Funding
  19  
Encumbered and unencumbered assets by balance sheet category, and contractual obligations for rating downgrades
   30, 32   94, 97    –
  20  
Maturity analysis of consolidated total assets, liabilities and
off-balance
sheet commitments analyzed by remaining contractual maturity at the balance sheet date
   36-37  
101-102
   –
  21  
Sources of funding and funding strategy
   30-32  
94-96
   –
Market risk
  22  
Relationship between the market risk measures for trading and
non-trading
portfolios and the balance sheet
   27-28  
89-90
   –
  23  
Decomposition of market risk factors
   25-26  
85-90
   –
  24  
Market risk validation and back-testing
     85    –
  25  
Primary risk management techniques beyond reported risk measures and parameters
  
 
 
85-88
   –
Credit risk
  26  
Bank’s credit risk profile
   21-24  
75-85, 187-194
  
21-31*
   
Quantitative summary of aggregate credit risk exposures that reconciles to the balance sheet
   60-64  
131-136
   *
  27  
Policies for identifying impaired loans
    
77-79, 126, 157-160
   –
  28  
Reconciliation of the opening and closing balances of impaired loans and impairment allowances during the year
     –    23, 28
  29  
Quantification of gross notional exposure for
over-the-counter
derivatives or exchange-traded derivatives
     80    32
  30  
Credit risk mitigation, including collateral held for all sources of credit risk
  
 
 
78-79
   *
Other
  31  
Other risk types
    
104-113
   –
  32  
Publicly known risk events
  
 
 
108-109, 236-237
   –
 
*   These disclosure requirements are satisfied or partially satisfied by disclosures provided in our Pillar 3 Report for the quarter ended January 31, 2025 and for the year ended October 31, 2024.

Table of Contents
48   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
 
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
 
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets 
(unaudited)
 
 
      As at   
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
  
January 31
2025
    
October 31
2024
 
Assets
     
Cash and due from banks
  
$
71,200
   $  56,723  
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
 
  
 
 
47,924
 
 
 
    
66,020
 
 
Securities
     
Trading
  
189,416
     183,300  
Investment, net of applicable allowance
(Note 4)
  
298,609
     256,618  
    
488,025
     439,918  
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
  
 
 
280,451
 
 
 
    
350,803
 
 
Loans
(Note 5)
     
Retail
  
633,400
     626,978  
Wholesale
  
379,250
     360,439  
  
 1,012,650
     987,417  
Allowance for loan losses
(Note 5)
  
(6,600
) 
     (6,037 ) 
    
1,006,050
     981,380  
Other
     
Customers’ liability under acceptances
  
74
     35  
Derivatives
  
153,686
     150,612  
Premises and equipment
  
6,878
     6,852  
Goodwill
  
19,578
     19,286  
Other intangibles
  
7,712
     7,798  
Other assets
  
109,448
     92,155  
    
297,376
     276,738  
Total assets
  
$
 2,191,026
   $ 2,171,582  
Liabilities and equity
     
Deposits
(Note 6)
     
Personal
  
$
535,614
   $ 522,139  
Business and government
  
871,259
     839,670  
Bank
  
35,067
     47,722  
    
1,441,940
     1,409,531  
Other
     
Acceptances
  
74
     35  
Obligations related to securities sold short
  
45,460
     35,286  
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
  
274,592
     305,321  
Derivatives
  
161,590
     163,763  
Insurance contract liabilities
  
23,477
     22,231  
Other liabilities
  
96,960
     94,677  
    
602,153
     621,313  
Subordinated debentures
(Note
10
)
  
13,670
     13,546  
Total liabilities
  
2,057,763
     2,044,390  
Equity attributable to shareholders
     
Preferred shares and other equity instruments
(Note
10
)
  
10,404
     9,031  
Common shares
(Note
10
)
  
20,923
     20,952  
Retained earnings
  
90,754
     88,608  
Other components of equity
  
11,086
     8,498  
  
133,167
     127,089  
Non-controlling
interests
  
96
     103  
Total equity
  
133,263
     127,192  
Total liabilities and equity
  
$
2,191,026
   $  2,171,582  
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   49
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income
(unaudited)
 
 
     For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except per share amounts)
 
January 31
2025
   
January 31
2024
 
Interest and dividend income
(Note 3)
   
Loans
 
$
14,330
  $ 12,269  
Securities
 
4,832
    4,554  
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
 
5,924
    7,221  
Deposits and other
 
1,369
    1,565  
   
26,455
    25,609  
Interest expense
(Note 3)
   
Deposits and other
 
11,816
    11,305  
Other liabilities
 
6,526
    7,786  
Subordinated debentures
 
165
    186  
   
18,507
    19,277  
Net interest income
 
7,948
    6,332  
Non-interest
income
   
Insurance service result
(Note 7)
 
286
    187  
Insurance investment result
(Note 7)
 
82
    141  
Trading revenue
 
1,195
    804  
Investment management and custodial fees
 
2,667
    2,185  
Mutual fund revenue
 
1,236
    1,030  
Securities brokerage commissions
 
471
    388  
Service charges
 
612
    554  
Underwriting and other advisory fees
 
674
    606  
Foreign exchange revenue, other than trading
 
318
    262  
Card service revenue
 
317
    326  
Credit fees
 
435
    395  
Net gains on investment securities
 
55
    70  
Income (loss) from joint ventures and associates
 
19
    12  
Other
 
424
    193  
   
8,791
    7,153  
Total revenue
 
16,739
    13,485  
Provision for credit losses
(Notes 4 and 5)
 
1,050
    813  
Non-interest
expense
   
Human resources
(Note
8
)
 
5,987
    5,163  
Equipment
 
681
    619  
Occupancy
 
429
    407  
Communications
 
327
    321  
Professional fees
 
502
    624  
Amortization of other intangibles
 
435
    352  
Other
 
895
    838  
   
9,256
    8,324  
Income before income taxes
 
6,433
    4,348  
Income taxes
(Note 9)
 
1,302
    766  
Net income
 
$
5,131
  $ 3,582  
Net income attributable to:
   
Shareholders
 
$
5,129
  $ 3,580  
Non-controlling
interests
 
2
    2  
   
$
5,131
  $ 3,582  
Basic earnings per share
(in dollars) (Note 1
1
)
 
$
3.54
  $ 2.50  
Diluted earnings per share
(in dollars) (Note 1
1
)
 
3.54
    2.50  
Dividends per common share
(in dollars)
 
1.48
    1.38  
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

50   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(unaudited)
 
 
      For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
  
January 31
2025
    
January 31
2024
 
Net income
  
$
5,131
   $ 3,582  
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes
     
Items that will be reclassified subsequently to income:
     
Net change in unrealized gains (losses) on debt securities and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income
     
Net unrealized gains (losses) on debt securities and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income
  
184
     788  
Provision for credit losses recognized in income
  
(2
) 
     –  
Reclassification of net losses (gains) on debt securities and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income to income
  
(61
) 
     (49 ) 
  
121
     739  
Foreign currency translation adjustments
     
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)
  
3,634
     (2,151 ) 
Net foreign currency translation gains (losses) from hedging activities
  
(1,671
) 
     922  
Reclassification of losses (gains) on net investment hedging activities to income
  
–
     1  
  
1,963
     (1,228 ) 
Net change in cash flow hedges
     
Net gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
  
668
     (602 ) 
Reclassification of losses (gains) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges to income
  
(159
) 
     (181 ) 
  
509
     (783 ) 
Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to income:
     
Remeasurement gains (losses) on employee benefit plans
(Note
8
)
  
38
     42  
Net gains (losses) from fair value changes due to credit risk on financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
  
(508
) 
     (701 ) 
Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at fair value through other comprehensive income
  
14
     55  
  
(456
) 
     (604 ) 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes
  
2,137
     (1,876 ) 
Total comprehensive income (loss)
  
$
7,268
   $ 1,706  
Total comprehensive income attributable to:
     
Shareholders
  
$
7,261
   $ 1,707  
Non-controlling
interests
  
7
     (1 ) 
  
$
7,268
   $ 1,706  
The income tax effect on the Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income is shown in the table below.
 
      For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
  
January 31
2025
    
January 31
2024
 
Income taxes on other comprehensive income
     
Net unrealized gains (losses) on debt securities and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income
  
$
121
   $     303  
Provision for credit losses recognized in income
  
–
     –  
Reclassification of net losses (gains) on debt securities and loans at fair value through other comprehensive income to income
  
(18
) 
     (16 ) 
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses)
  
19
     (17 ) 
Net foreign currency translation gains (losses) from hedging activities
  
(620
) 
     340  
Reclassification of losses (gains) on net investment hedging activities to income
  
–
     –  
Net gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges
  
264
     (262 ) 
Reclassification of losses (gains) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges to income
  
(60
) 
     (68 ) 
Remeasurement gains (losses) on employee benefit plans
  
14
     22  
Net gains (losses) from fair value changes due to credit risk on financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss
  
(194
) 
     (271 ) 
Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at fair value through other comprehensive income
  
4
     20  
Total income tax expenses (recoveries)
  
$
(470
) 
   $ 51  
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   51
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
(unaudited)
 
    
For the three months ended January 31, 2025
 
                                 
Other components of equity 
                   
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
   
Common
shares
   
Treasury –
preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
   
Treasury –
common
shares
   
Retained
earnings
   
FVOCI
securities
and loans
   
Foreign
currency
translation
   
Cash
flow
hedges
   
Total other
components
of equity
   
Equity
attributable to
shareholders
   
Non-controlling
interests
   
Total
equity
 
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
   9,020
 
 
$
 21,013
 
 
$
11
 
 
$
    (61
) 
 
$
 88,608
 
 
$
   (897
) 
 
$
  7,128
 
 
$
 2,267
 
 
$
   8,498
 
 
$
 127,089
 
 
$
    103
 
 
$
 127,192
 
Changes in equity
                       
Issues of share capital and other equity instruments
 
 
1,396
 
 
 
22
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(10
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,408
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
1,408
 
Common shares purchased for cancellation
 
 
–
 
 
 
(29
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(309
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(338
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(338
) 
Redemption of preferred shares and other equity instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
Sales of treasury shares and other equity instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
510
 
 
 
1,594
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,104
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
2,104
 
Purchases of treasury shares and other equity instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(533
) 
 
 
(1,616
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(2,149
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(2,149
) 
Share-based compensation awards
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
13
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
13
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
13
 
Dividends on common shares
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(2,092
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(2,092
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(2,092
) 
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(118
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(118
) 
 
 
(14
) 
 
 
(132
) 
Other
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(11
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(11
) 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(11
) 
Net income
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
5,129
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
5,129
 
 
 
2
 
 
 
5,131
 
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
–
 
 
 
(456
) 
 
 
121
 
 
 
1,958
 
 
 
509
 
 
 
2,588
 
 
 
2,132
 
 
 
5
 
 
 
2,137
 
Balance at end of period
 
$
10,416
 
 
$
21,006
 
 
$
     (12
) 
 
$
(83
) 
 
$
90,754
 
 
$
(776
) 
 
$
9,086
 
 
$
2,776
 
 
$
11,086
 
 
$
133,167
 
 
$
96
 
 
$
133,263
 
                       
     For the three months ended January 31, 2024  
                                  Other components of equity                    
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
    Common
shares
    Treasury –
preferred
shares and
other equity
instruments
   
Treasury –
common
shares
    Retained
earnings
   
FVOCI
securities
and loans
    Foreign
currency
translation
    Cash
flow
hedges
   
Total other
components
of equity
    Equity
attributable to
shareholders
   
Non-controlling
interests
   
Total
equity
 
Balance at beginning of period
  $ 7,323     $ 19,398     $ (9 )    $ (231 )    $ 81,059     $ (1,860 )    $ 6,612     $ 2,756     $ 7,508     $ 115,048     $ 99     $ 115,147  
Changes in equity
                       
Issues of share capital and other equity instruments
    750       758       –       –       (6 )      –       –       –       –       1,502       –       1,502  
Common shares purchased for cancellation
    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –  
Redemption of preferred shares and other equity instruments
    (23 )      –       –       –       2       –       –       –       –       (21 )      –       (21 ) 
Sales of treasury shares and other equity instruments
    –       –       113       1,227       –       –       –       –       –       1,340       –       1,340  
Purchases of treasury shares and other equity instruments
    –       –       (123 )      (1,080 )      –       –       –       –       –       (1,203 )      –       (1,203 ) 
Share-based compensation awards
    –       –       –       –       8       –       –       –       –       8       –       8  
Dividends on common shares
    –       –       –       –       (1,944 )      –       –       –       –       (1,944 )      –       (1,944 ) 
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments
    –       –       –       –       (58 )      –       –       –       –       (58 )      (1 )      (59 ) 
Other
    –       –       –       –       12       –       –       –       –       12       –       12  
Net income
    –       –       –       –       3,580       –       –       –       –       3,580       2       3,582  
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes
    –       –       –       –       (604 )      739       (1,225 )      (783 )      (1,269 )      (1,873 )      (3 )      (1,876 ) 
Balance at end of period
  $ 8,050     $ 20,156     $ (19 )    $ (84 )    $ 82,049     $ (1,121 )    $ 5,387     $ 1,973     $ 6,239     $ 116,391     $ 97     $ 116,488  
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

52   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
 
Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(unaudited)
 
 
   
For the three months ended
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
January 31
2025
   
January 31
2024
 
Cash flows from operating activities
               
Net income
 
$
5,131
   
$
3,582
 
Adjustments for
non-cash
items and others
               
Provision for credit losses
   
1,050
     
813
 
Depreciation
   
323
     
320
 
Deferred income taxes
   
28
     
(606
) 
Amortization and impairment of other intangibles
   
451
     
354
 
Net changes in investments in joint ventures and associates
   
(19
) 
   
(12
) 
Losses (Gains) on investment securities
   
(55
) 
   
(70
) 
Losses (Gains) on disposition of businesses
   
–
     
(4
) 
Adjustments for net changes in operating assets and liabilities
               
Insurance contract liabilities
   
1,246
     
2,316
 
Net change in accrued interest receivable and payable
   
(979
) 
   
175
 
Current income taxes
   
(590
) 
   
315
 
Derivative assets
   
(3,074
) 
   
37,412
 
Derivative liabilities
   
(2,173
) 
   
(35,655
) 
Trading securities
   
(6,116
) 
   
(2,521
) 
Loans, net of securitizations
   
(25,783
) 
   
(5,838
) 
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
   
70,352
     
(7,680
) 
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
   
(30,729
) 
   
(748
) 
Obligations related to securities sold short
   
10,174
     
1,361
 
Deposits, net of securitizations
   
32,409
     
9,481
 
Brokers and dealers receivable and payable
   
(806
) 
   
(497
) 
Other
   
(19,686
) 
   
(4,141
) 
Net cash from (used in) operating activities
   
31,154
     
(1,643
) 
Cash flows from investing activities
               
Change in interest-bearing deposits with banks
   
18,096
     
10,006
 
Proceeds from sales and maturities of investment securities
   
57,018
     
65,480
 
Purchases of investment securities
   
(90,543
) 
   
(60,887
) 
Net acquisitions of premises and equipment and other intangibles
   
(681
) 
   
(482
) 
Net proceeds from (cash transferred for) dispositions
   
–
     
9
 
Net cash from (used in) investing activities
   
(16,110
) 
   
14,126
 
Cash flows from financing activities
               
Issuance of subordinated debentures
   
1,500
     
–
 
Repayment of subordinated debentures
   
(1,500
) 
   
–
 
Issue of common shares, net of issuance costs
   
21
     
36
 
Common shares purchased for cancellation
   
(338
) 
   
–
 
Issue of preferred shares and other equity instruments, net of issuance costs
   
1,386
     
744
 
Redemption of preferred shares and other equity instruments
   
–
     
(21
) 
Sales of treasury shares and other equity instruments
   
2,104
     
1,340
 
Purchases of treasury shares and other equity instruments
   
(2,149
) 
   
(1,203
) 
Dividends paid on shares and distributions paid on other equity instruments
   
(2,101
) 
   
(1,240
) 
Dividends/distributions paid to
non-controlling
interests
   
–
     
(1
) 
Change in short-term borrowings of subsidiaries
   
–
     
533
 
Repayment of lease liabilities
   
(154
) 
   
(153
) 
Net cash from (used in) financing activities
   
(1,231
) 
   
35
 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and due from banks
   
664
     
(160
) 
Net change in cash and due from banks
   
14,477
     
12,358
 
Cash and due from banks at beginning of period
(1)
   
56,723
     
61,989
 
Cash and due from banks at end of period
(1)
 
$
71,200
   
$
74,347
 
Cash flows from operating activities include:
               
Amount of interest paid
 
$
19,477
   
$
18,920
 
Amount of interest received
   
26,047
     
24,950
 
Amount of dividends received
   
1,063
     
1,058
 
Amount of income taxes paid
   
1,242
     
855
 
 
 
(1)  
We are required to maintain balances due to regulatory requirements or contractual restrictions from central banks, other regulatory authorities, and other counterparties. The total balances were
 $2 billion as at January 31, 2025 (October 31, 2024 – $2 billion; January 31, 2024 – $3 billion; October 31, 2023 – $3 billion).
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   53
 
Note 1 General information
 
Our unaudited Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Condensed Financial Statements) are presented in compliance with International Accounting Standard (IAS) 34
Interim Financial Reporting
. The Condensed Financial Statements do not include all the information and disclosures required in the annual financial statements and should be read in conjunction with our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes included on pages 148 to 247 in our 2024 Annual Report. Unless otherwise stated, monetary amounts are stated in Canadian dollars. Tabular information is stated in millions of dollars, except as noted. On February 26, 2025, the Board of Directors authorized the Condensed Financial Statements for issue.
 
Note 2 Summary of material accounting policies, estimates and judgments
 
The Condensed Financial Statements have been prepared using the same accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Our material accounting policies and future changes in accounting policies and disclosures that are not yet effective for us are described in Note 2 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments
 
Carrying value and fair value of financial instruments
The following tables provide a comparison of the carrying values and fair values for financial instruments classified or designated as fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) and fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI), and financial instruments measured at amortized cost. Embedded derivatives are presented on a combined basis with the host contracts. Refer to Note 2 and Note 3 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used in the fair value measurement of our financial instruments. There have been no significant changes to our determination of fair value during the quarter.
 
   
As at January 31, 2025
 
   
Carrying value and fair value
       
Carrying value
       
Fair value
             
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
Financial
instruments
classified as
FVTPL
   
Financial
instruments
designated as
FVTPL
   
Financial
instruments
classified as
FVOCI
   
Financial
instruments
designated as
FVOCI
       
Financial
instruments
measured at
amortized cost
       
Financial
instruments
measured at
amortized cost
   
Total carrying
amount
   
Total fair value
 
Financial assets
                                                                       
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
 
$
–
   
$
40,233
   
$
–
   
$
–
       
$
7,691
       
$
7,691
   
$
47,924
   
$
47,924
 
Securities
                                                                       
Trading
   
184,877
     
4,539
     
–
     
–
         
–
         
–
     
189,416
     
189,416
 
Investment, net of applicable allowance
   
–
     
–
     
194,997
     
1,291
         
102,321
         
98,320
     
298,609
     
294,608
 
     
184,877
     
4,539
     
194,997
     
1,291
         
102,321
         
98,320
     
488,025
     
484,024
 
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
   
213,419
     
–
     
–
     
–
         
67,032
         
67,034
     
280,451
     
280,453
 
Loans, net of applicable allowance
                                                                       
Retail
   
865
     
–
     
591
     
–
         
628,399
         
624,923
     
629,855
     
626,379
 
Wholesale
   
11,741
     
2,620
     
997
     
–
         
360,837
         
358,736
     
376,195
     
374,094
 
     
12,606
     
2,620
     
1,588
     
–
         
989,236
         
983,659
     
1,006,050
     
1,000,473
 
Other
                                                                       
Derivatives
   
153,686
     
–
     
–
     
–
         
–
         
–
     
153,686
     
153,686
 
Other assets
(1)
   
12,795
     
–
     
–
     
–
         
60,143
         
60,143
     
72,938
     
72,938
 
Financial liabilities
                                                                       
Deposits
                                                                       
Personal
 
$
582
   
$
35,129
                       
$
499,903
       
$
502,116
   
$
535,614
   
$
537,827
 
Business and government
(2)
   
210
     
165,267
                         
705,782
         
707,453
     
871,259
     
872,930
 
Bank
(3)
   
–
     
3,266
                         
31,801
         
31,813
     
35,067
     
35,079
 
     
792
     
203,662
                         
1,237,486
         
1,241,382
     
1,441,940
     
1,445,836
 
Other
                                                                       
Obligations related to securities sold short
   
45,460
     
–
                         
–
         
–
     
45,460
     
45,460
 
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
   
–
     
232,369
                         
42,223
         
42,223
     
274,592
     
274,592
 
Derivatives
   
161,590
     
–
                         
–
         
–
     
161,590
     
161,590
 
Other liabilities
(4)
   
(1,676
) 
   
5
                         
74,234
         
74,602
     
72,563
     
72,931
 
Subordinated debentures
   
–
     
–
                         
13,670
         
13,755
     
13,670
     
13,755
 

54   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments
(continued)
 
 
     As at October 31, 2024  
    Carrying value and fair value         Carrying value         Fair value              
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Financial
instruments
classified as
FVTPL
    Financial
instruments
designated as
FVTPL
    Financial
instruments
classified as
FVOCI
    Financial
instruments
designated as
FVOCI
         Financial
instruments
measured at
amortized cost
         Financial
instruments
measured at
amortized cost
    Total carrying
amount
    Total fair value  
Financial assets
                   
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
  $ –     $ 53,996     $ –     $ –         $ 12,024         $ 12,024     $ 66,020     $ 66,020  
Securities
                   
Trading
    182,346       954       –       –         –         –       183,300       183,300  
Investment, net of applicable allowance
    –       –       155,118       1,242           100,258           96,336       256,618       252,696  
      182,346       954       155,118       1,242           100,258           96,336       439,918       435,996  
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
    284,311       –       –       –           66,492           66,492       350,803       350,803  
Loans, net of applicable allowance
                   
Retail
    915       –       580       –         622,098         619,320       623,593       620,815  
Wholesale
    6,177       2,030       1,003       –           348,577           345,561       357,787       354,771  
      7,092       2,030       1,583       –           970,675           964,881       981,380       975,586  
Other
                   
Derivatives
    150,612       –       –       –         –         –       150,612       150,612  
Other assets
(1)
    11,770       –       –       –           50,093           50,093       61,863       61,863  
Financial liabilities
                   
Deposits
                   
Personal
  $ 508     $ 33,799           $ 487,832       $ 490,170     $ 522,139     $ 524,477  
Business and government
(2)
    191       156,238             683,241         684,748       839,670       841,177  
Bank
(3)
    –       10,530                           37,192           37,183       47,722       47,713  
      699       200,567                           1,208,265           1,212,101       1,409,531       1,413,367  
Other
                   
Obligations related to securities sold short
    35,286       –             –         –       35,286       35,286  
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
    –       270,663             34,658         34,658       305,321       305,321  
Derivatives
    163,763       –             –         –       163,763       163,763  
Other liabilities
(4)
    (1,407 )      –             69,597         69,850       68,190       68,443  
Subordinated debentures
    –       –                           13,546           13,602       13,546       13,602  
 
(1)   Includes Customers’ liability under acceptances and financial instruments recognized in Other assets.
(2)   Business and government deposits include deposits from regulated deposit-taking institutions other than banks.
(3)   Bank deposits refer to deposits from regulated banks and central banks.
(4)   Includes Acceptances and financial instruments recognized in Other liabilities.

Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   55
 
Fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and classified using the fair value hierarchy
 

    As at
January 31, 2025
October 31, 2024
Fair value measurements using
Netting
adjustments
Fair value measurements using
Netting
adjustments
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Fair value
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Fair value
Financial assets
                                                                                   
Interest-bearing deposits with banks
 
$
–
   
$
40,233
   
$
–
   
$
     
$
40,233
       
$
–
   
$
53,996
   
$
–
   
$
     
$
53,996
 
Securities
                                                                                   
Trading
                                                                                   
Debt issued or guaranteed by:
                                                                                   
Canadian government
(1)
                                                                                   
Federal
   
10,654
     
2,035
     
–
             
12,689
         
11,611
     
2,173
     
–
             
13,784
 
Provincial and municipal
   
–
     
16,867
     
–
             
16,867
         
–
     
16,588
     
–
             
16,588
 
U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies
(1), (2)
   
2,767
     
32,660
     
–
             
35,427
         
1,852
     
29,136
     
–
             
30,988
 
Other OECD government
(3)
   
4,286
     
5,333
     
–
             
9,619
         
2,481
     
2,153
     
–
             
4,634
 
Mortgage-backed securities
(1)
   
–
     
60
     
–
             
60
         
–
     
3
     
–
             
3
 
Asset-backed securities
   
–
     
1,683
     
–
             
1,683
         
–
     
1,434
     
–
             
1,434
 
Corporate debt and other debt
   
–
     
26,360
     
–
             
26,360
         
–
     
26,195
     
–
             
26,195
 
Equities
   
81,481
     
2,587
     
2,643
             
86,711
         
84,814
     
2,316
     
2,544
             
89,674
 
     
99,188
     
87,585
     
2,643
             
189,416
         
100,758
     
79,998
     
2,544
             
183,300
 
Investment
                                                                                   
Debt issued or guaranteed by:
                                                                                   
Canadian government
(1)
                                                                                   
Federal
   
8,084
     
9,659
     
–
             
17,743
         
4,623
     
8,546
     
–
             
13,169
 
Provincial and municipal
   
–
     
9,159
     
–
             
9,159
         
–
     
7,554
     
–
             
7,554
 
U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies
(1)
   
75
     
101,855
     
–
             
101,930
         
42
     
80,224
     
–
             
80,266
 
Other OECD government
   
5,975
     
9,759
     
–
             
15,734
         
2,370
     
7,786
     
–
             
10,156
 
Mortgage-backed securities
(1)
   
–
     
2,411
     
32
             
2,443
         
–
     
2,603
     
31
             
2,634
 
Asset-backed securities
   
–
     
11,333
     
–
             
11,333
         
–
     
9,357
     
–
             
9,357
 
Corporate debt and other debt
   
–
     
36,513
     
142
             
36,655
         
–
     
31,839
     
143
             
31,982
 
Equities
   
439
     
329
     
523
             
1,291
         
432
     
304
     
506
             
1,242
 
     
14,573
     
181,018
     
697
             
196,288
         
7,467
     
148,213
     
680
             
156,360
 
Assets purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities borrowed
   
–
     
213,419
     
–
             
213,419
         
–
     
284,311
     
–
             
284,311
 
Loans
   
–
     
14,938
     
1,876
             
16,814
         
–
     
8,924
     
1,781
             
10,705
 
Other
                                                                                   
Derivatives
                                                                                   
Interest rate contracts
   
–
     
28,132
     
293
             
28,425
         
–
     
27,719
     
354
             
28,073
 
Foreign exchange contracts
   
–
     
102,583
     
1
             
102,584
         
–
     
98,480
     
3
             
98,483
 
Credit derivatives
   
–
     
325
     
–
             
325
         
–
     
273
     
–
             
273
 
Other contracts
   
1,236
     
23,986
     
116
             
25,338
         
2,553
     
23,830
     
21
             
26,404
 
Valuation adjustments
   
–
     
(997
) 
   
9
             
(988
) 
       
–
     
(1,067
) 
   
14
             
(1,053
) 
Total gross derivatives
   
1,236
     
154,029
     
419
             
155,684
         
2,553
     
149,235
     
392
             
152,180
 
Netting adjustments
                           
(1,998)
     
(1,998
) 
                               
(1,568)
     
(1,568
) 
Total derivatives
                                   
153,686
                                         
150,612
 
Other assets
   
5,743
     
7,045
     
7
             
12,795
         
5,291
     
6,472
     
7
             
11,770
 
   
$
 120,740
   
$
 698,267
   
$
 5,642
   
$
(1,998)
   
$
 822,651
       
$
 116,069
   
$
 731,149
   
$
 5,404
   
$
 (1,568)
   
$
 851,054
 
Financial liabilities
                                                                                   
Deposits
                                                                                   
Personal
 
$
–
   
$
35,077
   
$
634
   
$
     
$
35,711
       
$
–
   
$
33,829
   
$
478
   
$
     
$
34,307
 
Business and government
   
–
     
165,477
     
–
             
165,477
         
–
     
156,429
     
–
             
156,429
 
Bank
   
–
     
3,266
     
–
             
3,266
         
–
     
10,530
     
–
             
10,530
 
Other
                                                                                   
Obligations related to securities sold short
   
13,162
     
32,298
     
–
             
45,460
         
15,172
     
20,114
     
–
             
35,286
 
Obligations related to assets sold under repurchase agreements and securities loaned
   
–
     
232,369
     
–
             
232,369
         
–
     
270,663
     
–
             
270,663
 
Derivatives
                                                                                   
Interest rate contracts
   
–
     
24,971
     
828
             
25,799
         
–
     
24,852
     
847
             
25,699
 
Foreign exchange contracts
   
–
     
102,527
     
67
             
102,594
         
–
     
93,164
     
54
             
93,218
 
Credit derivatives
   
–
     
291
     
–
             
291
         
–
     
218
     
–
             
218
 
Other contracts
   
2,152
     
32,516
     
571
             
35,239
         
3,212
     
42,961
     
324
             
46,497
 
Valuation adjustments
   
–
     
(336
) 
   
1
             
(335
) 
       
–
     
(297
) 
   
(4
) 
           
(301
) 
Total gross derivatives
   
2,152
     
159,969
     
1,467
             
163,588
         
3,212
     
160,898
     
1,221
             
165,331
 
Netting adjustments
                           
(1,998)
     
(1,998
) 
                               
(1,568)
     
(1,568
) 
Total derivatives
                                   
161,590
                                         
163,763
 
Other liabilities
   
331
     
(2,002
) 
   
–
             
(1,671
) 
       
287
     
(1,694
) 
   
–
             
(1,407
) 
   
$
15,645
   
$
626,454
   
$
2,101
   
$
(1,998)
   
$
642,202
       
$
18,671
   
$
650,769
   
$
1,699
   
$
(1,568)
   
$
669,571
 
 
(1)   As at January 31, 2025, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities (MBS) included in all fair value levels of trading securities were $18,079
million
and $nil (October 31, 2024 – $17,154 million and $nil), respectively, and in all fair value levels of Investment securities were $28,674
million
and $2,400
million
(October 31, 2024 – $27,048 million and $2,568 million), respectively. 
(2)   United States (U.S.).
(3)   Organisation for Economic
Co-operation
and Development (OECD).

56   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments
(continued)
 
 
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 Instruments)
A financial instrument is classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy if one or more of its unobservable inputs may significantly affect the measurement of its fair value. In preparing the financial statements, appropriate levels for these unobservable input parameters are chosen so that they are consistent with prevailing market evidence or management judgment. Due to the unobservable nature of the prices or rates, there may be uncertainty about the valuation of these Level 3 financial instruments.
During the three months ended January 31, 2025, there were no significant changes made to the valuation techniques and ranges and weighted averages of unobservable inputs used in the determination of fair value of Level 3 financial instruments. As at January 31, 2025, the impacts of adjusting one or more of the unobservable inputs by reasonably possible alternative assumptions did not change significantly from the impacts disclosed in our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
Changes in fair value measurement for instruments measured on a recurring basis and categorized in Level 3
 
   
For the three months ended January 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
Fair value
at beginning
of period
   
Gains (losses)
included
in earnings
   
Gains (losses)
included in
OCI
(1)
   
Purchases
(issuances)
   
Settlement
(sales) and
other 
(2)
   
Transfers
into
Level 3
   
Transfers
out of
Level 3
   
Fair value
at end of
period
   
Gains
(losses) included
in earnings for
positions still held
 
Assets
                                                                       
Securities
                                                                       
Trading
                                                                       
Equities
 
$
 2,544
   
$
(64
) 
 
$
 59
   
$
 207
   
$
(104
) 
 
$
 1
   
$
 –
   
$
2,643
   
$
(42
) 
     
2,544
     
(64
) 
   
59
     
207
     
(104
) 
   
1
     
–
     
2,643
     
(42
) 
Investment
                                                                       
Mortgage-backed securities
   
31
     
–
     
1
     
–
     
–
     
–
     
–
     
32
     
n.a.
 
Corporate debt and other debt
   
143
     
–
     
6
     
–
     
(7
) 
   
–
     
–
     
142
     
n.a.
 
Equities
   
506
     
–
     
20
     
–
     
(3
) 
   
–
     
–
     
523
     
n.a.
 
     
680
     
–
     
27
     
–
     
(10
) 
   
–
     
–
     
697
     
n.a.
 
Loans
   
1,781
     
(3
) 
   
23
     
90
     
(19
) 
   
7
     
(3
) 
   
1,876
     
(1
) 
Other
                                                                       
Net derivative balances
(3)
                                                                       
Interest rate contracts
   
(493
) 
   
12
     
–
     
(67
) 
   
3
     
2
     
8
     
(535
) 
   
12
 
Foreign exchange contracts
   
(51
) 
   
(14
) 
   
–
     
1
     
–
     
–
     
(2
) 
   
(66
) 
   
(25
) 
Other contracts
   
(303
) 
   
(21
) 
   
(13
) 
   
(12
) 
   
4
     
(225
) 
   
115
     
(455
) 
   
(16
) 
Valuation adjustments
   
18
     
–
     
–
     
(10
) 
   
–
     
–
     
–
     
8
     
–
 
Other assets
   
7
     
–
     
–
     
–
     
–
     
–
     
–
     
7
     
–
 
   
$
4,183
   
$
(90
) 
 
$
96
   
$
209
   
$
(126
) 
 
$
(215
) 
 
$
118
   
$
4,175
   
$
(72
) 
Liabilities
                                                                       
Deposits
 
$
(478
) 
 
$
1
   
$
(6
) 
 
$
(232
) 
 
$
62
   
$
(166
) 
 
$
185
   
$
(634
) 
 
$
37
 
   
$
(478
) 
 
$
1
   
$
(6
) 
 
$
(232
) 
 
$
62
   
$
(166
) 
 
$
185
   
$
(634
) 
 
$
37
 
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   57
 
     For the three months ended January 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Fair value
at beginning
of period
    Gains (losses)
included
in earnings
    Gains (losses)
included in
OCI (1)
    Purchases
(issuances)
    Settlement
(sales) and
other (2)
    Transfers
into
Level 3
    Transfers
out of
Level 3
    Fair value
at end of
period
    Gains
(losses) included
in earnings for
positions still held
 
Assets
                 
Securities
                 
Trading
                 
Equities
  $ 2,266     $ (18 )    $ (36 )    $ 98     $ (24 )    $ –     $ –     $ 2,286     $ 1  
    2,266       (18 )      (36 )      98       (24 )      –       –       2,286       1  
Investment
                 
Mortgage-backed securities
    29       –       1       –       –       –       –       30       n.a.
Corporate debt and other debt
    149       –       3       –       (4 )      –       –       148       n.a.
Equities
    466       –       (4 )      –       –       –       –       462       n.a.
    644       –       –       –       (4 )      –       –       640       n.a.
Loans
    1,859       (46 )      (8 )      165       (193 )      38       –       1,815       (44 ) 
Other
                 
Net derivative balances
(3)
                 
Interest rate contracts
    (662 )      80       –       12       16       17       2       (535 )      84  
Foreign exchange contracts
    (49 )      (11 )      1       5       5       –       –       (49 )      (11 ) 
Other contracts
    (438 )      (123 )      14       (15 )      (2 )      (7 )      222       (349 )      (71 ) 
Valuation adjustments
    3       –       –       1       –       –       –       4       —  
Other assets
    11       –       –       –       (1 )      –       –       10       —  
  $ 3,634     $ (118 )    $ (29 )    $ 266     $ (203 )    $ 48     $ 224     $ 3,822     $ (41 ) 
Liabilities
                 
Deposits
  $ (383 )    $ (47 )    $ 3     $ (122 )    $ 13     $ (1 )    $ 108     $ (429 )    $ (33 ) 
  $ (383 )    $ (47 )    $ 3     $ (122 )    $ 13     $ (1 )    $ 108     $ (429 )    $ (33 ) 
 
(1)   These amounts include the foreign currency translation gains or losses arising on consolidation of foreign subsidiaries relating to the Level 3 instruments, where applicable. The unrealized gains on Investment securities recognized in OCI were $15
million
for the three months ended January 31, 2025 (January 31, 2024 – gains of $10 million), excluding the translation gains or losses arising on consolidation.
(2)   Other includes amortization of premiums or discounts recognized in net income.
(3)   Net derivatives as at January 31, 2025 included derivative assets of $419
million
(January 31, 2024 – $384 million) and derivative liabilities of $1,467
million
(January 31, 2024 – $1,313 million).
n.a.   not applicable
Transfers between fair value hierarchy levels for instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis
Transfers between Level 1 and Level 2, and transfers into and out of Level 3 are assumed to occur at the end of the period. For an asset or a liability that transfers into Level 3 during the period, the entire change in fair value for the period is excluded from the Gains (losses) included in earnings for positions still held column of the above reconciliation, whereas for transfers out of Level 3 during the period, the entire change in fair value for the period is included in the same column of the above reconciliation.
Transfers between Level 1 and 2 are dependent on whether fair value is obtained on the basis of quoted market prices in active markets (Level 1).
During the three months ended January 31, 2025, there were no significant transfers out of Level 1 to Level 2. During the three months ended January 31, 2024, transfers out of Level 1 to Level 2 included Investment U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies debt of
$123 million.
During the three months ended January 31, 2025 and January 31, 2024, there were no significant transfers out of Level 2 to Level 1.
Transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 are primarily due to either a change in the market observability for an input, or a change in an unobservable input’s significance to a financial instrument’s fair value.
During the three months ended January 31, 2025, transfers out of Level 2 to Level 3 included Other contracts and Deposits due to changes in the significance of unobservable inputs. During the three months ended January 31, 2024, there were no significant transfers out of Level 2 to Level 3.
During the three months ended January 31, 2025, transfers out of Level 3 to Level 2 included Deposits and Other contracts due to changes in the significance of unobservable inputs and changes in the market observability of inputs. During the three months ended January 31, 2024, transfers out of Level 3 to Level 2 included Other contracts and Deposits due to changes in the market observability of inputs and changes in the significance of unobservable inputs.

58   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Note 3 Fair value of financial instruments
(continued)
 
 
Net interest income from financial instruments
Interest and dividend income arising from financial assets and financial liabilities and the associated costs of funding are reported in Net interest income.

For the three months ended
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
January 31
2025
January 31
2024
Interest and dividend income
(1), (2)
   
Financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
$
7,922
  $ 9,474  
Financial instruments measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
 
2,049
    1,608  
Financial instruments measured at amortized cost
 
16,484
    14,527  
   
 26,455
     25,609  
Interest expense
(1)
   
Financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss
 
8,045
    9,084  
Financial instruments measured at amortized cost
 
10,462
    10,193  
   
18,507
    19,277  
Net interest income
 
$
7,948
  $ 6,332  
 
(1)   Excludes interest and dividend income for the three months ended January 31, 2025 of $365 million (January 31, 2024 – $272 million) and interest expense for the three months ended January 31, 2025 of $43
million 
(January 31, 2024 – $11 million) presented in Insurance investment result in the Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
(2)   Includes dividend income for the three months ended January 31, 2025 of $996
million
 
(January 31, 2024 – $957 million) presented in Interest and dividend income in the Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.
 
Note 4 Securities
 
Unrealized gains and losses on securities at FVOCI
(1), (2)
 
  
 
  As at             
 
 
 
January 31, 2025
 
 
 
 
October 31, 2024
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
Cost/
Amortized
cost
 
 
Gross
unrealized
gains
 
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
 
Fair value
 
 
  
 
Cost/
Amortized
cost
 
 
Gross
unrealized
gains
 
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
 
Fair value
 
Debt issued or guaranteed by:
Canadian government
Federal
 
$
17,728
 
$
42
 
$
(27
) 
 
$
17,743
    $ 13,165     $ 31     $ (27 )    $ 13,169  
Provincial and municipal
 
9,169
 
30
 
(40
) 
 
9,159
      7,563       27       (36 )      7,554  
U.S. federal, state, municipal and agencies
 
103,191
 
316
 
(1,577
) 
 
101,930
      81,632       333       (1,699 )      80,266  
Other OECD government
 
15,765
 
11
 
(42
) 
 
15,734
      10,199       6       (49 )      10,156  
Mortgage-backed securities
 
2,445
 
7
 
(9
) 
 
2,443
      2,646       3       (15 )      2,634  
Asset-backed securities
 
11,302
 
34
 
(3
) 
 
11,333
      9,343       17       (3 )      9,357  
Corporate debt and other debt
 
36,590
 
107
 
(42
) 
 
36,655
      31,932       101       (51 )      31,982  
Equities
 
745
 
552
 
(6
) 
 
1,291
        728       519       (5 )      1,242  
   
$
 196,935
 
$
 1,099
 
$
 (1,746
) 
 
$
 196,288
      $  157,208     $  1,037     $  (1,885 )    $  156,360  
 
(1)   Excludes $102,321
million
 
of
held-to-collect
securities as at January 31, 2025 that are carried at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses (October 31, 2024 – $100,258 million).
(2)   Gross unrealized gains and losses includes $(38)
million
 
of allowance for credit losses on debt securities at FVOCI as at January 31, 2025 (October 31, 2024 – $(35) million) recognized in income and Other components of equity.
Allowance for credit losses on investment securities
The following tables reconcile the opening and closing allowance for debt securities at FVOCI and amortized cost by stage. Reconciling items include the following:
•  
Transfers between stages, which are presumed to occur before any corresponding remeasurement of the allowance.
•  
Purchases, which reflect the allowance related to assets newly recognized during the period, including those assets that were derecognized following a modification of terms.
•  
Sales and maturities, which reflect the allowance related to assets derecognized during the period without a credit loss being incurred, including those assets that were derecognized following a modification of terms.
•  
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures, which comprise the impact of changes in model inputs or assumptions, including changes in forward-looking macroeconomic conditions; partial repayments; changes in the measurement following a transfer between stages; and unwinding of the time value discount due to the passage of time.
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   59
 
Allowance for credit losses – securities at FVOCI
(1)
 
     For the three months ended  
   
January 31, 2025
          January 31, 2024  
   
Performing
         
Impaired
                Performing           Impaired        
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
          
Stage 3 
(2)
   
Total
           Stage 1     Stage 2            Stage 3 (2)     Total  
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
6
 
$
–
   
$
(41
) 
 
$
(35
) 
    $ 4     $ –       $ (37 )    $ (33 ) 
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
–
 
–
   
–
 
–
      –       –         –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
–
 
–
   
–
 
–
      –       –         –       –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
–
 
–
   
–
 
–
      –       –         –       –  
Purchases
 
2
 
–
   
–
 
2
      3       –         –       3  
Sales and maturities
 
(1
)
 
–
   
–
 
(1
)
      (1 )      –         –       (1 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
(3
)
 
–
   
(2
)
 
(5
)
      (2 )      –         (2 )      (4 ) 
Exchange rate and other
 
–
 
–
         
1
 
1
            –       –               2       2  
Balance at end of period
 
$
  4
 
$
–
         
$
(42
)
 
$
 (38
)
          $ 4     $ –             $ (37 )    $ (33 ) 
 
(1)   Expected credit losses on debt securities at FVOCI are not separately recognized on the balance sheet as the related securities are recorded at fair value. The cumulative amount of credit losses recognized in income is presented in Other components of equity.
(2)   Reflects changes in the allowance for purchased credit-impaired securities.
Allowance for credit losses – securities at amortized cost
 
     For the three months ended  
   
January 31, 2025
          January 31, 2024  
   
Performing
         
Impaired
                Performing           Impaired        
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
          
Stage 3
   
Total
           Stage 1     Stage 2            Stage 3     Total  
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
6
 
$
8
   
$
–
 
$
14
    $ 8     $ 15       $ –     $ 23  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
–
 
–
   
–
 
–
      –       –         –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
–
 
–
   
–
 
–
      –       –         –       –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
–
 
–
   
–
 
–
      –       –         –       –  
Purchases
 
1
 
–
   
–
 
1
      3       –         –       3  
Sales and maturities
 
–
 
–
   
–
 
–
      –       –         –       –  
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
(1
)
 
–
   
–
 
(1
)
      (2 )      –         –       (2 ) 
Exchange rate and other
 
–
 
–
         
–
 
–
            –       (1 )              –       (1 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
6
 
$
8
         
$
–
 
$
14
          $ 9     $ 14             $ –     $ 23  
Credit risk exposure by internal risk rating
The following table presents the fair value of debt securities at FVOCI and gross carrying amount of securities at amortized cost. Risk ratings are based on internal ratings used in the measurement of expected credit losses as at the reporting date, as outlined in the internal ratings maps in the Credit risk section of our 2024 Annual Report.
 
As at            
January 31, 2025
October 31, 2024
Performing
Impaired
Performing
Impaired
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3 
(1)
Total
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3 (1)
Total
Investment securities
Securities at FVOCI
Investment grade
 
$
194,062
   
–
     
–
 
$
194,062
    $  154,100     $ –       $ –     $ 154,100  
Non-investment
grade
 
793
 
–
   
–
 
793
      875       –         –       875  
Impaired
 
–
 
–
         
142
 
142
            –       –               143       143  
 
194,855
 
–
   
142
 
194,997
      154,975       –            143       155,118  
Items not subject to impairment 
(2)
                                 
1,291
                                            1,242  
                                   
$
196,288
                                          $  156,360  
Securities at amortized cost
                     
Investment grade
 
$
101,251
   
–
   
$
–
 
$
101,251
    $ 99,224     $ –       $ –     $ 99,224  
Non-investment
grade
 
901
 
183
   
–
 
1,084
      856       192         –       1,048  
 
102,152
 
183
   
–
 
102,335
      100,080       192         –       100,272  
Allowance for credit losses
 
6
 
8
         
–
 
14
            6       8               –       14  
   
$
102,146
 
$
175
         
$
–
 
$
102,321
          $ 100,074     $  184             $ –     $ 100,258  
 
(1)   Reflects $142 million of purchased credit
-
impaired securities (October 31, 2024 – $143 million).
(2)   Investment securities at FVOCI not subject to impairment represent equity securities designated as FVOCI.

60   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Note 5 Loans and allowance for credit losses
 
Allowance for credit losses
 
     For the three months ended  
   
January 31, 2025
        January 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Balance at
beginning
of period
   
Provision
for credit
losses
   
Net
write-offs
   
Exchange
rate and
other
   
Balance at
end of
period
         Balance at
beginning
of period
    Provision
for credit
losses
    Net
write-offs
    Exchange
rate and
other
    Balance at
end of
period
 
Retail
                     
Residential mortgages
 
$
572
 
$
73
 
$
(2
)
 
$
(7
)
 
$
636
    $ 481     $ 74     $ (1 )    $ (12 )    $ 542  
Personal
 
1,482
 
247
 
(189
)
 
(6
)

 
1,534
      1,228       202       (139 )      (4 )      1,287  
Credit cards
 
1,233
 
223
 
(193
)
 
1
 
1,264
      1,069       183       (150 )      (1 )      1,101  
Small business
 
272
 
46
 
(24
)
 
(5
)
 
289
      194       37       (15 )      (4 )      212  
Wholesale
 
2,793
 
464
 
(79
)
 
32
 
3,210
      2,326       329       (149 )      (61 )      2,445  
Customers’ liability under acceptances
 
–
 
–
 
–
 
–
 
–
        50       (7 )      –       –       43  
   
$
 6,352
 
$
 1,053
 
$
 (487)
 
$
 15
 
$
 6,933
      $  5,348     $  818     $  (454 )    $  (82 )    $  5,630  
Presented as:
                     
Allowance for loan losses
 
$
6,037
       
$
6,600
    $ 5,004           $ 5,299  
Other liabilities – Provisions
 
311
       
328
      288             282  
Customers’ liability under acceptances
 
–
       
–
      50             43  
Other components of equity
 
4
                         
5
        6                               6  
The following table reconciles the opening and closing allowance for each major product of loans and commitments as determined by our modelled, scenario-weighted allowance and the application of expert credit judgment as applicable. Reconciling items include the following:
•  
Transfers between stages, which are presumed to occur before any corresponding remeasurements of the allowance.
•  
Originations, which reflect the allowance related to assets newly recognized during the period, including those assets that were derecognized following a modification of terms.
•  
Maturities, which reflect the allowance related to assets derecognized during the period without a credit loss being incurred, including those assets that were derecognized following a modification of terms.
•  
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures, which comprise the impact of changes in model inputs or assumptions, including changes in forward-looking macroeconomic conditions; partial repayments and additional draws on existing facilities; changes in the measurement following a transfer between stages; and unwinding of the time value discount due to the passage of time in stage 1 and stage 2.

Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   61
 
Allowance for credit losses – Retail and wholesale loans
 
     For the three months ended  
   
January 31, 2025
        January 31, 2024  
   
Performing
       
Impaired
              Performing         Impaired        
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Stage 1
   
Stage 2
        
Stage 3
   
Total
         Stage 1     Stage 2          Stage 3     Total  
Residential mortgages
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
215
 
$
126
   
$
231
 
$
572
    $ 223     $ 90       $ 168     $ 481  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
25
 
(25
)
   
–
 
–
      17       (17 )        –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
(4
)
 
6
   
(2
)
 
–
      (6 )      10         (4 )      –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
(1
)
 
(14
)
   
15
 
–
      (1 )      (8 )        9       –  
Originations
 
23
 
–
   
–
 
23
      19       –         –       19  
Maturities
 
(5
)
 
(6
)
   
–
 
(11
)
      (4 )      (4 )        –       (8 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
(37
)
 
69
   
29
 
61
      (1 )      40         24       63  
Write-offs
 
–
 
–
   
(4
)
 
(4
)
      –       –         (4 )      (4 ) 
Recoveries
 
–
 
–
   
2
 
2
      –       –         3       3  
Exchange rate and other
 
2
 
2
 
 
(11
)
 
 
(7
)
 
    (2 )      (1 )   
    (9 )      (12 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
218
 
$
158
 
 
$
260
 
$
636
 
  $ 245     $ 110    
  $ 187     $ 542  
Personal
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
305
 
$
966
   
$
211
 
$
1,482
    $ 280     $ 793       $ 155     $ 1,228  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
144
 
(144
)
   
–
 
–
      125       (125 )        –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
(21
)
 
24
   
(3
)

 
–
      (19 )      20         (1 )      –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
(1
)

 
(39
)
   
40
 
–
      (1 )      (28 )        29       –  
Originations
 
28
 
–
   
–
 
28
      22       –         –       22  
Maturities
 
(13
)
 
(53
)
   
–
 
(66
)
      (12 )      (46 )        –       (58 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
(136
)
 
254
   
167
 
285
      (114 )      229         123       238  
Write-offs
 
–
 
–
   
(223
)
 
(223
)
      –       –         (169 )      (169 ) 
Recoveries
 
–
 
–
   
34
 
34
      –       –         30       30  
Exchange rate and other
 
(1
)
 
 
1
 
 
(6
)
 
(6
)

 
    (1 )      –    
    (3 )      (4 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
305
 
$
1,009
 
 
$
220
 
$
1,534
 
  $ 280     $ 843    
  $ 164     $ 1,287  
Credit cards
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
207
 
$
1,026
   
$
–
 
$
1,233
    $ 203     $ 866       $ –     $ 1,069  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
155
 
(155
)
   
–
 
–
      137       (137 )        –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
(28
)
 
28
   
–
 
–
      (28 )      28         –       –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
(1
)
 
 
(137
)
   
138
 
–
      (1 )      (108 )        109       –  
Originations
 
2
 
–
   
–
 
2
      3       –         –       3  
Maturities
 
(1
)
 
(12
)
   
–
 
(13
)
      (1 )      (8 )        –       (9 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
(128
)
 
307
   
55
 
234
      (125 )      272         42       189  
Write-offs
 
–
 
–
   
(234
)
 
(234
)
      –       –         (259 )      (259 ) 
Recoveries
 
–
 
–
   
41
 
41
      –       –         109       109  
Exchange rate and other
 
–
 
1
 
 
–
 
1

 
    –       –    
    (1 )      (1 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
206
 
$
1,058
 
 
$
–
 
$
1,264
 
  $ 188     $ 913    
  $ –     $ 1,101  
Small business
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
80
 
$
86
   
$
106
 
$
272
    $ 70     $ 66       $ 58     $ 194  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
13
 
(13
)
   
–
 
–
      5       (5 )        –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
(4
)
 
4
   
–
 
–
      (5 )      5         –       –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
–
 
(3
)
   
3
 
–
      –       (2 )        2       –  
Originations
 
9
 
–
   
–
 
9
      9       –         –       9  
Maturities
 
(6
)
 
(5
)
   
–
 
(11
)
      (3 )      (5 )        –       (8 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
(13
)
 
18
   
43
 
48
      (5 )      15         26       36  
Write-offs
 
–
 
–
   
(29
)
 
(29
)
      –       –         (18 )      (18 ) 
Recoveries
 
–
 
–
   
5
 
5
      –       –         3       3  
Exchange rate and other
 
1

 
–
 
 
(6
)
 
(5
)
 
    1       –    
    (5 )      (4 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
80
 
$
87
 
 
$
122
 
$
289
 
  $ 72     $ 74    
  $ 66     $ 212  
Wholesale
                     
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
787
 
$
1,038
   
$
968
 
$
2,793
    $ 774     $ 785       $ 767     $ 2,326  
Provision for credit losses
                     
Transfers to stage 1
 
55
 
(55
)
   
–
 
–
      50       (50 )        –       –  
Transfers to stage 2
 
(21
)
 
30
   
(9
)

 
–
      (55 )      58         (3 )      –  
Transfers to stage 3
 
(2
)
 
(135
)
   
137
 
–
      (3 )      (9 )        12       –  
Originations
 
236
 
–
   
–
 
236
      124       –         –       124  
Maturities
 
(186
)
 
(100
)
   
–
 
(286
)
      (97 )      (87 )        –       (184 ) 
Changes in risk, parameters and exposures
 
(48
)
 
190
   
372
 
514
      (101 )      173         317       389  
Write-offs
 
–
 
–
   
(91
)
 
(91
)
      –       –         (160 )      (160 ) 
Recoveries
 
–
 
–
   
12
 
12
      –       –         11       11  
Exchange rate and other
 
14
 
24
 
 
(6
)
 
32
 
    17       (17 )   
    (61 )      (61 ) 
Balance at end of period
 
$
  835
 
$
 
  992
 
 
$
  1,383
 
$
 3,210
 
  $   709     $   853    
  $   883     $  2,445  

62   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Note 5 Loans and allowance for credit losses
(continued)
 
 
Key inputs and assumptions
The following provides an update on the key inputs and assumptions used in the measurement of expected credit losses. For further details, refer to Note 2 and Note 5 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
Our base scenario reflects rising unemployment rates in the near-term in Canada and the U.S. Central bank policy interest rate cuts are expected to continue in Canada as inflation declines and the economy remains weak. The U.S. central bank policy rate is expected to remain unchanged for the medium term due to resilient U.S. economic growth and lower unemployment rates, which places upward pressure on U.S. inflation.
Downside scenarios, including two additional and more severe downside scenarios designed for the real estate and energy sectors, reflect the possibility of a more severe macroeconomic shock beginning in calendar Q2 2025 relative to our base scenario. In these scenarios, conditions are expected to deteriorate from calendar Q1 2025 levels for up to 18 months, followed by a recovery for the remainder of the period.
These scenarios assume monetary policy responses that return the economy to a
long-run,
sustainable growth rate within the forecast period.
The upside scenario reflects slightly stronger economic growth than the base scenario, without prompting a further offsetting monetary policy response as compared to our base scenario, followed by a return to a
long-run
sustainable growth rate within the forecast period.
Protectionist U.S. trade polic
y
, including the imposition of tariffs, is giving rise to heightened economic uncertainty globally. Broad-based tariffs implemented over an extended duration pose a downside risk to the economic outlook included in our base scenario, with the potential to drive recession outcomes. Our downside scenarios reflect the possibility for a wide range of macroeconomic shocks, including more severe recessionary forecasts than are expected for reasonably possible tariff outcomes. Our scenario weights consider the downside risk and the uncertainty present as at January 31, 2025. Subsequent changes to our forecast and related estimates will be reflected in our allowance for credit losses in future periods.
On February 1, 2025, the U.S. government implemented broad-based tariffs on Canada, Mexico and China, which resulted in those governments announcing retaliatory measures. Subsequently, on February 3, 2025, the Canadian and Mexican tariffs were delayed by 30 days. On February 10, 2025, the U.S. government imposed additional tariffs on steel and aluminum imports, to be effective March 12, 2025. The final details of these tariffs, including extent, duration, retaliatory measures and impacts on the broader economy continue to remain
uncertain.

Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   63
 
The
 
following
provides additional detail about our calendar quarter forecasts for certain key macroeconomic variables used in the models to estimate the allowance for credit losses:
 
•  
Unemployment rates
– In our base forecast, we expect the Canadian unemployment rate to rise to 6.9% in calendar Q1 2025, peaking at 7.0% in calendar Q2 2025, then returning to its long run equilibrium by calendar Q1 2028. The U.S. unemployment rate is expected to rise to 4.2% in calendar Q1 2025, then increase to its long run equilibrium level by calendar Q3 2027.
 

 

•  
Gross Domestic Product (GDP
)
– In our base forecast, we expect both Canadian and U.S. GDP to continuously grow in calendar Q1 2025 and thereafter. GDP in calendar Q4 2025 is expected to be 1.2% and 1.6% above Q4 2024 levels in Canada and the U.S., respectively. 
 
 
 
•  
Canadian housing price index
– In our base forecast, we expect housing prices to increase by 0.9% over the next 12 months from calendar Q1 2025, with a compound annual growth rate of 3.0% for the following 2 to 5 years. The range of annual housing price growth (contraction) in our alternative real estate downside and upside scenarios is (30.0)% to 10.9% over the next 12 months and 4.2% to 9.6% for the following 2 to 5 years. As at October 31, 2024, our base forecast included housing price growth of 0.7% from calendar Q4 2024 for the next 12 months and housing price growth of 3.0% for the following 2 to 5 years.
 
•  
Oil price (West Texas Intermediate in US$)
– In our base forecast, we expect oil prices to average $65 per barrel over the next 12 months from calendar Q1 2025 and $64 per barrel in the following 2 to 5 years. The range of average prices in our alternative downside and upside scenarios is $26 to $84 per barrel for the next 12 months and $43 to $70 per
barrel for the following 2 to 5 years. As at October 31, 2024
, our base forecast included an average price of $69 per barrel for the next 12 months and $66 per barrel for the following 2 to 5 years.

64   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Note 5 Loans and allowance for credit losses
(continued)
 
 
Credit risk exposure by internal risk rating
The following table presents the gross carrying amount of loans measured at amortized cost, and the full contractual amount of undrawn loan commitments subject to the impairment requirements of IFRS 9
Financial Instruments
. Risk ratings are based on internal ratings used in the measurement of expected credit losses as at the reporting date, as outlined in the internal ratings maps for Wholesale and Retail facilities in the Credit risk section of our 2024 Annual Report.
 
  
 
As at           
 
 
 
January 31, 2025
 
 
 
 
October 31, 2024
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
Stage 1
 
 
Stage 2
 
 
Stage 3 
(1)
 
 
Total
 
 
  
 
Stage 1
 
 
Stage 2
 
 
Stage 3 (1)
 
 
Total
 
Retail
Loans outstanding – Residential mortgages
Low risk
 
$
390,911
 
$
1,340
 
$
–
 
$
392,251
    $ 388,742     $ 1,354     $ –     $ 390,096  
Medium risk
 
19,584
 
3,268
 
–
 
22,852
      18,419       4,479       –       22,898  
High risk
 
1,903
 
6,788
 
–
 
8,691
      1,761       6,593       –       8,354  
Not rated
(2)
 
53,440
 
2,433
 
–
 
55,873
      52,569       1,479       –       54,048  
Impaired
 
–
 
–
 
1,390
 
1,390
        –       –       1,233       1,233  
   
465,838
 
13,829
 
1,390
 
481,057
        461,491       13,905       1,233       476,629  
Items not subject to impairment
(3)
                         
865
                                915  
Total
                         
$
481,922
                              $ 477,544  
Loans outstanding – Personal
                 
Low risk
 
$
84,776
 
$
1,476
 
$
–
 
$
86,252
    $ 82,904     $ 1,680     $ –     $ 84,584  
Medium risk
 
5,001
 
3,051
 
–
 
8,052
      5,525       3,063       –       8,588  
High risk
 
692
 
2,444
 
–
 
3,136
      592       2,365       –       2,957  
Not rated
(2)
 
11,787
 
606
 
–
 
12,393
      11,303       498       –       11,801  
Impaired
 
–
 
–
 
414
 
414
        –       –       408       408  
Total
 
$
102,256
 
$
7,577
 
$
414
 
$
110,247
      $ 100,324     $ 7,606     $ 408     $ 108,338  
Loans outstanding – Credit cards
                 
Low risk
 
$
17,185
 
$
175
 
$
–
 
$
17,360
    $ 17,363     $ 177     $ –     $ 17,540  
Medium risk
 
1,944
 
2,352
 
–
 
4,296
      1,999       2,436       –       4,435  
High risk
 
69
 
2,285
 
–
 
2,354
      75       2,289       –       2,364  
Not rated
(2)
 
1,161
 
60
 
–
 
1,221
        1,173       53       –       1,226  
Total
 
$
20,359
 
$
4,872
 
$
–
 
$
25,231
      $ 20,610     $ 4,955     $ –     $ 25,565  
Loans outstanding – Small business
                 
Low risk
 
$
9,883
 
$
664
 
$
–
 
$
10,547
    $ 9,428     $ 773     $ –     $ 10,201  
Medium risk
 
2,759
 
931
 
–
 
3,690
      2,740       962       –       3,702  
High risk
 
241
 
1,152
 
–
 
1,393
      214       1,086       –       1,300  
Not rated
(2)
 
6
 
–
 
–
 
6
      7       –       –       7  
Impaired
 
–
 
–
 
364
 
364
        –       –       321       321  
Total
 
$
12,889
 
$
2,747
 
$
364
 
$
16,000
      $ 12,389     $ 2,821     $ 321     $ 15,531  
Undrawn loan commitments – Retail
                 
Low risk
 
$
289,662
 
$
789
 
$
–
 
$
290,451
    $ 284,036     $ 592     $ –     $ 284,628  
Medium risk
 
12,243
 
442
 
–
 
12,685
      12,110       381       –       12,491  
High risk
 
778
 
759
 
–
 
1,537
      746       602       –       1,348  
Not rated
(2)
 
10,689
 
131
 
–
 
10,820
        10,715       88       –       10,803  
Total
 
$
313,372
 
$
2,121
 
$
–
 
$
315,493
      $ 307,607     $ 1,663     $ –     $ 309,270  
Wholesale – Loans outstanding
                 
Investment grade
 
$
121,571
 
$
1,617
 
$
–
 
$
123,188
    $  116,549     $ 1,471     $ –     $ 118,020  
Non-investment
grade
 
195,781
 
25,961
 
–
 
221,742
      189,889        26,826       –       216,715  
Not rated
(2)
 
13,554
 
697
 
–
 
14,251
      12,871       721       –       13,592  
Impaired
 
–
 
–
 
5,708
 
5,708
        –       –       3,905       3,905  
   
330,906
 
28,275
 
5,708
 
364,889
        319,309       29,018        3,905       352,232  
Items not subject to impairment
(3)
                         
14,361
                                8,207  
Total
                         
$
379,250
                              $  360,439  
Undrawn loan commitments – Wholesale
                 
Investment grade
 
$
355,501
 
$
794
 
$
–
 
$
356,295
    $ 345,236     $ 516     $ –     $ 345,752  
Non-investment
grade
 
175,491
 
14,961
 
–
 
190,452
      170,212       14,512       –       184,724  
Not rated
(2)
 
3,646
 
19
 
–
 
3,665
        3,290       17       –       3,307  
Total
 
$
534,638
 
$
15,774
 
$
–
 
$
550,412
      $ 518,738     $ 15,045     $ –     $ 533,783  
 
(1)   Includes $87 million of purchased credit-impaired loans (October 31, 2024 – $109 million).
(2)   In certain cases where an internal risk rating is not assigned, we use other approved credit risk assessment or rating methodologies, policies and tools to manage our credit risk.
(3)   Items not subject to impairment are loans held at FVTPL.
Loans past due but not impaired
(1), (2)
 
      As at      
   
January 31, 2025
        October 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
30 to 89 days
   
90 days
and greater
   
Total
         30 to 89 days     90 days
and greater
    Total  
Retail
 
$
2,824
 
$
282
 
$
3,106
    $ 2,542     $ 263     $ 2,805  
Wholesale
 
1,927
 
16
 
1,943
        1,454       4       1,458  
   
$
4,751
 
$
298
 
$
5,049
      $  3,996     $  267     $  4,263  
 
(1)   Excludes loans less than 30 days past due as they are not generally representative of the borrowers’ ability to meet their payment obligations.
(2)   Amounts presented may include loans past due as a result of administrative processes, such as mortgage loans on which payments are restrained pending payout due to sale or refinancing. Past due loans arising from administrative processes are not representative of the borrowers’ ability to meet their payment obligations.

Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   65
 
Note 6 Deposits
 
 
       As at       
   
January 31, 2025
        October 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Demand 
(1)
   
Notice 
(2)
   
Term
(3)
   
Total
         Demand (1)     Notice (2)     Term (3)     Total  
Personal
 
$
218,021
 
$
68,036
 
$
249,557
 
$
535,614
    $ 205,714     $ 62,845     $ 253,580     $ 522,139  
Business and government
 
382,232
 
20,514
 
468,513
 
871,259
      369,943       20,157       449,570       839,670  
Bank
 
10,989
 
2
 
24,076
 
35,067
        9,675       641       37,406       47,722  
   
$
 611,242
 
$
 88,552
 
$
 742,146
 
$
 1,441,940
      $ 585,332     $ 83,643     $ 740,556     $ 1,409,531  
Non-interest-bearing
(4)
                 
Canada
 
$
150,867
 
$
8,062
 
$
218
 
$
159,147
    $ 144,712     $ 7,164     $ 203     $ 152,079  
United States
 
35,748
 
–
 
–
 
35,748
      38,520       –       –       38,520  
Europe
(5)
 
297
 
–
 
–
 
297
      11       –       –       11  
Other International
 
8,210
 
–
 
–
 
8,210
      7,758       –       –       7,758  
Interest-bearing
(4)
                 
Canada
 
372,829
 
16,395
 
583,255
 
972,479
      355,221       14,468       594,066       963,755  
United States
 
30,248
 
63,147
 
72,123
 
165,518
      28,389       61,087       75,933       165,409  
Europe
(5)
 
7,080
 
838
 
64,694
 
72,612
      5,013       851       53,295       59,159  
Other International
 
5,963
 
110
 
21,856
 
27,929
        5,708       73       17,059       22,840  
   
$
611,242
 
$
88,552
 
$
742,146
 
$
1,441,940
      $  585,332     $  83,643     $  740,556     $  1,409,531  
 
(1)   Demand deposits are deposits for which we do not have the right to require notice of withdrawal, which include both savings and chequing accounts.
(2)   Notice deposits are deposits for which we can legally require notice of withdrawal. These deposits are primarily savings accounts.
(3)   Term deposits are deposits payable on a fixed date, and include term deposits, guaranteed investment certificates and similar instruments.
(4)   The geographical splits of the deposits are based on the point of origin of the deposits and where the revenue is recognized. As at January 31, 2025, deposits denominated in U.S. dollars, British pounds, Euro and other foreign currencies were $528 billion, $36 billion, $61 billion and $32 billion, respectively (October 31, 2024 – $511 billion, $34 billion, $53 billion and $29 billion, respectively).
(5)   Europe includes the United Kingdom and the Channel Islands.
Contractual maturities of term deposits
(1)
 
As at 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
January 31
2025
October 31
2024
Within 1 year:
less than 3 months
$
185,514
$
207,698
3 to 6 months
109,311
94,585
6 to 12 months
174,958
173,603
1 to 2 years
88,196
79,777
2 to 3 years
56,649
61,175
3 to 4 years
43,665
45,767
4 to 5 years
17,665
20,692
Over 5 years
66,188
57,259
$
742,146
$
740,556
 
(1)
The aggregate amount of term deposits in denominations of one hundred thousand dollars or more is $674 billion (October 31, 2024 – $670 billion).
 
Note 7 Insurance and reinsurance
 
Insurance service and insurance investment results
The following table provides the composition of Insurance service result and Insurance investment result for insurance contracts issued and reinsurance contracts held.
 
For the three months ended
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
January 31
2025
January 31
2024
Insurance service result
Insurance revenue
$
1,408
$
1,205
Insurance service expense
(1,124
) 
(984
) 
Net income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held
2
(34
) 
$
286
$
187
Insurance investment result
Net investment income
$
370
$
2,018
Insurance finance income (expense)
(300
) 
(1,976
) 
Reinsurance finance income (expense)
12
99
$
82
$
141
Insurance service and insurance investment results
$
368
$
328

66   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Note
8
 Employee benefits – Pension and other post-employment benefits
 
We offer a number of defined benefit and defined contribution plans which provide pension and post-employment benefits to eligible employees. The following tables present the composition of our pension and other post-employment benefit expense and the effects of remeasurements recorded in OCI:
Pension and other post-employment benefit expense
 
     For the three months ended  
    Pension plans        
Other post-employment benefit plans
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
January 31
2025
   
January 31
2024
        
January 31
2025
   
January 31
2024
 
Current service costs
 
$
52
  $ 46      
$
8
  $ 8  
Net interest expense (income)
 
(40
) 
    (38 )     
19
    20  
Remeasurements of other long-term benefits
 
–
    –      
2
    10  
Administrative expense
 
6
    4    
 
–
    –  
Defined benefit pension expense
 
18
    12      
29
    38  
Defined contribution pension expense
 
157
    106    
 
–
    –  
 
$
 175
  $  118    
 
$
 29
  $  38  
Pension and other post-employment benefit remeasurements
(1)
 
     For the three months ended  
    Defined benefit pension plans        
Other post-employment benefit plans
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)
 
January 31
2025
   
January 31
2024
        
January 31
2025
   
January 31
2024
 
Actuarial (gains) losses:
         
Changes in financial assumptions
(2)
 
$
343
  $ 1,271      
$
34
  $ 120  
Experience adjustments
 
–
    –      
–
    1  
Return on plan assets (excluding interest based on discount rate)
 
(429
) 
    (1,469 )   
 
–
    –  
 
$
(86
) 
  $ (198 )   
 
$
34
  $ 121  
 
(1)   Market based assumptions, including Changes in financial assumptions and Return on plan assets, are reviewed on a quarterly basis. All other assumptions are updated during our annual review of plan assumptions.
(2)   Changes in financial assumptions in our defined benefit pension plans primarily relate to changes in discount rates.
 
Note
9
 Income taxes
 
Pillar Two legislation
The Organisation for Economic
Co-operation
and Development’s
two-pillar
plan includes a
15
% global
minimum corporate tax on certain multinational enterprises (Pillar Two). Pillar Two legislation in certain countries in which RBC operates became effective for us beginning November 1, 2024, including the Global Minimum Tax Act (GMTA) in Canada, which increased RBC’s effective tax rate by approximately 1.6% for the three months ended January 31, 2025.
 
Note
10
 Significant capital and funding transactions
 
Preferred shares and other equity instruments
On November 1, 2024, we issued US$1,000 million of Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 5 (LRCN Series 5) with recourse limited to assets (Trust Assets) held by a
third-party 
trustee in a consolidated trust (Limited Recourse Trust). The Trust Assets consist of US$1,000 million of our First Preferred Shares, Series BX (Series BX Preferred Shares), issued concurrently with LRCN Series 5 at a price of US$1,000 per Series BX Preferred Share.
The price per LRCN Series 5 note is US$1,000 and will bear interest paid quarterly at a fixed rate of 6.35% per annum until November 24, 2034
and thereafter at a rate per annum, reset every fifth year, equal to the prevailing 5-year U.S. Treasury Rate plus
2.257% until maturity on November 24, 2084. In the event of
(i) non-payment
of interest on any interest payment date,
(ii) non-payment
of the redemption price in case of a redemption of LRCN Series 5, (iii)
non-payment
of principal at the maturity of LRCN Series 5, or (iv) an event of default on the notes, noteholders will have recourse only to the Trust Assets and each noteholder will be entitled to receive its pro rata share of the Trust Assets. In such an event, the delivery of the Trust Assets will represent the full and complete extinguishment of our obligations under LRCN Series 5.
LRCN Series 5 are redeemable on or prior to maturity to the extent we redeem Series BX Preferred Shares on certain redemption dates as set out in the terms of Series BX Preferred Shares and subject to the consent and approval of OSFI.
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   67
 
The terms of Series BX Preferred Shares and LRCN Series 5 include NVCC provisions necessary for them to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital under Basel III. NVCC provisions require the conversion of the instrument into a variable number of common shares in the event that OSFI deems the Bank
non-viable
or a federal or provincial government in Canada publicly announces that the Bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection. In such an event, LRCN Series 5 will be automatically redeemed and the redemption price will be satisfied by the delivery of the Trust Assets, which will consist of common shares pursuant to an automatic conversion of Series BX Preferred Shares. The terms of Series BX Preferred Shares include an automatic conversion formula with a conversion price based on the greater of: (i) a floor price
o
f $5.00 (subject to adjustment in certain circumstances), and (ii) the current market price of our common shares based on the volume weighted average trading price of our common shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange. The number of common shares issued in respect of each Series BX Preferred Share will be determined by dividing the share value of Series BX Preferred Shares (including declared and unpaid dividends) by the conversion price. The number of common shares delivered to each noteholder will be based on such noteholder’s pro rata interest in the Trust Assets.
LRCN Series 5 are compound instruments with both equity and liability features as payments of interest and principal in cash are made at our discretion. The
non-payment
of interest and principal in cash does not constitute an event of default and will trigger delivery of Series BX Preferred Shares. The liability component of the notes has a nominal value and, as a result, the full proceeds received have been presented as equity.
Subordinated debentures
On December 23, 2024, we redeemed all $1,500 million of our outstanding NVCC 2.88% subordinated debentures due December 23, 2029 for 100% of their principal amount plus interest accrued to, but excluding, the redemption date.
On January 29, 2025, we issued $1,500 million of NVCC subordinated debentures. The notes bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.279% per annum until February 4, 2030, and at the Daily Compounded Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average plus 1.45% thereafter until maturity on February 4, 2035.
Common shares issued
 
     For the three months ended  
   
January 31, 2025
        January 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except number of shares)  
Number of
shares
(thousands)
   
Amount
         Number of
shares
(thousands)
    Amount  
Issued in connection with share-based compensation plans
(1)
 
216
 
$
  22
      400     $ 38  
Issued in connection with dividend reinvestment plan
(2)
 
–
 
–
      6,135       720  
Purchased for cancellation
(3)
 
(1,942
) 
 
(29
) 
        –       –  
   
(1,726
) 
 
$
(7
) 
        6,535     $   758  
 
(1)   Amounts include cash received for stock options exercised during the period and the fair value adjustment to stock options.
(2)   The requirements of our dividend reinvestment plan (DRIP) are satisfied through either open market share purchases or shares issued from treasury. During the three months ended January 31, 2025, the requirements of our DRIP were satisfied through open market share purchases. For the three months ended January 31, 2024, the requirements of our DRIP were satisfied through shares issued from treasury.
(3)   During the three months ended January 31, 2025,
under the NCIB
 
we purchased for cancellation common shares at a total fair value of $338 million (average cost of $174.00 per share), with a book value of $29 million (book value of $14.85
per share). During the three months ended January 31, 2024, we did not have an active NCIB and therefore we did not purchase any common shares for cancellation.
 
Note 1
1
 Earnings per share
 
 
     For the three months ended  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except share and per share amounts)
 
January 31
2025
   
January 31
2024
 
Basic earnings per share
   
Net income
 
$
5,131
  $ 3,582  
Dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments
 
(118
) 
    (58 ) 
Net income attributable to
non-controlling
interests
 
(2
) 
    (2 ) 
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
5,011
  $ 3,522  
Weighted average number of common shares (in thousands)
 
1,413,937
     1,406,324  
Basic earnings per share (in dollars)
 
$
3.54
  $ 2.50  
Diluted earnings per share
   
Net income available to common shareholders
 
$
5,011
  $ 3,522  
Weighted average number of common shares (in thousands)
 
1,413,937
    1,406,324  
Stock options
(1)
 
2,565
    1,291  
Issuable under other share-based compensation plans
 
–
    26  
Average number of diluted common shares (in thousands)
 
1,416,502
    1,407,641  
Diluted earnings per share (in dollars)
 
$
3.54
  $ 2.50  
 
(1)   The dilutive effect of stock options was calculated using the treasury stock method. When the exercise price of options outstanding is greater than the average market price of our common shares, the options are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the three months ended January 31, 2025, an average of 459,803 outstanding options with an average exercise price of $177.97 were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. For the three months ended January 31, 2024, an average of 2,216,903 outstanding options with an average exercise price of $130.78 were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.

68   
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025
 
Note 12 Legal and regulatory matters
 
We are a large global institution that is subject to many different complex legal and regulatory requirements that continue to evolve. We are and have been subject to a variety of legal proceedings, including civil claims and lawsuits, regulatory examinations, investigations, audits and requests for information by various governmental regulatory agencies and law enforcement authorities in various jurisdictions. Some of these matters may involve novel legal theories and interpretations and may be advanced under criminal as well as civil statutes, and some proceedings could result in the imposition of civil, regulatory enforcement or criminal penalties. We review the status of all proceedings on an ongoing basis and will exercise judgment in resolving them in such manner as we believe to be in our best interest. In many proceedings, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or to reliably estimate the amount of any loss. This is an area of significant judgment and uncertainty and the extent of our financial and other exposure to these proceedings after taking into account current provisions could be material to our results of operations in any particular period though we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of any such matter will have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition.
Our significant legal proceedings and regulatory matters are described in Note 24 of our audited 2024 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements and as updated below. Based on the facts currently known, except as may otherwise be noted, it is not possible at this time for us to predict the ultimate outcome of these proceedings or the timing of their resolution.
Royal Bank of Canada Trust Company (Bahamas) Limited proceedings
On January 17, 2025, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) proposed exemptive relief to allow Royal Bank of Canada to continue to qualify for the Qualified Professional Asset Manager (QPAM) exemption under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act from March 5, 2025 through March 4, 2030. On February 21, 2025, the DOL proposed to extend the effective period of the previously issued exemptive relief for up to six months. While there can be no assurances, we anticipate the issuance of the proposed exemptive relief, or the proposed extension of our existing relief, by March 5, 2025.
U.K. Competition and Markets Authority investigation
In February 2025, Royal Bank of Canada and RBC Europe Limited entered into a settlement with the U.K. Competition and Markets Authority and agreed to make payment of £34.2 million in full and final resolution of the matter.
 
Note 1
3
 Results by business segment
 
Composition of business segments
For management purposes, based on the products and services offered, we are organized into five business segments: Personal Banking, Commercial Banking, Wealth Management, Insurance and Capital Markets.
 
    
For the three months ended January 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Personal
Banking 
(1)
   
Commercial
Banking
(1)
   
Wealth
Management 
(1)
   
Insurance
   
Capital
Markets 
(1), (2)
   
Corporate
Support 
(2)
   
Total
 
Net interest income
(3)
 
$
3,505
 
$
1,796
 
$
1,394
 
$
–
 
$
918
 
$
335
 
$
7,948
Non-interest
income
 
1,306
 
331
 
4,174
 
406
 
2,838
 
(264
) 
 
8,791
Total revenue
 
4,811
 
2,127
 
5,568
 
406
 
3,756
 
71
 
16,739
Provision for credit losses
 
488
 
339
 
81
 
–
 
142
 
–
 
1,050
Non-interest
expense
 
2,015
 
710
 
4,204
 
87
 
2,041
 
199
 
9,256
Income (loss) before income taxes
 
2,308
 
1,078
 
1,283
 
319
 
1,573
 
(128
) 
 
6,433
Income taxes (recoveries)
 
630
 
301
 
303
 
47
 
141
 
(120
) 
 
1,302
Net income
 
$
1,678
 
$
777
 
$
980
 
$
272
 
$
1,432
 
$
(8
) 
 
$
5,131
Non-interest
expense includes:
             
Depreciation and amortization
 
$
274
 
$
26
 
$
317
 
$
(2
)
 
$
144
 
$
(1
)
 
$
758
             
     For the three months ended January 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Personal
Banking (4)
   
Commercial
Banking (4)
    Wealth
Management (4)
    Insurance     Capital
Markets (2)
    Corporate
Support (2)
    Total  
Net interest income
(3)
  $ 2,854     $ 1,282     $ 1,230     $ –     $ 661     $ 305     $ 6,332  
Non-interest
income
    1,177       331       3,457       363       2,290       (465 )      7,153  
Total revenue
    4,031       1,613       4,687       363       2,951       (160 )      13,485  
Provision for credit losses
    464       170       11       1       167       –       813  
Non-interest
expense
    1,724       542       3,841       71       1,642       504       8,324  
Income (loss) before income taxes
    1,843       901       835       291       1,142       (664 )      4,348  
Income taxes (recoveries)
    490       251       171       71       (12 )      (205 )      766  
Net income
  $ 1,353     $ 650     $ 664     $ 220     $ 1,154     $ (459 )    $ 3,582  
Non-interest
expense includes:
             
Depreciation and amortization
  $ 235     $ –     $ 311     $ 4     $ 124     $ (2 )    $ 672  
 
(1)   On March 28, 2024, we completed the HSBC Canada transaction. HSBC Canada results have been consolidated from the closing date, and are included in our Personal Banking, Commercial Banking, Wealth Management and Capital Markets segments.
(2)   Taxable equivalent basis.
(3)   Interest revenue is reported net of interest expense as we rely primarily on net interest income as a performance measure.
(4)   Effective the fourth quarter of 2024, the Personal & Commercial Banking segment became two standalone business segments: Personal Banking and Commercial Banking. With this change, RBC Direct Investing moved from the previous Personal & Commercial Banking segment to the Wealth Management segment. Amounts have been revised from those previously presented to conform to our new basis of segment presentation.
Royal Bank of Canada
  First Quarter 2025   69
 
Total assets and total liabilities by business segment
 
    
As at January 31, 2025
 
(Millions of Canadian dollars)  
Personal
Banking
   
Commercial
Banking
   
Wealth
Management
   
Insurance
   
Capital
Markets
   
Corporate
Support
   
Total
 
Total assets
 
$
558,197
 
$
190,602
 
$
188,607
 
$
30,780
 
$
1,129,747
 
$
93,093
 
$
2,191,026
Total liabilities
 
558,163
 
190,594
 
186,977
 
30,663
 
1,129,705
 
(38,339
) 
 
2,057,763
                                           
     As at October 31, 2024  
(Millions of Canadian dollars)   Personal
Banking
   
Commercial
Banking
    Wealth
Management
    Insurance    
Capital
Markets
    Corporate
Support
    Total  
Total assets
  $ 555,029     $ 187,142     $ 184,503     $ 29,288     $ 1,127,661     $ 87,959     $ 2,171,582  
Total liabilities
    554,970       187,135       183,055       29,158       1,127,564       (37,492 )      2,044,390  
 
Note 1
4
 Capital management
 
Regulatory capital and capital ratios
OSFI formally establishes risk-based capital and leverage minimums and Total Loss Absorbing Capacity (TLAC) ratios for deposit-taking institutions in Canada. During the first
quarter of 2025, we complied with all applicable capital, leverage and TLAC
requirements
, including the Domestic Stability Buffer, imposed by OSFI.
 
       As at  
(Millions of Canadian dollars, except percentage amounts and as otherwise noted)
 
January 31
2025
   
October 31
2024
 
Capital
(1)
   
CET1 capital
 
$
93,321
  $ 88,936  
Tier 1 capital
 
103,718
    97,952  
Total capital
 
115,914
    110,487  
Risk-weighted assets (RWA) used in calculation of capital ratios
(1)
   
Credit risk
 
$
579,866
  $ 548,809  
Market risk
 
36,530
    33,930  
Operational risk
 
92,545
    89,543  
Total RWA
 
$
708,941
  $ 672,282  
Capital ratios and Leverage ratio
(1)
   
CET1 ratio
 
13.2%

    13.2%  
Tier 1 capital ratio
 
14.6%

    14.6%  
Total capital ratio
 
16.4%

    16.4%  
Leverage ratio
 
4.4%

    4.2%  
Leverage ratio exposure
 
$
 2,367,402
  $  2,344,228  
TLAC available and ratios
(2)
   
TLAC available
 
$
211,585
  $ 196,659  
TLAC ratio
 
29.8%

    29.3%
TLAC leverage ratio
 
8.9%

    8.4%
 
(1)   Capital, RWA and capital ratios are calculated using OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) guideline and the Leverage ratio is calculated using OSFI’s Leverage Requirements (LR) guideline. Both the CAR guideline and LR guideline are based on the Basel III framework.
(2)   TLAC available and TLAC ratios are calculated using OSFI’s TLAC guideline. The TLAC standard is applied at the resolution entity level which for us is deemed to be Royal Bank of Canada and its subsidiaries. A resolution entity and its subsidiaries are collectively called a resolution group. The TLAC ratio and TLAC leverage ratio are calculated using the TLAC available as a percentage of total RWA and leverage exposure, respectively.

Exhibit 99.3

Return on Equity and Assets Ratios

 

     Q1 2025     For the Year-Ended
October 2024
    For the Year-Ended
October 2023(1)
    For the Year-Ended
October 2022
 

Return on Assets

     0.85 %      0.77 %      0.73 %      0.84 % 

Return on Equity

     16.8 %      14.4 %      14.3 %      16.4 % 

Dividend Payout Ratio

     42 %      50 %      52 %      45 % 

 

(1)

Amounts have been restated from those previously presented as part of the adoption of IFRS 17, effective November 1, 2023.

Exhibit 31.1

SOX 302 Certification

I, David McKay, certify that:

 

1.

I have reviewed this quarterly report for the period ended January 31, 2025 (the “report”) of Royal Bank of Canada (the “registrant”);

 

2.

Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

 

3.

Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

 

4.

The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

 

  a.

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

 

  b.

Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

 

  c.

Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

 

  d.

Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

 

5.

The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

 

  a.

All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

 

  b.

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 27, 2025

 

/s/ David McKay

Name:   David McKay
Title:   President and Chief Executive Officer

Exhibit 31.2

SOX 302 Certification

I, Katherine Gibson, certify that:

 

1.

I have reviewed this quarterly report for the period ended January 31, 2025 (the “report”) of Royal Bank of Canada (the “registrant”);

 

2.

Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

 

3.

Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

 

4.

The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

 

  a.

Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

 

  b.

Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

 

  c.

Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

 

  d.

Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

 

5.

The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

 

  a.

All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

 

  b.

Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: February 27, 2025

 

/s/ Katherine Gibson

Name:   Katherine Gibson
Title:   Chief Financial Officer