(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation) | (Commission File Number) | (IRS Employer Identification No.) | ||||||||||||
Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425) | |||||
Soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12) | |||||
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b)) | |||||
Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c)) | |||||
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
| (d) | Exhibits | |||||||
| Exhibit No. | Description | |||||||
| Press release issued by Trupanion, Inc. dated November 3, 2021 | ||||||||
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL) | |||||||
TRUPANION, INC. | |||||
By: | /s/ Tricia Plouf | ||||
Name: Tricia Plouf | |||||
Title: Co-President | |||||


| Trupanion, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands, except share data) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (unaudited) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subscription business | $ | 127,077 | $ | 99,379 | $ | 360,742 | $ | 281,316 | |||||||||||||||
| Other business | 54,590 | 30,741 | 143,870 | 78,025 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | 181,667 | 130,120 | 504,612 | 359,341 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Subscription business(1) | 103,754 | 81,098 | 299,037 | 229,114 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other business | 49,747 | 28,433 | 131,764 | 71,919 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total cost of revenue(2) | 153,501 | 109,531 | 430,801 | 301,033 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Technology and development(1) | 4,391 | 2,426 | 12,201 | 6,839 | |||||||||||||||||||
General and administrative(1) | 8,246 | 5,412 | 22,897 | 15,345 | |||||||||||||||||||
Sales and marketing(1) | 19,708 | 13,344 | 58,802 | 33,028 | |||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 2,944 | 1,666 | 9,195 | 4,770 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 35,289 | 22,848 | 103,095 | 59,982 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gain (loss) from investment in joint venture | (69) | 2 | (149) | (84) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Operating loss | (7,192) | (2,257) | (29,433) | (1,758) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | — | 324 | 1 | 1,044 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | (61) | (49) | (222) | (533) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gain (loss) before income taxes | (7,131) | (2,532) | (29,212) | (2,269) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax expense (benefit) | (312) | 26 | (724) | 69 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (6,819) | $ | (2,558) | $ | (28,488) | $ | (2,338) | |||||||||||||||
| Net loss per share: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic and diluted | $ | (0.17) | $ | (0.07) | $ | (0.71) | $ | (0.07) | |||||||||||||||
| Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic and diluted | 40,283,818 | 35,426,742 | 40,044,518 | 35,193,317 | |||||||||||||||||||
(1)Includes stock-based compensation expense as follows: | Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | $ | 1,311 | $ | 448 | $ | 5,769 | $ | 1,060 | |||||||||||||||
| Technology and development | 749 | 133 | 2,213 | 366 | |||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative | 2,271 | 1,108 | 6,412 | 2,912 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing | 2,112 | 741 | 7,024 | 1,972 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 6,443 | $ | 2,430 | $ | 21,418 | $ | 6,310 | |||||||||||||||
(2)The breakout of cost of revenue between veterinary invoice expense and other cost of revenue is as follows: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Veterinary invoice expense | $ | 125,058 | $ | 91,266 | $ | 353,210 | $ | 252,955 | |||||||||||||||
| Other cost of revenue | 28,443 | 18,265 | 77,591 | 48,078 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total cost of revenue | $ | 153,501 | $ | 109,531 | $ | 430,801 | $ | 301,033 | |||||||||||||||
| (3)Depreciation and amortization expenses have been reclassified as a separate line item and prior period amounts have been reclassified from their original presentation to conform to the current period presentation. The Company has elected to present depreciation and amortization expenses as a separate line to better align with management's view of the Company's operating results. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trupanion, Inc. Consolidated Balance Sheets (in thousands, except share data) | |||||||||||
| September 30, 2021 | December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||
| (unaudited) | |||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 109,641 | $ | 139,878 | |||||||
| Short-term investments | 111,885 | 89,862 | |||||||||
| Accounts and other receivables | 157,945 | 99,065 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | 11,077 | 8,222 | |||||||||
| Total current assets | 390,548 | 337,027 | |||||||||
| Restricted cash | 6,324 | 6,319 | |||||||||
| Long-term investments, at fair value | 6,605 | 5,566 | |||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | 75,432 | 72,602 | |||||||||
| Intangible assets, net | 23,530 | 27,134 | |||||||||
| Other long-term assets | 15,688 | 16,557 | |||||||||
| Goodwill | 32,583 | 33,045 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 550,710 | $ | 498,250 | |||||||
| Liabilities and stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 6,482 | $ | 6,059 | |||||||
| Accrued liabilities and other current liabilities | 25,865 | 22,864 | |||||||||
| Reserve for veterinary invoices | 38,750 | 28,929 | |||||||||
| Deferred revenue | 140,125 | 92,547 | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 211,222 | 150,399 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | 3,803 | 4,705 | |||||||||
| Other liabilities | 3,712 | 3,207 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 218,737 | 158,311 | |||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
| Common stock: $0.00001 par value per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized; 41,296,940 and 40,363,775 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2021; 40,383,972 and 39,450,807 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 | — | — | |||||||||
| Preferred stock: $0.00001 par value per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding | — | — | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 460,339 | 439,007 | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | 2,261 | 3,071 | |||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (119,848) | (91,360) | |||||||||
| Treasury stock, at cost: 933,165 shares at September 30, 2021 and 933,165 shares at December 31, 2020 | (10,779) | (10,779) | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 331,973 | 339,939 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 550,710 | $ | 498,250 | |||||||
| Trupanion, Inc. Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (unaudited) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (6,819) | $ | (2,558) | $ | (28,488) | $ | (2,338) | |||||||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 2,944 | 1,666 | 9,195 | 4,770 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 6,443 | 2,430 | 21,418 | 6,310 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | (386) | 16 | (931) | 118 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts and other receivables | (17,977) | (11,966) | (58,773) | (38,068) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | 170 | (1,535) | (1,922) | (1,979) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and other liabilities | 5,225 | 6,086 | 4,353 | 6,602 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reserve for veterinary invoices | 2,984 | 4,428 | 9,854 | 7,692 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | 13,640 | 11,239 | 47,596 | 34,473 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 6,224 | 9,806 | 2,302 | 17,580 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Investing activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of investment securities | (18,915) | (17,422) | (62,288) | (43,972) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Maturities of investment securities | 8,486 | 9,013 | 39,066 | 29,817 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of property, equipment and intangible assets | (2,767) | (1,273) | (8,537) | (4,512) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 25 | (19) | (48) | 88 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (13,171) | (9,701) | (31,807) | (18,579) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Financing activities | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 698 | 2,629 | 3,056 | 4,296 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Shares withheld to satisfy tax withholding | (979) | (215) | (3,730) | (656) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Borrowings from line of credit, net of financing fees | — | 2,478 | — | 6,213 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Repayments to line of credit | — | — | — | (2,500) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Other financing | — | — | — | (78) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (281) | 4,892 | (674) | 7,275 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, net | (461) | 220 | (53) | (214) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | (7,689) | 5,217 | (30,232) | 6,062 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period | 123,654 | 31,413 | 146,197 | 30,568 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 115,965 | $ | 36,630 | $ | 115,965 | $ | 36,630 | |||||||||||||||
| The following tables set forth our key operating metrics: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Business: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total pets enrolled (at period end) | 1,104,376 | 804,251 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subscription Business: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end) | 676,463 | 552,909 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monthly average revenue per pet | $ | 63.43 | $ | 59.77 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses | $ | 697 | $ | 615 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average pet acquisition cost (PAC) | $ | 281 | $ | 237 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average monthly retention | 98.72 | % | 98.69 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sept. 30, 2021 | Jun. 30, 2021 | Mar. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | Sept. 30, 2020 | Jun. 30, 2020 | Mar. 31, 2020 | Dec. 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Business: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total pets enrolled (at period end) | 1,104,376 | 1,024,226 | 943,854 | 862,928 | 804,251 | 744,727 | 687,435 | 646,728 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subscription Business: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total subscription pets enrolled (at period end) | 676,463 | 643,395 | 609,835 | 577,957 | 552,909 | 529,400 | 508,480 | 494,026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monthly average revenue per pet | $ | 63.60 | $ | 63.69 | $ | 62.97 | $ | 62.03 | $ | 60.87 | $ | 59.40 | $ | 58.96 | $ | 58.58 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lifetime value of a pet, including fixed expenses | $ | 697 | $ | 681 | $ | 684 | $ | 653 | $ | 615 | $ | 597 | $ | 535 | $ | 523 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average pet acquisition cost (PAC) | $ | 280 | $ | 284 | $ | 279 | $ | 272 | $ | 261 | $ | 199 | $ | 247 | $ | 222 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average monthly retention | 98.72 | % | 98.72 | % | 98.73 | % | 98.71 | % | 98.69 | % | 98.66 | % | 98.59 | % | 98.58 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The following table reflects the reconciliation of cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow (in thousands): | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 6,224 | $ | 9,806 | $ | 2,302 | $ | 17,580 | |||||||||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment | (2,767) | (1,273) | (8,537) | (4,512) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Free cash flow | $ | 3,457 | $ | 8,533 | $ | (6,235) | $ | 13,068 | |||||||||||||||
| The following table reflects the reconciliation between GAAP and non-GAAP measures (in thousands except percentages): | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended September 30, | Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Veterinary invoice expense | $ | 125,058 | $ | 91,266 | $ | 353,210 | $ | 252,955 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Excluding: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | (769) | (337) | (3,740) | (760) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other business cost of paying veterinary invoices | (34,432) | (19,394) | (91,605) | (49,865) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subscription cost of paying veterinary invoices | $ | 89,857 | $ | 71,535 | $ | 257,865 | $ | 202,330 | ||||||||||||||||||
| % of subscription revenue | 70.7 | % | 72.0 | % | 71.5 | % | 71.9 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other cost of revenue | $ | 28,443 | $ | 18,265 | $ | 77,591 | $ | 48,078 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Excluding: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | (542) | (111) | (2,029) | (300) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other business variable expenses | (15,315) | (9,039) | (40,159) | (22,054) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subscription variable expenses | $ | 12,586 | $ | 9,115 | $ | 35,403 | $ | 25,724 | ||||||||||||||||||
| % of subscription revenue | 9.9 | % | 9.2 | % | 9.8 | % | 9.1 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Technology and development expense | $ | 4,391 | $ | 2,426 | $ | 12,201 | $ | 6,839 | ||||||||||||||||||
| General and administrative expense | 8,246 | 5,412 | 22,897 | 15,345 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excluding: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | (3,020) | (1,241) | (8,625) | (3,278) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Development expenses1 | (919) | — | (2,861) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Business combination transaction costs2 | — | — | (82) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed expenses | $ | 8,698 | $ | 6,597 | $ | 23,530 | $ | 18,906 | ||||||||||||||||||
| % of total revenue | 4.8 | % | 5.1 | % | 4.7 | % | 5.3 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing expense | $ | 19,708 | $ | 13,344 | $ | 58,802 | $ | 33,028 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Excluding: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | (2,112) | (741) | (7,024) | (1,972) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other business acquisition cost | (134) | (265) | (423) | (619) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Subscription acquisition cost | $ | 17,462 | $ | 12,338 | $ | 51,355 | $ | 30,437 | ||||||||||||||||||
| % of subscription revenue | 13.7 | % | 12.4 | % | 14.2 | % | 10.8 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Technology and development | $ | 4,391 | $ | 2,426 | $ | 12,201 | $ | 6,839 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Excluding: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | (749) | (133) | (2,213) | (366) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Technology expenses | (2,723) | (2,293) | (7,127) | (6,473) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Development expenses1 | $ | 919 | $ | — | $ | 2,861 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| % of total revenue | 0.5 | % | — | % | 0.6 | % | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||
1As we enter the next phase of our growth, we expect to invest in initiatives that are pre-revenue, including adding new products and international expansion. These development expenses are costs related to product exploration and development that are pre-revenue and historically have been insignificant. We view these activities as uses of our adjusted operating income separate from pet acquisition spend. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2These one-time expenses related to our acquisition of a software business, primarily related to legal and transaction costs incurred. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The following tables reflect the reconciliation of acquisition cost and net acquisition cost to sales and marketing expense (in thousands): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing expenses | $ | 58,802 | $ | 33,028 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excluding: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | (7,024) | (1,972) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition cost | 51,778 | 31,056 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net of: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sign-up fee revenue | (3,792) | (2,373) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other business segment sales and marketing expense | (423) | (619) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net acquisition cost | $ | 47,563 | $ | 28,064 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sept. 30, 2021 | Jun. 30, 2021 | Mar. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | Sept. 30, 2020 | Jun. 30, 2020 | Mar. 31, 2020 | Dec. 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales and marketing expenses | $ | 19,708 | $ | 19,390 | $ | 19,704 | $ | 14,809 | $ | 13,344 | $ | 9,242 | $ | 10,442 | $ | 9,212 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excluding: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | (2,112) | (2,181) | (2,731) | (801) | (741) | (675) | (556) | (547) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition cost | 17,596 | 17,209 | 16,973 | 14,008 | 12,603 | 8,567 | 9,886 | 8,665 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net of: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sign-up fee revenue | (1,268) | (1,260) | (1,264) | (919) | (827) | (781) | (765) | (730) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other business segment sales and marketing expense | (134) | (118) | (171) | (201) | (265) | (191) | (163) | (152) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net acquisition cost | $ | 16,194 | $ | 15,831 | $ | 15,538 | $ | 12,888 | $ | 11,511 | $ | 7,595 | $ | 8,958 | $ | 7,783 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The following tables reflect the reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss) (in thousands): | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nine Months Ended September 30, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (28,488) | $ | (2,338) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excluding: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 21,418 | 6,310 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization expense | 9,195 | 4,770 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | (257) | (545) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 1 | 1,044 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other non-operating expenses | 2 | 98 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax (benefit) expense | (724) | 69 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Business combination transaction costs | 82 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss from equity method investment | 6 | (117) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 1,235 | $ | 9,291 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Three Months Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sept. 30, 2021 | Jun. 30, 2021 | Mar. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | Sept. 30, 2020 | Jun. 30, 2020 | Mar. 31, 2020 | Dec. 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income | $ | (6,819) | $ | (9,221) | $ | (12,448) | $ | (3,502) | $ | (2,558) | $ | 1,353 | $ | (1,133) | $ | 636 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Excluding: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 6,443 | 6,527 | 8,448 | 2,602 | 2,430 | 2,227 | 1,653 | 1,771 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization expense | 2,944 | 3,158 | 3,093 | 2,301 | 1,666 | 1,723 | 1,381 | 1,274 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | (85) | (84) | (88) | (83) | (74) | (134) | (337) | (516) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | — | 3 | (2) | 337 | 324 | 341 | 379 | 375 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other non-operating expenses | (1) | 3 | — | 1 | 2 | 44 | 52 | (22) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax (benefit) expense | (312) | (195) | (217) | 44 | 26 | 17 | 26 | 157 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Business combination transaction costs | — | — | 82 | 522 | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss from equity method investment | — | 6 | — | — | — | (117) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 2,170 | $ | 197 | $ | (1,132) | $ | 2,222 | $ | 1,816 | $ | 5,454 | $ | 2,021 | $ | 3,675 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||