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2.8.2 Reporting and valuation
Financial assets are initially recognised at fair value plus
transaction costs for all nancial assets not at fair value
through prot and loss. Financial assets at fair value
through prot and loss are initially recognised at fair
value and transaction costs are expensed in the income
statement. Financial assets are recognised when the group
becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the
instrument. Regular purchases and sales of nancial assets
are recognised on the settlement date. Financial assets are
removed from the balance sheet when the right to obtain
cash ows from the instrument has expired and the group
has transferred all essential risk and benets in conjunction
with the ownership. Financial liabilities are recognised
when the group becomes bound to the contractual obli-
gations of the instrument. Financial liabilities are removed
from the balance sheet when the obligation under the
agreement is completed or otherwise extin-guished. Loans
and receivables and other nancial liabilities are, after the
acquisition date, reported at the amortised cost calculated
using the eective interest method.
2.8.3 Osetting nancial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are oset and reported with
a net amount on the balance sheet, only when there is a
legal right to oset the carrying amounts and an intention
to settle them with a net amount or to simultaneously
realise the asset and settle the debt.
2.8.4 Impairments of nancial instrument
At each balance sheet date, nancial assets measured
at amortised cost are assessed for impairment based
on Expected Credit Losses (ECL). ECLs are the dierence
between all contractual cash ows that are due in
accordance with the contract and all the cash ows that
the group expects to receive, discounted at the original
eective interest rate. Allowances for trade receivables are
always equal to lifetime ECL.
2.9 Account receivables
Account receivables are nancial instruments that include
amounts payable by customers for operationally sold
goods and services. They are classied as current assets
when payment is expected within a year. Should payment
be expected beyond that period, they are reported
as non-current assets. Account receivables are initially
reported at fair value, subsequently at amortised cost
calculated using the eective interest method less any
provisions for impairment.
2.10 Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include, on the balance sheet as
well as in the cash ow statement, cash and bank balances.
2.11 Share capital
Ordinary shares are classied as equity. Transaction costs
directly attributable to the new issue of ordinary shares are
reported in equity net after tax as a deduction from the
proceeds from the issue.
2.12 Account payables
Account payables are nancial instruments in conjunction
with obligations to pay for goods and services for opera-
tions acquired from the suppliers. Account payables are
reported as current liabilities when they mature within
a year. Should they mature beyond that period, they are
reported as long-term liabilities. Account payables are
initially reported at fair value and subsequently at amor-
tised cost using the eective interest method.
2.12 Borrowings
Liabilities to credit institutions and liabilities to associated
companies are initially reported at fair value, net after
transaction costs. Borrowings are subsequently reported
at amortised cost. Any dierence between the obtained
amount (net after transaction cost) and the repayment
amount is reported in the income statement distributed
over the loan period, using the eective interest method.
Bank overdraft facilities are reported as liabilities to credit
institutions in the current liabilities section of the balance
sheet.
2.13 Provisions
Provisions are reported when the group is legally or
constructively obligated following prior events, wherever
probable that an outow of resources is required to clear
the commitment and the amount is reliably calculated.
Provided that similar commitments exist, the probability
of an outow of resources at the clearing to be required
is assessed for the entire group of similar commitments. A
provision is reported even in the event of low probability
of an outow regarding a particular item in the group of
commitments. The provisions are reported at the present
value of the amount expected to be required for fullling
the obligation. A discount rate before tax is utilised
hereby, reecting the current market assessment of the
time-dependent value of money and risks connected to
the provision. The increase of provision pertinent to the
passing of time is reported as an interest expense.
2.14 Current and deferred tax
The period’s tax expenses include current and deferred
tax. The current tax expense is calculated on the basis of
the tax regulations in force on the balance sheet day in the
countries in which the parent company and its subsidiaries
are active and generate taxable revenue. Deferred tax is
reported, in accordance with the balance sheet method,
for all temporary dierences between the written-down
value of assets and liabilities and the carrying amount of
the consolidated accounts. Deferred tax is calculated with
the application of the tax rates in force on the balance
sheet day and the rates expected to be in force when the
tax asset is realised or the tax liability is cleared. De-ferred
tax assets on carry forwards are reported to the extent
likely that future scal surplus will be available, against
which the decits may be exploited.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are oset in the event of
a legal right to oset for the tax referrals in question, the
tax deferrals are attributable to taxes debited by one tax
authority, apply to one or several tax subjects and there is
an intention to clear the balances through net payments.
2.15 Employee remuneration
Pension commitments
The group has several post-employment benet plans,
including dened benet plans, of which the majority of
the pension schemes are dened contribution plans. A
dened contribution plan is a pension plan according to
which the group pays a xed fee to a separate legal entity.
The group carries no legal or constructive obligations
to pay additional fees should the entity lack sucient
resources to remunerate all employees what they are due
as a result of their service, in the current or prior periods.
The fee is reported as a personnel cost when matured. A
dened benet plan is a pension plan without dened
contribution. Dened benet plans normally set out an
amount for the employee to receive upon retirement,
nor-mally based on one or several factors such as age,
period of service and salary. The group provides dened
benet plans for a limited number of people, in Finland, in
the UK, and in Norway. These plans are further described in
note 26. In addition, the group provides other long-term
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