10-Q

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 7, 2022

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
Form 10-Q		☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
---	---

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022

or

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____ to _____.

Commission File Number 001-14951

FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Federally chartered instrumentality<br><br>of the United States		52-1578738
---	---	---
(State or other jurisdiction of<br><br>incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. employer identification number)
1999 K Street, N.W., 4th Floor,
Washington,	DC	20006
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip code)		(202)	872-7700
---	---
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Exchange on which registered
Class A voting common stock	AGM.A	New York Stock Exchange
Class C non-voting common stock	AGM	New York Stock Exchange
6.000% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C	AGM.PRC	New York Stock Exchange
5.700% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D	AGM.PRD	New York Stock Exchange
5.750% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E	AGM.PRE	New York Stock Exchange
5.250% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F	AGM.PRF	New York Stock Exchange
4.875% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G	AGM.PRG	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Class B voting common stock

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes        ☒                              No           ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes        ☒                               No          ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.  See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.  (Check one):

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.     ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes         ☐                               No           ☒

As of October 31, 2022, the registrant had outstanding 1,030,780 shares of Class A voting common stock, 500,301 shares of Class B voting common stock, and 9,269,536 shares of Class C non-voting common stock.

Table of Contents

PART I		3
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	5
	Consolidated Statements of Equity	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	9
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	64
	Forward-Looking Statements	64
	Overview	65
	Use of Non-GAAP Measures	70
	Results of Operations	72
	Outlook	88
	Balance Sheet Review	94
	Risk Management	96
	Liquidity and Capital Resources	113
	Other Matters	114
	Supplemental Information	115
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	119
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	120
PART II		121
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	121
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	121
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	121
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	121
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	121
Item 5.	Other Information	121
Item 6.	Exhibits	122
Signatures		123

Item 1.Financial Statements

FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(unaudited)

		December 31, 2021
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	868,234	$	908,785
Investment securities:
Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of 4,590,696 and 3,834,714, respectively)		3,836,391
Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost		44,970
Other investments		1,229
Total Investment Securities		3,882,590
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of 7,421,595 and 6,135,807, respectively)		6,328,559
Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost		2,033,239
Total Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities		8,361,798
A Securities:
Trading, at fair value		4,401
Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost		2,436,331
Total A Securities		2,440,732
Loans:
Loans held for investment, at amortized cost		8,314,096
Loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, at amortized cost		948,623
Allowance for losses		(14,041)
Total loans, net of allowance		9,248,678
Financial derivatives, at fair value		6,081
Accrued interest receivable (includes 7,798 and 10,418, respectively, related to consolidated trusts)		165,604
Guarantee and commitment fees receivable		45,538
Deferred tax asset, net		15,869
Prepaid expenses and other assets		45,334
Total Assets	26,441,588	$	25,121,009
Liabilities and Equity:
Liabilities:
Notes payable	23,500,657	$	22,713,771
Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties		981,379
Financial derivatives, at fair value		35,554
Accrued interest payable (includes 5,547 and 9,619, respectively, related to consolidated trusts)		59,003
Guarantee and commitment obligation		43,926
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		71,726
Reserve for losses		1,950
Total Liabilities		23,907,309
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 6)
Equity:
Preferred stock:
Series C, par value 25 per share, 3,000,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding		73,382
Series D, par value 25 per share, 4,000,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding		96,659
Series E, par value 25 per share, 3,180,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding		77,003
Series F, par value 25 per share, 4,800,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding		116,160
Series G, par value 25 per share, 5,000,000 shares authorized, issued and outstanding		121,327
Common stock:
Class A Voting, 1 par value, no maximum authorization, 1,030,780 shares outstanding		1,031
Class B Voting, 1 par value, no maximum authorization, 500,301 shares outstanding		500
Class C Non-Voting, 1 par value, no maximum authorization, 9,269,367 shares and 9,235,205 shares outstanding, respectively		9,235
Additional paid-in capital		125,993
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax		3,853
Retained earnings		588,557
Total Equity		1,213,700
Total Liabilities and Equity	26,441,588	$	25,121,009

All values are in US Dollars.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended				For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Interest income:
Investments and cash equivalents	$	21,581	$	4,121	$	38,497	$	14,107
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities	74,695		42,339		169,231		127,976
Loans	97,514		61,923		241,393		181,631
Total interest income	193,790		108,383		449,121		323,714
Total interest expense	125,937		49,467		251,816		155,599
Net interest income	67,853		58,916		197,305		168,115
(Provision for)/release of losses	(617)		(366)		699		(518)
Net interest income after (provision for)/release of losses	67,236		58,550		198,004		167,597
Non-interest income/(expense):
Guarantee and commitment fees	2,643		3,155		9,551		9,182
Gains/(losses) on financial derivatives	772		(888)		21,551		2,581
(Losses)/gains on trading securities	(41)		37		(75)		(38)
Gains on sale of available-for-sale investment securities	—		253		—		253
Release of reserve for losses	167		111		440		1,277
Other income	651		582		1,805		1,600
Non-interest income	4,192		3,250		33,272		14,855
Operating expenses:
Compensation and employee benefits	11,648		10,027		36,661		31,601
General and administrative	6,919		6,330		21,717		19,015
Regulatory fees	812		750		2,437		2,250
Operating expenses	19,379		17,107		60,815		52,866
Income before income taxes	52,049		44,693		170,461		129,586
Income tax expense	10,631		9,388		35,735		27,350
Net income	41,418		35,305		134,726		102,236
Preferred stock dividends	(6,791)		(6,774)		(20,374)		(17,885)
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	34,627	$	28,531	$	114,352	$	84,351
Earnings per common share:
Basic earnings per common share	$	3.21	$	2.65	$	10.61	$	7.84
Diluted earnings per common share	$	3.18	$	2.63	$	10.51	$	7.79

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(unaudited)

	For the Three Months Ended				For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands
Net income	$	41,418	$	35,305	$	134,726	$	102,236
Other comprehensive (loss)/income:
Net unrealized (losses)/gains on available-for-sale securities	(41,827)		991		(158,273)		29,966
Net changes in held-to-maturity securities	(622)		(2,385)		220		(6,195)
Net unrealized gains on cash flow hedges	24,596		3,258		72,684		16,899
Other comprehensive (loss)/income before tax	(17,853)		1,864		(85,369)		40,670
Income tax benefit/(expense) related to other comprehensive (loss)/income	3,748		(391)		17,927		(8,541)
Other comprehensive (loss)/income net of tax	(14,105)		1,473		(67,442)		32,129
Comprehensive income/(loss)	$	27,313	$	36,778	$	67,284	$	134,365

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

(unaudited)

									Accumulated
							Additional		Other
	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Paid-In		Comprehensive		Retained		Total
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Income/(Loss)		Earnings		Equity
	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	19,980	$	484,531	10,766	$	10,766	$	125,993	$	3,853	$	588,557	$	1,213,700
Net Income	—	—		—	—		—		—		51,453		51,453
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		(43,518)		—		(43,518)
Cash dividends:
Preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(6,791)		(6,791)
Common stock (cash dividend of $0.95 per share)	—	—		—	—		—		—		(10,229)		(10,229)
Issuance of Class C Common Stock	—	—		22	22		46		—		—		68
Stock-based compensation cost	—	—		—	—		2,113		—		—		2,113
Other stock-based award activity	—	—		—	—		(1,049)		—		—		(1,049)
Balance as of March 31, 2022	19,980	$	484,531	10,788	$	10,788	$	127,103	$	(39,665)	$	622,990	$	1,205,747
Net Income	—	—		—	—		—		—		41,855		41,855
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		(9,819)		—		(9,819)
Cash dividends:
Preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(6,792)		(6,792)
Common stock (cash dividend of $0.95 per share)	—	—		—	—		—		—		(10,256)		(10,256)
Issuance of Class C Common Stock	—	—		9	9		46		—		—		55
Stock-based compensation cost	—	—		—	—		862		—		—		862
Other stock-based award activity	—	—		—	—		(442)		—		—		(442)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	19,980	$	484,531	10,797	$	10,797	$	127,569	$	(49,484)	$	647,797	$	1,221,210
Net Income	—	—		—	—		—		—		41,418		41,418
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		(14,105)		—		(14,105)
Cash dividends:
Preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(6,791)		(6,791)
Common stock (cash dividend of $0.95 per share)	—	—		—	—		—		—		(10,260)		(10,260)
Issuance of Class C Common Stock	—	—		3	3		48		—		—		51
Stock-based compensation cost	—	—		—	—		832		—		—		832
Other stock-based award activity	—	—		—	—		(332)		—		—		(332)
Balance as of September 30, 2022	19,980	$	484,531	10,800	$	10,800	$	128,117	$	(63,589)	$	672,164	$	1,232,023
									Accumulated
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
							Additional		Other
	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Paid-In		Comprehensive		Retained		Total
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount		Capital		Income/(Loss)		Earnings		Equity
	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2020	14,980	$	363,204	10,737	$	10,737	$	122,899	$	(13,923)	$	515,017	$	997,934
Net Income	—	—		—	—		—		—		38,069		38,069
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		65,667		—		65,667
Cash dividends:
Preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(5,269)		(5,269)
Common stock (cash dividend of $0.88 per share)	—	—		—	—		—		—		(9,450)		(9,450)
Issuance of Class C Common Stock	—	—		21	21		12		—		—		33
Stock-based compensation cost	—	—		—	—		1,665		—		—		1,665
Other stock-based award activity	—	—		—	—		(858)		—		—		(858)
Balance as of March 31, 2021	14,980	$	363,204	10,758	$	10,758	$	123,718	$	51,744	$	538,367	$	1,087,791
Net Income	—	—		—	—		—		—		28,863		28,863
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		(35,011)		—		(35,011)
Cash dividends:
Preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(5,842)		(5,842)
Common stock (cash dividend of $0.88 per share)	—	—		—	—		—		—		(9,474)		(9,474)
Issuance of Series G Preferred Stock	5,000	121,327		—	—		—		—		—		121,327
Issuance of Class C Common Stock	—	—		7	7		13		—		—		20
Stock-based compensation cost	—	—		—	—		891		—		—		891
Other stock-based award activity	—	—		—	—		(474)		—		—		(474)
Balance as of June 30, 2021	19,980	$	484,531	10,765	$	10,765	$	124,148	$	16,733	$	551,914	$	1,188,091
Net Income	—	—		—	—		—		—		35,305		35,305
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	—	—		—	—		—		1,473		—		1,473
Cash dividends:
Preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(6,774)		(6,774)
Common stock (cash dividend of $0.88 per share)	—	—		—	—		—		—		(9,474)		(9,474)
Issuance of Class C Common Stock	—	—		1	1		45		—		—		46
Stock-based compensation cost	—	—		—	—		749		—		—		749
Balance as of September 30, 2021	19,980	$	484,531	10,766	$	10,766	$	124,942	$	18,206	$	570,971	$	1,209,416

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

	For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	134,726	$	102,236
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net amortization of deferred gains, premiums, and discounts on loans, investments, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and USDA Securities	2,456		13,631
Amortization of debt premiums, discounts, and issuance costs	11,839		5,106
Net change in fair value of trading securities, hedged assets, and financial derivatives	665,775		215,769
Gain on the sale of available-for-sale investment securities	—		(253)
Total release of allowance for losses	(1,139)		(759)
Excess tax benefits related to stock-based awards	87		292
Deferred income taxes	14,820		(458)
Stock-based compensation expense	3,807		3,306
Proceeds from repayment of loans purchased as held for sale	31,086		44,744
Net change in:
Interest receivable	(1,931)		39,030
Guarantee and commitment fees receivable	991		66
Other assets	(144,031)		5,594
Accrued interest payable	31,818		(12,414)
Custodial deposit liability	(41,392)		20,798
Other liabilities	(2,654)		(3,469)
Net cash provided by operating activities	706,258		433,219
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of available-for-sale investment securities	(1,789,932)		(1,414,547)
Purchases of other investment securities	(877)		(403)
Purchases of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities	(4,308,083)		(2,658,305)
Purchases of loans held for investment	(2,122,360)		(2,107,746)
Purchases of defaulted loans	—		(8,713)
Proceeds from repayment of available-for-sale investment securities	1,103,046		1,303,141
Proceeds from repayment of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities	3,933,894		2,282,970
Proceeds from repayment of loans purchased as held for investment	1,077,209		1,500,239
Proceeds from sale of loans previously classified as held for investment	9,000		10,000
Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale investment securities	—		257,524
Proceeds from sale of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	47,212		84,131
Net cash used in investing activities	(2,050,891)		(751,709)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of discount notes	40,788,399		46,784,100
Proceeds from issuance of medium-term notes	6,866,487		8,588,616
Proceeds from third parties from issuance of debt securities of consolidated trusts	258,198		—
Payments to redeem discount notes	(42,096,456)		(46,182,144)
Payments to redeem medium-term notes	(4,261,315)		(8,640,370)
Payments to third parties on debt securities of consolidated trusts	(198,463)		(441,646)
Proceeds from common stock issuance	140		71
Proceeds from preferred stock issuance, net of stock issuance costs	—		121,327
Tax payments related to share-based awards	(1,789)		(1,305)
Dividends paid on common and preferred stock	(51,119)		(45,048)
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,304,082		183,601
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(40,551)		(134,889)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	908,785		1,033,941
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	868,234	$	899,052
Non-cash activity:
---	---	---
Loans acquired and securitized as Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	47,212	84,131
Consolidation of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities from off-balance sheet to loans held for investment in consolidated trusts and to debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties	47,212	84,131
Loans held for investment transferred to consolidated trusts	297,713	—
Reclassification of defaulted loans from loans held for investment in consolidated trusts to loans held for investment	1,781	24,690
Reclassification of loans held for investment to loans held for sale	—	301,551
Capitalized interest	446	1,253
Charge-off from the allowance for losses	84	—
Purchases of securities - traded, not yet settled	268,370	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1.SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The interim unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation

("Farmer Mac") and subsidiaries have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S.

Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). These interim unaudited consolidated financial statements

reflect all normal and recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary to present a

fair statement of the financial position and the results of operations and cash flows of Farmer Mac and

subsidiaries for the interim periods presented. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally

included in the annual consolidated financial statements have been omitted as permitted by SEC rules and

regulations. The December 31, 2021 consolidated balance sheet presented in this report has been derived

from Farmer Mac's audited 2021 consolidated financial statements, as revised. Management believes that the disclosures are adequate to present fairly the consolidated financial statements as of the dates and for the periods presented. These interim unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in

conjunction with the 2021 consolidated financial statements of Farmer Mac and subsidiaries included in

Farmer Mac's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, as filed with the SEC

on February 28, 2022. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of those that may be expected for the fiscal year. Presented below are Farmer Mac's significant accounting policies that contain

updated information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Farmer Mac has revised its prior period financial information to correct an error that was not material to those previous consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole. For more information on the revision, refer to Note 11, Revision of Prior Period Financial Statements.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Farmer Mac and its two subsidiaries: (1) Farmer Mac Mortgage Securities Corporation, whose principal activities are to facilitate the purchase and issuance of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities; and (2) Farmer Mac II LLC, whose principal activity is the operation of substantially all of the business related to the USDA Securities included in the Agricultural Finance line of business. The consolidated financial statements also include the accounts of Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs") in which Farmer Mac determined itself to be the primary beneficiary.

Table 1.1

	Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities
	As of September 30, 2022
	Agricultural Finance		Treasury		Total
	(in thousands)
On-Balance Sheet:
Consolidated VIEs:
Loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, at amortized cost	$	1,120,403	$	—	$	1,120,403
Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties (1)(2)	1,090,539		—		1,090,539
Unconsolidated VIEs:
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Carrying value	29,471		—		29,471
Maximum exposure to loss (3)	32,348		—		32,348
Investment securities:
Carrying value (4)	—		2,906,158		2,906,158
Maximum exposure to loss (3) (4)	—		3,083,631		3,083,631
Off-Balance Sheet:
Unconsolidated VIEs:
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Maximum exposure to loss (3) (5)	509,114		—		509,114

(1)Includes borrower remittances of $9.3 million. The borrower remittances had not been passed through to third-party investors as of September 30, 2022.

(2)Includes $39.1 million in unamortized discount related to a structured securitization transaction.

(3)Farmer Mac uses unpaid principal balance and outstanding face amount of investment securities to represent maximum exposure to loss.

(4)Includes auction-rate certificates, government-sponsored enterprise ("GSE")-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities, and other mission related investments.

(5)The amount under the Agricultural Finance line of business relates to unconsolidated trusts where it was determined that Farmer Mac was either not the primary beneficiary due to shared power with an unrelated party or a subordinate class majority holder has the unilateral right to remove Farmer Mac as Master Servicer without cause.

	Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities
	As of December 31, 2021
	Agricultural Finance		Treasury		Total
	(in thousands)
On-Balance Sheet:
Consolidated VIEs:
Loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, at amortized cost	$	948,623	$	—	$	948,623
Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties (1)	981,379		—		981,379
Unconsolidated VIEs:
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Carrying value	42,298		—		42,298
Maximum exposure to loss (2)	42,155		—		42,155
Investment securities:
Carrying value (3)	—		2,258,219		2,258,219
Maximum exposure to loss (2) (3)	—		2,246,272		2,246,272
Off-Balance Sheet:
Unconsolidated VIEs:
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Maximum exposure to loss (2) (4)	578,358		—		578,358

(1)Includes borrower remittances of $32.8 million. The borrower remittances had not been passed through to third-party investors as of December 31, 2021.

(2)Farmer Mac uses unpaid principal balance and outstanding face amount of investment securities to represent maximum exposure to loss.

(3)Includes auction-rate certificates, government-sponsored enterprise ("GSE")-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities, and other mission related investments.

(4)The amount under the Agricultural Finance line of business relates to unconsolidated trusts where it was determined that Farmer Mac was either not the primary beneficiary due to shared power with an unrelated party or a subordinate class majority holder has the unilateral right to remove Farmer Mac as Master Servicer without cause.

(a)Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per common share ("EPS") is based on the daily weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share is based on the daily weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted to include all potentially dilutive stock appreciation rights ("SARs") and unvested restricted stock awards. The following schedule reconciles basic and diluted EPS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Table 1.2

	For the Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2022				September 30, 2021
	Net<br>Income		Weighted-Average Shares	perShare	Net<br>Income		Weighted-Average Shares	perShare
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Basic EPS
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	34,627	10,799		$	28,531	10,766
Effect of dilutive securities(1)
SARs and restricted stock	—		75	(0.03)	—		76	(0.02)
Diluted EPS	$	34,627	10,874		$	28,531	10,842

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)For the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, SARs and restricted stock of 18,432 and 28,575, respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share of common stock because they were anti-dilutive. For the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 contingent shares of unvested restricted stock of 18,535 and 18,183 respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share of common stock because performance conditions had not yet been met.

	For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022				September 30, 2021
	Net<br>Income		Weighted-Average Shares	perShare	Net<br>Income		Weighted-Average Shares	perShare
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Basic EPS
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	114,352	10,787		$	84,351	10,756
Effect of dilutive securities(1)
SARs and restricted stock	—		88	(0.10)	—		78	(0.05)
Diluted EPS	$	114,352	10,875		$	84,351	10,834

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, SARs and restricted stock of 37,120 and 52,434, respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share of common stock because they were anti-dilutive. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 contingent shares of unvested restricted stock of 18,535 and 18,183 respectively, were outstanding but not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share of common stock because performance conditions had not yet been met.

(b)Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income represents all changes in stockholders' equity except those resulting from investments by or distributions to stockholders, and is comprised of net income and unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities, certain held-to-maturity securities transferred from the available-for-sale classification, and cash flow hedges, net of related taxes.

The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"), net of tax, by component for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Table 1.3

	As of September 30, 2022								As of September 30, 2021
	Available-for-Sale Securities		Held-to-Maturity Securities		Cash Flow Hedges		Total		Available-for-Sale Securities		Held-to-Maturity Securities		Cash Flow Hedges		Total
	(in thousands)
For the Three Months Ended:
Beginning Balance	$	(98,924)	$	16,818	$	32,622	$	(49,484)	$	8,954	$	19,819	$	(12,040)	$	16,733
Other comprehensive (loss)/income before reclassifications	(33,041)		—		20,277		(12,764)		1,275		—		1,049		2,324
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	(2)		(492)		(847)		(1,341)		(493)		(1,884)		1,526		(851)
Net comprehensive (loss)/income	(33,043)		(492)		19,430		(14,105)		782		(1,884)		2,575		1,473
Ending Balance	$	(131,967)	$	16,326	$	52,052	$	(63,589)	$	9,736	$	17,935	$	(9,465)	$	18,206
For the Nine Months Ended:
Beginning Balance	$	(6,932)	$	16,153	$	(5,368)	$	3,853	$	(13,937)	$	22,829	$	(22,815)	$	(13,923)
Other comprehensive (loss)/income before reclassifications	(125,027)		—		55,766		(69,261)		25,734		—		9,041		34,775
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	(8)		173		1,654		1,819		(2,061)		(4,894)		4,309		(2,646)
Net comprehensive (loss)/income	(125,035)		173		57,420		(67,442)		23,673		(4,894)		13,350		32,129
Ending Balance	$	(131,967)	$	16,326	$	52,052	$	(63,589)	$	9,736	$	17,935	$	(9,465)	$	18,206

The following table presents other comprehensive income activity, the impact on net income of amounts reclassified from each component of AOCI, and the related tax impact for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Table 1.4

	For the Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2022						September 30, 2021
	Before Tax		Provision (Benefit)		After Tax		Before Tax		Provision (Benefit)		After Tax
	(in thousands)
Other comprehensive income:
Available-for-sale-securities:
Unrealized holding (losses)/gains on available-for-sale securities	$	(41,824)	$	(8,783)	$	(33,041)	$	1,614	$	339	$	1,275
Less reclassification adjustments included in:
Net interest income(1)	—		—		—		(362)		(76)		(286)
Gains on sale of available-for-sale investment securities(2)	—		—		—		(253)		(53)		(200)
Other income(3)	(3)		(1)		(2)		(8)		(1)		(7)
Total	$	(41,827)	$	(8,784)	$	(33,043)	$	991	$	209	$	782
Held-to-maturity securities:
Less reclassification adjustments included in:
Net interest income(4)	(622)		(130)		(492)		(2,385)		(501)		(1,884)
Total	$	(622)	$	(130)	$	(492)	$	(2,385)	$	(501)	$	(1,884)
Cash flow hedges
Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges	$	25,668	$	5,391	$	20,277	$	1,326	$	277	$	1,049
Less reclassification adjustments included in:
Net interest income(5)	(1,072)		(225)		(847)		1,932		406		1,526
Total	$	24,596	$	5,166	$	19,430	$	3,258	$	683	$	2,575
Other comprehensive (loss)/income	$	(17,853)	$	(3,748)	$	(14,105)	$	1,864	$	391	$	1,473

(1)Relates to the amortization of unrealized gains on hedged items prior to the application of fair value hedge accounting.

(2)Represents unrealized gains and losses on sales of available-for-sale securities.

(3)Represents amortization of deferred gains related to certain available-for-sale USDA Securities and Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities.

(4)Relates to the amortization of unrealized gains or losses prior to the reclassification of these securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The amortization of unrealized gains or losses reported in AOCI for held-to-maturity securities will be offset by the amortization of the premium or discount created from the transfer into held-to-maturity securities, which occurred at fair value. These unrealized gains or losses will be recorded over the remaining life of the security with no impact on future net income.

(5)Relates to the recognition of unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges recorded in AOCI.

	For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022						September 30, 2021
	Before Tax		Provision (Benefit)		After Tax		Before Tax		Provision (Benefit)		After Tax
	(in thousands)
Other comprehensive income:
Available-for-sale-securities:
Unrealized holding (losses)/gains on available-for-sale securities	$	(158,263)	$	(33,236)	$	(125,027)	$	32,574	$	6,840	$	25,734
Less reclassification adjustments included in:
Net interest income(1)	—		—		—		(2,333)		(490)		(1,843)
Gains on sale of available-for-sale investment securities(2)	—		—		—		(253)		(53)		(200)
Other income(3)	(10)		(2)		(8)		(22)		(4)		(18)
Total	$	(158,273)	$	(33,238)	$	(125,035)	$	29,966	$	6,293	$	23,673
Held-to-maturity securities:
Less reclassification adjustments included in:
Net interest income(4)	220		47		173		(6,195)		(1,301)		(4,894)
Total	$	220	$	47	$	173	$	(6,195)	$	(1,301)	$	(4,894)
Cash flow hedges
Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges	$	70,590	$	14,824	$	55,766	$	11,445	$	2,404	$	9,041
Less reclassification adjustments included in:
Net interest income(5)	2,094		440		1,654		5,454		1,145		4,309
Total	$	72,684	$	15,264	$	57,420	$	16,899	$	3,549	$	13,350
Other comprehensive (loss)/income	$	(85,369)	$	(17,927)	$	(67,442)	$	40,670	$	8,541	$	32,129

(1)Relates to the amortization of unrealized gains on hedged items prior to the application of fair value hedge accounting.

(2)Represents unrealized gains and losses on sales of available-for-sale securities.

(3)Represents amortization of deferred gains related to certain available-for-sale USDA Securities and Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities.

(4)Relates to the amortization of unrealized gains or losses prior to the reclassification of these securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity. The amortization of unrealized gains or losses reported in AOCI for held-to-maturity securities will be offset by the amortization of the premium or discount created from the transfer into held-to-maturity securities, which occurred at fair value. These unrealized gains or losses will be recorded over the remaining life of the security with no impact on future net income.

(5)Relates to the recognition of unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges recorded in AOCI.

(c) New Accounting Standards

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

Standard	Description	Date of Adoption	Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements
ASU 2020-04 and 2021-01, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting	The amendments in this Update provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform on financial reporting. They provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met.	January 1, 2020	Farmer Mac adopted optional expedients specific to discounting transition on a retrospective basis, and as a result of this election, the discounting transition did not have a material effect on Farmer Mac's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Farmer Mac is exploring the adoption of additional optional expedients, including contract modification relief, and is not expected to have a material effect on Farmer Mac's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance

Standard	Description	Effect on Consolidated Financial Statements
ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures	The Update addresses and amends areas identified by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") as part of its post-implementation review of the accounting standard that introduced the current expected credit losses (“CECL”) model. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings by creditors that have adopted the CECL model and enhance the disclosure requirements for loan refinancings and restructurings made with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendments require disclosure of current-period gross writeoffs for financing receivables and net investment in leases by year of origination in the vintage disclosures. ASU 2022-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years for entities that have adopted the CECL accounting standard. Early adoption, however, is permitted if an entity has adopted the CECL accounting standard.	Farmer Mac is still assessing the impact of the new accounting standard but does not expect that adoption of the new guidance will have a material effect on Farmer Mac's financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

2.INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The following tables set forth information about Farmer Mac's available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 2.1

	As of September 30, 2022
	Amount Outstanding		Unamortized Premium/(Discount)		Amortized<br><br>Cost(1)		Allowance for losses(2)		Unrealized<br>Gains		Unrealized<br>Losses		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available-for-sale:
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	$	19,700	$	—	$	19,700	$	(38)	$	—	$	(419)	$	19,243
Floating rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities	2,383,351		33		2,383,384		—		2,679		(25,535)		2,360,528
Fixed rate GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities	993,305		(12,770)		980,535		—		—		(138,831)		841,704
Fixed rate U.S. Treasuries	1,211,115		(4,038)		1,207,077		—		—		(26,673)		1,180,404
Total available-for-sale	4,607,471		(16,775)		4,590,696		(38)		2,679		(191,458)		4,401,879
Held-to-maturity:
Floating rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities(3)	45,032		—		45,032		—		—		(1,758)		43,274
Total held-to-maturity	$	45,032	$	—	$	45,032	$	—	$	—	$	(1,758)	$	43,274

(1)Amounts presented exclude $6.3 million of accrued interest receivable on investment securities as of September 30, 2022.

(2)Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors, and therefore was recognized in the consolidated statement of operations as a provision for losses. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.

(3)The held-to-maturity investment securities had a weighted average yield of 3.0% as of September 30, 2022.

	As of December 31, 2021
	Amount Outstanding		Unamortized Premium/(Discount)		Amortized<br><br>Cost(1)		Allowance for losses(2)		Unrealized<br>Gains		Unrealized<br>Losses		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available-for-sale:
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	$	19,700	$	—	$	19,700	$	(52)	$	—	$	(394)	$	19,254
Floating rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities	2,168,016		90		2,168,106		—		11,821		(1,096)		2,178,831
Fixed rate GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities	451,660		12,525		464,185		—		382		(5,730)		458,837
Fixed rate U.S. Treasuries	1,180,000		2,723		1,182,723		—		—		(3,254)		1,179,469
Total available-for-sale	3,819,376		15,338		3,834,714		(52)		12,203		(10,474)		3,836,391
Held-to-maturity:
Floating rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities(3)	44,970		—		44,970		—		1,612		—		46,582
Total held-to-maturity	$	44,970	$	—	$	44,970	$	—	$	1,612	$	—	$	46,582

(1)Amounts presented exclude $4.3 million of accrued interest receivable on investment securities as of December 31, 2021.

(2)Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors, and therefore was recognized in the consolidated statement of operations as a provision for losses. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.

(3)The held-to-maturity investment securities had a weighted average yield of 1.5% as of December 31, 2021.

Farmer Mac did not sell any securities from its available-for-sale investment portfolio during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, Farmer Mac received proceeds of $232.0 million and $257.5 million, respectively, from the sale of securities from its available-for-sale investment portfolio, resulting in gains of $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities were as follows:

Table 2.2

	As of September 30, 2022
	Available-for-Sale Securities
	Unrealized loss position for<br>less than 12 months				Unrealized loss position for<br>more than 12 months
	Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss		Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss
	(dollars in thousands)
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	$	—	$	—	$	19,243	$	(419)
Floating rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities	1,900,726		(24,848)		27,935		(687)
Fixed rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities	704,056		(107,687)		137,635		(31,144)
Fixed rate U.S. Treasuries	595,244		(10,096)		585,160		(16,577)
Total	$	3,200,026	$	(142,631)	$	769,973	$	(48,827)
Number of securities in loss position			182				35
	As of December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Available-for-Sale Securities
	Unrealized loss position for<br>less than 12 months				Unrealized loss position for<br>more than 12 months
	Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss		Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss
	(dollars in thousands)
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	$	—	$	—	$	19,254	$	(394)
Floating rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities	459,195		(619)		37,307		(477)
Fixed rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities	406,805		(5,730)		—		—
Fixed rate U.S. Treasuries	1,123,439		(3,070)		51,031		(184)
Total	$	1,989,439	$	(9,419)	$	107,592	$	(1,055)
Number of securities in loss position			69				24

The unrealized losses presented above are principally due to a general widening of market spreads and changes in the levels of interest rates from the dates of acquisition to September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, as applicable. The resulting decrease in fair values reflects an increase in the perceived risk by the financial markets related to those securities. As of both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, all of the investment securities in an unrealized loss position either were backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government or had credit ratings of at least "AA+."

Securities in unrealized loss positions for 12 months or longer have a fair value as of September 30, 2022 that is, on average, approximately 94.0% of their amortized cost basis. Farmer Mac believes that all of these unrealized losses are recoverable within a reasonable period of time by way of maturity or changes in credit spreads.

The amortized cost, fair value, and weighted-average yield of available-for-sale investment securities by remaining contractual maturity as of September 30, 2022 are set forth below. Asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities are included based on their final maturities, although the actual maturities may differ due to prepayments of the underlying assets.

Table 2.3

	As of September 30, 2022
	Available-for-Sale Securities
	Amortized<br>Cost		Fair Value		Weighted-<br>Average<br>Yield
	(dollars in thousands)
Due within one year	$	934,927	$	920,426	0.73%
Due after one year through five years	620,188		606,506		1.50%
Due after five years through ten years	2,262,727		2,107,401		2.57%
Due after ten years	772,854		767,546		2.65%
Total	$	4,590,696	$	4,401,879	2.06%

3.FARMER MAC GUARANTEED SECURITIES AND USDA SECURITIES

The following tables set forth information about on-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 3.1

	As of September 30, 2022
	Unpaid Principal Balance		Unamortized Premium/(Discount)		Amortized<br><br>Cost(1)		Allowance for losses(2)		Unrealized<br>Gains		Unrealized<br>Losses		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity:
AgVantage	$	1,306,865	$	—	$	1,306,865	$	(56)	$	—	$	(60,668)	$	1,246,141
Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities	21,256		(26)		21,230		—		1		(1,760)		19,471
Total Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	1,328,121		(26)		1,328,095		(56)		1		(62,428)		1,265,612
USDA Securities	2,404,124		24,514		2,428,638		—		178		(398,119)		2,030,697
Total held-to-maturity	$	3,732,245	$	24,488	$	3,756,733	$	(56)	$	179	$	(460,547)	$	3,296,309
Available-for-sale:
AgVantage	$	7,409,650	$	853	$	7,410,503	$	(608)	$	1,946	$	(446,080)	$	6,965,761
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities(3)	—		11,092		11,092		—		—		(2,851)		8,241
Total available-for-sale	$	7,409,650	$	11,945	$	7,421,595	$	(608)	$	1,946	$	(448,931)	$	6,974,002
Trading:
USDA Securities(4)	$	1,879	$	79	$	1,958	$	—	$	—	$	(107)	$	1,851

(1)Amounts presented exclude $44.0 million, $41.1 million, and $38,000 of accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale, held-to-maturity, and trading securities, respectively, as of September 30, 2022.

(2)Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors, and therefore was recognized in the statement of financial operations as a provision for losses. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.

(3)Fair value includes $8.2 million of an interest-only security with a notional amount of $251.6 million.

(4)The trading USDA securities had a weighted average yield of 4.84% as of September 30, 2022.

	As of December 31, 2021
	Unpaid Principal Balance		Unamortized Premium/(Discount)		Amortized<br><br>Cost(1)		Allowance for losses(2)		Unrealized<br>Gains		Unrealized<br>Losses		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity:
AgVantage	$	2,003,486	$	—	$	2,003,486	$	(132)	$	10,097	$	(12,764)	$	2,000,687
Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities	29,859		26		29,885		—		1,162		—		31,047
Total Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	2,033,345		26		2,033,371		(132)		11,259		(12,764)		2,031,734
USDA Securities	2,411,649		24,682		2,436,331		—		95,741		—		2,532,072
Total held-to-maturity	$	4,444,994	$	24,708	$	4,469,702	$	(132)	$	107,000	$	(12,764)	$	4,563,806
Available-for-sale:
AgVantage	$	6,122,240	$	1,270	$	6,123,510	$	(263)	$	212,908	$	(20,010)	$	6,316,145
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities(3)	—		12,297		12,297		—		117		—		$	12,414
Total available-for-sale	$	6,122,240	$	13,567	$	6,135,807	$	(263)	$	213,025	$	(20,010)	$	6,328,559
Trading:
USDA Securities(4)	$	4,299	$	134	$	4,433	$	—	$	1	$	(33)	$	4,401

(1)Amounts presented exclude $29.8 million, $42.1 million, and $0.1 million of accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale, held-to-maturity, and trading securities, respectively, as of December 31, 2021.

(2)Represents the amount of impairment that has resulted from credit-related factors, and therefore was recognized in the statement of financial operations as a provision for losses. Amount excludes unrealized losses relating to non-credit factors.

(3)Fair value includes $12.4 million of an interest-only security with a notional amount of $275.4 million.

(4)The trading USDA securities had a weighted average yield of 5.05% as of December 31, 2021.

As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, unrealized losses on held-to-maturity and available-for-sale on-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities were as follows:

Table 3.2

	As of September 30, 2022
	Held-to-Maturity and Available-for-Sale Securities
	Unrealized loss position for<br>less than 12 months				Unrealized loss position for<br>more than 12 months
	Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss		Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity:
AgVantage	$	866,689	$	(15,176)	$	379,508	$	(45,492)
Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities	19,493		(1,760)		—		—
USDA Securities	2,019,045		(398,119)		—		—
Total held-to-maturity	$	2,905,227	$	(415,055)	$	379,508	$	(45,492)
Available-for-sale:
AgVantage	$	5,431,594	$	(372,439)	$	951,481	$	(73,641)
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	8,241		(2,851)		—		—
Total available-for-sale	$	5,439,835	$	(375,290)	$	951,481	$	(73,641)
	As of December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Held-to-Maturity and Available-for-Sale Securities
	Unrealized loss position for<br>less than 12 months				Unrealized loss position for<br>more than 12 months
	Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss		Fair Value		Unrealized<br>Loss
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity:
AgVantage	$	1,387,236	$	(12,764)	$	—	$	—
USDA Securities	—		—		—		—
Total held-to-maturity	$	1,387,236	$	(12,764)	$	—	$	—
Available-for-sale:
AgVantage	$	1,867,364	$	(17,263)	$	90,971	$	(2,747)

The unrealized losses presented above are principally due to changes in interest rates from the date of acquisition to September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, as applicable. The unrealized losses on the held-to-maturity USDA Securities as of both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 reflect their increased cost basis resulting from their transfer to held-to-maturity as of October 1, 2016.

The credit exposure related to Farmer Mac's USDA Securities in the Agricultural Finance line of business is covered by the full faith and credit guarantee of the United States of America.

The unrealized losses from AgVantage securities were on 97 and 13 available-for-sale securities as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. There were 44 and 10 held-to-maturity AgVantage securities with an unrealized loss as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, 9 and 2 available-for-sale AgVantage securities, respectively, had been in a loss position for more than 12 months. As of September 30, 2022, there were 4 held-to-maturity AgVantage securities in a loss position for more than 12 months. As of December 31, 2021, there were no held-to-maturity AgVantage securities in a loss position for more than 12 months.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, Farmer Mac had no sales of AgVantage Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, USDA Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities or USDA Trading Securities and, therefore, Farmer Mac realized no gains or losses.

The amortized cost, fair value, and weighted-average yield of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities by remaining contractual maturity as of September 30, 2022 are set forth below. The balances presented are based on their contractual maturities, although the actual maturities may differ due to prepayments of the underlying assets.

Table 3.3

	As of September 30, 2022
	Available-for-Sale Securities
	Amortized<br><br>Cost(1)		Fair Value		Weighted-<br>Average<br>Yield
	(dollars in thousands)
Due within one year	$	1,264,459	$	1,260,840	3.14	%
Due after one year through five years	3,042,213		2,890,360		3.03	%
Due after five years through ten years	1,389,102		1,279,044		3.29	%
Due after ten years	1,725,821		1,543,758		3.53	%
Total	$	7,421,595	$	6,974,002	3.21	%

(1)Amounts presented exclude $44.0 million of accrued interest receivable.

	As of September 30, 2022
	Held-to-Maturity Securities
	Amortized<br><br>Cost(1)		Fair Value		Weighted-<br>Average<br>Yield
	(dollars in thousands)
Due within one year	$	613,850	$	606,761	2.17	%
Due after one year through five years	727,249		664,058		1.97	%
Due after five years through ten years	266,980		227,512		3.06	%
Due after ten years	2,148,654		1,797,978		3.25	%
Total	$	3,756,733	$	3,296,309	2.79	%

(1)Amounts presented exclude $41.1 million of accrued interest receivable.

4.FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES

Farmer Mac enters into financial derivative transactions to protect against risk from the effects of market price, or interest rate movements, on the value of certain assets, future cash flows, or debt issuance, and not for trading or speculative purposes. For more information about Farmer Mac's financial derivatives, see Note 6 in Farmer Mac's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as filed with the SEC on February 28, 2022.

The following tables summarize information related to Farmer Mac's financial derivatives on a gross basis without giving consideration to master netting arrangements. The table below includes accrued interest on cleared swaps, but excludes $4.3 million and $3.0 million of accrued interest receivable and $1.5 million and $1.9 million of accrued interest payable on uncleared swaps as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The aforementioned accrued interest on uncleared swaps is included within Accrued Interest Receivable and Accrued Interest Payable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Table 4.1

	As of September 30, 2022
			Fair Value				Weighted-<br>Average<br>Pay Rate	Weighted-<br>Average Receive Rate	Weighted-<br>Average<br>Forward<br>Price	Weighted-<br>Average<br>Remaining<br>Term (in years)
	Notional Amount		Asset		(Liability)
	(dollars in thousands)
Fair value hedges:
Interest rate swaps:
Receive fixed non-callable	$	8,984,779	$	125	$	(10,282)	2.87%	1.56%		1.79
Pay fixed non-callable	7,866,679		29,089		(429)		2.07%	2.85%		11.18
Receive fixed callable	2,491,077		—		(184,088)		2.76%	1.58%		3.34
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate swaps:
Pay fixed non-callable	607,000		29,525		(4)		1.94%	3.39%		5.23
No hedge designation:
Interest rate swaps:
Pay fixed non-callable	197,032		1,611		(44)		3.10%	2.61%		4.62
Receive fixed non-callable	404,350		—		(345)		2.88%	0.46%		1.39
Basis swaps	1,818,911		310		(572)		3.02%	3.15%		2.63
Treasury futures	32,700		536		(18)				113.64
Netting adjustments(1)			(11,228)		11,228
Total financial derivatives	$	22,402,528	$	49,968	$	(184,554)

(1)Amounts represent the application of the netting requirements that allow Farmer Mac to settle positive and negative positions, including accrued interest, held or placed with the same clearing agent.

	As of December 31, 2021
			Fair Value				Weighted-<br>Average<br>Pay Rate	Weighted-<br>Average Receive Rate	Weighted-<br>Average<br>Forward<br>Price	Weighted-<br>Average<br>Remaining<br>Term (in years)
	Notional Amount		Asset		(Liability)
	(dollars in thousands)
Fair value hedges:
Interest rate swaps:
Pay fixed non-callable	$	6,238,438	$	205	$	(9,525)	2.06%	0.13%		11.64
Receive fixed non-callable	5,884,529		974		(1,475)		0.17%	0.88%		2.27
Receive fixed callable	1,571,577		103		(17,612)		0.01%	0.80%		4.17
Cash flow hedges:
Interest rate swaps:
Pay fixed non-callable	570,000		5,426		(3,095)		1.93%	0.49%		5.72
No hedge designation:
Interest rate swaps:
Pay fixed non-callable	229,062		52		(4,807)		3.22%	0.16%		4.95
Receive fixed non-callable	1,377,250		115		(132)		0.13%	0.43%		0.97
Basis swaps	1,608,911		507		(296)		0.17%	0.20%		3.31
Treasury futures	67,600		73		—				130.58
Credit valuation adjustment			—		14
Netting adjustments(1)			(1,374)		1,374
Total financial derivatives	$	17,547,367	$	6,081	$	(35,554)

(1)Amounts represent the application of the netting requirements that allow Farmer Mac to settle positive and negative positions, including accrued interest, held or placed with the same clearing agent.

As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac expects to reclassify $12.9 million after-tax from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings over the next twelve months related to cash flow hedges. This amount could differ from amounts actually recognized due to changes in interest rates, hedge de-designations, and the addition of other hedges after September 30, 2022. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, there were no gains or losses from interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges reclassified to earnings because it was probable that the originally forecasted transactions would occur.

The following tables summarize the net income/(expense) recognized in the consolidated statements of operations related to derivatives for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Table 4.2

	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Net Income/(Expense) Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Operations on Derivatives
	Net Interest Income							Non-Interest Income		Total
	Interest Income Investments and Cash Equivalents		Interest Income Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and A Securities	Interest Income Loans		Total Interest Expense		Gains on financial derivatives
	(in thousands)
Total amounts presented in the consolidated statement of operations	$	21,581		$	97,514	$	(125,937)	$	772	$	68,625
Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships:
Recognized on derivatives	957		(350)	1,837		(22,679)		—		(20,235)
Recognized on hedged items	4,617		35,763	14,857		(35,263)		—		19,974
Premium/discount amortization recognized on hedged items	(59)		—	—		(549)		—		(608)
Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships	$	5,515		$	16,694	$	(58,491)	$	—	$	(869)
Gains/(losses) on fair value hedging relationships:
Recognized on derivatives	$	49,373		$	105,683	$	(197,884)	$	—	$	159,036
Recognized on hedged items	(52,308)		(204,765)	(100,490)		197,902		—		(159,661)
Gains/(losses) on fair value hedging relationships	$	(2,935)		$	5,193	$	18	$	—	$	(625)
Expense related to interest settlements on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest settlements reclassified from AOCI into net income on derivatives	$	—		$	—	$	1,072	$	—	$	1,072
Recognized on hedged items	—		—	—		(4,046)		—		(4,046)
Discount amortization recognized on hedged items	—		—	—		(15)		—		(15)
Expense recognized on cash flow hedges	$	—		$	—	$	(2,989)	$	—	$	(2,989)
Gains on financial derivatives not designated in hedging relationships:
Gains on interest rate swaps	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	5,054	$	5,054
Interest expense on interest rate swaps	—		—	—		—		(2,613)		(2,613)
Treasury futures	—		—	—		—		(1,669)		(1,669)
Gains on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	772	$	772

All values are in US Dollars.

	For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
	Net Income/(Expense) Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Operations on Derivatives
	Net Interest Income							Non-Interest Income		Total
	Interest Income Investments and Cash Equivalents		Interest Income Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and A Securities	Interest Income Loans		Total Interest Expense		Losses on financial derivatives
	(in thousands)
Total amounts presented in the consolidated statement of operations	$	4,121		$	61,923	$	(49,467)	$	(888)	$	58,028
Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships:
Recognized on derivatives	(141)		(20,925)	(6,911)		10,886		—		(17,091)
Recognized on hedged items	274		28,937	11,817		(12,940)		—		28,088
Discount amortization recognized on hedged items	—		—	—		(287)		—		(287)
Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships	$	133		$	4,906	$	(2,341)	$	—	$	10,710
Gains/(losses) on fair value hedging relationships:
Recognized on derivatives	$	1,827		$	19,652	$	(9,727)	$	—	$	45,724
Recognized on hedged items	(1,737)		(31,523)	(19,184)		8,712		—		(43,732)
Gains/(losses) on fair value hedging relationships	$	90		$	468	$	(1,015)	$	—	$	1,992
Expense related to interest settlements on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest settlements reclassified from AOCI into net income on derivatives	$	—		$	—	$	(1,932)	$	—	$	(1,932)
Recognized on hedged items	—		—	—		(685)		—		(685)
Discount amortization recognized on hedged items	—		—	—		(11)		—		(11)
Expense recognized on cash flow hedges	$	—		$	—	$	(2,628)	$	—	$	(2,628)
Losses on financial derivatives not designated in hedging relationships:
Losses on interest rate swaps	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	(634)	$	(634)
Interest expense on interest rate swaps	—		—	—		—		168		168
Treasury futures	—		—	—		—		(422)		(422)
Losses on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	(888)	$	(888)

All values are in US Dollars.

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Net Income/(Expense) Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Operations on Derivatives
	Net Interest Income							Non-Interest Income		Total
	Interest Income Investments and Cash Equivalents		Interest Income Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and A Securities	Interest Income Loans		Total Interest Expense		Gains on financial derivatives
	(in thousands)
Total amounts presented in the consolidated statement of operations	$	38,497		$	241,393	$	(251,816)	$	21,551	$	218,856
Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships:
Recognized on derivatives	(1,536)		(37,687)	(9,568)		(3,831)		—		(52,622)
Recognized on hedged items	10,433		102,123	41,146		(76,862)		—		76,840
Premium/discount amortization recognized on hedged items	(816)		—	—		(1,478)		—		(2,294)
Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships	$	8,081		$	31,578	$	(82,171)	$	—	$	21,924
Gains/(losses) on fair value hedging relationships:
Recognized on derivatives	$	106,935		$	347,034	$	(523,432)	$	—	$	494,434
Recognized on hedged items	(108,002)		(564,679)	(337,443)		521,643		—		(488,481)
Gains/(losses) on fair value hedging relationships	$	(1,067)		$	9,591	$	(1,789)	$	—	$	5,953
Expense related to interest settlements on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest settlements reclassified from AOCI into net income on derivatives	$	—		$	—	$	(2,094)	$	—	$	(2,094)
Recognized on hedged items	—		—	—		(6,654)		—		(6,654)
Discount amortization recognized on hedged items	—		—	—		(43)		—		(43)
Expense recognized on cash flow hedges	$	—		$	—	$	(8,791)	$	—	$	(8,791)
Gains on financial derivatives not designated in hedging relationships:
Gains on interest rate swaps	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	10,954	$	10,954
Interest expense on interest rate swaps	—		—	—		—		(5,496)		(5,496)
Treasury futures	—		—	—		—		16,093		16,093
Gains on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	21,551	$	21,551

All values are in US Dollars.

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
	Net Income/(Expense) Recognized in Consolidated Statement of Operations on Derivatives
	Net Interest Income							Non-Interest Income		Total
	Interest Income Investments and Cash Equivalents		Interest Income Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and A Securities	Interest Income Loans		Total Interest Expense		Losses on financial derivatives
			(in thousands)
Total amounts presented in the consolidated statement of operations:	$	14,107		$	181,631	$	(155,599)	$	2,581	$	170,696
Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships:
Recognized on derivatives	(177)		(63,966)	(20,185)		30,178		—		(54,150)
Recognized on hedged items	341		90,278	34,940		(36,889)		—		88,670
Discount amortization recognized on hedged items	—		—	—		(765)		—		(765)
Income/(expense) related to interest settlements on fair value hedging relationships	$	164		$	14,755	$	(7,476)	$	—	$	33,755
Gains/(losses) on fair value hedging relationships:
Recognized on derivatives	$	1,651		$	100,276	$	(41,838)	$	—	$	214,277
Recognized on hedged items	(1,549)		(150,445)	(99,955)		39,104		—		(212,845)
Gains/(losses) on fair value hedging relationships	$	102		$	321	$	(2,734)	$	—	$	1,432
Expense related to interest settlements on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest settlements reclassified from AOCI into net income on derivatives	$	—		$	—	$	(5,454)	$	—	$	(5,454)
Recognized on hedged items	—		—	—		(1,983)		—		(1,983)
Discount amortization recognized on hedged items	—		—	—		(25)		—		(25)
Expense recognized on cash flow hedges	$	—		$	—	$	(7,462)	$	—	$	(7,462)
(Losses)/gains on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships:
Losses on interest rate swaps	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	(662)	$	(662)
Interest expense on interest rate swaps	—		—	—		—		3,489		3,489
Treasury futures	—		—	—		—		(246)		(246)
Losses on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	2,581	$	2,581

All values are in US Dollars.

The following table shows the carrying amount and associated cumulative basis adjustment related to the application of hedge accounting that is included in the carrying amount of hedged assets and liabilities in fair value hedging relationships as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 4.3

	Hedged Items in Fair Value Relationship
	Carrying Amount of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)				Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustments included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)
	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021		September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Investment securities, Available-for-Sale, at fair value	$	773,071	$	458,653	$	(109,220)	$	(1,218)
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, Available-for-Sale, at fair value	4,624,461		4,276,002		(358,160)		206,520
Loans held for investment, at amortized cost	1,610,641		1,668,142		(323,559)		13,832
Notes Payable(1)	(10,700,388)		(7,081,150)		566,406		39,992

(1)Carrying amount represents amortized cost.

The following tables present the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, based on the terms of Farmer Mac's master netting arrangements as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 4.4

	September 30, 2022
							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
	Gross Amount Recognized		Gross Amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net Amount Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet(1)		Netting Adjustments		Financial instruments pledged		Cash Collateral(2)		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Uncleared derivatives	$	29,347	$	—	$	29,347	$	(28,811)	$	—	$	—	$	536
Cleared derivatives	30,840		(11,228)		19,612		—		205,874		—		225,486
Total	$	60,187	$	(11,228)	$	48,959	$	(28,811)	$	205,874	$	—	$	226,022
Liabilities:
Uncleared derivatives	$	(158,031)	$	—	$	(158,031)	$	28,811	$	—	$	126,630	$	(2,590)
Cleared derivatives	(11,228)		11,228		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	(169,259)	$	11,228	$	(158,031)	$	28,811	$	—	$	126,630	$	(2,590)

(1)Amounts presented may not agree to the consolidated balance sheet related to counterparties not subject to master netting agreements.

(2)Cash collateral excludes $24.0 million of collateral posted related to counterparties not subject to master netting agreements.

	December 31, 2021
							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet
	Gross Amount Recognized		Gross Amounts offset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet		Net Amount Presented in the Consolidated Balance Sheet(1)		Netting Adjustments		Financial instruments pledged		Cash Collateral(2)		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Uncleared derivatives	$	6,081	$	—	$	6,081	$	(6,008)	$	—	$	—	$	73
Cleared derivatives	1,374		(1,374)		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	7,455	$	(1,374)	$	6,081	$	(6,008)	$	—	$	—	$	73
Liabilities:
Uncleared derivatives	$	(23,368)	$	—	$	(23,368)	$	6,008	$	—	$	14,339	$	(3,021)
Cleared derivatives	(10,993)		1,374		(9,619)		—		177,878		—		168,259
Total	$	(34,361)	$	1,374	$	(32,987)	$	6,008	$	177,878	$	14,339	$	165,238

(1)Amounts presented may not agree to the consolidated balance sheet related to counterparties not subject to master netting agreements.

(2)Cash collateral excludes $2.3 million of collateral posted related to counterparties not subject to master netting agreements.

Farmer Mac records posted cash as a reduction in the outstanding balance of cash and cash equivalents and an increase in the balance of prepaid expenses and other assets. Any investment securities posted as collateral are included in the investment securities balances on the consolidated balance sheets. If Farmer Mac had breached certain provisions of the derivative contracts as of September 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021, it could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements, but would not have been required to post additional collateral. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no financial derivatives in a net payable position where Farmer Mac was required to pledge collateral which the counterparty had the right to sell or repledge.

Of Farmer Mac's $22.4 billion notional amount of interest rate swaps outstanding as of September 30, 2022, $18.5 billion were cleared through the swap clearinghouse, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange ("CME"). Of Farmer Mac's $17.5 billion notional amount of interest rate swaps outstanding as of December 31, 2021, $14.9 billion were cleared through the CME. During the first nine months of 2022 and throughout 2021, Farmer Mac continued the use of non-cleared basis swaps to prepare for the transition away from the use of LIBOR as a reference rate.

5.LOANS

Farmer Mac classifies loans as either held for investment or held for sale. Loans held for investment are recorded at the unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized premium or discount and other cost basis adjustments. Loans held for sale are reported at the lower of cost or fair value determined on a pooled

basis. As of both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Farmer Mac had no loans held for sale, respectively. Farmer Mac did not record any lower of cost or fair value adjustments during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

The following table includes loans held for investment and displays the composition of the loan balances as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 5.1

	As of September 30, 2022						As of December 31, 2021
	Unsecuritized		In Consolidated Trusts		Total		Unsecuritized		In Consolidated Trusts		Total
	(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance mortgage loans	$	6,254,755	$	1,120,403	$	7,375,158	$	5,898,370	$	948,623	$	6,846,993
Rural Infrastructure Finance loans	2,885,693		—		2,885,693		2,389,136		—		2,389,136
Total unpaid principal balance(1)	9,140,448		1,120,403		10,260,851		8,287,506		948,623		9,236,129
Unamortized premiums, discounts, fair value hedge basis adjustment, and other cost basis adjustments	(322,665)		—		(322,665)		26,590		—		26,590
Total loans	8,817,783		1,120,403		9,938,186		8,314,096		948,623		9,262,719
Allowance for losses	(12,599)		(403)		(13,002)		(13,477)		(564)		(14,041)
Total loans, net of allowance	$	8,805,184	$	1,120,000	$	9,925,184	$	8,300,619	$	948,059	$	9,248,678

(1)Unpaid principal balance is the basis of presentation in disclosures of outstanding balances for Farmer Mac's lines of business.

Allowance for Losses

The following table is a summary, by asset type, of the allowance for losses as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 5.2

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	Allowance for Losses		Allowance for Losses
	(in thousands)
Loans:
Agricultural Finance mortgage loans	$	4,196	$	3,442
Rural Infrastructure Finance loans	8,806		10,599
Total	$	13,002	$	14,041

The following is a summary of the changes in the allowance for losses for the three and nine month period ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Table 5.3

	For the Three Months Ended				For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	Allowance for Losses		Allowance for Losses		Allowance for Losses		Allowance for Losses
	(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance mortgage loans
Beginning Balance	$	4,015	$	3,092	$	3,442	$	3,745
Provision for/(release of) losses	181		414		838		(239)
Charge-offs	—		—		(84)		—
Ending Balance(1)	$	4,196	$	3,506	$	4,196	$	3,506
Rural Infrastructure Finance loans
Beginning Balance	$	8,388	$	10,908	$	10,599	$	10,087
Provision for/(release of) losses	418		(120)		(1,793)		701
Charge-offs	—		—		—		—
Ending Balance(2)	$	8,806	$	10,788	$	8,806	$	10,788

(1)As of September 30, 2022 and 2021, allowance for losses for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans includes $1.7 million and $1.8 million allowance for collateral dependent assets secured by agricultural real estate, respectively.

(2)As of both September 30, 2022 and 2021, allowance for losses for Rural Infrastructure Finance loans includes no allowance for collateral dependent assets.

The net provision to the allowance for Rural Infrastructure Finance loan losses of $0.4 million recorded during third quarter 2022 was primarily attributable to net new loan volume. The $0.2 million net provision to the allowance for the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio during third quarter 2022 was primarily attributable to the deterioration of a single agricultural storage and processing loan.

The $1.8 million net release from the allowance for the Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily attributable to improvements in forecasts of future economic conditions, and a first quarter risk rating upgrade on a single loan. The risk rating upgrade on that loan reflected that borrower's successful securitization of its large payable that arose during the arctic freeze that struck Texas in February 2021. The $0.8 million net provision to the allowance for the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily attributable to a risk rating downgrade on a single agricultural storage and processing loan.

The release from the allowance for Rural Infrastructure Finance loan losses of $0.1 million recorded during third quarter 2021 was primarily attributable to the impact of improving economic factor forecasts. The $0.4 million provision to the allowance for the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio during third quarter 2021 was primarily attributable to a decline in the economic factor forecast for commodity prices in Farmer Mac's fruit and nuts portfolio.

The net provision recorded to the allowance for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily

a result of the impact of the Texas Arctic Freeze on the Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio, partially offset by improving economic factor forecasts. The net release from the allowance for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily a result of improving agricultural commodity prices on the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio in the first half of the year, partially offset by declines in the third quarter.

The following table presents the unpaid principal balances by delinquency status of Farmer Mac's loans and non-performing assets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 5.4

	As of September 30, 2022
	Accruing
	Current		30-59 Days		60-89 Days		90 Days and Greater(2)		Total Past Due		Nonaccrual loans(3)(4)		Total Loans
	(in thousands)
Loans(1):
Agricultural Finance mortgage loans	$	7,277,623	$	4,665	$	2,424	$	6,239	$	13,328	$	84,207	$	7,375,158
Rural Infrastructure Finance loans	2,885,693		—		—		—		—		—		2,885,693
Total	$	10,163,316	$	4,665	$	2,424	$	6,239	$	13,328	$	84,207	$	10,260,851

(1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.

(2)Includes loans in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties that are 90 days or more past due.

(3)Includes loans that are 90 days or more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.

(4)Includes $33.9 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no associated allowance. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac received $1.3 million and $5.0 million in interest on nonaccrual loans, respectively.

	As of December 31, 2021
	Accruing
	Current		30-59 Days		60-89 Days		90 Days and Greater(2)		Total Past Due		Nonaccrual loans(3)(4)		Total Loans
	(in thousands)
Loans(1):
Agricultural Finance mortgage loans	$	6,715,070	$	4,548	$	568	$	—	$	5,116	$	126,807	$	6,846,993
Rural Infrastructure Finance loans	2,389,136		—		—		—		—		—		2,389,136
Total	$	9,104,206	$	4,548	$	568	$	—	$	5,116	$	126,807	$	9,236,129

(1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.

(2)Includes loans in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties that are 90 days or more past due.

(3)Includes loans that are 90 days or more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.

(4)Includes $31.0 million of nonaccrual loans for which there was no associated allowance. During the year ended December 31, 2021, Farmer Mac received $5.0 million in interest on nonaccrual loans.

Credit Quality Indicators

The following tables present credit quality indicators related to Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and Rural Infrastructure Finance loans held as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, by year of origination:

Table 5.5

	As of September 30, 2022
	Year of Origination:
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans - Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance mortgage loans (1):
Internally Assigned Risk Rating:
Acceptable	$	1,086,064	$	2,023,008	$	1,424,641	$	484,523	$	290,051	$	1,009,207	$	593,106	$	6,910,600
Special mention(2)	64,238		89,605		33,431		32,408		35,735		26,774		7,630		289,821
Substandard(3)	1,887		10,087		22,423		24,028		18,146		78,282		19,884		174,737
Total	$	1,152,189	$	2,122,700	$	1,480,495	$	540,959	$	343,932	$	1,114,263	$	620,620	$	7,375,158
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Agricultural Finance net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(84)	$	—	$	(84)
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Agricultural Finance net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(84)	$	—	$	(84)

(1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.

(2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.

(3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

	As of September 30, 2022
	Year of Origination:
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans - Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(in thousands)
Rural Infrastructure Finance loans(1):
Internally Assigned Risk Rating:
Acceptable	$	584,273	$	230,232	$	634,474	$	748,381	$	7,932	$	653,100	$	27,301	$	2,885,693
Special mention(2)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard(3)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	584,273	$	230,232	$	634,474	$	748,381	$	7,932	$	653,100	$	27,301	$	2,885,693
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Rural Infrastructure net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Rural Infrastructure net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.

(2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.

(3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

	As of December 31, 2021
	Year of Origination:
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans - Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance mortgage loans (1):
Internally Assigned Risk Rating:
Acceptable	$	2,138,060	$	1,541,509	$	540,139	$	324,917	$	303,852	$	1,004,709	$	545,370	$	6,398,556
Special mention(2)	84,795		50,057		51,200		48,078		9,132		14,646		4,771		262,679
Substandard(3)	1,654		4,997		26,237		27,109		38,703		75,780		11,278		185,758
Total	$	2,224,509	$	1,596,563	$	617,576	$	400,104	$	351,687	$	1,095,135	$	561,419	$	6,846,993
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Agricultural Finance net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Agricultural Finance net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.

(2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.

(3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

	As of December 31, 2021
	Year of Origination:
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans - Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(in thousands)
Rural Infrastructure Finance loans(1):
Internally Assigned Risk Rating:
Acceptable	$	242,570	$	612,366	$	774,941	$	8,100	$	86,878	$	628,903	$	12,578	$	2,366,336
Special mention(2)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard(3)	—		22,800		—		—		—		—		—		22,800
Total	$	242,570	$	635,166	$	774,941	$	8,100	$	86,878	$	628,903	$	12,578	$	2,389,136
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Rural Infrastructure net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Rural Infrastructure net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1)Amounts represent unpaid principal balance of risk-rated loans, which is the basis Farmer Mac uses to analyze its portfolio, and recorded investment of past due loans.

(2)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.

(3)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

6. GUARANTEES AND COMMITMENTS

The following table presents the maximum principal amount of potential undiscounted future payments that Farmer Mac could be required to make under all off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, not including offsets provided by any recourse provisions, recoveries from third parties, or collateral for the underlying loans:

Table 6.1

Outstanding Balance of Off-Balance Sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities
	As of September 30, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	$	509,114	$	578,358
Rural Infrastructure Finance
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	2,755		2,755
Total off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	$	511,869	$	581,113

Eligible loans and other eligible assets may be placed into trusts that are used as vehicles for the securitization of the transferred assets and the Farmer Mac-guaranteed beneficial interests in the trusts are sold to investors. During third quarter 2022, Farmer Mac executed a structured securitization transaction, whereby it sold and securitized agricultural mortgage loans resulting in $297.7 million of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities. In this transaction, Farmer Mac transferred selected loans to a depositor which then deposited the loans into a trust, at which time the loans became assets of the trust. Farmer Mac does not consider these trust fund assets to be available to satisfy the claims of the creditors of Farmer Mac and/or the depositor. The following table summarizes the significant cash flows received from and paid to trusts used for Farmer Mac securitizations:

Table 6.2

	For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)
Proceeds from new securitizations	$	305,410	$	84,131
Guarantee fees received	1,464		848

Farmer Mac presents a liability for its obligation to stand ready under its guarantee in "Guarantee and commitment obligation" on the consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the liability and the weighted-average remaining maturity of all loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:

Table 6.3

	As of September 30, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
	(dollars in thousands)
Guarantee and commitment obligation	$	6,607	$	7,355
Weighted average remaining maturity:
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	21.4 years		21.7 years
AgVantage Securities	2.2 years		3.0 years

Long-Term Standby Purchase Commitments

Farmer Mac has recorded a liability for its obligation to stand ready under the commitment in the guarantee and commitment obligation on the consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the liability, the maximum principal amount of potential undiscounted future payments that Farmer Mac could be requested to make under all LTSPCs, not including offsets provided by any recourse provisions, recoveries from third parties, or collateral for the underlying loans, as well as the weighted-average remaining maturity of all loans underlying LTSPCs:

Table 6.4

	As of September 30, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
	(dollars in thousands)
Guarantee and commitment obligation(1)	$	39,118	$	36,571
Maximum principal amount	3,378,654		3,191,061
Weighted-average remaining maturity	15.4 years		15.5 years

(1) Relates to LTSPCs issued or modified on or after January 1, 2003.

Reserve for Losses

The following table is a summary, by asset type, of the reserve for losses as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 6.5

	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	Reserve for Losses		Reserve for Losses
	(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance:
LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	$	743	$	1,068
Rural Infrastructure Finance
LTSPCs	767		882
Total	$	1,510	$	1,950

The following is a summary of the changes in the reserve for losses for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Table 6.6

	For the Three Months Ended				For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	Reserve for Losses		Reserve for Losses		Reserve for Losses		Reserve for Losses
	(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance mortgage loans
Beginning Balance	$	882	$	1,194	$	1,068	$	2,097
Release of losses	(139)		(91)		(325)		(994)
Charge-offs	—		—		—		—
Ending Balance	$	743	$	1,103	$	743	$	1,103
Rural Infrastructure Finance loans
Beginning Balance	$	795	$	917	$	882	$	1,180
Release of losses	(28)		(20)		(115)		(283)
Charge-offs	—		—		—		—
Ending Balance	$	767	$	897	$	767	$	897

The release from the reserve for losses in both the Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure Finance LTSPC and Farmer Mac Guaranteed portfolios recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to improvements in risk ratings in those portfolios.

The release from the reserve for losses in the Rural Infrastructure Finance LTSPC portfolio recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 was primarily due to improving economic factor forecasts and ratings upgrades. The release in the Agricultural Finance LTSPC portfolio was primarily due to ratings upgrades and updated loss-given-default assumptions.

The following table presents the unpaid principal balances by delinquency status of Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure loans underlying LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 6.7

	As of September 30, 2022
	Current		30-59 Days		60-89 Days		90 Days and Greater(1)		Total Past Due		Total Loans
	(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance:
LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	$	3,127,963	$	2,586	$	626	$	2,217	$	5,429	$	3,133,392
Rural Infrastructure:
LTSPCs	$	541,228	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	541,228

(1)Includes loans underlying off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs that are 90 days of more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.

	As of December 31, 2021
	Current		30-59 Days		60-89 Days		90 Days and Greater(1)		Total Past Due		Total Loans
	(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance:
LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	$	2,953,091	$	8,068	$	—	$	3,597	$	11,665	$	2,964,756
Rural Infrastructure:
LTSPCs	$	556,837	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	556,837

(1)Includes loans underlying off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs that are 90 days of more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.

Credit Quality Indicators

The following tables present credit quality indicators related to Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure loans underlying LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, by year of origination:

Table 6.8

	As of September 30, 2022
	Year of Origination:
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans - Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Internally Assigned Risk Rating:
Acceptable	$	162,839	$	489,795	$	529,605	$	247,696	$	199,766	$	1,148,637	$	267,764	$	3,046,102
Special mention(1)	—		1,329		826		—		1,209		42,659		9,128		55,151
Substandard(2)	—		—		176		—		3,596		24,947		3,420		32,139
Total	$	162,839	$	491,124	$	530,607	$	247,696	$	204,571	$	1,216,243	$	280,312	$	3,133,392
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Agricultural Finance net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Agricultural Finance net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.

(2)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

	As of September 30, 2022
	Year of Origination:
	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018		Prior		Revolving Loans - Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(in thousands)
Rural Infrastructure Finance LTSPCs:
Internally Assigned Risk Rating:
Acceptable	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	482,427	$	58,801	$	541,228
Special mention(1)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard(2)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	482,427	$	58,801	$	541,228
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Rural Infrastructure net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Rural Infrastructure net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.

(2)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

	As of December 31, 2021
	Year of Origination:
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans - Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Internally Assigned Risk Rating:
Acceptable	$	376,027	$	537,521	$	244,365	$	188,452	$	235,865	$	1,013,937	$	252,039	$	2,848,206
Special mention(1)	—		5,270		—		6,808		3,154		38,042		2,354		55,628
Substandard(2)	—		1,307		724		5,038		12,793		37,326		3,734		60,922
Total	$	376,027	$	544,098	$	245,089	$	200,298	$	251,812	$	1,089,305	$	258,127	$	2,964,756
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Agricultural Finance net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Agricultural Finance net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.

(2)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

	As of December 31, 2021
	Year of Origination:
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Revolving Loans - Amortized Cost Basis		Total
	(in thousands)
Rural Infrastructure Finance LTSPCs:
Internally Assigned Risk Rating:
Acceptable	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	499,594	$	57,243	$	556,837
Special mention(1)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard(2)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	499,594	$	57,243	$	556,837
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Rural Infrastructure net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021:
Current period charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Current period recoveries	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Current period Rural Infrastructure net charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

(1)Assets in the "Special mention" category generally have potential weaknesses due to performance issues but are currently considered to be adequately secured.

(2)Substandard assets have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected.

7.NOTES PAYABLE

Farmer Mac's borrowings consist of discount notes and medium-term notes, both of which are unsecured general obligations of Farmer Mac. Discount notes generally have original maturities of 1.0 year or less, whereas medium-term notes generally have maturities of 0.5 years to 25.0 years.

The following tables set forth information related to Farmer Mac's borrowings as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 7.1

	September 30, 2022
	Outstanding as of September 30				Average Outstanding During the Quarter
	Amount		Weighted- Average Rate		Amount		Weighted- Average Rate
	(dollars in thousands)
Due within one year:
Discount notes	$	867,588	2.07	%	$	1,525,565	0.67	%
Medium-term notes	1,905,291		2.78	%	1,166,242		1.39	%
Current portion of medium-term notes	4,618,265		1.31	%
Total due within one year	$	7,391,144	1.78	%
Due after one year:
Medium-term notes due in:
Two years	$	4,057,284	1.40	%
Three years	3,184,014		1.59	%
Four years	2,534,177		1.28	%
Five years	2,705,529		2.10	%
Thereafter	4,194,915		2.34	%
Total due after one year	$	16,675,919	1.77	%
Total principal net of discounts	$	24,067,063	1.77	%
Hedging adjustments	(566,406)
Total	$	23,500,657
	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Outstanding as of December 31				Average Outstanding During the Year
	Amount		Weighted- Average Rate		Amount		Weighted- Average Rate
	(dollars in thousands)
Due within one year:
Discount notes	$	2,167,979	0.05	%	$	1,822,714	0.08	%
Medium-term notes	837,580		0.09	%	1,956,870		0.12	%
Current portion of medium-term notes	3,981,240		0.75	%
Total due within one year	$	6,986,799	0.45	%
Due after one year:
Medium-term notes due in:
Two years	$	4,179,985	0.81	%
Three years	2,554,906		0.87	%
Four years	2,119,805		0.85	%
Five years	2,810,894		1.07	%
Thereafter	4,106,144		1.69	%
Total due after one year	$	15,771,734	1.10	%
Total principal net of discounts	$	22,758,533	0.90	%
Hedging adjustments	(44,762)
Total	$	22,713,771

The maximum amount of Farmer Mac's discount notes outstanding at any month end during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 was $2.2 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively.

Callable medium-term notes give Farmer Mac the option to redeem the debt at par value on a specified call date or at any time on or after a specified call date. The following table summarizes by maturity date the amounts and costs for Farmer Mac debt callable in 2022 as of September 30, 2022:

Table 7.2

Debt Callable in 2022 as of September 30, 2022, by Maturity
	Amount		Weighted-Average Rate
	(dollars in thousands)
Maturity:
2023	$	228,884	0.43	%
2024	247,407		0.60	%
2025	236,680		0.93	%
2026	748,989		1.20	%
Thereafter	1,101,493		1.85	%
Total	$	2,563,453	1.33	%

The following schedule summarizes the earliest interest rate reset date, or debt maturities, of total borrowings outstanding as of September 30, 2022, including callable and non-callable medium-term notes, assuming callable notes are redeemed at the initial call date:

Table 7.3

	Earliest Interest Rate Reset Date, or Debt Maturities, of Borrowings Outstanding
	Amount		Weighted-Average Rate
	(dollars in thousands)
Debt with interest rate resets, or debt maturities in:
2022	$	4,168,080	2.55	%
2023	5,824,466		1.52	%
2024	3,627,164		1.35	%
2025	2,742,230		1.44	%
2026	2,749,594		1.18	%
Thereafter	4,955,529		2.24	%
Total principal net of discounts	$	24,067,063	1.77	%

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, Farmer Mac called $26.0 million and $1.7 billion of callable medium-term notes, respectively.

Authority to Borrow from the U.S. Treasury

Farmer Mac's statutory charter authorizes it, upon satisfying certain conditions, to borrow up to $1.5 billion from the U.S. Treasury through the issuance of debt obligations to the U.S. Treasury. Any funds borrowed from the U.S. Treasury may be used solely to fulfill Farmer Mac's guarantee obligations. Any debt obligations issued by Farmer Mac under this authority would bear interest at a rate determined by the U.S. Treasury, taking into consideration the average rate on outstanding marketable obligations of the United States as of the last day of the last calendar month ending before the date of the purchase of the obligations from Farmer Mac. The charter requires Farmer Mac to repurchase any of its debt obligations held by the U.S. Treasury within a reasonable time. As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac had not used this borrowing authority.

Gains on Repurchase of Outstanding Debt

No outstanding debt repurchases were made in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, Farmer Mac repurchased $23.0 million of

outstanding debt at a gain of $14,000.

8.EQUITY

Common Stock

During each of the first, second, and third quarters 2022, Farmer Mac paid a quarterly dividend of $0.95 per share on all classes of its common stock. For each quarter in 2021, Farmer Mac paid a quarterly dividend of $0.88 per share on all classes of its common stock.

Farmer Mac's board of directors approved a share repurchase program during third quarter 2015 authorizing Farmer Mac to repurchase up to $25.0 million of its outstanding Class C non-voting common stock. The share repurchase program, last modified on March 14, 2019, authorized Farmer Mac to repurchase up to $10.0 million of Farmer Mac's outstanding Class C non-voting common stock. During first quarter 2020, Farmer Mac repurchased approximately 4,000 shares of Class C non-voting common stock at a cost of approximately $0.2 million. Shortly after these repurchases were completed, Farmer Mac indefinitely suspended its share repurchase program in an effort to preserve capital and liquidity in view of market volatility and uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2021, Farmer Mac's board of directors reinstated the share repurchase program on its previous terms (with a remaining authorization of up to $9.8 million in stock repurchases) and extended the expiration date of the program to March 2023. Farmer Mac did not repurchase any shares of its Class C non-voting common stock during the first nine months of 2022. As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac had repurchased approximately 673,000 shares of Class C non-voting common stock at a cost of approximately $19.8 million under the share repurchase program since 2015.

Capital Requirements

Farmer Mac is required to comply with the higher of the minimum capital requirement and the risk-based capital requirement. As of both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the minimum capital requirement was greater than the risk-based capital requirement. Farmer Mac's ability to declare and pay dividends could be restricted if it fails to comply with applicable capital requirements.

As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac's minimum capital requirement was $781.7 million and its core capital level was $1.3 billion, which was $513.9 million above the minimum capital requirement as of that date. As of December 31, 2021, Farmer Mac's minimum capital requirement was $713.1 million and its core capital level was $1.2 billion, which was $496.8 million above the minimum capital requirement as of that date.

In accordance with the Farm Credit Administration's rule on Farmer Mac's capital planning, and as part of Farmer Mac's capital plan, Farmer Mac has adopted a policy for maintaining a sufficient level of Tier 1 capital (consisting of retained earnings, paid-in-capital, common stock, and qualifying preferred stock) and imposing restrictions on Tier 1-eligible dividends and any discretionary bonus payments in the event that this capital falls below specified thresholds.

9.FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES

Fair Value Classification and Transfers

The following tables present information about Farmer Mac's assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques used by Farmer Mac to determine such fair value:

Table 9.1

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value as of September 30, 2022
		Level 2		Level 3(1)		Total
Recurring:
Assets:
Investment Securities:
Available-for-sale:
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	—	$	—	$	19,243	$	19,243
Floating rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities		2,360,528		—		2,360,528
Fixed rate GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities		841,704		—		841,704
Fixed rate U.S. Treasuries		—		—		1,180,404
Total Available-for-sale Investment Securities		3,202,232		19,243		4,401,879
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Available-for-sale:
AgVantage		—		6,965,761		6,965,761
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities		—		8,241		8,241
Total Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities		—		6,974,002		6,974,002
A Securities:
Trading		—		1,851		1,851
Total A Securities		—		1,851		1,851
Financial derivatives		49,432		—		49,968
Guarantee Asset		—		4,692		4,692
Total Assets at fair value	1,180,940	$	3,251,664	$	6,999,788	$	11,432,392
Liabilities:
Financial derivatives	18	$	184,536	$	—	$	184,554
Total Liabilities at fair value	18	$	184,536	$	—	$	184,554

All values are in US Dollars.

(1) Level 3 assets represent 26% of total assets and 60% of financial instruments measured at fair value.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value as of December 31, 2021
		Level 2		Level 3(1)		Total
Recurring:
Assets:
Investment Securities:
Available-for-sale:
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	—	$	—	$	19,254	$	19,254
Floating rate Government/GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities		2,178,831		—		2,178,831
Fixed rate GSE guaranteed mortgage-backed securities		458,837		—		458,837
Fixed rate U.S. Treasuries		—		—		1,179,469
Total Available-for-sale Investment Securities		2,637,668		19,254		3,836,391
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Available-for-sale:
AgVantage		—		6,316,145		6,316,145
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities		—		12,414		12,414
Total Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities		—		6,328,559		6,328,559
A Securities:
Trading		—		4,401		4,401
Total A Securities		—		4,401		4,401
Financial derivatives		6,008		—		6,081
Guarantee Asset		—		6,237		6,237
Total Assets at fair value	1,179,542	$	2,643,676	$	6,358,451	$	10,181,669
Liabilities:
Financial derivatives	—	$	35,554	$	—	$	35,554
Total Liabilities at fair value	—	$	35,554	$	—	$	35,554
Non-recurring:
Assets
Mortgage Servicing Rights	—	$	—	$	2,681	$	2,681
Total non-recurring assets at fair value	—	$	—	$	2,681	$	2,681

All values are in US Dollars.

(1) Level 3 assets represent 25% of total assets and 62% of financial instruments measured at fair value.

There were no material assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

Transfers in and/or out of the different levels within the fair value hierarchy are based on the fair values of the assets and liabilities as of the beginning of the reporting period. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, there were no transfers within the fair value hierarchy.

The following tables present additional information about assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for which Farmer Mac has used significant unobservable inputs to determine fair value. Net transfers in and/or out of Level 3 are based on the fair values of the assets and liabilities as of the beginning of the reporting period. There were no liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Table 9.2

Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
		Purchases		Sales		Settlements		Allowance for Losses		Realized and<br>unrealized losses included <br>in Income		Unrealized gains/(losses)<br>included in Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Income		Ending Balance
Recurring:
Assets:
Investment Securities:
Available-for-sale:
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	19,061	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	11	$	—	$	171	$	19,243
Total available-for-sale		—		—		—		11		—		171		19,243
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Available-for-sale:
AgVantage		1,370,000		—		(627,131)		(11)		(204,450)		(13,043)		6,965,761
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities		—		—		(468)		—		—		(1,107)		8,241
Total available-for-sale		1,370,000		—		(627,599)		(11)		(204,450)		(14,150)		6,974,002
A Securities:
Trading		—		—		(383)		—		(41)		—		1,851
Total A Securities		—		—		(383)		—		(41)		—		1,851
Guarantee and commitment obligations:
Guarantee Asset		—		—		(229)		—		(715)		—		4,692
Total Guarantee and commitment obligations		—		—		(229)		—		(715)		—		4,692
Total Assets at fair value	6,477,184	$	1,370,000	$	—	$	(628,211)	$	—	$	(205,206)	$	(13,979)	$	6,999,788

All values are in US Dollars.

Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
		Purchases		Sales		Settlements		Allowance for Losses		Realized and<br>unrealized (losses)/gains included <br>in Income		Unrealized gains<br>included in Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Income		Ending Balance
Recurring:
Assets:
Investment Securities:
Available-for-sale:
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	19,248	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	—	$	246	$	19,500
Total available-for-sale		—		—		—		6		—		246		19,500
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Available-for-sale:
AgVantage		—		—		(708,882)		(70)		(31,462)		1,768		6,138,759
Total available-for-sale		—		—		(708,882)		(70)		(31,462)		1,768		6,138,759
A Securities:
Trading		—		—		(294)		—		37		—		4,793
Total A Securities		—		—		(294)		—		37		—		4,793
Total Assets at fair value	6,901,703	$	—	$	—	$	(709,176)	$	(64)	$	(31,425)	$	2,014	$	6,163,052

All values are in US Dollars.

Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
		Purchases		Sales		Settlements		Allowance for Losses		Realized and<br>unrealized losses included <br>in Income		Unrealized losses<br>included in Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Income		Ending Balance
Recurring:
Assets:
Investment Securities:
Available-for-sale:
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	19,254	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	14	$	—	$	(25)	$	19,243
Total available-for-sale		—		—		—		14		—		(25)		19,243
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Available-for-sale:
AgVantage		2,722,750		—		(1,435,758)		(345)		(564,242)		(72,789)		6,965,761
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities		—		—		(1,205)		—		—		(2,968)		8,241
Total available-for-sale		2,722,750		—		(1,436,963)		(345)		(564,242)		(75,757)		6,974,002
A Securities:
Trading		—		—		(2,475)		—		(75)		—		1,851
Total A Securities		—		—		(2,475)		—		(75)		—		1,851
Guarantee and commitment obligations:
Guarantee Asset		—		—		(672)		—		(873)		—		4,692
Total Guarantee and commitment obligations		—		—		(672)		—		(873)		—		4,692
Total Assets at fair value	6,358,451	$	2,722,750	$	—	$	(1,440,110)	$	(331)	$	(565,190)	$	(75,782)	$	6,999,788

All values are in US Dollars.

Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
		Purchases		Sales		Settlements		Allowance for Losses		Realized and<br>unrealized losses included <br>in Income		Unrealized gains<br>included in Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Income		Ending Balance
Recurring:
Assets:
Investment Securities:
Available-for-sale:
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	19,171	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(16)	$	—	$	345	$	19,500
Total available-for-sale		—		—		—		(16)		—		345		19,500
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
Available-for-sale:
AgVantage		578,115		—		(1,263,117)		19		(150,265)		26,306		6,138,759
Total available-for-sale		578,115		—		(1,263,117)		19		(150,265)		26,306		6,138,759
A Securities:
Trading		—		—		(1,864)		—		(38)		—		4,793
Total A Securities		—		—		(1,864)		—		(38)		—		4,793
Total Assets at fair value	6,973,567	$	578,115	$	—	$	(1,264,981)	$	3	$	(150,303)	$	26,651	$	6,163,052

All values are in US Dollars.

The following tables present additional information about the significant unobservable inputs, such as discount rates and constant prepayment rates ("CPR"), used in the fair value measurements categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 9.3

	As of September 30, 2022
Financial Instruments	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted-Average)
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Investment securities:
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	$	19,243	Indicative bids	Range of broker quotes	97.9% - 97.9% (97.9%)
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
AgVantage	$	6,965,761	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	4.6% - 5.1% (4.9%)
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	$	8,241	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	4.9% - 5.4% (5.1%)
				CPR	8%
USDA Securities	$	1,851	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	5.6% - 6.4% (5.8%)
				CPR	19% - 24% (23%)
Guarantee Asset	$	4,692	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	5.4% - 5.9% (5.7%)
				CPR	8%
	As of December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---
Financial Instruments	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted-Average)
	(in thousands)
Assets:
Investment securities:
Floating rate auction-rate certificates backed by Government guaranteed student loans	$	19,254	Indicative bids	Range of broker quotes	98.0% - 98.0% (98.0%)
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities:
AgVantage	$	6,316,145	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	0.9% - 2.1% (1.7%)
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	$	12,414	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	2.3% - 2.8% (2.6%)
				CPR	8%
USDA Securities	$	4,401	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	1.4% - 3.1% (2.8%)
				CPR	25% - 42% (39%)
Guarantee Asset	$	6,237	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate	5.4% - 5.8% (5.6%)
				CPR	7% - 12% (8%)

The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurements of AgVantage Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities is the discount rate commensurate with the risks involved. Typically, significant increases (decreases) in this input in isolation may result in materially lower (higher) fair value measurements. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, Farmer Mac would expect average discount rates to increase. Conversely, in a declining interest rate environment, Farmer Mac would expect average discount rates to decrease. Prepayment rates are not presented in the table above for AgVantage

securities because they generally have fixed maturity dates when the secured general obligations are due and do not prepay.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements of USDA Securities are the prepayment rate and discount rate commensurate with the risks involved. Typically, significant increases (decreases) in any of these inputs in isolation may result in materially lower (higher) fair value measurements. Generally, in a rising interest rate environment, Farmer Mac would expect average discount rates to increase and would likely expect a corresponding decrease in forecasted prepayment rates. Conversely, in a declining interest rate environment, Farmer Mac would expect average discount rates to decrease and would likely expect a corresponding increase in forecasted prepayment rates.

Disclosures on Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table sets forth the estimated fair values and carrying values for financial assets, liabilities, and guarantees and commitments as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 9.4

	As of September 30, 2022				As of December 31, 2021
	Fair Value		Carrying<br>Amount		Fair Value		Carrying<br>Amount
	(in thousands)
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	868,234	$	868,234	$	908,785	$	908,785
Investment securities	4,447,259		4,449,017		3,884,202		3,882,590
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	8,239,615		8,302,041		8,360,293		8,361,798
USDA Securities	2,032,548		2,430,489		2,536,473		2,440,732
Loans	8,965,973		9,925,184		9,814,642		9,248,678
Financial derivatives	49,968		49,968		6,081		6,081
Guarantee and commitment fees receivable	49,328		46,347		42,533		45,538
Financial liabilities:
Notes payable	22,578,047		23,500,657		22,716,791		22,713,771
Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties	977,411		1,090,539		1,005,306		981,379
Financial derivatives	184,554		184,554		35,554		35,554
Guarantee and commitment obligations	48,705		45,726		40,920		43,926

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents is a reasonable estimate of their approximate fair value and is classified as Level 1. The fair value of investments in U.S. Treasuries are valued based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and are classified as Level 1. A significant portion of Farmer Mac's investment portfolio is valued using a reputable nationally recognized third-party pricing service. The prices obtained are non-binding and generally representative of recent market trades and are classified as Level 2. Farmer Mac internally models the fair value of its loan portfolio, including loans held for investment and loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and USDA Securities by discounting the projected cash flows of these instruments at projected interest rates. The fair values are based on the present value of expected cash flows using management's best estimate of certain key assumptions, which include prepayment speeds, forward yield curves and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. These fair value measurements do not take into consideration the fair value of the underlying property and are classified as Level 3. Financial derivatives primarily are valued using unadjusted counterparty valuations and are classified as Level 2. The fair value of the

guarantee fees receivable/obligation and debt securities of consolidated trusts are estimated based on the present value of expected future cash flows of the underlying mortgage assets using management's best estimate of certain key assumptions, which include prepayments speeds, forward yield curves, and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved and are classified as Level 3. Notes payable are valued by discounting the expected cash flows of these instruments using a yield curve derived from market prices observed for similar agency securities and are also classified as Level 3. Because the cash flows of Farmer Mac's financial instruments may be interest rate path dependent, estimated fair values and projected discount rates for Level 3 financial instruments are derived using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Different market assumptions and estimation methodologies could significantly affect estimated fair value amounts.

10.BUSINESS SEGMENT REPORTING

The following table presents the alignment of the Farmer Mac's seven segments:

Agricultural Finance		Rural Infrastructure Finance		Treasury
Farm & Ranch	Corporate AgFinance	Rural Utilities	Renewable Energy	Funding	Investments	Corporate

The financial information presented below reflects the accounts of Farmer Mac and its subsidiaries on a

consolidated basis. Accordingly, the core earnings for Farmer Mac's segments would differ from any stand-alone financial statements of Farmer Mac's subsidiaries. These differences would be due to various factors, including the exclusion of unrealized gains and losses related to fair value changes of trading assets and financial derivatives, as well as the allocation of certain expenses such as operating expenses, dividends and interest expense related to the issuance of capital and the issuance of indebtedness managed at the corporate level.

The following tables present core earnings for Farmer Mac's segments and a reconciliation to consolidated net income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. The amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 have been revised to conform to the current year's segment alignment.

Table 10.1

Core Earnings by Business Segment
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Agricultural Finance				Rural Infrastructure				Treasury				Corporate
	Farm & Ranch		Corporate AgFinance		Rural<br><br>Utilities		Renewable Energy		Funding		Investments				Reconciling<br>Adjustments				Consolidated Net Income
	(in thousands)
Net interest income	$	34,173	$	7,600	$	4,253	$	705	$	23,913	$	(2,791)	$	—		$	—			$	67,853
Less: reconciling adjustments(1)(2)(3)	(830)		—		(33)		—		(1,349)		—		—			2,212				—
Net effective spread	33,343		7,600		4,220		705		22,564		(2,791)		—			2,212				—
Guarantee and commitment fees	3,833		46		309		13		—		—		—			(1,558)				2,643
Other income/(expense)(3)	469		4		—		—		—		—		—			909				1,382
Total revenues	37,645		7,650		4,529		718		22,564		(2,791)		—			1,563				71,878
Release of/(provision for) losses	93		(333)		(414)		26		—		11		—			—				(617)
Release of reserve for losses	139		—		28		—		—		—		—			—				167
Operating expenses	—		—		—		—		—		—		(19,379)			—				(19,379)
Total non-interest expense	139		—		28		—		—		—		(19,379)			—				(19,212)
Core earnings before income taxes	37,877		7,317		4,143		744		22,564		(2,780)		(19,379)			1,563		(4)		52,049
Income tax (expense)/benefit	(7,953)		(1,536)		(869)		(156)		(4,739)		584		4,366			(328)				(10,631)
Core earnings before preferred stock dividends	29,924		5,781		3,274		588		17,825		(2,196)		(15,013)			1,235		(4)		41,418
Preferred stock dividends	—		—		—		—		—		—		(6,791)			—				(6,791)
Segment core earnings/(losses)	$	29,924	$	5,781	$	3,274	$	588	$	17,825	$	(2,196)	$	(21,804)		$	1,235	(4)		$	34,627
Total Assets	$	14,113,686	$	1,558,139	$	5,779,300	$	186,832	$	—	$	4,608,868	$	194,763		$	—			26,441,588
Total on- and off-balance sheet program assets at principal balance	$	17,199,347	$	1,634,786	$	6,296,263	$	196,242	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—			25,326,638

(1)Includes the amortization of premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value, originally included in interest income, to reflect core earnings amounts.

(2)Includes the reclassification of interest income and interest expense from consolidated trusts owned by third parties to guarantee and commitment fees, to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee.

(3)Includes the reclassification of interest expense related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges, which are included in "Gains/(losses) on financial derivatives" on the consolidated financial statements, to determine the effective funding cost for each operating segment.

(4)Net adjustments to reconcile to the corresponding income measures: core earnings before income taxes reconciled to income before income taxes; core earnings before preferred stock dividends reconciled to net income; and segment core earnings reconciled to net income attributable to common stockholders.

Core Earnings by Business Segment
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
	Agricultural Finance				Rural Infrastructure				Treasury				Corporate
	Farm & Ranch		Corporate AgFinance		Rural<br><br>Utilities		Renewable Energy		Funding		Investments				Reconciling<br>Adjustments				Consolidated Net Income
	(in thousands)
Net interest income	$	30,063	$	7,162	$	2,101	$	237	$	19,195	$	158	$	—		$	—			$	58,916
Less: reconciling adjustments(1)(2)(3)	(1,148)		—		(34)		—		(1,809)		—		—			2,991				—
Net effective spread	28,915		7,162		2,067		237		17,386		158		—			2,991				—
Guarantee and commitment fees	3,988		9		325		—		—		—		—			(1,167)				3,155
Other income/(expense)(3)	557		—		2		—		—		—		128			(703)				(16)
Total revenues	33,460		7,171		2,394		237		17,386		158		128			1,121				62,055
Release of/(provision for) losses	(261)		(191)		45		35		—		6		—			—				(366)
Provision for reserve for losses	91		—		20		—		—		—		—			—				111
Operating expenses	—		—		—		—		—		—		(17,107)			—				(17,107)
Total non-interest expense	91		—		20		—		—		—		(17,107)			—				(16,996)
Core earnings before income taxes	33,290		6,980		2,459		272		17,386		164		(16,979)			1,121		(4)		44,693
Income tax (expense)/benefit	(6,991)		(1,466)		(516)		(57)		(3,651)		(35)		3,564			(236)				(9,388)
Core earnings before preferred stock dividends	26,299		5,514		1,943		215		13,735		129		(13,415)			885		(4)		35,305
Preferred stock dividends	—		—		—		—		—		—		(6,774)			—				(6,774)
Loss on retirement of preferred stock	—		—		—		—		—		—		—			—				—
Segment core earnings/(losses)	$	26,299	$	5,514	$	1,943	$	215	$	13,735	$	129	$	(20,189)		$	885	(4)		$	28,531
Total Assets	$	12,845,105	$	1,347,182	$	5,511,782	$	88,738	$	—	$	4,919,431	$	32,130		$	—			$	24,744,368
Total on- and off-balance sheet program assets at principal balance	$	15,565,589	$	1,379,816	$	6,080,691	$	92,695	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—			$	23,118,791

(1)Includes the amortization of premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value, originally included in interest income, to reflect core earnings amounts.

(2)Includes the reclassification of interest income and interest expense from consolidated trusts owned by third parties to guarantee and commitment fees, to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee.

(3)Includes the reclassification of interest expense related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges, which are included in "Gains/(losses) on financial derivatives" on the consolidated financial statements, to determine the effective funding cost for each operating segment.

(4)Net adjustments to reconcile to the corresponding income measures: core earnings before income taxes reconciled to income before income taxes; core earnings before preferred stock dividends reconciled to net income; and segment core earnings reconciled to net income attributable to common stockholders.

Core Earnings by Business Segment
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Agricultural Finance				Rural Infrastructure				Treasury				Corporate
	Farm & Ranch		Corporate AgFinance		Rural<br><br>Utilities		Renewable Energy		Funding		Investments				Reconciling<br>Adjustments				Consolidated Net Income
	(in thousands)
Net interest income	$	99,197	$	21,738	$	11,218	$	1,548	$	67,673	$	(4,069)	$	—		$	—			$	197,305
Less: reconciling adjustments(1)(2)(3)	(2,910)		—		(106)		—		(9,863)		—		—			12,879				—
Net effective spread	96,287		21,738		11,112		1,548		57,810		(4,069)		—			12,879				—
Guarantee and commitment fees	12,387		108		929		43		—		—		—			(3,916)				9,551
Other income/(expense)(3)	1,030		261		—		—		—		—		3			21,987				23,281
Total revenues	109,704		22,107		12,041		1,591		57,810		(4,069)		3			30,950				230,137
Release of/(provision for) losses	440		(1,498)		1,927		(184)		—		14		—			—				699
Release of reserve for losses	324		—		116		—		—		—		—			—				440
Operating expenses	—		—		—		—		—		—		(60,815)			—				(60,815)
Total non-interest expense	324		—		116		—		—		—		(60,815)			—				(60,375)
Core earnings before income taxes	110,468		20,609		14,084		1,407		57,810		(4,055)		(60,812)			30,950		(4)		170,461
Income tax (expense)/benefit	(23,196)		(4,327)		(2,956)		(295)		(12,141)		852		12,827			(6,499)				(35,735)
Core earnings before preferred stock dividends	87,272		16,282		11,128		1,112		45,669		(3,203)		(47,985)			24,451		(4)		134,726
Preferred stock dividends	—		—		—		—		—		—		(20,374)			—				(20,374)
Segment core earnings/(losses)	$	87,272	$	16,282	$	11,128	$	1,112	$	45,669	$	(3,203)	$	(68,359)		$	24,451	(4)		$	114,352
Total Assets	$	14,113,686	$	1,558,139	$	5,779,300	$	186,832	$	—	$	4,608,868	$	194,763		$	—			26,441,588
Total on- and off-balance sheet program assets at principal balance	$	17,199,347	$	1,634,786	$	6,296,263	$	196,242	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—			25,326,638

(1)Includes the amortization of premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value, originally included in interest income, to reflect core earnings amounts.

(2)Includes the reclassification of interest income and interest expense from consolidated trusts owned by third parties to guarantee and commitment fees, to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee.

(3)Includes the reclassification of interest expense related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges, which are included in "Gains/(losses) on financial derivatives" on the consolidated financial statements, to determine the effective funding cost for each operating segment.

(4)Net adjustments to reconcile to the corresponding income measures: core earnings before income taxes reconciled to income before income taxes; core earnings before preferred stock dividends reconciled to net income; and segment core earnings reconciled to net income attributable to common stockholders.

Core Earnings by Business Segment
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
	Agricultural Finance				Rural Infrastructure				Treasury				Corporate
	Farm & Ranch		Corporate AgFinance		Rural<br><br>Utilities		Renewable Energy		Funding		Investments				Reconciling<br>Adjustments				Consolidated Net Income
	(in thousands)
Net interest income	$	88,186	$	20,760	$	5,648	$	863	$	52,260	$	398	$	—		$	—			$	168,115
Less: reconciling adjustments(1)(2)(3)	(3,647)		—		(102)		—		1,969		—		—			1,780				—
Net effective spread	84,539		20,760		5,546		863		54,229		398		—			1,780				—
Guarantee and commitment fees	11,906		18		958		14		—		—		—			(3,714)				9,182
Other income/(expense)(3)	1,560		—		4		—		—		—		(125)			2,957				4,396
Total revenues	98,005		20,778		6,508		877		54,229		398		(125)			1,023				181,693
Release of/(provision for) losses	322		(157)		(490)		(177)		—		(16)		—			—				(518)
Provision for reserve for losses	996		—		281		—		—		—		—			—				1,277
Operating expenses	—		—		—		—		—		—		(52,866)			—				(52,866)
Total non-interest expense	996		—		281		—		—		—		(52,866)			—				(51,589)
Core earnings before income taxes	99,323		20,621		6,299		700		54,229		382		(52,991)			1,023		(4)		129,586
Income tax (expense)/benefit	(20,857)		(4,330)		(1,322)		(147)		(11,388)		(80)		10,989			(215)				(27,350)
Core earnings before preferred stock dividends	78,466		16,291		4,977		553		42,841		302		(42,002)			808		(4)		102,236
Preferred stock dividends	—		—		—		—		—		—		(17,885)			—				(17,885)
Segment core earnings/(losses)	$	78,466	$	16,291	$	4,977	$	553	$	42,841	$	302	$	(59,887)		$	808	(4)		$	84,351
Total Assets	$	12,845,105	$	1,347,182	$	5,511,782	$	88,738	$	—	$	4,919,431	$	32,130		$	—			$	24,744,368
Total on- and off-balance sheet program assets at principal balance	$	15,565,589	$	1,379,816	$	6,080,691	$	92,695	$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—			$	23,118,791

(1)Includes the amortization of premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value, originally included in interest income, to reflect core earnings amounts.

(2)Includes the reclassification of interest income and interest expense from consolidated trusts owned by third parties to guarantee and commitment fees, to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee.

(3)Includes the reclassification of interest expense related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges, which are included in "Gains/(losses) on financial derivatives" on the consolidated financial statements, to determine the effective funding cost for each operating segment.

(4)Net adjustments to reconcile to the corresponding income measures: core earnings before income taxes reconciled to income before income taxes; core earnings before preferred stock dividends reconciled to net income; and segment core earnings reconciled to net income attributable to common stockholders.

11.REVISION OF PRIOR PERIOD FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Farmer Mac revised certain prior period financial statements to correct an error related to the recognition of accrual of interest for derivative contracts cleared through the swap clearinghouse, the CME. Farmer Mac determined that the error was immaterial to these previous consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole. Although Farmer Mac has concluded these errors are immaterial to the previously issued consolidated financial statements, Farmer Mac has corrected this error by revising the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Farmer Mac will also correct previously reported financial information for such immaterial errors in future filings, as applicable. The following tables summarize the effect of the revision on each financial statement line item:

Revised Consolidated Balance Sheet

	As of December 31, 2021
	As previously Reported		Adjustments		As Revised
	(in thousands)
Assets
Financial Derivatives, at fair value	$	19,139	$	(13,058)	$	6,081
Interest Receivable	177,355		(11,751)		165,604
Deferred Tax Asset, net	15,558		311		15,869
Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets	45,318		16		45,334
Total Assets	$	25,145,491	$	(24,482)	$	25,121,009
Liabilities
Notes Payable	$	22,716,156	$	(2,385)	$	22,713,771
Financial Derivatives, at fair value	34,248		1,306		35,554
Accrued Interest Payable	83,992		(24,989)		59,003
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses	79,427		(7,701)		71,726
Total Liabilities	$	23,941,078	$	(33,769)	$	23,907,309
Equity
Retained Earnings	$	579,270	$	9,287	$	588,557
Total Equity	1,204,413		9,287		1,213,700
Total Liabilities and Equity	$	25,145,491	$	(24,482)	$	25,121,009

Revised Consolidated Statements of Operations

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2021						Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
	As previously Reported		Adjustments		As Revised		As previously Reported		Adjustments		As Revised
	(in thousands)
Interest Income:
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities	$	38,428	$	3,911	$	42,339	$	123,246	$	4,730	$	127,976
Total interest income	104,472		3,911		108,383		318,984		4,730		323,714
Net interest income	55,005		3,911		58,916		163,385		4,730		168,115
Non-interest income/(expense):
(Losses)/gains on financial derivatives	(2,347)		1,459		(888)		(1,120)		3,701		2,581
Non-Interest Income	1,791		1,459		3,250		11,154		3,701		14,855
Income before income taxes	39,323		5,370		44,693		121,155		8,431		129,586
Income tax expense	8,260		1,128		9,388		25,579		1,771		27,350
Net Income	31,063		4,242		35,305		95,576		6,660		102,236
Net Income attributable to common stockholders	24,289		4,242		28,531		77,691		6,660		84,351

Revised Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2021							Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
	As previously Reported			Adjustments		As Revised		As previously Reported		Adjustments		As Revised
	(in thousands)
Net Income	$	31,063		$	4,242	$	35,305	$	95,576	$	6,660	$	102,236
Comprehensive Income	32,536		—	4,242		36,778		127,705		6,660		134,365

Revised Consolidated Statements of Equity

	Retained Earnings						Total Equity
	As previously Reported		Adjustments		As Revised		As previously Reported		Adjustments		As Revised
	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	579,270	$	9,287	$	588,557	$	1,204,413	$	9,287	$	1,213,700
Net Income	47,837		3,616		51,453		47,837		3,616		51,453
Balance as of March 31, 2022	$	610,087	$	12,903	$	622,990	$	1,192,844	$	12,903	$	1,205,747
Net Income	45,896		(4,041)		41,855		45,896		(4,041)		41,855
Balance as of June 30, 2022	$	638,935	$	8,862	$	647,797	$	1,212,348	$	8,862	$	1,221,210
	Retained Earnings						Total Equity
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	As previously Reported		Adjustments		As Revised		As previously Reported		Adjustments		As Revised
	(in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	509,560	$	5,457	$	515,017	$	992,477	$	5,457	$	997,934
Net Income	33,227		4,842		38,069		33,227		4,842		38,069
Balance as of March 31, 2021	$	528,068	$	10,299	$	538,367	$	1,077,492	$	10,299	$	1,087,791
Net Income	31,286		(2,423)		28,863		31,286		(2,423)		28,863
Balance as of June 30, 2021	$	544,038	$	7,876	$	551,914	$	1,180,215	$	7,876	$	1,188,091
Net Income	31,063		4,242		35,305		31,063		4,242		35,305
Balance as of September 30, 2021	$	558,853	$	12,118	$	570,971	$	1,197,298	$	12,118	$	1,209,416

Revised Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
	As previously Reported		Adjustments		As Revised
	(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income/(loss)	$	95,576	$	6,660	$	102,236
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net change in fair value of trading securities, hedged assets, and financial derivatives	226,895		(11,126)		215,769
Deferred income taxes	(1,302)		844		(458)
Net change in:
Interest receivable	40,509		(1,479)		39,030
Other assets	2,431		3,163		5,594
Accrued interest payable	(9,475)		(2,939)		(12,414)
Other liabilities	(8,346)		4,877		(3,469)
Net cash provided by operating activities	433,219		—		433,219

Item 2.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The objective of this section of the report is to provide a discussion and analysis, from management’s

perspective, of the material information necessary to assess Farmer Mac's financial condition and results

of operations for the quarter ended September 30, 2022. Financial information included in this report is

consolidated to include the accounts of Farmer Mac and its two subsidiaries – Farmer Mac Mortgage

Securities Corporation and Farmer Mac II LLC. This discussion and analysis of financial condition and

results of operations should be read together with: (1) the interim unaudited consolidated financial

statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this report; and (2) Farmer Mac's Annual Report

on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as filed with the SEC on February 28, 2022

(the "2021 Annual Report").

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

In this report, the words "Farmer Mac," "we," "our," and "us" refer to the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation unless otherwise stated or unless the context otherwise requires.

Some statements made in this report, such as in the "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section, are "forward-looking statements" as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 about management's current expectations for Farmer Mac's future financial results, business prospects, and business developments. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, any statement that may predict, forecast, indicate, or imply future results, performance, or achievements. These statements typically include terms such as "anticipates," "believes," "continues," "estimates," "expects," "forecasts," "intends," "outlook," "plans," "potential," "project," "target," and similar terms, and future or conditional tense verbs like "could," "may," "might," "should," "will," and "would." This report includes forward-looking statements addressing Farmer Mac's:

•prospects for earnings;

•prospects for growth in business volume;

•assessment of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial results, financial condition, and business plans and strategies;

•trends in net interest income and net effective spread;

•trends in portfolio credit quality, delinquencies, substandard assets, credit losses, and provisions for losses;

•assessment of economic and market trends;

•trends in expenses;

•trends in investment securities;

•prospects for asset impairments and allowance for losses;

•changes in capital position;

•future dividend payments; and

•other business and financial matters.

Management's expectations for Farmer Mac's future necessarily involve assumptions, estimates, and the evaluation of risks and uncertainties. Various factors or events, both known and unknown, could cause Farmer Mac's actual results to differ materially from the expectations as expressed or implied by the

forward-looking statements, including the factors discussed under "Risk Factors" in Part I, Item 1A of Farmer Mac's 2021 Annual Report, as well as uncertainties about:

•the availability to Farmer Mac of debt and equity financing and, if available, the reasonableness of rates and terms;

•legislative or regulatory developments that could affect Farmer Mac, its sources of business, or agricultural or rural infrastructure industries;

•fluctuations in the fair value of assets held by Farmer Mac and its subsidiaries;

•the level of lender interest in Farmer Mac's products and the secondary market provided by Farmer Mac;

•the general rate of growth in agricultural mortgage and rural utilities indebtedness;

•the effect of economic conditions and geopolitics on agricultural mortgage or rural utilities lending, borrower repayment capacity, or collateral values, including fluctuations in interest rates, changes in U.S. trade policies, fluctuations in export demand for U.S. agricultural products, supply chain disruptions, increases in input costs, labor availability, volatility in commodity prices, and the effects of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine;

•the degree to which Farmer Mac is exposed to interest rate risk resulting from fluctuations in Farmer Mac's borrowing costs relative to market indexes;

•developments in the financial markets, including possible investor, analyst, and rating agency reactions to events involving government-sponsored enterprises, including Farmer Mac;

•the effects of the Federal Reserve’s efforts to achieve monetary policy normalization and slow inflation;

•other factors that could hinder agricultural mortgage lending or borrower repayment capacity, including the effects of severe weather and drought, climate change, or fluctuations in agricultural real estate values; and

•the duration, mitigation efforts, spread, severity, and social and economic disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the business operations of agricultural and rural borrowers, the capital markets, and Farmer Mac's business operations.

Considering these potential risks and uncertainties, no undue reliance should be placed on any forward-looking statements expressed in this report. Farmer Mac undertakes no obligation to release publicly the results of revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect new information or any future events or circumstances, except as otherwise required by applicable law. The information in this report is not necessarily indicative of future results.

Overview

Farmer Mac is a mission-focused, purpose-driven company determined to improve the economic opportunity in rural America by increasing the availability and affordability of credit. As the nation’s secondary market for agricultural and rural infrastructure loans, we provide a broad array of financial solutions to lenders that support flexible low-cost financing to farmers, ranchers, agribusinesses, renewable energy projects, rural utilities, and other related rural businesses and enterprises. Farmer Mac also serves as a critical investment tool for entities such as states, counties, municipalities, pension funds, banks, public trust funds, and credit unions. Farmer Mac offers those entities a variety of investment opportunities that may diversify their investment portfolios and provide the opportunity to earn a competitive return on their investment dollars.

Farmer Mac’s performance during third quarter 2022, described in more detail below, reflects the success of our continued focus on pursuing new channels and innovative ways to further our mission to help build a strong and vital rural America. Despite ongoing macroeconomic concerns and potential headwinds such as deteriorating macroeconomic conditions, inflation, rising interest rates, the COVID-19 pandemic, and war in Ukraine, Farmer Mac delivered solid financial results. These financial results in the first three quarters of 2022 reflected a variety of factors, including: (1) the resilience of the farm economy, as producers have benefited from healthy farm incomes and liquidity from relatively high commodity prices resulting from heightened demand, with revenues rising faster than the costs of inputs; (2) an increase in Farmer Mac's outstanding business volume at higher spreads while credit quality improved; (3) Farmer Mac's disciplined approach to interest rate risk management that helps to protect earnings from the effects of interest rate volatility and are accretive to Farmer Mac during periods of rising interest rates; and (4) Farmer Mac's effective funding strategies that resulted in advantageous funding during the first nine months of 2022, which have also benefited from the rising interest rate environment in the current period. The discussion below of Farmer Mac's financial information includes "non-GAAP measures," which are measures of financial performance not presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"). For more information about the non-GAAP measures Farmer Mac uses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures."

Net Income and Core Earnings

The following table shows our net income attributable to common stockholders and core earnings for the periods presented. Core earnings and core earnings per share are non-GAAP measures that differ from net income attributable to common stockholders and earnings per common share, respectively, by excluding the effects of fair value fluctuations and specified infrequent or unusual transactions.

Table 1

	For the Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		June 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	34,627	$	35,063	$	28,531
Core earnings	33,392		30,748		27,646

The $0.4 million sequential decrease in net income attributable to common stockholders was due to a $2.4 million after-tax decrease in the fair value of undesignated financial derivatives and a $1.6 million after-tax increase in the provision for credit losses. These factors were partially offset by a $3.1 million after-tax increase in net interest income and a $0.5 million after-tax decrease in operating expenses.

The $6.1 million year-over-year increase in net income attributable to common stockholders was due to a $7.1 million after-tax increase in net interest income and a $1.3 million after-tax increase in the fair value of undesignated financial derivatives. These factors were partially offset by a $1.8 million after-tax increase in operating expenses and a $0.4 million decrease in guarantee fees.

The $2.6 million sequential increase in core earnings was due to a $3.7 million after-tax increase in net effective spread and a $0.5 million after-tax decrease in operating expenses. These factors were partially offset by an increase in our provision for credit losses of $1.6 million after tax.

The $5.7 million year-over-year increase in core earnings was due to a $7.7 million after-tax increase in net effective spread, partially offset by a $1.8 million after-tax increase in operating expenses.

For more information about net income attributable to common stockholders, the composition of core earnings, and a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations." For more information about the non-GAAP measures Farmer Mac uses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures."

Net Interest Income and Net Effective Spread

The following table shows our net interest income and net effective spread in both dollars and percentage yield or spread for the periods presented. Farmer Mac uses net effective spread, a non-GAAP measure, as an alternative to net interest income because management believes it is a useful metric that reflects the economics of the net spread between all the assets owned by Farmer Mac and all related funding, including any associated derivatives, some of which may not be included in net interest income.

Table 2

	For the Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2022			June 30, 2022			September 30, 2021
	(in thousands)
Net interest income	$	67,853		$	63,914		$	58,916
Net interest yield %	1.04		%	1.00		%	1.00		%
Net effective spread	$	65,641		$	60,946		$	55,925
Net effective spread %	1.03		%	0.99		%	0.99		%

The $3.9 million sequential increase in net interest income was primarily due to a $2.9 million decrease in funding costs, due to increasing yields on interest-earning assets on our short-term investments that are funded by non-interest bearing excess equity, and an increase of $1.9 million from net new business volume. These factors were partially offset by a $1.2 million decrease in the fair value of designated financial derivatives. In percentage terms, the sequential 0.04% increase was primarily attributable to a decrease of 0.04% in funding costs and an increase of 0.01% in net new business volume, partially offset by a decrease of 0.02% in net fair value changes from financial derivatives designated in hedge accounting relationships (designated financial derivatives).

The $8.9 million year-over-year increase in net interest income was primarily attributable to a $6.0 million increase from net new business volume and a $5.5 million decrease in funding costs, due to increasing yields on interest-earning assets on our short-term investments that are funded by non-interest bearing excess equity. These factors were partially offset by a $2.6 million decrease in the fair value of designated financial derivatives. In percentage terms, the year-over-year 0.04% increase was primarily attributable to a decrease of 0.07% in funding costs, partially offset by a decrease of 0.04% in net fair value changes from financial derivatives designated in hedge accounting relationships (designated financial derivatives).

The $4.7 million sequential increase in net effective spread in dollars was primarily due to an increase of $3.2 million from net new business volume and a $2.2 million decrease in non-GAAP funding costs, due to increasing yields on interest-earning assets on our short-term investments that are funded by non-interest bearing excess equity. These factors were partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in cash-basis

interest income. In percentage terms, the sequential increase of 0.04% was primarily attributable to a decrease of 0.04% in non-GAAP funding costs and an increase of 0.02% in net new business volume.

The $9.7 million year-over-year increase in net effective spread in dollars was primarily due to a $7.1 million increase from net new business volume, a $2.3 million decrease in non-GAAP funding costs, due to increasing yields on interest-earning assets on our short-term investments that are funded by non-interest bearing excess equity, and a $0.6 million increase in cash-basis interest income. In percentage terms, the year-over-year increase of 0.04% was primarily attributable to an decrease of 0.01% in non-GAAP funding costs and an increase of 0.02% in net new business volume.

For more information about Farmer Mac's use of net effective spread as a financial measure, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures." For a reconciliation of net interest income to net effective spread, see Table 10 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Net Interest Income."

Business Volume

Our outstanding business volume was $25.3 billion as of September 30, 2022, a net increase of $0.8 billion from June 30, 2022 after taking into account all new business, maturities, sales, and paydowns on existing assets. The net increase was primarily attributable to net increases of $0.2 billion in the Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business and $0.7 billion in the Agricultural Finance line of business.

For more information about Farmer Mac's business volume, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Business Volume."

Capital

Table 3

	As of
	September 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Core capital	$	1,295,612	$	1,209,847
Capital in excess of minimum capital level required	513,896		496,771

The increase in capital in excess of the minimum capital level required was primarily due to an increase in retained earnings.

Credit Quality

The following table presents Agricultural Finance on-balance sheet loan purchase and off-balance sheet LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities substandard assets, in dollars and as a percentage of the respective portfolio as of September 30, 2022, June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021:

Table 4

	On-Balance Sheet				Off-Balance Sheet
	Substandard Assets		% of Portfolio		Substandard Assets		% of Portfolio
	(dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2022	$	174,737	2.4	%	$	32,139	1.0	%
June 30, 2022	169,310		2.4	%	44,362		1.5	%
December 31, 2021	185,758		2.7	%	60,922		2.1	%
Increase/(decrease) from prior quarter-ending	$	5,427	—	%	$	(12,223)	(0.5)	%
Increase/(decrease) from prior year-ending	$	(11,021)	(0.3)	%	$	(28,783)	(1.1)	%

The increase of $5.4 million in on-balance sheet substandard assets during third quarter was primarily driven by credit downgrades in permanent plantings, part-time farms, and agricultural storage and processing, partially offset by credit upgrades during the quarter in crops and livestock. The on-balance sheet Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio grew by $176.3 million, but the net credit downgrades had an offsetting impact, which caused the percentage of substandard assets to remain constant. The $12.2 million decrease in substandard assets in our off-balance sheet LTSPC and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities portfolios during third quarter was primarily due to credit upgrades in permanent plantings, crops, livestock and part-time farms.

There were no substandard assets in the Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio as of September 30, 2022 and one loan classified as substandard in that portfolio as of December 31, 2021.

For an analysis of current loan-to-value ratios across substandard and other internally assigned risk ratings, see Table 27 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees."

The following table presents 90-day delinquencies for on-balance sheet Agricultural Finance mortgage loan purchases and off-balance sheet LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, in dollars and as a percentage of the respective balance sheet category as of September 30, 2022, June 30, 2022, and December 31, 2021:

Table 5

	On-Balance Sheet				Off-Balance Sheet
	90-Day<br>Delinquencies		% of Portfolio		90-Day<br>Delinquencies		% of Portfolio
	(dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2022	$	42,015	0.57	%	$	2,217	0.07	%
June 30, 2022	18,751		0.26	%	1,872		0.06	%
December 31, 2021	43,710		0.64	%	3,597		0.12	%
Increase/(decrease) from prior quarter-ending	$	23,264	0.31	%	$	345	0.01	%
Increase/(decrease) from prior year-ending	$	(1,695)	(0.07)	%	$	(1,380)	(0.05)	%

On-balance sheet Agricultural Finance loans 90 or more days delinquent increased in all commodity groups, except agricultural storage and processing. Off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance LTSPCs and Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities 90 days or more delinquent increased in permanent plantings and part-time farms. The top ten borrower exposures over 90 days delinquent in either the on- or off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance portfolio represented over half of the aggregate 90-day delinquencies as of September 30, 2022.

As of both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no 90-day delinquencies in Farmer Mac's portfolio of Rural Infrastructure Finance loan purchases and loans underlying LTSPCs.

For more information about Farmer Mac's credit metrics, including 90-day delinquencies, the total allowance for losses, and substandard assets, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees."

COVID-19 Pandemic

Farmer Mac has operated successfully throughout the COVID-19 pandemic with most employees still working remotely. Farmer Mac has adopted a "Presence with Purpose" work arrangement, a flexible, hybrid approach under which employees spend a combination of time working remotely or in one of Farmer Mac's offices depending on the nature of the work and the related business needs. Farmer Mac has maintained uninterrupted access to the debt capital markets and remains a source of capital and liquidity to rural borrowers facing economic or market volatility stemming from the ongoing pandemic. For more information on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Farmer Mac's business, see "Business—Human Capital" in the 2021 Annual Report and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook" in the 2021 Annual Report and in this report.

Use of Non-GAAP Measures

In the accompanying analysis of its financial information, Farmer Mac uses "non-GAAP measures," which are measures of financial performance that are not presented in accordance with GAAP. Specifically, Farmer Mac uses the following non-GAAP measures: "core earnings," "core earnings per share," and "net

effective spread." Farmer Mac uses these non-GAAP measures to measure corporate economic performance and develop financial plans because, in management's view, they are useful alternative measures in understanding Farmer Mac's economic performance, transaction economics, and business trends.

The non-GAAP financial measures that Farmer Mac uses may not be comparable to similarly labeled non-GAAP financial measures disclosed by other companies. Farmer Mac's disclosure of these non-GAAP measures is intended to be supplemental in nature and is not meant to be considered in isolation from, as a substitute for, or as more important than, the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Core Earnings and Core Earnings Per Share

The main difference between core earnings and core earnings per share (non-GAAP measures) and net income attributable to common stockholders and earnings per common share (GAAP measures) is that those non-GAAP measures exclude the effects of fair value fluctuations. These fluctuations are not expected to have a cumulative net impact on Farmer Mac's financial condition or results of operations reported in accordance with GAAP if the related financial instruments are held to maturity, as is expected. Another difference is that these two non-GAAP measures exclude specified infrequent or unusual transactions that we believe are not indicative of future operating results and that may not reflect the trends and economic financial performance of Farmer Mac's core business. For example, we have excluded from core earnings and core earnings per share any losses on retirement of preferred stock. For a reconciliation of Farmer Mac's net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings and of earnings per common share to core earnings per share, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations."

Net Effective Spread

Farmer Mac uses net effective spread to measure the net spread Farmer Mac earns between its interest-earning assets and the related net funding costs of these assets. As further explained below, net effective spread differs from net interest income and net interest yield by excluding certain items from net interest income and net interest yield and including certain other items that net interest income and net interest yield do not contain.

Farmer Mac excludes from net effective spread the interest income and interest expense associated with the consolidated trusts and the average balance of the loans underlying these trusts to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns on the related Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities owned by third parties is effectively a guarantee fee. Accordingly, the excluded interest income and interest expense associated with consolidated trusts is reclassified to guarantee and commitment fees in determining Farmer Mac's core earnings. Farmer Mac also excludes from net effective spread the fair value changes of financial derivatives and the corresponding assets or liabilities designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships because they are not expected to have an economic effect on Farmer Mac's financial performance, as we expect to hold the financial derivatives and corresponding hedged items to maturity.

Net effective spread also differs from net interest income and net interest yield because it includes the accrual of income and expense related to the contractual amounts due on financial derivatives that are not designated in hedge accounting relationships ("undesignated financial derivatives"). Farmer Mac uses

interest rate swaps to manage its interest rate risk exposure by synthetically modifying the interest rate reset or maturity characteristics of certain assets and liabilities. The accrual of the contractual amounts due on interest rate swaps designated in hedge accounting relationships is included as an adjustment to the yield or cost of the hedged item and is included in net interest income. For undesignated financial derivatives, Farmer Mac records the income or expense related to the accrual of the contractual amounts due in "Gains/(losses) on financial derivatives" on the consolidated statements of operations. However, the accrual of the contractual amounts due for undesignated financial derivatives are included in Farmer Mac's calculation of net effective spread.

Net effective spread also differs from net interest income and net interest yield because it includes the net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives, which consist of: (1) the net effects of cash settlements on agency forward contracts on the debt of other GSEs and U.S. Treasury security futures that we use as short-term economic hedges on the issuance of debt; and (2) the net effects of initial cash payments that Farmer Mac receives upon the inception of certain swaps. The inclusion of these items in net effective spread is intended to reflect our view of the complete net spread between an asset and all of its related funding, including any associated derivatives, whether or not they are designated in a hedge accounting relationship.

For a reconciliation of net interest income and net interest yield to net effective spread, see Table 10 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Net Interest Income."

Results of Operations

Reconciliations of Farmer Mac's net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings and core earnings per share are presented in the following tables along with information about the composition of core earnings:

Table 6

Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Common Stockholders to Core Earnings
	For the Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	34,627	$	28,531
Less reconciling items:
Gains/(losses) on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes (see Table 13)	6,441		(405)
(Losses)/gains on hedging activities due to fair value changes	(624)		1,818
Unrealized (losses)/gains on trading securities	(757)		36
Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value	24		23
Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives	(3,522)		(351)
Income tax effect related to reconciling items	(327)		(236)
Sub-total	1,235		885
Core earnings	$	33,392	$	27,646
Composition of Core Earnings:
Revenues:
Net effective spread(1)	$	65,641	$	55,925
Guarantee and commitment fees(2)	4,201		4,322
Other(3)	473		687
Total revenues	70,315		60,934
Credit related expense (GAAP):
Provision for losses	450		255
Total credit related expense	450		255
Operating expenses (GAAP):
Compensation and employee benefits	11,648		10,027
General and administrative	6,919		6,330
Regulatory fees	812		750
Total operating expenses	19,379		17,107
Net earnings	50,486		43,572
Income tax expense(4)	10,303		9,152
Preferred stock dividends (GAAP)	6,791		6,774
Core earnings	$	33,392	$	27,646
Core earnings per share:
Basic	$	3.09	$	2.57
Diluted	$	3.07	$	2.55
Weighted-average shares:
Basic	10,799		10,766
Diluted	10,874		10,842

(1)Net effective spread is a non-GAAP measure. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures—Net Effective Spread" for an explanation of net effective spread. See Table 10 for a reconciliation of net interest income to net effective spread.

(2)Includes interest income and interest expense related to consolidated trusts owned by third parties reclassified from net interest income to guarantee and commitment fees to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee on the consolidated Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities.

(3)Reflects reconciling adjustments for the reclassification to exclude expenses related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges and terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives, and reconciling adjustments to exclude fair value adjustments on financial derivatives and trading assets and the recognition of deferred gains over the estimated lives of certain Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities.

(4)Includes the tax impact of non-GAAP reconciling items between net income attributable to common stockholders and core earnings.

Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Common Stockholders to Core Earnings
	For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	114,352	$	84,351
Less reconciling items:
Gains/(losses) on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes (see Table 13)	11,899		(189)
Gains on hedging activities due to fair value changes	5,491		269
Unrealized losses on trading securities	(948)		(39)
Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value	(18)		59
Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives	14,526		923
Income tax effect related to reconciling items	(6,499)		(215)
Sub-total	24,451		808
Core earnings	$	89,901	$	83,543
Composition of Core Earnings:
Revenues:
Net effective spread(1)	$	184,426	$	166,335
Guarantee and commitment fees(2)	13,467		12,896
Other(3)	1,294		1,439
Total revenues	199,187		180,670
Credit related expense (GAAP):
Release of losses	(1,139)		(759)
Total credit related expense	(1,139)		(759)
Operating expenses (GAAP):
Compensation and employee benefits	36,661		31,601
General and administrative	21,717		19,015
Regulatory fees	2,437		2,250
Total operating expenses	60,815		52,866
Net earnings	139,511		128,563
Income tax expense(4)	29,236		27,135
Preferred stock dividends (GAAP)	20,374		17,885
Core earnings	$	89,901	$	83,543
Core earnings per share:
Basic	$	8.33	$	7.77
Diluted	$	8.27	$	7.71
Weighted-average shares:
Basic	10,787		10,756
Diluted	10,875		10,834

(1)Net effective spread is a non-GAAP measure. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures—Net Effective Spread" for an explanation of net effective spread. See Table 10 for a reconciliation of net interest income to net effective spread.

(2)Includes interest income and interest expense related to consolidated trusts owned by third parties reclassified from net interest income to guarantee and commitment fees to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee on the consolidated Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities.

(3)Reflects reconciling adjustments for the reclassification to exclude expenses related to interest rate swaps not designated as hedges and terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives, and reconciling adjustments to exclude fair value adjustments on financial derivatives and trading assets and the recognition of deferred gains over the estimated lives of certain Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities.

(4)Includes the tax impact of non-GAAP reconciling items between net income attributable to common stockholders and core earnings.

Table 7

Reconciliation of GAAP Basic Earnings Per Share to Core Earnings - Basic Earnings Per Share
	For the Three Months Ended				For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
GAAP - Basic EPS	$	3.21	$	2.65	$	10.61	$	7.84
Less reconciling items:
Gains/(losses) on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes (see Table 13)	0.60		(0.04)		1.10		(0.02)
(Losses)/gains on hedging activities due to fair value changes	(0.06)		0.17		0.51		0.02
Unrealized losses on trading securities	(0.07)		—		(0.09)		—
Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value	—		—		—		0.01
Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives	(0.32)		(0.03)		1.36		0.08
Income tax effect related to reconciling items	(0.03)		(0.02)		(0.60)		(0.02)
Sub-total	0.12		0.08		2.28		0.07
Core Earnings - Basic EPS	$	3.09	$	2.57	$	8.33	$	7.77
Shares used in per share calculation (GAAP and Core Earnings)	10,799		10,766		10,787		10,756
Reconciliation of GAAP Diluted Earnings Per Share to Core Earnings - Diluted Earnings Per Share
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	For the Three Months Ended				For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
GAAP - Diluted EPS	$	3.18	$	2.63	$	10.51	$	7.79
Less reconciling items:
Gains/(losses) on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes (see Table 13)	0.59		(0.04)		1.09		(0.02)
(Losses)/gains on hedging activities due to fair value changes	(0.06)		0.17		0.50		0.02
Unrealized losses on trading securities	(0.07)		—		(0.09)		—
Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value	—		—		—		0.01
Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives	(0.32)		(0.03)		1.34		0.09
Income tax effect related to reconciling items	(0.03)		(0.02)		(0.60)		(0.02)
Sub-total	0.11		0.08		2.24		0.08
Core Earnings - Diluted EPS	$	3.07	$	2.55	$	8.27	$	7.71
Shares used in per share calculation (GAAP and Core Earnings)	10,874		10,842		10,875		10,834

The non-GAAP reconciling items between net income attributable to common stockholders and core earnings are:

1. Gains/(losses) on financial derivatives due to fair value changes are presented by two reconciling items in Table 6 above: (a) Gains/(losses) on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes; and (b) (Losses)/gains on hedging activities due to fair value changes.

2. Unrealized (losses)/gains on trading securities. The unrealized (losses)/gains on trading securities are reported on Farmer Mac's consolidated statements of operations, which represent changes during the period in fair values for trading assets remaining on Farmer Mac's balance sheet as of the end of the reporting period.

3. The net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value. The amount of this non-GAAP reconciling item is the recorded amount of premium, discount, or deferred gain amortization during the reporting period on those assets for which the premium, discount, or deferred gain was based on the application of an accounting principle (e.g., consolidation of variable interest entities) rather than on a cash transaction (e.g., a purchase price premium or discount).

4. The net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives. These terminations or net settlements relate to:

•Forward contracts on the debt of other GSEs and futures contracts on U.S. Treasury securities. These contracts are used as a short-term economic hedge of the issuance of debt. For GAAP purposes, realized gains or losses on settlements of these contracts are reported in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which they occur. For core earnings purposes, these realized gains or losses are deferred and amortized as net yield adjustments over the term of the related debt, which generally ranges from 3 to 15 years.

The following sections provide more detail about specific components of Farmer Mac's results of operations.

Net Interest Income.  The following table provides information about interest-earning assets and funding for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. The average balance of non-accruing loans is included in the average balance of loans, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and USDA Securities presented, though the related income is accounted for on a cash basis. Therefore, as the average balance of non-accruing loans and the income received increases or decreases, the net interest income and yield will fluctuate accordingly. The average balance of loans in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties is disclosed in the net effect of consolidated trusts and is not included in the average balances of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. The interest income and expense associated with these trusts are shown in the net effect of consolidated trusts.

Table 8

	For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022						September 30, 2021
	Average<br>Balance		Income/<br>Expense		Average<br>Rate		Average<br>Balance		Income/<br>Expense		Average<br>Rate
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest-earning assets:
Cash and investments	$	5,114,900	$	38,497	1.00	%	$	4,752,815	$	14,107	0.40	%
Loans, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities(1)	19,543,316		386,968		2.64	%	17,614,644		279,513		2.12	%
Total interest-earning assets	24,658,216		425,465		2.30	%	22,367,459		293,620		1.75	%
Funding:
Notes payable due within one year	2,741,738		21,630		1.05	%	3,991,539		3,235		0.11	%
Notes payable due after one year(2)	20,735,954		209,573		1.35	%	17,623,610		125,983		0.95	%
Total interest-bearing liabilities(3)	23,477,692		231,203		1.31	%	21,615,149		129,218		0.80	%
Net non-interest-bearing funding	1,180,524		—				752,310		—
Total funding	24,658,216		231,203		1.25	%	22,367,459		129,218		0.77	%
Net interest income/yield prior to consolidation of certain trusts	24,658,216		194,262		1.05	%	22,367,459		164,402		0.98	%
Net effect of consolidated trusts(4)	852,223		3,043		0.48	%	1,083,729		3,713		0.46	%
Net interest income/yield	$	25,510,439	$	197,305	1.03	%	$	23,451,188	$	168,115	0.96	%

(1)Excludes interest income of $23.7 million and $30.1 million in first nine months of 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties.

(2)Includes current portion of long-term notes.

(3)Excludes interest expense of $20.6 million and $26.4 million in first nine months of 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties.

(4)Includes the effect of consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties.

The $29.2 million year-over-year increase in net interest income was primarily due to a $12.3 million increase from net new business volume, a $12.0 million decrease in funding costs, due to increasing yields on interest-earning assets, and a $4.5 million increase in the fair value of derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships (designated financial derivatives). In percentage terms, the year-over-year 0.07% increase was primarily attributable to an increase of 0.06% related to the decrease in funding costs.

The following table sets forth information about changes in the components of Farmer Mac's net interest income prior to consolidation of certain trusts for the periods indicated. For each category, information is provided on changes attributable to changes in volume (change in volume multiplied by old rate), and changes in rate (change in rate multiplied by old volume), and then allocated based on the relative size of rate and volume changes from the prior period.

Table 9

	For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Compared to Same Period in 2021
	Increase/(Decrease) Due to
	Rate		Volume		Total
	(in thousands)
Income from interest-earning assets:
Cash and investments	$	23,237	$	1,153	$	24,390
Loans, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and USDA Securities	74,526		32,929		107,455
Total	97,763		34,082		131,845
Expense from other interest-bearing liabilities	90,004		11,981		101,985
Change in net interest income prior to consolidation of certain trusts(1)	$	7,759	$	22,101	$	29,860

(1)Excludes the effect of debt in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net interest income and net interest yield to net effective spread. Net effective spread is measured by: including (1) expenses related to undesignated financial derivatives, which consists of income or expense related to contractual amounts due on financial derivatives not designated in hedge relationships (the income or expense related to financial derivatives designated in hedge accounting relationships is already included in net interest income), and (2) the amortization of losses due to terminations or net settlements of financial derivatives; and excluding (3) the amortization of premiums and discounts on assets consolidated at fair value, (4) the net effects of consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties, and (5) the fair value changes of financial derivatives and corresponding financial assets or liabilities in fair value hedge relationships. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures—Net Effective Spread" for more information about net effective spread.

Table 10

	For the Three Months Ended								For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022				September 30, 2021				September 30, 2022				September 30, 2021
	Dollars		Yield		Dollars		Yield		Dollars		Yield		Dollars		Yield
	(dollars in thousands)
Net interest income/yield	$	67,853	1.04	%	$	58,916	1.00	%	$	197,305	1.03	%	$	168,115	0.96	%
Net effects of consolidated trusts	(843)		0.02	%	(1,167)		0.02	%	(3,044)		0.02	%	(3,713)		0.02	%
Expense related to undesignated financial derivatives	(2,613)		(0.05)	%	117		—	%	(5,633)		(0.03)	%	3,154		0.02	%
Amortization of premiums/discounts on assets consolidated at fair value	(21)		—	%	(15)		—	%	28		—	%	(36)		—	%
Amortization of losses due to terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives	640		0.01	%	65		—	%	1,723		0.01	%	246		—	%
Fair value changes on fair value hedge relationships	625		0.01	%	(1,991)		(0.03)	%	(5,953)		(0.03)	%	(1,431)		(0.01)	%
Net effective spread	$	65,641	1.03	%	$	55,925	0.99	%	$	184,426	1.00	%	$	166,335	0.99	%

The $18.1 million year-over-year increase in net effective spread in dollars was primarily due to a $15.8 million increase from net new business volume and a $2.1 million increase in net coupon yields related to the acquisition of loan servicing rights. In percentage terms, net effective spread increased by 0.01% as a result of increased spreads on net new business volume.

See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for more information about net interest income and net effective spread from Farmer Mac's individual business segments. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Supplemental Information" for quarterly net effective spread by line of business.

Provision for and Release of Allowance for Losses and Reserve for Losses. The following table summarizes the components of Farmer Mac's total allowance for losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Table 11

	As of September 30, 2022						As of September 30, 2021
	Allowance<br>for<br>Losses		Reserve<br>for Losses		Total<br>Allowance<br>for Losses		Allowance<br>for<br>Losses		Reserve<br>for Losses		Total<br>Allowance<br>for Losses
	(in thousands)
For the Three Months Ended
Beginning balance	$	13,092	$	1,677	$	14,769	$	14,450	$	2,111	$	16,561
Provision for/(release of) losses	617		(167)		450		366		(111)		255
Charge-offs	—		—		—		—		—		—
Ending balance	$	13,709	$	1,510	$	15,219	$	14,816	$	2,000	$	16,816
For the Nine Months Ended
Beginning balance	$	14,492	$	1,950	$	16,442	$	14,298	$	3,277	$	17,575
(Release of)/provision for losses	(699)		(440)		(1,139)		518		(1,277)		(759)
Charge-offs	(84)		—		(84)		—		—		—
Ending balance	$	13,709	$	1,510	$	15,219	$	14,816	$	2,000	$	16,816

See Notes 5 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees."

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded a $0.5 million provision to the allowance for losses primarily as a result of further deterioration of one agricultural storage and processing loan and net new loan volume. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022 we recorded a $1.1 million release from the allowance primarily as a result of updated credit loss model forecast assumptions and improvements in risk ratings, partially offset by a risk rating downgrade of the one agricultural storage and processing loan mentioned previously.

Guarantee and Commitment Fees.  The following table presents guarantee and commitment fees, which compensate Farmer Mac for assuming the credit risk on loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Table 12

	For the Three Months Ended							For the Nine Months Ended
					Change							Change
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021			%		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Contractual guarantee fees	$	3,494	$	3,155		11	%	$	10,556	$	9,182		15	%
Guarantee obligation amortization	1,030		1,179		(149)	(13)	%	4,821		5,406		(585)	(11)	%
Guarantee asset fair value changes	(1,880)		(1,179)		(701)	59	%	(5,826)		(5,406)		(420)	8	%
Guarantee fee income	$	2,644	$	3,155		(16)	%	$	9,551	$	9,182		4	%

All values are in US Dollars.

Guarantee and commitment fees decreased for the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to 2021, which was due to a decrease in the fair value of retained beneficial interests in off-balance sheet structured securitizations during third quarter 2022. Guarantee and commitment fees increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to 2021, which was due to increases in the average outstanding balance of LTSPCs during the period. As adjusted for the core earnings presentation, guarantee and commitment fees were $4.2 million and $13.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, compared to $4.3 million and $12.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively.

In Farmer Mac's presentation of core earnings, guarantee and commitment fees include interest income and interest expense related to consolidated trusts owned by third parties to reflect management's view that the net interest income Farmer Mac earns is effectively a guarantee fee on those consolidated Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities. Additionally, Farmer Mac has excluded guarantee asset fair value changes, because these fluctuations are not expected to have a cumulative net impact on Farmer Mac's financial condition or results of operations if Farmer Mac fulfills its guarantee obligation throughout the term of the guaranteed securities, as is expected.

For more information about net income attributable to common stockholders, the composition of core earnings, and a reconciliation of net income attributable to common stockholders to core earnings, see Table 6 in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations." For more information about the non-GAAP measures Farmer Mac uses, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Use of Non-GAAP Measures."

Gains/(losses) on financial derivatives. The components of gains and losses on financial derivatives for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 are summarized in the following table:

Table 13

	For the Three Months Ended							For the Nine Months Ended
					Change							Change
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021			%		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Gains/(losses) due to fair value changes	$	6,441	$	(405)		(1,690)	%	$	11,899	$	(189)		(6,396)	%
Accrual of contractual payments	(2,613)		117		(2,730)	(2,333)	%	(5,633)		3,154		(8,787)	(279)	%
(Losses)/gains due to terminations or net settlements	(3,056)		(600)		(2,456)	409	%	15,285		(384)		15,669	(4,080)	%
Gains/(losses) on financial derivatives	$	772	$	(888)		(187)	%	$	21,551	$	2,581		735	%

All values are in US Dollars.

These changes in fair value are primarily the result of fluctuations in long-term interest rates. The accrual of periodic cash settlements for interest paid or received from Farmer Mac's interest rate swaps that are undesignated financial derivatives is shown as expense related to financial derivatives. Payments or receipts to terminate undesignated derivative positions or net cash settled forward sales contracts on the debt of other GSEs and undesignated U.S. Treasury security futures and initial cash payments received upon the inception of certain undesignated swaps are included in "Gains/(losses) due to terminations or net settlements" in the table above.

Other Income. The following table presents other income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Table 14

	For the Three Months Ended							For the Nine Months Ended
					Change							Change
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021			%		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Late fees	$	397	$	266		49	%	$	1,042	$	805		29	%
Servicing fees	232		35		197	563	%	764		35		729	2,083	%
Mortgage servicing rights amortization	(80)		—		(80)	N/A		(347)		—		(347)	N/A
Other	102		281		(179)	(64)	%	346		760		(414)	(54)	%
Total other income	$	651	$	582		12	%	$	1,805	$	1,600		13	%

All values are in US Dollars.

The increase in other income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to 2021 is primarily due to an increase in fees related to Farmer Mac's master and central servicing operations for off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, partially offset by a decrease in loan rate modification fees.

Operating Expenses. The components of operating expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 are summarized in the following table:

Table 15

	For the Three Months Ended							For the Nine Months Ended
					Change							Change
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021			%		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021			%
	(dollars in thousands)
Compensation and employee benefits	$	11,648	$	10,027		16	%	$	36,661	$	31,601		16	%
General and administrative	6,919		6,330		589	9	%	21,717		19,015		2,702	14	%
Regulatory fees	812		750		62	8	%	2,437		2,250		187	8	%
Total Operating Expenses	$	19,379	$	17,107		13	%	$	60,815	$	52,866		15	%

All values are in US Dollars.

Compensation and Employee Benefits. The increase in compensation and employee benefits expenses for 2022 compared to 2021 was due to increased headcount and increased stock compensation.

General and Administrative Expenses (G&A). The increase in G&A expenses for 2022 compared to 2021 was primarily due to increased spending on software licenses and information technology and other consultants to support growth and strategic initiatives. We entered into a transition services agreement in connection with the strategic acquisition of loan servicing rights in third quarter 2021. Under that agreement, we have agreed to pay $1.25 million to the seller of the servicing rights in installments through December 31, 2022 for continuing transition assistance.

Income Tax Expense. The following table presents income tax expense and the effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Table 16

	For the Three Months Ended									For the Nine Months Ended
							Change									Change
	September 30, 2022			September 30, 2021				%		September 30, 2022			September 30, 2021				%
	(dollars in thousands)
Income tax expense	$	10,631		$	9,388			13	%	$	35,735		$	27,350			31	%
Effective tax rate	20.5		%	21.0		%		(0.5)	%	21.0		%	21.1		%		(0.1)	%

All values are in US Dollars.

Business Volume.

The following table sets forth the net growth or decrease in Farmer Mac's lines of business for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021:

Table 17

Net New Business Volume
		For the Three Months Ended				For the Nine Months Ended
		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	On or Off <br>Balance Sheet	Net Growth/(Decrease)		Net Growth/(Decrease)		Net Growth/(Decrease)		Net Growth/(Decrease)
		(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance:
Farm & Ranch:
Loans	On-balance sheet	$	(160,600)	$	257,645	$	278,637	$	854,551
Loans held in consolidated trusts:
Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors (Pass-Through)	On-balance sheet	(11,835)		(100,621)		(125,517)		(309,673)
Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors (Structured)	On-balance sheet	297,298		—		297,298		—
IO-FMGS(1)	On-balance sheet	(469)		—		(1,205)		—
USDA Securities	On-balance sheet	(2,149)		6,552		(18,548)		(24,611)
AgVantage Securities	On-balance sheet	310,000		355,000		580,000		(20,000)
LTSPCs and unfunded commitments	Off-balance sheet	189,906		189,503		165,219		250,795
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	Off-balance sheet	(14,466)		(16,417)		(69,244)		(58,368)
Loans serviced for others	Off-balance sheet	(337)		—		(1,932)		—
Total Farm & Ranch		$	607,348	$	691,662	$	1,104,708	$	692,694
Corporate AgFinance:
Loans	On-balance sheet	$	51,433	$	19,519	$	77,747	$	56,432
AgVantage Securities	On-balance sheet	(4,282)		(332,580)		(18,778)		(371,766)
Unfunded Loan Commitments	Off-balance sheet	20,324		28,818		37,983		31,035
Total Corporate AgFinance		$	67,475	$	(284,243)	$	96,952	$	(284,299)
Total Agricultural Finance		$	674,823	$	407,419	$	1,201,660	$	408,395
Rural Infrastructure Finance:
Rural Utilities:
Loans	On-balance sheet	$	67,721	$	(6,626)	$	397,042	$	(32,513)
AgVantage Securities	On-balance sheet	76,425		476,810		29,567		785,710
LTSPCs and Unfunded Loan Commitments	Off-balance sheet	(19,946)		43,917		(25,573)		13,443
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	Off-balance sheet	—		—		—		—
Total Rural Utilities		$	124,200	$	514,101	$	401,036	$	766,640
Renewable Energy:
Loans	On-balance sheet	$	59,979	$	3,229	$	99,515	$	15,272
Unfunded Loan Commitments	Off-balance sheet	(11,755)		(3,120)		9,964		4,388
Total Renewable Energy		$	48,224	$	109	$	109,479	$	19,660
Total Rural Infrastructure Finance		$	172,424	$	514,210	$	510,515	$	786,300
Total		$	847,247	$	921,629	$	1,712,175	$	1,194,695

(1)An interest-only Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security retained as part of a structured securitization.

Farmer Mac's outstanding business volume was $25.3 billion as of September 30, 2022, a net increase of $0.8 billion from June 30, 2022 after taking into account all new business, maturities, sales, and paydowns on existing assets.

The $607.3 million net increase in Farm & Ranch during third quarter 2022 resulted from $1.9 billion of new purchases, commitments, and guarantees, mostly offset by $1.3 billion of scheduled maturities and repayments. Farmer Mac purchased a total of $303.9 million in loans, which was primarily driven by improved borrower economics albeit navigating a substantially higher interest rate environment. The $303.9 million in gross Farm & Ranch loan purchases was partially offset by $166.8 million in scheduled maturities and repayments.

Farmer Mac also purchased a total of $1.0 billion in Farm & Ranch AgVantage Securities during third quarter 2022, which primarily reflected the refinancing of maturing securities as well as financial counterparties seeking to add longer term AgVantage securities to manage their asset-liability maturity profile given recent increases in credit spreads and interest rates. The $1.0 billion in gross purchases was partially offset by $0.7 billion in scheduled maturities.

The $67.5 million net increase in Corporate AgFinance during third quarter 2022 resulted from $169.9 million of new purchases and commitments, which was offset by $102.5 million of scheduled maturities and repayments. Farmer Mac purchased a total of $136.0 million in loans, which was offset by $84.6 million in scheduled maturities and repayments. This net increase in loans was primarily due to Farmer Mac's continued focus to support loans to larger and more complex agribusinesses focused on food and fiber processing, and other food supply chain production.

The $124.2 million net increase in Rural Utilities during third quarter 2022 resulted from $547.1 million of new purchases, commitments, and guarantees, which was partially offset by $422.9 million of scheduled maturities and repayments. Farmer Mac purchased a total of $400.0 million in AgVantage Securities, $75.8 million in telecommunications loans and $60.0 million in electric distribution and generation and transmission loans. The $135.8 million in loan purchases was partially offset by $68.1 million in scheduled maturities and repayments.

The $48.2 million net increase in Renewable Energy during third quarter 2022 primarily reflects $61.7 million in loan purchases, partially offset by $13.4 million in repayments.

Farmer Mac's outstanding business volume was $23.1 billion as of September 30, 2021, a net increase of $0.9 billion from June 30, 2021 after taking into account all new business, scheduled maturities, and paydowns on existing assets.

The $691.7 million net increase in Farm & Ranch during third quarter 2021 resulted from $1.8 billion of new purchases and guarantees, partially offset by $1.1 billion of scheduled maturities and repayments.

The $284.2 million net decrease in Corporate AgFinance during third quarter 2021 resulted from $406.3 million of scheduled maturities, repayments, and sales. This was partially offset by $122.0 million of new purchases.

The $514.1 million net increase in Rural Utilities during third quarter 2021 resulted from $609.7 million of new purchases and guarantees, which was partially offset by $96.6 million of scheduled maturities and repayments.

The level and composition of Farmer Mac’s outstanding business volume is based on the relationship between new business, loan sales, scheduled maturities, and repayments on existing assets from year to year. This relationship in turn depends on a variety of factors both internal and external to Farmer Mac. The external factors include general market forces, competition, and our counterparties’ liquidity needs, access to alternative funding, desired products, and assessment of strategic factors. The internal factors include our assessment of profitability, mission fulfillment, credit risk, and customer relationships. For more information about potential growth opportunities in Farmer Mac's lines of business, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Outlook" in this report.

The following table sets forth information about the Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities issued during the periods indicated:

Table 18

	For the Three Months Ended				For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021		September 30, 2022		September 30, 2021
	(dollars in thousands)
AgVantage securities	$	1,398,807	$	1,368,912	$	4,245,963	$	2,280,440
Loans securitized and held in consolidated trusts with beneficial interests owned by third parties	318,997		34,998		344,925		84,131
Total Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities Issuances	$	1,717,804	$	1,403,910	$	4,648,741	$	2,364,571

Farmer Mac either retains the loans it purchases or securitizes them and retains or sells Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities backed by those loans. During third quarter 2022, Farmer Mac executed a structured securitization transaction, whereby it sold and securitized agricultural mortgage loans resulting in $297.7 million of Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities. In this transaction, Farmer Mac transferred selected loans to a depositor which then deposited the loans into a trust, at which time the loans became assets of the trust. Farmer Mac does not consider these trust fund assets to be available to satisfy the claims of the creditors of Farmer Mac and/or the depositor.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, Farmer Mac realized no gains or losses from the securitization of loans that it holds in consolidated trusts. Farmer Mac consolidates these loans and presents them as "Loans held for investment in consolidated trusts, at amortized cost" on the consolidated balance sheets.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, Farmer Mac realized no gains or losses from the issuance of Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities or AgVantage Securities.

The following table sets forth information about outstanding volume in each of Farmer Mac's lines of business as of the dates indicated:

Table 19

Outstanding Business Volume
	On or Off <br>Balance Sheet	As of September 30, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
		(in thousands)
Agricultural Finance:
Farm & Ranch:
Loans	On-balance sheet	$	5,053,707	$	4,775,070
Loans held in consolidated trusts:
Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors (Pass-Through)	On-balance sheet	823,106		948,623
Beneficial interests owned by third-party investors (Structured)	On-balance sheet	297,298		—
IO-FMGS(1)	On-balance sheet	11,092		12,297
USDA Securities	On-balance sheet	2,427,258		2,445,806
AgVantage Securities	On-balance sheet	5,305,000		4,725,000
LTSPCs and unfunded commitments	Off-balance sheet	2,752,373		2,587,154
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	Off-balance sheet	509,114		578,358
Loans serviced for others	Off-balance sheet	20,399		22,331
Total Farm & Ranch		$	17,199,347	$	16,094,639
Corporate AgFinance:
Loans	On-balance sheet	$	1,201,047	$	1,123,300
AgVantage Securities	On-balance sheet	348,686		367,464
Unfunded Loan Commitments	Off-balance sheet	85,053		47,070
Total Corporate AgFinance		$	1,634,786	$	1,537,834
Total Agricultural Finance		$	18,834,133	$	17,632,473
Rural Infrastructure Finance:
Rural Utilities:
Loans	On-balance sheet	$	2,699,415	$	2,302,373
AgVantage Securities	On-balance sheet	3,062,829		3,033,262
LTSPCs and Unfunded Loan Commitments	Off-balance sheet	531,264		556,837
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities	Off-balance sheet	2,755		2,755
Total Rural Utilities		$	6,296,263	$	5,895,227
Renewable Energy:
Loans	On-balance sheet	$	186,278	$	86,763
Unfunded Loan Commitments	Off-balance sheet	9,964		—
Total Renewable Energy		$	196,242	$	86,763
Total Rural Infrastructure Finance		$	6,492,505	$	5,981,990
Total		$	25,326,638	$	23,614,463

(1)An interest-only Farmer Mac Guaranteed Security retained as part of a structured securitization.

The following table summarizes by maturity date the scheduled principal amortization of loans held, loans underlying off-balance sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities (excluding AgVantage securities) and LTSPCs, USDA Securities, and Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities as of September 30, 2022:

Table 20

Schedule of Principal Amortization as of September 30, 2022
	Loans		Loans Underlying Off-Balance Sheet Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs		A Securities and Farmer Mac Guaranteed A Securities	Total
	(in thousands)
2022	$	77,484	$	73,668		$	177,453
2023	439,110		264,394		114,140	817,644
2024	431,973		210,951		112,260	755,184
2025	458,766		215,412		116,164	790,342
2026	480,902		253,781		118,995	853,678
Thereafter	8,372,616		2,656,414		2,152,546	13,181,576
Total	$	10,260,851	$	3,674,620		$	16,575,877

All values are in US Dollars.

Of Farmer Mac's $25.3 billion outstanding principal balance of business volume as of September 30, 2022, $8.7 billion were AgVantage securities included in the Agricultural Finance and Rural Infrastructure Finance lines of business. Unlike business volume in the form of purchased loans, USDA Securities, and loans underlying LTSPCs and non-AgVantage Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, most AgVantage securities do not require periodic payments of principal based on amortization schedules and instead have fixed maturity dates when the secured general obligation is due. The following table summarizes by maturity date the outstanding principal amount of both on- and off-balance sheet AgVantage securities as of September 30, 2022:

Table 21

AgVantage Balances by Year of Maturity
	As of
	September 30, 2022
	(in thousands)
2022	$	363,855
2023	1,970,635
2024	1,098,655
2025	586,025
2026	975,660
Thereafter(1)	3,724,440
Total	$	8,719,270

(1)Includes various maturities ranging from 2027 to 2044.

The weighted-average remaining maturity of the outstanding AgVantage securities shown in the table above was 5.1 years as of September 30, 2022.

Outlook

Farmer Mac continues to provide a stable source of liquidity, capital, and risk management tools as a secondary market that helps meet the financing needs of rural America. The pace and trajectory of Farmer Mac's growth will depend on the capital and liquidity needs of the lending institutions in servicing agriculture and rural infrastructure businesses and the overall financial health of borrowers in the sectors we serve. Farmer Mac foresees opportunities for profitable growth across our lines of business driven by several key factors:

•As agricultural and rural infrastructure lenders seek to manage equity capital and return on equity capital requirements or reduce exposure due to lending or concentration limits, Farmer Mac can provide relief for those institutions through loan and portfolio purchases, participations, guarantees, LTSPCs, wholesale funding, or securitizations.

•As a result of business and product development efforts and continued interest in the agricultural asset class from institutional investors and nontraditional agricultural real estate lenders, Farmer Mac's customer base and product set continue to expand and diversify, which may generate more demand for Farmer Mac's products from new sources.

•Farmer Mac's growing relationships with larger regional and national lenders, as well as consolidation within the agricultural lending industry, continue to provide opportunities that could influence Farmer Mac's loan demand and increase the average transaction size within Farmer Mac's lines of business.

•Future growth opportunities in Farmer Mac's Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business may evolve by deepening business relationships with eligible counterparties, financing broadband-related capital expenditures and rural telecommunications facilities, growing opportunities for renewable energy project finance, and exploring new types of loan products. These opportunities may be limited by sector growth, credit quality, and the competitiveness of Farmer Mac's products.

•Expansion and acquisition opportunities for agricultural producers resulting from high agricultural incomes and rising costs have increased financing requirements for mergers and acquisitions, consolidation, and vertical integration across many sectors of the agricultural industry, which may also generate demand for Farmer Mac's loan products.

•Investments necessary to support consumer demand could increase the need for financing within the food and agriculture supply chain, which may increase the need for incremental capital support from the secondary market.

•Market interest rates have increased significantly since the lows experienced in 2021, and rates are now higher than Farmer Mac's 15-year historical averages. New loan origination and sales volumes tend to correlate inversely with changes in interest rates. However, prepayment rates also generally correlate inversely with changes in interest rates, with higher interest rates typically slowing the pace of portfolio loan repayments. Future changes to monetary policy and the overall level and pace of the increase in interest rates could continue to impact the pace and timing of Agricultural Finance mortgage loan purchase demand and repayments.

The war in Ukraine continues to affect volatility for commodity prices and agricultural production costs for farmers and ranchers, who were already challenged by a strong inflationary environment. While agricultural commodity prices have thus far outpaced the significant increase in input costs, the impact on global commodity markets from the Ukraine conflict creates further uncertainty for farmers and ranchers in terms of global production, prices, and costs for the remainder of 2022 and into 2023. Heightened market volatility is likely to persist until there is more certainty around the timing, pace, and conclusion of the conflict in Ukraine.

In addition to continued uncertainty from supply-side disruptions, market interest rates increased rapidly during third quarter 2022, driven by the Federal Reserve’s accelerated efforts to achieve monetary policy normalization and decelerate inflation. A higher interest rate environment could slow the pace of farm mortgage refinancing. While lower refinances could result in lower levels of new loan purchases in Farm & Ranch and USDA Guarantees products, it could also result in lower portfolio prepayment speeds, as was Farmer Mac’s experience between 2014 and 2018. Loan prepayment speeds in 2022 have fallen to pre-pandemic levels, and they are likely to correlate inversely with interest rates. Farmer Mac offers a range of interest rates, tenors, and resetting options for loan products, allowing flexibility for originators and borrowers in all interest rate environments.

The U.S. economy continued to slow in third quarter 2022 after a rapid expansion in 2021. Higher consumer price inflation, particularly for food and energy, combined with a rising interest rate environment, has curtailed economists’ outlooks for the U.S. economy heading into 2023. And while labor markets remain resilient, slower consumer spending and declines in residential housing investment indicate that the probability of a U.S. or global recession is increasing. Farmer Mac believes that its portfolio is sufficiently balanced to withstand the market volatility that arises with an economic recession, as the agricultural, food, and infrastructure industries tend not to be directly correlated with the general economy. Farmer Mac believes these sectors are generally well positioned to withstand an economic downturn due to ample consumer demand and government support.

Operating Expense. Farmer Mac continues to expand its investments in human capital, technology, and business infrastructure to increase capacity and efficiency as it seeks to accommodate its growth opportunities and achieve its long-term strategic objectives. Farmer Mac expects continued increases in its operating expenses over the next several years, along with business and revenue growth. We expect these efforts to continue and increase over the next 1 - 2 years as we continue to grow our revenue and diversify our funding sources. We will continue making investments in our infrastructure and funding platforms to support these strategies and scale with our growth.

During 2021, we closed on a strategic acquisition that enhanced our operations by expanding our internal loan servicing function and acquiring the loan servicing rights for a sizeable portion of our Farm & Ranch loan and USDA Securities portfolios. This acquisition should increase our interest income on our Farm & Ranch loans and USDA Securities that we service because there will not be any third-party central servicer retaining a central servicer fee on those assets. That increased interest income is expected to be partially offset by the increase in our operating expenses relating to our enhanced internal loan servicing operations. In the short term, we do not expect the effect on core earnings to be significant. In the medium to long term, the effect will depend on the size of our portfolio that we service and the long-run costs of our servicing operations.

Agricultural Industry. The agricultural economy experienced largely favorable conditions in third quarter 2022, with strong commodity prices partially offset by elevated input prices. In response to Russia's

invasion of Ukraine, grain commodity prices rose rapidly during first quarter 2022 and continued to be elevated during much of the second and third quarters of 2022. Higher commodity prices for grains and many animal proteins are likely to substantially increase gross cash receipts for the 2022 marketing year. Farm expenses remained elevated in third quarter 2022, driven by rising feed, energy, interest, and labor costs. While commodity prices declined in the second quarter due to a strengthening U.S. dollar and reduced demand due to the high-price conditions, most major commodities remained elevated in third quarter 2022. Prices are likely to remain elevated as a result of the global supply shortages in food and energy.

Growth in farm income outpaced growth in expense in 2021 and again in 2022. Net cash farm income increased by nearly 25% in 2021 to $146.4 billion. The USDA forecasts that net cash farm income will climb another 15% to $168.5 billion by the end of 2022, a new all-time high. For both years, the primary driver of increased profitability is higher cash revenues and not government support payments like in 2019 and 2020. The USDA forecasts production expenses to rise by 17.8% in 2022, a level experienced in the 1970s and again in the 2012-2014 agricultural economy expansion.

The increase in farm profitability combined with low interest rates in 2020 and 2021 drove a rapid rise in land values and a decrease in farm delinquencies and bankruptcies. Land value survey data from the USDA show a 12.4% increase in average farm real estate values from June 2021 to June 2022. Annual farm real estate value gains were highest in the Northern Plains (19.8%) and the Corn Belt (14.9%) but also strong in the Lake states (13.7%), the Southern Plains (11.3%), and the Pacific (9.7%). The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago AgLetter reported a 22% gain in farmland values in the Seventh District (primarily Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin) between July 2021 and July 2022. Data from the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City show a similar rise in land values in the Tenth District (primarily Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma). Historically, rising farm real estate values have paired with an increase in real estate secured debt. While regional averages for farmland values provide a good barometer for the overall movement in U.S. farmland values, economic forces affecting land markets are highly localized, and some markets may experience greater volatility in farmland values than state or national averages indicate.

Economic conditions are likely to bring mixed effects to credit demand heading into 2023. Strong asset appreciation and rising interest rates could signal a credit cycle expansion as financial decision-makers look to lock in long-term economics for their appreciating farm and agribusiness assets. Farm profitability generally increases asset values and demand for the asset class, which also contributes to increasing credit demand. A rising interest rate environment could have mixed effects on mortgage portfolios, potentially lowering new sales and originations but also slowing portfolio prepayments. Finally, a changing yield curve coupled with widening market credit spreads could increase opportunities for corporate and institutional lending, as Farmer Mac's programs become more attractive at higher costs of capital. Combined, these factors are expected to be generally supportive of continued net portfolio growth for Farmer Mac in fourth quarter 2022.

Positive economic conditions in the agricultural economy improved Farmer Mac's portfolio performance in 2022, and they could continue to positively influence loan delinquencies and losses into 2023. Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquency levels increased in third quarter 2022 relative to second quarter 2022. The overall delinquency rate increased from 0.20% of the Farm & Ranch operating segment as of June 30, 2022 to 0.42% of the Farm & Ranch operating segment as of September 30, 2022, although the third quarter percentage is lower than the 0.58% delinquency rate as of September 30, 2021. The percentage of the portfolio rated substandard also continued to improve in third quarter 2022 to the lowest levels since

2016. However, rising input costs, market volatility, and the potential for continued economic and weather-related stress increase the level of uncertainty inherent in the agricultural credit sector, which could negatively affect the trajectory of the current agricultural cycle. Farmer Mac believes that its portfolio continues to be highly diversified, both geographically and by commodity and that its portfolio has been underwritten to high credit quality standards. Therefore, Farmer Mac believes that its portfolio is well-positioned to endure reasonably foreseeable volatility from cyclical and external factors. For more information about the loan balances, loan-to-value ratios, 90-day delinquencies, and substandard asset rate for the Agricultural Finance mortgage loans in Farmer Mac's portfolio as of September 30, 2022, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees."

Exogenous factors facing farm and food producers can create uncertainty and market instability within the sector. External market conditions that could adversely impact the farm and food sectors in the remaining months of 2022 and into 2023 include U.S. dollar strength, supply chain disruptions, foreign trade and trade policy, and environmental conditions. The U.S. agricultural sector has become increasingly dependent on foreign markets as a source of demand, making trade policy increasingly important to farms and food. The USDA's estimate for fiscal year 2022 is a sizable increase in export value over 2021, and through August 2022, agricultural export values are up 16% in 2022 compared to 2021. However, a deteriorating global economic outlook combined with the continued tightening of U.S. central bank policy has increased the relative value of the U.S. dollar, which could provide a headwind for future export sales in 2022 and 2023. Disruptions to global grain supplies in Ukraine and Russia could continue to boost U.S. agricultural product demand. Slower global growth could be a headwind for consumer-oriented products like animal proteins, dairy, fruits, and nuts, and Ukrainian corn and wheat production may eventually stabilize. Because Farmer Mac has significant exposure to crop commodities like corn, soybeans, hay, wheat, and cotton, a sustained rally in agricultural commodities is likely to continue to benefit Farmer Mac's overall portfolio credit quality more than degradation from downward pressure on livestock and consumer product profitability.

Severe weather conditions and long-term environmental change continue to shape agricultural sectors. The U.S. experienced 15 separate billion-dollar weather disasters in 2022 through October 11, 2022, as tracked by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Many of those events affected agriculture, including midwestern storms, western wildfires, and drought. Federal crop insurance provides a strong mitigator against this risk, but farmers and ranchers face increasingly-severe weather incidents. Long and persistent drought conditions have impacted agricultural production regions in the West and Midwest in 2021 and 2022, but there has been a modest improvement in conditions in third quarter 2022. Roughly 14% of the continental U.S. remained in exceptional or extreme drought as of October 25, 2022, according to data from the National Drought Mitigation Center. Extended periods of drought and dryness can reduce agricultural productivity, cause lasting damage to permanent crops like fruit and tree nuts, and result in producers leaving some fields fallow due to lack of water. States also regulate water use, and state laws like California's Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) will continue to shape state-led efforts to manage water infrastructure and use and could potentially impact producers. Agricultural production in California, Oregon, Washington, Arizona, and Utah is likely to experience the greatest impact from the 2021 and 2022 droughts. For loans in areas that commonly experience exceptional drought (primarily in California), Farmer Mac's underwriting process includes an assessment of anticipated long-term water availability for the related property and how that impacts the collateral value and borrower's cash flow position to mitigate that risk. During the latter part of third quarter 2022, hurricane Ian made landfall in southwestern Florida, and after crossing over the Florida peninsula, the hurricane made a second landfall in South Carolina. The storm caused significant damage and has

impacted numerous counties and communities in its wake. Farmer Mac is assessing any potential impacts to farmers, ranchers, and rural utility customers that were in the path of the hurricane Ian, but at this time, we do not anticipate any material risks to Farmer Mac customers or credit exposures. For more information about Farmer Mac's environmental risk mitigation requirements, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Credit Risk—Loans and Guarantees—Environmental Considerations" in Farmer Mac's 2021 Annual Report.

Rural Infrastructure Industry. Economic conditions affecting the rural infrastructure industry typically follow those in the general economy. According to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, sales and the revenue from the sale of electricity to customers increased by 3.9% and 14.2%, respectively, in the last 12 months through July 2022 compared to July 2021. This increase was driven by a sharp increase in sales to the commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors and an increase in the retail price of electricity. Higher energy input prices such as natural gas and coal have become more of a headwind in 2022. Natural gas prices rose consistently in 2021 and 2022 because of reduced supply and additional demand for U.S. liquified natural gas from European countries. Coal prices also rapidly increased in third quarter 2022, driven by higher natural gas prices and additional overseas demand to offset limited Russian coal exports. Despite higher input costs, power producers are generally able to pass cost increases through higher retail electricity prices, which has contributed to the increase in electricity costs impacting retail customers during third quarter 2022. Oil and natural gas prices were volatile during third quarter 2022 and have recently come off their 2022 highs, a positive signal for sector profitability entering fourth quarter 2022. Through September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac had not observed material degradation in the financial performance of its rural infrastructure portfolio, and that portfolio has never experienced a serious delinquency or default since inception.

Prospects for loan growth within the rural infrastructure industry overall appear to be moderate in the near term, as ongoing normal-course capital expenditures related to maintaining and upgrading utility infrastructure continue at typical levels. Farmer Mac's future growth opportunities for financing the electric cooperative industry may be affected by the demand for electric power in rural areas, capital expenditures by electric cooperatives driven by regulatory or technological changes, the changing interest rate environment, increased policy initiatives to support rural connectivity, and competitive dynamics within the rural utilities cooperative finance industry. Cooperatives and service providers have access to numerous federally funded programs in 2022, such as the Federal Communications Commission's Rural Digital Opportunity Fund (RDOF), the USDA’s ReConnect, and the USDA’s Telecommunications Infrastructure Loan and Loan Guarantee program. In addition to capital projects spurred by these programs, Farmer Mac could see an increase in financing opportunities for other telecommunications providers in rural areas, with wireless broadband increasingly important to economic opportunity and precision agriculture.

The growth in renewable energy generation and deployment of energy storage technologies may help deepen Farmer Mac's relationships with existing customers through new business opportunities. According to data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, renewable electricity capacity is expected to grow by 48% in the next five years, compared to total electric capacity growth of 10%. The rising cost of fossil fuel-based inputs combined with the falling costs of renewable power generation may hasten this increase in capacity along with recently enacted legislature, such as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, aimed at incentivizing domestic production in clean energy technologies such as solar and wind. This growth may broaden Farmer Mac's customer base with cooperative lenders focused on lending to renewable energy customers. In response to this growth, Farmer Mac has deployed new financing products tailored to the renewable energy sector, which represents a new market opportunity for Farmer

Mac. Under this new initiative, Farmer Mac's total outstanding loans and loan commitments of renewable energy financing transactions was $196.2 million as of September 30, 2022.

Legislative and Regulatory Outlook. Farmer Mac continues to monitor potential legislative and regulatory changes that could affect Farmer Mac or its stakeholders, including:

•On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") which included debt relief for economically distressed borrowers of Farm Service Agency direct and guaranteed farm ownership and operating loans programs. Farmer Mac provides a secondary market for the USDA guaranteed portion of these loans. On October 18, 2022, USDA announced that approximately 11,000 delinquent direct and guaranteed borrowers had their accounts brought current. Notably, the relief provided was not full debt forgiveness that had been previously contemplated by the American Recovery Act. Farmer Mac does not anticipate an acceleration of prepayments on the USDA-guaranteed loans it holds due to the IRA debt relief provision.

•The IRA also included $20 billion for financial and technical assistance to help farmers and ranchers implement and expand conservation practices that help address climate change, as well as several renewable energy initiatives aimed at boosting long-term resiliency, reliability, and affordability of rural electric systems. Under the IRA, rural electric cooperatives are directly eligible for energy innovation tax credits for the first time. A new voluntary $9.7 billion USDA loan and grant program was also established for rural electric cooperatives that build or purchase renewable energy systems. These initiatives, together with other provisions in the IRA, aim to boost renewable energy production in rural areas, which could lead to increased business volumes for Farmer Mac’s Rural Infrastructure Finance business segment.

•The IRA also included a fifteen-percent alternative minimum tax on corporations with book incomes over $1 billion for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022 and a one-percent excise tax on stock repurchases by public companies that occur after December 31, 2022. The IRA's corporate alternative minimum tax is not expected to apply to Farmer Mac any time in the near future based on the company's current level of reported financial statement income. Farmer Mac has sponsored a stock repurchase program since 2015 but has not repurchased any shares of its Class C common stock since first quarter 2020. Farmer Mac's current repurchase program authorizes up to $9.8 million in repurchases of its Class C common stock. The IRA's excise tax on stock repurchases will apply to the extent Farmer Mac buys back any shares of Class C common stock after December 31, 2022.

•Congress is scheduled to reauthorize the farm bill in 2023. This omnibus piece of legislation contains several programs that impact farm profitability, agricultural credit, and rural infrastructure. Farmer Mac has been seeking modifications to its charter during the farm bill reauthorization to enhance its partners and services in support of farmers, ranchers, agribusinesses, and rural infrastructure. Farmer Mac will continue to monitor this legislation for any impact it may have on Farmer Mac and its stakeholders.

•Agricultural exports from the United States were valued at more than $177 billion in the 2021 fiscal year. In 2021, Congress passed a $550 billion bipartisan infrastructure bill that provides for key investments to improve roads, bridges, freight rail, electric, broadband, ports, and waterways that are expected to support farmers and ranchers' profitability, competitiveness, and access to global markets. As these investments are made, they may have a positive impact on the global

competitiveness of U.S. agriculture. The ability to produce food and fiber and transport it efficiently across the globe is critical for the U.S. food and agricultural sectors' competitiveness internationally.

•The Farm Credit Administration ("FCA") is the prudential regulator of Farmer Mac. On September 29, 2022, the U.S. Senate confirmed Vincent Logan to be a member of the FCA board. Mr. Logan was subsequently appointed to be the Chairman and CEO of the FCA by President Biden on October 21, 2022. Mr. Logan is expected to serve in this role until his term expires on May 21, 2026. As a board member, he and the other board members are responsible for making policy, adopting regulations, and overseeing and examining Farmer Mac.

•Two of FCA's three board members are currently serving in holdover status because their terms have expired. They will continue to serve in their roles until the President nominates individuals to replace the board members and they are confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Farmer Mac will continue to monitor changes to the composition of the FCA board, as it may affect Farmer Mac's regulatory environment.

Balance Sheet Review

The following table summarizes Farmer Mac's balance sheet as of the periods indicated:

Table 22

	As of					Change
	September 30, 2022			December 31, 2021			%
	(in thousands)
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	868,234		$	908,785		(4)	%
Investment securities, net of allowance	4,449,017			3,882,590		566,427	15	%
Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, net of allowance	8,302,041			8,361,798		(59,757)	(1)	%
USDA Securities	2,430,489			2,440,732		(10,243)	—	%
Loans, net of allowance	8,805,184			8,300,619		504,565	6	%
Loans held in trusts, net of allowance	1,120,000			948,059		171,941	18	%
Other	466,623			278,426		188,197	68	%
Total assets	$	26,441,588	26,441,588	$	25,121,009		5	%
Liabilities
Notes Payable	$	23,500,657		$	22,713,771		3	%
Debt securities of consolidated trusts held by third parties	1,090,539			981,379		109,160	11	%
Other	618,369			212,159		406,210	191	%
Total liabilities	$	25,209,565		$	23,907,309		5	%
Total equity	1,232,023			1,213,700		18,323	2	%
Total liabilities and equity	$	26,441,588		$	25,121,009		5	%

All values are in US Dollars.

Assets. The increase in total assets was primarily attributable to new loan volume and a larger investment portfolio.

Liabilities. The increase in total liabilities was primarily due to an increase in total notes payable to fund the acquisition of loan volume.

Equity. The increase in total equity was primarily due to an increase in retained earnings, partially offset by a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Risk Management

Credit Risk – Loans and Guarantees.

Agricultural Finance - Direct Credit Exposure

Farmer Mac's direct credit exposure to Agricultural Finance mortgage loans as of September 30, 2022 was $10.1 billion across 48 states. Farmer Mac applies credit underwriting standards and methodologies to help assess exposures to loan purchases, which may include collateral valuation, financial metrics, and other appropriate borrower financial and credit information. For Corporate AgFinance loans, which are often larger loan exposures to agriculture production and agribusinesses that support agriculture production, food and fiber processing, and other supply chain production, and which may have risk profiles that differ from smaller agricultural mortgage loans, Farmer Mac has implemented methodologies and parameters that help assess credit risk based on the appropriate sector, borrower construct, and transaction complexity. For more information about Farmer Mac's underwriting and collateral valuation standards for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Farm & Ranch" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Corporate AgFinance" in Farmer Mac's 2021 Annual Report.

Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquency measure includes loans 90 days or more past due, as well as loans in foreclosure and non-performing loans where the borrower is in bankruptcy. For Agricultural Finance mortgage loans to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure, Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquencies as of September 30, 2022, were $44.2 million (0.42% of the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure), compared to $20.6 million (0.20% of the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio) as of June 30, 2022 and $47.3 million (0.48% of the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio) as of December 31, 2021. Those 90-day delinquencies were comprised of 31 delinquent loans as of September 30, 2022, compared to 19 delinquent loans as of June 30, 2022 and 32 delinquent loans as of December 31, 2021. The increase in 90-day delinquencies was primarily driven by increased delinquencies in crops, permanent plantings, livestock, and part-time farms. The top ten borrower exposures over 90 days delinquent represented over half of the 90-day delinquencies as of September 30, 2022. Farmer Mac believes that it remains adequately collateralized on its delinquent loans.

Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquency rate as of September 30, 2022 was below Farmer Mac's historical average. In the near-term, our delinquency rate may exceed our historical average due to the impact of adverse weather events and/or supply chain disruptions on the agricultural economy. Farmer Mac's average 90-day delinquency rate as a percentage of its Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio over the last 15 years is approximately 1%. The highest 90-day delinquency rate observed during that period occurred in 2009 at approximately 2%, which coincided with increased delinquencies in loans within Farmer Mac's ethanol loan portfolio.

The following table presents historical information about Farmer Mac's 90-day delinquencies in the Agricultural Finance mortgage loan portfolio compared to the unpaid principal balance of all Agricultural Finance mortgage loans to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure:

Table 23

	Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans		90-Day<br>Delinquencies		Percentage
	(dollars in thousands)
As of:
September 30, 2022	$	10,508,549	$	44,232	0.42	%
June 30, 2022	10,128,083		20,623		0.20	%
March 31, 2022	9,879,978		55,847		0.57	%
December 31, 2021	9,811,749		47,307		0.48	%
September 30, 2021	9,445,359		54,792		0.58	%
June 30, 2021	9,056,152		63,076		0.70	%
March 31, 2021	8,629,352		72,346		0.84	%
December 31, 2020	8,581,181		46,232		0.54	%
September 30, 2020	8,249,349		88,041		1.07	%

Across all of Farmer Mac's lines of business, 90-day delinquencies represented 0.17% of total outstanding business volume as of September 30, 2022, compared to 0.20% as of December 31, 2021 and 0.24% as of September 30, 2021.

The following table presents outstanding Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and 90-day delinquencies as of September 30, 2022 by year of origination, geographic region, commodity/collateral type, original loan-to-value ratio, and range in the size of borrower exposure:

Table 24

Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans 90-Day Delinquencies as of September 30, 2022
	Distribution of Agricultural Loans		Agricultural Loans		90-Day Delinquencies(1)		Percentage
	(dollars in thousands)
By year of origination:
2012 and prior	6	%	$	640,497	$	2,824	0.44	%
2013	3	%	278,121		3,318		1.19	%
2014	2	%	234,378		1,114		0.48	%
2015	4	%	367,907		10,236		2.78	%
2016	5	%	567,688		1,560		0.27	%
2017	5	%	551,530		6,111		1.11	%
2018	6	%	618,799		8,729		1.41	%
2019	8	%	879,071		2,518		0.29	%
2020	20	%	2,138,874		5,004		0.23	%
2021	27	%	2,782,219		931		0.03	%
2022	14	%	1,449,465		1,887		0.03	%
Total	100	%	$	10,508,549	$	44,232	0.42	%
By geographic region(2):
Northwest	13	%	$	1,339,934	$	4,470	0.33	%
Southwest	31	%	3,221,292		15,956		0.50	%
Mid-North	26	%	2,739,085		9,305		0.34	%
Mid-South	18	%	1,884,742		10,915		0.58	%
Northeast	4	%	426,332		2,335		0.55	%
Southeast	8	%	897,164		1,251		0.14	%
Total	100	%	$	10,508,549	$	44,232	0.42	%
By commodity/collateral type:
Crops	50	%	$	5,259,688	$	23,232	0.44	%
Permanent plantings	22	%	2,323,444		13,930		0.60	%
Livestock	18	%	1,941,923		4,090		0.21	%
Part-time farm	5	%	479,667		2,980		0.62	%
Ag. Storage and Processing	5	%	485,859		—		—	%
Other	—		17,968		—		—	%
Total	100	%	$	10,508,549	$	44,232	0.42	%
By original loan-to-value ratio:
0.00% to 40.00%	19	%	$	1,973,456	$	3,180	0.16	%
40.01% to 50.00%	22	%	2,348,156		11,103		0.47	%
50.01% to 60.00%	36	%	3,738,959		22,465		0.60	%
60.01% to 70.00%	21	%	2,160,798		7,175		0.33	%
70.01% to 80.00%(3)	2	%	259,084		309		0.12	%
80.01% to 90.00%(3)	—	%	28,096		—		—	%
Total	100	%	$	10,508,549	$	44,232	0.42	%
By size of borrower exposure(4):
Less than $1,000,000	26	%	$	2,788,773	$	5,798	0.21	%
$1,000,000 to $4,999,999	37	%	3,860,864		17,571		0.46	%
$5,000,000 to $9,999,999	16	%	1,655,895		11,248		0.68	%
$10,000,000 to $24,999,999	12	%	1,279,386		9,615		0.75	%
$25,000,000 and greater	9	%	923,631		—		—	%
Total	100	%	$	10,508,549	$	44,232	0.42	%

(1)Includes loans held and loans underlying off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs that are 90 days or more past due, in foreclosure, or in bankruptcy with at least one missed payment, excluding loans performing under either their original loan terms or a court-approved bankruptcy plan.

(2)Geographic regions:  Northwest (AK, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY); Southwest (AZ, CA, CO, HI, NM, NV, UT); Mid-North (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, NE, ND, SD, WI); Mid-South (AR, KS, LA, MO, OK, TX); Northeast (CT, DE, KY, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WV); Southeast (AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TN).

(3)Primarily part-time farm loans. Loans with an original loan-to-value ratio of greater than 80% are required to have private mortgage insurance.

(4)Includes aggregated loans to single borrowers or borrower-related entities.

Another indicator that Farmer Mac considers in analyzing the credit quality of its Agricultural Finance mortgage loans is the level of internally-rated "substandard" assets, both in dollars and as a percentage of the outstanding portfolio. Assets categorized as "substandard" have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses, and there is a distinct possibility that some loss will be sustained if deficiencies are not corrected. As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance mortgage loans (to which it has direct credit exposure) comprising substandard assets were $206.9 million (2.0% of the portfolio), compared to $213.7 million (2.1% of the portfolio) as of June 30, 2022 and $246.7 million (2.5% of the portfolio) as of December 31, 2021. Those substandard assets comprised 251 loans as of September 30, 2022, 249 loans as of June 30, 2022, and 274 loans as of December 31, 2021.

The decrease of $6.8 million in substandard assets during third quarter 2022 was driven by credit upgrades in our off-balance sheet portfolio, partially offset by credit downgrades in our on-balance sheet portfolio. Substandard assets remained constant as a percentage of the total on-balance sheet portfolio due to volume growth being offset by credit downgrades. Substandard assets decreased as a percentage of the total off-balance sheet portfolio due to a combination of credit upgrades and volume growth.

The percentage of substandard assets within the portfolio as of September 30, 2022 was below the historical average. Farmer Mac's average substandard assets as a percentage of its Agricultural Finance mortgage loans over the last 15 years is approximately 4%. The highest substandard asset rate observed during the last 15 years occurred in 2010 at approximately 8%, which coincided with an increase in substandard loans within Farmer Mac's ethanol portfolio. If Farmer Mac's substandard asset rate increases from current levels, it is likely that Farmer Mac's provision to the allowance for loan losses and the reserve for losses will also increase.

Although some credit losses are inherent to the business of agricultural lending, Farmer Mac believes that losses associated with the current agricultural credit cycle will be moderated by the strength and diversity of its portfolio, which Farmer Mac believes is adequately collateralized.

Farmer Mac considers a loan's original loan-to-value ratio as one of many factors in evaluating loss severity. Loan-to-value ratios depend on the market value of a property, as determined in accordance with Farmer Mac's collateral valuation standards. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the average unpaid principal balances for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans outstanding and to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure was $804,000 and $790,000, respectively. Farmer Mac calculates the "original loan-to-value" ratio of a loan by dividing the original loan principal balance by the original appraised property value. This calculation does not reflect any amortization of the original loan balance or any adjustment to the original appraised value to provide a current market value. The original loan-to-value ratio of any cross-collateralized loans is calculated on a combined basis rather than on a loan-by-loan basis. The weighted-average original loan-to-value ratio for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans purchased during third quarter 2022 was 37%, compared to 51% for loans purchased during third quarter 2021. The weighted-average original loan-to-value ratio for Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and loans underlying off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs was 51% and 52% as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The weighted-average original loan-to-value ratio for all 90-day delinquencies was 55% and 51% as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The weighted-average current loan-to-value ratio (the loan to-value ratio based on original appraised value and current outstanding loan amount adjusted to reflect amortization) for Agricultural Finance mortgage

loans and loans underlying off-balance sheet Agricultural Finance Guaranteed Securities and LTSPCs was 46% and 47% as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

The following table presents the current loan-to-value ratios for the Agricultural Finance mortgage loans to which Farmer Mac has direct credit exposure, as disaggregated by internally assigned risk ratings:

Table 25

Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans current loan-to-value ratio by internally assigned risk rating as of September 30, 2022
	Acceptable		Special Mention		Substandard		Total
	(in thousands)
Current loan-to-value ratio(1):
0.00% to 40.00%	$	3,049,824	$	50,515	$	73,891	$	3,174,230
40.01% to 50.00%	2,517,294		130,995		53,669		2,701,958
50.01% to 60.00%	2,838,434		94,836		41,945		2,975,215
60.01% to 70.00%	1,399,942		41,868		22,818		1,464,628
70.01% to 80.00%	137,485		26,227		14,299		178,011
80.01% and greater	13,722		531		254		14,507
Total	$	9,956,701	$	344,972	$	206,876	$	10,508,549

(1)The current loan-to-value ratio is based on original appraised value (or most recently obtained valuation, if available) and current outstanding loan amount adjusted to reflect loan amortization.

The following table presents Farmer Mac's cumulative net credit losses relative to the cumulative original balance for all Agricultural Finance mortgage loans as of September 30, 2022 by year of origination, geographic region, and commodity/collateral type. The purpose of this information is to present information about realized losses relative to original Farm & Ranch purchases, guarantees, and commitments.

Table 26

Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans Credit Losses Relative to Cumulative
Original Loans, Guarantees, and LTSPCs as of September 30, 2022
	Cumulative Original Loans, Guarantees and LTSPCs		Cumulative Net Credit Losses/(Recoveries)		Cumulative Loss Rate
	(dollars in thousands)
By year of origination:
2012 and prior	$	17,252,470	$	33,785	0.20	%
2013	1,476,129		—		—	%
2014	1,085,167		—		—	%
2015	1,242,462		(516)		(0.04)	%
2016	1,584,522		84		0.01	%
2017	1,677,035		4,311		0.26	%
2018	1,372,614		—		—	%
2019	1,578,264		—		—	%
2020	2,878,677		—		—	%
2021	3,231,011		—		—	%
2022	1,518,681				—	%
Total	$	34,897,032	$	37,664	0.11	%
By geographic region(1):
Northwest	$	4,512,146	$	11,275	0.25	%
Southwest	11,723,092		8,542		0.07	%
Mid-North	8,702,476		17,165		0.20	%
Mid-South	5,028,697		(613)		(0.01)	%
Northeast	1,822,190		323		0.02	%
Southeast	3,108,431		972		0.03	%
Total	$	34,897,032	$	37,664	0.11	%
By commodity/collateral type:
Crops	$	16,188,280	$	2,971	0.02	%
Permanent plantings	7,538,378		9,783		0.13	%
Livestock	7,704,405		3,836		0.05	%
Part-time farm	1,881,099		1,090		0.06	%
Ag. Storage and Processing	1,416,289		19,984		1.41	%
Other	168,581		—		—	%
Total	$	34,897,032	$	37,664	0.11	%

(1)Geographic regions:  Northwest (AK, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY); Southwest (AZ, CA, CO, HI, NM, NV, UT); Mid-North (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, NE, ND, SD, WI); Mid-South (AR, KS, LA, MO, OK, TX); Northeast (CT, DE, KY, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WV); Southeast (AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TN).

Analysis of portfolio performance indicates that commodity type is the primary determinant of Farmer Mac's exposure to loss on a given loan. The following tables present concentrations of Agricultural Finance mortgage loans by commodity type within geographic region and cumulative credit losses by origination year and commodity type:

Table 27

	As of September 30, 2022
	Agricultural Finance Mortgage Loans Concentrations by Commodity Type within Geographic Region
	Crops		PermanentPlantings		Livestock		Part-timeFarm		Ag. Storage andProcessing		Other		Total
	(dollars in thousands)
By geographic region(1):
Northwest
	6.6	%	2.1	%	2.8	%	1.0	%	0.3	%	—	%	12.8	%
Southwest	668,185		1,731,382		555,633		107,431		142,660		16,001		3,221,292
	6.4	%	16.5	%	5.3	%	1.0	%	1.4	%	0.2	%	30.8	%
Mid-North	2,316,903		10,653		212,835		89,699		107,269		1,726		2,739,085
	22.0	%	0.1	%	2.0	%	0.9	%	1.0	%	—	%	26.0	%
Mid-South	1,084,753		75,943		586,698		63,617		73,714		17		1,884,742
	10.3	%	0.7	%	5.6	%	0.6	%	0.7	%	—	%	17.9	%
Northeast	193,619		42,523		75,845		51,306		63,039		—		426,332
	1.8	%	0.4	%	0.7	%	0.5	%	0.6	%	—	%	4.0	%
Southeast	301,793		245,833		221,489		62,036		65,812		201		897,164
	2.9	%	2.3	%	2.1	%	0.6	%	0.6	%	—	%	8.5	%
Total	5,259,688		2,323,444		1,941,923		479,667		485,859		17,968		10,508,549
	50.0	%	22.1	%	18.5	%	4.6	%	4.6	%	0.2	%	100.0	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)Geographic regions:  Northwest (AK, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY); Southwest (AZ, CA, CO, HI, NM, NV, UT); Mid-North (IA, IL, IN, MI, MN, NE, ND, SD, WI); Mid-South (AR, KS, LA, MO, OK, TX); Northeast (CT, DE, KY, MA, MD, ME, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, VA, VT, WV); Southeast (AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TN).

Table 28

	As of September 30, 2022
	Agricultural Loans Cumulative Credit Losses by Origination Year and Commodity Type
	Crops		Permanent<br>Plantings		Livestock		Part-time<br>Farm		Ag. Storage and<br>Processing		Total
	(in thousands)
By year of origination:
2012 and prior	$	3,427	$	9,783	$	3,836	$	1,066	$	15,673	$	33,785
2013	—		—		—		—		—		—
2014	—		—		—		—		—		—
2015	(540)		—		—		24		—		(516)
2016	84		—		—		—		—		84
2017	—		—		—		—		4,311		4,311
2018	—		—		—		—		—		—
2019	—		—		—		—		—		—
2020	—		—		—		—		—		—
2021	—		—		—		—		—		—
2022	—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	2,971	$	9,783	$	3,836	$	1,090	$	19,984	$	37,664

For more information about the credit quality of Farmer Mac's Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and the associated allowance for losses please refer to Note 5 and Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements. Activity affecting the allowance for loan losses and reserve for losses is discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Provision for and Release of Allowance for Loan Losses and Reserve for Losses."

Rural Infrastructure Finance - Direct Credit Exposure

Farmer Mac's direct credit exposure to Rural Infrastructure Finance loans held and loans underlying LTSPCs as of September 30, 2022 was $3.4 billion across 45 states. For more information about Farmer Mac's underwriting and collateral valuation standards for Rural Infrastructure Finance loans, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards" in Farmer Mac’s 2021 Annual Report. As of September 30, 2022, there were no delinquencies in Farmer Mac's portfolio of Rural Infrastructure Finance loans.

Farmer Mac evaluates credit risk for these assets by reviewing a variety of borrower credit risk characteristics. These characteristics can include (but is not limited to) financial metrics, internal risk ratings, ratings assigned by ratings agencies, types of customers served, sources of power supply, and the regulatory environment.

The following table presents Farmer Mac’s portfolio of generation and transmission ("G&T") and distribution cooperative borrowers, as well as renewable energy loans, disaggregated by internally assigned risk ratings.

Table 29

	Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio by internally assigned risk rating as of September 30, 2022
	Acceptable				Special Mention				Substandard				Total
	(in thousands)
Distribution Cooperative	$	2,284,917			$	—			$	—			$	2,284,917
G&T Cooperative	693,096				—				—				693,096
Renewable Energy	196,242				—				—				196,242
Telecommunications	252,666				—				—				252,666
Rural Utilities Total	$	3,426,921	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,426,921

For more information about the credit quality of Farmer Mac's Rural Infrastructure Finance portfolio and the associated allowance for losses please refer to Notes 5 and 6 of the consolidated financial statements.

Other Considerations Regarding Credit Risk Related to Loans and Guarantees

The credit exposure on USDA Securities, including those underlying Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities, is guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the United States. Therefore, Farmer Mac believes that we have little or no credit risk exposure to the USDA Securities in the Agricultural Finance line of business because of the USDA guarantee. As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac had not experienced any credit losses on any USDA Securities or Farmer Mac Guaranteed USDA Securities and does not expect to incur any such losses in the future. Because we do not expect credit losses on this portfolio, Farmer Mac does not provide an allowance for losses on its portfolio of USDA Securities.

Farmer Mac requires many lenders to make representations and warranties about the conformity of Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and Rural Infrastructure Finance loans to Farmer Mac's standards, the accuracy of loan data provided to Farmer Mac, and other requirements related to the loans. Sellers who make these representations and warranties are responsible to Farmer Mac for breaches of those representations and warranties. Farmer Mac has the ability to require a seller to cure, replace, or repurchase a loan sold or transferred to Farmer Mac if any breach of a representation or warranty is discovered that was material to Farmer Mac's decision to purchase the loan or that directly or indirectly causes a default or potential loss on a loan sold or transferred by the seller to Farmer Mac. During the previous three years ended September 30, 2022, there have been no breaches of representations and warranties by sellers that resulted in Farmer Mac requiring a seller to cure, replace, or repurchase a loan. In addition to relying on the representations and warranties of sellers, Farmer Mac also underwrites the Agricultural Finance mortgage loans (other than rural housing and part-time farm mortgage loans) and Rural Infrastructure Finance loans on which it has direct credit exposure. For rural housing and part-time farm mortgage loans, Farmer Mac relies on representations and warranties from the seller that those loans conform to Farmer Mac's specified underwriting criteria. For more information about Farmer Mac's loan eligibility requirements and underwriting standards, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Loan Eligibility," "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Farm & Ranch," "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards—Corporate AgFinance," and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Underwriting and Collateral Standards" in Farmer Mac’s 2021 Annual Report.

Under contracts with Farmer Mac and in consideration for servicing fees, Farmer Mac-approved servicers service loans in accordance with Farmer Mac's requirements. Servicers are responsible to Farmer Mac for serious errors in the servicing of those loans. If a servicer materially breaches the terms of its servicing

agreement with Farmer Mac, such as failing to forward payments received or releasing collateral without Farmer Mac's consent, or experiences insolvency or bankruptcy, the servicer is responsible for any corresponding damages to Farmer Mac and, in most cases, Farmer Mac has the right to terminate the servicing relationship for a particular loan or the entire portfolio serviced by the servicer. Farmer Mac also can proceed against the servicer in arbitration or exercise any remedies available to it under law. During the previous three years ended September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac had not exercised any remedies or taken any formal action against any servicers. For more information about Farmer Mac's servicing requirements, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Loan Servicing" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Lenders and Loan Servicing" in Farmer Mac’s 2021 Annual Report.

Credit Risk – Counterparty Risk.  Farmer Mac is exposed to credit risk arising from its business relationships with other institutions, which include:

•issuers of AgVantage securities;

•approved lenders and servicers; and

•interest rate swap counterparties.

Farmer Mac approves AgVantage counterparties and manages institutional credit risk related to those AgVantage counterparties by requiring them to meet Farmer Mac's standards for creditworthiness for the particular counterparty type and transaction. The required collateralization level is established when the AgVantage facility is entered into with the counterparty and does not change during the life of the AgVantage securities issued under the facility without Farmer Mac's consent. In AgVantage transactions, the corporate obligor is typically required to remove from the pool of pledged collateral loans that become and remain (within specified parameters) delinquent in the payment of principal or interest and to substitute eligible loans that are current in payment or pay down the AgVantage securities to maintain the minimum required collateralization level.

In the event of a default on an AgVantage security, Farmer Mac would have recourse to the pledged collateral and have rights to the ongoing borrower payments of principal and interest. As a result, Farmer Mac has indirect credit exposure to the Agricultural Finance mortgage loans and Rural Utilities loans that secure AgVantage securities. For AgVantage counterparties that are institutional real estate investors or financial funds and other similar entities, Farmer Mac also typically requires that the counterparty (1) maintain a higher collateralization level, through either a higher overcollateralization percentage or lower loan-to-value ratio thresholds and (2) comply with specified financial covenants for the life of the related AgVantage security to avoid default. As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac had not experienced any credit losses on any AgVantage securities. For a more detailed description of AgVantage securities, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Other Products – Agricultural Finance—AgVantage Securities" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Other Products – Rural Infrastructure Finance—AgVantage Securities" in Farmer Mac's 2021 Annual Report.

The unpaid principal balance of outstanding on-balance sheet AgVantage securities secured by loans eligible for the Agricultural Finance line of business totaled $5.7 billion as of September 30, 2022 and $5.1 billion as of December 31, 2021. The unpaid principal balance of on-balance sheet AgVantage securities secured by loans eligible for the Rural Infrastructure Finance line of business totaled $3.1 billion as of September 30, 2022 and $3.0 billion as of December 31, 2021. The unpaid principal balance of outstanding off-balance sheet AgVantage securities totaled $2.8 million as of both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

The following table provides information about the issuers of AgVantage securities and the required collateralization levels for those transactions as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 30

	As of September 30, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
Counterparty	Balance		Required Collateralization	Balance		Required Collateralization
	(dollars in thousands)
AgVantage:
CFC	$	3,065,584	100%	$	3,036,017	100%
MetLife	2,050,000		103%	2,050,000		103%
Rabo AgriFinance	2,755,000		105%	2,550,000		105%
Other(1)	848,686		106% to 125%	492,464		106% to 125%
Total outstanding	$	8,719,270		$	8,128,481

(1)Consists of AgVantage securities issued by 12 and 13 different issuers as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Farmer Mac manages institutional credit risk related to lenders and servicers by requiring those institutions to meet Farmer Mac's standards for creditworthiness. Farmer Mac monitors the financial condition of those institutions by evaluating financial statements and credit rating agency reports. For more information about Farmer Mac's lender eligibility requirements, see "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Agricultural Finance—Lenders" and "Business—Farmer Mac's Lines of Business—Rural Infrastructure Finance—Lenders and Loan Servicing" in Farmer Mac’s 2021 Annual Report.

Farmer Mac manages institutional credit risk related to its interest rate swap counterparties through collateralization provisions contained in each of its swap agreements that vary based on the market value of its swap portfolio with each counterparty. Farmer Mac and its interest rate swap counterparties are required to fully collateralize their derivatives positions without any minimum threshold for cleared swap transactions, as well as for non-cleared swap transactions entered into after March 1, 2017. Farmer Mac transacts interest rate swaps with multiple counterparties to reduce counterparty credit exposure concentration. Farmer Mac's usage of cleared derivatives has increased over time as has its exposure to clearinghouses. The usage of cleared swap transactions reduces Farmer Mac's exposure to individual counterparties with the central clearinghouse acting to settle the change in value of contracts on a daily basis. Credit risk related to interest rate swap contracts is discussed in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Interest Rate Risk" and Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements.

Credit Risk – Other Investments. As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac had $0.9 billion of cash and cash equivalents and $4.4 billion of investment securities. The management of the credit risk inherent in these investments is governed by Farmer Mac's internal policies as well as FCA regulations found at 12 C.F.R. §§ 652.1-652.45 (the "Liquidity and Investment Regulations"). In addition to establishing a portfolio of highly liquid investments as an available source of cash, the goals of Farmer Mac's investment

policies are designed to minimize Farmer Mac's exposure to financial market volatility, preserve capital, and support Farmer Mac's access to the debt markets.

The Liquidity and Investment Regulations and Farmer Mac's internal policies require that investments held in Farmer Mac's investment portfolio meet the following creditworthiness standards: (1) at a minimum, at least one obligor of the investment must have a very strong capacity to meet financial commitments for the life of the investment, even under severely adverse or stressful conditions, and generally present a very low risk of default; (2) if the obligor whose capacity to meet financial commitments is being relied upon to meet the standard set forth in subparagraph (1) is located outside of the United States, the investment must also be fully guaranteed by a U.S. government agency; and (3) the investment must exhibit low credit risk and other risk characteristics consistent with the purpose or purposes for which it is held.

The Liquidity and Investment Regulations and Farmer Mac's internal policies also establish concentration limits, which are intended to limit exposure to any single entity, issuer, or obligor. The Liquidity and Investment Regulations limit Farmer Mac's total credit exposure to any single entity, issuer, or obligor of securities to 10% of Farmer Mac's regulatory capital ($131.1 million as of September 30, 2022). However, Farmer Mac's current policy limits this total credit exposure to 5% of its regulatory capital ($65.5 million as of September 30, 2022). These exposure limits do not apply to obligations of U.S. government agencies or GSEs, although Farmer Mac's current policy restricts investing more than 100% of regulatory capital in the senior non-convertible debt securities of any one GSE.

Although the Liquidity and Investments Regulations do not establish limits on the maximum amount, expressed as a percentage of Farmer Mac's investment portfolio, that can be invested in each eligible asset class, Farmer Mac's internal policies set forth asset class limits as part of Farmer Mac's overall risk management framework.

Interest Rate Risk.  Farmer Mac is subject to interest rate risk on all interest-earning assets on its balance sheet because of timing differences in the cash flows due to maturity, paydown, or repricing of the assets and debt together with financial derivatives. Cash flow mismatches due to changing interest rates can reduce the earnings of Farmer Mac if assets prepay sooner than expected and the resulting cash flows must be reinvested in lower-yielding investments when Farmer Mac's funding costs cannot be correspondingly reduced. Alternatively, Farmer Mac could realize a decline in income if assets repay more slowly than originally forecasted and the associated maturing debt must be replaced by debt issuances at higher interest rates.

Interest Rate Risk Management

The goal of interest rate risk management at Farmer Mac is to manage the balance sheet in a manner that generates stable earnings and value across a variety of interest rate environments. Recognizing that interest rate sensitivities may change with the passage of time and as interest rates change, Farmer Mac regularly assesses this exposure and, if necessary, adjusts its portfolio of interest-earning assets, debt, and financial derivatives.

Farmer Mac's objective is to maintain its exposure to interest rate risk within appropriate limits, as approved by Farmer Mac's board of directors. Farmer Mac's management-level Asset and Liability Committee ("ALCO") provides oversight, establishes guidelines, and approves strategies to maintain interest rate risk within the board-established limits.

Farmer Mac's primary strategy for managing interest rate risk is to fund asset purchases with debt that together with financial derivatives have similar duration and convexity characteristics and help mitigate impacts from interest rate changes across the yield curve. As part of this strategy, Farmer Mac seeks to issue debt securities across a variety of maturities that together with financial derivatives closely align the forecasted debt and financial derivative cash flows with forecasted asset cash flows.

Farmer Mac issues discount notes and both callable and non-callable medium-term notes across a spectrum of maturities to execute its debt issuance strategy. Portions of Farmer Mac's callable debt is issued to mitigate prepayment risk associated with certain interest-earning assets held on balance sheet. In general, as interest rates decline, prepayments typically increase, and Farmer Mac is able to economically extinguish certain callable debt issuances. In addition, Farmer Mac enters into financial derivatives, primarily interest rate swaps, to better match the durations of Farmer Mac's assets and liabilities, thereby reducing overall sensitivity to changing interest rates.

Taking into consideration the prepayment provisions and the default probabilities associated with its portfolio of interest-earning assets, Farmer Mac incorporates behavioral models when projecting and valuing cash flows associated with these assets. In recognition that borrowers' behaviors in various interest rate environments may change over time, Farmer Mac periodically evaluates the effectiveness of these models compared to actual prepayment experience and adjusts and refines the models as necessary to improve the precision of future prepayment forecasts.

Changes in interest rates may affect the timing of asset prepayments which may, in turn, impact durations and values of the assets. Declining interest rates generally result in increased prepayments, which shortens the duration of these assets, while rising interest rates generally result in lower prepayments, thereby extending the duration of the assets.

Farmer Mac is subject to interest rate risk on loans and securities it has committed to acquire but not yet purchased (other than delinquent loans purchased through LTSPCs or loans designated for securitization under a forward purchase agreement). When Farmer Mac commits to purchase these assets, it is exposed to interest rate risk between the time it commits to purchase the loans and the time it issues debt to fund the purchase of these loans. Farmer Mac manages the interest rate risk exposure related to these loans by entering into exchange-traded futures contracts involving U.S. Treasury securities and other financial derivatives. Similarly, when Farmer Mac commits to sell certain assets, the associated interest rate exposure is primarily managed with exchange-traded futures contracts involving U.S. Treasury securities and other financial derivatives.

Farmer Mac's $0.9 billion of cash and cash equivalents held as of September 30, 2022 mature within three months. As of September 30, 2022, $3.3 billion of the $4.4 billion of investment securities (75%) were floating rate securities with rates that adjust within one year or fixed rate securities with original maturities between three months and one year. Farmer Mac's floating rate investment securities are funded with floating rate debt. The fixed rate investment securities are generally funded in a manner consistent with Farmer Mac's overall funding strategy that approximates a duration and convexity match.

Interest Rate Risk Metrics

Farmer Mac regularly evaluates and conducts interest rate shock simulations on its portfolio of financial assets, debt, and financial derivatives and examines a variety of metrics to quantify and manage its exposure to interest rate risk. These metrics include sensitivity to interest rate movements on the market value of equity ("MVE") and forecasted net effective spread ("NES") as well as a duration gap analysis.

MVE represents management's estimate of the present value of all future cash flows from its current portfolio of on- and off-balance sheet assets, liabilities, and financial derivatives, discounted at current interest rates and appropriate spreads. However, MVE is not indicative of the market value of Farmer Mac as a going concern because these market values are theoretical and do not reflect future business activities. The MVE sensitivity analysis measures the degree to which the market values of Farmer Mac's assets, liabilities, and financial derivatives are estimated to change for a given change in interest rates.

Farmer Mac's NES simulation represents the difference between projected income over the next twelve months from the current portfolio of interest-earning assets and interest expense produced by the related funding, including associated financial derivatives. Farmer Mac's NES simulation may be impacted by changes in market interest rates resulting from timing differences between maturities and re-pricing characteristics of funded assets and debt together with the associated financial derivatives. The direction and magnitude of any such effect depends on the direction and magnitude of the change in interest rates across the yield curve as well as the composition of Farmer Mac's portfolio. The NES simulation represents an estimate of the net effective spread income that Farmer Mac's current portfolio is expected to produce over a twelve-month horizon. As a result, the NES simulation sensitivity statistics provide a short-term view of Farmer Mac's NES income sensitivity to interest rate shocks.

Duration is a measure of a financial instrument's fair value sensitivity to small changes in interest rates. Duration gap is calculated using the net estimated durations of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets, debt, and financial derivatives. Duration gap quantifies the extent to which estimated fair value sensitivities are matched for interest-earning assets, debt and financial derivatives. Duration gap provides a relatively concise measure of the interest rate risk inherent in Farmer Mac's outstanding portfolio.

A positive duration gap denotes that the duration of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets is greater than the duration of its debt and financial derivatives. A positive duration gap indicates that with small changes in interest rate movements the fair value change of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets is more sensitive than the fair value change of its debt and financial derivatives. Conversely, a negative duration gap indicates that with small changes in interest rate movements the fair value change of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets are less sensitive than the fair value change of its debt and financial derivatives. A duration gap of zero indicates that with small changes in interest rate movements the fair value change of Farmer Mac's interest-earning assets is effectively offset by the fair value change of its debt and financial derivatives.

Each of the interest rate risk metrics is quantified using asset/liability models and derived based on management's best estimates of factors such as implied forward interest rates across the yield curve, interest rate volatility, and timing of asset prepayments and callable debt redemptions. Accordingly, these metrics are estimates rather than precise measurements. Actual results may differ to the extent there are material changes to Farmer Mac's financial asset portfolio or changes in funding or hedging strategies undertaken to mitigate unfavorable sensitivities to interest rate changes.

The following schedule summarizes the results of Farmer Mac's MVE and NES sensitivity analysis as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 to an immediate and instantaneous uniform or "parallel" shift in the yield curve:

Table 31

	Percentage Change in MVE from Base Case
Interest Rate Scenario(1)	As of September 30, 2022		As of December 31, 2021(1)
+100 basis points	(2.5)	%	3.7	%
-100 basis points	0.8	%	(0.1)	%
	Percentage Change in NES from Base Case
---	---	---	---	---
Interest Rate Scenario	As of September 30, 2022		As of December 31, 2021(1)
+100 basis points	1.5	%	6.6	%
-100 basis points	(1.4)	%	(0.1)	%

(1)The down 100 basis points shock scenario was replaced in 2020 with a proportional shock relative to 50% of the 3-month Treasury bill rate, with the approval of the Financial Risk Committee of the Board of Directors. The replacement down shock scenario was negative 2 basis points as of December 31, 2021.

As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac's duration gap was positive 2.8 months, compared to negative 1.5 months as of December 31, 2021. Farmer Mac updated its duration gap measure to interest-earning assets, debt, and financial derivatives as of December 31, 2021. Interest rates within the yield curve flattened during the first nine months of 2022 with the 2-year and 10-year U.S. Treasury Note yield-to-maturity increasing by approximately 355 basis points and 232 basis points, respectively, versus year-end 2021. This rate movement contributed to extending the duration of Farmer Mac's funded assets compared to its debt and financial derivatives, thereby lengthening Farmer Mac's duration gap.

Financial Derivatives Transactions

The economic effects of financial derivatives are included in Farmer Mac's MVE, NES, and duration gap analyses. Farmer Mac typically enters into the following types of financial derivative transactions principally to protect against risk from the effects of market price or interest rate movements on the value of interest-earning assets, future cash flows, and debt issuance, and not for trading or speculative purposes:

•"pay-fixed" interest rate swaps, in which Farmer Mac pays fixed rates of interest to, and receives floating rates of interest from, counterparties;

•"receive-fixed" interest rate swaps, in which Farmer Mac receives fixed rates of interest from, and pays floating rates of interest to, counterparties;

•"basis swaps," in which Farmer Mac pays floating rates of interest based on one index to, and receives floating rates of interest based on a different index from, counterparties; and

•exchange-traded futures contracts involving U.S. Treasury securities.

As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac had $22.4 billion combined notional amount of interest rate swaps, with terms ranging from less than one year to just over thirty years, of which $8.7 billion were pay-fixed interest rate swaps, $11.9 billion were receive-fixed interest rate swaps, and $1.8 billion were basis swaps.

Farmer Mac enters into interest rate swaps to more closely match the cash flow and duration characteristics of its interest-earning assets with those of its debt. For example, Farmer Mac transacts pay-fixed interest rate swaps and issues floating rate debt to effectively create fixed rate funding that

approximately matches the duration of the corresponding fixed rate assets being funded. Farmer Mac evaluates the overall cost of using interest rate swaps in conjunction with debt issuance as a funding alternative to duration-matched debt and enters into interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risks across the balance sheet.

Certain financial derivatives are designated as fair value hedges of fixed rate assets classified as available for sale or liabilities to protect against fair value changes in the assets or liabilities related to a benchmark interest rate (e.g., LIBOR or Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”)). Also, certain financial derivatives are designated as cash flow hedges to mitigate the volatility of future interest rate payments on floating rate debt.

As discussed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, all financial derivatives are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value as derivative assets or as derivative liabilities. Changes in the fair values of undesignated financial derivatives are reported in "Gains/(losses) on financial derivatives" in the consolidated statements of operations. For financial derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships, changes in the fair values of the hedged items related to the risk being hedged are reported in "Net interest income" in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest accruals on derivatives designated in fair value hedge accounting relationships are also recorded in "Net interest income" in the consolidated statements of operations. For financial derivatives designated in cash flow hedge accounting relationships, the unrealized gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income. Because the hedging instrument is an interest rate swap and the hedged forecasted transactions are future interest payments on floating rate debt, amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income are reclassified to "Total interest expense" in conjunction with the recognition of interest expense on the debt. All of Farmer Mac's interest rate swap transactions are conducted under standard collateralized agreements that limit Farmer Mac's potential credit exposure to any counterparty. As of both September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Farmer Mac had no uncollateralized net exposures based on the mark-to-market value of the portfolio of interest rate swaps

Re-funding and repricing risk

Farmer Mac is subject to re-funding and repricing risk on any floating rate assets that are not funded to contractual maturity. Re-funding and repricing risk arises from potential changes in funding costs resulting from a funding strategy whereby Farmer Mac issues floating rate debt across a variety of maturities to fund floating rate or synthetically floating rate assets that on average may have longer maturities. Changes in Farmer Mac's funding costs relative to the benchmark market index rate to which the assets are indexed can cause changes to net interest income when debt matures and is reissued at then current interest rates to continue funding those assets.

Farmer Mac is subject to re-funding and repricing risk on a portion of its fixed rate assets as a result of its use of pay-fixed receive-floating interest rate swaps that effectively convert the required funding needed from fixed rate to floating rate. These fixed rate assets are then effectively floating rate assets that require floating rate funding.

Farmer Mac can meet floating rate funding needs in several ways, including:

•issuing short-term fixed rate discount notes with maturities that match the reset period of the assets;

•issuing floating rate medium-term notes with maturities and reset frequencies that match the assets being funded;

•issuing non-maturity matched, floating rate medium-term notes with reset frequencies that match the assets being funded; or

•issuing non-maturity matched, fixed rate discount notes or medium-term notes swapped to floating rate to match the interest rate reset dates of the assets.

To meet certain floating rate funding needs, Farmer Mac frequently issues shorter-term floating-rate medium-term notes or fixed rate medium-term notes paired with a received-fixed interest rate swap because these funding alternatives generally provide a lower cost of funding while generating an effective interest rate match. As funding for these floating rate assets matures, Farmer Mac seeks to refinance the debt associated with these assets in a similar fashion to achieve an appropriate interest rate match in the context of Farmer Mac's overall debt issuance and liquidity management strategies.

However, if the funding cost of Farmer Mac’s discount notes or medium-term notes increased relative to the benchmark market index of the associated assets during the time between when these floating rate assets were first funded and when Farmer Mac refinanced the associated debt, Farmer Mac would be exposed to a commensurate reduction of net effective spread. Conversely, if the funding cost on Farmer Mac’s discount notes or medium-term notes decreased relative to the benchmark market index during that time, Farmer Mac would benefit from a commensurate increase to net effective spread.

Farmer Mac's debt issuance strategy targets balancing liquidity risk and re-funding and repricing risk while maintaining an appropriate liability management profile that is consistent with Farmer Mac's risk tolerance. Farmer Mac regularly adjusts its funding strategies to mitigate the effects of interest rate variability and seeks to maintain an effective mixture of funding structures in the context of its overall liability and liquidity management strategies.

As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac held $6.2 billion of floating rate assets in its lines of business and its investment portfolio that reset based on floating rate market indices, such as LIBOR or SOFR. As of the same date, Farmer Mac also had $8.7 billion of interest rate swaps outstanding where Farmer Mac pays a fixed rate of interest and receives a floating rate of interest, primarily LIBOR or SOFR.

Discontinuation of LIBOR

As described in "Risk Factors—Market Risk" in Part I, Item 1A of the 2021 Annual Report, Farmer Mac faces risks associated with the reform, replacement, or discontinuation of the LIBOR benchmark interest rate and the transition to an alternative benchmark interest rate. Farmer Mac is evaluating the potential effect on our business of the replacement of the LIBOR benchmark interest rate, including the possibility of replacement benchmark interest rates.

As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac held $2.9 billion of floating rate assets in its lines of business and its investment portfolio, had issued $0.3 billion of floating rate debt, and had entered into $11.1 billion notional amount of interest rate swaps, each of which reset based on LIBOR. In addition, our Non-Cumulative Series C Preferred Stock currently pays a fixed rate of interest until July 17, 2024. It becomes redeemable at our option on July 18, 2024 and thereafter pays interest at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 3.260%.

The market transition away from LIBOR and towards alternative benchmark interest rate indices that may be developed is expected to be complicated and may require the development of term and credit adjustments to accommodate for differences between the benchmark interest rate indices. The transition may also result in different financial performance for existing transactions, require different hedging strategies, or require renegotiation of existing transactions. As of September 30, 2022, we had $1.2 billion outstanding in medium-term notes based on SOFR, a potential alternative benchmark interest rate index.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Farmer Mac's primary sources of funds to meet its liquidity and funding needs are the proceeds of its debt issuances, guarantee and commitment fees, net effective spread, loan repayments, and maturities of AgVantage and investment securities. Farmer Mac regularly accesses the debt capital markets for funding, and Farmer Mac has maintained steady access to the debt capital markets throughout third quarter 2022. Farmer Mac funds its purchases of eligible loan assets, USDA Securities, Farmer Mac Guaranteed Securities, and investment assets and finances its operations primarily by issuing debt obligations of various maturities in the debt capital markets. As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac had outstanding discount notes of $0.9 billion, medium-term notes that mature within one year of $6.5 billion, and medium-term notes that mature after one year of $16.7 billion.

Assuming continued access to the debt capital markets, Farmer Mac believes it has sufficient liquidity and capital resources to support its operations for the next 12 months and for the foreseeable future. Farmer Mac has a contingency funding plan to manage unanticipated disruptions in its access to the debt capital markets. Farmer Mac must maintain a minimum of 90 days of liquidity under the Liquidity and Investment Regulations prescribed for Farmer Mac by FCA. In accordance with the methodology for calculating available days of liquidity under those regulations, Farmer Mac maintained a monthly average of 351 days of liquidity during third quarter 2022 and had 355 days of liquidity as of September 30, 2022.

Farmer Mac maintains cash, cash equivalents (including U.S. Treasury securities and other short-term money market instruments), and other investment securities that can be drawn upon for liquidity needs. Farmer Mac's current policies authorize liquidity investments in:

•obligations of or fully guaranteed by the United States or a U.S. government agency;

•obligations of or fully guaranteed by GSEs;

•municipal securities;

•international and multilateral development bank obligations;

•money market instruments;

•diversified investment funds;

•asset-backed securities;

•corporate debt securities; and

•mortgage-backed securities.

The following table presents these assets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Table 32

	As of September 30, 2022		As of December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	868,234	$	908,785
Investment securities:
Guaranteed by U.S. Government and its agencies	1,497,866		1,579,452
Guaranteed by GSEs	2,929,802		2,282,655
Asset-backed securities	19,243		19,254
Total	$	5,315,145	$	4,790,146

The objectives of the investment portfolio as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are to provide a level of liquidity that mitigates enterprise risk, provides a reliable source of short-term and long-term liquidity, to prepare for the possibility of future volatility in the debt capital markets, and to support program asset growth.

Capital Requirements. Farmer Mac is subject to the following statutory capital requirements – minimum, critical, and risk-based. Farmer Mac must comply with the higher of the minimum capital requirement and the risk-based capital requirement. As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac was in compliance with its statutory capital requirements and was classified as within "level 1" (the highest compliance level).

In accordance with FCA's rule on capital planning, Farmer Mac's board of directors has adopted a policy for maintaining a sufficient level of "Tier 1" capital (consisting of retained earnings, paid-in capital, common stock, and qualifying preferred stock). That policy restricts Tier 1-eligible dividends and any discretionary bonus payments if Tier 1 capital falls below specified thresholds. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Farmer Mac's Tier 1 capital ratio was 14.9% and 14.8%, respectively. As of September 30, 2022, Farmer Mac was in compliance with its capital adequacy policy. Farmer Mac does not expect its compliance on an ongoing basis with FCA's rule on capital planning, including Farmer Mac's policy on Tier 1 capital, to materially affect Farmer Mac's operations or financial condition.

For more information about the capital requirements applicable to Farmer Mac, its capital adequacy policy, and FCA's rule on capital planning, see "Business—Government Regulation of Farmer Mac—Capital Standards" in Farmer Mac's 2021 Annual Report. See Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements for more information about Farmer Mac's capital position.

Other Matters

None.

Supplemental Information

The following tables present quarterly and annual information about new business volume, repayments, and outstanding business volume:

Table 33

New Business Volume
	Agricultural Finance				Rural Infrastructure Finance
	Farm & Ranch		Corporate AgFinance		Rural Utilities		Renewable Energy		Total
	(in thousands)
For the quarter ended:
September 30, 2022	$	1,927,209	$	169,932	$	547,117	$	61,653	$	2,705,911
June 30, 2022	1,418,397		107,916		326,899		35,307		1,888,519
March 31, 2022	2,452,539		103,353		377,965		41,636		2,975,493
December 31, 2021	2,075,540		411,838		631,338		12,594		3,131,310
September 30, 2021	1,791,662		122,043		609,745		4,152		2,527,602
June 30, 2021	925,950		159,958		410,666		3,441		1,500,015
March 31, 2021	1,087,897		186,393		171,546		23,484		1,469,320
December 31, 2020	907,316		242,394		145,416		44,313		1,339,439
September 30, 2020	1,059,891		212,829		52,300		10,000		1,335,020
For the year ended:
December 31, 2021	$	5,881,049	$	880,232	$	1,823,295	$	43,671	$	8,628,247
December 31, 2020	3,805,600		899,372		949,250		64,313		5,718,535

Table 34

Repayments of Assets
	Agricultural Finance				Rural Infrastructure Finance
	Farm & Ranch		Corporate AgFinance		Rural Utilities		Renewable Energy		Total
	(in thousands)
For the quarter ended:
Scheduled	$	724,580	$	38,018	$	422,917	$	13,429	$	1,198,944
Unscheduled	296,763		64,439		—		—		361,202
September 30, 2022	$	1,021,343	$	102,457	$	422,917	$	13,429	$	1,560,146
Scheduled	$	1,114,779	$	42,162	$	159,491	$	7,898	$	1,324,330
Unscheduled	286,303		30,203		1,791		—		318,297
June 30, 2022	$	1,401,082	$	72,365	$	161,282	$	7,898	$	1,642,627
Scheduled	$	1,535,369	$	39,480	$	266,349	$	7,790	$	1,848,988
Unscheduled	434,794		60,947		397		—		496,138
March 31, 2022	$	1,970,163	$	100,427	$	266,746	$	7,790	$	2,345,126
Scheduled	$	928,663	$	205,778	$	816,802	$	18,526	$	1,969,769
Unscheduled	318,024		48,042		—		—		366,066
December 31, 2021	$	1,246,687	$	253,820	$	816,802	$	18,526	$	2,335,835
Scheduled	$	725,713	$	406,285	$	95,443	$	4,043	$	1,231,484
Unscheduled	374,287		—		201		—		374,488
September 30, 2021	$	1,100,000	$	406,285	$	95,644	$	4,043	$	1,605,972
Scheduled	$	380,684	$	139,774	$	225,257	$	4,704	$	750,419
Unscheduled	409,393		3,921		1,652		—		414,966
June 30, 2021	$	790,077	$	143,695	$	226,909	$	4,704	$	1,165,385
Scheduled	$	721,090	$	120,621	$	100,482	$	2,671	$	944,864
Unscheduled	501,651		82,090		2,279		—		586,020
March 31, 2021	$	1,222,741	$	202,711	$	102,761	$	2,671	$	1,530,884
Scheduled	$	365,732	$	197,108	$	405,597	$	561	$	968,998
Unscheduled	400,809		27,850		1,610		—		430,269
December 31, 2020	$	766,541	$	224,958	$	407,207	$	561	$	1,399,267
Scheduled	$	569,820	$	74,038	$	211,152	$	279	$	855,289
Unscheduled	531,062		1,489		—		—		532,551
September 30, 2020	$	1,100,882	$	75,527	$	211,152	$	279	$	1,387,840
For the year ended:
Scheduled	$	2,756,150	$	872,458	$	1,237,984	$	29,944	$	4,896,536
Unscheduled	1,603,355		134,053		4,132		—		1,741,540
December 31, 2021	$	4,359,505	$	1,006,511	$	1,242,116	$	29,944	$	6,638,076
Scheduled	$	1,779,761	$	475,464	$	849,924	$	1,080	$	3,106,229
Unscheduled	1,706,849		88,394		5,545		—		1,800,788
December 31, 2020	$	3,486,610	$	563,858	$	855,469	$	1,080	$	4,907,017

Table 35

Outstanding Business Volume
	Agricultural Finance				Rural Infrastructure Finance
	Farm & Ranch		Corporate AgFinance		Rural Utilities		Renewable Energy		Total
	(in thousands)
As of:
September 30, 2022	$	17,199,347	$	1,634,786	$	6,296,263	$	196,242	$	25,326,638
June 30, 2022	16,591,999		1,567,311		6,172,063		148,018		24,479,391
March 31, 2022	16,575,595		1,540,760		6,006,446		120,609		24,243,410
December 31, 2021	16,094,639		1,537,834		5,895,227		86,763		23,614,463
September 30, 2021	15,565,589		1,379,816		6,080,691		92,695		23,118,791
June 30, 2021	14,873,926		1,664,059		5,566,591		92,585		22,197,161
March 31, 2021	14,738,052		1,647,796		5,382,835		93,848		21,862,531
December 31, 2020	14,872,894		1,664,115		5,314,051		73,035		21,924,095
September 30, 2020	14,737,485		1,646,679		5,575,841		29,283		21,989,288

Table 36

On-Balance Sheet Outstanding Business Volume
	Fixed Rate		5- to 10-Year ARMs & Resets		1-Month to 3-Year ARMs		Total Held in Portfolio
	(in thousands)
As of:
September 30, 2022	$	13,810,162	$	2,960,596	$	4,644,958	$	21,415,716
June 30, 2022	13,798,771		2,939,467		3,993,956		20,732,194
March 31, 2022	14,174,611		2,858,521		3,443,816		20,476,948
December 31, 2021	13,228,675		2,896,014		3,695,269		19,819,958
September 30, 2021	12,921,572		2,872,499		3,818,550		19,612,621
June 30, 2021	11,800,429		2,878,637		4,254,625		18,933,691
March 31, 2021	11,454,321		2,824,551		4,410,661		18,689,533
December 31, 2020	11,330,414		2,816,840		4,511,964		18,659,218
September 30, 2020	10,879,372		2,811,547		5,013,640		18,704,559

The following table presents the quarterly net effective spread (a non-GAAP measure) by segment:

Table 37

	Net Effective Spread(1)
	Agricultural Finance								Rural Infrastructure Finance								Treasury
	Farm & Ranch				Corporate AgFinance				Rural Utilities				Renewable Energy				Funding				Investments				Net Effective Spread
	Dollars		Yield		Dollars		Yield		Dollars		Yield		Dollars		Yield		Dollars		Yield		Dollars		Yield		Dollars		Yield
	(dollars in thousands)
For the quarter ended:
September 30, 2022(2)	$	33,343	1.04	%	$	7,600	1.99	%	$	4,220	0.30	%	$	705	1.97	%	$	22,564	0.36	%	$	(2,791)	(0.21)	%	$	65,641	1.03	%
June 30, 2022	32,590		1.05	%	6,929		1.87	%	3,733		0.27	%	468		1.78	%	18,508		0.30	%	(1,282)		(0.10)	%	60,946		0.99	%
March 31, 2022	30,354		1.02	%	7,209		1.96	%	3,159		0.23	%	375		1.69	%	16,738		0.28	%	4		—	%	57,839		0.97	%
December 31, 2021	28,998		0.99	%	6,321		1.84	%	2,521		0.19	%	356		1.53	%	15,979		0.28	%	158		0.01	%	54,333		0.94	%
September 30, 2021(2)	28,914		1.06	%	7,163		1.80	%	2,067		0.16	%	236		1.09	%	17,386		0.31	%	159		0.01	%	55,925		0.99	%
June 30, 2021	29,163		1.06	%	6,676		1.65	%	1,759		0.14	%	378		1.80	%	18,449		0.33	%	126		0.01	%	56,551		1.01	%
March 31, 2021	26,461		0.98	%	6,921		1.67	%	1,720		0.14	%	249		1.28	%	18,394		0.33	%	114		0.01	%	53,859		0.97	%
December 31, 2020	25,596		0.95	%	6,237		1.53	%	1,838		0.15	%	123		1.20	%	20,585		0.37	%	143		0.01	%	54,522		0.98	%
September 30, 2020	23,735		0.89	%	5,786		1.45	%	2,022		0.16	%	75		1.19	%	20,034		0.37	%	150		0.01	%	51,802		0.96	%

(1)Farmer Mac excludes the Corporate segment in the presentation above because the segment does not have any interest-earning assets.

(2)See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements for a reconciliation of GAAP net interest income by segment to net effective spread by segment for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

The following table presents quarterly core earnings (a non-GAAP measure) reconciled to net income attributable to common stockholders:

Table 38

	Core Earnings by Quarter End
	September 2022		June <br>2022		March 2022		December 2021		September 2021		June 2021		March 2021		December 2020		September 2020
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Net effective spread	$	65,641	$	60,946	$	57,839	$	54,333	$	55,925	$	56,551	$	53,859	$	54,522	$	51,802
Guarantee and commitment fees	4,201		4,709		4,557		4,637		4,322		4,334		4,240		4,652		4,659
Gain on sale of mortgage loans	—		—		—		6,539		—		—		—		—		—
Other	473		307		514		241		687		301		451		512		453
Total revenues	70,315		65,962		62,910		65,750		60,934		61,186		58,550		59,686		56,914
Credit related expense/(income):
Provision for/(release of) losses	450		(1,535)		(54)		(1,428)		255		(983)		(31)		2,973		1,200
REO operating expenses			—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Losses on sale of REO			—		—		—		—		—		—		22		—
Total credit related expense/(income)	450		(1,535)		(54)		(1,428)		255		(983)		(31)		2,995		1,200
Operating expenses:
Compensation and employee benefits	11,648		11,715		13,298		11,246		10,027		9,779		11,795		9,497		8,791
General and administrative	6,919		7,520		7,278		8,492		6,330		6,349		6,336		6,274		5,044
Regulatory fees	812		813		812		812		750		750		750		750		725
Total operating expenses	19,379		20,048		21,388		20,550		17,107		16,878		18,881		16,521		14,560
Net earnings	50,486		47,449		41,576		46,628		43,572		45,291		39,700		40,170		41,154
Income tax expense	10,303		9,909		9,024		9,809		9,152		9,463		8,520		8,470		8,297
Preferred stock dividends	6,791		6,792		6,791		6,792		6,774		5,842		5,269		5,269		5,166
Core earnings	$	33,392	$	30,748	$	25,761	$	30,027	$	27,646	$	29,986	$	25,911	$	26,431	$	27,691
Reconciling items:
Gains/(losses) on undesignated financial derivatives due to fair value changes	$	6,441	$	2,846	$	2,612	$	(1,242)	$	(405)	$	(3,020)	$	3,236	$	(3,005)	$	(4,286)
(Losses)/gains on hedging activities due to fair value changes	(624)		428		5,687		(2,079)		1,818		(5,866)		4,317		7,954		1,562
Unrealized (losses)/gains on trading assets	(757)		(285)		94		(76)		36		(61)		(14)		223		(258)
Net effects of amortization of premiums/discounts and deferred gains on assets consolidated at fair value	24		(62)		20		71		23		20		16		(77)		97
Net effects of terminations or net settlements on financial derivatives	(3,522)		2,536		15,512		(429)		(351)		109		1,165		1,583		233
Issuance costs on the retirement of preferred stock	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(1,667)
Income tax effect related to reconciling items	(327)		(1,148)		(5,024)		789		(236)		1,852		(1,831)		(1,403)		556
Net income attributable to common stockholders	$	34,627	$	35,063	$	44,662	$	27,061	$	28,531	$	23,020	$	32,800	$	31,706	$	23,928

Item 3Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Farmer Mac is exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates. Farmer Mac manages this market risk by entering into various financial transactions, including financial derivatives, and by monitoring and measuring its exposure to changes in interest rates. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of

Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management—Interest Rate Risk" for more information about Farmer Mac's exposure to interest rate risk and its strategies to manage that risk. For information about Farmer Mac's use of financial derivatives and related accounting policies, see Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements.

Item 4Controls and Procedures

Management's Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Farmer Mac maintains disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in its periodic filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), including this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported on a timely basis. These disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to Farmer Mac's management on a timely basis to allow decisions about required disclosure. Management, including Farmer Mac's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of Farmer Mac's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2022.

Farmer Mac carried out the evaluation of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures, required by paragraph (b) of Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based upon this evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that Farmer Mac's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2022.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in Farmer Mac's internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Farmer Mac's internal control over financial reporting.

Item 1.Legal Proceedings

None.

Item 1A.Risk Factors

Information about risk factors can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial

Condition and Results of Operations—Forward-Looking Statements” in Part I, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q

and in Part I, Item 1A of Farmer Mac’s 2021 Annual Report.

Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a)     Farmer Mac is a federally chartered instrumentality of the United States whose debt and equity

securities are exempt from registration under Section 3(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933. During third

quarter 2022, the following transactions occurred related to Farmer Mac's equity securities that were not

registered under the Securities Act of 1933 and were not otherwise reported on a Current Report on

Form 8-K:

Class C Non-Voting Common Stock. Under Farmer Mac's policy that permits directors of Farmer Mac to

elect to receive shares of Class C non-voting common stock in lieu of their cash retainers, Farmer Mac

issued an aggregate of 496 shares of its Class C non-voting common stock in July 2022 to the six

directors who elected to receive stock in lieu of their cash retainers. Farmer Mac calculated the number of

shares issued to the directors based on a price of $97.65 per share, which was the closing price of the

Class C non-voting common stock on June 30, 2022 (the last trading day of the previous quarter) as

reported by the New York Stock Exchange.

(b)    Not applicable.

(c)    None.

Item 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities

(a)    None.

(b)    None.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5.Other Information

(a) None.

(b) None.

Item 6.Exhibits

*	3.1	—	Title VIII of the Farm Credit Act of 1971, as most recently amended on June 18, 2020 (Previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Form 10-Q filed August 10, 2020).
**	3.2	—	Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant (includescorrectiontoCEO's authority to appoint Treasurer comparedto version previously filed as Exhibit 3.1 to Form 8-K filedAugust 17, 2022).
*	4.1	—	Specimen Certificate for Farmer Mac Class A Voting Common Stock (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 10-Q filed May 15, 2003).
*	4.2	—	Specimen Certificate for Farmer Mac Class B Voting Common Stock (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.2 to Form 10-Q filed May 15, 2003).
*	4.3	—	Specimen Certificate for Farmer Mac Class C Non-Voting Common Stock (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.3 to Form 10-Q filed May 15, 2003).
*	4.4	—	Specimen Certificate for 6.000% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.6 to Form 10-Q filed August 11, 2014).
*	4.4.1	—	Certificate of Designation of Terms and Conditions of 6.000% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series C (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-A filed June 20, 2014).
*	4.5	—	Specimen Certificate for 5.700% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.7 to Form 10-Q filed August 1, 2019).
*	4.5.1	—	Certificate of Designation of Terms and Conditions of 5.700% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series D (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-A filed May 13, 2019).
*	4.6	—	Specimen Certificate for 5.750% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.7 to Form 10-Q filed August 10, 2020).
*	4.6.1	—	Certificate of Designation of Terms and Conditions of 5.750% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series E (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-A filed May 20, 2020).
*	4.7	—	Specimen Certificate for 5.250% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.8 to Form 10-Q filed November 9, 2020).
*	4.7.1	—	Certificate of Designation of Terms and Conditions of 5.250% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-A filed August 20, 2020).
*	4.8		Specimen Certificate for 4.875% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.8 to Form 10-Q filed August 5, 2021).
*	4.8.1		Certificate of Designation of Terms and Conditions of 4.875% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Form 8-A filed May 27, 2021).
*	4.9	—	Description of the Registrant's securities that are registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Previously filed as Exhibit 4.9 to Form 10-Q filed August 5, 2021).
*	10.1		FirstAmendment to Amended Employment Agreement dated as of September28, 2022 between BradfordT. Nordholm and the Registrant (Previously filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Form 8-KfiledOctober 4, 2022
**	31.1	—	Certification of Registrant's principal executive officer relating to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter endedSeptember30, 2022, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**	31.2	—	Certification of Registrant's principal financial officer relating to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter endedSeptember30, 2022, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**	32	—	Certification of Registrant's principal executive officer and principal financial officer relating to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the year endedSeptember30, 2022, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**	101.INS	—	Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
**	101.SCH	—	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
**	101.CAL	—	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation
**	101.DEF	—	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition
**	101.LAB	—	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label
**	101.PRE	—	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation
**	104	—	Cover Page Inline Interactive Data File - the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document included as Exhibit 101
*	Incorporated by reference to the indicated prior filing.
---	---
**	Filed with this report.
#	Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment.
†	Management contract or compensatory plan.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION

/s/ Bradford T. Nordholm		November 7, 2022
By:	Bradford T. Nordholm
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Aparna Ramesh		November 7, 2022
By:	Aparna Ramesh
	Executive Vice President – Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
	(Principal Financial Officer)

123

Document

AMENDED AND RESTATED BY-LAWS OF

FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION

(“FARMER MAC”)

A Federally Chartered Instrumentality of the United States

As amended and restated by the Board of Directors

through August 11, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ARTICLE I NAME AND LOCATION OF OFFICES    1

Section 1.    Name    1

Section 2.    Principal Office and Other Offices    1

Section 3.    Seal    1

Section 4.    Service of Process    1

Section 5.    Fiscal Year    1

ARTICLE II PURPOSES    2

Section 1.    Statutory Purposes    2

Section 2.    Ancillary Purposes    2

ARTICLE III OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES    2

Section 1.    Number and Type    2

Section 2.    Appointment and Confirmation    2

Section 3.    Removal    2

Section 4.    Vacancies    2

Section 5.    The Chief Executive Officer    2

Section 6.    The President    2

Section 7.    The Secretary    3

Section 8.    The Chief Financial Officer    3

Section 9.    The Treasurer    3

Section 10.    The Controller    4

ARTICLE IV MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS    4

Section 1.    Special Meeting    4

Section 2.    Annual Meeting    8

Section 3.    Action Without a Meeting    9

Section 4.    Notice    9

Section 5.    Waiver of Notice    9

Section 6.    Record Date    9

Section 7.    Voting Lists    10

Section 8.    Quorum; Adjournment    10

Section 9.    Proxies    11

i

Section 10.    Organization    11

Section 11.    Voting of Shares    12

Section 12.    Meeting Protocol    12

Section 13.    Inspectors of Votes    13

Section 14.    Business of the Meeting    13

ARTICLE V BOARD OF DIRECTORS    18

Section 1.    Powers    18

Section 2.    Number and Type of Directors    18

Section 3.    Nomination of Directors    18

Section 4.    Meetings and Waiver of Notice    23

Section 5.    Virtual Attendance at Meetings    23

Section 6.    Quorum    23

Section 7.    Action Without a Meeting    23

Section 8.    Compensation    23

Section 9.    Chair and Vice Chair    24

Section 10.    Standing Committees    24

Section 11.    Ad Hoc Committees    30

Section 12.    Outside Advisors and Consultants    30

ARTICLE VI SHARES OF STOCK    30

Section 1.    Issuance and Conditions    30

Section 2.    Common Stock    30

Section 3.    Redemption    31

Section 4.    Dividends on Voting Common Stock and Non-Voting Common Stock    31

Section 5.    Preferred Stock    31

Section 6.    Dividends, Redemption, Conversion of Preferred Shares    32

Section 7.    Preference on Liquidation    32

Section 8.    Purchase of Own Shares    32

Section 9.    Consideration for Shares    32

Section 10.    Stated Capital    32

Section 11.    No Preemptive Rights    33

Section 12.    Liability of Shareholders    33

Section 13.    Reclassifications, Etc.    33

ii

ARTICLE VII CERTIFICATES FOR SHARES AND THEIR TRANSFER    34

Section 1.    Certificates    34

Section 2.    Contents    34

Section 3.    Transfer    35

Section 4.    Records    35

ARTICLE VIII INDEMNIFICATION    36

Section 1.    Authorization    36

Section 2.    Presumption of Good Faith    38

Section 3.    Procedure    38

Section 4.    Advancement of Expenses    39

Section 5.    Application to Court For Indemnification    39

Section 6.    No Imputation    40

Section 7.    Other Rights to Indemnification    40

Section 8.    Survival of Rights    40

Section 9.    Amendment or Repeal    40

Section 10.    Insurance    41

Section 11.    Expenses of Adjudication    41

Section 12.    Exclusive Jurisdiction    41

Section 13.    Contract Rights    41

Section 14.    Reliance    41

Section 15.    Savings Clause    42

ARTICLE IX CONTRACTS, LOANS, CHECKS, DEPOSITS AND STATEMENTS    42

Section 1.    Contracts    42

Section 2.    Loans    42

Section 3.    Checks, Drafts, etc.    42

Section 4.    Deposits    40

Section 5.    Investments    43

ARTICLE X FACSIMILE SIGNATURES    43

ARTICLE XI AMENDMENTS    43

iii

AMENDED AND RESTATED BY-LAWS

OF

FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE CORPORATION

A Federally Chartered Instrumentality of the United States

ARTICLE I

NAME AND LOCATION OF OFFICES

Section 1.Name

The corporation shall do business as the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (the “Corporation”).

Section 2.Principal Office and Other Offices

The principal office of the Corporation shall be located in Washington, D.C. The Corporation may establish other offices in such other places, within or without the District of Columbia, as the Board of Directors or the Corporation’s executive officers shall, from time to time, deem useful for the conduct of the Corporation’s business.

Section 3.Seal

The seal of the Corporation shall be of such design as shall be approved and adopted from time to time by the Board of Directors, and may be affixed to any document by impression, by printing, by rubber stamp, or otherwise.

Section 4.Service of Process

The Secretary or any Assistant Secretary of the Corporation shall be agents of the Corporation upon whom any process, notice, or demand required or permitted by law to be served upon the Corporation may be served.

Section 5.Fiscal Year

The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be as determined from time to time by the Board of Directors.

ARTICLE II

PURPOSES

Section i.Statutory Purposes

The Corporation is organized pursuant to its governing statute, Title VIII of the Farm Credit Act of 1971, as amended (the “Act”), to provide a secondary market for agricultural real estate and rural housing mortgage loans, rural utility loans, and the USDA-guaranteed portions of certain loans made for agricultural, rural development, business and industry, and community facilities purposes and to undertake such other activities authorized by such Act as may be necessary and appropriate to carry out the Corporation’s powers, duties, and functions in accordance with the Act.

Section ii.Ancillary Purposes

The Corporation is further organized to engage in such other related activities that are not prohibited and as the Board of Directors shall from time to time determine to be in the furtherance of the Corporation’s statutory purposes.

ARTICLE III

OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES

Section i.Number and Type

The Board of Directors shall appoint by resolution the following officers (each, an “executive officer”) of the Corporation: Chief Executive Officer, President, Chief Financial Officer and such other officers having the rank of Senior Vice President or higher, as the Board of Directors may deem necessary or appropriate. The Board of Directors shall also appoint by resolution the Secretary of the Corporation. The Chief Executive Officer shall appoint any officers of the Corporation having the rank of Vice President or below, as the Chief Executive Officer may deem necessary or appropriate. The Chief Executive Officer shall also appoint the Treasurer and the Controller of the Corporation (unless either or both of the Treasurer and Controller also has the rank of Senior Vice President or higher, in which case the Board of Directors shall appoint such officer by resolution). Any of the above offices may be held by the same person, except the offices of Chief Executive Officer and Secretary or President and Secretary.

Section ii.Appointment and Confirmation

The executive officers shall be appointed and confirmed annually at the first meeting of the Board of Directors held after each annual meeting of the shareholders. If the selection of

executive officers is not held at such meeting, such selection shall be held as soon thereafter as practicable. Each executive officer shall hold office until his or her successor shall have been duly appointed and confirmed, or until his or her death, or until he or she shall resign or shall have been removed in the manner hereinafter provided.

Section iii.Removal

Any executive officer may be removed by a majority of the Board of Directors, whenever in its judgment the best interests of the Corporation would be served thereby, but such removal shall be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the persons so removed. Any other officer appointed by the Chief Executive Officer may be removed by the Chief Executive Officer with or without cause. Appointment or confirmation of an executive officer or officer shall not of itself create contract rights.

Section iv.Vacancies

If an office appointed by the Board of Directors becomes vacant because of death, resignation, removal, disqualification, or otherwise, the office may be filled by the Chair of the Board of Directors, after consultation with the Vice Chair of the Board of Directors, for the unexpired portion of the term, subject to confirmation by the Board of Directors at the meeting next following the appointment.

Section v.The Chief Executive Officer

The Chief Executive Officer shall be the principal executive officer of the Corporation and, subject to the oversight of the Board of Directors, shall in general supervise, direct, and manage all of the business and affairs of the Corporation. The Chief Executive Officer may sign, singly or with the Secretary or any other proper officer of the Corporation authorized by the Board of Directors, certificates for shares of the Corporation, any deeds, mortgages, bonds, contracts, or other instruments which the Board of Directors has authorized to be executed, except where the signing and execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the Board of Directors to some other officer or agent of the Corporation, or shall be required to be otherwise signed or executed. The Chief Executive Officer shall have and exercise all powers, duties, and authority commonly incident to the office of Chief Executive Officer of a corporation and shall also perform such other duties as the Board of Directors may designate from time to time.

Section vi.The President

If the President is also the Chief Executive Officer, the President shall have and exercise the powers and duties of the Chief Executive Officer. The President shall also exercise such powers and perform such duties as the Board of Directors may designate from time to time, or, if the President is not also the Chief Executive Officer, as the Chief Executive Officer may delegate to the President from time to time.

Section vii.The Secretary

The Secretary shall: (a) attend meetings of the Corporation’s shareholders and of the Board of Directors, including meetings of any Committee of the Board of Directors for which no other person has been appointed to serve as secretary of that Committee, and keep the minutes of such meetings as part of the Corporation’s records; (b) see that all notices are duly given in accordance with the provisions of these By-Laws; (c) be the custodian of the corporate records and of the seal of the Corporation and see that the seal of the Corporation is affixed to all appropriate documents, the execution of which on behalf of the Corporation under its seal is duly authorized; (d) keep a register of the mailing address or other contact information of each shareholder furnished to the Corporation or its designated agent by such shareholder; (e) sign with the Chief Executive Officer or President certificates for shares of the Corporation, the issuance of which shall have been authorized by resolution of the Board of Directors; (f) have general control of the stock transfer books and records of the Corporation; and (g) in general, have and exercise all powers, duties, and authority commonly incident to the office of Secretary of a corporation, and perform such other duties as the Chief Executive Officer or the Board of Directors may designate from time to time. One or more Assistant Secretaries, as appointed by and serving at the pleasure of the Board of Directors or the Secretary, shall perform the duties and have the powers of the Secretary during the absence or disability of the Secretary, and shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or Secretary may designate from time to time.

Section viii.The Chief Financial Officer

The Chief Financial Officer shall be the principal financial officer of the Corporation. The Chief Financial Officer shall have and exercise all powers, duties, and authority commonly incident to the office of Chief Financial Officer of a corporation and shall also perform such other duties as the Chief Executive Officer or the Board of Directors may designate from time to time.

Section ix.The Treasurer

The Treasurer shall: (a) have charge and custody of and be responsible for all funds, disbursements, and securities of the Corporation, receive and give receipts for monies due and payable to the Corporation from any source whatsoever, and keep full and accurate accounts of the same in the Corporation’s books and records, and deposit all such monies in the name of and for credit to the Corporation in such banks, trust companies, or other depositories as shall be selected in accordance with the authorization of the Board of Directors; and (b) in general, have and exercise all powers, duties, and authority commonly incident to the office of Treasurer of a corporation, and perform such other duties as the Chief Executive Officer or the Board of Directors may designate from time to time. An Assistant Treasurer, as appointed by and serving at the pleasure of the Board of Directors or the Treasurer, shall perform the duties and have the powers of the Treasurer during the absence or disability of the Treasurer, and shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or Treasurer may designate from time to time.

Section x.The Controller

The Controller shall: (a) keep full and accurate accounts of all assets, liabilities, commitments, receipts, disbursements, and other financial transactions of the Corporation; and (b) in general, have and exercise all powers, duties, and authority commonly incident to the office of Controller of a corporation, and perform such other duties as the Chief Financial Officer or the Board of Directors may designate from time to time.

ARTICLE IV

MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS

Section i.Special Meeting

(a)    General. A special meeting may be called for any purpose or purposes for which shareholders may legally meet, and shall be held, within or without the District of Columbia, at such place as may be determined by the Chair or a majority of the directors of the Corporation, whichever shall call the meeting. Special meetings of the shareholders shall be held upon the call of either the Chair or a majority of the total number of authorized directors of the Corporation (whether or not there exists any vacancies in previously authorized directorships at the time any such resolution is presented to the Board of Directors for adoption) and, subject to compliance with the procedures and requirements contained in Section 1(b), shall be called by the Chair upon a written request signed and dated by the holders of record of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of the Corporation having voting power, stating the purpose or purposes for which it is to be held. In the case of such a special meeting, the business to be conducted at the special meeting shall be limited to the purpose or purposes stated in the written request. Except in accordance with this Article IV, Section 1, shareholders shall not be permitted to propose business to be brought before a special meeting of the shareholders. The Board of Directors shall determine whether the procedures and requirements set forth in Section 1(b) have been complied with and such determination shall be binding on the Corporation and its shareholders.

(b)    Shareholder Requested Special Meetings

(i)     Any voting shareholder of record who seeks to have shareholders request a special meeting shall, by sending written notice to the Secretary of the Corporation (the “Record Date Request Notice”) by registered mail, return receipt requested, request the Board of Directors to fix a record date to determine the shareholders entitled to request that a special meeting be called (the “Request Record Date”) which request shall be in proper form and shall be delivered to, or mailed and received by, the Secretary of the Corporation. To be in proper form for purposes of this Section 1(b), the Record Date Request Notice (A) shall set forth the purpose or purposes of the special meeting and the matters proposed to be acted on at it, the reasons for conducting such matters at the special meeting and any material interest in such

matters of each Requesting Person (as defined in Section 1(b)(vi)), (B) shall set forth a reasonably detailed description of all agreements, arrangements and understandings (x) between or among any of the Requesting Persons or (y) between or among any Requesting Person and any other person or entity (including their names) in connection with the request for the special meeting or the business proposed to be conducted at the special meeting, (C) shall be signed by one or more shareholders of record as of the date of signature who hold one or more shares of the Corporation’s common stock having voting power, (D) shall bear the date of signature of each such shareholder, (E) shall set forth a representation that each of the Requesting Persons intends to appear in person or by proxy at the special meeting to present the proposal(s) or business to be brought before the special meeting, (F) shall set forth, to the extent that any Requesting Person intends to solicit proxies with respect to the shareholder’s proposal(s) or business to be presented at the special meeting, a representation to that effect, and (G) shall set forth for each Requesting Person all information required to be provided pursuant to Section 14(c) of this Article IV for a Proposing Person except that for purposes of this Section 1(b) the term “Requesting Person” shall be substituted for the term “Proposing Person” in all places where it appears in Section 14(c) of this Article IV. Upon receiving the Record Date Request Notice in proper form and otherwise in compliance with this Section 1(b) from any voting shareholder of record, the Board of Directors may fix a Request Record Date. The Request Record Date shall not precede and shall not be more than ten (10) days after the close of business on the date on which the resolution fixing the Request Record Date is adopted by the Board of Directors. If the Board of Directors, within ten (10) days after the date on which a valid Record Date Request Notice is received, fails to adopt a resolution fixing the Request Record Date, the Request Record Date shall be the close of business on the tenth day after the first date on which the Record Date Request Notice is received by the Secretary of the Corporation.

(ii)    In order for a voting shareholder to request that a special meeting be called, one or more written requests for a special meeting in proper form (the “Special Meeting Request”) signed by the holders of record of at least a majority of the outstanding shares of the Corporation having voting power as of the Request Record Date (the “Special Meeting Percentage”) shall be timely delivered in proper form to the Secretary of the Corporation. Only voting shareholders of record on the Request Record Date shall be entitled to request that the Corporation call a special meeting of the shareholders pursuant to this Section 1(b). In addition, the failure of the voting shareholders of record signing the Special Meeting Request to own of record shares of voting common stock representing at least the Special Meeting Percentage at the time of the special meeting shall constitute a revocation of the Special Meeting Request. To be in proper form for purposes of this Section 1(b), the Special Meeting Request (A) shall set forth the purpose of the meeting and the matters proposed to be acted on at it (which shall be limited to those lawful matters set forth in the Record Date Request Notice received by the Secretary of the Corporation), (B) shall include the text of the proposal or business (including the text of any resolutions proposed for consideration), (C) shall bear the date of signature of each such shareholder (or agent duly authorized in a writing accompanying the Special Meeting Request) signing the Special Meeting Request, and (D) shall set forth for each shareholder requesting that a special meeting be called (other than any voting shareholder that has provided such request in response to a solicitation made pursuant to, and in accordance with, Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) by way of a solicitation

statement filed on Schedule 14A), the information required to be provided pursuant to this Section 1(b) of a Requesting Person. To be timely, the Special Meeting Request shall be sent to the Secretary of the Corporation by registered mail, return receipt requested, and shall be received by the Secretary of the Corporation within sixty (60) days after the Request Record Date. Any requesting shareholder (or agent duly authorized in a writing accompanying the revocation or the Special Meeting Request) may revoke his, her or its request for a special meeting at any time by written revocation delivered to the Secretary of the Corporation.

(iii)    In the case of any special meeting called by the Board of Directors upon the request of shareholders (a “Shareholder Requested Meeting”), such meeting shall be held at such place, date and time as may be designated by the Chair; provided, however, that the date of any Shareholder Requested Meeting shall be not more than ninety (90) calendar days after the record date for such meeting (the “Meeting Record Date”); and provided further that if the Board of Directors fails to designate, within ten (10) calendar days after the date that a valid Special Meeting Request is actually received by the Secretary of the Corporation (the “Delivery Date”), a date and time for a Shareholder Requested Meeting, then such meeting shall be held at 2:00 p.m., local time, on the ninetieth (90th) calendar day after the Meeting Record Date or, if such ninetieth (90th) day is not a Business Day (as defined below), on the first preceding Business Day; and provided further that in the event that the Board of Directors fails to designate a place for a Shareholder Requested Meeting within ten (10) calendar days after the Delivery Date, then such meeting shall be held at the principal executive offices of the Corporation. In fixing a date for any special meeting, the Board of Directors may consider such factors as it deems relevant within the good faith exercise of business judgment, including, without limitation, the nature of the matters to be considered, the facts and circumstances surrounding any request for the meeting and any plan of the Board of Directors to call an annual meeting or a special meeting. In the case of any Shareholder Requested Meeting, if the Board of Directors fails to fix a Meeting Record Date that is a date within thirty (30) calendar days after the Delivery Date, then the close of business on the thirtieth (30th) calendar day after the Delivery Date shall be the Meeting Record Date. Notwithstanding anything in these By-Laws to the contrary, the Board of Directors may submit its own proposal or proposals for consideration at any Shareholder Requested Meeting.

(iv)    If at any time as a result of written revocations of the Special Meeting Request, voting shareholders of record, as of the Request Record Date, entitled to cast less than the Special Meeting Percentage shall have delivered and not revoked requests for a special meeting, the officer or agent of the Corporation empowered to give notice of the meeting, shall refrain from mailing such notice or, if such notice has been mailed, such officer or agent shall revoke the notice of the meeting at any time at least ten (10) calendar days before the meeting. Any request for a special meeting received after a revocation by such officer or agent of a notice of a meeting shall be considered a request for a new special meeting.

(v)    The Board of Directors may appoint regionally or nationally recognized independent inspectors of elections to act as the agent of the Corporation for the purpose of promptly performing a ministerial review of the validity of any purported Special Meeting Request received by the Secretary of the Corporation. In such a case and notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, for the purpose of permitting the inspectors to perform

such review, no such purported request shall be deemed to have been delivered to the Secretary of the Corporation until the earlier of (A) five (5) Business Days after receipt by the Secretary of the Corporation of such purported request and (B) such date as the independent inspectors certify to the Corporation that the requests received by the Secretary of the Corporation represent, as of the Request Record Date, at least the Special Meeting Percentage. Nothing contained in this paragraph (v) shall in any way be construed to suggest or imply that the Corporation or any shareholder shall not be entitled to contest the validity of any request, whether during or after such five (5) Business Day period, or to take any other action (including, without limitation, the commencement, prosecution or defense of any litigation with respect thereto, and the seeking of injunctive relief in such litigation).

(vi)    For purposes of this Section 1(b), the term “Requesting Person” shall mean (A) the shareholder making the request to fix a record date for the purpose of determining the shareholders entitled to request that the special meeting be called, (B) the beneficial owner or beneficial owners, if different, on whose behalf such request is made, (C) any affiliate or associate of such shareholder or beneficial owner, and (D) any other person with whom such shareholder or beneficial owner (or any of their respective affiliates or associates) is Acting in Concert.

(vii)    For purposes of these By-Laws, a person shall be deemed to be “Acting in Concert” with another person if such person knowingly acts (whether or not pursuant to an express agreement, arrangement or understanding) in concert with, or towards a common goal relating to the management, governance or control of the Corporation in parallel with, such other person where (A) each person is conscious of the other person’s conduct or intent and this awareness is an element in their decision-making processes and (B) at least one additional factor suggests that such persons intend to act in concert or in parallel, which such additional factors may include, without limitation, exchanging information (whether publicly or privately), attending meetings or conducting discussions with each other, or making or soliciting invitations to act in concert or in parallel; provided, that a person shall not be deemed to be Acting in Concert with any other person solely as a result of the solicitation or receipt of revocable proxies or consents from such other person in response to a solicitation made pursuant to, and in accordance with, Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act by way of a proxy or consent solicitation statement filed on Schedule 14A. A person Acting in Concert with another person shall be deemed to be Acting in Concert with any third party who is also Acting in Concert with such other person.

(ix)    For purposes of these By-Laws, “Business Day” shall mean any day other than a Saturday, a Sunday or a legal holiday in the District of Columbia.

(x)    In connection with a Shareholder Requested Meeting called in accordance with this Section 1(b), the Requesting Person shall further update and supplement the information previously provided to the Corporation in connection with any such request, if necessary, from time to time, so that the information provided or required to be provided in such request pursuant to this Section 1(b) shall be true and correct, and such update and supplement shall be received by the Secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the

Corporation not later than five (5) Business Days following the occurrence of any event, development or occurrence which would cause the information provided to be not true and correct.

(xi)    The Secretary of the Corporation shall not accept, and shall consider ineffective, a written request from a shareholder to call a special meeting (A) that does not comply with this Section 1(b), (B) that relates to an item of business to be transacted at such meeting that is not a proper subject for shareholder action under applicable law or these By-Laws, (C) that relates to the election or removal of directors, (D) that includes an item of business to be transacted at such meeting that did not appear on the Record Date Request Notice, (E) that relates to an item of business that is identical or substantially similar to an item of business (a “Similar Item”) for which a record date (other than the Request Record Date) was previously fixed and such request is delivered between the time beginning on the day after such previous record date and ending on the one-year anniversary of such previous record date, (F) if a Similar Item will be submitted for shareholder approval at any shareholder meeting to be held on or before the date that is one hundred twenty (120) calendar days after the Secretary of the Corporation receives such request, (G) if a Similar Item has been presented at the most recent annual meeting or at any special meeting held within one (1) year prior to receipt by the Secretary of the Corporation of such request to call a special meeting, (H) a Similar Item is included in the Corporation’s notice as an item of business to be brought before a shareholder meeting that has been called but not yet held; or (I) such special meeting request was made in a manner that involved a violation of Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act or other applicable law.

(xii)     Notwithstanding anything in these By-Laws to the contrary, the Chair shall not be required to call a special meeting except in accordance with this Section 1(b). If the Board of Directors shall determine that any request to fix a Request Record Date or Meeting Record Date or request to call and hold a Shareholder Requested Meeting was not properly made in accordance with this Section 1(b), or shall determine that the shareholder or shareholders requesting that the Board of Directors fix such record date or call and hold the Shareholder Requested Meeting have not otherwise complied with this Section 1(b), then the Board of Directors shall not be required to fix a record date or to call and hold the special meeting. In addition to the requirements of this Section 1(b), each Requesting Person shall comply with all requirements of applicable law, including all requirements of the Exchange Act, with respect to any request to fix such record date or request to call and hold the Shareholder Requested Meeting.

Section ii.Annual Meeting

An annual meeting of the shareholders shall be held each year at such date, at such time and at such place (within or outside the District of Columbia) as set by resolution of the Board of Directors. At the meeting, the shareholders entitled to vote shall elect directors and transact such other business as may properly be brought before the meeting.

Section iii.Action Without a Meeting

Any action required or permitted to be taken at a meeting of the shareholders may be taken without a meeting if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by all of the shareholders entitled to vote with respect to the subject matter thereof. No written consent shall be effective to take the corporate action referred to therein unless, within

thirty (30) days of the earliest dated consent delivered to the Corporation as required by these By-Laws, written consents signed by all of the shareholders entitled to vote with respect to the subject matter thereof are so recorded.

Section iv.Notice

Written or printed notice stating the place, day and hour of any meeting and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose for which the meeting is called, shall be delivered not less than ten (10) nor more than fifty (50) calendar days before the date of the meeting, either personally or by mail, by or at the direction of the Chair of the Board, or the Secretary of the Corporation, or the officer or persons calling the meeting, to each shareholder of record entitled to vote at such meeting. If mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be delivered when deposited in the United States mail with postage thereon prepaid, addressed to the shareholder at his or her address as it appears on the stock transfer books of the Corporation or such other address as the shareholder has in writing instructed the Secretary of the Corporation.

Section v.Waiver of Notice

Attendance by a shareholder at a shareholders’ meeting, whether in person or by proxy, without objection to the notice or lack thereof, shall constitute a waiver of notice of the meeting. Any shareholder may, either before or after the time of the meeting, execute a waiver of notice of such meeting.

Section vi.Record Date

(a)    For the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to notice or to vote at any meeting of shareholders or any adjournment thereof, or shareholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend, or in order to make a determination of shareholders for any other proper purpose, the Board of Directors shall select in advance a date as the record date for any such determination of shareholders, such date in any case to be not more than ninety (90) calendar days, in the case of a meeting of shareholders, nor less than ten (10) calendar days prior to the date on which the particular action requiring such determination of shareholders is to be taken. If the Board of Directors fails to designate such a date, the date on which notice of the meeting is mailed or the date on which the resolution of the Board of Directors declaring such dividends is adopted, as the case may be, shall be the record date for such determination of shareholders. When a date is set for the determination of shareholders entitled to vote at any meeting of shareholders, such determination shall apply to any adjournment thereof.

(b)    In order that the Corporation may determine the shareholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, the Board of Directors may fix a record date (a “Consent Record Date”), which Consent Record Date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the Consent Record Date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which Consent Record Date shall not be more than ten (10) days after the date upon which the resolution fixing the Consent Record Date is adopted by the Board of Directors. Any shareholder or shareholders of record who are seeking to have the shareholders express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting shall, by sending written notice to the Secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation by hand or by certified registered mail, return receipt requested, request the Board of Directors to fix a Consent Record Date. The Board of Directors shall promptly, but in all events within ten (10) days after the date on which such a valid request is received and verified, adopt a resolution fixing the Consent Record Date and shall make a public announcement of such Consent Record Date. If no record date has been fixed by the Board of Directors, the Consent Record Date for determining shareholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting shall be the date that is ten (10) days after the date on which a valid request to set a Consent Record Date (as described in this paragraph) is received and verified. To be valid, such written request shall be signed by one or more shareholders of record and by the beneficial owners, if any, on whose behalf the shareholder or shareholders are acting, shall bear the date of signature of each such shareholder and any such beneficial owner and shall set forth: (A) the name and address, as they appear on the Corporation’s books, of each such shareholder and any such beneficial owner who seeks to have the shareholders express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting; and (B) a representation that each such shareholder is a holder of record of shares of the Corporation entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders with respect to each matter for which such shareholder is seeking to have shareholders express consent to corporate action in a writing without a meeting.

Section vii.Voting Lists

The officer or agent having charge of the stock transfer books for shares of the Corporation shall make a complete record of the shareholders entitled to vote at each meeting of the shareholders or any adjournment thereof, arranged in alphabetical order, with the address and the number of shares held by each. Such officer or agent shall also prepare two separate lists of such shareholders, one indicating in alphabetical order which shareholders are financial institutions not members of the Farm Credit System and another indicating in alphabetical order which shareholders are member institutions of the Farm Credit System. Nothing contained in this Section 7 shall require the Corporation to include electronic mail addresses or other electronic contact information on such lists. Such records shall be produced and kept open at the time and place of the meeting and shall be subject to inspection by any shareholder during the whole time of the meeting for the purposes thereof.

Section viii.Quorum; Adjournment

A majority of the outstanding shares of the Corporation entitled to vote, represented in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at a meeting of shareholders. If less than a

majority of such outstanding shares are represented at a meeting, a majority of the shares so represented may adjourn a meeting from time to time without further notice. The chair of the meeting shall also be authorized to adjourn the meeting whether or not a quorum is present. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present or represented, any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally notified. The shareholders present at a duly organized meeting may continue to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough shareholders to leave less than a quorum. Shares of its own stock belonging to the Corporation shall not be counted in determining the total number of outstanding shares at any given time.

Section ix.Proxies

At all meetings of shareholders, a shareholder entitled to vote may vote by proxy executed in writing by the shareholder or by its duly authorized attorney in fact. Shares standing in the name of another corporation may be voted by such officer, agent or proxy as the by-laws of such corporation may prescribe, or, in the absence of such provisions, as the Board of Directors of such corporation may determine. All proxies shall be filed with the Secretary of the Corporation before or at the time of the meeting, and shall be revocable, if such revocation be in writing, until exercised. No proxy shall be valid after eleven months from the date of its execution unless otherwise provided in the proxy.

The Board of Directors may solicit proxies from shareholders to be voted by such person or persons as shall be designated by resolution of the Board of Directors. The Corporation shall assume the expense of solicitations undertaken by the Board of Directors.

Any solicitation of proxies by the Corporation shall contain the names of all persons the Corporation proposes to nominate for directorships to be filled at the next meeting and a brief summary of their business experience during the last five years. Each proxy solicitation shall be accompanied by a copy of the most recent annual report of the Corporation which report, to the satisfaction of the Board of Directors, shall reasonably represent the financial condition of the Corporation as of the time of its preparation.

If any shareholder entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders shall seek a list of shareholders for the purpose of soliciting proxies from any other shareholders, the Corporation may, at its option, either (a) provide the soliciting shareholder with a complete and current list containing the names of all shareholders of the Corporation entitled to vote at such meeting; and their addresses as they appear on the transfer books of the Corporation; or (b) mail such proxy solicitations on behalf of the soliciting shareholders, upon being furnished the material to be mailed and the reasonable cost of the mailing.

Section x.Organization

Meetings of the shareholders shall be presided over by the Chair of the Board of Directors or in the absence of the Chair, the Vice Chair, or if no such director is present, a director designated by the Board of Directors. The Secretary of the Corporation shall act as

secretary of every meeting and, if the Secretary is not present, the meeting shall choose any person present to act as secretary of the meeting. The chair of the meeting shall have the right to determine the order of business at the meeting.

Section xi.Voting of Shares

Except as provided in this Section, at every meeting of the shareholders, every holder of common stock entitled to vote on a matter coming before such meeting shall be entitled to one vote for each share of common stock registered in its name on the stock transfer books of the Corporation at the close of the record date. Unless otherwise specified by applicable law or the rules of any national securities exchange on which the Corporation’s shares are listed or traded (i) any matter other than the election of directors brought before any meeting of shareholders shall be decided by the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast and (ii) “votes cast” shall not include abstentions and broker non-votes.

At each election of directors, the chair of the meeting shall inform the shareholders present of the persons appointed by the President of the United States to serve as directors of the Corporation. The shareholders entitled to vote for the election of directors which are institutions of the Farm Credit System shall constitute a single class and shall then proceed to elect five (5) directors. Following the election of directors by shareholders which are institutions of the Farm Credit System, the shareholders entitled to vote for the election of directors which are financial institutions and are not institutions of the Farm Credit System shall constitute a single class and shall proceed to elect five (5) directors. The election of directors shall be decided by a plurality of the votes cast at a meeting of shareholders by the shareholders entitled to vote in the election of each class of directors.

Every holder of common stock entitled to vote for the election of directors shall have the right to cast the number of votes that is equal to the product of the number of shares owned by it multiplied by the number of directors to be elected of the class for which it may vote, and it may cast all such votes for one person or may distribute them evenly or unevenly among any number of persons not greater than the number of such directors of such class to be elected, at its option. Shares of the Corporation’s stock belonging to the Corporation shall not be eligible for voting with respect to any matter.

Section xii.Meeting Protocol

To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, the Board of Directors of the Corporation shall be entitled to make such rules, regulations and procedures for the conduct of meetings of shareholders as it shall deem necessary, appropriate or convenient. Subject to such rules, regulations and procedures of the Board of Directors, if any, the chair of the meeting shall have the right and authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures and take such action as, in the discretion of such chair, are deemed necessary, appropriate or convenient for the proper conduct of the meeting. Such rules, regulations and procedures, whether adopted by the Board of Directors or prescribed by the chair of the meeting, may include, without limitation, the following: (i) establishing an agenda for the meeting and the order for the consideration of the

items of business on such agenda; (ii) restricting admission to the time set for the commencement of the meeting; (iii) limiting attendance at the meeting to shareholders of record of the Corporation entitled to vote at the meeting, their duly authorized proxies or other such persons as the chair of the meeting may determine; (iv) limiting participation at the meeting on any matter to shareholders of record of the Corporation entitled to vote on such matter, their duly authorized proxies or other such persons as the chair of the meeting may determine to recognize and, as a condition to recognizing any such participant, requiring such participant to provide the chair of the meeting with evidence of his or her name and affiliation, whether he or she is a shareholder or a proxy for a shareholder, and the class and series and number of shares of each class and series of capital stock of the Corporation which are owned beneficially and/or of record by such shareholder; (v) limiting the time allotted to questions or comments by participants; (vi) determining when the polls should be opened and closed for voting; (vii) taking such actions as are necessary or appropriate to maintain order, decorum, safety and security at the meeting; (viii) removing any shareholder who refuses to comply with meeting rules, regulations and procedures as established by the chair of the meeting; (ix) subject to Section 3 of this Article, adjourning the meeting to a later date, time and place announced at the meeting by the chair of the meeting; and (x) complying with any state and local laws and regulations concerning safety and security. Unless otherwise determined by the chair of the meeting, meetings of shareholders shall not be required to be held in accordance with the rules of parliamentary procedure.

Section xiii.Inspectors of Votes

The Board of Directors, in advance of any meeting of shareholders, may appoint one or more Inspectors of Votes to act at the meeting or any adjournment thereof. In case any person so appointed resigns or fails to act, the vacancy may be filled by appointment by the chair of the meeting. The Inspectors of Votes shall determine all questions concerning the qualification of voters, the validity of proxies, the acceptance or rejection of votes and, with respect to each vote by ballot, shall collect and count the ballots and report in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation the result of the vote. The Inspectors of Votes need not be shareholders of the Corporation. No person who is an officer or director of the Corporation, or who is a candidate for election as a director, shall be eligible to be an Inspector of Votes.

Section xiv.Business of the Meeting

(a)    General. At any annual meeting of shareholders, only such business shall be conducted, and only such proposals shall be acted upon, as shall have been properly brought before the meeting. To be properly brought before a meeting of shareholders, business (other than the election of directors which shall be governed by Article V, Section 3), must be brought (i) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors; (ii) by the Corporation and specified in the notice of the meeting (or any supplement thereto); or (iii) by any shareholder of the Corporation in accordance with Article IV, Section 14 of these By-Laws. For business to be properly brought before a meeting by a shareholder (other than the election of directors which shall be governed by Article V, Section 3), the shareholder must (i) be a shareholder of record of the Corporation’s voting common stock at the time such shareholder gives notice of such proposal, (ii) be entitled to vote on the proposal at the time of the meeting, and (iii) comply with the notice and other

procedures set forth in this Section 14. The immediately preceding sentence shall be the exclusive means for a shareholder to bring business (other than matters properly brought under Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act and included in the Corporation’s notice of meeting) before an annual meeting of shareholders. Shareholders seeking to nominate persons for election to the Board of Directors must comply with Article V, Section 3 and this Section 14 shall not be applicable to such nominations except as expressly provided in Article V, Section 3.

(b)    Timely Notice Requirement. For business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a shareholder, the shareholder must (i) provide Timely Notice (as defined below) thereof in writing and in proper form to the Secretary of the Corporation and (ii) provide any updates or supplements to such notice at the times and in the forms required by this Section 14. To be timely, a shareholder’s notice must be delivered to, or mailed and received by, the Secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not less than ninety (90) calendar days nor more than one hundred twenty (120) calendar days prior to the one-year anniversary of the immediately preceding year’s annual meeting; provided, however, that in the event that no annual meeting was held in the previous year or the date of the annual meeting is called for a date that is more than thirty (30) calendar days before or more than sixty (60) calendar days after such anniversary date, notice by the shareholder to be timely must be so delivered, or mailed and received, not later than the ninetieth (90th) calendar day prior to such annual meeting or, if later, the tenth (10th) calendar day following the day on which public disclosure of the date of such annual meeting was first made (such notice within such time periods, “Timely Notice”). In no event shall any adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting or the announcement thereof commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of Timely Notice as described above.

(c)     Proper Notice Requirement. To be in proper form for purposes of this Section 14, a shareholder’s notice to the Secretary of the Corporation shall set forth:

(i)     As to each Proposing Person (as defined below), (A) the name and address of such Proposing Person (including, if applicable, the name and address that appear on the Corporation’s books and records); (B) the class or series and number of shares of the Corporation’s stock that are, directly or indirectly, owned of record or beneficially owned (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act) by such Proposing Person, except that such Proposing Person shall in all events be deemed to beneficially own any shares of any class or series of the Corporation’s stock as to which such Proposing Person has a right to acquire beneficial ownership at any time in the future; (C) a representation that such Proposing Person will notify the Corporation in writing of the class or series and number of such shares that are directly or indirectly beneficially owned by such Proposing Person as of the record date for the meeting, promptly following the later of the record date or the date that notice of the record date is first publicly disclosed; (D) a representation that such Proposing Person is entitled to vote at the meeting; (E) a representation that such Proposing Person intends to appear in person or by proxy at the meeting to propose such business; (F) a representation as to whether the Proposing Person intends or is part of a group that intends (1) to deliver a proxy statement and/or forms of proxy to holders of at least the percentage of the

Corporation’s outstanding shares required to approve or adopt the proposal and/or (2) otherwise to solicit proxies from shareholders in support of such proposal; (G) a representation that the Proposing Person has complied with all applicable provisions of the Exchange Act relating to its ownership of shares of any class or series of the Corporation’s stock, including, but not limited to, the filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) of any Schedule 13D or any amendment thereto required to be filed pursuant to the Exchange Act; and (H) any other information relating to such Proposing Person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for the proposal pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (the disclosures to be made pursuant to the foregoing clauses (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (F), (G) and (H) are referred to as “Shareholder Information”);

(ii)     As to each Proposing Person, (A) a description of any derivative, swap or other transaction or series of transactions engaged in, directly or indirectly, by such Proposing Person, the purpose or effect of which is to give such Proposing Person economic risk similar to ownership of shares of any class or series of the Corporation’s stock, including due to the fact that the value of such derivative, swap or other transactions are determined by reference to the price, value or volatility of any shares of any class or series of the Corporation’s stock, or which derivative, swap or other transactions provide, directly or indirectly, the opportunity to profit from any increase in the price or value of shares of any class or series of the Corporation’s stock (“Synthetic Equity Interests”), which Synthetic Equity Interests shall be disclosed without regard to whether (x) the derivative, swap or other transactions convey any voting rights in such shares to such Proposing Person, (y) the derivative, swap or other transactions are required to be, or are capable of being, settled through delivery of such shares or (z) such Proposing Person may have entered into other transactions that hedge or mitigate the economic effect of such derivative, swap or other transactions, (B) any proxy (other than a revocable proxy or consent given in response to a solicitation made pursuant to, and in accordance with, Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act by way of a solicitation statement filed on Schedule 14A), agreement, arrangement, understanding or relationship pursuant to which such Proposing Person has or shares a right to vote any shares of any class or series of the Corporation’s stock, (C) any agreement, arrangement, understanding or relationship, including any repurchase or similar so-called “stock borrowing” agreement or arrangement, engaged in, directly or indirectly, by such Proposing Person, the purpose or effect of which is to mitigate loss to, reduce the economic risk (of ownership or otherwise) of shares of any class or series of the Corporation’s stock by, manage the risk of share price changes for, or increase or decrease the voting power of, such Proposing Person with respect to the shares of any class or series of the Corporation’s stock, or which provides, directly or indirectly, the opportunity to profit from any decrease in the price or value of the shares of any class or series of the Corporation’s stock (“Short Interests”), (D) any rights to dividends on the shares of any class or series of the Corporation’s stock owned beneficially by such Proposing Person that are separated or separable from the underlying shares of the Corporation, (E) any performance related fees (other than an asset based fee) that such Proposing Person may be entitled to due to any

increase or decrease in the price or value of shares of any class or series of the Corporation’s stock, or any Synthetic Equity Interests or Short Interests, if any, and (F) any other information relating to such Proposing Person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filing required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies or consents by such Proposing Person in support of the business proposed to be brought before the meeting pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder (the disclosures to be made pursuant to the foregoing clauses (A) through (F) are referred to as “Disclosable Interests”); provided, however, that Disclosable Interests shall not include any such disclosures with respect to the ordinary course of business activities of any broker, dealer, commercial bank, trust company or other nominee who is a Proposing Person solely as a result of being the shareholder directed to prepare and submit the notice required by these By-Laws on behalf of a beneficial owner; and

(iii)    As to each item of business that the shareholder proposes to bring before the annual meeting, (A) a reasonably brief description of the business desired to be brought before the annual meeting and the reasons for conducting such business at the annual meeting; (B) the complete text of the proposal or business (including the text of any resolutions and amendment to any document of the Corporation proposed for consideration); (C) any personal or other direct or indirect material interest of the Proposing Person in the business proposed; (D) a reasonably detailed description of all agreements, arrangements and understandings (x) between or among any of the Proposing Persons or (y) between or among any Proposing Person and any other person or entity (including their names) in connection with the proposal of such business by such Proposing Person, including without limitation any agreements that would be required to be disclosed in a Schedule 13D that would be filed pursuant to the Exchange Act (regardless of whether the requirement to file a Schedule 13D is applicable to the Proposing Person or other person or entity); and (E) all other information relating to the proposed business which may be required to be included in a proxy statement required to be filed pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.

(iv)    For purposes of this Section 14, the term “Proposing Person” shall mean (a) the shareholder providing the notice of business proposed to be brought before an annual meeting, (b) the beneficial owner or beneficial owners, if different, on whose behalf the notice of the business proposed to be brought before the annual meeting is made, (c) any affiliate or associate (each within the meaning of Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act for purposes of these By-Laws) of such shareholder or beneficial owner, and (d) any other person with whom such shareholder or beneficial owner (or any of their respective affiliates or associates) is Acting in Concert.

(d)     Supplements to Notice of Business. A shareholder providing notice of business proposed to be brought before an annual meeting shall further update and supplement such notice, if necessary, from time to time, so that the information provided or required to be provided in such notice pursuant to this Section 14 shall be true and correct, and such update and

supplement shall be received by the Secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than five (5) Business Days following the occurrence of any event, development or occurrence which would cause the information provided to be not true and correct.

(e)     Confirmation of Accuracy of Information Provided. If the information submitted pursuant to this Section 14 by any shareholder proposing business for consideration at an annual meeting shall be inaccurate to any material extent, such information may be deemed not to have been provided in accordance with this Section 14. Upon written request by the Secretary of the Corporation, the Board of Directors or any committee thereof, any shareholder proposing business for consideration at an annual meeting shall provide, within five (5) Business Days of delivery of such request (or such other period as may be specified in such request), written verification, satisfactory in the discretion of the Board of Directors, any committee thereof or any authorized officer of the Corporation, to demonstrate the accuracy of any information submitted by the shareholder pursuant to this Section 14. If a shareholder fails to provide such written verification within such period, the information as to which written verification was requested may be deemed not to have been provided in accordance with this Section 14.

(f)     Exclusive Means for Proposing Business. Any reference in these By-Laws to the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder are not intended to and shall not limit any requirements applicable to proposals as to any other business to be considered pursuant to these By-Laws. Notwithstanding anything in these By-Laws to the contrary, no business shall be brought before an annual meeting except in accordance with this Section 14. The chair of the meeting shall, if the facts warrant, determine that the business was not properly brought before the meeting in accordance with this Section 14, and if he or she should so determine, he or she shall so declare to the meeting and any such business not properly brought before the meeting shall not be transacted.

(g)     Compliance with the Exchange Act. This Section 14 is expressly intended to apply to any business proposed to be brought before an annual meeting of shareholders other than any proposal made pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act. In addition to the requirements of this Section 14 with respect to any business proposed to be brought before an annual meeting, each Proposing Person shall comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act with respect to any such business. Nothing in this Section 14 shall be deemed to affect the rights of shareholders to request inclusion of proposals in the Corporation’s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act.

(h)     Definition of Public Disclosure. For purposes of these By-Laws, “public disclosure” shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by a national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the SEC pursuant to Sections 13, 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, or in a notice pursuant to the applicable rules of an exchange on which the securities of the Corporation are listed.

ARTICLE V

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Section i.Powers

The business, affairs, and operations of the Corporation shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board of Directors, which shall have all powers granted to it by the Corporation’s governing statute, as may be amended from time to time, including those specified in Section 8.3 of the Act. The Board of Directors has the responsibility and authority to manage the internal affairs of the Board of Directors, including but not limited to the establishment of its rules of procedure.

Section ii.Number and Type of Directors

The Board of Directors shall consist of those directors appointed or elected as provided in Section 8.2 of the Act.

Section iii.Nomination of Directors

(a)    General. Nominations of any person for election to the Board of Directors at an annual meeting may be made at such meeting only (i) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, including by any committee or persons appointed by the Board of Directors, or (ii) by a shareholder who (a) was a shareholder of record both at the time of giving the notice provided for in this Section 3 and at the time of the meeting, (b) is entitled to vote at the meeting in the election of directors, and (c) has complied with this Section 3 as to such nomination. The foregoing clause (ii) shall be the exclusive means for a shareholder to make any nomination of a person or persons for election to the Board of Directors at an annual meeting.

(b)    Timely Notice Requirement. For a shareholder to make any nomination of a person or persons for election to the Board of Directors at an annual meeting, the shareholder must (i) provide Timely Notice (as defined in Article IV, Section 14) thereof in writing and in proper form to the Secretary of the Corporation at the principal office of the Corporation and (ii) provide any updates or supplements to such notice at the times and in the forms required by this Section 3. In no event shall any adjournment of an annual meeting or the announcement thereof commence a new time period for the giving of a shareholder’s notice as described above.

(c)    Proper Notice Requirement. To be in proper form for purposes of this Section 3, a shareholder’s notice to the Secretary of the Corporation shall set forth:

(i)     As to each Nominating Person (as defined below), the Shareholder Information (as defined in Article IV, Section 14(c)(i)), except that for purposes of this Section 3, the term “Nominating Person” shall be substituted for the term “Proposing Person” in all places it appears in Article IV, Section 14(c)(i), and references to the proposal or business proposed shall be deemed to refer instead to election of directors.

(ii)     As to each Nominating Person, any Disclosable Interests (as defined in Article IV, Section 14(c)(ii)), except that for purposes of this Section 3 the term “Nominating Person” shall be substituted for the term “Proposing Person” in all places it appears in Article IV, Section 14(c)(ii) and the disclosure in clause (F) of Article IV, Section 14(c)(ii) shall be made with respect to the election of directors at the meeting.

(iii)    As to each person whom a Nominating Person proposes to nominate for election as a director, (a) all information with respect to such proposed nominee that would be required to be set forth in a shareholder’s notice pursuant to this Section 3 if such proposed nominee were a Nominating Person, (b) all information relating to such proposed nominee that is required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors in a contested election pursuant to Section 14(a) under the Exchange Act (including such proposed nominee’s written consent to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to serving as a director if elected), (c) a description of all direct and indirect compensation and other material monetary agreements, arrangements and understandings during the past three years, and any other material relationships, between or among any Nominating Person and its respective affiliates and associated or others Acting in Concert therewith (as defined in Article IV, Section 1(b)(vii)), on the one hand, and each proposed nominee and his or her respective affiliates and associates or others Acting in Concert therewith, on the other hand, including, without limitation, all information that would be required to be disclosed pursuant to Item 404 under Regulation S-K (or any successor regulations) if such Nominating Person, or any affiliate or associate thereof or others Acting in Concert therewith, were the “registrant” for purposes of such rule and the proposed nominee were a director or executive officer of such registrant, and (d) a completed and signed questionnaire, representation and agreement as provided in Section 3(h) hereof.

(iv)     The Corporation may require any proposed nominee to furnish such other information (a) as may reasonably be required by the Corporation to determine the eligibility of such proposed nominee to serve as a director of the Corporation, or (b) that could be material to a reasonable shareholder’s understanding of the eligibility or qualifications of such proposed nominee.

(v)     For purposes of this Section 3, the term “Nominating Person” shall mean (i) the shareholder providing the notice of the nomination proposed to be made at the annual meeting of shareholders, (ii) the beneficial owner or beneficial owners, if different, on whose behalf the notice of the nomination proposed to be made at the annual meeting of shareholders is made, (iii) any affiliate or associate of such shareholder or beneficial owner, and (iv) any other person with whom such shareholder or such beneficial owner (or any of their respective affiliates or associates) is Acting in Concert.

(d)    Supplements to Notice of Nomination. A shareholder providing notice of any nomination proposed to be made at an annual meeting shall further update and supplement such notice, if necessary, from time to time, so that the information provided or required to be provided in such notice pursuant to this Section 3 shall be true and correct, and such update and supplement shall be received by the Secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive

offices of the Corporation not later than five (5) Business Days following the occurrence of any event, development or occurrence which would cause the information provided to be not true and correct.

(e)    Confirmation of Accuracy of Information Provided. If the information submitted pursuant to this Section 3 shall be inaccurate to any material extent, such information may be deemed not to have been provided in accordance with this Section 3. Upon written request by the Secretary of the Corporation, the Board of Directors or any committee thereof, any shareholder submitting a notice pursuant to this Section 3 shall provide, within five (5) Business Days of delivery of such request (or such other period as may be specified in such request), written verification, satisfactory in the discretion of the Board of Directors, any committee thereof or any authorized officer of the Corporation, to demonstrate the accuracy of any information submitted by the shareholder pursuant to this Section 3. If a shareholder fails to provide such written verification within such period, the information as to which written verification was requested may be deemed not to have been provided in accordance with this Section 3.

(f)    Compliance with the Exchange Act. In addition to the requirements of this Section 3 with respect to any nomination proposed to be made at an annual meeting of shareholders, each Nominating Person shall comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act with respect to any such nominations.

(g)    Exclusive Means for Proposing Nominations to the Board. Notwithstanding anything in these By-Laws to the contrary, no person shall be eligible for election as a director of the Corporation unless nominated in accordance with this Section 3. The chair at the meeting shall, if the facts warrant, determine that a nomination was not properly made in accordance with this Section 3, and if he or she should so determine, he or she shall so declare such determination to the annual meeting of shareholders and the defective nomination shall be disregarded.

(h)     Nominee Eligibility

(i)    To be eligible to be a nominee for election as a director of the Corporation pursuant to Section 3(a)(ii) of this Article V, the proposed nominee must deliver (in accordance with the time periods prescribed for delivery of notice under this Section 3) to the Secretary of the Corporation at the principal executive offices of the Corporation (x) a written questionnaire with respect to the background and qualifications of such proposed nominee (which questionnaire shall be provided by the Secretary of the Corporation upon written request) and (y) a written representation and agreement, in the form provided by the Secretary of the Corporation upon written request (the “Prospective Director Agreement”),which shall provide that (A) such proposed nominee satisfies the Applicable Qualification Criteria (as defined below) and (i) is not and will not become a party to (a) any agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether written or oral) with, and has not given any commitment or assurance, to any person or entity as to the positions that such proposed nominee, if elected as a director of the Corporation, would take in support of or in opposition to any issue or question that may be presented to him or her for consideration in his or her capacity as a director of the Corporation, (b) any agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether written or oral) with, and has not given any commitment or assurance, to any person or entity as to how such proposed nominee, if elected as a director of

the Corporation, will act or vote with respect to any issue or question presented to him or her for consideration in his or her capacity as a director of the Corporation, (c) any agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether written or oral) with any person or entity that could be reasonably interpreted as having been both (1) entered into in contemplation of the proposed nominee being elected as a director of the Corporation, and (2) intended to limit or interfere with the proposed nominee’s ability to comply, if elected as a director of the Corporation, with his or her fiduciary duties, as a director of the Corporation, to the Corporation or its shareholders, or (d) any agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether written or oral) with any person or entity that could be reasonably interpreted as having been or being intended to require such proposed nominee to consider the interests of a person or entity (other than the Corporation and its shareholders) in complying with his or her fiduciary duties, as a director of the Corporation, to the Corporation or its shareholders, (ii) is not and will not become a party to any agreement, arrangement or understanding (whether written or oral) with any person or entity other than the Corporation with respect to any direct or indirect compensation, reimbursement or indemnification in connection with the proposed nominee’s service or action as a director of the Corporation that is not disclosed to the Corporation prior to the nomination of the proposed nominee and which will not, without the Corporation’s written consent, be modified in any manner at any time following the proposed nominee’s nomination for election as a director of the Corporation and, if the proposed nominee is elected as a director of the Corporation, will not, without the Corporation’s written consent, be modified in any manner while the proposed nominee is serving as a director of the Corporation, and (iii) will comply with all corporate governance, conflicts of interest, code of conduct and ethics, confidentiality and stock ownership and trading policies and guidelines of the Corporation, as the same shall be amended from time to time, and will execute from time to time, at the Corporation’s request, a written certification with respect to compliance with the foregoing; (B) such person shall become bound, upon election as a director of the Corporation, to the confidentiality agreement attached as an exhibit to the Prospective Director Agreement (the “Director Confidentiality Agreement”); and (C) if such person is at the time a director or is subsequently elected as a director of the Corporation, shall include such person’s irrevocable resignation as a director if such person is found by a court of competent jurisdiction to have breached the Prospective Director Agreement or the Director Confidentiality Agreement in any material respect. The Board of Directors may also require any proposed candidate for nomination as a director to furnish such other information as may reasonably be requested by the Board of Directors in writing prior to the meeting of shareholders at which such candidate’s nomination is to be acted upon in order for the Board of Directors to determine the eligibility of such candidate for nomination to be a director of the Corporation.

(ii)    For purposes of this Section 3(h), the term “Applicable Qualification Criteria” shall mean that the proposed nominee (A) is a natural person over 21 years of age, (B) is a U.S. citizen (including naturalized citizens), (C) is financially literate (i.e., able to read and understand financial statements and comprehend general financial concepts), (D) has some knowledge about one or more areas of the Corporation’s business, (E) has not (x) been convicted of any criminal offense involving dishonesty or a breach of trust, (y) been found to have violated any provision of the Farm Credit Act of 1971, as amended, any banking laws, or any federal or state securities laws, including but not limited to, the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or (z) had a professional license suspended or

revoked, and (F) satisfies such other criteria for service on the Board of Directors as may be imposed by applicable law, including, but not limited to, the rules and regulations of the SEC and any national securities exchange where the Corporation’s shares are listed or traded.

(i)    Informing a Shareholder of a Deficient Advance Notice of Nomination. A majority of the Board of Directors may reject any nomination by a shareholder not timely made or otherwise not made in compliance with the terms of this Section 3 (including, but not limited to, the nominee eligibility criteria set forth in Section 3(h) of this Article V). If a majority of the Board of Directors reasonably determines that the information provided in a shareholder’s notice does not satisfy either (i) the informational requirements hereof in any material respect or (ii) the nominee eligibility criteria set forth in Section 3(h) of this Article V, the Secretary shall notify such shareholder of the specific nature of the deficiency in writing within five (5) Business Days of such a determination being made by the Board of Directors. The shareholder shall then have an opportunity to cure the deficiency by providing additional information (or, if necessary to cure the deficiency, by proposing substitute nominees who meet the nominee eligibility criteria set forth in Section 3(h) of this Article V) to the Secretary within ten (10) Business Days from the date such deficiency notice is given to the shareholder. If such deficiency is not cured within such period or if a majority of the Board of Directors reasonably determines that either (i) the additional information provided by the shareholder, together with the information previously provided, does not cure the deficiency or does not cause the notice to satisfy the requirements of this Section 3 or (ii) to the extent applicable, the substitute nominees that are proposed do not cure the deficiency or do not cause the notice to satisfy the requirements of this Section 3, then a majority of the Board of Directors may reject such shareholder’s nomination.

Section iv.Meetings and Waiver of Notice

The Board of Directors shall meet at the call of the Chair or a majority of its members. Notice of the date, time, and place of all meetings of the Board of Directors shall be given to each member by the Secretary of the Corporation at the direction of the calling authority. Such notice shall be delivered personally or by telephone, electronic transmission, facsimile transmission, United States mail, or courier to each director at his or her business or residence address. Notice of any meeting by personal delivery, telephone, electronic transmission, courier, or facsimile transmission shall be given at least forty-eight (48) hours before the starting time of the meeting. Notice of any meeting by mail shall be given at least four (4) days prior to the meeting and shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the United States mail properly addressed and sent via first class mail with postage prepaid. Telephone notice shall be deemed to be given when the director is personally given such notice in a telephone call to which he or she is a party. Electronic transmission notice shall be deemed to be given upon transmission of the message to the electronic mail address given to the Corporation by the director. Facsimile transmission notice shall be deemed to be given upon completion of the transmission of the message to the number given to the Corporation by the director. Notice of any such meeting may be waived in writing signed by the person or persons entitled thereto either before or after the time of the meeting. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any meeting of the Board of Directors need be specified in the notice or waiver of notice of the meeting.

Section v.Virtual Attendance at Meetings

Any member of the Board of Directors or of any committee of the Board of Directors may attend meetings by telephone or other means of communication in which all members are able to speak to and hear one another (“attend virtually”) if (i) the Chair of the Board of Directors or respective committee chair has elected in his or her sole discretion to conduct the meeting with at least a majority of the members attending virtually or (ii) if unusual or extraordinary circumstances, as determined by the Chair (or Vice Chair in the Chair’s absence) of the Board of Directors in his or her sole discretion, warrant the member to attend virtually. Except as otherwise provided in this section, all members of the Board of Directors or such committee of the Board of Directors, as applicable, shall attend meetings in person to be considered in attendance for quorum purposes.

Section vi.Quorum

The presence, in person or otherwise, in accordance with Section 5 of this Article, of eight (8) of the then-incumbent members of the Board of Directors or of a majority of the then‑incumbent members of a committee of the Board of Directors, as applicable, at the time of any meeting of the Board of Directors or such committee, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. The act of the majority of such members present at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of Directors or committee, as applicable, unless the act of a greater number is required by these By-Laws. Members may not be represented by proxy at any meeting of the Board of Directors or committee thereof. In the event that one or more members of the Board of Directors are disqualified from voting on a question, issue, decision or transaction before the Board of Directors due to a conflict of interest, and the remaining number of directors is insufficient to form the quorum necessary to enable the Board of Directors to validly act, the directors who are not so disqualified shall automatically be constituted into an ad hoc committee of the Board of Directors with the power to act for the Corporation in the matter under consideration.

Section vii.Action Without a Meeting

Any action required or permitted to be taken by the Board of Directors at a meeting, or by a committee of the Board of Directors at a meeting, can be taken without a meeting if a consent in writing, setting forth the actions so taken, is signed by a majority of the directors, or a majority of the members of the committee, as the case may be. Such consent shall have the same effect as a majority vote of the Board of Directors or committee, as the case may be. Written notice of any action taken pursuant to this section by a majority of the directors, or members of a committee, as the case may be, shall, within ten (10) days of such action, be given to all directors or members of a committee not consenting to the action.

Section viii.Compensation

Each director shall be paid such compensation as may be established from time to time by the Board of Directors, and each director shall also be reimbursed for his or her travel and

subsistence expenses incurred (a) while attending meetings of the Board of Directors or committees thereof, or (b) otherwise incurred in connection with the business of the Corporation.

Section ix.Chair and Vice Chair

Under the authority of the Corporation’s governing statute, the President of the United States shall designate one director from among those directors appointed by the President, as provided in Section 8.2 of the Act, to be Chairperson ("Chair") of the Board of Directors. The Chair shall preside over meetings of the Board of Directors; provided, however, that the Chair or a majority of the Board of Directors may designate any other director to preside over meetings of the Board of Directors.

The Board of Directors shall select a Vice Chair from among the then-incumbent members of the Board of Directors. The Vice Chair shall (a) have all the rights, duties, and obligations of the Chair at any time when the then-incumbent Chair is absent, unable, or unwilling so to act, and at any time when there is a vacancy in the office of Chair, (b) at all times be “independent” as determined by the Board of Directors under applicable legal and regulatory requirements, the applicable rules of any exchange on which any securities of the Corporation are listed, and any other requirements adopted by the Board of Directors (such requirements and rules collectively referred to as the “Independence Criteria”), and (c) perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors may designate from time to time. The Vice Chair may be replaced or removed by the Board of Directors at any time and shall be selected no less frequently than annually for a term expiring on December 31 of each year. The Board of Directors shall select a new Vice Chair if the Board of Directors determines that the incumbent Vice Chair is no longer independent under the Independence Criteria. In the event the Vice Chair is acting as Chair due to a vacancy in the office of Chair, the Board of Directors may elect an Acting Vice Chair to perform the duties of the Vice Chair until such time as the Vice Chair is no longer acting as Chair.

Section x.Standing Committees

The standing committees of the Board of Directors described in this Section shall have such responsibilities and authority as are set forth herein, together with such other responsibilities and authority as may from time to time be provided in resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors or in any charter for such committee approved by the Board of Directors. Each committee shall meet at the call of its chair or a majority of its members. Notice of the date, time, and place of all committee meetings shall be given to each member at the direction of the calling authority. A majority of the members of any such committee may establish its rules of procedure. Each committee of the Board of Directors shall keep minutes of its proceedings and shall report its actions to the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors shall designate members of the standing committees from among its members. Each committee shall consider such matters as may be referred to it from time to time by the Board of Directors or by the Chair after consultation with the Vice Chair, and shall perform such other duties as the Board of Directors may designate from time to time. Subcommittees that are approved by the Corporate

Governance Committee may be established under the governance of any standing committee and

shall exist until such time as the standing committee or the Corporate Governance Committee

determines. Subcommittees may be comprised of any two or more members of the Board of

Directors (whether sitting on the applicable standing committee or otherwise) and may consider,

report on, and make recommendations as to such matters that the standing committee to which

the subcommittee reports has the authority to delegate.

(a)    Audit Committee

The Audit Committee shall be responsible for oversight of the conduct and processes that relate to the Corporation’s accounting and financial reporting to any governmental or regulatory body or the public, the integrity of the Corporation’s consolidated financial statements, and the Corporation’s systems of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. The Audit Committee also assists the Board of Directors in oversight of legal and regulatory compliance and (in conjunction with the Enterprise Risk Committee, which has primary oversight responsibility) oversight of risk assessment and risk management policies. The Audit Committee shall also have oversight of the qualifications, engagement, compensation, independence, and performance of the Corporation’s independent registered public accounting firm (“Independent Auditor”) registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and the Independent Auditor’s conduct of the annual audit of the books, records, and accounts of the Corporation and its subsidiaries, if any, as well as engagement of the Independent Auditor for any other services. The Audit Committee shall review the scope of audits as recommended by the Corporation’s Independent Auditor to ensure that the recommended scope is sufficiently comprehensive. The Audit Committee’s selection of Independent Auditor shall be made annually in advance of the annual meeting of shareholders and shall be submitted for ratification or rejection at such meeting. In addition, the Audit Committee shall hire, supervise, direct, and review the director of the Corporation’s internal audit function, and periodically review and approve the internal audit function’s work plan and results.

(b)    Business Development and Business Strategy Committee

The Business Development and Business Strategy Committee shall be responsible for oversight of the Corporation’s execution of the strategic plan established by the Board of Directors, policies and strategy for obtaining and maintaining customers to promote business development and growth, the execution of the business and mission activities within each of the Corporation’s lines of business, the marketing strategies for the Corporation’s products and services, the Corporation’s loan servicing function and loan servicing relationships, and the Corporation’s exposure to customer reputational risks. The Business Development and Business Strategy Committee shall routinely monitor the Corporation’s success in accomplishing its strategic and business development goals as contained in the Corporation’s Strategic Plan and Business Plan, respectively.

(c)    Corporate Governance Committee

The Corporate Governance Committee shall assist the Board of Directors in: (i) developing and recommending to the Board of Directors a set of effective corporate

governance guidelines and principles applicable to the Corporation; (ii) reviewing, on a regular basis, the overall corporate governance of the Corporation and recommending improvements when necessary; (iii) identifying individuals qualified to serve as directors (including stockholder outreach to support that effort) and recommending to the Board of Directors nominees for the directors to be elected by the holders of voting common stock at each annual meeting of shareholders; (iv) identifying, or establishing a search committee in accordance with these By-Laws to identify, individuals qualified to serve as Chief Executive Officer and making recommendations regarding such individuals to the Board of Directors; (v) advising the Human Capital and Compensation Committee on the Chief Executive Officer’s recommendations for individuals qualified to serve as executive officers and recommending their appointment to the Board of Directors; (vi) overseeing the development of corporate strategy, making recommendations to the Board of Directors regarding corporate strategy, and overseeing the Corporation’s overall strategic planning process; (vii) overseeing the processes and procedures established to support and monitor compliance with the Corporation’s code of business conduct and ethics and related corporate policies; (viii) resolving conflicts of interest; and (ix) in consultation with any ad hoc crisis management committee, overseeing the Corporation’s response to any sudden crisis that threatens to substantially disrupt, damage, or destroy the Corporation’s operations, business, or reputation and requires an action to be taken or a decision to be made (in each case, that cannot be taken or made by any ad hoc crisis management committee) before a meeting of the Board of Directors can be convened. In addition, during the intervals between meetings of the Board of Directors, the Corporate Governance Committee shall have and may exercise the powers of the Board of Directors other than those assigned to the Audit Committee and the Human Capital and Compensation Committee, except that the Corporate Governance Committee shall not have the authority to take any of the following actions:

A.the submission to shareholders of any action requiring shareholders’ authorization;

B.the filling of vacancies on the Board of Directors or on the Corporate Governance Committee;

C.the final determination of compensation of directors for serving on the Board of Directors or on the Corporate Governance Committee;

D.the removal of any director or executive officer, except that vacancies in established management positions may be filled subject to ratification by the Board of Directors;

E.the amendment or repeal of these By-Laws or the adoption of new by-laws;

F.the amendment or repeal of any resolution of the Board of Directors which, by its terms, is not so amendable or repealable;

G.the declaration of dividends; and

H.any action which the Chair or Vice Chair of the Board of Directors (in the event that the Vice Chair is the Chair of the Board due to the absence, inability or unwillingness of the Chair so to act) shall, by written instrument filed with the Secretary of the Corporation, designate as a matter which should be considered by the Board of Directors.

The Corporate Governance Committee shall include: (x) two members of the Board of Directors who were appointed by the President of the United States (the “CG Appointees”), one of whom shall be designated by the Board of Directors as the chair of the Committee; (y) two members who have been elected to the Board of Directors by the holders of the Class A voting common stock (the “CG Class A Directors”); and (z) two members who have been elected to the Board of Directors by the holders of Class B voting common stock (the “CG Class B Directors”). The Chair and the Vice Chair of the Board of Directors shall serve on the Committee as long as they satisfy the Independence Criteria, as determined by the Board of Directors. If the Board of Directors determines that either or both of the Chair or the Vice Chair does not satisfy the Independence Criteria, the Board of Directors may designate any other member of the Board of Directors to replace the non-independent Chair or Vice Chair as a member of the Corporate Governance Committee; provided that the replacement member shall have the same source of appointment or election to the Board of Directors as the member being replaced and shall also satisfy the Independence Criteria, as determined by the Board of Directors.

The designation of the Corporate Governance Committee and the delegation thereto of authority shall not relieve any director of any duty he or she owes to the Corporation. The Corporate Governance Committee shall meet at the call of its chair or a majority of its members. A majority of the members of the Corporate Governance Committee shall constitute a quorum sufficient for the taking of any action by the Corporate Governance Committee, except that at least one CG Appointee, one CG Class A Director and one CG Class B Director must be present to constitute a quorum; provided, however, that if a quorum shall not be present due to the absence at a meeting of both CG Appointees, both CG Class A Directors or both CG Class B Directors, then a quorum shall be considered to be present if a written waiver of quorum (mailed, delivered or electronically transmitted to, and received, by the chair of the Corporate Governance Committee in advance of such meeting) is provided by each of the members who will not be present at such meeting. The action of the majority of the members of the Corporate Governance Committee present at a duly convened meeting shall be the action of the Corporate Governance Committee. Members of the Corporate Governance Committee may not be represented by proxy at any meeting of the Corporate Governance Committee. In connection with each regular meeting of the Board of Directors, the minutes of all meetings of the Corporate Governance Committee since the last meeting of the Board of Directors shall be distributed to the Board of the Directors, and the Board of Directors shall take such action, if any, as the Board of Directors may deem appropriate, to approve, alter or rescind actions, if any, previously taken by the Corporate Governance Committee under these By-Laws, provided that rights or acts of third parties vested or

taken in reliance on such action prior to any such alteration or rescission shall not be adversely affected thereby.

(d)     Credit Committee

The Credit Committee shall be responsible for oversight of all policy matters relating to changes, additions, or deletions to the credit, collateral valuation, underwriting, and loan diversification standards used in the Corporation’s lines of business. The Credit Committee shall oversee the Corporation’s activity related to credit risk and shall assist the Board of Directors in establishing the Corporation’s credit risk appetite. The Credit Committee shall be responsible for making recommendations to the Board of Directors on credit matters. In addition, the Credit Committee shall hire, supervise, direct, and review the director of the Corporation’s internal credit review function and periodically review and approve the internal credit review function’s work plan and results.

(e)    Enterprise Risk Committee

The Enterprise Risk Committee shall be responsible for oversight of the Corporation’s enterprise-wide risk management framework and risk across the Corporation as a whole and across all risk types, in conjunction with the other committees of the Board of Directors that oversee specific risk-related issues and areas. The Enterprise Risk Committee shall provide oversight of the Corporation’s corporate

insurance program implemented by management. The Enterprise Risk Committee shall periodically review the Corporation’s information technology function and related risks. The Enterprise Risk Committee shall assist the Board of Directors and the Corporation’s officers to identify, evaluate, monitor, and manage or mitigate the major strategic, operational, financial, credit, liquidity and funding, market, security, legal or regulatory, technology, cybersecurity, reputational, and emerging and other risks both inherent in the Corporation’s business and facing the Corporation from external sources. The Enterprise Risk Committee shall have primary oversight responsibility for the Corporation’s risk assessment and risk management policies. The Enterprise Risk Committee shall consider and make recommendations to the Board of Directors on matters related to enterprise-wide risk as well as risk areas not specifically covered under the jurisdiction of any other committee.

(f)    Finance Committee

The Finance Committee shall be responsible for oversight of the finance policies and activities of the Corporation and the Corporation’s financial affairs, including all policies and activities related to funding, pricing, capital, liquidity, interest rate risk, asset and liability management, investments, and securitization (but not finance policies and activities for which oversight responsibility is assigned to the Audit Committee or the Human Capital and Compensation Committee). The Finance Committee shall consider and make recommendations to the Board of Directors on finance matters.

(g)    Human Capital and Compensation Committee

The Human Capital and Compensation Committee shall be responsible for oversight of matters related to the Corporation’s human capital and resources. Consistent with its charter approved by the Board of Directors, the Human Capital and Compensation Committee shall (i) support the Corporate Governance Committee, or any designated search committee established in accordance with these By-Laws, to negotiate with individuals identified as candidates to serve as Chief Executive Officer and recommend their appointment to the Board of Directors, (ii) act upon the recommendations of the Chief Executive Officer of appointment of other executive officers and recommend their appointment to the Board of Directors (iii) establish and review the overall total compensation philosophy governing all executive compensation plans and programs of the Corporation, utilizing compensation consultants as the Human Capital and Compensation Committee determines necessary or advisable; (iv) in consultation with the Corporate Governance Committee, make recommendations to the Board of Directors on the total compensation of all members of the Board of Directors, including annual cash retainers, supplemental retainers, meeting “per diems,” and incentive compensation; (v) approve the total compensation of executive officers, including base salaries, incentive compensation, perquisites, severance arrangements, and benefit plans; (vi) provide oversight of the human resources function by monitoring trends and developments in areas such as employee satisfaction and employee turnover; (vii) provide oversight for the Corporation’s human resources policies, including those related to equal employment opportunity, affirmative action, pay equity, and employee diversity, equity, and inclusion; and (viii) in consultation with the Corporate Governance Committee, provide oversight of the Corporation’s management succession planning process.

(h)    Public Policy and Corporate Social Responsibility Committee

The Public Policy and Corporate Social Responsibility Committee shall be responsible for oversight of matters concerning public policy and corporate social responsibility, including (i) external policies affecting agriculture and rural infrastructure; (ii) legislation affecting the Corporation or its activities; (iii) the Corporation’s relationship with Congress, governmental agencies, and other public stakeholders and the Corporation’s exposure to political, regulatory, and reputational risks arising from those relationships; (iv) the Farmer Mac political action committee (“PAC”) in consultation with the PAC’s board, as well as the alignment of PAC objectives with the Corporation’s Congressional outreach efforts; and (v) the development of the Corporation’s environmental, social, and governance (ESG) policies, practices, and reports, and the impact on the Corporation’s public stakeholders. The Public Policy and Corporate Social Responsibility Committee shall consider and make recommendations to the Board of Directors on matters related to public and regulatory policy, legislative activity, and corporate social responsibility.

Section xi.Ad Hoc Committees

The Board of Directors may, by resolution adopted by a majority of its members, designate from among its members one or more ad hoc committees, each of which to the extent provided in the resolution and in these By-Laws shall have and may exercise all the authority of the Board of Directors. No such ad hoc committee shall have the authority of the Board of Directors in reference to any powers reserved to the full Board of Directors by the resolution or these By-Laws.

Section xii.Outside Advisors and Consultants

The Board of Directors shall have the sole discretion and authority to (a) retain and obtain the advice and assistance of independent outside advisors or consultants as it deems necessary or advisable to fulfill its duties and responsibilities, and (b) set the compensation and oversee the work of any such outside advisors or consultants. The Board of Directors shall also be entitled to receive appropriate funding from the Corporation, as determined by the Board of Directors, and shall be authorized to pay reasonable compensation to any outside advisors or consultants. The retention of any outside advisor or consultant shall not affect the Board of Directors’ ability or obligation to exercise its own judgment in fulfillment of its duties.

ARTICLE VI

SHARES OF STOCK

Section i.Issuance and Conditions

The Board of Directors shall have the power in accordance with the provisions of the governing statute to authorize the issuance of voting common, non-voting common and preferred shares of stock. The Board of Directors may by resolution impose a stock purchase requirement as a prerequisite to participation in any line of business of the Corporation. Any stock purchase requirement shall not apply to any participant who is prohibited by law from acquiring stock of the Corporation, provided such participant undertakes to make such purchase when such legal restrictions are alleviated, or to such otherwise eligible participants as the Board of Directors may by resolution provide.

Section ii.Common Stock

The Corporation shall have voting common stock having such par value as may be designated by the Board of Directors, which may only be issued to institutions which are authorized to be issued such shares pursuant to the Act.

The Corporation may issue non-voting common stock having such par value as may be designated by the Board of Directors, which may be issued without limitations as to the status of the holders thereof.

Except as otherwise provided in these By-Laws, the powers, preferences and relative and other special rights and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions applicable to all shares of common stock, whether voting common stock or non-voting common stock, shall be identical in every respect.

Except as provided in this Section, the voting common stock and the non-voting common stock of the Corporation shall be fully transferable, except that, as to the Corporation, they shall be transferred only on the books of the Corporation.

Section iii.Redemption

Whenever the Corporation shall determine that any shares of the voting common stock of the Corporation are held by a person (including a partnership, joint venture, trust, corporation, or any other association) not eligible to acquire such shares under the provisions of the Act, the Corporation shall notify such person in writing that such shares are to be disposed of to a person eligible to acquire such shares within a period of not more than thirty (30) days. If the Corporation determines that the shares have not been transferred within thirty (30) days of such notice, the Corporation may redeem such shares at the lesser of the fair market value thereof or the book value thereof at the date established for such redemption.

The power to redeem voting common stock found to be held by ineligible persons granted by this Section shall not be deemed to limit the right of the Corporation, at its discretion, to pursue any other lawful remedy against such ineligible person.

Section iv.Dividends on Voting Common Stock and Non-Voting Common Stock

To the extent that income is earned and realized, the Board of Directors may from time to time declare and the Corporation shall pay, dividends on the voting common stock and the non-voting common stock, except that no such dividends shall be payable with respect to any share that has been called for redemption after the date established for such redemption. No dividend shall be declared or paid on any share of voting common stock or non-voting common stock at any time when any dividend is due on the shares of preferred stock and has not been paid.

Section v.Preferred Stock

The Corporation may issue shares of preferred stock having such par value, and such other powers, preferences and relative and other special rights, and qualifications, limitations and restrictions applicable thereto, as may be designated by the Board of Directors. Such shares shall be freely transferable, except that, as to the Corporation, such shares shall be transferred only on the books of the Corporation.

Section vi.Dividends, Redemption, Conversion of Preferred Shares

The holders of the preferred shares shall be entitled to such rate of cumulative dividends, and such shares shall be subject to such redemption or conversion provisions, as may be provided for at the time of issuance. Such dividends shall be paid out of the net income of the Corporation, to the extent earned and realized.

Section vii.Preference on Liquidation

In the event of any liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Corporation’s business, the holders of shares of preferred stock shall be paid in full at par value thereof, plus all accrued dividends, before the holders of the voting common stock and non-voting common stock receive any payment.

Section viii.Purchase of Own Shares

The Corporation shall have the right, pursuant to resolution by the Board of Directors, to purchase, take, receive or otherwise acquire its own shares, but purchases, whether direct or indirect, shall be made only to the extent of unreserved and unrestricted earned or capital surplus available therefor.

Section ix.Consideration for Shares

The Corporation shall issue shares of stock for such consideration, expressed in dollars, but not less than the par value thereof, as shall be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors. That part of the surplus of the Corporation which is transferred to stated capital upon issuance of shares as a share dividend shall be deemed to be the consideration for the shares so issued.

The consideration for the issuance of shares may be paid, in whole or in part, in cash or other property acceptable to the Board of Directors, except that a promissory note shall not constitute payment or partial payment for the issuance of shares of the Corporation.

Section x.Stated Capital

The consideration received upon the issuance of any share of stock shall constitute stated capital to the extent of the par value of such shares and the excess, if any, of such consideration shall constitute capital surplus. The stated capital of the Corporation may be increased from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors directing that all or a part of the surplus of the Corporation be transferred to stated capital. The Board of Directors may direct that the amount of the surplus so transferred shall be deemed to be stated capital in respect of any designated class of shares.

The Board of Directors may, by resolution from time to time, reduce the stated capital of the Corporation but only in the amount of the aggregate par value of any shares of the

Corporation which shall have been reacquired and canceled. Any surplus created by virtue of a reduction of stated capital shall be deemed to be capital surplus.

Section xi.No Preemptive Rights

No holder of the shares of the Corporation of any class, now or hereafter authorized, shall as such holder have any preemptive or preferential rights to subscribe to, purchase, or receive any shares of the Corporation of any class, now or hereafter authorized, or any rights or options for any such shares or any rights or options to subscribe to or purchase any such shares or other securities convertible into or exchangeable for or carrying rights or options to purchase shares of any class or other securities, which may at any time be issued, sold or offered for sale by the Corporation or subjected to the rights or options to purchase granted by the Corporation.

Section xii.Liability of Shareholders

A holder of shares of the Corporation shall be under no obligation to the Corporation with respect to such shares other than the obligation to pay to the Corporation the full consideration for which such shares were or are to be issued.

Any person becoming a transferee of shares in good faith and without notice or knowledge that the full consideration thereof had not been paid shall not be personally liable to the Corporation for any unpaid portion of such consideration.

Section xiii.Reclassifications, Etc.

No class of outstanding voting or non-voting common stock may be subdivided, combined, reclassified or otherwise changed unless contemporaneously therewith all other classes of outstanding common stock are subdivided, combined, reclassified or otherwise changed in the same proportion and in the same manner.

ARTICLE VII

CERTIFICATES FOR SHARES AND THEIR TRANSFER

Section i.Certificates

The interest of each shareholder of the Corporation shall be evidenced by (i) certificates representing shares of stock of the Corporation, certifying the number of shares represented thereby, (ii) uncertificated shares that may be evidenced by a book-entry maintained by a transfer agent or registrar of such stock, or (iii) a combination of both (i) and (ii). Any such shares shall be in such form not inconsistent with the governing statute of the Corporation as the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe.

To the extent that shares are represented by certificates of stock, such certificates shall be signed by the Chair of the Board of Directors or the President and by the Secretary of the Corporation or Assistant Secretary of the Corporation and sealed with the corporate seal or an engraved or printed facsimile thereof. The signatures of such officers upon a certificate may be facsimile if the certificate is manually signed on behalf of a transfer agent or a registrar other than the Corporation itself or one of its employees. In the event that any officer who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon such certificate shall have ceased to be such before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if such officer had not ceased to be such at the time of the issue.

Each certificate or share shall be consecutively numbered or otherwise identified. The name and address of the person to whom the shares represented thereby are issued, with the number of shares and date of issue, shall be entered on the stock transfer books of the Corporation. All certificates surrendered to the Corporation for transfer shall be canceled, and no new certificate shall be issued until the former certificate for a like number of shares shall have been surrendered and canceled, except that in the case of a lost, destroyed or mutilated certificate, a new certificate may be issued upon such terms and with indemnity to the Corporation as the Board of Directors may prescribe.

Section ii.Contents

Each certificate representing shares shall state:

a.    That the Corporation is organized pursuant to an Act of Congress;

b.    The name of the person to whom such certificate is issued;

c.    The number and class of shares, and the designation of the series, if     any, which such certificate represents;

d.    The par value of each share represented by such certificate;

e.    The provisions by which such shares may be redeemed; and

f.    That the shares represented shall not have any preemptive rights to     purchase unissued or treasury shares of the Corporation.

Each certificate representing shares of preferred stock shall state upon the face thereof the annual dividend rate for such shares, and shall state upon the reverse side thereof the powers, preferences and relative and other special rights and the qualifications, limitations and restrictions applicable to such shares of preferred stock.

No certificate shall be issued for any share until such share is fully paid.

Section iii.Transfer

Transfer of certificated shares of the Corporation shall be made only on the stock transfer books of the Corporation by the holder of record thereof or by his or her legal representative, who shall furnish proper evidence of the authority to transfer, or by his or her attorney thereto authorized by power of attorney duly executed and filed with the Secretary of the Corporation, and on surrender for cancellation of the certificate for such shares.

Transfer of uncertificated shares of the Corporation shall be made only on the stock transfer books of the Corporation upon receipt of proper transfer instructions from the holder of record thereof or by his or her legal representative, who shall furnish proper evidence of the authority to transfer, or by his or her attorney thereto authorized by power of attorney duly executed and filed with the Secretary of the Corporation.

The person in whose name shares stand on the books of the Corporation shall be deemed by the Corporation to be the owner thereof for all purposes.

Section iv.Records

The Corporation shall keep at its principal place of business, or at the office of its transfer agent or registrar, a record of its shareholders, giving the names and addresses of all shareholders and the number of shares held by each. Any person who shall be the holder of at least five (5) percent of the aggregate number of shares of any class of common stock of the Corporation shall upon written demand stating the purpose therefor, have the right to examine, in person, or by agent or attorney, duly authorized in writing, at any reasonable time or times, for any proper purpose, the Corporation’s record of shareholders and minutes of meetings of the shareholders and the Board of Directors, and to make extracts therefrom.

ARTICLE VIII

INDEMNIFICATION

Section i.Authorization

(a)    The Corporation shall, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law as the same exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader indemnification than said law permitted the Corporation to provide prior to such amendment), indemnify and hold harmless any person who was or is a party, whether as a plaintiff acting with the approval of the Board of Directors or as a defendant, or is threatened to be made a party to, or is otherwise involved in, any threatened, pending or completed Proceeding (as defined below), arising out of, or in any way related to, the fact that he or she, or a person for whom he or she is the legal representative, is or was or has agreed to become a director, officer, trustee, administrator, partner, member, fiduciary, employee or agent of the Corporation (an “Official Capacity”), or is or was serving or has agreed to serve at the request of the Corporation in an Official Capacity of another corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with respect to an employee benefit plan maintained or sponsored by the Corporation (collectively, an “Other Enterprise”), in each case whether the basis of such Proceeding is alleged action or omission to take action in an Official Capacity or in any other capacity while serving in an Official Capacity and whether or not serving in such capacity at the time any Expense (as defined below) is incurred for which indemnification, reimbursement, or advancement of Expenses can be provided under Article VIII, against all Expenses actually incurred or suffered by him or her if the person acted in good faith and in a manner the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe the person’s conduct was unlawful.

(b)    The term “Proceeding” shall be broadly construed and shall include, without limitation, the investigation, preparation, prosecution, defense, settlement, arbitration and appeal of, and the giving of testimony in, any threatened, pending or completed action, suit, investigation, inquiry, hearing, arbitration, other alternative dispute mechanism or any other proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative, investigative, legislative or otherwise and whether formal or informal.

(c)    The term “Expenses” shall be broadly construed and shall include, without limitation, all direct and indirect losses, liabilities, expenses, including fees and expenses of attorneys, fees and expenses of accountants, fees and expenses of public relations consultants and other advisors, court costs, transcript costs, fees and expenses of experts, witness fees and expenses, travel expenses, printing and binding costs, telephone charges, delivery service fees, the premium, security for, and other costs relating to any bond (including cost bonds, appraisal bonds, or their equivalents), ERISA excise taxes and penalties, judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement and all other disbursements or expenses of the types customarily incurred in connection with (i) the investigation, prosecution, defense, appeal or settlement of a Proceeding,

(ii) serving as an actual or prospective witness, or preparing to be a witness in a Proceeding, or other participation in, or other preparation for, any Proceeding, (iii) any voluntary or required interviews or depositions related to a Proceeding, and (iv) responding to, or objecting to, a request to provide discovery in any Proceeding. Expenses shall also include any federal, state, local and foreign taxes imposed on such person as a result of the actual or deemed receipt of any payments under this Article VIII.

(d)    The termination of any Proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did not act good faith and in a manner which the person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, or that, with respect to any criminal Proceeding, the person had reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was unlawful.

(e)    No indemnification shall be provided hereunder with respect to any settlement or other non-adjudicated disposition of any threatened or pending Proceeding unless the Corporation has approved such settlement or disposition, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed.

(f)    Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article VIII, no indemnification shall be provided hereunder to any such person if a judgment or final adjudication adverse to the director or officer of the Corporation, and from which there is no further right to appeal, establishes that (i) his or her acts were committed in bad faith, were the result of active and deliberate dishonesty or were committed in violation of applicable law or regulation including, but not limited to, those laws and regulations specifically applicable to the Corporation as a federally-chartered instrumentality of the United States and, in either case, were material to the cause of action so adjudicated, (ii) he or she received an Improper Personal Benefit, or (iii) with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, he or she had reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. “Improper Personal Benefit” shall mean a person’s receipt of a personal gain in fact by reason of a person’s Official Capacity of a financial profit, monies or other advantage not also accruing to the benefit of the Corporation or to the shareholders generally and which is unrelated to his or her usual compensation by the Corporation for serving as a director or officer including, but not limited to, (x) in exchange for the exercise of influence over the Corporation’s affairs, (y) as a result of the diversion of a corporate opportunity, or (z) pursuant to the use or communication of confidential or inside information relating to the Corporation for the purpose of generating a profit from trading in the Corporation’s securities or providing a benefit to a third party.

(g)    Notwithstanding any other provision of this Article VIII, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law as the same exists or hereafter may be in effect, if any person incurs expenses as a witness or otherwise incurs Expenses in any threatened, pending or completed Proceeding as a result of or related to such person’s service in (i) an Official Capacity of the Corporation, or (ii) an Official Capacity of an Other Enterprise that such person has served, is serving or has agreed to serve in any capacity at the request of the Corporation, that person shall be entitled to be indemnified and held harmless against all Expenses incurred by such person or

on such person’s behalf if such person neither is, nor is threatened to be made, a party to the Proceeding.

Section ii.Presumption of Good Faith

For purposes of any determination as to whether indemnification is proper under the circumstances because such person has met the applicable standard of conduct required by Section 1(a) of this Article VIII, a person shall be deemed to have acted in good faith if the action or failure to act is based on (i) the records or books of account of the Corporation or an Other Enterprise, including financial statements, or on information supplied to such person by the officers of the Corporation or an Other Enterprise in the course of their duties, (ii) the advice of legal counsel for the Corporation or an Other Enterprise, or (iii) information or records given or reports made to the Corporation or an Other Enterprise by an independent certified public accountant, independent financial adviser, appraiser or other expert selected with reasonable care by the Corporation or an Other Enterprise, except if the indemnified person knew or had reason to know that such records or books of account of the Corporation or an Other Enterprise, information supplied by the officers of the Corporation or an Other Enterprise, advice of legal counsel or information or records given or reports made by an independent certified public accountant or by an appraiser or other expert were materially false or materially inaccurate. The provisions of this Article VIII, Section 2 shall not be deemed to be exclusive or to limit in any way the circumstances in which a person may be deemed to have met the applicable standard of conduct.

Section iii.Procedure

(a)    Any indemnification under this Article VIII shall be made by the Corporation only as authorized in the specific case upon a determination that indemnification is proper in the circumstances because the officer, director, employee or agent has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in this Article VIII. Such determination shall be made by either (a) a majority vote of the members of the Board of Directors who were not parties to such action, suit or proceeding, even though less than a quorum, or (b) a committee of such directors designated by majority vote of such directors, even though less than a quorum. If all members of the Board of Directors were parties to such action, suit or proceeding, such determination shall be made either (a) by Independent Legal Counsel (as defined below), or (b) by the shareholders at the next meeting of shareholders. In any case under this Article VIII, the Board of Directors or shareholders are authorized to obtain the opinion of Independent Legal Counsel and to obtain any and all documentation or information that a majority of the Board of Directors believes is necessary to determine the entitlement of such person to indemnification and that is reasonably available to such person.

(b)    For purposes of this Article VIII, “Independent Legal Counsel” shall mean a law firm, or a member of a law firm, that is experienced in matters of corporation law and neither presently is, nor in the past five (5) years has been, retained to represent: (i) the Corporation or the indemnified person in any matter material to either such party (other than with respect to matters concerning the indemnification that the indemnified party is entitled to hereunder or pursuant to any indemnification agreement to which the indemnified party is a party), or (ii) any

other party to the proceeding giving rise to a claim for indemnification hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the term “Independent Legal Counsel” shall not include any person who, under the applicable standards of professional conduct then prevailing, would have a conflict of interest in representing either the Corporation or an indemnified person in an action to determine such indemnified person’s rights to be indemnified hereunder or pursuant to any indemnification agreement.

Section iv.Advancement of Expenses

(a)    Expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred in defending a civil, criminal, administrative or investigative Proceeding, whether formal or informal, shall be paid by the Corporation in advance of the final disposition of such Proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the director, officer, employee or agent to repay such amounts advanced only if, and only to the extent that, it shall ultimately be determined by final judicial decision of a court of competent jurisdiction from which there is no further right of appeal that he or she is not entitled to be indemnified by the Corporation. The indemnified party’s undertaking to repay the Corporation any amounts advanced for Expenses shall not be required to be secured and shall not bear interest. Advancements shall be made without regard to the indemnified party’s ability to repay the Expenses and without regard to the indemnified party’s ultimate entitlement to indemnification under the other provisions of these By-Laws. The Corporation shall not impose on the indemnified party additional conditions to the advancement of Expenses or require from the indemnified party additional undertakings regarding repayment.

(b)    Advancements of Expenses pursuant to this Section 4 shall not require approval of the Board of Directors or the shareholders of the Corporation, or of any other person or body. The Secretary of the Corporation shall promptly advise the Board of Directors in writing of the request for advancement of Expenses, of the amount and other details of the request and of the undertaking to make repayment provided pursuant to this Section 4.

(c)    Advancements of Expenses shall be made within thirty (30) days after receipt by the Corporation of a statement or statements requesting such advancements from time to time.

(d)    Advancements of Expenses shall include any and all reasonable Expenses incurred pursuing an action to enforce this right of advancement, including Expenses incurred preparing and forwarding statements to the Corporation to support the advancements claimed.

Section v.Application to Court For Indemnification

Notwithstanding any contrary determination in the specific case under Section 3 of this Article VIII, and notwithstanding the absence of any determination thereunder, any director or officer may apply to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia for indemnification to the extent otherwise permissible under Section 1 of this Article VIII. The basis of such indemnification by a court shall be a determination by such court that indemnification of the director or officer is proper in the circumstances because such person has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Section 1 of this Article VIII. Neither a contrary determination in the specific case under Section 3 of this Article VIII nor the absence of any determination

thereunder shall be a defense to such application or create a presumption that the director or officer seeking indemnification has not met any applicable standard of conduct. Notice of any application for indemnification pursuant to this Section 5 shall be given to the Corporation promptly upon the filing of such application. If successful, in whole or in part, the director or officer seeking indemnification shall also be entitled to be paid the expense of prosecuting such application. In any prosecution of an application by a director or officer to enforce a right to indemnification or to an advancement of Expenses hereunder, the burden of proving that the director or officer is not entitled to be indemnified, or to such advancement of expenses, under this Article VIII or otherwise shall be on the Corporation.

Section vi.No Imputation

The knowledge and/or actions, or failure to act, of any other director, officer, trustee, administrator, partner, member, fiduciary, employee or agent of the Corporation or an Other Enterprise shall not be imputed to an indemnified person for purposes of determining the right to indemnification under this Article VIII.

Section vii.Other Rights to Indemnification

The indemnification provided in this Article VIII shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which the director, officer, employee or agent may be entitled under any by-law, agreement, vote of shareholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such person's Official Capacity at the Corporation and as to action in an Official Capacity for an Other Enterprise while holding such office.

Section viii.Survival of Rights

The indemnification and advancement of Expenses provided by this Article VIII shall, unless otherwise provided when authorized or ratified, continue as to a person who has ceased to act in an Official Capacity for the Corporation or Other Enterprise and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors, and administrators of such a person.

Section ix.Amendment or Repeal

Any amendment, modification, alteration or repeal of this Article VIII that in any way diminishes, limits, restricts, adversely affects or eliminates any right of an indemnified person or his or her successors to indemnification, advancement of Expenses or otherwise shall be prospective only and shall not in any way diminish, limit, restrict, adversely affect or eliminate any such right with respect to any actual or alleged state of facts, occurrence, action or omission then or previously existing, or any action, suit or proceeding previously or thereafter brought or threatened based in whole or in part upon any such actual or alleged state of facts, occurrence, action or omission.

Section x.Insurance

The Corporation may purchase and maintain, at its own expense, insurance on behalf of any person who is or was acting in an Official Capacity for the Corporation or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation in an Official Capacity for an Other Enterprise against any liability asserted against him or her in any such capacity or arising out of his or her status as such whether or not the Corporation would have the power or obligation to indemnify him or her against such liability under the provisions of this Article VIII or applicable law. The Corporation may also create a trust fund, grant a security interest and/or use other means (including, without limitation, letters of credit, surety bonds and/or other similar arrangements) to the fullest extent authorized or permitted by applicable law to ensure the payment of such amounts as may become necessary to effect the indemnification as provided in this Article VIII or elsewhere.

Section xi.Expenses of Adjudication

In the event that any indemnified person seeks a judicial adjudication, or an award in arbitration, to enforce such indemnified person’s rights to indemnification or advancement of Expenses under, or to recover damages for breach of, this Article VIII, the indemnified person shall be entitled to recover from the Corporation, and shall be indemnified by the Corporation against, any and all Expenses (of the types described in the definition of “Expenses” in Section 1 of this Article VIII) actually and reasonably incurred by such indemnified person in seeking such adjudication or arbitration, but only if such indemnified person prevails therein. If it shall be determined in such adjudication or arbitration that the indemnified person entitled to receive part but not all of the indemnification of Expenses sought, the Expenses incurred by such indemnified person in connection with such adjudication or arbitration shall be appropriately prorated.

Section xii.Exclusive Jurisdiction

The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia (and the appeals courts therefrom) is hereby vested with exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine all actions for advancement of Expenses or indemnification brought under this Article VIII or any agreement, vote of shareholders or disinterested directors, or otherwise. The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia may summarily determine the Corporation’s obligation to advance Expenses (including attorneys’ fees).

Section xiii.Contract Rights

The rights to indemnification and advancement of Expenses conferred upon indemnified persons in this Article VIII shall be contract rights that vest at the time of such person’s service to the Corporation or, at the request of the Corporation, to an Other Enterprise.

Section xiv.Reliance

Persons who after the date of the adoption of this provision in Article VIII serve or continue to serve the Corporation in an Official Capacity or who, while serving in an Official Capacity, serve or continue to serve in an Official Capacity for an Other Enterprise, shall be

conclusively presumed to have relied on the rights to indemnification and advancement of Expenses contained in this Article VIII.

Section xv.Savings Clause

If this Article VIII or any provision hereof shall be held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever: (a) the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions of this Article VIII (including, without limitation, each section and subsection of this Article VIII containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that is not itself held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall not in any way be affected or impaired hereby, and (b) to the fullest extent possible and permitted by law, the provisions of this Article VIII (including, without limitation, each portion of any section or subsection of this Article VIII containing any such provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable) shall be construed so as to give maximum effect to the intent manifested by the provision held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable.

ARTICLE IX

CONTRACTS, LOANS, CHECKS, DEPOSITS AND STATEMENTS

Section i.Contracts

The Board of Directors may authorize the Chair, the Vice Chair, the chair of a Board committee, or officers of the Corporation to enter into any contract or execute and deliver any such document or instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation, and such authority may be general or confined to specific instances. The Board of Directors may delegate to any officer or officers of the Corporation the authority to further designate employees who may execute and deliver such documents or instruments in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation. Evidence of any such further designation of employees under authority delegated by the Board of Directors shall be provided to the Corporation's Enterprise Risk Officer.

Section ii.Loans

No loans shall be contracted on behalf of the Corporation and no evidence of indebtedness shall be issued in its name unless authorized by the Board of Directors. Such authority may be general or confined to specific instances.

Section iii.Checks, Drafts, etc.

All checks, drafts, or other orders for the payment of money, notes, or other evidence of indebtedness issued in the name of the Corporation shall be signed by the Chair, the Vice Chair, or officers of the Corporation and in such manner as shall from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors.

Section iv.Deposits

All funds of the Corporation not otherwise employed shall be deposited from time to time to the credit of the Corporation at such banks, trust companies, or other depositories as the Board of Directors may select or, if so delegated by the Board of Directors, as selected by the Treasurer or such other officer as the Board of Directors deems advisable.

Section v.Investments

The Board of Directors may authorize the Chair, the Vice Chair, or officers of the Corporation to invest the funds of the Corporation in such securities and in such manner as shall from time to time be determined by the Board of Directors.

ARTICLE X

FACSIMILE SIGNATURES

The Board of Directors may by resolution authorize the use of facsimile or electronic signatures in lieu of manual signatures.

ARTICLE XI

AMENDMENTS

These By-Laws may be altered, supplemented, amended, or repealed, in whole or in part, and new by-laws may be adopted, consistent with the governing statute, if such alteration, supplement, amendment, repeal, or adoption is approved by the affirmative vote of not less than a majority of the total number of authorized directors (whether or not there exist any vacancies in previously authorized directorships at the time any such alteration, supplement, amendment, repeal, or adoption is presented to the Board of Directors for adoption), at any regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors or pursuant to an action by written consent executed in accordance with these By-Laws.

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Document

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Bradford T. Nordholm, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2022;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 7, 2022

/s/ Bradford T. Nordholm
Bradford T. Nordholm
Chief Executive Officer

Document

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Aparna Ramesh, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2022;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 7, 2022

/s/ Aparna Ramesh
Aparna Ramesh
Chief Financial Officer

Document

Exhibit 32

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (the “Corporation”) for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, Bradford T. Nordholm, Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation, and Aparna Ramesh, Chief Financial Officer of the Corporation, each hereby certifies pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that, to their knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Corporation.

/s/ Bradford T. Nordholm
Bradford T. Nordholm
Chief Executive Officer
/s/ Aparna Ramesh
Aparna Ramesh
Chief Financial Officer
Date:	November 7, 2022