20-F - CAJFF - Equibles

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

☐	REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☑	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐	SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

For the transition period from

Commission file number 001-15122

CANON KABUSHIKI KAISHA

(Exact name of Registrant in Japanese as specified in its charter)

CANON INC.

(Exact name of Registrant in English as specified in its charter)

JAPAN

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

30-2, Shimomaruko 3-chome ,

Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan

(Address of principal executive offices)

Sachiho Tanino, +81-3-3758-2111,

+81-3-5482-9680,

30-2, Shimomaruko 3-chome

Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan

(Name, Telephone, Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which<br>registered
(1) American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), each of which represents one share	CAJ	New York Stock Exchange<br> <br>(delisted on March 6, 2023)
(2) Common Stock (the “shares”)*

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

(Title of Class)

*	Not for trading, but only for technical purposes in connection with the registration of ADSs.

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

As of December 31, 2022, 1,015,513,368 shares of common stock, including 17,371,450 ADSs, were outstanding.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files) Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☑	Accelerated filer ☐	Non-accelerated<br> filer ☐	Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

☑ U.S. GAAP	☐ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued<br> <br>by the International Accounting Standards Board	☐ Other

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No

☑

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

		Page number
CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS, CONVENTIONS AND PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION		1
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION		1
	PART I
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	2
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	2
Item 3.	Key Information	2
A.	Selected financial data	2
B.	Capitalization and indebtedness	2
C.	Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds	3
D.	Risk factors	3
Item 4.	Information on the Company	12
A.	History and development of the Company	12
B.	Business overview	13
	Products	13
	Net sales by segment	19
	Net sales by geographic area	19
	Seasonality	19
	Sources of supply	19
	Marketing and distribution	20
	Service	20
	Patents and licenses	21
	Competition	21
	Environmental regulations	23
	Other regulations	25
C.	Organizational structure	26
D.	Property, plants and equipment	26
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments	30
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	30
A.	Operating results	30
	Overview	30
	Key performance indicators	32
	Critical accounting policies and estimates	33
	Consolidated results of operations	38
	2022 compared with 2021	38
	2021 compared with 2020	44
	Foreign operations and foreign currency transactions	49
B.	Liquidity and capital resources	49
	Non-GAAP financial measures	54

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		Page number
C.	Research and development, patents and licenses	54
D.	Trend information	55
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	59
A.	Directors and senior management	59
B.	Compensation	67
C.	Board practices	89
D.	Employees	89
E.	Share ownership	90
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	91
A.	Major shareholders	91
B.	Related party transactions	92
C.	Interests of experts and counsel	92
Item 8.	Financial Information	92
A.	Consolidated financial statements and other financial information	92
	Consolidated financial statements	92
	Legal proceedings	93
	Dividend policy	93
B.	Significant changes	93
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	93
A.	Offer and listing details	93
	Trading in domestic markets	93
	Trading in foreign markets	93
B.	Plan of distribution	94
C.	Markets	94
D.	Selling shareholders	94
E.	Dilution	94
F.	Expenses of the issue	94
Item 10.	Additional Information	94
A.	Share capital	94
B.	Memorandum and articles of association	95
C.	Material contracts	102
D.	Exchange controls	102
E.	Taxation	106
F.	Dividends and paying agents	110
G.	Statement by experts	110
H.	Documents on display	110
I.	Subsidiary information	110
J.	Annual report to security holders	111
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	111
	Market risk exposures	111
	Equity price risk	111
	Foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate risk	111
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities	112
A.	Debt securities	112
B.	Warrants and rights	112

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		Page number
C.	Other securities	112
D.	American Depositary Shares	112
	PART II
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	114
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	114
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	114
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	115
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	115
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	115
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	116
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	117
Item 16F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	118
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	118
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	120
Item 16I.	Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	120
	PART III
Item 17.	Financial Statements	121
Item 18.	Financial Statements	121
	Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	122
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	126
	Consolidated Statements of Income	127
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	128
	Consolidated Statements of Equity	129
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	131
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	132
	Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts	179
Item 19.	Exhibits	180
SIGNATURES		181

iii

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CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS, CONVENTIONS AND PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION

All information contained in this Annual Report is as of December 31, 2022 unless otherwise specified.

References in this discussion to the “Company” are to Canon Inc. and, unless otherwise indicated, references to the financial condition or operating results of “Canon” refer to Canon Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

On March 3rd, 2023, the noon buying rate for yen in New York City as reported by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York was ¥ 136.09 = U.S.$1.

The Company’s fiscal year end is December 31. In this Annual Report “2022” refers to the Company’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, and other fiscal years of the Company are referred to in a corresponding manner.

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements and information relating to Canon that are based on beliefs of its management as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to Canon. When used in this Annual Report, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “should” and similar expressions, as they relate to Canon or its management, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements, which include, but are not limited to, statements contained in “Item 3. Key Information-Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” reflect the current views and assumptions of the Company with respect to future events and are subject to risks and uncertainties. Many factors could cause the actual results, performance or achievements of Canon to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements that may be expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements, including, among others, changes in general economic and business conditions, changes in currency exchange rates and interest rates, introduction of competing products by other companies, lack of acceptance of new products or services by Canon’s targeted customers, inability to meet efficiency and cost reduction objectives, changes in business strategy and various other factors, both referenced and not referenced in this Annual Report. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described herein as anticipated, believed, estimated, expected, intended, planned or projected. Canon Inc. does not intend or assume any obligation to update these forward-looking statements.

VOLUNTARY DELISTING OF AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES FROM THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE

On February 10, 2023, the Board of Directors of Canon resolved to apply for the voluntary delisting of the Company’s ADSs from the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). In connection with the delisting, Canon filed a Form 25 on February 24, 2023 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for such voluntary delisting (which became effective on March 6, 2023) and the related deregistration with the SEC. Although Canon’s ADSs have been delisted from the NYSE, it maintains its ADR program in the United States and therefore the ADSs continue to be traded in the United States on the over-the-counter market.

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PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

A. Selected financial data

The following information should be read in conjunction with and qualified in its entirety by reference to the Consolidated Financial Statements of Canon Inc. and subsidiaries, including the notes thereto, included in this Annual Report.

Selected financial data *1:	2022		2021		2020		2019		2018
	(Millions of yen, except average number of shares and per share data)
Net sales	¥	4,031,414	¥	3,513,357	¥	3,160,243	¥	3,593,299	¥	3,951,937
Operating profit		353,399		281,918		110,547		174,420		342,452
Income before income taxes		352,440		302,706		130,280		195,493		362,392
Net income attributable to Canon Inc.		243,961		214,718		83,318		124,964		252,441
Advertising expenses		45,986		36,812		31,273		46,665		58,729
Research and development expenses		306,730		287,338		272,312		298,503		315,842
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment		162,841		156,333		162,733		170,418		175,771
Increase in property, plant and equipment		156,593		151,914		132,302		178,088		159,316
Long-term debt, excluding current installments		2,417		179,750		4,834		357,340		361,962
Common stock		174,762		174,762		174,762		174,762		174,762
Canon Inc. shareholders’ equity		3,113,105		2,873,773		2,575,031		2,685,496		2,820,644
Total assets		5,095,530		4,750,888		4,625,614		4,771,918		4,902,955
Average number of common shares in thousands		1,030,644		1,045,633		1,049,802		1,069,957		1,079,753
Per share data:
Net income attributable to Canon Inc. shareholders per share:
Basic	¥	236.71	¥	205.35	¥	79.37	¥	116.79	¥	233.80
Diluted		236.63		205.29		79.35		116.77		233.78
Cash dividends declared		120.00		100.00		80.00		160.00		160.00
Cash dividends declared (U.S.$)*2	$	0.879	$	0.889	$	0.745	$	1.514	$	1.440

Notes:

1.	The above financial data is prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
2.	Annual cash dividends declared (U.S.$) are translated from yen based on a weighted average of the noon buying rates for yen in New York City as reported by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in effect on the date of each semiannual dividend payment or on the latest practicable date.
---	---

B. Capitalization and indebtedness

Not applicable.

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C. Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk factors

Canon is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of office multifunction devices (“MFDs”), laser printers, inkjet printers, cameras, medical equipment and lithography equipment.

Primarily due to the nature of the business and geographic areas in which Canon operates and the highly competitive nature of the industries to which it belongs, Canon is subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the following:

Risks Specific to Canon’s Industries and Business Operations

Changes in the print environment may affect Canon’s business.

In the business machines market for such products as office MFDs and printers, customers are going paperless to protect the environment. In addition, the digitalization of workflow using multifunctional and high-performance smart devices and applications in office and the increasing popularity of remote work could also lead to a decrease in customer print opportunities.

In line with these trends, Canon is working to offer customers the best choices with its extensive product lineup and cloud connectivity. In the field of commercial printing, Canon anticipates growth in the medium to long term due to a changeover from analog printing to digital printing and growing needs for high-mix,

low-volume printing, and is striving to capture demand by launching new products and services. While Canon has been taking initiatives to analyze market information and respond to these market changes in the print environment by tailoring its new product, service and solution offerings, if Canon is unable to develop and provide products, services and solutions that are responsive to the evolving needs of consumers, its operating results may be adversely affected.

Canon’s digital camera, network camera, and video analytics business operates in a highly competitive environment.

As the photographic capabilities of other digital devices, including smartphones, have improved significantly, consumer preferences for taking photographs have also changed and diversified. As a result, the digital camera market is shrinking, with competition intensifying in price and performance. Under these circumstances, one of Canon’s strategies is developing higher performance digital cameras with further differentiation from smartphones, and further strengthening its product capabilities focusing on models for professional and advanced amateur users. Canon is also developing new categories of cameras in order to attract new users who demand ease of use and taking photographs in specific situations. On the other hand, the market for network cameras is growing because of high demand in the security and video analytics solution sectors. As a result, the competition within those sectors intensifies.

Although Canon has been taking initiatives to analyze market information and respond to the market changes, if Canon fails to introduce new products that maintain a competitive advantage over competitors, or fails to provide new services that match changes in consumer tastes, Canon’s position will decline in relative terms, and as a result, its operating results may be adversely affected.

Canon may not be able to adequately anticipate developments related to its medical device business, including changes to the market environment and developments related to medical device approvals, certifications and health insurance coverage.

Regarding the market for Canon’s medical equipment sold to medical institutions, mainly in the area of diagnostic imaging, it takes a long time to design, research, develop and commercialize products, because it is

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necessary to prove the clinical effectiveness of new technologies and new products, and obtain regulatory approvals and certifications prior to sale in individual countries and regions. In addition, the market may be affected by changes in the environment such as the shortage of components, surge in price of raw materials, prolonged high inflation, the rise of geopolitical issues and trade frictions, as well as by the reduction of medical expense budgets of Canon’s customers and changes in the cost-sharing ratio in social security and health insurance systems. Furthermore, as an indirect effect of COVID-19, an increase of cancer and cardiovascular patients precipitated by lower participation in routine medical check-ups may adversely affect medical expense burdens of Canon’s medical institution customers, which could reduce demand for medical equipment.

Canon invests in research and development (“R&D”) of new medical device technologies based on detailed analysis of the potential technical and business prospects for such technologies. Although Canon has been taking initiatives to analyze market information and respond to the market changes despite these investments, Canon may become less competitive if it cannot anticipate whether new technologies will have the expected clinical effects or developments in the market or regulatory environment for such technologies. Canon may need to significantly modify its business plans in response to these challenges and it may not be able to generate the expected returns on its investments in R&D of medical devices.

Because the semiconductor lithography equipment and flat panel display (“FPD”) industry is highly cyclical, Canon may be adversely affected by any downturn in demand for semiconductor devices, FPD panels and organic light emitting diode (“OLED”) panels.

The semiconductor lithography equipment and FPD lithography equipment industry is characterized by fluctuating business cycles, the timing, length and volatility of which are difficult to predict. Recurring periods of oversupply of semiconductor devices and panels have at times led to significantly reduced demand for capital equipment, including the semiconductor lithography equipment, FPD lithography equipment and OLED vapor deposition equipment that Canon produces. Despite this cyclicality, Canon must maintain significant levels of R&D expenditures to remain competitive. A future cyclical downturn in the lithography equipment industry and related fluctuations in the demand for capital equipment could cause cash outflow due to declining sales and excess inventory stocks to fall below the level necessary to offset Canon’s expenditures, including those arising from R&D, and could consequently have a material adverse effect on Canon’s operating results and financial condition.

Under these circumstances, Canon is working to stabilize its earnings base by continuously improving the performance of its equipment and enhancing its ability to respond to customer needs, thereby aiming to capture a broader scope of demand, diversifying customer base and applications, and developing products to improve the balance in sales regions across the globe. In addition, Canon is taking measures to minimize the impact of fluctuations in market demand by transforming existing manufacturing facilities and building a group-wide system of flexible staff reshuffling, and investing in its own production facilities with the assumptions of significant fluctuations in demand.

Although Canon has been taking initiatives to analyze market information and respond to the market changes, Canon’s operating results and financial position could be adversely affected if Canon fails to meet its customer needs by having different assumptions of the market trend.

Canon’s business is subject to changes in the sales environment.

Canon depends on HP Inc. for a significant part of its business and has had a strong relationship with HP Inc. as an original equipment manufacturing (“OEM”) partner. However, Canon’s business and operating results may be affected by the policies, business and operating results of HP Inc. Any decision by HP Inc. management to limit or reduce the scope of its relationship with Canon would adversely affect Canon’s business and operating results.

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Canon has built close relationships with the other major business partners of Canon products but Canon’s business and operating results may be affected by the policies, business and operating results of those partners. Any decision by the senior management team of such partners to limit or reduce the scope of its relationship with Canon would adversely affect Canon’s business and operating results.

Canon seeks to maintain a well-balanced sales channels of direct sales and indirect sales in each region. In addition to existing business partners, Canon continues to develop new business partners as well. Nevertheless, Canon’s operating results may be adversely affected should business conditions change more dramatically than expected.

Other Risks Related to Canon’s Industries and Business Operations

Canon’s business could be adversely affected by disruption in the supply chain.

Canon’s main business is to develop products, purchase raw materials and parts, manufacture products, and sell them worldwide. In its business activities, Canon strives to build an optimal supply chain for the entire chain of activities, from the purchase of raw materials to production and sales. In particular, Canon has striven to build optimal production systems and improve the quality of its products, including by building an efficient production system using automation and robotization technology, promoting in-house production of key parts, controlling the degree of external dependence, and reducing manufacturing costs to increase its resistance to rising raw material prices and supply shortages. Canon has also established a department dedicated to quality control and has worked with external suppliers to improve quality and ensure stable procurement of raw materials and parts, and established a department to manage the logistics of the entire Group, in order to increase efficiency, reduce logistics costs and quickly respond to problems when they arise. Further, Canon enters into insurance policies to cover damages incurred by accidents. Nevertheless, despite these efforts, there can be no assurance that Canon will be able to prevent or mitigate adverse effects on its supply chain, and there is a possibility that a shortage of raw materials and parts supply, quality problems, rising production costs, as well as stagnation in distribution, accidents of transportation and damages triggered by other factors in the production and sales of products may have an adverse effect on Canon’s operating results.

Canon relies on specific external suppliers for critical parts and materials to be used in products that meet Canon’s strict quality, efficiency and environmental standards. Canon’s business performance may be adversely affected by suspension of production activities or higher production costs in the event of any unforeseen circumstances affecting suppliers of parts and materials used across Canon’s product lineup, or in the event of a quality problem, insufficient supply, or sharp price increases affecting such parts and materials. In addition, if the global shortage in the supply of semiconductor chips is prolonged or becomes worse, Canon may be forced to absorb higher materials costs or experience diminished sales due to delay in delivery of goods to customers. These factors could adversely affect Canon’s operating results.

Canon’s ability to supply products to countries and regions around the world depends on the effectiveness of its logistics services. However, if any trouble occurs in the computerized logistics system, if problems such as regional disputes occur, or if labor disputes such as strikes by port workers occur, or if the losses arising from accidents when transporting expensive products are not compensated by insurance, or if products cannot be replaced and delivered to the customers, there are possibilities that increased logistics costs or delays in deliveries may result in lost sales opportunities and credibility with its customers.

In addition, geopolitical events such as the unfolding situation in Ukraine may adversely affect Canon’s supply chain through factors such as sharp price increases, shortages of parts and materials, and logistics disruptions.

Furthermore, the social trust and brand value of Canon may be damaged in case that legal and/or ethical violations in conjunction with human rights occur in Canon’s supply chain because actions to respect and protect human rights in the supply chain are demanded globally as part of corporate social responsibility.

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Canon’s facilities, information systems and information security systems are subject to damage as a result of natural disasters and infectious diseases.

Canon’s headquarters building, information systems and major facilities of R&D centers are located in the Tokyo region, and earthquakes occur more frequently in Japan than in other parts of the world, making Japan an area that is vulnerable to the damage caused by such natural disasters. Canon’s facilities and offices in the areas of R&D, procurement, production, logistics, sales and services are located throughout the world, and there are risks of disruptions due to the stoppage of infrastructure in the wake of natural disasters such as earthquakes, typhoons and floods, as well as terrorist attacks. In addition, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather conditions and disasters is increasing due to climate change. Although Canon has been taking steps to mitigate such physical risks of climate change on its operations while also seeking to achieve cumulative CO2 emissions reductions across product lifecycles, these measures may turn out to be insufficient if the severity or speed of climate change is greater than anticipated or outpaces expectations. Such factors may adversely affect Canon’s operations, incur cost related to physical and human damage, and lower the value of the Canon brand.

Although Canon has continuously implemented risk management activities led by the relevant departments of the head office, there can be no assurance that Canon will be able to prevent or mitigate the effect of any disruptive events or developments. In preparation for the worst-case scenario, such as plant shutdowns, Canon has established the backup system for concurrent production of similar models at multiple sites which may not be adequate to mitigate the relevant risks. In order to quickly restore operations in the event of a shutdown, Canon has identified the initial actions to be taken, roles and responsibilities of the departments involved, and established the structure to communicate among departments in the event of an emergency. In addition, Canon has the backup structure for core systems used in R&D, procurement, production, logistics, sales and services in case of information systems failure. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that Canon will be able to prevent or mitigate the effect of any disruptive events or developments.

Although COVID-19 continues to persist globally, economic activities have resumed and continued to recover, and vaccination programs have progressed. However, further resurgences of COVID-19, such as the emergence of new variants, or other types of infectious disease could lead to a slowdown of the world economy and the business of Canon, a slowdown in the business of Canon’s customers, suppliers and partners and lower investment sentiment for those parties. Further, requests by governments to restrict Canon’s business amid the pandemic may occur. COVID-19 has had, and may continue to have, other effects on Canon’s businesses. For example, print volume of office MFDs may not recover to the expectations of Canon in view of the increasing popularity of remote work since COVID-19. Also, installation of industrial equipment by Canon may be slower than expected, due to slower recovery in business investment.

Furthermore, the resurgence of COVID-19 disrupts the supply chain around the world including the production activities of Canon such as the stagnation of production activities in Southeast Asia and China. In addition, in case that limitations of economic activity occur in Japan and foreign countries, the closures of offices and retail outlets, overseas travel restrictions and shortage of international freight transport capacity may affect Canon’s sales activities. All of these cases may have an adverse effect on Canon’s financial position and operating results.

A substantial portion of Canon’s business activity is conducted outside Japan, exposing Canon to unfavorable political, diplomatic or economic conditions, sharp fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and unexpected political, legal or regulatory change.

Canon’s business activities are deployed globally so overseas business activities are primarily exposed to the risk of unfavorable political, diplomatic or economic conditions, sharp fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and unexpected political, legal or regulatory changes.

Declines in consumption and restrained investment due to an economic downturn in major markets such as Japan, the United States, Europe, Asia and others may affect Canon’s operating results. Political and diplomatic

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issues due to the unfolding situation in Ukraine or trade frictions may also adversely affect Canon’s operating results. The operating results for products such as office, diagnostic equipment and industrial equipment are affected by the financial results of its corporate customers or medical institutions, and deterioration of their financial results has caused and may continue to cause customers to limit capital investments. Demand for Canon’s consumer products, such as cameras and inkjet printers, is discretionary. Rapid price declines owing to intensifying competition and declines in levels of consumer spending and corporate investment could adversely affect Canon’s operating results and financial position.

Canon derives a significant portion of its revenue from its international operations. As a result, Canon’s operating results and financial position have been and may continue to be significantly affected by changes in the value of the yen versus foreign currencies. Sales of Canon’s products denominated in foreign currencies have been and may continue to be adversely affected by the strength of the yen against foreign currencies. Conversely, a strengthening of foreign currencies against the yen will generally be favorable to Canon’s foreign currency sales. Canon’s consolidated financial statements are presented in yen. As such, the yen value of Canon’s assets and liabilities arising from foreign currency transactions have fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate. Unpredictable fluctuations may have certain effects on Canon’s consolidated financial statements. Although Canon strives to mitigate the effects of foreign currency fluctuations arising from its international business activities, such as executing currency hedge transactions through short-term forward exchange contracts, and by reflecting exchange rate movements in its product pricing, Canon’s consolidated financial statements have been and may continue to be affected by currency translations from the financial statements of Canon’s foreign subsidiaries and affiliates, which are denominated in various foreign currencies.

In addition, there are various political, diplomatic or economic issues in countries and regions around the world, including issues related to the unfolding situation in Ukraine and there is a risk that Canon will face unexpected political, legal or regulatory changes.

With regard to the occurrence of unfavorable political, diplomatic or economic conditions, Canon strives to monitor local conditions through daily communication with its subsidiaries and by collecting information through regular business inquiries, which is reflected in its business strategies and forecasts of financial results. If demand is expected to decline in a specific market or globally, Canon adjusts its production in accordance with the production and supply system.

Canon has focused on strengthening its measures for international environmental regulations and changes in international and domestic tax regulations with respect to unexpected political, legal or regulatory changes. Regulations such as fair competition, anti-corruption, protection of personal information, security trade control and others including regulations related to the environment are carefully monitored and complied with based on the control of each department in charge.

Any inability to manage the risks inherent in Canon’s international activities could adversely affect its business and operating results.

Canon must continue to attract and retain highly qualified professionals.

Canon’s future operating results depend in significant part upon the continued contributions of its employees. In addition, Canon’s future operating results depend in part on its ability to attract, train and retain qualified personnel in the area of R&D, production, sales and management. The competition to acquire human resources in the high-tech industries in which Canon operates has intensified in recent years. Moreover, owing to the accelerating pace of technological change, the importance of training new personnel in a timely manner to meet product R&D requirements will increase.

Maintaining a high level of expertise in Canon’s manufacturing technology is critical to Canon’s business. However, it is difficult to secure the requisite expertise for specialized skill areas, such as lens processing, in a

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short time period. Canon strives to create a work environment in which each and every employee is highly motivated and can fully demonstrate his or her abilities by making the most of his or her individuality and sense of value in order to provide an attractive workplace for capable employees. In particular, when conducting business activities globally, Canon ensures thorough compliance with labor-related laws and regulations in each country and region, respect of human rights, support of the improvement of employees’ abilities through the development of various training systems, and strengthening of the development of human resources who can show leadership internationally. Canon is systematically training successors for certain skills.

However, failure by Canon to recruit and train qualified personnel or the loss of key employees could delay R&D or slow production and could increase the risks of outflow of technologies and skills, and inappropriate knowledge transfers. These factors may adversely affect Canon’s business and operating results.

Canon is subject to risks related to information security and electronic data.

Canon stores and has access to confidential electronic data relating to manufacturing, R&D, procurement and production, as well as sensitive information obtained from its customers, parties who have connections with Canon and other individuals and parties. Such electronic data is used by Canon and third party managed systems and networks. Electronic data is also used in various products to provide information services.

There are some risks inherent in the use of electronic data, including vulnerability to hacking, computer viruses, and cyber attacks, service failures and leakage of personal information due to infrastructure issues and issues arising from damage caused by natural disasters. Although Canon has implemented the controls of software used in its operations and company-wide employee training for information security and cyber attacks, in addition to data access restrictions and security measures, and continues to make improvements so as to alleviate these risks, such events may occur despite its best efforts. In particular, cyber attacks have become increasingly sophisticated and complex, and are targeted anywhere around the world. Canon’s locations in Japan and overseas are exposed to these risks and if its infrastructure turns out to be technically vulnerable to such attacks, malicious access to Canon’s network by third party, stoppage of websites and online services or other incidents may occur.

The materialization of such risks could result in disruptions of Canon’s material operations, leakage of confidential data composed of both personal and business information and damage to the information service functions in products. The occurrence of any of these events may potentially cause Canon to be subject to claims from affected individuals and parties and may negatively affect Canon’s brand image, the credibility it has developed, and its operating results and financial conditions.

Canon’s cooperation and alliances with, strategic investments in, and acquisitions of, third parties may not produce the anticipated improvements to its financial results.

Canon makes strategic acquisitions of other companies for the purpose of business expansion and Canon is also engaged in alliances, joint ventures, and strategic investments with other companies. Canon targets corporate acquisitions, business alliances and strategic investments in areas where Canon has a strong affinity with, based on the technologies it possesses and the businesses it excels in. In particular, it focuses its investments on blue chip companies with strong management teams. These activities can help Canon to grow its business. However, weak business trends or disappointing performance by partners or acquired companies may adversely affect the success of such activities. The success of such activities may be adversely affected by the inability of Canon and its partners or acquired companies to successfully define and reach common objectives. Even if Canon and its partners or acquired companies succeed in designing a structure that allows for the definition and achievement of common objectives, synergies may not be created between the businesses of Canon and its partners or acquired companies. In addition, integration of operations may take more time than expected. In connection with its acquisitions, Canon recognizes goodwill and other intangible fixed assets on its consolidated balance sheet, and the amounts recognized may be impaired if there is a decline of future cash flow. An unexpected cancellation of

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a major business alliance may disrupt Canon’s overall business plans and may also result in a delayed return on, or reduced recoverability of, the investment, adversely affecting Canon’s operating results and financial position.

Canon’s business is subject to environmental laws and regulations.

Canon is subject to certain Japanese and foreign environmental laws and regulations in areas such as mitigation of climate change, resource conservation including product recycling, reduction of hazardous substances, clean air, clean water and waste disposal. Although Canon is making group-wide efforts to respond to climate change through a variety of measures, including energy-saving activities and the development of energy-saving products, advanced resource recycling, strict management of chemical substances through sustainable procurement, reduction of chemical substances used in production processes and emission control, there can be no assurance that such efforts will successfully achieve compliance, particularly as environmental laws and regulations continue to become more stringent globally. Due to the introduction and enforcement of new environmental regulations in Japan and other countries and regions, such as stricter energy-efficiency regulations or economic measures such as carbon taxes, or more active enforcement of existing laws and regulations, Canon may incur higher compliance costs or face liability for additional costs and damages. In addition, disclosure frameworks and standards relating to climate change and sustainability issues have continued to evolve. Although Canon reports in line with certain voluntary frameworks, it may suffer damage to its reputation if its disclosure is viewed as inadequate by investors or other stakeholders. Such costs, damages, and reputational effects could adversely affect Canon’s business and operating results.

Canon is subject to potential liability for the investigation and cleanup of environmental contamination at each of the properties that it owns or operates and at certain properties Canon formerly owned or operated. If Canon is held responsible for such costs in any future litigation or proceedings, such costs may not be covered by insurance and may be material.

Other Risks

Canon’s success depends in part on the value of its brand name, and if the value of the brand is diminished, Canon’s operating results and prospects will be adversely affected.

Canon’s success depends in part on maintenance and development of the value of its brand name. The main factors which could damage its brand value are defective product quality, circulation of counterfeit and failures of its compliance regime. Although Canon works to minimize risks that may arise from product quality and liability issues, such as those triggered by the individual functionality and also from the combination of hardware and software that make up Canon’s products, there can be no assurance that Canon will be able to eliminate or limit these issues and the resulting damages. If such factors adversely affect Canon’s operating activities, generate additional expenses such as those related to product recalls, service and compensation, or otherwise hurt its brand image, Canon’s operating results or reputation for quality may be adversely affected. Canon has been implementing measures to halt the spread of counterfeit products. However, the continued manufacture and sale of such products could adversely affect Canon’s brand image as well as its operating results.

Canon has established a group-wide compliance system to ensure compliance with laws and regulations. However, if Canon fails to maintain its overall compliance regime, especially legal and regulatory compliance, or if Canon fails to take measures to any problems linked to its supply chain, this also could result in damage to Canon’s credibility and brand value.

If Canon does not effectively manage transitions in its products and services, its operating results may decline.

Many of the business areas in which Canon competes are characterized by rapid technological advances in hardware performance, software functionality and product features; frequent introduction of new products; short

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product life cycles; and continued qualitative improvements to current products at stable price levels. Canon has sought to invest substantial resources into introducing new products that are attractive, innovative and cost competitive. There are several risks inherent in the introduction of new products and services, such as delays in development or manufacturing, unsuitable product quality during the introductory period, variations in manufacturing costs, cannibalization of existing product sales, uncertainty in predicting customer demand and difficulty in effectively managing inventory levels. Moreover, if Canon is unable to respond quickly to technological innovations with respect to information systems and networks, Canon’s revenue may be significantly affected as a result of delays associated with the incorporation into its products of such new information technologies.

Canon’s revenues and gross margins also may suffer adverse effects because of the timing of product or service introductions by its competitors. In order to respond to the above risks, Canon has a system to promptly supply products that reflect the needs of the market. However, this risk is exacerbated when a competitor introduces a new product immediately prior to Canon’s introduction of a similar product. If any of these risks materialize, future demand for Canon’s products and services could be reduced, and its operating results could decline.

Canon may be adversely affected by fluctuations in the stock and bond markets.

Canon’s assets include investments in publicly traded securities. Canon does not hold shares for the purpose of receiving profits from fluctuations in stock prices or dividends, and holds shares as part of its alliance with companies outside the Group, only with respect to those that are deemed useful for strengthening the Group’s organizational structure because they are difficult to realize as management resources within the Group for medium- to long-term growth. As a result, volatility in financial markets and overall economic uncertainty create the risk that the actual amounts realized in the future on Canon’s investments could differ significantly from the fair values currently assigned to them.

Canon’s operating results and financial position may be negatively affected by price fluctuations in the stock and bond markets.

Canon may be subject to antitrust-related lawsuits, investigations or proceedings, which may adversely affect its operating results or reputation.

A portion of Canon’s net sales consists of sales of supplies and the provision of services after the initial equipment placement. The supplies and services have become more commoditized and there are many competitors in these markets. Canon’s success in maintaining these post-placement sales will depend on its ability to compete successfully with these competitors, some of which may offer lower-priced products or services. Despite the increase in competitors, Canon currently maintains a high market share in the market of supplies for office MFDs and printers. Accordingly, Canon may be subject to lawsuits, investigations or proceedings under relevant antitrust laws and regulations. Although Canon conducts risk management activities such as regular training for employees in the relevant departments under the leadership of the departments responsible at the Head Office, any such lawsuits, investigations or proceedings may lead to substantial costs and have an adverse effect on Canon’s operating results or reputation.

Canon is subject to risks relating to legal proceedings.

Canon is involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of its business. Results of actual and potential litigation are inherently uncertain. An unfavorable result in a legal proceeding could adversely affect Canon’s reputation, financial condition and operating results.

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Canon may be subject to intellectual property litigation and infringement claims, which could cause it to incur significant expenses or prevent it from selling its products.

Because of the emphasis on product innovation in the markets for Canon’s products, many of which are subject to frequent technological innovations, patents and other intellectual property are an important competitive factor. In relation to protection of its technologies, Canon faces risks that: competitors will be able to develop similar technology independently; Canon’s pending patent applications may not be issued; the steps Canon takes to prevent misappropriation or infringement of its intellectual property may be unsuccessful; and intellectual property laws may not adequately protect Canon’s intellectual property, particularly in certain emerging markets. Canon has established a department specializing in intellectual property, relies primarily on internally developed technology, and seeks to protect such technology through a combination of patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights.

In relation to third party intellectual property rights, if any third party is adjudicated to have a valid infringement claim against Canon, Canon could be required to: refrain from selling the relevant product in certain markets; pay monetary damages; pursue development of non-infringing technologies, or attempt to acquire licenses to the infringed technology and to make royalty payments, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

Canon may need to litigate in order to enforce its intellectual property rights or in order to defend against claims of infringement, which can be expensive and time-consuming.

Canon also licenses its patents to third parties in exchange for payment or licensing. The terms and conditions of such licensing or changes in the renewal conditions of such licenses could affect Canon’s business.

With respect to employee inventions, Canon maintains company rules and an evaluation system and has been making adequate payments to employees for the invention rights based on these rules. However, there can be no assurance that disputes will not arise with respect to the amount of these payments to employees.

If counterfeit products that infringe Canon’s trademarks or other intellectual property rights circulate in the market, and the use thereof causes accidents, product failures, quality defects and other damage to customers, Canon’s brand value may be tarnished and its business may be harmed.

Canon’s businesses, brand image and operating results could be adversely affected by any of these developments.

Canon’s financial results may be adversely affected if its deferred tax assets are not recoverable or if it is subject to international double taxation.

Canon currently has deferred tax assets, which are subject to periodic recoverability assessments based on projected future taxable income. The changes of future profitability due to future market conditions and tax reforms including changes in tax rates may require possible recognition of significant valuation allowances to reduce the net carrying value of deferred tax asset balances. When Canon determines that certain deferred tax assets may not be recoverable, the amounts which may not be realized are charged to income tax expense and will adversely affect net income.

In addition, recently, international corporate tax avoidance has developed into a political issue with a focus on aggressive tax planning strategies of certain multinational corporations. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”), established the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (“BEPS”) project for the purpose of increasing cooperation among countries and implementing harmonization of taxation. The BEPS action plan was published in July 2013; the OECD then conducted further study based on that plan and published its final report in October 2015. Most recently, over 130 jurisdictions joined a two-pillar plan to reform

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international taxation rules and ensure that multinational enterprises pay a fair share of tax wherever they operate. Canon has been reviewing the transfer pricing policy taking into consideration the two-pillar plan proposed by OECD and the developments of international digital taxation rules.

It is, however, possible that there will be differences in opinion between Canon and tax authorities which may adversely affect Canon’s operating results and financial condition.

Canon’s retirement and severance benefit obligations are subject to certain accounting assumptions.

Canon has significant employee retirement and severance benefit obligations that are recognized based on actuarial valuations. Inherent in these valuations are key assumptions, including discount rates, expected return on plan assets, assumed rate of increase in compensation level and mortality rate. Actual results that differ from the assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore any such differences would be expected to be linked to increases in actual costs, which may adversely affect net income.

Item 4. Information on the Company

A. History and development of the Company

Canon Inc. is a joint stock corporation ( kabushiki kaisha ) formed under the Companies Act of Japan. Its principal place of business is at 30-2, Shimomaruko 3-chome,

Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan. The telephone number is +81-3-3758-2111.

The Company was incorporated under the laws of Japan on August 10, 1937 to produce and sell Japan’s first focal plane shutter 35mm still camera, which was developed by its predecessor company, Precision Optical Research Laboratories, which was organized in 1933.

In the late 1950s, Canon entered the business machines field utilizing technology obtained through the development of photographic and optical products. With the successful introduction of electronic calculators in 1964, Canon continued to expand its operations to include plain paper copying machines, faxes, laser printers, bubble jet printers, computers, video camcorders and digital cameras. In 2016, Canon acquired Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation (Canon Medical Systems Corporation “CMSC” as of January 4, 2018) and has expanded its medical business.

In 2022, 2021, and 2020, Canon’s increases in property, plant and equipment were ¥156,593 million, ¥151,914 million and ¥132,302 million, respectively. In 2022, the increases in property, plant and equipment were mainly used to expand production capabilities in both domestic and overseas regions, and to bolster Canon’s production-technology-related infrastructure. In addition, Canon has been continually investing in tools and dies for business machines, in which the amount invested is generally the same each year.

For 2023, Canon projects to invest in property, plant and equipment of approximately ¥210,000 million. This amount is expected to be spent for investments in new production plants and new facilities of Canon. Canon anticipates that the funds needed for this increase will be generated through operating cash inflows.

For information regarding the Company’s voluntary delisting of its ADSs from the NYSE, which became effective on March 6, 2023, please see Item 9.A. “Trading in foreign markets” of this annual report on Form 20-F.

The SEC maintains a website at https://www.sec.gov that contains reports and proxy information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Some of the information may also be found on Canon’s website at https://global.canon/en.

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B. Business overview

Canon is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of office MFDs, laser printers, inkjet printers, cameras, medical equipment and lithography equipment.

Canon sells its products principally under the Canon brand name and through sales subsidiaries. Each of these subsidiaries is responsible for marketing and distribution to retail dealers in an assigned territory. In 2022, 78.5% of consolidated net sales were generated outside of Japan, 31.1%, 25.6% and 21.8% generated in the Americas, Europe and Asia and Oceania, respectively.

Canon’s strategy is to develop innovative, high value-added products incorporating advanced technologies.

Canon’s R&D activities range from basic research to product-oriented research directed at maintaining and increasing Canon’s technological leadership in the marketplace.

Canon will work to realize the optimized global allocation of its production assets based on changes in local conditions in each country and region. Canon has manufacturing subsidiaries in a variety of countries and regions, including the United States, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines.

As a concerned member of the world community, Canon emphasizes recycling and has increased its use of clean energy sources and cleaner manufacturing processes. Canon has also launched programs to collect and recycle used Canon cartridges and to refurbish used Canon MFDs. In addition, Canon has removed virtually all environmentally unfriendly chemicals from its manufacturing processes.

Products

Canon operates its business in four segments: the “Printing Business Unit,” the “Imaging Business Unit,” the “Medical Business Unit”, and the “Industrial Business Unit”. See Note 23 for explanation of changes in the year.

Printing Business Unit –

Canon manufactures, markets and services a full range of home, office and professional printers through variety of printing technologies such as inkjet and electrophotography. Canon also delivers added value to customers through software, services and solutions.

For office MFDs, following the launch of the “imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX” series in 2020 and 9 models in the 3 series in 2021, Canon introduced 4 new models in 2022 and further strengthened “imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX” series lineup and awarded as “2022-2024 Most Reliable A3 Brand” by trusted independent testing farm, Buyers Laboratory, a division of Keypoint Intelligence, in recognition of the high reliability of products.

Canon is also providing a software named “uniFLOW Online” that extends the functions of the new “imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX” by connecting them to cloud services. In addition to cloud integration and enhanced security, Canon has newly introduced “Hybrid Work Print Standard” service to enable secured and controlled print at work-from-home environment by combining office MFDs and home inkjet printers via “uniFLOW Online”. In order to maintain and improve competitiveness in the future, Canon will continue to strive to further enhance its product lineup in line with market trends, strengthen its ability to respond to solutions, and improve its sales capabilities to meet increasingly sophisticated customer demand.

In production printing, Canon launched 3 new models as “imagePRESS V series”, which includes the “imagePRESS V900” for compactness and easier operability, “imagePRESS V1000” supporting high-mix

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low-volume production with better speed and media handling capability and “imagePRESS V1350” as a flagship with greatest productivity and robustness to reduce delivery time for high-volume output. Combining remote print management software “PRISMAremote Manager”, helps reduce less downtime through total print operation visibility at factory.

Regarding large-format inkjet printers, Canon offers the “imagePROGRAF PRO” series, which features newly developed 12-color “LUCIA PRO ink” which significantly improves color reproduction and expression in dark areas to meet the high-quality image requirements of art professionals. Canon also offers the “imagePROGRAF TZ/TX/TM/TA” series, which is equipped with “LUCIA TD”, a five-color pigment ink that enables high-quality printing according to a variety of printing applications and paper suitability, for large-format printing needs, ranging from large-volume printing of drawings at design offices to CAD and poster printing at companies and stores. Canon also offers the “imagePROGRAF GP” series which is equipped with fluorescent ink, the first in the industry, for brighter and softer color reproduction in 2021.

For the high-end production inkjet market Canon offers industry-leading, continuous feed printers for massive print volumes at highest efficiency with highest-quality results in full color.

The “ColorStream” Series inkjet press provides a modular and customizable offering with highest productivity and flexibility for color and monochrome production of transaction, TransPromo, direct mail, book and manual applications including security inks such as Magnetic ink character recognition (“MICR”) or invisible ink.

The “ProStream” Series is a unique breed of fast, high-productivity continuous feed inkjet presses combining the vibrant colors and productivity of offset with the variable-data versatility of digital printing.

As for high speed production cutsheet inkjet printers, Canon provides the “varioPRINT iX” series that has revolutionized the commercial printing business experience. It combines stunning image quality and a wide media range with the high productivity and attractive cost-efficiency of inkjet. The “varioPRINT iX” series press offers high uptime, reliability, and productivity to produce more in less time. It is ideal for printing companies who need predictable and fast production with minimal calibration and setup so that they can handle and fulfill any job based on the agreed turnaround time and price, resulting in more profit and more business for Canon’s customers.

In the large format graphic arts market, Canon provides unique UV LED solutions under the “Colorado” and “Arizona” brands, targeting best-in-class productivity combined with lowest cost of ownership to enable professional print providers to deliver a wealth of graphics and industrial applications to their customers. Inside the “Colorado”, the Canon UVgel technology provides unrivalled productivity in a unique process that retains the advantages of prevailing printer technologies, while eliminating many of the compromises. The “Colorado” offers an impressive application range, thanks to two additional technologies: the more flexible and stretchable formulation of the UVgel 460 inks and the FLXfinish+ technology. The UVgel 460 inks provide image stability even when folded, bent and wrapped. And with the FLXfinish+ technology, you can print your applications both with a flawless glossy and a luxurious matte finish, independent of media finish, expanding the range of your artistic freedom

Regarding inkjet printers, Canon offers a wide range of products to print, scan and copy with excellent usability at reasonable running cost for the various needs of its customers. Especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of inkjet printers for home has increased due to the diversification of work styles and learning methods. For home users, Canon introduced “XK110/TS8630” which excels at both photo and document with a new user interface to fit customers usage to make operation easier with fewer steps, and “G3370/G1330” which was introduced to heavy users at home and achieves high volume printing and low running cost through an extra-large capacity tank. In business inkjet market, demand to print documents and creatives with reasonable cost at diversified locations including office and home as places and ways of working diversify is increasing. To support

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various business users, Canon introduced “GX4030” which uses full pigment ink system for printing high-quality business documents at a low running cost. In addition, “GX5030” has a small footprint, low running cost, high productivity and adaptability to a wide variety of papers.

As for laser printers, dealers and users are reducing their inventories due to concerns over the economic outlook and rising interest rates. In addition, as a long-term trend, there are concerns over lagging growth of the entire market affected by decrease in demand for printing, which is caused by changes in users printing behavior due to the prevalence of smartphones, cloud computing, etc. In response, Canon has focused on expanding sales of high value-added products from mid to high-end class, especially for multifunction printers (“MFPs”). In addition, Canon aims to increase sales volume and market share by enhancing competitiveness and customer value with even more focus on contractual business which engages with customers for a certain period, accompanied with leveraging technical innovation and so forth.

The pandemic caused lockdowns in China where Canon has production facilities, which caused those facilities to see declines in operating capacity as well as a shortage of raw materials and parts. This has led to a temporary shortage of printer supplies. Canon will strive to ensure a stable supply of products by diversifying the supply chain.

Imaging Business Unit –

Canon manufactures and markets digital cameras, as well as lenses and various related accessories.

In interchangeable lens digital cameras, to further expand the lineup of the “EOS R System”, Canon launched “EOS R7” and “EOS R10”.While these two models incorporate APS-C sensors, they also inherit, among others, the autofocus subject detection technology of the high-end model, “EOS R3”, and offer high performance in all aspects of still image and video capture. Canon expects professional and advanced amateur users to, for example, use these as sub-cameras, and that it will also encourage people to replace their SLR cameras or step-up from entry-class cameras. As for the camera market, due to the launch of new mirrorless cameras and interchangeable lenses by each company, demand remained strong despite the economic slowdown. As a result, Canon has maintained a leading market share in interchangeable lens digital cameras in terms of volume in the major regions/countries, such as the United States, Europe, China and Japan.

Canon aims to expand the imaging domains of interchangeable lens digital cameras, and believes there remains considerable room for future growth through development of new products based on state-of-the-art technology such as higher picture quality, small and lightweight body and versatile movie/network functions.

In interchangeable lenses for digital cameras, Canon expanded its RF lens lineup by introducing six interchangeable lenses, including two EOS RF-S mirrorless APS-C lenses. Sales of RF lenses also grew significantly thanks to synergies with “EOS R” series camera body.

As for compact digital cameras, while the overall market has been shrinking, Canon will continue to strengthen its premium lineup and strive to improve its profitability. Moreover, Canon is developing new camera genres, such as “PowerShot ZOOM” and “PowerShot PICK”, in order to discover new needs for ease of use and shooting in specific scenes.

In the compact photo printer market, Canon launched the “SELPHY CP1500”. With its advantages, such as easy operation, portability, lab-quality photo print, and durability, “SELPHY” has gained a strong market position in each region. Canon plans to tap into new customer demand and to maintain its lead in this market.

As a new business, Canon is also working on the Mixed Reality (MR) business, which fuses real images with virtual 3D CG images at the same time.

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Canon has expanded its lineup by introducing the compact and lightweight model “MREAL S1” in 2021 and the wide viewing angle model “MREAL X1” in 2022. Canon will continue to provide solutions utilizing 3D data in a wide range of fields, including manufacturing industry.

In the network camera field, businesses are being established with the camera video based problem-solving business model. In Japan, manufacturing solutions business remained solid and the sales grew steadily despite the worldwide disruption in production and logistics. In 2022, Canon launched six new models with significantly improved performances, including the “VB-H47”. Being able to capture the video clearly even in dark places or in the environments where there is a difference in brightness, such as backlight, the new models contribute to the improvement of accuracy of analysis in combination with video content analytics software. Also, from December 2022, a microSD card-type hardware “AI Accelerator AS-AN11” that turns network cameras into AI cameras and three dedicated video analytics software, “Intrusion Detection”, “Parking Detection”, and “Video Difference Detection” were successively released for the Japanese market. Since no dedicated server or cloud for analysis is required, it is possible to build a simple system with low initial investment and running costs.

Sales of products for the advanced surveillance market are steadily growing. They meet the strict requirements of port surveillance, etc. by taking advantage of their ultra-high-sensitivity performance that enables them to capture color video even in complete darkness.

Canon acquired Axis Communications, the industry leader in network video, in 2015. In 2022, Axis showed strong growth, which was illustrated by the launch of around 130 new products and the opening of 4 new AECs (Axis Experience Center). This means that Axis now has 34 AECs around the world, with the purpose of being closer to the customers.

For the industry, to promote DX (Digital Transformation), Canon offers three new video solutions. (1) Canon provides Automated Guided Vehicle (“AGV”) manufacturers with “Vision-based Navigation Software”, a video content analytics software that includes “Visual SLAM technology”, which uses cameras to simultaneously estimate three-dimensional information of the surrounding environment, and position and posture. Canon aims to expand the range of applications beyond the logistics field. (2) For the “Vision Edition Series”, video analytics software utilizing network cameras, Canon released the “Vision Edition 2”, a new version which extends image processing capabilities and improves connectivity with external devices and support by Al. Enabling to build more flexible and simple systems, Canon continues to meet diversified and sophisticated needs of improving productivity on the operation site. (3) For the inspection of bridges and tunnels using image data, Canon has been contracted for the detection of cracks as a BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) service using AI technology, but now has started to provide as a cloud service.

In the professional video market, the demand continues for large amounts of high-quality contents due to the expansion of viewing through OTT * and video content due to the spread of streaming and internet video, and Canon has noted the rise of users such as “video creators”. Moreover, Canon is also aware of the emergence of a market that is different from the past, such as in-house production in enterprise and education market.

In the video production market, Canon is experiencing the demand for smaller and lighter production equipment, production efficiency, and manpower reduction. In the live streaming and broadcast market such as live sports and live music, the revival of various events that had been stagnant during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to continued investment in equipment, and new trends are appearing, such as video expression with a shallow depth of field that utilizes large-format sensors.

Among them, Canon has introduced the “EOS R5C”, a compact, lightweight digital cinema camera that built-in 8K/RAW recording for users who demand high performance in both video and still images, the “CN-E20·50mm” and the ”CN-E45·135mm”, a full-frame cinema zoom lens that flexibly supports demand for more efficient video production, the “CN8x15”, a cine servo lens that can be used in a wide range of applications from recording to live broadcasting, the “EU-V3”, a function expansion unit that enhances the operability of

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large-format cameras for live production, and the “CR-N700”, a top-of-the-line 4K remote camera for video production.

Furthermore, in the area of video solutions, Canon will work to create business in “volumetric video”, which is expected to expand in the market, such as new video expression in sports broadcasting, entertainment and commercials, and data utilization in metaverse.

Canon will continue to launch products and solutions that capture changes in the market to meet the needs of a wide range of professionals in video production and contribute to the development of video culture.

* OTT stands for over the top. A media service that provides video content directly to viewers via the Internet, which has been provided by terrestrial broadcasting, satellites, cable television, etc.

Medical Business Unit –

Canon markets diagnostic imaging systems, including Computed tomography (“CT”) systems, Magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) systems, Diagnostic ultrasound systems, and Diagnostic X-ray systems, as well as Clinical laboratory systems and Healthcare IT solutions to customers in more than 150 countries and regions around the world, offering technology that enables early detection and fast diagnosis. Canon strives to help customers provide reliable, patient-friendly healthcare and achieve efficiency as well as cost reduction through its medical systems and services.

In the medical systems business, Canon is advancing efforts with “Altivity”, an AI innovation brand, to deliver uncompromised quality and value across the entire care pathway by combining extensive intelligence and know-how garnered through medical practice while leveraging using AI to bring better quality patient care by streamlining workflow for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis for enhanced efficiency.

Canon has long enjoyed the leading position in the domestic CT market. In 2022, Canon introduced the “Aquilion Serve”, a new 80/160-slice CT scanner and the 1.5T MRI “Vantage Fortian”, a high performance yet easy-to-use system with automated scan planning feature. The machine comes with “Advanced intelligent Clear-IQ Engine (AiCE) which uses deep learning algorithm to deliver higher image quality. These CT and MRI systems install cameras developed by Canon to detect patient positioning, thereby making operational adjustments easier and reducing scan time. The new ultrasound solutions, the “Aplio flex/ Aplio go,” add new value and bring much efficiency in workflow by taking advantage of the applications developed using AI to be incorporated in its small footprint. It was launched in Japan in 2022 and will be followed by other regions.

Canon recently announced its decision to establish a new subsidiary “Canon Healthcare USA, INC.” with the aim to accelerate the growth of its medical business by strengthening its presence in the highly influential US medical market. A portion of the upstream marketing operations will be transferred to the new company and by establishing a network with key opinion leaders in the industry in the United States, Canon will develop and propose products and solutions that address the trends and needs of the medical market. In November, Canon installed a photon counting CT “PCCT” system using detector technology of its wholly owned subsidiary, Redlen Technologies Inc., in National Cancer Center Japan to conduct joint research for the commercialization of the PCCT technology with a similar initiative underway with medical institutions in the United States. Building on its leading position in the domestic CT systems market, Canon’s goal is to become the leader in the global CT market at the earliest opportunity.

Industrial Business Unit -

In the semiconductor lithography equipment market, although uncertainty in the timing of economic recovery from COVID-19 and the intensification of trade friction has caused concerns primarily related to capital expenditure, such matters resulted in only minor impact to the market. Capital expenditures for lithography

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equipment, particularly for logic devices and sensors, remained strong. In the back-end lithography equipment market, demand for higher integration and thinner semiconductor chips increased, leading to increased capital expenditures for higher memory capacity using Through-Silicon Via (“TSV”) technology and wafer-level packaging.

Responding to diversified semiconductor applications, Canon has established “design-in” business style, which enables customer needs to be reflected in the early stage of its product development process. As a result of its steady progress in developing value-added products, Canon offers a wide variety of products for Internet of Things (“IoT”) devices and automotive semiconductors, which are rapidly becoming more widespread. As for memory productions, Canon is ready to expand its market share further through sale of the KrF scanner “FPA-6300ES6a” which realized the highest level of productivity and overlay, and by continuous upgrades of i-line stepper “FPA-5550iZ2”. Canon also launched “Lithography Plus”, a solution platform to enhance its services for working lithography equipment in the market. Canon will contribute to the productivity improvement of users who use Canon’s lithography equipment, including real-time analysis of the equipment, automatic recovery in case of malfunction, and the proposal of optimal manufacturing conditions. In the field of Nanoimprint Lithography (“NIL”) equipment, Canon is accelerating preparations for mass production of memory devices, while conducting joint development with various manufacturers and promoting activities to expand the scope of NIL application.

The FPD lithography equipment market is shrinking rapidly due to the falling off of special demand experienced in the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as worldwide inflation and economic slowdown. As a result, customer investment plans have been temporarily postponed, but demand for Organic Light Emitting Diode (“OLED”) panels for PCs, tablets and other products remains strong, and Canon expects the market to recover in late 2023 or early 2024.

The flat panel display market, in which demand for thinner panels increases, is expected to grow in size, increase in 4K/8K resolution, and shift to high-quality displays such as OLED. Canon aims to further expand its market share with the “MPAsp-H1003T”, lithography equipment for 8th generation glass substrates that achieves high productivity by exposing high-definition 65 inch panels in a batch, and the “MPAsp-E903T”, lithography equipment for 6th generation glass substrates that meets the need for further high definition in small and medium sized display manufacturing. In addition, demand for displays for IT devices such as laptops and tablets is growing due to the spread of online meetings and education. In order to meet such market needs, Canon has added the “MPAsp-H1003H”, lithography equipment for displays for IT devices that offers both high productivity and high definition to its lineup.

In the OLED display manufacturing equipment market, Canon will not only work to maintain its overwhelming competitiveness in the field of small- and medium-sized panels, but also continue the development of equipment for large-sized panels.

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NET SALES BY SEGMENT

The following table presents Canon’s net sales by segment for each of the periods shown.

	Years ended December 31
	2022			change			2021			change			2020
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Printing		2,261,938			16.7	%		1,938,847			7.4	%		1,804,427
Imaging		803,480			22.9			653,532			20.7			541,314
Medical		513,331			6.9			480,362			10.2			436,074
Industrial		329,232			-2.5			337,721			22.0			276,806
Others and Corporate		223,021			19.5			186,593			10.3			169,140
Eliminations		(99,588	)		—			(83,698	)		—			(67,518	)
Total		4,031,414			14.7	%		3,513,357			11.2	%		3,160,243

Notes:

1.	Based on the realignment of Canon’s internal management structure, from 2022, Canon has changed the name and structure of segments from Industrial and Others Business Unit and Corporate and eliminations to Industrial Business Unit, Others and Corporate and Eliminations. Net sales by segment for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 also have been reclassified.

NET SALES BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA

The following table presents Canon’s net sales by geographic area for each of the periods shown.

	Years ended December 31
	2022		change			2021		change			2020
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Japan		864,808		4.1	%		830,378		3.0	%		806,305
Americas		1,255,405		29.6			968,839		13.7			852,451
Europe		1,034,008		15.5			894,898		12.5			795,616
Asia and Oceania		877,193		7.1			819,242		16.1			705,871
Total		4,031,414		14.7	%		3,513,357		11.2	%		3,160,243

Seasonality

Canon’s sales for the fourth quarter are typically higher than for the other three quarters, mainly due to strong demand for consumer products, such as cameras and inkjet printers, during the year-end holiday season.

In Japan, corporate demand for office products peaks in the first quarter, as many Japanese companies end their fiscal year in March. Sales also tend to increase at the start of the new school year in each region.

Sources of supply

Canon purchases materials such as glass, aluminum, plastic, steel and chemicals for use in various product components and in the manufacturing process. Canon procures raw materials from all over the world and selects suppliers based on a number of criteria, including environmental friendliness, quality, cost, supply stability and financial condition.

Prices of some raw materials fluctuate according to market trends. Although Canon is currently focusing on globalizing supplies and improving raw material resource management strategies, and believes that it will be able

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to continue procuring sufficient quantities of raw materials to meet its needs, there can be no assurance that supply shortages will not occur or that raw materials, such as crude oil, will be available at competitive prices, or at all, in the future.

Marketing and distribution

Canon sells its products primarily through subsidiaries organized under regional marketing subsidiaries: Canon Marketing Japan Inc. in Japan; Canon U.S.A., Inc. in North and South America; Canon Europe Ltd. and Canon Europa N.V. in Europe, Russia, Africa and the Middle East; Canon (China) Co., Ltd. in Asia outside Japan; and Canon Australia Pty. Ltd. in Oceania. Each subsidiary is responsible for its own market research and for determining its sales channels, advertising and promotional activities. Each subsidiary provides tailor-made solutions to a diverse range of unique customers and aims to advance Canon’s reputation as a highly trusted brand.

In Japan, Canon sells its products primarily through Canon Marketing Japan Inc., mainly to dealers and retail outlets.

In the Americas, Canon sells its products primarily through Canon U.S.A., Inc. and Canon Canada Inc., mainly to dealers and retail outlets.

In Europe, Canon sells its products primarily through Canon Europa N.V., which sells mainly through subsidiaries or independent distributors to dealers and retail outlets in each locality. In addition, MFDs are sold directly to end-users by several subsidiaries such as Canon (UK) Ltd. in the United Kingdom and Canon France S.A.S. in France.

In Southeast Asia and Oceania, Canon sells its products through subsidiaries located in those areas. In addition, MFDs are sold directly to end-users in Australia by Canon Australia Pty. Ltd.

For the medical business, CMSC sells its products directly or through regional marketing subsidiaries and distributors.

Canon also sells laser printers on an OEM basis to HP Inc. HP Inc. resells these printers under the “HP LaserJet Printers” name. During 2022 and 2021, OEM sales to HP Inc. constituted 12.0% and 11.6%, respectively, of Canon’s consolidated net sales.

Canon continues to enhance its distribution system by promoting the continuing education of its sales personnel and by optimizing inventory levels and business planning through weekly analysis of sales data.

Service

In Japan and overseas, product service is provided in part by independent retail outlets and designated service centers that receive technical training assistance from Canon. Canon also services its products directly.

Most of Canon’s business machines carry warranties of varying terms, depending upon the model and country of sale. Cameras and camera accessories carry warranties that vary depending upon the model and country of sale.

Canon services its office MFDs, and printers, and supplies replacement drums, parts, toner and paper. Most customers enter into a contract under which Canon offers consumables and parts as well as break fix activities in return mainly for a fixed amount in the contract plus a per copy charge. MFDs not covered by a service contract may be serviced from time to time by Canon or local dealers for a fee.

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For diagnostic imaging systems, including CT, MRI, ultrasound, and X-ray systems, Canon provides comprehensive repairs, service, and maintenance to ensure that customers are able to use these products to their full potential at all times. Canon maintains support contracts with customers and has technical call centers. In addition, to help ensure customer satisfaction, Canon offers service training programs for engineers working in overseas medical institutions. For the service contracts of the products of the Medical Business Unit, customers pay stated fixed fees for the stand ready maintenance service.

Patents and licenses

Canon holds a large number of patents, design rights and trademarks in Japan and abroad to protect proprietary technologies stemming from its R&D activities. Canon utilizes these intellectual property rights as important strategic management tools. For example, Canon leverages its intellectual property rights to expand its product lines and business operations and to form alliances and exchange technologies with other companies.

Canon has granted licenses with respect to its patents to various Japanese and foreign companies, most often with respect to electrophotography, laser printers, multifunction printers, facsimile machines and cameras.

Companies to which Canon has granted licenses include:

Kyocera Document Solutions Inc.	Electrophotography
Brother Industries, Ltd.	Electrophotography and facsimile machines

Canon has also entered into cross-licensing agreements with other major industry participants.

Companies with which Canon has entered into cross-licensing agreements include:

HP Inc.	Bubble jet printers
Xerox Corporation	Business machines
International Business Machines Corporation	Information handling systems
Eastman Kodak Company	Electrophotography and image processing technology
Seiko Epson Corporation	Information-related instruments

Canon has placed a high priority on the management of its intellectual property. Some products that are material to Canon’s operating results incorporate patented technology. Patented technology is critical to the continued success of Canon’s products, which typically incorporate technology from dozens of different patents. However, Canon does not believe that its business, as a whole, is dependent on, or that its profitability would be materially affected by the revocation, termination, expiration or infringement upon, any particular patent, copyright, license or intellectual property rights or group thereof.

Competition

Canon encounters intense global competition in all areas of its business. Canon’s competitors range from some of the world’s major multinational corporations to smaller, highly specialized companies. Canon competes in a number of different business areas, whereas many of its competitors focus on one or more individual areas. Consequently, Canon may face significant competition from entities that apply greater financial, technological, sales and marketing or other resources than Canon to their activities in a particular market segment.

The principal elements of competition that Canon faces in each of its markets are technology, quality, reliability, performance, price and customer service and support. Canon believes that its ability to compete effectively depends in large part on conducting successful R&D activities that enable it to create new or improved products and release them on a timely basis and at commercially attractive prices. The competitive environments in which each product group operates are described below:

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Printing Business Unit -

The markets for this segment are highly competitive.

Canon’s primary competitors in the production print and business print market are Xerox Corporation ; FUJIFILM Business Innovation Corp. ; Ricoh Company, Ltd.; Konica Minolta Inc.; HP Inc.; and Lexmark International, Inc. Canon is one of the leading global manufacturers of office MFDs and laser printers.

In addition to the general elements of competition described above, Canon’s ability to compete successfully in these markets also depends significantly on whether it can provide effective, broad-based “business solutions” to its customers and respond to interrelated customer needs.

In particular, the ability to provide equipment and software that connect effectively to networks (ranging in scope from local area networks to the Internet and the cloud) is often a key to Canon’s competitive strength.

In the United States, Europe and Japan, Canon is one of the market leaders in all areas of the business machine market.

Canon’s primary competitors in the inkjet printer market are HP Inc., Seiko Epson Corporation and Brother Industries, Ltd.

Imaging Business Unit –

Canon has continued to invest aggressively in competitive new products and intends to maintain its position in this market.

Canon’s primary competitors in the interchangeable-lens digital camera market are Sony Group Corporation and Nikon Corporation.

The mirrorless camera market is growing, especially the demand for professional and advanced amateur users is strong. Canon will work to further strengthen its lineup of EOS R System cameras and RF lenses to facilitate its aim of expanding its market share. Canon will seek to take advantage of its status as the major brand in the industry, along with its economies of scale, in order to maintain profitability.

As for network cameras, the market is competitive, and competition is driven by higher functional requirements and price pressure from customers. Canon’s primary competitors are Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co., Ltd. and Panasonic Corporation. Canon is developing the innovative technology to continue to be a global market leader in this industry.

Medical Business Unit –

Canon’s primary competitors in the diagnostic medical imaging market are General Electric Company, Siemens Healthineers AG, Koninklijke Philips N.V., and FUJIFILM Corporation. Canon has also new competitors such as United Imaging Healthcare Co. Ltd., a Chinese vendor.

The markets for this segment are highly competitive. Canon has been consistently involved in the medical care business, from development to manufacturing, sales, and service. Canon believes that it provides high-resolution images that enable more accurate diagnoses. For example, Canon has developed several world’s-first technologies, such as an ultrahigh-resolution CT scanner with twice the spatial resolution in both the in-plane direction and the axial direction compared to a conventional CT scanner, and ultrasound technology that can perform imaging of very fine, slow-flowing bloodstreams that previously could not be visualized. Canon will continue to bring the latest diagnostic imaging systems to the market.

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Industrial Business Unit -

Very severe competition continues in the markets for lithography equipment used in the production of semiconductor devices and FPD. In order to produce lithography equipment that can provide ultra-fine processing, an integration of advanced optical, control and system technologies is required, along with continuous investment in technology development. The main competitors in these markets are Nikon Corporation, for semiconductor and FPD lithography equipment, and ASML Holding N.V., for semiconductor lithography equipment.

Canon believes that it has helped its customers improve their productivity by continuously improving the cost performance of semiconductor lithography equipment using the i-line and KrF laser light sources. In particular, equipment using the i-line has captured a large share of the global market, satisfying needs by quickly providing products which correspond to the diversification of devices associated with the trend of IoT.

Canon believes its FPD lithography equipment with a common platform offers excellent productivity and reliability that has helped it capture market share in the industry-leading South Korean market. Canon’s sales and service support systems have also received high accolades from the customers in these markets. In the trend of demand expansion for 4K/8K displays and OLED panels, Canon believes it has also been meeting the needs of panel makers by continuously offering new products with high productivity and high resolution.

Environmental regulations

Canon is subject to a wide variety of laws, regulations, industry standards and global initiatives relating to energy and resource conservation, recycling, global warming, pollution prevention, pollution remediation and environmental health and safety. Some of the environmental laws, regulations, industry standards and global initiatives that affect Canon’s businesses are summarized below.

In line with the environmental initiatives discussed below, Canon has made, or may make, commitments that require the investment of significant effort, resources and management time. Circumstances may arise, including those beyond Canon’s control that may require Canon to revise these commitments or timelines for the achievement thereof.

1.	Measures Addressing Global Climate Change

The United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (“SDGs”) on September 25, 2015, under the UN Sustainable Development Summit. SDGs cover global issues aimed at transforming the world toward sustainable development, which are composed of 17 goals and 169 targets. The goals and targets cover a wide range of global issues, including the environmental areas such as climate change, sustainable energy, efficient use of natural resources and reduction of waste. Based upon the SDGs, member states will introduce national policies and initiatives to tackle such global environmental issues, and Canon may need to implement further actions to respond to potential national initiatives.

The Paris Agreement on climate change was adopted in 2015 and entered into force in 2016. Subsequently, in order to limit the temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius, EU member states and other major countries such as U.S., China, Japan and India declared to achieve net-zero CO2 emissions toward 2050 to 2070. Future governmental carbon neutral policies or regulations may affect Canon’s business operations, products, services, procurements and costs.

Canon aims to achieve net-zero CO2 emissions from its business activities by 2050 to realize carbon free society. Canon has established 2022-2025 Mid-Term Environmental Goals and monitors its progress to be reported to the CEO for review on a yearly basis. Canon is implementing initiatives to achieve these goals, which focus on “Lifecycle CO2 emissions improvement index per product by average 3% improvement”, “Raw materials and usage CO2 emissions improvement index per product by average 3% improvement”, and “Improve

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energy consumption basic unit at operational sites by 1.2% (compared to the previous year)”. In 2022, Canon has improved to reduce its “Life Cycle CO2 emission” per product, which was an average improvement of 4.1% (2008—2022) and cumulative 43% as compared with 2008. Total volume of lifecycle CO2 emissions in 2022 was 8.3 million tons*, which we received a third party limited assurance in March 2023. For contributing to a circular economy, Canon promotes reductions in resource consumption, product-to-product recycling, recycling-conscious design, designing smaller and lighter products and other various activities.

Canon has disclosed climate change-related information based on the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure (“TCFD”) framework set by the Climate Disclosure Standard Board (“CDSB”) and also has disclosed environmental impact information through its Canon Sustainability Report and a platform of the Carbon Disclosure Project (“CDP”).

Canon continues to pursue CO2 emission reductions both locally and globally through energy-efficient product design and improvement of logistics and factory operations.

*	Total volume of lifecycle CO2 emissions contains the data of the carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhouse gas (GHG) including PFCs, HFCs, SF6, N2O, methane, and NF3. The scope of the total volume of lifecycle CO2 emissions covers consolidated subsidiaries of Canon Group.
2.	Measures to Address the Circular Economy and Sustainable Products
---	---

The movement toward the realization of the circular economy is also accelerating. In Europe, the new Circular Economy Action Plan was announced by the EU Commission in 2020, and a road map of the regulations was presented. In March 2022, in line with the new plan, EU Commission published a legislative package, “Sustainable Products Initiative”, including the proposal for a new law the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (“ESPR”) that would cover all physical products and require energy-efficiency, design for circularity and detailed information provision, to replace the existing measures regulated in the current Energy-related Products Directive. The implementing measures in line with the draft ESPR will be proposed from 2023, and some of them would cover Canon’s products.

Regarding imaging equipment, the EU Commission has decided to launch the preparation of regulatory measures for this product group including consumables, in place of the former industrial voluntary agreement. The draft regulation on imaging equipment and consumables is announced to be proposed in 2023, and would include strict requirements on energy and resource efficiency

In addition, to the ecodesign movement,increasing public concern about single-use plastics, which are considered one of the causes of marine pollution, has led various countries to legislate to ban the use of single-use plastics in packaging materials.

Canon is continuing to comply with requirements related to ecodesign and single-use plastics. However, the requirements are expected to be challenging, and achieving compliance will likely increase Canon’s costs, especially by required design changes and circularity operation.

3.	European Union Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (“the RoHS Directive”)

Under the RoHS Directive, from July 1, 2006, companies are required to ensure that electrical and electronic equipment (“EEE”) sold in the European Union does not contain lead, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, mercury, polybrominated biphenyls or polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The scope of products covered was expanded to include medical and measurement equipment starting in July 2014. New subsidiary directive of the RoHS Directive restricting an additional four substances, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (“DEHP”), Butyl benzyl phthalate (“BBP”), Dibutyl phthalate (“DBP”) and Diisobutyl phthalate (“DIBP”), was published in June 2015, and these substances were restricted starting in July, 2019. In 2018, study for more additional restricted substances was started, and the preparatory study for the next recast of RoHS was started in 2019. In parallel with

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these developments, all the RoHS exempted applications for which the restricted substances can be used are now under review. If these exemptions expire and/or additional substances are restricted in the future, additional design changes may be required for Canon products, and cost of changing designs may increase total compliance costs. Similar chemical regulations have been enacted in various countries such as China, South Korea, India, UAE, EAEU and Saudi Arabia.

4.	European Framework for the Management of Chemical Substances (“REACH Regulation”)

The REACH Regulation was implemented in 2007. This regulation covers almost all chemicals (products in gaseous, liquid, paste or powder form) and articles (products in solid state) manufactured in or imported into the European Union. All chemicals manufactured in or imported into the European Union that exceed specific content thresholds must be registered. If certain substances of very high concern are contained in an article, the substances must be communicated to the recipient or consumer of the article. In addition, such information has to be registered on the new EU database called the “SCIP database” under Waste Framework Directive from January 2021. Canon has been disclosing necessary information through SCIP database since then. Furthermore, additional restrictions on the use of certain substances can be proposed at any time by the ECHA (European Chemical Agency) or member states, and, some of them have been already adopted and others are now under discussion. Manufacturers such as Canon must take steps to address such new restrictions.

Canon continues to meet these existing and newly-added requirements under the REACH Regulation, and implementation of these requirements could increase Canon’s management costs.

5.	Other Environmental Regulations

In addition to the laws described above, various environmental laws and regulations may have been promulgated or enacted by European Union member states, states of the United States, emerging markets such as China, India, Russia, Vietnam, and other countries. Compliance with any such additional regulations may increase Canon’s costs and may adversely affect Canon’s operating results and financial condition.

Other regulations

Disclosure under Section 13(r) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Section 219 of the Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act of 2012 (“ITRA”) added Section 13(r) to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Section 13(r) requires an issuer to disclose in its annual or quarterly reports, as applicable, whether, during the reporting period, it or any of its affiliates knowingly engaged in certain activities, transactions or dealings relating to Iran or with designated natural persons or entities involved in terrorism or the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

Disclosure is required even where the activities, transactions or dealings are conducted outside the U.S. by non-U.S. affiliates in compliance with applicable law, and whether or not the activities are sanctionable under U.S. law.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the following Canon affiliate engaged in the transactions described below that are required to be disclosed pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act. These transactions were conducted in compliance with applicable law in the respective countries.

•

CMSC, a wholly-owned Japanese subsidiary of Canon Inc., had indirect sales transactions through independent distributors in Istanbul, Turkey, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates and Tehran, Iran for computed tomography, diagnostic ultrasound systems and service parts for those products with hospitals in Iran. It is our understanding that Iranian hospitals are owned or controlled by the Government of Iran (central or local government) and that their purchases are controlled through an agency of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Total gross sales under these contracts during the year 2022 were approximately ¥154 million. The net profit was substantially less than that.

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As of the date of this report, Canon is not aware of any other activity, transaction or dealing by us or any of our affiliates during the year ended December 31, 2022 that requires disclosure in this report under Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act. Canon maintains policies and procedures designed to ensure that transactions, including transactions with Iranian counterparties, are conducted in accordance with applicable economic sanction laws and regulations.

In addition, CMSC has indirect sales of medical equipment to unaffiliated distributors in Japan, which distribute the equipment to hospitals in Syria through unaffiliated third parties. Canon does not have any direct agreements, commercial arrangements, or other contacts with the governments of Syria, or with entities controlled by those governments. Total net sales to Syria in the year ended December 2022 was one-tenth of one percent (0.1%) or less of Canon’s total consolidated net sales for that period. Canon does not believe the transactions with Syria are material, either individually or in the aggregate, in quantitative or in qualitative terms.

C. Organizational structure

Canon Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates form a group of which Canon Inc. is the parent company. As of December 31, 2022, Canon Inc. had 330 consolidated subsidiaries and 10 affiliated companies accounted for by the equity method.

The following table lists the significant subsidiaries owned by Canon, all of which are consolidated as of December 31, 2022.

Name of company	Head office location
Canon Marketing Japan Inc.	Tokyo, Japan	57.8	%	58.5	%
Canon U.S.A., Inc.	New York, U.S.A.	100.0	%	100.0	%
Canon Europa N.V.	Amstelveen, The Netherlands	100.0	%	100.0	%
Canon Medical Systems Corporation	Tochigi, Japan	100.0	%	100.0	%

D. Property, plants and equipment

Canon’s manufacturing is conducted primarily at 29 plants in Japan and 13 plants in other countries and regions. Canon owns all of the buildings and the land on which its plants are located, with the exception of certain immaterial leases of land and floor space of certain of its subsidiaries. The names and locations of Canon’s plants and other facilities, their approximate floor space and the principal activities and products manufactured therein as of December 31, 2022 are as follows:

Name and location	Floor space<br>(including<br>leased space)		Principal activities and products manufactured
Domestic	(Thousands of<br>square feet)
Headquarters, Tokyo		2,557	R&D, corporate administration and other functions
Canon Global Management Institute, Tokyo		166	Training and administration
Kawasaki Office, Kanagawa		1,882	R&D and manufacturing of production equipment and semiconductor devices; R&D of laser printers, toner cartridges and network cameras
Kosugi Office, Kanagawa		378	Development of medical equipment
Fuji-Susono Research Park, Shizuoka		932	R&D in electrophotographic technologies
Ayase Plant, Kanagawa		394	R&D and manufacturing of semiconductor devices

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Name and location	Floor space<br>(including<br>leased space)		Principal activities and products manufactured
Domestic	(Thousands of<br>square feet)
Hiratsuka Plant, Kanagawa		905	R&D of display products and manufacturing of semiconductor devices
Tamagawa Office, Kanagawa		384	Quality engineering
Oita Plant, Oita		487	Manufacturing of semiconductor devices
Yako Office, Kanagawa		906	Development of inkjet printers, inkjet chemical products
Utsunomiya Office, Tochigi		2,764	Manufacturing of interchangeable lenses and other applications, R&D in optical technologies, development and sales of broadcasting equipment, R&D, manufacturing, and servicing of semiconductor lithography equipment and FPD lithography equipment
Toride Plant, Ibaraki		2,863	R&D in electrophotographic technologies, mass-production trials and supports; manufacturing of office MFDs, chemical products; training of manufacturing
Ami Plant, Ibaraki		955	Manufacturing of FPD production-related equipment
Canon Electronics Inc., Tokyo, Saitama and Gunma		1,421	Magnetic/business machine components, document scanners and handy terminals
Canon Finetech Nisca Inc., Saitama, Ibaraki and Yamanashi		1,106	Development, production and sales of office MFDs peripherals, printers, DC motors
Canon Precision Inc., Aomori		1,591	Micromotors, production of toner cartridges and sensors
Canon Optron Inc., Ibaraki		144	Optical crystals (cameras, telescopes) and vapor deposition materials
Canon Chemicals Inc., Ibaraki		1,896	Toner cartridges, advanced-function parts, plastic precision-molded parts and metal molds
Canon Components, Inc., Saitama		710	Image sensor units, Printed Circuit Boards (“PCB”), inkjet cartridges and medical equipment
Oita Canon Inc., Oita		2,096	Interchangeable-lens digital cameras, interchangeable lenses and digital camcorders
Nagahama Canon Inc., Shiga		1,095	Laser printers, toner cartridges, <br>A-Si<br> drums and semiconductor production-related equipment
Oita Canon Materials Inc., Oita		3,062	Chemical products for MFDs and printers

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Name and location	Floor space<br>(including<br>leased space)		Principal activities and products manufactured
Domestic	(Thousands of<br>square feet)
Ueno Canon Materials Inc., Mie		654	Chemical products for MFDs and printers
Fukushima Canon Inc., Fukushima		1,310	Inkjet printers, print heads, ink tanks and analysis of software
Canon Semiconductor Equipment Inc., Ibaraki		242	Development and production of semiconductor production-related equipment
Canon Ecology Industry Inc., Ibaraki		1,463	Recycling of toner cartridges, repair and recycling of office MFDs
Fukui Canon Materials Inc., Fukui		192	OPC raw stock, material for optics and high water-repellent material
Miyazaki Canon Inc., Miyazaki		652	Interchangeable-lens digital cameras and electronics packaging
Canon Mold Co., Ltd., Ibaraki		375	Design and production of precise plastic molds
Canon ANELVA Corporation, Kanagawa and Yamanashi		745	Development, production, sales and maintenance of semiconductor, electronic and R&D equipment
Canon Machinery Inc., Shiga		557	Semiconductor and precision automation equipment
Canon Tokki Corporation, Niigata and Kanagawa		371	OLED display manufacturing equipment, thin-film photovoltaic cell manufacturing equipment and vacuum process equipment
Nagasaki Canon Inc., Nagasaki		477	Digital cameras and network cameras
Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Tochigi		1,441	Development, manufacturing, sales and technical services of medical equipment
Canon Electron Tubes & Devices Corporation, Tochigi		506	Development, manufacturing and sales of electron tubes and application products
Name and location	Floor space<br>(including<br>leased space)		Principal activities and products manufactured
---	---	---	---
Overseas	(Thousands of<br>square feet)
Europe
Canon Giessen GmbH, Giessen, Germany		348	Production and remanufacturing of office MFDs, refilling of toner cartridges, refurbishing of semiconductor lithography equipment
Canon Bretagne S.A.S., Liffre, France		505	Manufacturing and recycling of toner cartridges, PCB assembly, packaging, after sales service

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Name and location	Floor space<br>(including<br>leased space)		Principal activities and products manufactured
Overseas	(Thousands of<br>square feet)
Canon Production Printing Netherlands B.V., Venlo, the Netherlands		2,152	R&D, manufacturing, sales and distribution of large format printing systems, display graphics printing systems, <br>mid-<br> and high- volume office MFDs, <br>sheet-fed<br> printing systems, ancillary equipment, software, consumables
Americas
Canon Virginia, Inc., Virginia, U.S.		1,537	Production of toner cartridges, toner for MFDs and printers, molding dies, service and support for Canon sales companies (repair of cameras, remanufacturing and repair office MFDs)
Asia
Canon Inc., Taiwan, Taiwan		1,597	Interchangeable-lens digital cameras, network cameras, interchangeable lenses, camera accessories, precision-metal molds and others
Canon Opto (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., Selangor, Malaysia		611	Interchangeable lenses, optical lenses and others
Canon Dalian Business Machines, Inc., Dalian, China		1,721	Production and recycling of toner cartridges, production of laser printer units, design and production of precision molds and tools
Canon Prachinburi (Thailand) Ltd., Prachinburi, Thailand		1,268	Office MFDs
Canon <br>Hi-Tech<br> (Thailand) Ltd., Ayutthaya and Nakohon Ratchasima, Thailand		3,270	Inkjet printers and office MFDs
Canon Zhongshan Business Machines Co., Ltd., Zhongshan, China		52	Laser printers
Canon Vietnam Co., Ltd., Hanoi, Vietnam		3,370	Inkjet printers, laser printers, office MFDs, image scanners and contact image sensors
Canon (Suzhou) Inc., Suzhou, China		1,528	Office MFDs and laser printers
Canon Business Machines (Philippines), Inc., Batangas, Philippines		898	Laser printers

Canon considers its manufacturing and other facilities to be well maintained and believes that its plant capacity is adequate for its current requirements. None of the buildings or land are subject to any major encumbrances.

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Main facilities under construction for establishment/expansion

Name and location	Principal activities and products manufactured
Domestic
Canon Inc., Hiratsuka Plant, Kanagawa	New production base (Manufacturing of semiconductor devices)

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

A. Operating Results

The following discussion and analysis provides information that management believes to be relevant to understanding Canon’s consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

Overview

Canon is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of office MFDs, laser printers, inkjet printers, cameras, medical equipment and lithography equipment. Canon earns revenues primarily from the manufacture and sale of these products domestically and internationally. Canon’s basic management policy is to contribute to the prosperity and well-being of the world while endeavoring to become a truly excellent global corporate group targeting continued growth and development.

Canon divides its businesses into four segments: the Printing Business Unit, the Imaging Business Unit, the Medical Business Unit and the Industrial Business Unit.

Economic environment

Looking back at 2022, while the global economy resumed its economic activities in earnest, the pace of economic recovery slowed due to global inflation and tight monetary policies in order to control inflation in each country. In the United States, although affected by inflation and tightening monetary policy, the economic recovery continued due to robust increases in personal consumption and expansion of exports. In Europe, the economy slowed down due to surge in energy prices resulting from the Ukraine crisis and continuous price hikes caused by inflation. In China, the recovery of personal consumption declined and capital investment slowed due to restrictions implemented under its Zero-COVID strategy. In other emerging countries, the economy recovered moderately, mainly in India and Southeast Asia. In Japan, affected by surge in price of energy and inflation caused by depreciation of the yen, the economy continued to recover moderately, mainly in terms of personal consumption.

Market environment

Amid the unstable economic environment, in the markets in which Canon operates, despite a shortage of semiconductor chips and supply chain disruptions, demand improved moderately. Looking at performance by products, demand for office multifunction devices (MFDs) remained firm due to a recovery of in-office work. Meanwhile demand for laser printers and inkjet printers slowed due to decreased demand from customers working from home. For cameras, demand remained solid, mainly for mirrorless cameras and lenses for professionals and enthusiasts. For medical equipment, demand in Japan declined this year due to a drop-off following the conclusion of government spending in 2021, although investments in the medical field recovered slowly, mainly for diagnostic imaging unit products outside Japan. For semiconductor lithography equipment,

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while the memory devices market declined, overall demand remained firm due to strong demand for power devices and sensors. For FPD (Flat Panel Display) lithography equipment, demand tended to decline due to decreased demand from customers working from home amid the COVID-19 pandemic, and demand for laptop computers decreased in response to the current economic slowdown.

The average value of the yen for the year was ¥131.66 against the U.S. dollar, a year-on-year depreciation of approximately ¥22, and ¥138.42 against the euro, a year-on-year depreciation of approximately ¥8.

Summary of operations

Summarized results of Income statement for 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

	2022
	(Millions of yen, except per share
	amounts and percentage data)
Net sales		4,031,414		+14.7	%	3,513,357
Gross profit		1,827,802		+12.3		1,627,792
Operating expenses		1,474,403		+9.5		1,345,874
Operating profit		353,399		+25.4		281,918
Other income (deductions)		(959	)	—		20,788
Income before income taxes		352,440		+16.4		302,706
Net income attributable to Canon Inc.		243,961		+13.6		214,718
Net income attributable to Canon Inc. shareholders per share:
Basic		236.71		+15.3		205.35
Diluted		236.63		+15.3		205.29

Note: See notes to Item 3A “Selected Financial Data”.

In 2022, Canon ensured adequate supplies of products through sustained efforts such as switching to alternative components and seeking new vendors, and taking swift action to secure transportation capacity while utilizing alternative transportation routes to deal with a shortage of components and the logistics disruption. Net sales for the year increased by 14.7% year-on-year to ¥4,031,414 million due to adjustment of product prices and depreciation of the yen. Sales by new business exceeded ¥1,000 billion, and net sales exceeded ¥4,000 billion for the first time in five years since 2017 as a result of the business portfolio transformation. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales decreased by 1.0 points to 45.3% due to the increase in the ratio of hardware sale caused by stabilization of production supply including printers, in addition to the increased costs of parts and logistics. However, gross profit increased by 12.3% year-on-year to ¥1,827,802 million, mainly due to price adjustment of products and the depreciation of the yen. Although operating expenses increased by 9.5% year-on-year to ¥1,474,403 million as a result of increased operating expenses denominated in foreign currencies due to the depreciation of the yen, as well as an increase in selling expenses accompanying a growth in sales, the operating expense to sales ratio decreased by 1.8 points to 36.5% due to continued efficiency-focused cost control and improvements to management structure. As a result, operating profit increased by 25.4% year-on-year to ¥353,399 million. Other income (deductions) decreased by ¥21,747 million year-on-year to a loss of ¥959 million, mainly due to deterioration of valuation gains and losses on securities and currency exchange losses from liabilities, incurred by group finance, denominated in foreign currencies, caused by the depreciation of the yen. As a result, income before income taxes increased by 16.4% year-on-year to ¥352,440 million and net income attributable to Canon Inc. increased by 13.6% year-on-year to ¥243,961 million. Basic net income attributable to Canon Inc. shareholders per share was ¥236.71 for the year, a year-on-year increase of ¥31.36.

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Summarized results of Balance sheet for 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

	2022
	(Millions of yen, except per share<br>amounts and percentage data)
Total assets		5,095,530		344,642		4,750,888
Total liabilities		1,746,500		94,041		1,652,459
Canon Inc. shareholders’ equity		3,113,105		239,332		2,873,773
Noncontrolling interests		235,925		11,269		224,656
Total equity		3,349,030		250,601		3,098,429
Total liabilities and equity		5,095,530		344,642		4,750,888
Canon Inc. shareholders’ equity as a percentage of total assets		61.1	%	0.6	%	60.5	%

Total assets increased by ¥344,642 million to ¥5,095,530 million at December 31, 2022, compared with the end of previous year, mainly due to an increase of inventories resulting from procuring electrical part, materials and key parts, and increasing of trade receivable due to increase of sales. In 2022, the decrease of long-term loans by ¥120.0 billion was a result of the repayment of loans for the acquisition of Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation (currently, Canon Medical Systems Corporation). Under this condition, total liabilities increased by ¥94,041 million to ¥1,746,500 million at December 31, 2022, compared with the end of previous year mainly due to a increase of short-term loans in response to the increase in required working capital. Total equity increased by ¥250,601 million to ¥3,349,030 million at December 31, 2022, compared with the end of previous year, mainly due to an increase in retained earnings resulting from net income attributable to Canon, and an increase in accumulated other comprehensive income due to the depreciation of the yen. In addition, there were repurchases of treasury stock twice. Under these conditions, Canon Inc. shareholders’ equity as a percentage of total assets increased by 0.6 points to 61.1%.

Key performance indicators

The following are the key performance indicators (“KPIs”) that Canon uses in managing its business. The changes from year to year in these KPIs are set forth in the table shown below.

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS


Net sales (Millions of yen)	4,031,414		3,513,357		3,160,243		3,593,299		3,951,937
Gross profit to net sales ratio	45.3	%	46.3	%	43.5	%	44.8	%	46.4	%
R&D expense to net sales ratio	7.6	%	8.2	%	8.6	%	8.3	%	8.0	%
Operating profit to net sales ratio	8.8	%	8.0	%	3.5	%	4.9	%	8.7	%
Income before income taxes to net sales ratio	8.7	%	8.6	%	4.1	%	5.4	%	9.2	%
Inventory turnover measured in days	69 days		66 days		60 days		59 days		56 days
Debt to total assets ratio	8.2	%	6.8	%	10.9	%	10.8	%	8.2	%
Canon Inc. shareholders’ equity to total assets ratio	61.1	%	60.5	%	55.7	%	56.3	%	57.5	%

Note:

1.	See notes to Item 3A “Selected Financial Data”.

Net sales and profit ratio

As Canon pursues the goal to become a truly excellent global corporation, one indicator upon which Canon’s management places strong emphasis is revenue. The following are some of the KPIs related to revenue that management considers to be important.

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Net sales is one such KPI. Canon derives net sales primarily from the sale of products and, to a lesser extent, provision of services associated with its products. Sales vary depending on such factors as product demand, the number and size of transactions within the reporting period, market acceptance for new products, and changes in sales prices. Other factors involved are market share and market environment. In addition, management considers the evaluation of net sales by product to be important for the purpose of assessing Canon’s sales performance in various products, taking into account recent market trends.

Gross profit to net sales ratio is another KPI for Canon. Under the basic policy of Phase VI of the Excellent Global Corporation Plan, Canon has been consistently strengthening business competitiveness and striving to provide highly profitable products with price competitiveness. Furthermore, Canon promotes cost reduction initiatives across the Canon Group through in-house production and automation of assembly processes which integrate the three functions of design, production technology and manufacturing. Canon will continue to actively take these measures to improve Canon’s gross profit to net sales ratio.

Operating profit to net sales ratio, income before income taxes to net sales ratio, and R&D expense to net sales ratio are considered to be KPIs by Canon. Canon is focusing on two areas for improvement. Canon is striving to control and reduce its selling, general and administrative expenses as its first key point. Secondly, Canon’s R&D policy is designed to maintain adequate spending in core technology to sustain Canon’s leading position in its current business areas and to exploit opportunities in other markets. Canon believes such investments will create the basis for future success in its business and operations.

Cash flow management

Canon also places significant emphasis on cash flow management. The following are the KPIs relating to cash flow management that Canon’s management believes to be important.

Inventory turnover measured in days is a KPI because it measures the efficiency of supply chain management. Inventories have inherent risks of becoming obsolete, physically damaged or otherwise decreasing significantly in value, which may adversely affect Canon’s operating results. To mitigate these risks, management believes that it is crucial to continue reducing work-in-process inventories by decreasing production lead times in order to promptly recover related product expenses, while balancing risks of supply chain disruptions by optimizing finished goods inventories in order to avoid losing potential sales opportunities.

The debt to total assets ratio is also one of the KPIs. For a manufacturing company like Canon, it generally takes considerable time to realize profit from a business due to lead times required for R&D, manufacturing and sales. Therefore, management believes that it is important to have sufficient financial strength. Canon will continue to reduce its dependency on external funds for capital investments in favor of generating the necessary funds from its own operations.

Canon Inc. shareholders’ equity to total assets ratio is another KPI for Canon. Canon believes that its shareholders’ equity to total assets ratio measures its long-term sustainability. Canon also believes that achieving a high or rising shareholders’ equity ratio indicates that Canon has maintained a strong financial position or further improved its ability to fund debt obligations and other unexpected expenses. In the long-term, Canon’s management believes a high shareholders’ equity ratio will enable Canon to maintain a high level of stable investments for its future operations and development. As Canon puts strong emphasis on its R&D activities, management believes that it is important to maintain a stable financial base and, accordingly, a high level of its shareholders’ equity to total assets ratio.

Critical accounting policies and estimates

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and based on the selection and application of significant accounting policies which

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require management to make significant estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions include future market conditions, net sales growth rate, gross margin and discount rate. Though Canon believes that the estimates and assumptions are reasonable, actual future results may differ from these estimates and assumptions. In addition, actual results and outcomes may differ from management’s estimates and assumptions due to pandemic, geopolitical risk and economic slowdown risk in response to inflation. Canon believes that the following are the more critical judgment areas in the application of its accounting policies that currently affect its financial condition and results of operations.

Revenue recognition

Canon generates revenue mainly through the sale of products of the Printing Business Unit, the Imaging Business Unit, the Medical Business Unit and the Industrial Business Unit, supplies and related services under separate contractual arrangements. Revenue is recognized when, or as, control of promised goods or services transfers to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which Canon expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring these goods or services.

Revenue from sales of products of the Printing Business Unit, such as office MFDs, laser printers and inkjet printers, and the Imaging Business Unit, such as digital cameras, is primarily recognized at a point in time upon shipment or delivery, depending upon when the customer obtains controls of these products.

Revenue from sales of equipment of the Medical Business Unit and the Industrial Business Unit that are sold with customer acceptance provisions related to their functionality, including certain medical equipment such as CT systems and MRI systems, and lithography equipment such as semiconductor and FPD lithography equipment, is recognized at a point in time when the equipment is installed at the customer site and the agreed-upon specifications are objectively satisfied and confirmed.

Most of Canon’s service revenue is generated from maintenance service in the products of the Printing Business Unit and the Medical Business Unit which is recognized over time. For the service contracts of the Printing Business Unit, the customer typically pays a variable amount based on usage, a stated fixed fee or a stated base fee plus a variable amount which frequently include the provision of consumables as well as break fix activities. The majority portion of service revenue from the products of the Printing Business Unit is recognized as billed since the invoiced amount directly correlates with the value to the customer of the underlying performance obligation delivered to date. For the service contracts of the Medical Business Unit, the customer typically pays a stated fixed fee for the stand ready maintenance service and revenue is recognized ratably over the contract period.

The majority of service arrangements for the products are executed in combination with related products. Transaction prices for products and services need to be allocated to each performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis where judgements are required. Canon estimates the standalone selling price using a range of prices that would meet the allocation objective based on all the information that is reasonably available including market conditions and other observable inputs. If transaction prices of the product or service contracts are not within the acceptable range then the revenue is subject to allocation based on the estimated standalone selling prices. Canon recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when related products of the Printing Business Unit are sold.

Revenue from sales of certain industrial equipment which do not have alternative use and for which Canon has enforceable right to payment to the customers for the performance completed to date is recognized over time with progress towards completion measured using the cost based input method as the basis to recognize revenue and an estimated margin. Provisions for estimated losses on uncompleted contracts are made in the period in which such losses become evident. Changes in job performance, job conditions, estimated margin and final contract settlements may result in revisions to projected costs and revenue and are recognized in the period in which the revisions to estimates are identified and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. Factors that may

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affect future project costs and margins include, production efficiencies, availability and costs of labor and materials. These factors can impact the accuracy of Canon’s estimates and materially impact future reported revenue and cost of sales.

The transaction prices that Canon is entitled to receive in exchange for transferring goods or services to the customer include certain forms of variable consideration, including product discounts, customer promotions and volume-based rebates mainly for the products of the Imaging Business Unit, which are sold predominantly through distributors and retailers. Canon includes estimated amounts in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Variable considerations are estimated based upon historical trends and other known factors at the time of sale, and are subsequently adjusted in each period based on current information. In addition, Canon may provide a right of return on its products for a short time period after a sale. These rights are accounted for as variable consideration when determining the transaction price, and accordingly Canon recognizes revenue based on the estimated amount to which Canon expects to be entitled after considering expected returns.

Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenues in the consolidated statements of income.

Allowance for credit losses

Allowance for credit losses for trade and lease receivables is maintained for all customers based on ASC 326 “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses”, based on historical experiences of credit losses and reasonable and supportable forecasts. An additional reserve for individual accounts is recorded when Canon becomes aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, such as in the case of bankruptcy filings. If circumstances related to customers change, estimates of the recoverability of receivables would be further adjusted. When all collection options are exhausted including legal recourse, the accounts or portions thereof are deemed to be uncollectable and charged against the allowance.

Valuation of inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the average method for domestic inventories and principally the first-in,

first-out method for overseas inventories. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make a sale. Canon routinely reviews its inventories for their salability and for indications of obsolescence to determine if inventories should be written down to market value. Judgments and estimates must be made and used in connection with establishing such allowances in any accounting period. In estimating the net realizable value of its inventories, Canon considers the age of the inventories and the likelihood of spoilage or changes in market demand for its inventories.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment, and acquired intangibles subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated sum of undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Determining the fair value of the asset involves the use of estimates and assumptions.

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Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is calculated principally by the declining-balance method, except for certain assets which are depreciated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Lease

As for lessor accounting, Canon provides leasing arrangement to its customers primarily for the sale of office products. Revenue from the sale of these products under sales-type leases is recognized at the inception of the lease. Interest income on sales-type leases and direct-financing leases is recognized over the life of each respective lease using the interest method. Leases not qualifying as sales-type leases or direct-financing leases are accounted for as operating leases and related revenue is recognized ratably over the lease term. When product leases are bundled with maintenance contracts, revenue is allocated based upon the estimated standalone selling prices of the lease and non-lease components. Lease components generally include product and financing while non-lease components generally consist of maintenance contracts and supplies. Some of the contracts include options to extend or to terminate the lease. Canon takes such options into account to determine the lease term when it is reasonably certain that the customers will exercise these options. The majority of Canon’s lease contracts do not contain bargain purchase options for their customers.

As for lessee accounting, Canon has operating and finance leases for various assets including office buildings, warehouses, employees’ accommodations, and vehicles. Canon determines if an arrangement is a lease at the inception of each contract. Some of the contracts include options to extend or to terminate the lease. Canon takes such options into accounts to determine the lease term when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise these options. Canon’s lease arrangements do not contain material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. As a rate implicit in most of Canon’s leases cannot be determined, Canon uses incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement to determine the present values of lease payments. Canon has lease contracts with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately. Canon allocates the consideration in the lease contract to the lease and non-lease components based upon the estimated standalone prices. Costs associated with operating lease assets are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Business combinations

Acquisitions are accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. The acquisition method of accounting requires the identification and measurement of all acquired tangible and intangible assets and assumed liabilities at their respective fair values, as of the acquisition date. The determination of the fair value of net assets acquired involves significant judgment and estimates, such as future cash flow projections, appropriate discount and capitalization rates and other estimates based on available market information. Estimates of future cash flows are based on a number of factors including operating results, known and anticipated trends, as well as market and economic conditions.

Goodwill and other intangible assets

Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but are instead tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist. All goodwill is assigned to the reporting unit or units that benefit from the synergies arising from each business combination. If the carrying amount assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, Canon recognizes an impairment charge in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Fair value of a reporting unit is determined primarily based on the discounted cash flow analysis which involves estimates of projected future cash flows and discount rates. Estimates of projected future cash flows are primarily based on Canon’s forecast of future growth rates. Estimates of discount rates are determined based on the weighted average cost of capital, which considers primarily market and industry data as well as specific risk factors. Canon has completed its impairment test in the

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fourth quarter of 2022 and determined that there were no reporting units that failed the impairment test as the fair value of each reporting unit substantially exceeded its respective carrying amount. However, with regard to goodwill attributed to the Medical Reporting Unit, fair value in excess of reported carrying amount as a percentage is lower than other reporting units. As a result, a future reduction in cash flows of the related business could trigger an impairment. The goodwill related to this reporting unit as of December 31, 2022 is ¥542,695 million. Future cash flows for the Medical Reporting Unit were based on a mid-term management plan that considered the future market growth of medical equipment and growth in geographies where Canon operates its medical business. Intangible assets with finite useful lives consist primarily of software, trademarks, patents and developed technology, license fees and customer relationships, which are amortized using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives of software are from 3 years to 8 years, trademarks are 15 years, patents and developed technology are from 7 years to 21 years, license fees are 8 years, and customer relationships are from 10 years to 15 years, respectively.

Income tax uncertainties

Canon considers many factors when evaluating and estimating income tax uncertainties. These factors include an evaluation of the technical merits of the tax positions as well as the amounts and probabilities of the outcomes that could be realized upon settlement. The actual resolutions of those uncertainties will inevitably differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to the financial statements.

Valuation of deferred tax assets

Canon currently has significant deferred tax assets, which are subject to periodic recoverability assessments. Realization of Canon’s deferred tax assets is principally dependent upon its achievement of projected future taxable income. Canon’s judgments regarding future profitability may change due to future market conditions, its ability to continue to successfully execute its operating activities and other factors. Any changes in these factors may require possible recognition of significant valuation allowances to reduce the net carrying value of these deferred tax asset balances. When Canon determines that certain deferred tax assets may not be recoverable, the amounts, which may not be realized, are charged to income tax expense and will adversely affect net income.

Employee retirement and severance benefit plans

Canon has significant employee retirement and severance benefit obligations that are recognized based on actuarial valuations. Inherent in these valuations are key assumptions, including discount rates and expected return on plan assets. Management must consider current market conditions, including changes in interest rates, in selecting these assumptions. Other assumptions include assumed rate of increase in compensation levels, mortality rate. Changes in assumptions inherent in the valuation are reasonably likely to occur from period to period. Actual results that differ from the assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore, generally affect future pension expenses. While management believes that the assumptions used are appropriate, the differences may affect employee retirement and severance benefit costs in the future.

In preparing its financial statements for 2022, Canon estimated a weighted-average discount rate used to determine benefit obligations of 1.2% for Japanese plans and 4.1% for foreign plans and a weighted-average expected long-term rate of return on plan assets of 3.1% for Japanese plans and 5.7% for foreign plans. In estimating the discount rate, Canon uses available information about rates of return on high-quality fixed-income government and corporate bonds currently available and expected to be available during the period to the maturity of the pension benefits. Canon establishes the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets based on management’s expectations of the long-term return of the various plan asset categories in which it invests. Management develops expectations with respect to each plan asset category based on actual historical returns and its current expectations for future returns.

Decreases in discount rates lead to increases in actuarial pension benefit obligations which, in turn, could lead to an increase in service cost and amortization cost through amortization of actuarial gain or loss, a decrease

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in interest cost, and vice versa. For 2022, a decrease of 50 basis points in the discount rate increases the projected benefit obligation by approximately ¥77,641 million. The net effect of changes in the discount rate, as well as the net effect of other changes in actuarial assumptions and experience, is deferred until subsequent periods.

Decreases in expected returns on plan assets may increase net periodic benefit cost by decreasing the expected return amounts, while differences between expected value and actual fair value of those assets could affect pension expense in the following years, and vice versa. For 2022, a decrease of 50 basis points in the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets would increase approximately ¥4,862 million in net periodic benefit cost. Canon multiplies management’s expected long-term rate of return on plan assets by the value of its plan assets to arrive at the expected return on plan assets that is included in pension expense. Canon defers recognition of the difference between this expected return on plan assets and the actual return on plan assets. The net deferred amount affects future pension expense.

Canon recognizes the funded status (i.e., the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligations) of its pension plans in its consolidated balance sheets, with a corresponding adjustment to an accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax.

Environmental Liabilities

Liabilities for environmental remediation and other environmental costs are accrued when environmental assessments or remedial efforts are probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated, and are included in other noncurrent liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Such liabilities are adjusted as further information develops or circumstances change. Costs of future obligations are not discounted to their present values.

Recently Issued Accounting Guidance

Please refer to Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Consolidated results of operations

2022 compared with 2021

Summarized results of operations for 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

	2022
	(Millions of yen, except per share
	amounts and percentage data)
Net sales
Products and Equipment		3,231,837	+15.2	%	2,804,680
Services		799,577	+12.8		708,677
		4,031,414	+14.7		3,513,357
Operating profit		353,399	+25.4		281,918
Income before income taxes		352,440	+16.4		302,706
Net income attributable to Canon Inc.		243,961	+13.6		214,718
Net income attributable to Canon Inc. shareholders per share:
Basic		236.71	+15.3		205.35
Diluted		236.63	+15.3		205.29

Note: See notes to Item 3A “Selected Financial Data”.

Sales

In the current business term, while the global economy resumed its economic activities in earnest, the pace of economic recovery slowed due to global inflation and tight monetary policies in order to control inflation in

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each country. In such an environment, despite a shortage of semiconductor chips and supply chain disruptions, Canon’s consolidated net sales in 2022 totaled ¥4,031,414 million, an increase of 14.7% from the previous year largely due to a moderate recovery of demand in each segment. Net sales of products and equipment totaled ¥3,231,837 million, a year-on-year increase of 15.2%, while net sales of services totaled ¥799,577 million, a year-on-year increase of 12.8%.

Overseas operations are significant to Canon’s operating results and generated 78.5% of total net sales in 2022. Such sales are denominated in the applicable local currencies and are subject to fluctuations in the value of the yen relative to those currencies. Despite efforts to reduce the impact of currency fluctuations on operating results, including localization of manufacturing in some regions along with procuring parts and materials from overseas suppliers, Canon believes such fluctuations have had and will continue to have a significant effect on its results of operations.

The average value of the yen during the year was ¥131.66 against the U.S. dollar, a year-on-year depreciation of approximately ¥22, and ¥138.42 against the euro, a year-on-year depreciation of approximately ¥8. The effects of foreign exchange rate fluctuations positively affected net sales by ¥339,996 million in 2022. This favorable impact consisted of approximately ¥245,939 million of favorable impact for the U.S. dollar denominated sales and favorable impact of ¥56,297 million for the euro denominated sales, and favorable impact of ¥37,760 million for other foreign currency denominated sales.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales principally reflects the cost of raw materials, parts and labor used by Canon in the manufacture of its products. A portion of the raw materials used by Canon is imported or includes imported materials. Many of these raw materials are subject to fluctuations in world market prices accompanied by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates that may affect Canon’s cost of sales. Other components of cost of sales include depreciation expenses, maintenance expenses, light and fuel expenses, and rent expenses. In 2022, Canon was affected by rising prices of parts and materials, as well as by rising transportation costs due to the high demand for international freight transport. Under these conditions, the ratios of cost of sales to net sales for 2022 and 2021 were 54.7% and 53.7%, respectively. Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales increased by 1.0 points.

Gross profit

Canon’s gross profit in 2022 increased by 12.3% to ¥1,827,802 million from 2021. However, the gross profit to net sales ratio decreased by 1.0 points to 45.3%. The increase in the gross profit was mainly due to price adjustment of products and the depreciation of the yen. However, the decrease in gross profit to net sales ratio was mainly due to the increase in the ratio of hardware sale caused by stabilization of production supply including printers, in addition to the increased costs of parts and logistics.

Operating expenses

The major components of operating expenses are payroll, R&D, advertising expenses and other marketing expenses. Operating expenses in 2022 increased by 9.5% year on year to ¥1,474,403 million as a result of increased operating expenses denominated in foreign currencies due to the depreciation of the yen, as well as an increase in selling expenses accompanying a growth in sales. However, operating expenses as a percentage of net sales decreased by 1.8 points to 36.5% due to continued efficiency-focused cost control and improvements to management structure.

Operating profit

Operating profit in 2022 increased by 25.4% from 2021 to a total of ¥353,399 million. The operating profit to net sales ratio increased by 0.8 points to 8.8% from 2021.

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Other income (deductions)

Other income (deductions) for 2022 was a loss of ¥959 million, a decrease of ¥21,747 million from 2021 mainly due to deterioration of valuation gains and losses on securities and currency exchange losses from liabilities, incurred by group finance, denominated in foreign currencies, caused by the depreciation of the yen.

Income before income taxes

Income before income taxes in 2022 was ¥352,440 million, an increase of 16.4% from 2021, and constituted 8.7% of net sales.

Income taxes

Income taxes in 2022 increased by ¥20,490 million from 2021. The effective tax rate for 2022 was 26.2%, which was lower than the statutory tax rate in Japan. This resulted from a combination of factors such as the increase in tax credits of R&D expenses and the lower effective tax rates at foreign subsidiaries compared to the statutory tax rate in Japan.

Net income attributable to Canon Inc.

As a result, net income attributable to Canon Inc. in 2022 increased by 13.6% to ¥243,961 million, which represents 6.1% of net sales.

Segment information

Canon operates four segments: the Printing Business Unit, the Imaging Business Unit, the Medical Business Unit and the Industrial Business Unit.

•	The Printing Business Unit mainly includes office MFDs, document solutions, laser MFPs, laser printers, inkjet printers, image scanners, calculators, digital continuous feed presses, digital <br>sheet-fed<br> presses and large format printers.
•	The Imaging Business Unit mainly includes interchangeable—lens digital cameras, interchangeable lenses, digital compact cameras, compact photo printers, MR Systems, network cameras, video management software, video content analytics software, digital camcorders, digital cinema cameras, broadcast equipment and projectors.
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•	The Medical Business Unit mainly includes CT systems, diagnostic ultrasound systems, diagnostic <br>X-ray<br> systems, MRI systems, clinical chemistry analyzers, digital radiography systems and ophthalmic equipment.
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•	The Industrial Business Unit mainly includes semiconductor lithography equipment, FPD lithography equipment, OLED display manufacturing equipment, vacuum thin-film deposition equipment and die bonders.
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Operating results by segment

Please refer to the table of sales by segment in Note 23 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Canon’s sales by segment are summarized as follows:

	2022			Change			2021
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Printing		2,261,938			+16.7	%		1,938,847
Imaging		803,480			+22.9			653,532
Medical		513,331			+6.9			480,362
Industrial		329,232			-2.5			337,721
Others and Corporate		223,021			+19.5			186,593
Eliminations		(99,588	)		—			(83,698	)
Total		4,031,414			+14.7	%		3,513,357
Note:	Based on the realignment of Canon’s internal management structure, from 2022, Canon has changed the name and structure of segments from Industrial and Others Business Unit and Corporate and eliminations to Industrial Business Unit, Others and Corporate and Eliminations. Sales by segment amounts for the year ended December 31, 2021 also have been reclassified.
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Printing Business Unit	2022		Change			2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Net sales:
Office		890,888		+17.8	%		756,366
Prosumer		1,002,462		+12.8			889,091
Production		362,052		+25.5			288,555
External customers total		2,255,402		+16.6			1,934,012
Intersegment		6,536		+35.2			4,835
Total		2,261,938		+16.7			1,938,847
Operating cost and expenses		2,049,964		+19.7			1,713,154
Operating profit		211,974		-6.1			225,693
Income before income taxes		225,780		-3.1			232,952

Within the Printing Business Unit, unit sales increased compared with the previous year due to the recovery of office MFDs production, thanks to supplies of semiconductor chips improving in the second half of the year. Sales of services and consumables increased moderately compared with the previous year due to a recovery of increase of in-office work. As for laser printers and inkjet printers, unit sales increased significantly compared with the previous year due to the recovery from stagnating production activities resulting from COVID-19 infections. However, consumables decreased compared with the previous year due to decreased demand from customers working from home. For equipment in the production printing market, sales increased compared with the previous year due to strong sales of the varioPRINT iX series of high-speed cut-sheet color inkjet presses, while revenue from services also increased. These factors resulted in total sales for the business unit of ¥2,261,938 million, a year-on-year increase of 16.7%, while income before income taxes decreased by 3.1% year-on-year to ¥225,780 million, due to the increase in costs of parts and logistics, despite price adjustment of products.

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Imaging Business Unit	2022
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Net sales:
Cameras		509,464	+17.7	%	432,885
Network cameras and Others		293,593	+34.3		218,609
External customers total		803,057	+23.3		651,494
Intersegment		423	-79.2		2,038
Total		803,480	+22.9		653,532
Operating cost and expenses		676,850	+17.8		574,814
Operating profit		126,630	+60.9		78,718
Income before income taxes		128,033	+63.2		78,462

As for the Imaging Business Unit, unit sales of interchangeable-lens digital cameras were above those of the same period of the previous year due to continued robust demand for full-frame mirrorless cameras including the EOS R5 and EOS R6 as well as favorable reviews of the new EOS R7 and EOS R10 APS-C-size mirror-less cameras, despite stagnant production activities caused by a shortage of components. Unit sales of lenses increased owing to strong sales of RF-series interchangeable-lenses that expanded the product lineup. As for network cameras, sales increased significantly, mainly as a result of strengthening sales activities in response to diversifying market needs in addition to the recovery of product supply. As for professional video production equipment, sales of Cinema EOS-series cameras, including the new EOS R5 C, as well as professional video cameras and broadcast lenses, were strong. These factors resulted in total sales for the business unit of ¥803,480 million, a year-on-year increase of 22.9%, while income before income taxes increased by 63.2% year-on-year to ¥128,033 million mainly as a result of improved profitability due to an enhanced product mix.

Medical Business Unit	2022
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Net sales:
External customers total		513,028	+6.9	%	480,029
Intersegment		303	-9.0		333
Total		513,331	+6.9		480,362
Operating cost and expenses		482,326	+7.0		450,942
Operating profit		31,005	+5.4		29,420
Income before income taxes		31,895	-7.0		34,296

As for the Medical Business Unit, demand in Japan declined this year due to a drop-off after an uptick from government spending, which concluded in 2021, and delays of installation work at medical institutions overseas. However, demand of large systems such as Computed tomography (CT) systems and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems which was restricted due to the COVID-19 pandemic recovered overseas, mainly in Europe and the United States. Canon achieved steady sales by addressing the tight supply of components against a backdrop of record-high orders. Sales of diagnostic ultrasound systems were also strong. These factors resulted in total sales for the business unit of ¥513,331 million, a year-on-year increase of 6.9%, the highest recorded sales in the history of the business unit. Income before income taxes decreased by 7.0% year-on-year to ¥31,895 million due to an increase in other income (deductions) accompanying a corporate acquisition transaction occurred in the prior year.

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Industrial Business Unit	2022
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Net sales:
Optical equipment		240,332	+11.3	%	215,890
Industrial equipment		80,485	-28.3		112,274
External customers total		320,817	-2.2		328,164
Intersegment		8,415	-11.9		9,557
Total		329,232	-2.5		337,721
Operating cost and expenses		271,213	-7.4		292,854
Operating profit		58,019	+29.3		44,867
Income before income taxes		59,213	+30.7		45,301

As for the Industrial Business Unit, regarding semiconductor lithography equipment, unit sales increased compared with the previous year as a result of maximizing production capacity amid strong sales for a wide range of products such as power devices and sensors. For FPD lithography equipment, performance remained high despite a decrease in unit sales compared with the previous year when the business unit caught up with the delayed equipment installation, although this was mitigated by the minimized impacts of both decreased demand from customers working from home amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic slowdown in the current year. For OLED display manufacturing equipment, sales decreased compared with the previous year as panel manufacturers reconsidered investment plans in response to diversifying OLED panel applications. These factors resulted in total sales for the business unit of ¥329,232 million, a year-on-year decrease of 2.5%, while income before income taxes totaled ¥59,213 million, a year-on-year increase of 30.7% following the increased unit sales of semiconductor lithography equipment.

Sales by geographic area

Please refer to the table of sales by geographic area in Note 23 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

A summary of net sales by geographic area in 2022 and 2021 is provided below:

	2022
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Japan		864,808	+4.1	%	830,378
Americas		1,255,405	+29.6		968,839
Europe		1,034,008	+15.5		894,898
Asia and Oceania		877,193	+7.1		819,242
Total		4,031,414	+14.7	%	3,513,357
Note:	This summary of net sales by geographic area is determined by the location where the product is shipped to the customers.
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A geographical analysis indicates that net sales in 2022 are summarized as follows.

In Japan, net sales increased by 4.1% from the previous year mainly owing to an increase in sales of RF-series interchangeable-lenses.

In the Americas, net sales increased by 29.6% from the previous year mainly owing to an increase in unit sales of office MFDs and depreciation of the yen.

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In Europe, net sales increased by 15.5% from the previous year mainly owing to an increase in sales of RF-series interchangeable-lenses and depreciation of the yen.

In Asia and Oceania, net sales increased by 7.1% from the previous year mainly owing to an increase in unit sales of office MFDs and depreciation of the yen.

2021 compared with 2020

Summarized results of operations for 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

	2021
	(Millions of yen, except per share<br>amounts and percentage data)
Net sales
Products and Equipment		2,804,680	+12.6	%	2,489,829
Services		708,677	+5.7		670,414
		3,513,357	+11.2		3,160,243
Operating profit		281,918	+155.0		110,547
Income before income taxes		302,706	+132.4		130,280
Net income attributable to Canon Inc.		214,718	+157.7		83,318
Net income attributable to Canon Inc. shareholders per share:
Basic		205.35	+158.7		79.37
Diluted		205.29	+158.7		79.35

Note: See notes to Item 3A “Selected Financial Data”.

Sales

In the current business term, on a global basis, the economic recovery continued. In such an environment, although production activity stagnated due to a resurgence of COVID-19 infections and a shortage of semiconductor chips, Canon’s consolidated net sales in 2021 totaled ¥3,513,357 million, an increase of 11.2% from the previous year largely due to a recovery of demand in each segment. Net sales of products and equipment totaled ¥2,804,680 million, a year-on-year increase of 12.6%, while net sales of services totaled ¥708,677 million, a year-on-year increase of 5.7%.

Overseas operations are significant to Canon’s operating results and generated 76.4% of total net sales in 2021. Such sales are denominated in the applicable local currencies and are subject to fluctuations in the value of the yen relative to those currencies. Despite efforts to reduce the impact of currency fluctuations on operating results, including localization of manufacturing in some regions along with procuring parts and materials from overseas suppliers, Canon believes such fluctuations have had and will continue to have a significant effect on its results of operations.

The average value of the yen during the year was ¥109.93 against the U.S. dollar, a year-on-year depreciation of approximately ¥3, and ¥129.94 against the euro, a year-on-year depreciation of approximately ¥8. The effects of foreign exchange rate fluctuations positively affected net sales by approximately ¥110,830 million in 2021. This favorable impact consisted of approximately ¥38,624 million of favorable impact for the U.S. dollar denominated sales and favorable impact of ¥47,967 million for the euro denominated sales, and favorable impact of ¥24,239 million for other foreign currency denominated sales.

Cost of sales

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of these raw materials are subject to fluctuations in world market prices accompanied by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates that may affect Canon’s cost of sales. Other components of cost of sales include depreciation expenses, maintenance expenses, light and fuel expenses, and rent expenses. In 2021, Canon promoted cost reduction such as a common platform of office MFDs, although Canon was affected by rising prices of parts and materials, mainly semiconductor chips and resin materials, as well as by rising transportation costs due to the high demand for international freight transport. Under these conditions, the ratios of cost of sales to net sales for 2021 and 2020 were 53.7% and 56.5%, respectively. Cost of sales as a percentage of net sales decreased by 2.8 points.

Gross profit

Canon’s gross profit in 2021 increased by 18.3% to ¥1,627,792 million from 2020. The gross profit to net sales ratio also increased by 2.8 points to 46.3%. The increase in the gross profit and gross profit to net sales ratio were mainly due to the cost reduction mentioned above, recovery of services and consumables due to a recovery in office occupancy rates, maintained levels of sales volumes and price levels for the EOS R5 and EOS R6 full-frame mirrorless cameras, expansion of the lineup to 26 lenses through the addition of 8 new products of RF-series interchangeable lenses which is a dedicated lens for full-frame mirrorless cameras and currency exchange rate fluctuations.

Operating expenses

The major components of operating expenses are payroll, R&D, advertising expenses and other marketing expenses. Operating expenses in 2021 increased by 6.4% year on year to ¥1,345,874 million, mainly due to a rebound from the previous year, when sales activities were severely restricted due to the spread of COVID-19 infections and currency exchange rate fluctuations. However, operating expenses as a percentage of net sales decreased by 1.7 points to 38.3% due to the promotion of structural reform of sales organizations, as well as reducing business trips through the use of video conferencing systems. As a result, Canon managed to appropriately control expenses in response to the growth in net sales and to control the growth of expenses.

Operating profit

Operating profit in 2021 increased by 155.0% from 2020 to a total of ¥281,918 million. The operating profit to net sales ratio increased by 4.5 points to 8.0% from 2020.

Other income (deductions)

Other income (deductions) for 2021 was ¥20,788 million, an increase of ¥1,055 million from 2020 mainly due to such factors as valuation gain on securities.

Income before income taxes

Income before income taxes in 2021 was ¥302,706 million, an increase of 132.4% from 2020, and constituted 8.6% of net sales.

Income taxes

Income taxes in 2021 increased by ¥37,529 million from 2020. The effective tax rate for 2021 was 23.7%, which was lower than the statutory tax rate in Japan. This resulted from a combination of factors such as the increase in tax credits of R&D expenses, the lower effective tax rates at foreign subsidiaries compared to the statutory tax rate in Japan and the reversal of the valuation allowances recognized by foreign subsidiaries owing to the improvement of the entities’ profitability.

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Net income attributable to Canon Inc.

As a result, net income attributable to Canon Inc. in 2021 increased by 157.7% to ¥214,718 million, which represents 6.1% of net sales. Net income attributable to Canon Inc. as a percentage of net sales increased by 2.6 points from 2019 before COVID-19 infections due to the structural reform and measures to improve profitability.

Segment information

Canon operates four segments: the Printing Business Unit, the Imaging Business Unit, the Medical Business Unit and the Industrial Business Unit.

•	The Printing Business Unit mainly includes office MFDs, document solutions, laser MFPs, laser printers, inkjet printers, image scanners, calculators, digital continuous feed presses, digital <br>sheet-fed<br> presses and large format printers.
•	The Imaging Business Unit mainly includes interchangeable-lens digital cameras, interchangeable lenses, digital compact cameras, compact photo printers, MR Systems, network cameras, video management software, video content analytics software, digital camcorders, digital cinema cameras, broadcast equipment and projectors.
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•	The Medical Business Unit mainly includes CT systems, diagnostic ultrasound systems, diagnostic <br>X-ray<br> systems, MRI systems, clinical chemistry analyzers, digital radiography systems and ophthalmic equipment.
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•	The Industrial Business Unit mainly includes semiconductor lithography equipment, FPD lithography equipment, OLED display manufacturing equipment, vacuum thin-film deposition equipment and die bonders.
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Operating results by segment

Please refer to the table of sales by segment in Note 23 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Canon’s sales by segment are summarized as follows:

	2021
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Printing		1,938,847		+7.4	%	1,804,427
Imaging		653,532		+20.7		541,314
Medical		480,362		+10.2		436,074
Industrial		337,721		+22.0		276,806
Others and Corporate		186,593		+10.3		169,140
Eliminations		(83,698	)	—		(67,518	)
Total		3,513,357		+11.2	%	3,160,243
Note:	Based on the realignment of Canon’s internal management structure, from 2022, Canon has changed the name and structure of segments from Industrial and Others Business Unit and Corporate and eliminations to Industrial Business Unit, Others and Corporate and Eliminations. Sales by segment amounts for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 also have been reclassified.
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Printing Business Unit	2021
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Net sales:
Office		756,366	+4.7	%	722,480
Prosumer		889,091	+7.4		828,198
Production		288,555	+15.3		250,220
External customers total		1,934,012	+7.4		1,800,898
Intersegment		4,835	+37.0		3,529
Total		1,938,847	+7.4		1,804,427
Operating cost and expenses		1,713,154	+3.4		1,657,319
Operating profit		225,693	+53.4		147,108
Income before income taxes		232,952	+53.1		152,184

Within the Printing Business Unit, unit sales of office MFDs increased compared with the previous year as the imageRUNNER ADVANCE DX series saw solid demand and demand for MFDs continued to recover despite the shortage of semiconductor chips. Sales of services and consumables increased due to a recovery in office occupancy rates. For equipment in the production printing market, the varioPRINT iX series of high-speed sheet-fed color inkjet presses earned favorable reviews, and sales of services and consumables increased due to the recovery. As for laser printers, unit sales decreased compared with the previous year due to stagnation of production activity resulting from the resurgence of COVID-19 infections in Southeast Asia. However, sales of consumables increased significantly compared with the previous year, during which time demand had decreased. For inkjet printers, unit sales were below those of the previous year due to stagnation of production activity in Southeast Asia. However, unit sales of refillable ink tank printers were above those of the previous year due to solid global demand. Total sales were above those of the previous year due to a focus on higher-priced models. In addition, profitability improved due to a cost reduction as a result of common platformization and product mix as a result of increase of service profit due to a recovery in office occupancy rates, although operating costs increased due to a rebound from the previous year, when sales activities were severely restricted due to the spread of COVID-19. These factors resulted in total sales for the business unit of ¥1,938,847 million, a year-on-year increase of 7.4%, while income before income taxes increased by 53.1% year-on-year to ¥232,952 million.

Imaging Business Unit	2021
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Net sales:
Cameras		432,885	+24.7	%	347,240
Network cameras and Others		218,609	+13.7		192,320
External customers total		651,494	+20.7		539,560
Intersegment		2,038	+16.2		1,754
Total		653,532	+20.7		541,314
Operating cost and expenses		574,814	+7.3		535,584
Operating profit		78,718	+1,273.8		5,730
Income before income taxes		78,462	+1,484.5		4,952

As for the Imaging Business Unit, unit sales of interchangeable-lens digital cameras were the same level as the previous year, despite the shortage of semiconductor chips. The price level was maintained even after more than a year since the EOS R5 and EOS R6 full-frame mirrorless cameras were released. In addition, unit sales of RF-series interchangeable lenses increased significantly due to the synergistic effects with the cameras. As for network cameras, despite the continued impact of COVID-19, sales increased mainly as a result of strengthening sales activities for such diversified applications as monitoring of congested and confined spaces as well as conventional market needs including crime prevention and disaster monitoring tools. In addition, profitability

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improved due to the accelerated shift to highly profitable products such as EOS R system cameras and interchangeable lenses, although operating costs increased due to a rebound from the previous year, when sales activities were severely restricted due to the spread of COVID-19. These factors resulted in total sales for the business unit of ¥653,532 million, a year-on-year increase of 20.7%, while income before income taxes increased by 1,484.5% year-on-year to ¥78,462 million.

Medical Business Unit	2021
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Net sales:
External customers total		480,029	+10.3	%	435,368
Intersegment		333	-52.8		706
Total		480,362	+10.2		436,074
Operating cost and expenses		450,942	+9.8		410,830
Operating profit		29,420	+16.5		25,244
Income before income taxes		34,296	+34.3		25,544

As for the Medical Business Unit, although the resurgence of COVID-19 infections and the shortage of semiconductor chips and shipping containers had an impact on production and installation, sales remained solid due to returning routine examinations at medical institutions. Sales of CT systems and diagnostic ultrasound systems increased mainly due to capitalizing on opportunities with medical institutions in Japan supported by the government and recovering demand in the North America. In addition, profitability improved due to a cost reduction as a result of volume discount based on business expansion. These factors resulted in total sales for the business unit of ¥480,362 million, a year-on-year increase of 10.2%, while income before income taxes increased by 34.3% year-on-year to ¥34,296 million, recording highs for both sales and income before income taxes for the Medical Business Unit.

Industrial Business Unit	2021
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Net sales:
Optical equipment		215,890	+49.5	%	144,387
Industrial equipment		112,274	-11.4		126,762
External customers total		328,164	+21.0		271,149
Intersegment		9,557	+68.9		5,657
Total		337,721	+22.0		276,806
Operating cost and expenses		292,854	+17.4		249,346
Operating profit		44,867	+63.4		27,460
Income before income taxes		45,301	+61.0		28,137

As for the Industrial Business Unit, regarding semiconductor lithography equipment, unit sales increased compared with the previous year due to strong demand in a wide range of products such as sensors and memory. For FPD lithography equipment, demand for panels used in devices including laptops, tablets and high-resolution display panels remained strong. As a result, unit sales increased significantly compared with the previous year, when equipment installation stagnated due to circumstances related to COVID-19. In addition, these products are mostly manufactured at the domestic manufacturing facilities where impacts of COVID-19 related production disruption were very limited resulting in continuous production activities with better cost reduction. These factors resulted in total sales for the business unit of ¥337,721 million, a year-on-year increase of 22.0%, while income before income taxes totaled ¥45,301 million, a year-on-year increase of 61.0%.

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Sales by geographic area

Please refer to the table of sales by geographic area in Note 23 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

A summary of net sales by geographic area in 2021 and 2020 is provided below:

	2021
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Japan		830,378	+3.0	%	806,305
Americas		968,839	+13.7		852,451
Europe		894,898	+12.5		795,616
Asia and Oceania		819,242	+16.1		705,871
Total		3,513,357	+11.2	%	3,160,243
Note:	This summary of net sales by geographic area is determined by the location where the product is shipped to the customers.
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A geographical analysis indicates that net sales in 2021 are summarized as follows.

In Japan, net sales increased by 3.0% from the previous year mainly owing to an increase in sales of CT systems and diagnostic ultrasound systems mainly due to capitalizing on opportunities with medical institutions.

In the Americas, net sales increased by 13.7% from the previous year mainly owing to an increase in sales of most products mainly due to the recovery from the decline of the demand caused by COVID-19.

In Europe, net sales increased by 12.5% from the previous year mainly owing to an increase in sales of most products mainly due to the recovery from the decline of the demand caused by COVID-19.

In Asia and Oceania, net sales increased by 16.1% from the previous year mainly owing to an increase in sales of most products mainly due to the recovery from the decline of the demand caused by COVID-19.

Foreign operations and foreign currency transactions

Canon’s marketing activities are performed by subsidiaries in various regions in local currencies, while the cost of sales is generally in yen. Given Canon’s current operating structure, appreciation of the yen has a negative impact on net sales and the gross profit to net sales ratio. To reduce the financial risks from changes in foreign exchange rates, Canon utilizes derivative financial instruments, which consist principally of foreign currency exchange contracts.

The operating profit on foreign operation sales is usually lower than that from domestic operations because foreign operations consist mainly of marketing activities. Marketing activities are generally less profitable than production activities, which are mainly conducted by the Company and its domestic subsidiaries. Please refer to the table of geographic information in Note 23 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

B. Liquidity and capital resources

Canon’s basic policy for financial strategies is to maintain a sound financial position through consistent cash flow management, and the two basic principles of cash flow management are as follows:

•	Canon strives to improve a highly profitable structure by further improving the profitability of existing businesses and accelerating the growth of new businesses.

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•	Canon strives to maintain financial soundness by keeping total capital investments for medium-term business expansion and growth within the range of depreciation and amortization expenses. However, Canon plans to actively engage in large-scale M&A for growth strategies, and also raises external funds as needed.

Raising Funds (Cash-In)

Canon is basically funded by net cash provided by operating activities. In procuring funds, Canon considers terms, currencies and methods in light of financial market conditions, and selects the most appropriate instrument from a variety of options.

Use of Funds (Cash-Out)

The principal use of cash is determined in accordance with the following priorities.

•	Investment for growth such as capital investment, R&D, M&A, etc.:

Canon values M&A as an option for early development and expansion of new businesses. The selection of investment targets is based on the growth potential and size of the market, and on the market being highly compatible with the Canon’s business domains and technologies.

•	Return to shareholders:

Canon returns profits to shareholders stably and aggressively, mainly in the form of a dividend, taking into consideration medium- to long-term business prospects, planned future investments, cash flow and other factors.

•	Repayment of borrowings:

Canon has been repaying borrowings steadily to have sufficient financial strength, following investment for growth and return to shareholders.

Cash flows (Millions of yen)

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Cash and cash equivalents decreased by ¥39,294 million to ¥362,101 million in fiscal 2022 compared to the previous year. Canon’s cash and cash equivalents are primarily denominated in Japanese yen and in U.S. dollars, with the remainder denominated in other currencies.

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by ¥188,425 million to ¥262,603 million in fiscal 2022 compared to the previous year as a result of higher inventory levels of key devices and main products, and an increase in required working capital. The major component of Canon’s cash inflow is cash received from customers, and the major components of Canon’s cash outflow are payments for parts and materials, selling, general and administrative expenses, R&D expenses and income taxes.

For fiscal 2022, cash inflow from cash received from customers decreased due to increase of trade receivable by sales improvement. There were no significant changes in Canon’s collection rates. Cash outflow for payments for parts and materials increased due to an increase of inventory, especially key devices and main products, compared with the inventory in fiscal 2021. Cash outflow for payments for income taxes increased due to an increase in taxable income.

Net cash used in investing activities decreased by ¥26,436 million to ¥180,820 million in fiscal 2022 mainly due to a decrease in acquisitions of business and the increased sales of fixed assets resulting from optimization of branch office capacity at overseas sales subsidiaries, while capital investment to improve efficiency and productivity remained consistent and purchases of securities increased. Purchases of fixed assets increased by ¥11,177 million to ¥188,527 million in fiscal 2022 and purchases of securities increased by ¥19,396 million to ¥21,558 million in fiscal 2022.

Canon defines “free cash flow” as cash flows from operating activities less cash flows from investing activities. For fiscal 2022, free cash flow decreased by ¥161,989 million to ¥81,783 million as compared with ¥243,772 million for fiscal 2021.

Note: “Free cash flow” is a non-GAAP measure. Refer to the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section for the explanation and the reconciliation to the reported GAAP measure.

Canon’s management places importance on cash flow management and frequently monitors this indicator. Furthermore, Canon’s management believes that this indicator is significant in understanding Canon’s current liquidity and the alternatives of use in financing activities because it takes into consideration its operating and investing activities and believes that such indicator is beneficial to investors. Canon refers to this indicator together with relevant U.S. GAAP financial measures shown in its consolidated statements of cash flows and consolidated balance sheets for cash availability analysis.

Outstanding balances of loans for the acquisition of Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation (Currently, Canon Medical Systems Corporation) (Millions of yen)

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Net cash used in financing activities totaled ¥146,844 million in fiscal 2022, mainly due to a decrease of long-term loans by ¥120,000 million as a result of the repayment of loans which was provided for the acquisition of Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation (currently, Canon Medical Systems Corporation) and the dividend payout of ¥119,326 million. The Company paid dividends in fiscal 2022 of ¥115.00 per share.

To the extent Canon relies on external funding for its liquidity and capital requirements, it generally has access to various funding sources, including the issuance of additional share capital, issuance of corporate bond or loans. While Canon has been able to obtain funding from its traditional financing sources and from the capital markets, and believes it will continue to be able to do so in the future, there can be no assurance that adverse economic or other conditions will not affect Canon’s liquidity or long-term funding in the future.

Canon’s long-term debt mainly consists of bank borrowings and finance lease obligations.

In order to facilitate access to global capital markets, Canon obtains a credit rating from S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”). In addition, Canon maintains a rating from Rating and Investment Information, Inc. (“R&I”), a rating agency in Japan, for access to the Japanese capital market.

As of February 28, 2023, Canon’s debt ratings are: S&P: A (long-term), A-1 (short-term); and R&I: AA (long-term). Canon does not have any rating downgrade triggers that would accelerate the maturity of a material amount of its debt. A downgrade in Canon’s credit ratings or outlook could, however, increase the cost of its borrowings.

As part of its ongoing business, Canon does not participate in transactions that create relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Canon provides guarantees for its employees, affiliates and other companies. The guarantees for the employees are principally made for their housing loans. The guarantees for affiliates and other companies are made for their lease obligations and bank loans to ensure that those companies operate with less financial risk.

Canon would have to perform under a guarantee if the borrower defaults on a payment within the contract terms. The contract terms are 1 year to 12 years in case of employees with housing loans, and 1 year to 6 years in case of affiliates and other companies with lease obligations and bank loans. The maximum amount of undiscounted payments Canon would have had to make in the event of default is ¥1,535 million at December 31, 2022. The carrying amounts of the liabilities recognized for Canon’s obligations as a guarantor under those guarantees at December 31, 2022 were not significant.

The following table summarizes Canon’s contractual obligations at December 31, 2022.

			Payments Due By Period
	Total		Less than<br>1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than<br>5 years
	(Millions of yen)
Contractual obligations:
Long-Term Debt:
Loan from the banks		54,000		54,000		—		—		—
Other debt		3,589		1,172		1,414		756		247
Operating Lease Obligations		123,609		35, 535		46,776		23,349		17,949
Purchase commitments for :
Property, Plant and Equipment		101,351		101,351		—		—		—
Parts and Raw Materials		287,591		287,591		—		—		—
Other long-term liabilities
Contribution to Defined Benefit Pension Plans		34,658		34,658		—		—		—
Total		604,798		514,307		48,190		24,105		18,196

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Note:

See Note 9, 11, 19 and 20 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further details. The table does not include provisions for uncertain tax positions and related accrued interest and penalties, as the specific timing of future payments related to these obligations cannot be projected with reasonable certainty. See Note 12, Income Taxes in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

Canon provides warranties of generally less than one year against defects in materials and workmanship on most of its consumer products. Estimated product warranty related costs are recorded at the time revenue is recognized and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. Estimates for accrued product warranty costs are primarily based on historical experience, and are affected by ongoing product failure rates, specific product class failures outside of the baseline experience, material usage and service delivery costs incurred in correcting a product failure. As of December 31, 2022 accrued product warranty costs are included in accrued expenses and amounted to ¥20,887 million.

Canon’s management believes that current financial resources, cash generated from operations and Canon’s potential capacity for additional debt and/or equity financing will be sufficient to fund current and future capital requirements.

Canon’s management policy in recent periods to optimize inventory levels is intended to maintain an appropriate balance among relevant imperatives, including minimizing working capital requirement, avoiding undue exposure to the risk of inventory obsolescence, and maintaining the ability to sustain sales despite the occurrence of unexpected disasters.

Canon’s total inventory turnover measured in days were 69, 66, and 60 days at the end of the fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The inventory turnover in 2022 increased due to an increase in inventories of products in process at plants and in transit to dealers, in order to focus on securing electronic parts, raw materials and important parts amid a shortage of semiconductor components and international logistics disruption.

Canon is committed to cash flow management in order to strengthen its financial base. While actively investing to expand its business performance, Canon is also ensuring stable free cash flow by keeping total capital investments within the range of depreciation and amortization.

Increase in property, plant and equipment on an accrual basis in 2022 amounted to ¥156,593 million compared with ¥151,914 million in 2021 and ¥132,302 million in 2020. For 2023, Canon projects its increase in property, plant and equipment will be approximately ¥210,000 million.

Employer contributions to Canon’s worldwide defined benefit pension plans were ¥31,705 million in 2022, ¥43,782 million in 2021 and ¥26,965 million in 2020. Employer contributions to Canon’s worldwide defined contribution pension plans were ¥24,346 million in 2022, ¥22,660 million in 2021, and ¥16,334 million in 2020. In addition, employer contributions to the multiemployer pension plan of certain subsidiaries were ¥4,720 million in 2022, ¥4,822 million in 2021 and ¥ ¥4,224 million in 2020.

Working capital in 2022 decreased by ¥26,951 million to ¥790,561 million, compared with ¥817,512 million in 2021 and ¥462,954 million in 2020. The decrease was primarily due to an increase in short-term loans (including the current portion of long-term debt). Canon believes its working capital will be sufficient for its requirements for the foreseeable future. Canon’s capital requirements are primarily dependent on management’s business plans regarding the levels and timing of purchases of fixed assets and investments. The working capital ratio (ratio of current assets to current liabilities) for 2022 was 1.58 compared to 1.77 for 2021 and to 1.35 for 2020.

Return on assets (net income attributable to Canon Inc. divided by the average of total assets) was 5.0% in 2022, compared to 4.6% in 2021 and 1.8% in 2020. It improved from the previous fiscal year due to an increase in net income as a result of improved business performance.

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Return on Canon Inc. shareholders’ equity (net income attributable to Canon Inc. divided by the average of total Canon Inc. shareholders’ equity) was 8.1% in 2022 compared with 7.9% in 2021 and 3.2% in 2020. It improved from the previous fiscal year due to a significant increase in net income, although shareholders’ equity increased due to an increase in retained earnings resulting from an increase in profit and an increase in foreign currency translation adjustments resulting from the depreciation of the yen.

In Phase VI, one of Canon’s management policies is to thoroughly implement cash flow management, and Canon is restrengthening its financial base.

In fiscal 2022, loans decreased by ¥120,000 million due to the repayment of loans which was provided for the acquisition of Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation (currently, Canon Medical Systems Corporation). On the other hand, short-term loans were increased in response to the increase in required working capital. As a result, the debt to total assets ratios were 8.2%, 6.8% and 10.9% as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Canon had short-term loans, current operating lease liabilities, long-term debt, and noncurrent operating lease liabilities of ¥417,413 million, ¥320,971 million, ¥506,172 million as of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

Canon Inc. shareholders’ equity to total assets ratios were 61.1%, 60.5% and 55.7% as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Canon maintains strong financial base by increase in shareholders’ equity through an increase in retained earnings resulting from net income attributable to Canon, and an increase in accumulated other comprehensive income due to the depreciation of the yen.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Canon has reported its financial results in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, Canon has discussed its results using the combination of two GAAP cash flow measures, Net cash provided by operating activities and Net cash used for investing activities, which Canon refers to as “Free Cash Flow” which is a non-GAAP measure. Canon believes this measure is beneficial to an investor’s understanding of its current liquidity and the alternatives of uses of financing activities because it takes into consideration its operating and investing activities.

A reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure and the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP is set forth on the following table.

Free Cash Flow

	Years ended December 31
	2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)
Net cash provided by operating activities		262,603			451,028
Net cash used in investing activities		(180,820	)		(207,256	)
Free cash flow		81,783			243,772

C. Research and development, patents and licenses

Since its founding, Canon has diversified its business and increased its competitiveness by developing and diversifying core competence management that comprises various core competence technologies (“core technologies”) to create industry-leading core products, fundamental technologies that form the basis of technology accumulation and basic technologies for value which are technology and expertise that support the

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Canon brand accumulated during the Company’s growth and the basis of commercialization technology. Canon’s key R&D strategies are as follows:

•	Reinforce fundamental technologies and value creation technologies
•	Create future businesses based on strong core technologies and fundamental technologies
---	---
•	Enhance innovation-type R&D in response to the demands of the current age
---	---

Canon strives to implement the above R&D strategies as follows:

•	Reinforce fundamental technologies and value creation technologies:

Contribute to higher efficiency of existing businesses by further evolving value creation technologies. Alongside this, extract the essence of a wide range of core technologies possessed by existing businesses, deepen fundamental technologies and inject them into core technologies of new businesses. In doing so, Canon will further strengthen the competitiveness of existing businesses and growing new businesses.

•	Create future businesses based on strong core technologies and fundamental technologies:

Promote development of new business areas through technology diversification. For example, Canon will develop devices that utilize materials technology -the foundation of ink and toner materials- as well as materials with unique properties, and work on development of next-generation technologies that lead to business creation.

•	Enhance innovation-type R&D in response to the demands of the current age:

Build upon trends such as DX and carbon neutrality, promote R&D that leads to corporate value improvement. In particular, focus on cyber-physical systems that closely integrate cyberspace, which enables the combination of various services, with physical (real world) space, the point of contact with people. Create various innovations by developing cyber-physical business models and products that stay one step ahead through developing advanced cyber technology with utilizing world-class core technologies in the physical field and business alliances.

R&D expenses were ¥306,730 million in fiscal 2022 and ¥287,338 million in fiscal 2021. The R&D expenses to net sales ratios were 7.6% in fiscal 2022 and 8.2% in fiscal 2021.

Canon believes that new products protected by a robust patent portfolio will not easily allow competitors to surpass them, and will give the Company an advantage in establishing standards in the market and industry.

Canon obtained the fifth greatest number of patents in the United States in 2022, according to the annual ranking list, released by IFI CLAIMS ® Patent Services.

D. Trend information

Under the corporate philosophy of kyosei—living and working together for the common good—Canon’s basic management policy is to contribute to the prosperity and well-being of the world while endeavoring to become a truly excellent global corporation targeting continued growth and development.

Based on this basic management policy, Canon launched the Excellent Global Corporation Plan in 1996 and, from Phase I to Phase V, has worked to strengthen its management base and improve corporate value. Under Phase V of the “Excellent Global Corporation Plan,” which covered the years from 2016 to 2020, the four new businesses to serve as Canon’s new growth drivers, namely, Commercial Printing, Network Cameras, Medical, and Industrial Equipment fully emerged and the basic framework for promoting transformation of the business portfolio was completed. Then in 2021, the initial year of Phase VI of the Excellent Global Corporation Plan,

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Canon sought to further facilitate the transformation of its business portfolio by reorganizing its product-oriented business divisions into industry-oriented business groups, thereby establishing a framework for enhancing business competitiveness and creating new drivers of growth.

In 2021 and 2022, the business environment remained challenging due to the spread of COVID-19, supply chain disruptions caused by the tight supply of components and pressures on distribution, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, lockdowns in Shanghai, and accelerating inflation worldwide. However, by harnessing the efforts of the entire Canon Group, including procurement and logistics operations, and backed by strong product competitiveness in each of its businesses, Canon achieved sales and profit growth for the second consecutive year.

Although it is likely that Canon will continue to operate under a volatile economic environment this year as well, Canon will seek to achieve greater performance while leveraging the collective strength of its development, procurement, production, and sales. In so doing, Canon will accordingly focus on the following measures under the basic policy of Phase VI of striving to “accelerate its corporate portfolio transformation by improving productivity and creating new businesses.”

Further strengthen competitiveness of industry-oriented business groups

Canon will strengthen and expand its four industry-oriented business groups to promote business portfolio transformation.

(1) Printing Group

Even though companies have been shifting to paperless documents due to a greater dispersion of workplaces caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as due to advances in digital transformation (DX), Canon is likely to see solid demand for printing devices given that paper remains an instrumental means of work-related conceptualization and information sharing.

In order to support hybrid work styles that combine office- and tele-work, there is a need to provide a print environment that is free from restrictions on where to work by utilizing the cloud. Leveraging the advantage of having two digital printing technologies, namely electrophotography and inkjet, the Canon Group will offer new solutions for the DX era in both office and home printing.

Furthermore, in the field of digital commercial printing of catalogs, posters and other material, which is poised for growth amid a shift from analog to digital, Canon is expanding sales of printing presses, recognized for their image quality and productivity, which have been further enhanced by incorporating feedback from printing companies, its customers. Furthermore, in the field of industrial printing, which includes labels and packaging, Canon plans to fully enter the market by developing new products while taking advantage of the wealth of technology, knowledge and customer relationships held by Edale Limited, a UK-based company that Canon acquired in 2022.

(2) Imaging Group

Although the overall market for digital cameras has shrunk significantly due to widespread use of smartphones, Canon expects demand to remain solid as current users of interchangeable-lens cameras are mainly professionals and enthusiasts who seek high-quality images. To address the needs of these users, Canon will continuously introduce cameras, from entry-class to professional level models that offer enhanced features as well as interchangeable lenses. In doing so, Canon, as a leading camera company, seeks to stimulate the market. Canon is currently expanding its lineup of mirrorless cameras with its sights set on establishing its position as No. 1 in that field.

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In the network camera field, where surveillance applications are likely to keep driving growth due to escalating needs for safety and security, Canon also anticipates substantial growth accompanying an expanding range of applications for such cameras in areas other than surveillance. For instance, this is likely to include applications with respect to facilitating in-store marketing, implementing production control at manufacturing sites, and helping people avoid crowds and contact in places where individuals gather. Canon seeks to achieve market-exceeding growth by offering an abundant lineup of camera bodies and solutions with providing total services encompassing everything from video input to video management and analytics, cooperating with Canon Group companies such as Axis, Milestone Systems, BriefCam, and Arcules.

Canon will take steps to create new businesses by coming up with applications for optical-related technologies involving lenses, sensors, and image processing, cultivated by the Company thus far.

(3) Medical Group

Canon aims to contribute to medical treatment worldwide not only through diagnostic imaging systems, but also by broadening its business sphere, to include healthcare IT and in-vitro diagnostics.

Canon is Japan’s leading manufacturer of diagnostic imaging systems and accordingly deem it necessary to establish a similar presence overseas in order to achieve growth going forward. First, to become the No. 1 company worldwide in CT systems, Canon aims to achieve early commercialization of the next-generation of CT scanners that utilize photon-counting technology. To such ends, Canon developed an X-ray CT system equipped with a photon-counting detector that uses the technology of Canada-based Redlen Technologies, which Canon acquired two years ago. Having installed it at the National Cancer Center of Japan, Canon is accelerating the development of this system. Furthermore, with the aim of achieving a market share of over 10% in the United States, which is highly influential market worldwide, Canon established a new company in January 2023 in the suburbs of Cleveland to focus on marketing. As such, Canon will work to achieve substantial growth in part by increasing its presence as Canon engages in joint research with U.S. medical institutions and promotes stronger relationships with medical practitioners who serve as key opinion leaders. Moreover, to achieve high growth, Canon will spread the benefits to markets not only in the United States, but also to markets worldwide.

In the healthcare IT field, Canon supports the provision of high-quality diagnoses and efficient medical treatment by making it possible to integrate, process, and analyze data collected in clinical settings. Furthermore, in the in-vitro diagnostics field, Canon will expand its business domain to include testing reagents and other areas around testing equipment.

(4) Industrial Group

As applications for semiconductors and displays continue to expand, prompted by innovation particularly with respect to AI, IoT, 5G, and other technologies, Canon anticipates continuing market growth and subsequently expect demand for manufacturing equipment to rise. As for semiconductor lithography equipment, with its sights set on addressing growing demand, Canon aims to increase its market share by further enhancing product competitiveness and bolstering production capacity. Unlike conventional lithography technology that uses light to expose circuit patterns, the nanoimprint lithography manufacturing equipment being developed by Canon enlists a simple process of stamping a circuit pattern from a mold imprinted with such patterns. Nanoimprint lithography enables semiconductor manufacturers to reduce costs significantly because it eliminates the necessity of complex processes for etching minute circuit patterns. It also helps to reduce impact on the global environment as it consumes significantly less power given that it does not require powerful lasers and it does not need large vacuum systems or cooling systems.

In the panel market, IT panels used in PCs and tablets are likely to drive growth going forward. As such, Canon will continue to provide FPD lithography equipment and OLED display manufacturing equipment that help panel manufacturers, its customers, boost productivity.

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Furthermore, Canon aims to expand the industrial business domain by developing new equipment that integrates core technologies of the group in the areas of ultra-precision positioning, ultra-precision processing and vacuum systems.

Rebuild the global production system

Canon has been expanding its manufacturing facilities throughout Asia since the 1970s, but is now reviewing and reorganizing such production sites against the backdrop of supply chain interruptions and geopolitical risks. In its return to domestic production, which has been promoted up until now, Canon has taken a two-pronged approach of shifting to automation and in-house production, effectively achieving thorough cost reduction by integrating design, production technology, and manufacturing sites, thereby gaining competitive edge with respect to costs that is unmatched by overseas production.

Strengthen product development based on proprietary technologies

Whereas Canon has been turning to M&A initiatives as a means of developing new businesses in recent years, Canon seeks to create new businesses going forward by further reinforcing product development centered on proprietary technologies. Under its framework of business groups largely reorganized by industry, Canon has been working on developing new products and solutions by combining respective technologies in a manner that gives rise to a sort of chemical reaction. In addition, the Frontier Business Promotion Headquarters has been bringing together Canon’s technologies from across the Canon Group with the aim to create new businesses in the fields of life science, materials, and solutions.

In order to achieve these goals, it is important to develop the technology experts who are responsible for product development, and Canon will promote this through a system to certify world-class engineers as “Top Scientists” who lead the development of cutting-edge technologies, and a system to train software engineers by reskilling employees.

For the discussions of the trend by business segment, see “Item 4 B. Business overview” and “Item 5 A. Operating Results”.

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Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

A. Directors and senior management

Directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members of the Company as of March 30, 2023 and their respective business experience are listed below.

Name<br><br>(Date of birth)	Position<br><br>(Group executive/function)	Date of<br>commencement	Business experience<br><br>(*current position/function)
Fujio Mitarai	Chairman & CEO	4/1961	Entered the Company
(Sep. 23, 1935)		1/1979	President of Canon U.S.A., Inc.
		3/1981	Director
		3/1985	Managing Director
		1/1989	In charge of HQ administration
		3/1989	Senior Managing Director
		3/1993	Executive Vice President
		9/1995	President & CEO
		3/2006	Chairman of the Board & President & CEO
		5/2006	Chairman & CEO*
Toshizo Tanaka	Executive Vice President & CFO<br><br>(Group Executive of Public<br><br>Affairs HQ,<br><br>Group Executive of Facilities<br><br>Management HQ)	4/1964	Entered the Company
(Oct. 8, 1940)		1/1992	Deputy Group Executive of Finance & Accounting HQ
		3/1995	Director
		4/1995	Group Executive of Finance & Accounting HQ
		3/1997	Managing Director
		3/2001	Senior Managing Director
		1/2007	Group Executive of Policy and Economy Research HQ
		3/2007	Executive Vice President & Director
		3/2008	Executive Vice President & CFO*
		1/2010	Group Executive of General Affairs HQ
		3/2010	Group Executive of External Relations HQ
		4/2011	Group Executive of Finance & Accounting HQ
		4/2012	Group Executive of Facilities Management HQ
		3/2014	Group Executive of Human Resources Management & Organization HQ
		4/2017	Group Executive of Facilities Management HQ*
		3/2018	Group Executive of Public Affairs HQ*
		4/2018	Group Executive of Finance & Accounting HQ

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Name<br><br>(Date of birth)	Position<br><br>(Group executive/function)	Date of<br>commencement	Business experience<br><br>(*current position/function)
Toshio Homma	Executive Vice President & CTO<br><br>(Head of Printing Group)	4/1972	Entered the Company
(Mar. 10, 1949)		4/2001	Deputy Chief Executive of i Printer Products Operations
		3/2003	Director
		4/2003	Group Executive of Business Promotion HQ
		7/2003	Group Executive of L Printer Business Promotion HQ
		1/2007	Chief Executive of L Printer Products Operations
		3/2008	Managing Director
		3/2012	Senior Managing Director<br><br>Group Executive of Procurement HQ
		3/2016	Executive Vice President
		4/2016	Chief Executive of Office Imaging Products Operations
		3/2017	Executive Vice President in charge of Office Business
		3/2019	Executive Vice President & CTO & In charge of Office Business
		4/2020	Executive Vice President & CTO & In charge of Printing Business
			Chief Executive of Digital Printing Business Operations*
		4/2021	Executive Vice President & CTO*
			Head of Printing Group*
Kunitaro Saida	Director	5/2006	Qualified for attorney*
(May 4, 1943)		6/2007	Audit & Supervisory Board Member of NICHIREI CORPORATION
		6/2008	Director of Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co., Ltd.
		6/2010	Director of HEIWA REAL ESTATE CO., LTD.
		3/2014	Director*

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Name<br><br>(Date of birth)	Position<br><br>(Group executive/function)	Date of<br>commencement	Business experience<br><br>(*current position/function)
Yusuke Kawamura	Director	4/1977	Entered Daiwa Securities Co. Ltd.
(Dec. 5, 1953)		1/1997	General Manager of Syndicate Department of Daiwa Securities Co. Ltd.
		4/2000	Professor of Faculty of Economics and the Graduate School of Economics of Nagasaki University
		4/2010	Senior Managing Director of the Institute of Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd.
		1/2011	Commissioner of Fiscal System Council of Ministry of Finance
		4/2012	Deputy Chairman of Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd.
		2/2013	Commissioner of Business Accounting Council of Financial Services Agency*
		6/2017	Director of Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd.
		4/2019	Executive Counselor of Japan Securities Dealers Association
		4/2020	Chairman & CEO of Institute of Glocal Policy Research*
		3/2021	Director*
		4/2021	Director of Mitsui DM Sugar Holdings Co., Ltd.*
Katsuhito Yanagibashi<br><br>(Aug. 25, 1957)	Audit & Supervisory Board Member	4/1980	Entered the Company
		1/2010	Senior General Manager of Global Accounting Planning Administration Center of Finance & Accounting Headquarters
		1/2013	Senior General Manager of Accounting Standards & Systems Development Center of Finance & Accounting Headquarters
		1/2017	Senior Principal of Finance & Accounting Headquarters
		6/2017	Audit & Supervisory Board Member of Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation (currently, Canon Medical Systems Corporation)
		3/2021	Advisor of Canon Medical Systems Corporation
		3/2022	Audit & Supervisory Board Member*

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Name<br><br>(Date of birth)	Position<br><br>(Group executive/function)	Date of<br>commencement	Business experience<br><br>(*current position/function)
Hideya Hatamochi	Audit & Supervisory Board Member	4/1983	Entered the Company
(Oct. 4, 1960)		4/2009	General Manager of Office Imaging Products Electrical Parts Engineering Division, Office Imaging Products Operations
		5/2012	General Manager of Office Imaging Products Manufacturing Division, Office Imaging Products Operations
		1/2014	General Manager in charge of Corporate Audit Center
		2/2015	President of Canon (Suzhou) Inc.
		3/2023	Audit & Supervisory Board Member*
Yutaka Tanaka<br><br>(Mar. 11, 1949)	Audit & Supervisory Board Member	4/1975	Assistant Judge of the Tokyo District Court
		4/1986	Judge of the Tokyo District Court
		4/1987	Instructor of the Legal Training & Research Institute, the Supreme Court of Japan
		4/1992	Judicial Research Official, the Supreme Court of Japan
		4/1996	Registered as an attorney*
		4/2004	Professor of Keio University Law School
		3/2019	Audit & Supervisory Board Member*
Hiroshi Yoshida	Audit & Supervisory Board Member	10/1980	Joined Tohmatsu Awoki & Co.
(Sep. 5, 1954)		4/1984	Registered as Certified Public Accountant*
		7/1993	Partner of Tohmatsu & Co.
		6/2000	Representative Partner of Tohmatsu & Co.
		5/2007	Managing Partner, Finance & Administration of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu<br><br>The Board Member of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
		11/2011	CFO of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLC
		3/2017	Audit & Supervisory Board Member*

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Name<br><br>(Date of birth)	Position<br><br>(Group executive/function)	Date of<br>commencement	Business experience<br><br>(*current position/function)
Koichi Kashimoto (Jul. 2, 1961)	Audit & Supervisory Board Member	4/1984	Entered The <br>Dai-ichi<br> Life Insurance Company, Limited (formerly The <br>Dai-ichi<br> Mutual Life Insurance Co.)
		4/1997	Manager of Government Relations Department of The <br>Dai-ichi<br> Life Insurance Company, Limited
		4/2005	General Manager of Corporate Administration Center of The <br>Dai-ichi<br> Life Insurance Company, Limited
		4/2009	Managing Director of <br>Dai-ichi<br> Life International (Europe), Limited
		4/2012	General Manager of Secretarial Department of The <br>Dai-ichi<br> Life Insurance Company, Limited
		4/2016	Senior General Manager of Secretarial Department (in charge of Secretarial Department and General Affairs Department), and Senior General Manager of Group General Affairs Unit of The <br>Dai-ichi<br> Life Insurance Company, Limited
		10/2016	Senior General Manager of Secretarial Department (in charge of Secretarial Department and General Affairs Department) of The <br>Dai-ichi<br> Life Insurance Company, Limited, and Senior General Manager and Chief of General Affairs Unit of <br>Dai-ichi<br> Life Holdings, Inc.
		3/2018	Audit & Supervisory Board Member*

Term

All directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members are elected by the shareholders at their general meeting.

Yutaka Tanaka, Hiroshi Yoshida and Koichi Kashimoto, are outside Audit & Supervisory Board Members as stipulated in Item16, Article 2 of the Companies Act of Japan. Kunitaro Saida and Yusuke Kawamura are outside directors. The term of office of directors is one year. The current term of all directors expires in March 2024. The term of office of Audit & Supervisory Board Members is four years, however, the term of office of an Audit & Supervisory Board Member elected to fill a vacancy expires with the expiration of the remaining term of office of the retired Audit & Supervisory Board Member under the Company’s Articles of Incorporation. The current term for Hiroshi Yoshida who was elected in the 120th general meeting of shareholders in March 2021 expires in March 2025, the current term for Katsuhito Yanagibashi and Koichi Kashimoto who were elected in the 121st general meeting of shareholders in March 2022 expires in March 2026, and the current term for Hideya

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Hatamochi and Yutaka Tanaka who were elected in the 122th general meeting of shareholders in March 2023 expires in March 2027. Board members and Audit & Supervisory Board Members may serve any number of consecutive terms.

There is no arrangement or understanding between any director or Audit & Supervisory Board Member and any major shareholder, customer, supplier or other material stakeholders in connection with the selection of such director or Audit & Supervisory Board Member.

Board of Directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members

The Company’s articles of incorporation provide for a board of directors of not more than 30 members and for not more than five Audit & Supervisory Board Members. Currently the number of board members is five and the number of Audit & Supervisory Board Members is five. There is no maximum age limit for members of the board. Board members and Audit & Supervisory Board Members may be removed from office at any time by a resolution of a general meeting of shareholders.

The board of directors has ultimate responsibility for the administration of the Company’s affairs. By resolution, the board of directors designates, from among its members, representative directors who have authority individually to represent the Company generally in the conduct of its affairs.

Under the Companies Act of Japan, board members must refrain from engaging in any business competing with the Company unless approved by a board resolution, and no board member may vote on a proposal, arrangement or contract in which that board member is deemed to be materially interested.

The Companies Act of Japan requires a resolution of the board of directors for a company to acquire or dispose of material assets, to borrow substantial amounts of money, to employ or discharge important employees such as corporate officers, and to establish, change or abolish material corporate organizations such as a branch office.

The Audit & Supervisory Board Members are not required to be certified public accountants, although Hiroshi Yoshida is a certified public accountant. At least half of the Audit & Supervisory Board Members must be persons who have not been either board members or employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. An Audit & Supervisory Board Member may not at the same time be a board member or an employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The Audit & Supervisory Board Members have the statutory duty of examining the Company’s financial statements and the Company’s business reports to be submitted annually by the board of directors at the general meetings of shareholders and of reporting their opinions to the shareholders. They also have the statutory duty of supervising the administration by the board members of the Company’s affairs. They shall participate in the meetings of the board of directors but are not entitled to vote.

The Audit & Supervisory Board Members constitute the Audit & Supervisory Board. Under the Companies Act of Japan, the Audit & Supervisory Board has a statutory duty to prepare and submit its audit report to the board of directors each year. An Audit & Supervisory Board Member may note an opinion in the auditor report if an Audit & Supervisory Board member’s opinion is different from the opinion expressed in the audit report. The Audit & Supervisory Board is empowered to establish audit principles, the method of examination by Audit & Supervisory Board Members of the Company’s affairs and financial position and other matters concerning the performance of the Audit & Supervisory Board Members’ duties. The Company does not have an audit committee.

The amount of remuneration payable to the Company’s board members as a group and that of the Company’s Audit & Supervisory Board Members as a group in respect of a fiscal year is subject to approval by a general meeting of shareholders. Within those authorized amounts, the compensation for each board member and Audit & Supervisory Board Member is determined by the board of directors and a consultation with the Audit & Supervisory Board Members, respectively. The Company does not have a remuneration committee.

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Under the Companies Act of Japan and the Company’s articles of incorporation, the board of directors may, by resolution, release current and former directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members from liability for damages resulting from negligence in the fulfillment of their respective duties to the extent permitted by law. In addition, the Company may enter into contracts with outside directors limiting their liability for damages resulting from negligence in the fulfillment of their respective duties in an amount consistent with the limitation stipulated by law. Furthermore, the Company may enter into contracts with outside Audit & Supervisory Board Members limiting their liability for damages resulting from negligence in the fulfillment of their respective duties in an amount consistent with the limitation stipulated by law.

Canon established a standing committee, the Internal Control Committee in 2004, with the president appointed as chairman of the group. The Internal Control Committee has built a highly effective internal control system unique to Canon, which not only serves to ensure the reliability of the Company’s financial reporting, but also aims to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of its business operations, as well as compliance with related laws, regulations and internal controls. In 2015, with the aim of managing financial, compliance, and business risks from a comprehensive perspective, the Internal Control Committee was reorganized and renamed the Risk Management Committee which is tasked with performing this duty. Established under the Risk Management Committee are the following three subcommittees: the Financial Risk Management Subcommittee, which is in charge of improving systems to ensure the reliability of financial reporting, the Compliance Subcommittee, which is in charge of improving systems to ensure compliance of corporate ethics and major laws and regulations, and the Business Risk Management Subcommittee, which is in charge of improving systems to manage quality risks, information leakage risks and other significant business risks. The Risk Management Committee shall develop various measures with regard to improving the risk management system. These measures include the system for grasping any significant risks (violation of laws and regulations, inappropriate financial reporting, quality issues, work-related injuries, disasters, etc.) that the Canon may face in the course of business. Additionally, in accordance with any action plan that is approved by the Board of Directors, the Risk Management Committee shall evaluate the status of improvement and implementation of the risk management system and report its findings to the CEO and the Board of Directors.

The Disclosure Committee was established with the president appointed as chairman in 2005. This committee was formed to ensure that Canon is not only in compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations, but also to ensure that information disclosed to shareholders and capital markets is both correct and comprehensive.

Executive Officer System

Canon adopted an Executive Officer System effective April 1, 2008. Executive Officers are appointed and discharged by the Board of Directors and have a term of office of one year. Taking into consideration growth in the scope of its business activities, Canon recognizes the need to bolster its management execution structure. By promoting capable human resources with accumulated executive knowledge across specific business areas, the Company is endeavoring to realize more flexible and efficient management operations. To this end, Canon intends to gradually increase the number of Executive Officers and further solidify its management systems.

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Executive Officers of the Company whom are expected to take the assignment on April 1, 2023, are listed below.

Name	Position	(Group executive/function)
Hideki Ozawa	Executive Vice President	President of Canon (China) Co., Ltd.
Seymour Liebman	Senior Managing Executive Officer	Executive Vice President of Canon U.S.A., Inc.
Toshio Takiguchi	Senior Managing Executive Officer	Head of Medical Group, President of Canon Medical Systems Corporation
Eiji Osanai	Senior Managing Executive Officer	Group Executive of Production Engineering HQ
Yuichi Ishizuka	Senior Managing Executive Officer	President of Canon Europa N.V., President of Canon Europe Ltd.
Kazuto Ogawa	Senior Managing Executive Officer	President of Canon U.S.A., Inc.
Takayuki Miyamoto	Senior Managing Executive Officer	Group Executive of Frontier Business Promotion HQ
Hiroaki Takeishi	Senior Managing Executive Officer	Head of Industrial Group, Chairman of Canon Tokki Corporation
Masanori Yamada	Senior Managing Executive Officer	Head of Imaging Group
Katsumi Iijima	Senior Managing Executive Officer	Group Executive of Digital Business Platform Development HQ
Shunsuke Inoue	Senior Managing Executive Officer	Group Executive of R&D HQ
Soichi Hiramatsu	Senior Managing Executive Officer	Group Executive of Procurement HQ
Go Tokura	Senior Managing Executive Officer	Deputy Head of Imaging Group
Minoru Asada	Senior Managing Executive Officer	Group Executive of Finance & Accounting HQ
Takashi Takeya	Managing Executive Officer	Senior General Manager of Global Logistics Management Center
Hisahiro Minokawa	Managing Executive Officer	Group Executive of Human Resources Management & Organization HQ
Ritsuo Mashiko	Managing Executive Officer	President of Oita Canon Inc.
Kazuhiko Nagashima	Managing Executive Officer	Executive Vice President of Canon Europe Ltd.
Yoichi Iwabuchi	Managing Executive Officer	Group Executive of Information & Communication Systems HQ
Takanobu Nakamasu	Managing Executive Officer	President of Canon Production Printing Holding B.V.
Tamaki Hashimoto	Managing Executive Officer	Unit Executive of Solution & Recurring Product Business Unit
Katsuhiko Shinjo	Managing Executive Officer	Deputy Group Executive of R&D HQ
Masaki Omori	Managing Executive Officer	President of Canon Machinery Inc.
Takeshi Ichikawa	Managing Executive Officer	Group Executive of Device Technology Development HQ
Akiko Tanaka	Executive Officer	Deputy Group Executive of R&D HQ
Noriko Gunji	Executive Officer	Group Executive of Sustainability Headquarters
Hideki Sanatake	Executive Officer	Deputy Group Executive of Corporate Intellectual Property & Legal HQ
Hideto Kohtani	Executive Officer	Unit Executive of Image Solutions Business Unit 1
Katsuyoshi Soma	Executive Officer	President of Fukushima Canon Inc.

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Name	Position	(Group executive/function)
Saijiro Endo	Executive Officer	Senior General Manager of Digital Printing Development Technology Planning & Management Center
Toshiyuki Matsuda	Executive Officer	Unit Executive of Peripherals Marketing Unit
Hiroto Okawara	Executive Officer	Senior General Manager of Smart Mobility Business Promotion Center
Yoshiyuki Koshimizu	Executive Officer	Senior General Manager of Digital Printing Business Planning and Management Center
Toshiyuki Ishii	Executive Officer	Executive Vice President of Canon (China) Co., Ltd.
Masahide Kinoshita	Executive Officer	Chief Executive of Peripheral Products Operations
Shunji Sawa	Executive Officer	Plant Manager of Toride
Makoto Kambe	Executive Officer	Senior General Manager of Human Resources Management & Organization Center
Hirotomo Fujimori	Executive Officer	Senior General Manager of Public Relations and IR Center
Isao Kobayashi	Executive Officer	President of Canon Canada Inc.
Katsuhito Sakurai	Executive Officer	Senior General Manager of Semiconductor Device Development Center 1

B. Compensation

In the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, Canon paid an aggregate of approximately ¥1,064 million to its directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members. This amount includes bonuses.

Beginning from the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010, the Company is required to disclose the compensation of any director who receives total aggregate annual compensation exceeding ¥100 million in accordance with the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act of Japan and related ordinances. The following table sets forth the amount of compensation paid or planned to be paid to directors whose aggregate compensation exceeded ¥100 million in 2022.

Name<br><br>(Position)			Category of remuneration
	Company		Basic<br>Remuneration		Bonus		Stock-Type<br><br><br>Compensation<br><br><br>Stock Options		Total
			(Millions of yen)
Fujio Mitarai (Director)		Canon Inc.		320		145		31		496
Toshizo Tanaka (Director)		Canon Inc.		136		70		15		221
Toshio Homma (Director)		Canon Inc.		120		61		14		195

Notes:

(1)	Items that relate to policies which determine the amount of director and audit & supervisory board member remuneration or its calculation method:

(i) Basic Policy of Remuneration

The Company, for the health and sustainable growth of Canon, is working to design a director remuneration system that effectively encourages directors and audit & supervisory board members to fully demonstrate their abilities and fulfill their roles and responsibilities. Moreover, the total value of director and audit & supervisory board member remuneration is based on an appropriate standard, taking into consideration the recruiting and holding on to top-class people that can effectively meet the Company’s expectations.

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(ii) Details of Each Element of the Remuneration System

a. Representative Directors and Executive Directors

The remuneration of Representative Directors and Executive Directors consists of a basic remuneration, a bonus, and a stock-type compensation stock option.

Basic Remuneration

As compensation for the performance of duties, directors receive a fixed monthly remuneration. The remuneration is a predetermined amount based on the director’s position and the degree to which they contribute in this role. The total amount of director remuneration is within the amount approved at the Company’s General Meeting of Shareholders. (Note: the total amount includes remuneration for outside directors.)

Bonus

As a reward for directors’ service over their one-year term, directors receive a bonus once a year for which consolidated income before income taxes is used as a financial indicator to measure the results of annual group-wide corporate activities. The total amount of the director’s bonus is determined by multiplying such consolidated income with a given predetermined coefficient that corresponds with the director’s position. It is also determined through individual assessment based on the degree to which the director has contributed in this role.

Bonuses along with dividend and internal reserves are essentially subjects of corporate profit distribution. As such, matters including whether a payment is allowed or the total amount of bonus as calculated above, are deliberated during the general meeting of shareholders every year.

Stock-type Compensation Stock Option

The granting of stock acquisition rights for the Company’s shares is to further raise the motivation of these directors to improve performance from a medium- to long-term perspective as well as raise corporate value by sharing the benefits and risks of share price fluctuations with the Company’s shareholders. The total amount of stock acquisition rights is within the amount approved at the Company’s General Meeting of Shareholders. The number of stock acquisition rights allotted to a director is calculated based on the amount determined by the director’s position, the consolidated income before income taxes in the previous year as well as the degree to which the director has contributed in this role (The monetary compensation receivables amount directors being granted to allot to the payment in exchange for stock acquisition rights), and the stock price level at the time of grant. As remuneration is linked to the achievements throughout one’s term in office, the Company has a system in place that allows the exercising of acquisition rights at the time of retirement. As for the grantee, if the Company recognizes any misconduct of duty, act conflicting with the duty of due care, etc., the Company may limit the exercise of all or a portion of the stock acquisition rights.

Managing from a medium- to long-term perspective is important. Based on this, the Company places emphasis on providing a certain level of basic remuneration in a stable manner. In addition to this, consideration is also given to improved performance in a single year and the pursuit of shareholder interest when determining the breakdown between basic remuneration, bonus, and stock-type compensation stock options. The maximum amount of director remuneration accounted for by the bonus and stock-type compensation stock options on average by position is set around 50% and 30% of the basic remuneration, respectively. As for consolidated income before income taxes which is the financial indicators linked to the bonus, in 2022 (the 122st Business Term), although the Company’s outlook was for ¥360.0 billion at the beginning of the year, actual results were ¥352.4 billion.

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b. Outside Directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members

As for the remuneration of outside directors and audit & supervisory board members which perform duties that are independent from a business execution standpoint, their remuneration is made up of a fixed monthly amount, namely a basic remuneration, as compensation for their service. As for outside directors, their basic remuneration is decided within a predetermined range that takes into consideration levels that are considered standard and within the specified yearly range that was approved at the Company’s general meeting of shareholders as described in Basic Remuneration above. As for audit & supervisory board members, within the amount approved at the Company’s General Meeting of Shareholders, distribution is determined through consultation between Audit & Supervisory Board Members.

Stock Options

The descriptions of the stock option plans are below.

The Stock Option Plan Approved on March 29, 2018

Grantees of share options

The Company’s 5 directors (excluding outside directors) and 28 executive officers.

Number of share options

The number of share options that the Board of Directors are authorized to issue is 573.

Number of shares acquired upon exercise of a share option

The number of shares acquired upon exercise of one share option (the “Allotted Number of Shares”) is 100 common shares, and the total number of shares to be delivered due to the exercise of share options is 57,300 common shares. However, in the case that the Company conducts a share split (including an allotment without consideration ( musho-wariate ) of shares of common stock of the Company; the same shall apply to all references to the share split herein) or share consolidation on and after the date of shareholders’ resolution adopting the proposal at the above-mentioned General Meeting of Shareholders (the “Allotment Date”), the number of shares acquired shall be adjusted in accordance with the following formula, rounding down any fraction of less than one share resulting from such adjustment.

Number of shares acquired after<br>adjustment	=	Number of shares acquired before adjustment	×	Ratio of share split<br>or<br>share consolidation

In addition to the above, in any event that makes it necessary to adjust the number of shares acquired, including a merger and company split, on and after the Allotment Date, the Company may make appropriate adjustment to the Number of Shares Acquired within a reasonable range.

Cash payment for share options (yen)

The cash payment required for each stock acquisition right shall be ¥1 per share to be acquired upon exercise of each stock acquisition right, multiplied by the number of shares acquired.

Period during which share options are exercisable

From May 2, 2018 to May 1, 2048

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Issue price and amount of increased stated capital (yen)

The issue price and amount of increased stated capital per share is ¥2,949 and ¥1,475, respectively. The issue price is total amount of the exercise price of each stock acquisition (¥1 per share) and the fair value of the stock acquisition rights at the allotment date (¥2,948 per share). In addition, the amount of capital to be increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of the stock acquisition rights shall be a half of the maximum amount of capital increase, etc. which is calculated in accordance with the Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Company Accounting Regulations ( Kaisha Keisan Kisoku ), and any fraction less than ¥1 arising therefrom shall be rounded up to the nearest ¥1.

Other conditions for exercise of share options

(i) Those to whom stock acquisition rights are allotted (the “Holder(s)”) shall be entitled to exercise all the stock acquisition rights together within 10 days (in case the last day is not a business day, the following business day) from the day immediately following the day when they cease to hold any position as a director or an executive officer of the Company.

(ii) In the event that the Company recognizes any violation of laws and regulations, misconduct of the duties, act conflicting with the duty of due care or duty of loyalty, or any other act equivalent thereto of the Holder, the Company may limit, subject to a resolution by the Board of Directors of the Company, the number of offered stock acquisition rights that may be exercised by such Holder.

Restriction on acquisition of share options by transfer

An acquisition of share options by way of transfer requires the approval of the Board of Directors.

Treatment of the stock acquisition rights upon restructuring transaction

If the Company conducts a merger (limited to the case where the Company is dissolved due to the merger), or a share exchange or transfer (both, limited to the case where the Company becomes a wholly-owned subsidiary) (collectively, the “Structural Reorganization”), the Company shall, in each of the above cases, allot stock acquisition rights of any of the relevant companies listed in “a” through “e” of Article 236, Paragraph 1, Item 8 of the Companies Act of Japan (the “Reorganized Company”) to the Holders holding the stock acquisition rights remaining at the time immediately preceding the effective date of the relevant Structural Reorganization (the “Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights”) (the effective date of the relevant Structural Reorganization shall mean, in the case of a merger, the date on which the merger becomes effective; in the case of a consolidation; the date of establishment of a newly-incorporated company through consolidation; in the case of a share exchange, the date on which the share exchange becomes effective; and in the case of a share transfer, the date of establishment of a wholly-owning parent company through the share transfer; hereinafter the same shall apply). Provided, however, that the foregoing shall be on the condition that transfer of such stock acquisition rights by the Reorganized Company in accordance with each of the following items is stipulated in a merger agreement, a consolidation agreement, a share exchange agreement or a share transfer plan.

(i) Number of stock acquisition rights of the Reorganized Company to be allotted:

A number equal to the number of the Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights held by the Holder shall be transferred to such Holder.

(ii) Class of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

Common stock of the Reorganized Company.

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(iii) Number of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

To be determined in accordance with 3 above, taking into consideration, among others, the conditions of Structural Reorganization.

(iv) Value of assets to be contributed upon exercise of each stock acquisition right:

The value of assets to be contributed upon exercise of each stock acquisition right to be allotted shall be the amount obtained by multiplying (x) the exercise price after reorganization set forth below by (y) the number of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of the relevant stock acquisition rights as determined in accordance with (iii) above. The “exercise price after reorganization” shall be one 1 yen per share of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of each of its stock acquisition rights.

(v) Exercise period of stock acquisition rights:

From and including whichever is the later of (x) the commencement date of the period during which the stock acquisition rights may be exercised or (y) the effective date of the Structural Reorganization, to and including the expiration date of the period during which the stock acquisition rights may be exercised as provided.

(vi) Matters regarding stated capital and capital reserves increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(a) The increased amount of stated capital to be increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of the stock acquisition rights will be one half (1/2) of the maximum amount of increase of stated capital, etc. to be calculated in accordance with Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Company Accounting Regulations ( Kaisha Keisan Kisoku ). Any fractional amount of less than one 1 yen resulting from such calculation will be rounded up to one 1 yen.

(b) The increased amount of capital reserves to be increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of the stock acquisition rights shall be the maximum amount of increases of stated capital, etc., mentioned in (a) above, after the subtraction of increased amount of stated capital mentioned in (a) above.

(vii) Restrictions on acquisition of stock acquisition rights by transfer:

The stock acquisition rights cannot be acquired through transfer, unless such acquisition is expressly approved by a resolution of the Board of Directors of the Reorganized Company.

(viii) Conditions for exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(a) Those to whom stock acquisition rights are allotted (the “Holder(s)”) shall be entitled to exercise all the stock acquisition rights together within 10 days (in case the last day is not a business day, the following business day) from the day immediately following the day when they cease to hold any position as a Director or an Executive Officer of the Company.

(b) In the event that the Company recognizes any violation of laws and regulations, misconduct of the duties, act conflicting with the duty of due care or duty of loyalty, or any other act equivalent thereto of the Holder, the Company may limit, subject to a resolution by the Board of Directors of the Company, the number of offered stock acquisition rights that may be exercised by such Holder.

(c) Besides the above, other conditions shall be stipulated in an agreement to be executed between the Company and the Holder, based on the resolution of the Board of Directors’ meeting.

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(ix) Events regarding the Company’s acquisition of stock acquisition rights:

If a proposal for the approval of a merger agreement under which the Company will become a disappearing company or a proposal for the approval of a share exchange agreement or a share transfer plan under which the Company will become a wholly owned subsidiary is approved by the Company’s shareholders at a Meeting of Shareholders (or by the Board of Directors if no resolution of a Meeting of Shareholders is required for such approval), the Company will be entitled to acquire stock acquisition rights, without compensation, on a date separately designated by the Board of Directors.

The Stock Option Plan Approved on March 28, 2019

Grantees of share options

The Company’s 4 directors (excluding outside directors) and 31 executive officers.

Number of share options

The number of share options that the Board of Directors are authorized to issue is 1,003.

Number of shares acquired upon exercise of a share option

The number of shares acquired upon exercise of one share option (the “Allotted Number of Shares”) is 100 common shares, and the total number of shares to be delivered due to the exercise of share options is 100,300 common shares. However, in the case that the Company conducts a share split (including an allotment without consideration ( musho-wariate ) of shares of common stock of the Company; the same shall apply to all references to the share split herein) or share consolidation on and after the date of shareholders’ resolution adopting the proposal at the above-mentioned General Meeting of Shareholders (the “Allotment Date”), the number of shares acquired shall be adjusted in accordance with the following formula, rounding down any fraction of less than one share resulting from such adjustment.

Number of shares acquired after<br>adjustment	=	Number of shares acquired before adjustment	×	Ratio of share split<br>or<br>share consolidation

Cash payment for share options (yen)

The cash payment required for each stock acquisition right shall be ¥1 per share to be acquired upon exercise of each stock acquisition right, multiplied by the number of shares acquired.

Period during which share options are exercisable

From April 27, 2019 to April 26, 2049

Issue price and amount of increased stated capital (yen)

The issue price and amount of increased stated capital per share is ¥2,282 and ¥1,141, respectively. The issue price is total amount of the exercise price of each stock acquisition (¥1 per share) and the fair value of the stock acquisition rights at the allotment date (¥2,281 per share). In addition, the amount of capital to be increased due

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to the issuance of shares upon exercise of the stock acquisition rights shall be a half of the maximum amount of capital increase, etc. which is calculated in accordance with Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Company Accounting Regulations ( Kaisha Keisan Kisoku ), and any fraction less than ¥1 arising therefrom shall be rounded up to the nearest ¥1.

Other conditions for exercise of share options

Restriction on acquisition of share options by transfer

An acquisition of share options by way of transfer requires the approval of the Board of Directors.

Treatment of the stock acquisition rights upon restructuring transaction

(i) Number of stock acquisition rights of the Reorganized Company to be allotted:

A number equal to the number of the Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights held by the Holder shall be transferred to such Holder.

(ii) Class of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

Common stock of the Reorganized Company.

(iii) Number of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

To be determined in accordance with 3 above, taking into consideration, among others, the conditions of Structural Reorganization.

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(iv) Value of assets to be contributed upon exercise of each stock acquisition right:

(v) Exercise period of stock acquisition rights:

(vi) Matters regarding stated capital and capital reserves increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(vii) Restrictions on acquisition of stock acquisition rights by transfer:

The stock acquisition rights cannot be acquired through transfer, unless such acquisition is expressly approved by a resolution of the Board of Directors of the Reorganized Company.

(viii) Conditions for exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(c) Besides the above, other conditions shall be stipulated in an agreement to be executed between the Company and the Holder, based on the resolution of the Board of Directors’ meeting.

(ix) Events regarding the Company’s acquisition of stock acquisition rights:

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The Stock Option Plan Approved on March 27, 2020

Grantees of share options

The Company’s 4 directors (excluding outside directors) and 30 executive officers.

Number of share options

The number of share options that the Board of Directors are authorized to issue is 811.

Number of shares acquired upon exercise of a share option

The number of shares acquired upon exercise of one share option (the “Allotted Number of Shares”) is 100 common shares, and the total number of shares to be delivered due to the exercise of share options is 81,100 common shares. However, in the case that the Company conducts a share split (including an allotment without consideration ( musho-wariate ) of shares of common stock of the Company; the same shall apply to all references to the share split herein) or share consolidation on and after the date of shareholders’ resolution adopting the proposal at the above-mentioned General Meeting of Shareholders (the “Allotment Date”), the number of shares acquired shall be adjusted in accordance with the following formula, rounding down any fraction of less than one share resulting from such adjustment.

Number of shares acquired after<br><br>adjustment	=	Number of shares acquired before adjustment	×	Ratio of share split<br><br>or<br><br>share consolidation

Cash payment for share options (yen)

The cash payment required for each stock acquisition right shall be ¥1 per share to be acquired upon exercise of each stock acquisition right, multiplied by the number of shares acquired.

Period during which share options are exercisable

From May 2, 2020 to May 1, 2050

Issue price and amount of increased stated capital (yen)

The issue price and amount of increased stated capital per share is ¥1,460 and ¥730, respectively. The issue price is total amount of the exercise price of each stock acquisition (¥1 per share) and the fair value of the stock acquisition rights at the allotment date (¥1,459 per share). In addition, the amount of capital to be increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of the stock acquisition rights shall be a half of the maximum amount of capital increase, etc. which is calculated in accordance with the Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Company Accounting Regulations ( Kaisha Keisan Kisoku ), and any fraction less than ¥1 arising therefrom shall be rounded up to the nearest ¥1.

Other conditions for exercise of share options

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Restriction on acquisition of share options by transfer

An acquisition of share options by way of transfer requires the approval of the Board of Directors.

Treatment of the stock acquisition rights upon restructuring transaction

(i) Number of stock acquisition rights of the Reorganized Company to be allotted:

A number equal to the number of the Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights held by the Holder shall be transferred to such Holder.

(ii) Class of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

Common stock of the Reorganized Company.

(iii) Number of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

To be determined in accordance with 3 above, taking into consideration, among others, the conditions of Structural Reorganization.

(iv) Value of assets to be contributed upon exercise of each stock acquisition right:

(v) Exercise period of stock acquisition rights:

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(vi) Matters regarding stated capital and capital reserves increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(vii) Restrictions on acquisition of stock acquisition rights by transfer:

The stock acquisition rights cannot be acquired through transfer, unless such acquisition is expressly approved by a resolution of the Board of Directors of the Reorganized Company.

(viii) Conditions for exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(c) Besides the above, other conditions shall be stipulated in an agreement to be executed between the Company and the Holder, based on the resolution of the Board of Directors’ meeting.

(ix) Events regarding the Company’s acquisition of stock acquisition rights:

If a proposal for the approval of a merger agreement under which the Company will become a disappearing company or a proposal for the approval of a share exchange agreement or a share transfer plan under which the Company will become a wholly owned subsidiary is approved by the Company’s shareholders at a Meeting of Shareholders (or by the Board of Directors if no resolution of a Meeting of Shareholders is required for such approval), the Company will be entitled to acquire the stock acquisition rights, without compensation, on a date separately designated by the Board of Directors.

The Stock Option Plan Approved on March 30, 2021

Grantees of share options

The Company’s 3 directors (excluding outside directors) and 32 executive officers.

Number of share options

The number of share options that the Board of Directors are authorized to issue is 429.

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Number of shares acquired upon exercise of a share option

The number of shares acquired upon exercise of one share option (the “Allotted Number of Shares”) is 100 common shares, and the total number of shares to be delivered due to the exercise of share options is 42,900 common shares. However, in the case that the Company conducts a share split (including an allotment without consideration ( musho-wariate ) of shares of common stock of the Company; the same shall apply to all references to the share split herein) or share consolidation on and after the date of shareholders’ resolution adopting the proposal at the above-mentioned General Meeting of Shareholders (the “Allotment Date”), the number of shares acquired shall be adjusted in accordance with the following formula, rounding down any fraction of less than one share resulting from such adjustment.

Number of shares acquired after<br><br>adjustment	=	Number of shares acquired before adjustment	×	Ratio of share split<br><br>or<br><br>share consolidation

Cash payment for share options (yen)

The cash payment required for each stock acquisition right shall be ¥1 per share to be acquired upon exercise of each stock acquisition right, multiplied by the number of shares acquired.

Period during which share options are exercisable

From April 29, 2021 to April 28, 2051

Issue price and amount of increased stated capital (yen)

The issue price and amount of increased stated capital per share is ¥2,228 and ¥1,114, respectively. The issue price is total amount of the exercise price of each stock acquisition (¥1 per share) and the fair value of the stock acquisition rights at the allotment date (¥2,227 per share). In addition, the amount of capital to be increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of the stock acquisition rights shall be a half of the maximum amount of capital increase, etc. which is calculated in accordance with the Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Company Accounting Regulations ( Kaisha Keisan Kisoku ), and any fraction less than ¥1 arising therefrom shall be rounded up to the nearest ¥1.

Other conditions for exercise of share options

Restriction on acquisition of share options by transfer

An acquisition of share options by way of transfer requires the approval of the Board of Directors.

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Treatment of the stock acquisition rights upon restructuring transaction

If the Company conducts a merger (limited to the case where the Company is dissolved due to the merger), an absorption-type or incorporation-type company split (both, limited to the case where the Company becomes a corporate spin off), or a share exchange or transfer (both, limited to the case where the Company becomes a wholly-owned subsidiary) (collectively, the “Structural Reorganization”), the Company shall, in each of the above cases, allot stock acquisition rights of any of the relevant companies listed in “a” through “e” of Article 236, Paragraph 1, Item 8 of the Companies Act of Japan (the “Reorganized Company”) to the Holders holding the stock acquisition rights remaining at the time immediately preceding the effective date of the relevant Structural Reorganization (the “Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights”) (the effective date of the relevant Structural Reorganization shall mean, in the case of a merger, the date on which the merger becomes effective; in the case of a consolidation; the date of establishment of a newly-incorporated company through consolidation; in the case of an absorption-type company split, the date on which the absorption-type company split becomes effective; in the case of an incorporation-type company split, the date of establishment of a newly-incorporated company through the incorporation-type company split; in the case of a share exchange, the date on which the share exchange becomes effective; and in the case of a share transfer, the date of establishment of a wholly-owning parent company through the share transfer; hereinafter the same shall apply). Provided, however, that the foregoing shall be on the condition that transfer of such stock acquisition rights by the Reorganized Company in accordance with each of the following items is stipulated in a merger agreement, a consolidation agreement, a company split agreement, a company split plan, a share exchange agreement or a share transfer plan.

(i) Number of stock acquisition rights of the Reorganized Company to be allotted:

A number equal to the number of the Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights held by the Holder shall be transferred to such Holder.

(ii) Class of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

Common stock of the Reorganized Company.

(iii) Number of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

To be determined in accordance with 3 above, taking into consideration, among others, the conditions of Structural Reorganization.

(iv) Value of assets to be contributed upon exercise of each stock acquisition right:

(v) Exercise period of stock acquisition rights:

(vi) Matters regarding stated capital and capital reserves increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

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(vii) Restrictions on acquisition of stock acquisition rights by transfer:

The stock acquisition rights cannot be acquired through transfer, unless such acquisition is expressly approved by a resolution of the Board of Directors of the Reorganized Company.

(viii) Conditions for exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(ix) Events regarding the Company’s acquisition of stock acquisition rights:

If a proposal for the approval of a merger agreement under which the Company will become a disappearing company or a proposal for the approval of a share exchange agreement or a share transfer plan under which the Company will become a wholly owned subsidiary is approved by the Company’s shareholders at a Meeting of Shareholders (or by the Board of Directors if no resolution of a Meeting of Shareholders is required for such approval), the Company will be entitled to acquire the stock acquisition rights, without compensation, on a date separately designated by the Board of Directors.

The Stock Option Plan Approved on March 30, 2022

Grantees of share options

The Company’s 3 directors (excluding outside directors) and 33 executive officers.

Number of share options

The number of share options that the Board of Directors are authorized to issue is 690.

Number of shares acquired upon exercise of a share option

The number of shares acquired upon exercise of one share option (the “Allotted Number of Shares”) is 100 common shares, and the total number of shares to be delivered due to the exercise of share options is 69,000 common shares. However, in the case that the Company conducts a share split (including an allotment without consideration ( musho-wariate ) of shares of common stock of the Company; the same shall apply to all references to the share split herein) or share consolidation on and after the date of shareholders’ resolution adopting the proposal at the above-mentioned General Meeting of Shareholders (the “Allotment Date”), the number of shares acquired shall be adjusted in accordance with the following formula, rounding down any fraction of less than one share resulting from such adjustment.

Number of shares acquired after<br><br>adjustment	=	Number of shares acquired before adjustment	×	Ratio of share split<br><br>or<br><br>share consolidation

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Cash payment for share options (yen)

The cash payment required for each stock acquisition right shall be ¥1 per share to be acquired upon exercise of each stock acquisition right, multiplied by the number of shares acquired.

Period during which share options are exercisable

From April 29, 2022 to April 28, 2052

Issue price and amount of increased stated capital (yen)

The issue price and amount of increased stated capital per share is ¥2,542 and ¥1,271, respectively. The issue price is total amount of the exercise price of each stock acquisition (¥1 per share) and the fair value of the stock acquisition rights at the allotment date (¥2,541 per share). In addition, the amount of capital to be increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of the stock acquisition rights shall be a half of the maximum amount of capital increase, etc. which is calculated in accordance with the Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Company Accounting Regulations ( Kaisha Keisan Kisoku ), and any fraction less than ¥1 arising therefrom shall be rounded up to the nearest ¥1.

Other conditions for exercise of share options

Restriction on acquisition of share options by transfer

An acquisition of share options by way of transfer requires the approval of the Board of Directors.

Treatment of the stock acquisition rights upon restructuring transaction

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effective; in the case of an incorporation-type company split, the date of establishment of a newly-incorporated company through the incorporation-type company split; in the case of a share exchange, the date on which the share exchange becomes effective; and in the case of a share transfer, the date of establishment of a wholly-owning parent company through the share transfer; hereinafter the same shall apply). Provided, however, that the foregoing shall be on the condition that transfer of such stock acquisition rights by the Reorganized Company in accordance with each of the following items is stipulated in a merger agreement, a consolidation agreement, a company split agreement, a company split plan, a share exchange agreement or a share transfer plan.

(i) Number of stock acquisition rights of the Reorganized Company to be allotted:

A number equal to the number of the Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights held by the Holder shall be transferred to such Holder.

(ii) Class of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

Common stock of the Reorganized Company.

(iii) Number of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

To be determined in accordance with 3 above, taking into consideration, among others, the conditions of Structural Reorganization.

(iv) Value of assets to be contributed upon exercise of each stock acquisition right:

(v) Exercise period of stock acquisition rights:

(vi) Matters regarding stated capital and capital reserves increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(vii) Restrictions on acquisition of stock acquisition rights by transfer:

The stock acquisition rights cannot be acquired through transfer, unless such acquisition is expressly approved by a resolution of the Board of Directors of the Reorganized Company.

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(viii) Conditions for exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(ix) Events regarding the Company’s acquisition of stock acquisition rights:

If a proposal for the approval of a merger agreement under which the Company will become a disappearing company, a proposal for the approval of a company split agreement or a company split plan under which the Company will become a split company or a proposal for the approval of a share exchange agreement or a share transfer plan under which the Company will become a wholly owned subsidiary is approved by the Company’s shareholders at a Meeting of Shareholders (or by the Board of Directors if no resolution of a Meeting of Shareholders is required for such approval), the Company will be entitled to acquire the stock acquisition rights, without compensation, on a date separately designated by the Board of Directors.

The Stock Option Plan Approved on February 10, 2023

Grantees of share options

The Company’s 1 executive officer.

Number of share options

The number of share options that the Board of Directors are authorized to issue is 93.

Number of shares acquired upon exercise of a share option

The number of shares acquired upon exercise of one share option (the “Allotted Number of Shares”) is 100 common shares, and the total number of shares to be delivered due to the exercise of share options is 9,300 common shares. However, in the case that the Company conducts a share split (including an allotment without consideration ( musho-wariate ) of shares of common stock of the Company; the same shall apply to all references to the share split herein) or share consolidation on and after the date of shareholders’ resolution adopting the proposal at the above-mentioned General Meeting of Shareholders (the “Allotment Date”), the number of shares acquired shall be adjusted in accordance with the following formula, rounding down any fraction of less than one share resulting from such adjustment.

Number of shares acquired after<br><br>adjustment	=	Number of shares acquired before adjustment	×	Ratio of share split<br><br>or<br><br>share consolidation

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Cash payment for share options (yen)

The cash payment required for each stock acquisition right shall be ¥1 per share to be acquired upon exercise of each stock acquisition right, multiplied by the number of shares acquired.

Period during which share options are exercisable

From March 28, 2023 to March 27, 2053

Issue price and amount of increased stated capital (yen)

The issue price and amount of increased stated capital per share is ¥2,446 and ¥1,223, respectively. The issue price is total amount of the exercise price of each stock acquisition (¥1 per share) and the fair value of the stock acquisition rights at the allotment date (¥2,445 per share). In addition, the amount of capital to be increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of the stock acquisition rights shall be a half of the maximum amount of capital increase, etc. which is calculated in accordance with the Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Company Accounting Regulations ( Kaisha Keisan Kisoku ), and any fraction less than ¥1 arising therefrom shall be rounded up to the nearest ¥1.

Other conditions for exercise of share options

Restriction on acquisition of share options by transfer

An acquisition of share options by way of transfer requires the approval of the Board of Directors.

Treatment of the stock acquisition rights upon restructuring transaction

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(i) Number of stock acquisition rights of the Reorganized Company to be allotted:

A number equal to the number of the Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights held by the Holder shall be transferred to such Holder.

(ii) Class of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

Common stock of the Reorganized Company.

(iii) Number of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

To be determined in accordance with 3 above, taking into consideration, among others, the conditions of Structural Reorganization.

(iv) Value of assets to be contributed upon exercise of each stock acquisition right:

(v) Exercise period of stock acquisition rights:

(vi) Matters regarding stated capital and capital reserves increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(vii) Restrictions on acquisition of stock acquisition rights by transfer:

The stock acquisition rights cannot be acquired through transfer, unless such acquisition is expressly approved by a resolution of the Board of Directors of the Reorganized Company.

(viii) Conditions for exercise of stock acquisition rights:

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(ix) Events regarding the Company’s acquisition of stock acquisition rights:

The Stock Option Plan Approved on March 30, 2023

Grantees of share options

The Company’s 3 directors (excluding outside directors) and 32 executive officers.

Number of share options

The number of share options that the Board of Directors are authorized to issue is 840.

Number of shares acquired upon exercise of a share option

The number of shares acquired upon exercise of one share option (the “Allotted Number of Shares”) is 100 common shares, and the total number of shares to be delivered due to the exercise of share options is 84,000 common shares. However, in the case that the Company conducts a share split (including an allotment without consideration ( musho-wariate ) of shares of common stock of the Company; the same shall apply to all references to the share split herein) or share consolidation on and after the date of shareholders’ resolution adopting the proposal at the above-mentioned General Meeting of Shareholders (the “Allotment Date”), the number of shares acquired shall be adjusted in accordance with the following formula, rounding down any fraction of less than one share resulting from such adjustment.

Number of shares acquired after<br><br>adjustment	=	Number of shares<br><br>acquired before<br><br>adjustment	×	Ratio of share split<br><br>or<br><br>share consolidation

Cash payment for share options (yen)

The cash payment required for each stock acquisition right shall be ¥1 per share to be acquired upon exercise of each stock acquisition right, multiplied by the number of shares acquired.

Period during which share options are exercisable

From April 29, 2023 to April 28, 2053

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Issue price and amount of increased stated capital (yen)

The issue price is total amount of the exercise price of each stock acquisition (¥1 per share) and the fair value of the stock acquisition rights shall be calculated by using the Black-Scholes model based on some conditions to be applied on the allotment date. In addition, the amount of capital to be increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of the stock acquisition rights shall be a half of the maximum amount of capital increase, etc. which is calculated in accordance with Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Company Accounting Regulations ( Kaisha Keisan Kisoku ), and any fraction less than ¥1 arising therefrom shall be rounded up to the nearest ¥1.

Other conditions for exercise of share options

Restriction on acquisition of share options by transfer

An acquisition of share options by way of transfer requires the approval of the Board of Directors.

Treatment of the stock acquisition rights upon restructuring transaction

(i) Number of stock acquisition rights of the Reorganized Company to be allotted:

A number equal to the number of the Remaining Stock Acquisition Rights held by the Holder shall be transferred to such Holder.

(ii) Class of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

Common stock of the Reorganized Company.

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(iii) Number of shares of the Reorganized Company to be acquired upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

To be determined in accordance with 3 above, taking into consideration, among others, the conditions of Structural Reorganization.

(iv) Value of assets to be contributed upon exercise of each stock acquisition right:

(v) Exercise period of stock acquisition rights:

(vi) Matters regarding stated capital and capital reserves increased due to the issuance of shares upon exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(vii) Restrictions on acquisition of stock acquisition rights by transfer:

The stock acquisition rights cannot be acquired through transfer, unless such acquisition is expressly approved by a resolution of the Board of Directors of the Reorganized Company.

(viii) Conditions for exercise of stock acquisition rights:

(ix) Events regarding the Company’s acquisition of stock acquisition rights:

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Company will become a split company or a proposal for the approval of a share exchange agreement or a share transfer plan under which the Company will become a wholly owned subsidiary is approved by the Company’s shareholders at a Meeting of Shareholders (or by the Board of Directors if no resolution of a Meeting of Shareholders is required for such approval), the Company will be entitled to acquire the stock acquisition rights, without compensation, on a date separately designated by the Board of Directors.

C. Board practices

See Item 6A “Directors and senior management” and Item 6B “Compensation.”

D. Employees

The following table shows the numbers of Canon’s employees as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.


December 31, 2022
Printing	118,971	35,063	11,135	14,724	58,049
Imaging	24,917	10,345	1,943	5,501	7,128
Medical	12,801	6,977	2,434	1,729	1,661
Industrial	8,005	5,669	250	111	1,975
Corporate and Others	16,081	11,401	9	149	4,522
Total	180,775	69,455	15,771	22,214	73,335
December 31, 2021*
Printing	122,864	35,842	10,516	15,063	61,443
Imaging	25,761	10,766	2,100	5,184	7,711
Medical	12,769	6,919	2,421	1,670	1,759
Industrial	7,814	5,750	223	107	1,734
Corporate and Others	14,826	11,647	3	142	3,034
Total	184,034	70,924	15,263	22,166	75,681
December 31, 2020*
Printing	118,146	36,632	10,601	15,162	55,751
Imaging	27,994	11,263	2,135	5,465	9,131
Medical	12,602	6,882	2,212	1,753	1,755
Industrial	8,115	6,006	350	99	1,660
Corporate and Others	15,040	11,555	9	99	3,377
Total	181,897	72,338	15,307	22,578	71,674

*The numbers of Canon’s employees have been reclassified as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 based on the realignment of Canon’s internal management structure which are disclosed in Note 23 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Company and its subsidiaries have their own independent labor union. The Company believes that the relationship between Canon and its labor union is good.

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E. Share ownership

The following table shows the numbers of shares owned by the directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members of the Company as of March 31, 2023. The total is 276,806 shares, constituting 0.02% of all outstanding shares.

Name	Position
Fujio Mitarai	Chairman & CEO	148,344
Toshizo Tanaka	Executive Vice President & CFO	24,910
Toshio Homma	Executive Vice President & CTO	72,652
Kunitaro Saida	Director	12,800
Yusuke Kawamura	Director	1,300
Katsuhito Yanagibashi	Audit & Supervisory Board Member	4,500
Hideya Hatamochi	Audit & Supervisory Board Member	0
Yutaka Tanaka	Audit & Supervisory Board Member	3,400
Hiroshi Yoshida	Audit & Supervisory Board Member	5,200
Koichi Kashimoto	Audit & Supervisory Board Member	3,700
	Total	276,806

The number of shares that may be subscribed for under rights granted to the Directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members, listed above, pursuant to the stock option plan approved by the stockholders on March 29, 2018 was 57,300 shares of common stock. The exercise price of the rights is ¥1 per share and those to whom stock acquisition rights are granted (the “Holder(s)”) shall be entitled to exercise all the stock acquisition rights together within 10 days (in case the last day is not a business day, the following business day) from after the date when they cease to hold any position as a director or an executive officer of the Company. The exercisable period of acquisition rights is from May 2, 2018 to May 1, 2048.

The number of shares that may be subscribed for under rights granted to the Directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members, listed above, pursuant to the stock option plan approved on March 28, 2019 was 100,300 shares of common stock. The exercise price of the rights is ¥1 per share and those to whom stock acquisition rights are granted (the “Holder(s)”) shall be entitled to exercise all the stock acquisition rights together within 10 days (in case the last day is not a business day, the following business day) from after the date when they cease to hold any position as a director or an executive officer of the Company. The exercisable period of acquisition rights is from April 27, 2019 to April 26, 2049.

The number of shares that may be subscribed for under rights granted to the Directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members, listed above, pursuant to the stock option plan approved on March 27, 2020 was 81,100 shares of common stock. The exercise price of the rights is ¥1 per share and those to whom stock acquisition rights are granted (the “Holder(s)”) shall be entitled to exercise all the stock acquisition rights together within 10 days (in case the last day is not a business day, the following business day) from after the date when they cease to hold any position as a director or an executive officer of the Company. The exercisable period of acquisition rights is from May 2, 2020 to May 1, 2050.

The number of shares that may be subscribed for under rights granted to the Directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members, listed above, pursuant to the stock option plan approved on March 30, 2021 was 42,900 shares of common stock. The exercise price of the rights is ¥1 per share and those to whom stock acquisition rights are granted (the “Holder(s)”) shall be entitled to exercise all the stock acquisition rights together within 10 days (in case the last day is not a business day, the following business day) from after the date when they cease to hold any position as a director or an executive officer of the Company. The exercisable period of acquisition rights is from April 29, 2021 to April 28, 2051.

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69,000 shares of common stock. The exercise price of the rights is ¥1 per share and those to whom stock acquisition rights are granted (the “Holder(s)”) shall be entitled to exercise all the stock acquisition rights together within 10 days (in case the last day is not a business day, the following business day) from after the date when they cease to hold any position as a director or an executive officer of the Company. The exercisable period of acquisition rights is from April 29, 2022 to April 28, 2052.

The number of shares that may be subscribed for under a right granted to one of the Company’s executive officers, pursuant to the stock option plan approved on February 10, 2023 was 9,300 shares of common stock. The exercise price of the right is ¥1 per share and that to whom stock acquisition right is granted (the “Holder”) shall be entitled to exercise all the stock acquisition right together within 10 days (in case the last day is not a business day, the following business day) from after the date when he ceases to hold any position as an executive officer of the Company. The exercisable period of acquisition right is from March 28, 2023 to March 27, 2053.

The number of shares that may be subscribed for under rights granted to the Directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members, listed above, pursuant to the stock option plan approved on March 30, 2023 was 84,000 shares of common stock. The exercise price of the rights is ¥1 per share and those to whom stock acquisition rights are granted (the “Holder(s)”) shall be entitled to exercise all the stock acquisition rights together within 10 days (in case the last day is not a business day, the following business day) from after the date when they cease to hold any position as a director or an executive officer of the Company. The exercisable period of acquisition rights is from April 29, 2023 to April 28, 2053.

For additional information on the stock option plan, see “B. Compensation” of this Item.

The Company and certain of its subsidiaries encourage its employees to purchase shares of their Common Stock in the market through an employees’ stock purchase association.

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

A. Major shareholders

The table below shows the numbers of the Company’s shares held by the top ten holders of the Company’s shares and their ownership percentage as of December 31, 2022:

Name of major shareholder		Percentage
		Number of shares owned /
		Number of shares issued
The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. (Trust Account)	174,622,700		17.2	%
Custody Bank of Japan, Ltd. (Trust Account)	70,247,400		6.9	%
Mizuho Bank, Ltd.	22,558,173		2.2	%
State Street Bank West Client—Treaty 505234	21,655,878		2.1	%
SMBC Nikko Securities Inc.	20,533,800		2.0	%
Moxley and Co. LLC	17,371,450		1.7	%
The <br>Dai-ichi<br> Life Insurance Company, Limited	16,695,780		1.6	%
OBAYASHI CORPORATION	16,527,607		1.6	%
Barclays Securities Japan Limited BNYM	14,796,800		1.5	%
Sompo Japan Insurance Inc.	13,080,087		1.3	%

Notes:

1:	Apart from the above shares, The <br>Dai-ichi<br> Life Insurance Company, Limited held 6,180,000 shares contributed to a trust fund for its retirement and severance plans.
2:	Moxley and Co. LLC is a stocks holder of a title deed of JPMorgan Chase Bank which is the Company’s trustee bank of the American Depository Receipt.
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3:	Apart from the above shares, the Company owns 318,250,096 shares (23.9% of total issued shares) of treasury stock.
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4:	Ownership percentage is calculated by deducting the number of treasury shares from the total shares issued.
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Canon’s major shareholders do not have different voting rights from other shareholders.

As of December 31, 2022, 8.6% of the issued shares of common stock, including the Company’s treasury stock, were held of record by 297 residents of the United States of America.

The Company is not directly or indirectly owned or controlled by any other corporation, by any government, or by any other natural or legal person or persons severally or jointly.

B. Related party transactions

During the latest three fiscal years, Canon has not transacted with, nor does Canon currently plan to transact with a related party (other than certain transactions with subsidiaries and affiliates of the Company). For purposes of this paragraph, a related party includes: (a) enterprises that directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, control or are controlled by, or are under common control with, Canon; (b) associates; (c) individuals owning, directly or indirectly, an interest in the voting power of Canon that gives them significant influence over Canon, and close members of any such individual’s family; (d) key management personnel, that is, those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of Canon, including directors and senior management of companies and close member of such individual’s families; (e) enterprises in which a substantial interest in the voting power is owned, directly or indirectly, by any person described in (c) or (d) or over which such a person is able to exercise significant influence. This includes enterprises owned by directors or major shareholders of Canon and enterprises that have a member of key management in common with Canon. Close members of an individual’s family are those that may be expected to influence, or be influenced by, that person in their dealings with Canon. An associate is an unconsolidated enterprise in which Canon has a significant influence or which has significant influence over Canon. Significant influence over an enterprise is the power to participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of the enterprise but is less than control over those policies. Shareholders beneficially owning a 10% interest in the voting power of the Company are presumed to have a significant influence on Canon.

To the Company’s knowledge, no person owned a 10% interest in the voting power of the Company as of March 30, 2023.

In the ordinary course of business on an arm’s length basis, Canon purchases and sells materials, supplies and services from and to its affiliates accounted for by the equity method. There are 10 affiliates which are accounted for by the equity method. Canon does not consider the amounts of the transactions with the above affiliates to be material to its business.

C. Interests of experts and counsel

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Information

A. Consolidated financial statements and other financial information

Consolidated financial statements

This Annual Report contains consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and audited in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) by an Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. The consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for each of three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 have been audited by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLC. Their audit report covering each of the periods is included in Item 18 of this report.

Refer to Item 18 “Financial Statements.”

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Legal proceedings

There are no outstanding legal or other proceedings which could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on Canon’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Dividend policy

Dividends are proposed by the Board of Directors of the Company based on the year-end

non-consolidated financial statements of the Company, and are approved at the ordinary general meeting of shareholders, which is held in March of each year. Recordholders of the Company’s ADSs on the dividends’ record dates are entitled to receive payment in full of the declared dividends. In addition to annual dividends, by resolution of the Board of Directors, the Company may declare a cash distribution as an interim dividend. The record dates for the Company’s year-end dividends and for the interim dividends are December 31 and June 30, respectively.

Canon has become more proactive in returning profits to shareholders, mainly in the form of a dividend, taking into consideration mid-term profit forecasts, planned future investments, cash flow and other factors.

Despite a harsh business environment, such as shortage of components, supply chain disruptions, Ukraine crisis and accelerating global inflation, demand of Canon’s products improved moderately. Net sales exceeded ¥4,000 billion for the first time in five years since 2017 due to adjustment of product prices and depreciation of the yen, as a result, the sales and income increased for the two consecutive years.

Amid these conditions, in 2022, Canon has decided to distribute a full-year dividend of ¥120 per share, (interim dividend of ¥60 per share that was already distributed and year-end dividend of ¥60) which represents a ¥20 increase from the previous year’s dividend.

B. Significant changes

No significant change has occurred since the date of the annual financial statements.

Item 9. The Offer and Listing

A. Offer and listing details

Trading in domestic markets

The common stock of the Company has been listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (“TSE”), the principal stock exchange market in Japan, since 1949 and has been trading on the Tokyo Prime Market since April 4, 2022. The shares are also listed on three other regional markets in Japan (Nagoya, Fukuoka and Sapporo).

Trading in foreign markets

Prior to the delisting that became effective on March 6, 2023, the Company’s ADRs were listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”), the principal stock exchange market outside Japan.

Since the Company’s 1969 public offering in the United States of U.S.$9,000,000 principal amount of its 6 1/2 % Convertible Debentures due 1984, there has been limited trading in the over-the-counter market in the Company’s ADRs. Since March 16, 1998, each ADR represents one share of the Company’s common stock. The Company’s ADSs had been quoted on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation system (“NASDAQ”) from 1972 to September 13, 2000 under the symbol CANNY.

On September 14, 2000, Canon listed its ADSs on the NYSE under the symbol CAJ.

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The depositary and agent of the ADRs is JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., located at 383 Madison Avenue, Floor 11 New York, New York 10179 U.S.A.

In addition to complying with disclosure requirements under the Exchange Act, the Company has prepared consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, established internal controls required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and has actively disclosed information to shareholders and investors.

The Company listed its ADRs on the NYSE, with the main aim of enhancing its name recognition, brand image, and stock distribution. Over this same period, however, there have been significant changes in the environment surrounding the securities market, including a significant increase in the amount of trading on Japanese stock markets by overseas investors, due to globalization of the Japanese market. In addition to this, amendments to Japanese laws, regulations, and accounting standards, helped resolve regulatory differences between Japan and the United States.

In view of the fact that the Company has largely achieved the objectives stated at the time of listing, and that the volume of trading in the Company’s ADRs on the NYSE has been declining due to the aforementioned changes and other factors, on February 10, 2023, the Company passed a resolution to apply for voluntary delisting of its ADRs from the NYSE and for termination of registration of its ADRs with the SEC.

On February 13, 2023, the Company notified the NYSE of its decision to delist. On February 24, 2023, the Company filed Form 25 with the SEC in connection with the delisting from the NYSE. The delisting became effective on March 6, 2023. In the future, the Company plans to file an application for the termination of registration of its ADRs with the SEC when the requirements have been met.

B. Plan of distribution

Not applicable.

C. Markets

See Item 9A “Offer and listing details”.

D. Selling shareholders

Not applicable.

E. Dilution

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the issue

Not applicable.

Item 10. Additional Information

A. Share capital

Not applicable.

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B. Memorandum and articles of association

Objects and Purposes in the Company’s Articles of Incorporation

The objects and purposes of the Company, as provided in Article 2 of the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, are to engage in the following businesses:

(1)	Manufacture and sale of optical machineries and instruments of various kinds.
(2)	Manufacture and sale of acoustic, electrical and electronic machineries and instruments of various kinds.
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(3)	Manufacture and sale of precision machineries and instruments of various kinds.
---	---
(4)	Manufacture and sale of medical machineries and instruments of various kinds.
---	---
(5)	Manufacture and sale of general machineries, instruments and equipment of various kinds.
---	---
(6)	Manufacture and sale of parts, materials, etc. relative to the products mentioned in each of the preceding items.
---	---
(7)	Production and sale of software products.
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(8)	Manufacture and sale of pharmaceutical products.
---	---
(9)	Telecommunications business, and information service business such as information processing service business, information providing service business, etc.
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(10)	Contracting for telecommunications works, electrical works and machinery and equipment installation works.
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(11)	Sale, purchase and leasing of real properties, contracting for construction works, design of buildings and supervision of construction works.
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(12)	Manpower providing business, property leasing business and travel business.
---	---
(13)	Business relative to investigation, analysis of the environment and purification process of soil, water, etc.
---	---
(14)	Any and all business relative to each of the preceding items.
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Provisions Regarding Directors

There is no provision in the Company’s Articles of Incorporation as to a Director’s power to vote on a proposal, arrangement or contract in which the Director is materially interested, but, under the Companies Act of Japan, the law relating to joint stock corporations (known in Japanese as kabushiki kaisha ), a director is required to refrain from voting on such matters at meetings of the board of directors.

The Companies Act of Japan provides that compensation for directors is determined at a general meeting of shareholders of a company. Within the upper limit approved at the shareholders’ meeting, the board of directors determines the policy to determine the compensation for each director and the amount of compensation for each director. The board of directors may, by its resolution, leave the decision on the amount of compensation for each director to the discretion of the Company’s representative director, who shall comply with the policy as determined by the board of directors.

The Companies Act of Japan provides that the incurrence by a company of a significant loan from a third party should be approved by the Company’s board of directors. The Company’s Regulations of the Board of Directors incorporate this requirement.

There is no mandatory retirement age for the Company’s Directors under the Companies Act of Japan or its Articles of Incorporation.

There is no requirement concerning the number of shares an individual must hold in order to qualify him as a director of the Company under the Companies Act of Japan or its Articles of Incorporation.

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Holding of Shares by Foreign Investors

Other than the Japanese unit share system that is described in “Rights of Shareholders—Japanese Unit Share System” below, there are no limitations on the rights of non-residents or foreign shareholders to hold or exercise voting rights on the Company’s shares imposed by the laws of Japan or the Company’s Articles of Incorporation or other constituent documents.

Rights of Shareholders

Set forth below is information relating to the Company’s common stock, including brief summaries of the relevant provisions of its Articles of Incorporation and Regulations for Handling of Shares, as currently in effect, and of the Companies Act of Japan and related legislation.

General

The Company’s authorized share capital is 3,000,000,000 shares, of which 1,333,763,464 shares were issued, including the Company’s treasury stock, as of December 31, 2022. In accordance with the Law Concerning Book-Entry Transfer of Corporate Bonds, Shares, etc. (including regulations promulgated thereunder; the “Book-Entry Law”), the Japan Securities Depository Center, Inc. (“JASDEC”) is the only institution that is designated by the relevant authorities as a clearing house which is permitted to engage in the clearing operations of shares of Japanese listed companies under the Book-Entry Law. Under the clearing system, in order for any person to hold, sell or otherwise dispose of shares of Japanese listed companies, it must have an account at an account management institution unless such person has an account at JASDEC. “Account management institutions” are financial instruments traders (i.e., securities companies), banks, trust companies and certain other financial institutions which meet the requirements prescribed by the Book-Entry Law.

Under the Book-Entry Law, any transfer of shares is effected through book entry, and title to the shares passes to the transferee at the time when the transferred number of the shares is recorded at the transferee’s account at an account management institution. The holder of an account at an account management institution is presumed to be the legal owner of the shares held in such account.

Under the Companies Act of Japan and the Book-Entry Law, in order to assert shareholders’ rights against the Company, a shareholder must have its name and address registered in the register of shareholders of the Company, except in limited circumstances.

The registered beneficial holder of deposited shares underlying the ADSs is the depositary for the ADSs. Accordingly, holders of ADSs will not be able to directly assert shareholders’ rights.

Distributions of Surplus

Under the Companies Act of Japan, distributions of cash or other assets by joint stock corporations to their shareholders, so called “dividends,” are referred to as “distributions of Surplus” (“Surplus” is defined in “Restriction on Distributions of Surplus” below). The Company may make distributions of Surplus to the shareholders any number of times per fiscal year, subject to certain limitations described in “Restriction on Distributions of Surplus”. Under the Companies Act of Japan, distributions of Surplus are required to be authorized by a resolution of a general meeting of shareholders.

Under the Articles of Incorporation of the Company, year-end dividends and interim dividends, if any, may be distributed to shareholders (or pledgees) appearing in the register of shareholders as of December 31 and June 30 of each year, respectively.

Distributions of Surplus may be made in cash or in kind in proportion to the number of shares held by each shareholder. A resolution of a shareholders’ meeting must specify the kind and aggregate book value of the assets

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to be distributed, the manner of allocation of such assets to shareholders, and the effective date of the distribution. If a distribution of Surplus is to be made in kind, the Company may, pursuant to a resolution of shareholders’ meeting, grant a right to its shareholders to require the Company to make such distribution in cash instead of in kind. If no such right is granted to shareholders, the relevant distribution of Surplus must be approved by a special resolution of a general meeting of shareholders.

Restriction on Distributions of Surplus

When the Company makes a distribution of Surplus, the Company must, until the aggregate amount of its additional paid-in capital and legal reserve reaches one-quarter of its stated capital, set aside in its additional paid-in capital and/or legal reserve an amount equal to one-tenth of the amount of Surplus so distributed.

The amount of Surplus at any given time must be calculated in accordance with the following formula:

A + B + C + D – (E + F + G)

In the above formula, the letters from “A” to “G” are defined as follows:

“A”= the total amount of “other capital surplus” and “other retained earnings,” each such amount that is appearing on its non-consolidated balance sheet as of the end of the last fiscal year;

“B”= (if the Company has disposed of its treasury stock after the end of the last fiscal year) the amount of the consideration for such treasury stock received by the Company less the book value thereof;

“C”= (if the Company has reduced its stated capital after the end of the last fiscal year) the amount of such reduction less the portion thereof that has been transferred to additional paid-in capital or legal reserve (if any);

“D”= (if the Company has reduced its additional paid-in capital or legal reserve after the end of the last fiscal year) the amount of such reduction less the portion thereof that has been transferred to stated capital (if any);

“E”= (if the Company has cancelled its treasury stock after the end of the last fiscal year) the book value of such treasury stock;

“F”= (if the Company has distributed Surplus to its shareholders after the end of the last fiscal year) the total book value of the Surplus so distributed;

“G”= certain other amounts set forth in the ordinances of the Ministry of Justice, including (if the Company has reduced Surplus and increased its stated capital, additional paid-in capital or legal reserve after the end of the last fiscal year) the amount of such reduction and (if the Company has distributed Surplus to the shareholders after the end of the last fiscal year) the amount set aside in the additional paid-in capital or legal reserve (if any) as required by the ordinances of the Ministry of Justice.

The aggregate book value of Surplus distributed by the Company may not exceed a prescribed distributable amount (the “Distributable Amount”), as calculated on the effective date of such distribution. The Distributable Amount at any given time shall be equal to the amount of Surplus less the aggregate of the following:

(a) the book value of the Company’s treasury stock;

(b) the amount of consideration for the treasury stock disposed of by the Company after the end of the last fiscal year; and

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(c) certain other amounts set forth in the ordinances of the Ministry of Justice, including (if the sum of one-half of goodwill and the deferred assets exceeds the total of stated capital, additional paid-in capital and legal reserve, each such amount that is appearing on the non-consolidated balance sheet as of the end of the last fiscal year) all or certain part of such exceeding amount as calculated in accordance with the ordinances of the Ministry of Justice.

If the Company has become at its option a company with respect to which consolidated balance sheets should also be taken into consideration in the calculation of the Distributable Amount ( renketsu haito kisei tekiyo kaisha ), it will be required to further deduct from the amount of Surplus the excess amount (if the amount is zero or below zero) of (x) the total amount of shareholders’ equity appearing on its non-consolidated balance sheet as of the end of the last fiscal year and certain other amounts set forth in the ordinances of the Ministry of Justice over (y) the total amount of shareholders’ equity and certain amounts set forth in the ordinances of the Ministry of Justice appearing on its consolidated balance sheets as of the end of the last fiscal year.

If the Company has prepared interim financial statements as described below, and if such interim financial statements have been approved (unless exempted by the Companies Act of Japan) by a general meeting of shareholders, the Distributable Amount must be adjusted to take into account the amount of profit or loss, and the amount of consideration for the treasury stock disposed of by the Company, during the period in respect of which such interim financial statements have been prepared. The Company may prepare non-consolidated interim financial statements consisting of a balance sheet as of any date subsequent to the end of the last fiscal year and an income statement for the period from the first day of the current fiscal year to the date of such balance sheet. Interim financial statements so prepared by the Company must be approved by the board of directors and reviewed by its independent auditors, as required by the ordinances of the Ministry of Justice.

Stock Splits

The Companies Act of Japan permits the Company, by resolution of its Board of Directors, to make stock splits, regardless of the value of net assets (as appearing in its latest non-consolidated balance sheet) per share. In addition, by resolution of the Company’s Board of Directors, the Company may increase the authorized shares up to the number reflecting the rate of stock splits and amend its Articles of Incorporation to this effect without the approval of a shareholders’ meeting. For example, if each share became three shares by way of a stock split, the Company may increase the authorized shares from the current 3,000,000,000 shares to 9,000,000,000 shares.

Under the Book-Entry Law, the Company must give notice to JASDEC regarding a stock split at least two weeks prior to the relevant record date. On the effective date of the stock split, the numbers of shares recorded in all accounts held by the Company’s shareholders at account management institutions or JASDEC will be increased in accordance with the applicable ratio.

Japanese Unit Share System

The Company’s Articles of Incorporation provided that 100 shares of common stock constitute one “unit”. The Companies Act of Japan permits the Company, by resolution of its Board of Directors, to reduce the number of shares which constitutes one unit or abolish the unit share system, and amend its Articles of Incorporation to this effect without the approval of a shareholders’ meeting.

Transferability of Shares Representing Less than One Unit

Under the new clearing system, shares constituting less than one unit are transferable. However, because shares constituting less than one unit do not comprise a trading unit, such shares may not be sold on the Japanese stock exchanges under the rules of the Japanese stock exchanges.

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Right of a Holder of Shares Representing Less than One Unit to Require the Company to Purchase Its Shares

A holder of shares representing less than one unit may at any time require the Company to purchase its shares through the account management institutions and JASDEC; provided, however, that the Company is not obliged to do so if the Company does not own its own shares in the number which it is requested to sell. These shares will be purchased at (a) the closing price of the shares reported by the TSE on the day when the request to purchase is made or (b) if no sale takes place on the TSE on that day, then the price at which sale of shares is effected on such stock exchange immediately thereafter.

Right of a Holder of Shares Representing Less than One Unit to Purchase from the Company its Shares up to a Whole Unit

The Articles of Incorporation of the Company provide that a holder of shares representing less than one unit may require the Company to sell its shares to such holder so that the holder can raise its fractional ownership to a whole unit; provided, however, that the Company is not obliged to do so if the Company does not own its own shares in the number which it is requested to sell. Such a request shall be made through the account management institutions and JASDEC. These shares will be sold at (a) the closing price of the shares reported by the TSE on the day when the request to sell becomes effective or (b) if no sale has taken place on the TSE on that day, then the price at which sale of shares is effected on such stock exchange immediately thereafter.

Voting Rights of a Holder of Shares Representing Less than One Unit

A holder of shares representing less than one unit cannot exercise any voting rights pertaining to those shares. In calculating the quorum for various voting purposes, the aggregate number of shares representing less than one unit will be excluded from the number of outstanding shares. A holder of shares representing one or more whole units will have one vote for each whole unit represented.

A holder of shares representing less than one unit does not have any rights relating to voting, such as the right to participate in a demand for the resignation of a director, the right to participate in a demand for the convocation of a general meeting of shareholders and the right to join with other shareholders to propose an agenda item to be addressed at a general meeting of shareholders.

However, a holder of shares constituting less than one unit has all other rights of a shareholder in respect of those shares, including the following rights:

•	to receive annual and interim dividends,
•	to receive cash or other assets in case of consolidation or split of shares, exchange or transfer of shares or corporate merger,
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•	to be allotted rights to subscribe for free for new shares when such rights are granted to shareholders, and
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•	to participate in any distribution of surplus assets upon liquidation.
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Ordinary and Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders

The Company normally holds its ordinary general meeting of shareholders in March of each year in Ohta-ku, Tokyo or in a neighboring area. In addition, the Company may hold an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders whenever necessary by giving at least two weeks advance notice. Under the Companies Act of Japan, notice of any shareholders’ meeting must be given to each shareholder having voting rights or, in the case of a non-resident shareholder, to his resident proxy or mailing address in Japan in accordance with the Company’s Regulations for Handling of Shares, at least two weeks prior to the date of the meeting. The notice of a general shareholders’ meeting will set forth the information in the reference materials for a general shareholders’ meeting being provided through electronic provision measures and the URL of the website used for the provision of such information, as well as the place, the time and the purpose of the meeting. The information

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in the reference materials for a general shareholders’ meeting must be posted on a website from the earlier of the date three weeks prior to the date set for the meeting or the date on which the notice of the meeting is dispatched until the date on which three months have elapsed from the meeting. In general, any shareholder is entitled to request printed paper copies of the information in the reference materials for a general shareholders’ meeting by the record date for voting rights of the relevant general shareholders’ meeting.

Voting Rights

A shareholder is generally entitled to one vote per one unit of shares as described in this paragraph and under “Japanese Unit Share System” above. In general, under the Companies Act of Japan, a resolution can be adopted at a general meeting of shareholders by a majority of the shares having voting rights represented at the meeting. The Companies Act of Japan and the Company’s Articles of Incorporation require a quorum for the election of directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members of not less than one-third of the total number of outstanding shares having voting rights. The Company’s shareholders are not entitled to cumulative voting in the election of Directors. A corporate shareholder whose outstanding shares are in turn more than one-quarter directly or indirectly owned by the Company does not have voting rights. Shareholders may exercise their voting rights through proxies, provided that those proxies are also shareholders who have voting rights.

Pursuant to the Companies Act of Japan and the Company’s Articles of Incorporation, a quorum of not less than one-third of the outstanding shares with voting rights must be present at a shareholders’ meeting to approve any material corporate actions such as:

•	a reduction of stated capital,
•	amendment of the Articles of Incorporation (except amendments which the Board of Directors are authorized to make under the Companies Act of Japan as described in “Stock Splits“ and “Japanese Unit Share System“ above),
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•	the removal of an Audit & Supervisory Board Member,
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•	establishment of a 100% parent-subsidiary relationship by way of share exchange or share transfer,
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•	establishment of a parent-subsidiary relationship by way of share delivery,
---	---
•	a dissolution, merger or consolidation,
---	---
•	a corporate separation,
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•	the transfer of the whole or an important part of the Company’s business,
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•	the transfer of the whole or a part of the Company’s equity interests in any of the Company’s significant subsidiaries which meets certain requirements,
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•	the taking over of the whole of the business of any other corporation,
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•	any issuance of new shares at a “specially favorable” price, stock acquisition rights (<br>shinkabu yoyakuken<br>) with “specially favorable” conditions or bonds with stock acquisition rights (<br>shinkabu yoyakuken-tsuki shasai<br>) with “specially favorable” conditions to persons other than shareholders,
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•	distribution of Surplus in kind with respect to which shareholders are not granted the right to require the Company to make such distribution in cash instead of in kind,
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•	purchase of shares by the Company from a specific shareholder other than its subsidiaries,
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•	consolidation of shares, and
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•	discharge of a portion of liabilities of Directors, Audit & Supervisory Board Members or independent auditors that are owed to the Company.
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At least two-thirds of the outstanding shares having voting rights present at the meeting is required to approve these actions.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are exercised by the depositary based on instructions from those holders.

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Subscription Rights

Holders of shares have no pre-emptive rights. Authorized but unissued shares may be issued at such times and upon such terms as the board of directors determines, subject to the limitations as to the issue of new shares at a “specially favorable” price mentioned in “Voting Rights” above. The board of directors may, however, determine that shareholders be given subscription rights to new shares, in which case they must be given on uniform terms to all shareholders as of a record date with not less than two weeks prior public notice. Each of the shareholders to whom such rights are given must also be given at least two weeks prior notice of the date on which such rights will expire.

Stock Acquisition Rights

The Company may issue stock acquisition rights or bonds with stock acquisition rights (in relation to which the stock acquisition rights are undetachable). Except where the issue would be on “specially favorable” conditions mentioned in “Voting Rights” above, the issue of stock acquisition rights or bonds with stock acquisition rights may be authorized by a resolution of the board of directors. Subject to the terms and conditions thereof, holders of stock acquisition rights may acquire a prescribed number of shares by exercising their stock acquisition rights and paying the exercise price at any time during the exercise period thereof. Upon exercise of stock acquisition rights, the Company will be obliged to either issue the relevant number of new shares or transfer the necessary number of existing shares held by it as treasury stock to the holder. The entitlements accorded to stock acquisition rights attached to bonds are substantially similar to those accorded to stock acquisition rights issued without being attached to bonds, provided that, if so determined by the board of directors at the time of its resolution authorizing the issue of the relevant bonds with stock acquisition rights, then, upon exercise of the stock acquisition rights, their exercise price will be deemed to have been paid by the holder thereof to the Company in lieu of the Company redeeming the relevant bonds.

Liquidation Rights

In the event of liquidation, the assets remaining after payment of all debts, liquidation expenses and taxes will be distributed among the shareholders in proportion to the number of shares they own.

Liability to Further Calls or Assessments

All of the Company’s currently outstanding shares, including shares represented by the ADSs, are fully paid and nonassessable.

Share Registrar

Mizuho Trust & Banking Co., Ltd. (“Mizuho Trust”) is the share registrar for the Company’s shares. Mizuho Trust’s office is located at 1-3-3, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Under the clearing system, Mizuho Trust maintains the Company’s register of shareholders and records transfers of record ownership upon the Company’s receipt of necessary information from JASDEC and other information in the register of shareholders, as described under “Record Date” below.

Record Date

The close of business on December 31 is the record date for the Company’s year-end dividends, if paid. June 30 is the record date for interim dividends, if paid. A holder of shares constituting one or more whole units who is registered as a holder on the Company’s register of shareholders at the close of business as of December 31 is also entitled to exercise shareholders’ voting rights at the ordinary general meeting of shareholders with respect to the fiscal year ending on December 31. In addition, the Company may set a record date for determining the shareholders entitled to other rights and for other purposes by giving at least two weeks prior public notice.

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Under the Book-Entry Law, the Company is required to give notice of each record date to JASDEC at least two weeks prior to such record date. JASDEC is required to promptly give the Company notice of the names and addresses of the Company’s shareholders, the numbers of shares held by them and other relevant information as of such record date.

The shares generally trade ex-dividend or ex-rights in the Japanese stock exchanges on the second business day before a record date (or if the record date is not a business day, the third business day prior thereto), for the purpose of dividends or rights offerings.

Repurchase by the Company of Shares

Under the Companies Act of Japan, the Company may acquire its shares (i) by soliciting all shareholders to offer to sell its shares held by them (in this case, the certain terms of such acquisition, such as the total number of the shares to be purchased and the total amount of the consideration, shall be set by an ordinary resolution of a general meeting of shareholders in advance, and acquisition shall be effected pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors), (ii) from a specific shareholder other than any of the Company’s subsidiaries (pursuant to a special resolution of a general meeting of shareholders), (iii) from any of the Company’s subsidiaries (pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors), or (iv) by way of purchase on any Japanese stock exchange on which the Company’s shares are listed by way of tender offer (in either case pursuant to a resolution of the board directors). In the case of (ii) above, if the purchase price or any other consideration to be received by the relevant specific shareholder exceeds the then market price of the Company’s shares calculated in a manner set forth in the ordinances of the Ministry of Justice, any other shareholder may make a request to a representative director to be included as a seller in the proposed acquisition by the Company.

The total amount of the purchase price of the Company’s shares may not exceed the Distributable Amount, as described in “Restriction on Distributions of Surplus” above.

In addition, the Company may acquire its shares by means of repurchase of any number of shares constituting less than one unit upon the request of the holder of those shares, as described under “Japanese Unit Share System” above.

Right of Controlling Shareholder Representing 90 Per Cent or More of Shares to Request Other Shareholders to Sell All Shares

A shareholder holding, directly or indirectly, 90 per cent or more of the voting rights of the Company’s shares has the right to request, subject to approval by the Company’s Board of Directors, that the other shareholders and (if the controlling shareholder so determines) all holders of stock acquisition rights of the Company sell to the controlling shareholder all shares and all stock acquisition rights, as the case may be, held by them. In the above case, the Company will be required to give public notice thereof to all holders and registered pledgees of shares (and stock acquisition rights, as the case may be) not later than 20 days prior to the effective date of such sales.

C. Material contracts

All contracts concluded by the Company during the two years preceding the date of this annual report were entered into in the ordinary course of business.

D. Exchange controls

The summary is not intended to be an exhaustive analysis of the notification or reporting requirements under Japanese foreign exchange regulations. Potential investors should consult their own legal advisors on the consequences of the acquisition of shares of the Company or voting rights of the Company’s shares.

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(a) Information with respect to Japanese exchange regulations affecting the Company’s security holders is as follows:

The Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law of Japan and the cabinet orders and ministerial ordinances thereunder (the “Foreign Exchange Regulations”) govern certain aspects relating to the issuance of securities by the Company and the acquisition and holding of such securities of the Company and voting rights of the Company’s shares and certain exercise of voting rights of the Company’s shares by “non-residents of Japan” and by “foreign investors”, as hereinafter defined.

“Non-residents of Japan” are defined as individuals who are not resident in Japan and corporations whose principal offices are located outside Japan. Generally, branches and other offices of Japanese corporations located outside Japan are regarded as non-residents of Japan, while branches and other offices located within Japan of non-resident corporations are regarded as residents of Japan. “Foreign investors” are defined to be (i) individuals not resident in Japan, (ii) corporations which are organized under the laws of foreign countries or whose principal offices are located outside Japan, (iii) corporations of which 50% or more of the shares are held by (i) and / or (ii) above, (iv) partnerships or limited partnerships engaging in investment business of which (a) 50% or more of the total contributions are made by (i), (ii), (iii) above and/or (v) below or any other persons prescribed under the Foreign Exchange Regulations or (b) a majority of the general partners are (i), (ii), (iii) above and/or (v) below or any other persons prescribed under the Foreign Exchange Regulations and (v) corporations in respect of which (a) a majority of the officers are non-resident individuals or (b) a majority of the officers having the power to represent the corporation are non-resident individuals.

Issuance of Securities by the Company

Under the Foreign Exchange Regulations, the issue of securities outside Japan by the Company is, in principle, not subject to a prior notification requirement, but subject to a post reporting requirement of the Minister of Finance. Under the Foreign Exchange Regulations as currently in effect, payments of principal, premium and interest in respect of securities and any additional amounts payable pursuant to the terms thereof may in general be paid when made without any restrictions under the Foreign Exchange Regulations.

Acquisition of Shares

In general, the acquisition of shares of stock of a Japanese company listed on any Japanese stock exchange by a non-resident of Japan from a resident of Japan is not subject to a prior notification requirement other than those relating to an “inward direct investment”, as hereinafter described.

Description of Inward Direct Investment

In the case where a foreign investor acquires listed shares or voting rights of a Japanese listed company (whether from a resident or a non-resident of Japan, from another foreign investor or from or through a designated securities company) and as a result of such acquisition the number of shares or voting rights held, directly or indirectly, by such foreign investor would become 1% or more of the total outstanding shares or the total number of voting rights of the Company, such acquisition generally constitutes an inward direct investment. In the case where a foreign investor acquires the authority to exercise, either directly or through instructions, voting rights of a Japanese listed company held by other shareholders and as a result of such acquisition the total number of voting rights held by such foreign investor would become 1% or more of the total number of voting rights of the Company, such acquisition generally constitutes an inward direct investment. In the case where a foreign investor manages, on a discretionary basis, shares or voting rights of a Japanese listed company and in combination with any existing management, directly or indirectly manages 1% or more of the total outstanding shares or the total number of voting rights of the Company, such discretionary investment management generally constitutes an inward direct investment.

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In addition, in the case where a foreign investor directly or indirectly holding 1% or more of the total number of voting rights of a Japanese listed company and, at a general meeting of shareholders, consents to certain proposals having a material influence on the management of the Company such as the (a) election of such foreign investor or any of its related persons (as prescribed in the Foreign Exchange Regulations) as a director or corporate auditor of the Company or (b) transfer or discontinuation of its business, such consent will also constitute an inward direct investment. Additionally, in the case where a foreign investor (a) has been granted the authority to exercise voting rights on behalf of other shareholders of a Japanese listed company regarding certain matters controlling or having a material influence on the management of such company, such as the election or removal of directors, or (b) has obtained consent from other foreign investors holding the voting rights of the Company to exercise the voting rights of such company held by such other foreign investors jointly, and, in each case, as a result of these arrangements, the number of the voting rights directly or indirectly held by the foreign investor, including the total number of the voting rights subject to such proxy, or the sum of the number of the voting rights directly or indirectly held by the foreign investor and such other foreign investors subject to such joint voting agreement, as the case may be, is 10% or more of the total number of voting rights of the relevant company, such arrangement regarding voting rights (hereinafter referred to as a “voting arrangement”) generally constitutes an inward direct investment.

In each case above, if there are other foreign investors with whom the foreign investor has a special relationship as prescribed in the Foreign Exchange Regulations, the shares or voting rights held by such other foreign investors will be included in the relevant number.

Prior Notification Requirements for Inward Direct Investment

If a foreign investor intends to acquire, or manage on a discretionary basis, shares or voting rights of a Japanese listed company, or to acquire the authority to exercise, either directly or through instructions, voting rights held by other shareholders and such activity constitutes an inward direct investment as described above, such foreign investor shall file a prior notification with the Minister of Finance and any other competent Ministers, unless otherwise exempted under the Foreign Exchange Regulations. The conditions for the exemption from the prior notification requirement for an acquisition or management on a discretionary basis of shares or voting rights of, or an acquisition of the authority to exercise, either directly or through instructions, voting rights of, a Japanese listed company that is engaged in certain business as designated by the Foreign Exchange Regulations (the “Designated Businesses”) other than certain Designated Business designated by the Foreign Exchange Regulations as a core sector business (the “Core Sector Businesses”) are as follows (the “Exemption Conditions”):

(a) the foreign investor or its related persons will not become directors or corporate auditors of the Company;

(b) the foreign investor will not make certain proposals (as prescribed in the Foreign Exchange Regulations) at the general meeting of shareholders, including transfer or discontinuation of the Designated Businesses of the Company; and

(c) the foreign investor will not access non-public technical information in relation to the Designated Businesses of the relevant company, or take certain other actions that may lead to the leakage of such non-public technical information (as prescribed in the Foreign Exchange Regulations).

In the case of an acquisition or management on a discretionary basis of shares or voting rights of, or an acquisition of the authority to exercise, either directly or through instructions, voting rights of, a Japanese listed company that is engaged in the Core Sector Businesses, the foreign investor may be exempted from the prior notification requirement, if, as a result of such acquisition, the foreign investor, in combination with any existing holdings, directly or indirectly holds less than 10% of the total number of outstanding shares or voting rights of

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the Company and such foreign investor complies with the Exemption Conditions and the following additional conditions:

(a) the foreign investor will not attend, or not cause any persons designated by it to attend, meetings of the Company’s board of directors, or meetings of committees having authority to make important decisions, in respect of the Core Sector Businesses of the Company; and

(b) the foreign investor will not make, or not cause any persons designated by it to make, proposals to such board or committees or their members in writing or electronic form requesting any response or actions by certain deadlines in respect of the Core Sector Businesses of the Company.

Notwithstanding the above, if a foreign investor falls under a category of disqualified investors designated by the Foreign Exchange Regulations (including (a) investors who have records of certain sanctions due to violations of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law and (b) certain investors that are state-owned enterprises or other related entities that are not otherwise accredited by the Minister of Finance), such foreign investor may not be eligible for the exemptions described above. On the other hand, if a foreign investor falls under a category of certain foreign financial institutions (as prescribed in the Foreign Exchange Regulations) and complies with the Exemption Conditions, such foreign investor may be eligible for the exemptions described above, even if the acquisition results in such foreign investor’s directly or indirectly holding 10% or more of the total number of outstanding shares or voting rights of the Company engaged in the Core Sector Businesses.

In addition, if a foreign investor intends to consent to a proposal at the general meeting of shareholders of a Japanese listed company engaged in the Designated Businesses or to make a voting arrangement with respect to such company, in each case, that constitutes an inward direct investment as described above, prior notification of the relevant inward direct investment shall be filed with the Minister of Finance and any other competent Ministers in certain circumstances. In such cases, the exemptions from the prior notification requirements described above may not be available, except for cases where the relevant voting arrangement is a joint voting agreement with other foreign investors to exercise voting rights regarding matters other than certain matters with respect to controlling or having a material influence on the management of the relevant company.

If such prior notification is filed, the proposed inward direct investment may not be consummated prior to the lapse of 30 days after the date of filing during which time the competent Ministers will review the proposed inward direct investment, although this screening period may be shortened to two weeks by such Ministers if they no longer deem it necessary to review the proposed inward direct investment. The Ministers may extend the screening period up to five months if they deem it necessary to continue to review the proposed inward direct investment, may recommend any modification or abandonment of the proposed inward direct investment and, if the foreign investor does not accept such recommendation, the Ministers may order the modification or abandonment of such inward direct investment. In addition, if the Ministers consider that the proposed inward direct investment is likely to cause damage to the national security of Japan, to interfere with the maintenance of public order or to pose an obstacle to the preservation of public safety, and, if a foreign investor (a) consummates such inward direct investment without filing the prior notification described above; (b) consummates such inward direct investment before the expiration of the screening period described above; (c) in connection with such inward direct investment, makes false statements in the prior notification described above; or (d) does not follow the recommendation or order issued by the Ministers to modify or abandon such inward direct investment, the Ministers may order such foreign investor to divest all or part of the shares acquired or take other measures.

Post-fact Reporting Requirements for Inward Direct Investment

A foreign investor who consummates an inward direct investment as described above through an acquisition, or management on a discretionary basis, of shares or voting rights of, or through an acquisition the authority to exercise, directly or through instructions, voting rights of, a Japanese listed company that is engaged in the Designated Businesses, but is not subject to the prior notification requirements described above due to the

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exemptions from such prior notification requirements, in general, must file a report of the relevant inward direct investment with the Minister of Finance and any other competent Ministers within 45 days of the date when, as a result of such acquisition, the foreign investor, in combination with any existing holdings, directly or indirectly holds (a) 1% or more but less than 3% of the total number of issued shares or voting rights, for the first time, (b) 3% or more but less than 10% of the total number of issued shares or voting rights, for the first time, or (c) 10% or more of the total number of issued shares or voting rights (excluding, in the cases of (a) and (b) above, a foreign investor who falls under a category of certain foreign financial institutions (as prescribed in the Foreign Exchange Regulations)). In addition, if a foreign investor consummates the inward direct investment described above through the acquisition of shares or voting rights of, or the authority to exercise, directly or through instructions, voting rights of, a Japanese listed company that is not engaged in the Designated Businesses (which is not subject to the prior notification requirements described above) and, as a result of such inward direct investment, the number of shares or voting rights held, directly or indirectly, by such foreign investor would become 10% or more of the total outstanding shares or the total number of voting rights of the Company,, such foreign investor must file a report of the relevant inward direct investment with the Minister of Finance and any other competent Ministers within 45 days of such inward direct investment.

In addition, if a foreign investor consummates the inward direct investment described above through a voting arrangement with respect to a Japanese listed company that is not engaged in the Designated Businesses (which is not subject to the prior notification requirements described above), such foreign investor must file a report of the relevant inward direct investment with the Minister of Finance and any other competent Ministers having jurisdiction over such Japanese company within 45 days of such inward direct investment.

Dividends and Proceeds of Sales

Under the Foreign Exchange Regulations currently in effect, dividends paid on, and the proceeds of sale in Japan of, the shares held by non-residents of Japan may be converted into any foreign currency and repatriated abroad. The acquisition of shares by non-resident shareholders by way of stock splits is not subject to any of the aforesaid notification or reporting requirements.

(b) Reporting of Substantial Shareholdings:

The Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan requires any person who has become, beneficially and solely or jointly, a holder of more than 5% of the total outstanding voting shares of capital stock of a company listed on any Japanese stock exchange to file with the relevant Local Finance Bureau of the Minister of Finance within five business days a report concerning such share ownership. A similar report must also be made in respect of any subsequent change of 1% or more in any such holding or any change in material set out in a previously filed report. For this purpose, shares with exercisable rights for subscription of shares held by such holder are taken into account in determining both the size of a holding and a company’s total outstanding share capital.

E. Taxation

Taxation in Japan

Generally, a non-resident of Japan or non-Japanese corporation (a “Non-Resident Holder”) is subject to Japanese withholding tax on dividends paid by Japanese corporations. Stock splits are not subject to Japanese income tax. A conversion of retained earnings or legal reserve (but not additional paid-in capital, in general) into stated capital (whether made in connection with a stock split or otherwise) is not treated as a deemed dividend payment to shareholders for Japanese tax purposes. Thus, such a conversion does not trigger Japanese withholding taxation. (Article 2 (16) of the Japanese Corporation Tax Law and Article 8 (1) (xiii) of the Japanese Corporation Tax Law Enforcement Order).

Pursuant to the Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on

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Income (the “Treaty”), dividend payments made by a Japanese corporation to a U.S. resident or corporation, unless the recipient of the dividend has a “permanent establishment” in Japan and the shares or ADSs with respect to which such dividends are paid are effectively connected with such “permanent establishment,” are generally subject to a withholding tax at rate of: (1) 10% for portfolio investors who are qualified U.S. residents eligible for benefits of the Treaty; and (2) 0% ( i.e. , no withholding) for pension funds which are qualified U.S. residents eligible for benefits of the Treaty, provided that the dividends are not derived from the carrying on of a business, directly or indirectly, by such pension funds. Japan is a party to a number of income tax treaties, conventions and agreements, (collectively “Tax Treaties”), whereby the maximum withholding tax rate for dividend payments is set at, in most cases, 15% for portfolio investors who are Non-Resident Holders. Specific countries with which such Tax Treaties have been entered into include Canada, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway, and Singapore. Japan’s income tax treaties with Australia, Belgium, France, The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom have been amended to generally reduce the maximum withholding tax rate to 10%. Japan’s income tax treaty with Spain has been amended to generally reduce the maximum withholding tax rate to 5%. Japan signed the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (the “MLI”). The tax treaties with Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, The Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, France, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Malaysia, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, The People’s Republic of China, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom are partly overridden by the MLI as of January 1, 2023.

On the other hand, unless one of the applicable Tax Treaties reducing the maximum rate of withholding tax applies, the standard tax rate applicable to dividends paid with respect to listed shares before 2037, such as those paid by the Company on shares or ADSs, to Non-Resident Holders is 15.315% under the Japanese Income Tax Law, except for dividends paid to any individual shareholder who holds 3% or more of the issued shares, in which case the applicable rate is 20.42% (Article 182(ii) of the Japanese Income Tax Law and Article 9-3(1)(i) of the Japanese Special Tax Measures Law, including its relevant temporary provision for these withholding rates).

In order to enjoy a lower treaty rate, the taxpayer must file a treaty application in advance with the Company. Gains derived from the sale outside Japan of Japanese corporations’ shares or ADSs by Non-Resident Holders, or from the sale of Japanese corporations’ shares or ADSs within Japan by a non-resident of Japan as an occasional transaction or by a non-Japanese corporation not having a permanent establishment in Japan, are generally not subject to Japanese income or corporation taxes, provided that the seller is a portfolio investor. Japanese inheritance and gift taxes at progressive rates may apply to an individual who has acquired Japanese corporations’ shares or ADSs as a distributee, legatee or donee.

Taxation in the United States

The following is a discussion of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of the Company shares or ADSs to the U.S. holders described below, but it does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to acquire, hold or dispose of such securities. The discussion does not address the potential application of the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) known as the “Medicare contribution tax” or any alternative minimum tax consequences. The discussion applies only if a U.S. holder holds the Company shares or ADSs as capital assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes and it does not address special classes of holders, such as:

•	certain financial institutions;
•	insurance companies;
---	---
•	dealers and traders in securities or foreign currencies;
---	---
•	persons holding the Company shares or ADSs as part of a straddle, conversion, other integrated transaction or other similar transaction;
---	---
•	persons whose functional currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;
---	---

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•	partnerships or other entities classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
•	tax-exempt<br> entities;
---	---
•	persons holding the Company shares or ADSs that own or are deemed to own 10% or more of the Company stock, by vote or by value;
---	---
•	persons who acquired the Company shares or ADSs pursuant to the exercise of any employee stock option or otherwise as compensation; or
---	---
•	persons holding the Company shares or ADSs in connection with trade or business conducted outside of the United States.
---	---

This discussion is based on the Code, administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions, final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations and the Treaty, all as of the date hereof. These laws are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. An investor should consult its own tax adviser concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of owning and disposing of the Company shares or ADSs in its particular circumstances.

As used herein, a “U.S. holder” is a beneficial owner of the Company shares or ADSs that is eligible for the benefits of the Treaty and is, for U.S. federal tax purposes:

•	a citizen or individual resident of the United States;
•	a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia; or
---	---
•	an estate or trust the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source.
---	---

If an entity that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds the Company shares or ADSs, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding the Company shares or ADSs and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of holding and disposing of the Company shares or ADSs.

In general, if a U.S. holder owns ADSs, it will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as the owner of the underlying shares represented by those ADSs. Accordingly, no gain or loss will be recognized if a U.S. holder exchanges ADSs for the underlying shares represented by those ADSs.

Recently released Treasury Regulations (“the Foreign Tax Credit Regulations”) may in some circumstances prohibit a U.S. person from claiming a foreign tax credit with respect to certain non-U.S. taxes that are not creditable under applicable income tax treaties. Accordingly, U.S. investors that are not eligible for Treaty benefits should consult their tax advisers regarding the creditability or deductibility of any Japanese taxes imposed on dividends on, or dispositions of, Company Shares or ADSs. The discussions below regarding the creditability of any Japanese taxes do not address the foreign tax credit consequences to holders of Company Shares or ADSs that do not qualify for the benefits of the Treaty.

This discussion assumes that the Company was not a passive foreign investment company for 2022, as described below.

Taxation of Distributions

Distributions paid on the Company shares or ADSs, other than certain pro rata distributions of common shares, to the extent paid out of the Company’s current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles) will be treated as dividends for U.S. tax purposes. Because the Company does not maintain calculations of its earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, it is expected that distributions will be reported to U.S. holders as dividends. The amount of a dividend will include any amounts withheld by the Company or its paying agent in respect of Japanese taxes. The amount of the dividend will be

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treated as foreign-source dividend income and will generally not be eligible for the dividends-received deductions allowed to U.S. corporations. Subject to applicable limitations that may vary depending upon a U.S. holder’s individual circumstances, dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. holders will be taxable at the favorable rates applicable to long-term capital gains. Non-corporate U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisers to determine whether they are subject to any special rules that limit their ability to be taxed at these favorable rates.

Dividends paid in Japanese yen will be included in a U.S. holder’s income in a U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of receipt of the dividend by the U.S. holder, in the case of the Company shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars at that time. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. holder generally should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. A U.S. holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt.

Japanese income taxes withheld from cash dividends on the Company shares or ADSs at a rate not exceeding the rate provided by the Treaty will be creditable against a U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, subject to applicable limitations that may vary depending upon such U.S. holder’s circumstances. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex, and a U.S. holder should consult its own tax adviser regarding the availability of foreign tax credits in its particular circumstances. Instead of claiming a credit, a U.S. holder may, at its election, deduct such Japanese taxes in computing its income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. federal income tax law.

Sale or Other Disposition of the Company Shares or ADSs

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, gain or loss a U.S. holder realizes on the sale or other disposition of the Company shares or ADSs will be capital gain or loss, and will be long-term capital gain or loss if such holder held the Company shares or ADSs for more than one year. The amount of a U.S. holder’s gain or loss will be equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar amount realized on the disposition and the U.S. holder’s U.S. dollar tax basis in the Company shares or ADSs that were disposed of. Such gain or loss will generally be U.S.-source gain or loss for foreign tax credit purposes. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitation.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

The Company believes that it was not a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes for its 2022 fiscal year. However, since PFIC status depends upon the composition of the Company’s income and assets and the market value of its assets (including, among others, goodwill and equity investments in less than 25% owned entities) from time to time, there can be no assurance that the Company will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. If the Company were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder owned the Company shares or ADSs, certain adverse tax consequences could apply to such U.S. holder.

If the Company were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder owned the Company shares or ADSs, gain recognized by a U.S. holder on the sale or other disposition, including certain pledges, of the Company shares or ADSs would be allocated ratably over its holding period for such securities. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of the sale or other disposition and to any year before the Company became a PFIC would be taxed as ordinary income. The amount allocated to each other taxable year would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect in such taxable year for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, and an interest charge would be imposed on the tax liability attributable to such allocated amounts. Further, any distribution in respect of the Company shares or ADSs in excess of 125% of the average of the annual distributions on such securities received by a U.S. holder during the preceding three years or its holding period, whichever is shorter, would be subject to taxation as described immediately above. Certain elections (including a mark-to-market

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election) may be available to a U.S. holder that would result in alternative tax treatments. However, it is unclear whether a mark-to-market election could be available to a U.S. Holder of ADSs following the delisting of the Company’s ADSs from the New York Stock Exchange. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers to determine whether any of these elections would be available and, if so, what the consequences of the alternative treatments would be in their particular circumstances.

In addition, if the Company were a PFIC or, with respect to a particular U.S. holder, were treated as a PFIC in a taxable year in which it pays a dividend or the prior taxable year, the favorable tax rates discussed above with respect to dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. holders would not apply.

If the Company were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. holder owned the Company shares or ADSs, the U.S. holder would generally be required to file IRS Form 8621 with its annual U.S. federal income tax return, subject to certain exceptions.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries generally are subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding unless the U.S. holder is a corporation or other exempt recipient or, in the case of backup withholding, the U.S. holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. holder will be allowed as a credit against such holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle it to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.

Certain U.S. holders who are individuals may be required to report information relating to stock of a non-U.S. person, generally on IRS Form 8938, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for stock held in custodial accounts maintained by a U.S. financial institution). U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisers regarding the effect, if any, of this requirement on their tax reporting obligations.

F. Dividends and paying agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on display

Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), the Company is subject to requirements information disclosure. The Company files various reports and other information, including Form 20-F and Annual Reports, with the SEC and (prior to its delisting) the NYSE.

Form 20-F is available at the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, Retrieval system (“EDGAR”) website which is maintained by the Securities Exchange Commission.

SEC Home Page:

https://www.sec.gov

I. Subsidiary information

Not applicable.

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J. Annual report to security holders

Not applicable.

Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market risk exposures

Canon is exposed to market risks, including changes in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and prices of marketable securities and investments. In order to hedge the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, Canon uses derivative financial instruments.

Equity price risk

Canon holds marketable securities included in current assets, which consist generally of highly-liquid and low-risk instruments. Investments included in noncurrent assets are held as long-term investments. Canon does not hold marketable securities and investments for trading purposes.

Maturities and fair values of such marketable securities and investments with original maturities of more than three months were as follows at December 31, 2022.

	2022
	Fair value
	(Millions of yen)
Fund trusts and others		638
Equity securities		21,770
		22,408

Foreign currency exchange rate and interest rate risk

Canon operates internationally, exposing it to the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Derivative financial instruments are comprised principally of foreign currency exchange contracts utilized by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries to reduce the risk. Canon assesses foreign currency exchange rate risk by continually monitoring changes in the exposures and by evaluating hedging opportunities. Canon does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading purposes. Canon is also exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments, but it is not expected that any counterparties will fail to meet their obligations. Most of the counterparties are internationally recognized financial institutions and selected by Canon taking into account their financial condition, and contracts are diversified across a number of major financial institutions.

Canon’s international operations expose Canon to the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Canon uses foreign exchange contracts to manage certain foreign currency exchange exposures principally from the exchange of U.S. dollars and euros into Japanese yen. These contracts are primarily used to hedge the foreign currency exposure of forecasted intercompany sales and intercompany trade receivables which are denominated in foreign currencies. In accordance with Canon’s policy, a specific portion of foreign currency exposure resulting from forecasted intercompany sales are hedged using foreign exchange contracts which principally mature within three months.

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The following table provides information about Canon’s major derivative financial instruments related to foreign currency exchange transactions existing as of December 31, 2022. All of the foreign exchange contracts described in the following table have a contractual maturity date in 2023.

	U.S.
	(Millions of yen)
Forwards to sell foreign currencies:
Contract amounts			74,266		17,716		149,080
Estimated fair value			856		483		2,093
Forwards to buy foreign currencies:
Contract amounts			1,070		7,999		26,224
Estimated fair value		)	(9	)	(316	)	(640	)

All values are in US Dollars.

Canon expects that fair value changes and cash flows resulting from reasonable near-term changes in interest rates will be immaterial. Accordingly, Canon believes interest rate risk is insignificant. See also Note 9 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments designated as cash flow hedges, including foreign exchange contracts associated with forecasted intercompany sales, are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). These amounts are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the same period as the hedged items affect earnings. All amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of December 31, 2022 are expected to be recognized in net sales over the next twelve months. Changes in the fair value of a foreign exchange contract for the period between the date that the forecasted intercompany sales occur and its maturity date are recognized in earnings.

Canon has entered into certain foreign currency exchange contracts to manage its foreign currency exposures. These foreign currency exchange contracts have not been designated as hedges. Accordingly, the changes in fair values of these contracts are recorded in earnings immediately.

Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

A. Debt securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and rights

Not applicable.

C. Other securities

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

(a)	Depositing or substituting the underlying shares

$5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or portion thereof)

(b)	Receiving or distributing dividends

Not applicable.

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(c)	Selling or exercising rights

Upon the distribution or sale of Canon’s ADSs, a holder of American Depositary Receipts is required to pay a commission fee of $5.00 to the depositary for each 100 ADSs (or part of the 100 ADSs) for this transaction.

(d)	Withdrawing an underlying security

$5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or portion thereof)

(e)	Transferring, splitting or grouping receipts

Not applicable.

(f)	General depositary services, particularly those charged on an annual basis

Not applicable.

(g)	Expenses of the depositary

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

None.

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 15. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Canon’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and Canon’s management, including its chief executive officer and chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of Canon’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act as of December 31, 2022. Based on this evaluation, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, Canon’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The management of Canon is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act, as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of Canon; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of Canon are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of Canon; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of Canon’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because there are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Canon’s management assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, management used the criteria established in Internal Control–Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”).

Based on its assessment, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, Canon’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.

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Canon’s independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLC, has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of Canon’s internal control over financial reporting. This report appears in Item 18.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in Canon’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert

Canon’s Audit & Supervisory Board has determined that Hiroshi Yoshida is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by the rules of the SEC. Hiroshi Yoshida has considerable experience and advanced expert knowledge in corporate accounting gained thorough his longstanding practice as a certified public accountant. Hiroshi Yoshida was elected as one of Canon’s Outside Audit & Supervisory Board Members at an ordinary general meeting of shareholders held in March 2017 and was reelected in March 2021. Hiroshi Yoshida met the independence requirements imposed on Audit & Supervisory Board Members as set forth by Japanese legal provisions.

Item 16B. Code of Ethics

Canon maintains a “Canon Group Code of Conduct” or Code of Conduct, applicable to all executives and employees. The Code of Conduct sets forth provisions relating to honest and ethical conduct (including the handling of conflicts of interest), compliance with applicable laws, rules and regulations and accountability for adherence to the provisions of the Code of Conduct. The Board of Directors maintains a “Code of Ethics” as a supplement to the Code of Conduct. This Code of Ethics applies to Canon’s President and Chief Executive Officer, each member of the Board of Directors (which includes the Chief Financial Officer) and general managers belonging to Canon’s accounting headquarters. The Code of Ethics requires full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that Canon files with or submits to the SEC and in Canon’s other communications with the public, prompt internal reporting of violations of the Code of Conduct or Code of Ethics, and accountability for adherence to their provisions. Both the Code of Conduct and the Code of Ethics have been filed as exhibits.

Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Policy on Pre-Approval of Audit and Non-Audit Services of Independent Auditors

Canon’s Audit & Supervisory Board consisting of five members, including three outside auditors, is responsible for the oversight of the services of its independent registered public accounting firm. The Audit & Supervisory Board has established Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures for Audit and Non-Audit Services. These policies and procedures govern the Audit & Supervisory Board’s review and approval of the board of director’s engagement of Canon’s independent registered public accounting firm to render audit or non-audit services. Non-audit services include audit-related services, tax services and other services, as described in greater detail below under “Fees and Services.” Canon and any affiliate controlled by Canon directly, indirectly or through one or more intermediaries must follow these policies and procedures before any engagement of Canon’s independent registered public accounting firm for U.S. securities law reporting purposes.

The policies and procedures stipulate three means by which audit and non-audit services may be pre-approved, depending on the content of and the fee for the services.

•	All services provided to Canon necessary to perform an annual audit or review to comply with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), in any jurisdiction, including tax services and accounting consultation necessary to comply with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) in those jurisdictions, and any engagement of

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an Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm for any audit or <br>non-audit<br> service involving estimated fees exceeding ¥10,000,000 per single engagement must be <br>pre-approved<br> by the majority of Audit & Supervisory Board.
•	Certain other services may be <br>pre-approved<br> under detailed categories of audit and <br>non-audit<br> services established annually by the Audit & Supervisory Board, as long as those services do not exceed specified maximum yen limits for aggregate fees relating to each of those categories. Any engagement of an Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm by this means must be reported to the Audit & Supervisory Board at its next regularly scheduled meeting.
---	---
•	For services that are not covered by the above two means of <br>pre-approval,<br> the Audit & Supervisory Board has delegated <br>pre-approval<br> authority to any of the standing Audit & Supervisory Board Members of the board. Any engagement of an Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm <br>pre-approved<br> by one of the standing Audit & Supervisory Board Members is required to be reported to the Audit & Supervisory Board at its next regularly scheduled meeting.
---	---

Additional services may be pre-approved by the Audit & Supervisory Board on an individual basis.

No services were provided for which pre-approval was waived pursuant to paragraph (c)(7)(i)(C) of Rule 2-01 of Regulation S-X.

Fees and services

The following table discloses the aggregate fees accrued or paid to Canon’s principal accountant and member firms of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLC in 2022 and 2021 for each of the last two fiscal years and briefly describes the services performed:

	Year ended<br>December 31, 2022
	(Millions of yen)
Audit fees		3,144	3,009
Audit-related fees		41	3
Tax fees		176	160
All other fees		12	129
Total		3,373	3,301

Audit fees include fees billed for professional services rendered for audits of Canon’s annual consolidated financial statements, reviews of consolidated quarterly financial information and statutory audits of the Company and its subsidiaries.

Audit-related fees include fees billed for assurance and related services such as agreed upon procedures on financial or accounting information and attestation to specified items in accordance with local regulations.

Tax fees include fees billed for services related to tax compliance, including the preparation of tax returns, tax advice on general tax matters, transfer pricing compliance, planning and advice, and personal income tax compliance and advisory services, except for persons that are in financial reporting oversight roles.

All other fees include fees billed primarily for services rendered with respect to advisory on business processes, conducting analysis and providing findings regarding the risk management system, and training services.

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Canon is relying on the general exemption contained in Rule 10A-3(c)(3) under the Exchange Act. Because of such reliance, Canon does not have an audit committee which can act independently and satisfy the other requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

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According to Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and NYSE listing standards, which applied to us through Section 303A.06 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual prior to the delisting from the NYSE, Canon’s Audit & Supervisory Board has been identified to act in place of an audit committee. The Audit & Supervisory Board meets the following requirements of the general exemption contained in Rule 10A-3(c)(3):

•	the Audit & Supervisory Board is established pursuant to applicable Japanese law and Canon’s Articles of Incorporation;
•	under Japanese legal requirements, the Audit & Supervisory Board is separate from the board of directors;
---	---
•	the Audit & Supervisory Board is not elected by the management of Canon and no executive officer of Canon is a member of the Audit & Supervisory Board;
---	---
•	Japanese regulations provide for standards for the independence of the Audit & Supervisory Board from the Company and its management;
---	---
•	the Audit & Supervisory Board, in accordance with and to the extent permitted by Japanese law, is responsible for the appointment, retention and oversight of the work of Canon’s external auditors engaged for the purpose of issuing audit reports on Canon’s annual financial statements;
---	---
•	the Audit & Supervisory Board maintains a complaints procedure in accordance with <br>Rule 10A-3(b)(3)<br> of the Exchange Act;
---	---
•	the Audit & Supervisory Board is authorized to engage independent counsel and other advisers, as it deems appropriate; and
---	---
•	the Audit & Supervisory Board is provided with appropriate funding for payment of (i) compensation to Canon’s independent registered public accounting firm engaged for the purpose of issuing audit reports on Canon’s annual financial statements, (ii) compensation to independent counsel and other advisers engaged by the Audit & Supervisory Board, and (iii) ordinary administrative expenses of the Audit & Supervisory Board in carrying out its duties.
---	---

Canon’s reliance on Rule 10A-3(c)(3) does not, in its opinion, materially adversely affect the ability of its Audit & Supervisory Board to act independently and to satisfy the other requirements of Rule 10A-3.

Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

The following table sets forth, for each of the months indicated, the total number of shares purchased by Canon, or on Canon’s behalf or by any affiliated purchaser, the average price paid per share, the number of shares purchased pursuant to the applicable shareholder resolution or board resolution, which are publicly announced, and the maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased pursuant to these shareholder resolutions or board resolutions.

Period	(a) Total number of<br>shares purchased		(b) Average price<br>paid per share		(c) Total number of<br>shares purchased as<br>part of publicly<br>announced plans or		(d) Maximum number of <br>shares that may<br>yet be purchased<br>under the plans or
2022	(Shares)		(Yen)		programs		programs
January 1 - January 31		481		2,788		—		—
February 1 - February 28		364		2,793		—		—
March 1 - March 31		492		2,650		—		—
April 1 - April 30		504		3,011		—		—
May 1 - May 31		15,627,768		3,200		15,626,900		—
June 1 - June 30		353		3,239		—		—
July 1 - July 31		591		3,122		—		—
August 1 - August 31		14,631,506		3,417		14,631,200		—
September 1 <br>-<br> September 30		556		3,310		—		—
October 1 - October 31		210		3,196		—		—
November 1 - November 30		617		3,148		—		—
December 1 - December 31		283		3,125		—		—

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Notes:

(1)	On May 9, 2022, a resolution approved at the meeting of the board directors authorized the Company to acquire to up to 20.0 million shares with an aggregate purchase price of ¥50 billion during the period from May 10, 2022 through August 4, 2022.
(2)	On August 5, 2022, a resolution approved at the meeting of the board directors authorized the Company to acquire to up to 18.0 million shares with an aggregate purchase price of ¥50 billion during the period from August 8, 2022 through October 18, 2022.
---	---

Column (a) represents the total number of shares purchased as fractional shares from fractional shareowners in accordance with the Companies Act of Japan, and the purchase of shares from publicly announced plans which is shown in column (c). During 2022, the Company purchased 5,625 shares for a total purchase price of 17,202,096 yen upon requests from holders of shares consisting less than one full unit.

Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

Not applicable.

Item 16G. Corporate Governance

Significant Differences in Corporate Governance Practices between Canon and U.S. Companies Listed on the NYSE

Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual (the “Manual”) provides that companies listed on the NYSE must comply with certain corporate governance standards. However, foreign private issuers listed on the NYSE (such as Company prior to the delisting of its ADSs) are permitted, with certain exceptions, to follow the laws and practices of their home country in place of the corporate governance practices stipulated under the Manual. In such circumstances, the foreign private issuer is required to disclose the significant differences between the corporate governance practices under Section 303A of the Manual and those required in Japan. A summary of these differences as they apply to the Company is provided below.

Directors

Currently, the Company’s board of directors does not have any director who could be regarded as an “independent director” under the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules for U.S. listed companies. Unlike the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules, the Companies Act of Japan (the “Companies Act”) does not require Japanese companies with the Audit & Supervisory Board such as the Company, to appoint independent directors as members of the board of directors. The NYSE Corporate Governance Rules require non-management directors of U.S. listed companies to meet at regularly scheduled executive sessions without the presence of management. Unlike the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules, however, the Companies Act does not require companies to implement an internal corporate organ or committee comprised solely of independent directors. Thus, the Company does not have such internal corporate organ or committee.

The Company currently has two outside directors under the Companies Act. Under the Companies Act, an “outside” director is defined as a person who meets the prescribed conditions, such as, that the person is not currently, and has not been in the ten years prior to his or her assumption of office as outside director, an executive director (which means a director concurrently performing an executive role) ( gyomu shikko torishimariyaku ), a corporate executive officer, a manager ( shihainin ), or any other type of employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. Such qualifications for an “outside” director are different from the director independence requirements under the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules.

In addition, pursuant to the regulations of the Japanese stock exchanges, the Company is required to have one or more “independent director(s)/audit & supervisory board member(s),” defined under the relevant

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regulations of the Japanese stock exchanges as “outside directors” or “outside audit & supervisory board members” (as defined under the Companies Act), who are unlikely to have any conflicts of interests with the Company’s general shareholders. Each of the outside directors of the Company satisfies the “independent director/audit & supervisory board member” requirements under the regulations of the Japanese stock exchanges. The definition of “independent director/audit & supervisory board member” is different from that of the definition of independent director under the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules.

Committees

Under the Companies Act, the Company may choose to:(i) have an audit committee, nomination committee and compensation committee and abolish the post of the Audit & Supervisory Board Members; (ii) have an audit and supervisory committee and abolish the post of the Audit & Supervisory Board Members; or (iii) have the Audit & Supervisory Board. The Company has elected to have the Audit & Supervisory Board, whose duties include monitoring and reviewing the management and reporting the results of these activities to the shareholders or board of directors of the Company. While the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules provide that U.S. listed companies must have an audit committee, nominating committee and compensation committee, each composed entirely of independent directors, the Companies Act does not require companies to have specified committees, including those that are responsible for director nomination, corporate governance and executive compensation.

The Company’s board of directors nominates candidates for directorships and submits a proposal at the general meeting of shareholders for shareholder approval. Pursuant to the Companies Act, the shareholders then vote to elect directors at the meeting. The Companies Act requires that the total amount or calculation method of compensation for directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members be determined by a resolution of the general meeting of shareholders respectively, unless the amount or calculation method is provided under the Articles of Incorporation. As the Articles of Incorporation of the Company do not provide an amount or calculation method, the amount of compensation for the directors and the Audit & Supervisory Board Members of the Company is determined by a resolution of the general meeting of shareholders. The allotment of compensation for each director from the total amount of compensation is determined by the Company’s board of directors, and the allotment of compensation to each Audit & Supervisory Board Member is determined by consultation among the Company’s Audit & Supervisory Board Members.

Audit Committee

The Company avails itself of paragraph (c)(3) of Rule 10A-3 of the Security Exchange Act, which provides that a foreign private issuer which has established the Audit & Supervisory Board shall be exempt from the audit committee requirements, subject to certain requirements which continue to be applicable under Rule 10A-3. Pursuant to the requirements of the Companies Act, the shareholders elect the Audit & Supervisory Board Members by resolution of a general meeting of shareholders. The Company currently has five Audit & Supervisory Board Members, although the minimum number of Audit & Supervisory Board Members required pursuant to the Companies Act is three. Unlike the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules, Japanese laws and regulations, including the Companies Act, do not require the Audit & Supervisory Board Members to be experts in accounting or to have any other area of expertise. Under the Companies Act, the Audit & Supervisory Board may determine the auditing policies and methods for investigating the business and assets of a Company, and may resolve other matters concerning the execution of the Audit & Supervisory Board Member’s duties. The Audit & Supervisory Board prepares auditors’ reports, determines a proposal for the nomination or removal of the accounting auditors to be submitted to the general meeting of shareholders, and may veto a proposal for the nomination of the Audit & Supervisory Board Members, accounting auditors and the determination of the amount of compensation for the accounting auditors put forward by the board of directors. Under the Companies Act, the half or more of a company’s Audit & Supervisory Board Members must be “outside” Audit & Supervisory Board Members. An “outside” Audit & Supervisory Board Member is defined as a person who meets the prescribed conditions, such as, that the person has not been in the ten years prior to his or her assumption of office as outside Audit & Supervisory Board Member, a director, an accounting adviser ( kaikei

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sanyo ), a corporate executive officer, a manager ( shihainin ), or any other type of employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The Company’s current Audit & Supervisory Board Member system meets these requirements. In addition, pursuant to the regulations of the Japanese stock exchanges, the Company is required to have one or more “independent director(s) or independent Audit & Supervisory Board Member(s)” which terms are defined under the relevant regulations of the Japanese stock exchanges as “outside directors” or “outside Audit & Supervisory Board Members” (each of which terms is defined under the Companies Act) who are unlikely to have any conflict of interests with shareholders of the Company. Among the five members on the Company’s board of auditors, three are outside Audit & Supervisory Board Members. In addition, all such three outside Audit & Supervisory Board Members are also qualified as independent Audit & Supervisory Board Members under the regulations of the Japanese stock exchanges. The qualifications for an “outside” or “independent” Audit & Supervisory Board Member under the Companies Act or the regulations of the Japanese stock exchanges are different from the audit committee independence requirement under the NYSE Corporate Governance Rules.

Shareholder Approval of Equity Compensation Plans

The NYSE Corporate Governance Rules require that shareholders be given the opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and any material revisions of such plans, with certain limited exceptions. Under the Companies Act, a Company is required to obtain shareholder approval regarding the stock options to be issued to directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members as part of remuneration of directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Member.

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 16I. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

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PART III

Item 17. Financial Statements

Not applicable.

Item 18. Financial Statements

	Page number
Consolidated financial statements of Canon Inc. and Subsidiaries:
Report of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLC (PCAOB ID No. 1044), Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		122
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021		126
Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020		127
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020		128
Consolidated Statements of Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020		129
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020		131
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		132
Schedule:
Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020		179

All other schedules are omitted as permitted by the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission as not applicable.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of

Canon Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Canon Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Item 18 (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 30, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Goodwill—Medical Reporting Unit—Refer to Notes 1 and 8 to the Financial Statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

The Company tests goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist. The fair value of a reporting unit is determined primarily based on the

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discounted cash flow analysis, which involves estimates of projected future cash flows and discount rates. The Company’s total consolidated goodwill was ¥972,626 million (19.1% of Total assets) as of December 31, 2022, of which ¥542,695 million (55.8% of Goodwill) was allocated to the Medical Reporting Unit. The estimates of projected future cash flows for the Medical Reporting Unit are based on a mid-term management plan that considered the future market growth of medical equipment and growth in geographies where the Company operates its medical business. The estimate of discount rate is determined based on the weighted average cost of capital, which considers primarily market and industry data as well as specific risk factors.

The Company has completed its impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2022 and determined that the Medical Reporting Unit did not fail the impairment test as the fair value of the unit exceeded its carrying amount; however, the fair value in excess of reported carrying value as a percentage is lower than other reporting units. As a result, a future reduction in cash flows of the Medical Reporting Unit could trigger an impairment.

Given the goodwill attributed to the Medical Reporting Unit represents 55.8% of the total consolidated goodwill and there are significant judgements made by management to estimate the fair value of the Medical Reporting Unit, performing audit procedures to evaluate the reasonableness of management’s estimates and assumptions related to the projected future cash flows and the selection of the discount rate required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort, including the need to involve fair value specialists.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the projected future cash flows and selection of the discount rate used by management to estimate the fair value of the Medical Reporting Unit included the following, among others:

•	We tested the effectiveness of controls over management’s goodwill impairment evaluation, including those over management’s estimates and assumptions used in the projected future cash flows and selection of the discount rate.
•	We evaluated management’s ability to accurately project future cash flows by comparing actual results to management’s historical projections.
---	---
•	We made inquiries of management to understand significant assumptions used in the projected future cash flows.
---	---
•	We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s projected future cash flows by comparing the projections to actual results and a <br>mid-term<br> management plan for respective net sales, cost of sales and other elements, which comprise management’s projected future cash flows.
---	---
•	We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s significant assumptions regarding the revenue growth rate, which could have a significant impact on the fair value of the Medical Reporting Unit, by comparing the revenue growth rates to the expected market growth rate for each type of medical equipment included in the third-party industry reports.
---	---
•	With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the valuation methodology and selected discount rate by:
---	---

-Examining whether the valuation methodology used including the one to determine the discount rate was consistent with existing valuation practices that are both generally accepted in practice and recognized as appropriate in similar circumstances.

-Testing the source information underlying the determination of the discount rate and the mathematical accuracy of the calculation.

-Developing a range of independent estimates and comparing those to the discount rate selected by management.

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/s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLC

Tokyo, Japan

March 30, 2023

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of

Canon Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Canon Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022, of the Company and our report dated March 30, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LLC

Tokyo, Japan

March 30, 2023

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Canon Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	December 31
	2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents <br>(Notes 1 and 22)		362,101			401,395
Short-term investments <br>(Notes 2 and 22)		10,905			3,377
Trade receivables <br>(Note 3)		636,803			522,432
Inventories <br>(Note 4)		808,312			650,568
Current lease receivables <br>(Notes 1 and 6)		137,038			121,324
Prepaid expenses and other current assets<br>(Notes 15, 18 and 22)		215,990			193,165
Allowance for credit losses<br>(Notes 3 and 6)		(15,235	)		(13,916	)
Total current assets		2,155,914			1,878,345
Noncurrent receivables <br>(Note 20)		12,996			16,388
Investments <br>(Notes 2 and 22)		65,128			60,967
Property, plant and equipment, net <br>(Note 5)		1,035,065			1,041,403
Operating lease <br>right-of-use<br> assets <br>(Note 19)		117,843			95,791
Intangible assets, net <br>(Notes 7 and 8)		280,995			301,793
Goodwill <br>(Notes 7 and 8)		972,626			953,850
Noncurrent lease receivables <br>(Notes 1 and 6)		279,332			225,300
Other assets <br>(Notes 11 and 12)		179,297			179,420
Allowance for credit losses <br>(Note 6)		(3,666	)		(2,369	)
Total assets		5,095,530			4,750,888
Liabilities and equity
Current liabilities:
Short-term loans and current portion of long-term debt <br>(Notes 9 and 21)		296,384			44,891
Short-term loans related to financial services		41,200			42,300
Other short-term loans and current portion of long-term debt		255,184			2,591
Trade payables <br>(Note 10)		355,930			338,604
Accrued income taxes <br>(Note 12)		48,414			43,081
Accrued expenses <br>(Notes 11 and 20)		365,847			323,929
Current operating lease liabilities<br>(Note 19)		33,281			30,945
Other current liabilities <br>(Notes 5, 15, 18 and 22)		265,497			279,383
Total current liabilities		1,365,353			1,060,833
Long-term debt, excluding current portion of long-term debt <br>(Notes 9 and 21)		2,417			179,750
Accrued pension and severance cost <br>(Note 11)		189,215			248,467
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities <br>(Note 19)		85,331			65,385
Other noncurrent liabilities <br>(Notes 12 and 15)		104,184			98,024
Total liabilities		1,746,500			1,652,459
Equity:
Canon Inc. shareholders’ equity:
Common stock
Authorized<br><br>3,000,000,000<br><br>shares; <br> issued<br><br>1,333,763,464<br><br>shares in 2022 and 2021		174,762			174,762
Additional <br>paid-in<br> capital <br>(Note 13)		404,838			403,119
Legal reserve <br>(Note 13)		64,509			68,015
Retained earnings <br>(Note 13)		3,664,735			3,538,037
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) <br>(Note 14)		62,623			(151,794	)
Treasury stock, at cost;<br><br>318,250,096<br><br>shares in 2022 and<br><br>287,991,705<br><br>shares in 2021		(1,258,362	)		(1,158,366	)
Total Canon Inc. shareholders’ equity		3,113,105			2,873,773
Noncontrolling interests		235,925			224,656
Total equity		3,349,030			3,098,429
Total liabilities and equity		5,095,530			4,750,888

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Canon Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income

	Years ended December 31
	2022			2021			2020
	(Millions of yen)
Net sales <br>(Notes 6,14,15 and 18)
Products and Equipment		3,231,837			2,804,680			2,489,829
Services		799,577			708,677			670,414
		4,031,414			3,513,357			3,160,243
Cost of sales <br>(Notes 5, 8, 11 and 19)
Products and Equipment		1,828,555			1,552,766			1,463,637
Services		375,057			332,799			320,738
		2,203,612			1,885,565			1,784,375
Gross profit		1,827,802			1,627,792			1,375,868
Operating expenses <br>(Notes 1, 5, 8, 11, 14, 16, 19 and 20)<br>:
Selling, general and administrative expenses		1,167,673			1,058,536			993,009
Research and development expenses		306,730			287,338			272,312
		1,474,403			1,345,874			1,265,321
Operating profit		353,399			281,918			110,547
Other income (deductions):
Interest and dividend income		5,177			2,232			2,923
Interest expense		(1,046	)		(647	)		(854	)
Other, net <br>(Notes 1, 2, 7, 11, 14 and 18)		(5,090	)		19,203			17,664
		(959	)		20,788			19,733
Income before income taxes		352,440			302,706			130,280
Income taxes <br>(Note 12)		92,356			71,866			34,337
Consolidated net income		260,084			230,840			95,943
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests		16,123			16,122			12,625
Net income attributable to Canon Inc.		243,961			214,718			83,318
	(Yen)
Net income attributable to Canon Inc. shareholders per share <br>(Note 17)<br>:
Basic		236.71			205.35			79.37
Diluted		236.63			205.29			79.35

12 7

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Canon Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

Years ended December 31
2022	2021	2020
(Millions of yen)
Consolidated net income	260,084		230,840		95,943
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax <br>(Note 14)<br>:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	186,563		120,439		(17,354	)
Net unrealized gains and losses on securities	(34	)	—		—
Net gains and losses on derivative instruments	449		(972	)	970
Pension liability adjustments	29,897		56,508		1,382
	216,875		175,975		(15,002	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	476,959		406,815		80,941
Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests	18,581		19,102		13,961
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Canon Inc.	458,378		387,713		66,980

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Consolidated Statements of Equity


Balance at December 31, 2019	174,762	405,017		67,572		3,455,083		3,522,655		(308,442	)	(1,108,496	)	2,685,496		198,484		2,883,980
Cumulative effects of accounting standard update – adoption of ASU <br>No. 2016-13						(159	)	(159	)					(159	)	—		(159	)
Equity transactions with noncontrolling interests and other		(316	)							(9	)	(15	)	(340	)	1,091		751
Dividends to Canon Inc. shareholders (120.00 yen per share)						(126,938	)	(126,938	)					(126,938	)			(126,938	)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests																(4,526	)	(4,526	)
Transfers to legal reserve				1,864		(1,864	)	—						—				—
Comprehensive income:
Net income						83,318		83,318						83,318		12,625		95,943
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax <br>(Note 14)<br>:
Foreign currency translation adjustments										(17,355	)			(17,355	)	1		(17,354	)
Net unrealized gains and losses on securities
Net gains and losses on derivative instruments										987				987		(17	)	970
Pension liability adjustments										30				30		1,352		1,382
Total comprehensive income (loss)														66,980		13,961		80,941
Repurchases and reissuance of treasury stock		(81	)			(69	)	(69	)			(49,858	)	(50,008	)			(50,008	)
Balance at December 31, 2020	174,762	404,620		69,436		3,409,371		3,478,807		(324,789	)	(1,158,369	)	2,575,031		209,010		2,784,041
Equity transactions with noncontrolling interests and other		(62	)											(62	)	1,725		1,663
Dividends to Canon Inc. shareholders (85.00 yen per share)						(88,891	)	(88,891	)					(88,891	)			(88,891	)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests																(5,181	)	(5,181	)
Transfers to legal reserve		(1,429	)	(1,421	)	2,850		1,429						—				—
Comprehensive income:
Net income						214,718		214,718						214,718		16,122		230,840
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax <br>(Note 14)<br>:
Foreign currency translation adjustments										119,165				119,165		1,274		120,439
Net unrealized gains and losses on securities
Net gains and losses on derivative instruments										(994	)			(994	)	22		(972	)
Pension liability adjustments										54,824				54,824		1,684		56,508
Total comprehensive income (loss)														387,713		19,102		406,815
Repurchases and reissuance of treasury stock		(10	)			(11	)	(11	)			3		(18	)			(18	)
Balance at December 31, 2021	174,762	403,119		68,015		3,538,037		3,606,052		(151,794	)	(1,158,366	)	2,873,773		224,656		3,098,429

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Consolidated Statements of Equity (continued)


Equity transactions with noncontrolling interests and other		298		(4,538	)	4,536		(2	)					296		(1,151	)	(855	)
Dividends to Canon Inc. shareholders (115.00 yen per share)						(119,326	)	(119,326	)					(119,326	)			(119,326	)
Dividends to noncontrolling interests																(6,161	)	(6,161	)
Transfers to legal reserve		1,432		1,032		(2,464	)	(1,432	)					—				—
Comprehensive income:
Net income						243,961		243,961						243,961		16,123		260,084
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax <br>(Note 14)<br>:
Foreign currency translation adjustments										185,768				185,768		795		186,563
Net unrealized gains and losses on securities										(34	)			(34	)			(34	)
Net gains and losses on derivative instruments										466				466		(17	)	449
Pension liability adjustments										28,217				28,217		1,680		29,897
Total comprehensive income (loss)														458,378		18,581		476,959
Repurchases and reissuance of treasury stock		(11	)			(9	)	(9	)			(99,996	)	(100,016	)			(100,016	)
Balance at December 31, 2022	174,762	404,838		64,509		3,664,735		3,729,244		62,623		(1,258,362	)	3,113,105		235,925		3,349,030

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

	Years ended December 31
	2022			2021			2020
	(Millions of yen)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Consolidated net income		260,084			230,840			95,943
Adjustments to reconcile consolidated net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		226,492			221,246			227,825
(Gain) loss on disposal of fixed assets		(6,458	)		7,745			4,326
Deferred income taxes		(7,800	)		(9,826	)		(15,542	)
(Increase) decrease in trade receivables		(78,203	)		44,678			15,120
(Increase) decrease in inventories		(108,510	)		(61,017	)		16,075
(Increase) decrease in lease receivables (<br>Notes 1 and 6<br>)		(30,379	)		(1,075	)		10,230
Increase (decrease) in trade payables		3,293			52,138			(4,636	)
Increase in accrued income taxes		3,472			24,017			43
Increase (decrease) in accrued expenses		23,407			(8,673	)		(16,413	)
Decrease in accrued pension and severance cost		(42,580	)		(41,477	)		(16,601	)
Other, net		19,785			(7,568	)		17,435
Net cash provided by operating activities		262,603			451,028			333,805
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of fixed assets <br>(Note 5)		(188,527	)		(177,350	)		(164,719	)
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets <br>(Note 5)		14,733			3,796			7,815
Purchases of <br>held-to-maturity<br> securities		—			(2,216	)		—
Proceeds from maturity of held to maturity securities		2,151			—			—
Purchases of securities		(21,558	)		(2,162	)		(592	)
Proceeds from sale and maturity of securities		7,680			1,714			558
Acquisitions of businesses, net of cash acquired <br>(Note 7)		(5,890	)		(31,751	)		(127	)
Other, net		10,591			713			1,626
Net cash used in investing activities		(180,820	)		(207,256	)		(155,439	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt <br>(Note 9)		300			175,100			2,100
Repayments of long-term debt <br>(Note 9)		(122,067	)		(347,029	)		(11,095	)
(Decrease) increase in short-term loans related to financial services, net <br>(Note 9)		(1,100	)		(2,700	)		5,100
Increase (decrease) in other short-term loans, net <br>(Note 9)		197,826			(175	)		542
Transaction with noncontrolling interests		3,700			1,527			1,376
Dividends paid		(119,326	)		(88,891	)		(126,938	)
Repurchases and reissuance of treasury stock, net		(100,016	)		(17	)		(50,008	)
Other, net		(6,161	)		(5,181	)		(4,526	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(146,844	)		(267,366	)		(183,449	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		25,767			17,305			(47	)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		(39,294	)		(6,289	)		(5,130	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		401,395			407,684			412,814
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year		362,101			401,395			407,684
Supplemental disclosure for cash flow information:
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest		994			599			1,028
Income taxes		102,579			71,573			45,471

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1.	Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
(a)	Description of Business
---	---

Canon Inc. (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries (collectively “Canon”) is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of office multi-function devices (“MFDs”), laser printers, inkjet printers, cameras, medical equipment and lithography equipment. Canon reports in four reportable segments: the Printing Business Unit, the Imaging Business Unit, the Medical Business Unit and the Industrial Business Unit with Others and Corporate. Products of the Printing Business Unit consist mainly of office MFDs, document solutions, laser multifunction printers (“MFPs”), laser printers, inkjet printers, image scanners, calculators, digital continuous feed presses, digital sheet-fed presses and large format printers. Products of the Imaging Business Unit consist mainly of interchangeable-lens digital cameras, interchangeable lenses, digital compact cameras, compact photo printers, MR systems, network cameras, video management software, video content analytics software, digital camcorders, digital cinema cameras, broadcast equipment and projectors. Products of the Medical Business Unit consist mainly of computed tomography (“CT”) systems, diagnostic ultrasound systems, diagnostic X-ray systems, magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) systems, clinical chemistry analyzers, digital radiography systems and ophthalmic equipment. Products of the Industrial Business Unit consist mainly of semiconductor lithography equipment, Flat Panel Display (“FPD”) lithography equipment, Organic Light-Emitting Diode (“OLED”) display manufacturing equipment, vacuum thin-film deposition equipment and die bonders. Others consist mainly of handy terminals and document scanners. Sales are made principally under the Canon brand name, almost entirely through sales subsidiaries. These subsidiaries are responsible for marketing and distribution, and primarily sell to retail dealers in their geographic areas. Further segment information is described in Note 23.

Canon sells laser printers on an OEM basis to HP Inc.; such sales constituted 12.0%, 11.6% and 11.4% of consolidated net sales for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in the Printing Business Unit.

Canon’s manufacturing operations are conducted primarily at 29 plants in Japan and 13 overseas plants which are located in countries and regions such as the United States, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Philippines.

(b)	Basis of Presentation

The Company and its domestic subsidiaries maintain their books of account in conformity with financial accounting standards of Japan. Foreign subsidiaries maintain their books of account in conformity with financial accounting standards of the countries of their domicile.

Certain adjustments and reclassifications have been incorporated in the accompanying consolidated financial statements to conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). These adjustments were not recorded in the statutory books of account.

Canon has changed the presentation of “Current lease receivables” separated from “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” and “Noncurrent lease receivables” separated from “Other assets” in the consolidated balance sheets from 2022. Consolidated balance sheet for the year ended December 31, 2021 has also been reclassified.

Canon has also reclassified certain items in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 to conform to the current year’s presentation.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

1.	Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
(c)	Principles of Consolidation
---	---

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its majority owned subsidiaries and those variable interest entities where the Company or its consolidated subsidiaries are the primary beneficiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

(d)	Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Significant estimates and assumptions are reflected in valuation and disclosure of accounts including: revenue recognition, allowance for credit losses, inventories, long-lived assets, leases, goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives, environmental liabilities, deferred tax assets, uncertain tax positions, employee retirement and severance benefit obligations and business combinations. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. In addition, actual results and outcomes of the Company may differ from management’s estimates and assumptions due to pandemic, geopolitical risk and economic slowdown including impacts of rising inflation.

(e)	Translation of Foreign Currencies

Assets and liabilities of the Company’s subsidiaries located outside Japan with functional currencies other than Japanese yen are translated into Japanese yen at the rates of exchange in effect at the balance sheet date. Income and expense items are translated at the average exchange rates prevailing during the year. Gains and losses resulting from translation of financial statements are excluded from earnings and are reported in other comprehensive income (loss).

Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions and translation of assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are included in other income (deductions) in the consolidated statements of income. Foreign currency exchange gains and losses were net losses of ¥34,772 million, ¥21,746 million and ¥4,451 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(f)	Cash Equivalents

All highly liquid investments acquired with original maturities of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents. Certain debt securities with original maturities of less than three months, classified as available-for-sale debt securities of ¥ 627 million and ¥500 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, are included in cash and cash equivalents in the consolidated balance sheets.

(g)	Investments

Investments consist primarily of time deposits with original maturities of more than three months, debt and equity securities and investments in affiliated companies.

Canon classifies investments in debt securities as held-to-maturity debt securities and available-for-sale securities. Canon does not hold any trading securities which are bought and held primarily for the purpose of sale in the near term. Canon reports investments with maturities of less than one year as short-term investments.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

1.	Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
(g)	Investments (continued)
---	---

Available-for-sale debt securities and equity securities with readily determinable fair value that are not accounted for under the equity method are recorded at fair value which is determined based on quoted market prices, projected discounted cash flows or other valuation techniques as appropriate. The changes in fair value for equity securities are included in other, net in the consolidated statements of income. The changes in fair value for available-for-sale debt securities are included in net unrealized gains and losses on securities in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

Held-to-maturity debt securities are recorded at amortized cost. The fair values of held-to-maturity debt securities are mainly measured at the quoted market price.

Available-for-sale debt securities are regularly reviewed for other-than-temporary declines in the carrying amount based on criteria that include the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and Canon’s intent and ability to retain the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value. For available-for-sale debt securities for which the declines are deemed to be other-than-temporary and there is no intent to sell, the impairment is separated into the amount related to credit loss, which is recognized in earnings and the amount related to all other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). For available-for-sale debt securities for which the declines are deemed to be other-than-temporary and there is an intent to sell, the impairment in its entirety is recognized in earnings. Canon recognizes an impairment loss to the extent the cost basis of the investment exceeds the fair value of the investment.

Canon measures non-marketable equity securities without readily determinable fair value at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or a similar investment of the same issuer.

Realized gains and losses are determined by the average cost method and reflected in earnings.

Investments in affiliated companies over which Canon has the ability to exercise significant influence, but does not hold a controlling financial interest, are accounted for by the equity method.

(h)	Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for Credit Losses for trade and lease receivables is maintained for all customers based on ASC 326 “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses”, based on historical experiences of credit losses and reasonable and supportable forecasts. An additional reserve for individual accounts is recorded when Canon becomes aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, such as in the case of bankruptcy filings. If circumstances related to customers change, estimates of the recoverability of receivables would be further adjusted. When all collection options are exhausted including legal recourse, the accounts or portions thereof are deemed to be uncollectable and charged against the allowance.

(i)	Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the average method for domestic inventories and principally by the first-in,

first-out method for overseas inventories.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

1.	Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
(j)	Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
---	---

Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment, and acquired intangible assets subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset and the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its estimated sum of undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. Assets to be disposed of by sale are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell, and are no longer depreciated.

(k)	Property, Plant and Equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated principally by the declining-balance method, except for certain assets which are depreciated by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

The depreciation period ranges from 3 years to 60 years for buildings and 1 year to 20 years for machinery and equipment.

Gains and losses from the sale of property, plant and equipment are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income.

(l)	Leases

As for lessor accounting, Canon provides leasing arrangements to its customers primarily for the sale of office products. Revenue from the sale of these products under sales-type leases is recognized at the inception of the lease. Interest income on sales-type leases and direct-financing leases is recognized over the life of each respective lease using the interest method. Leases not qualifying as sales-type leases or direct-financing leases are accounted for as operating leases and related revenue is recognized ratably over the lease term. When product leases are bundled with maintenance contracts, revenue is allocated based upon the estimated standalone selling prices of the lease and non-lease components. Lease components generally include product and financing while non-lease components generally consist of maintenance contracts and supplies. Some of the contracts include options to extend or to terminate the lease. Canon takes such options into account to determine the lease term when it is reasonably certain that customers will exercise these options. The majority of Canon’s lease contracts do not contain bargain purchase options for their customers. Assets leased to others under operating leases are stated at cost and depreciated to the estimated residual value of the assets by the straight-line method over a period of generally 2 years to 50 years.

As for lessee accounting, Canon has operating and finance leases for various assets including office buildings, warehouses, employees’ accommodations, and vehicles. Canon determines if an arrangement is a lease at the inception of each contract. Some of the contracts include options to extend or to terminate the lease. Canon takes such options into account to determine the lease term when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise these options. Canon’s lease arrangements do not contain material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. As a rate implicit in the most of Canon’s leases cannot be determined, Canon uses incremental borrowing rates based on the information available at commencement to determine the present values of lease payments. Canon has lease contracts with lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately. Canon allocates the consideration in the lease contract to the lease and non-lease components based upon the estimated standalone prices. Costs associated with operating lease assets are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

1.	Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
(m)	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
---	---

Intangible assets with finite useful lives consist primarily of software, trademarks, patents and developed technology, license fees and customer relationships, which are amortized using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives of software are from 3 years to 8 years, trademarks are 15 years, patents and developed technology are from 7 years to 21 years, license fees are 8 years, and customer relationships are from 10 years to 15 years. Certain costs incurred in connection with developing or obtaining internal-use software are capitalized. These costs consist primarily of payments made to third parties and the salaries of employees working on such software development. Costs incurred in connection with developing internal-use software are capitalized at the application development stage. In addition, Canon capitalizes the cost which was incurred subsequent to the stage of assuring the technological feasibility of the software, either developed or acquired, for marketing purposes.

(n)	Environmental Liabilities

(o)	Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Canon records a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not realizable.

Canon recognizes the financial statement effects of tax positions when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax positions will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. Benefits from tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50 % likely of being realized upon settlement. Interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits are included in income taxes in the consolidated statements of income.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

1.	Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
(p)	Stock-Based Compensation
---	---

Canon measures stock-based compensation cost at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and recognizes the cost on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is the vesting period.

(q)	Net Income Attributable to Canon Inc. Shareholders per Share

Basic net income attributable to Can on Inc. shareholders per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to Canon Inc. by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each year. Diluted net income attributable to Canon Inc. shareholders per share includes the effect from potential issuances of common stock based on the assumptions that all stock options were exercised.

(r)	Revenue Recognition

(s)	Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

(t)	Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses were ¥45,986 million, ¥36,812 million and ¥31,273 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(u)	Shipping and Handling Costs

Shipping and handling costs totaled ¥62,126 million, ¥53,347 million and ¥47,721 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income.

(v)	Derivative Financial Instruments

All derivatives are recognized at fair value and are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, or other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Canon uses and designates certain derivatives as a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow” hedge). Canon formally documents all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. Canon also formally assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of hedged items. When

it is

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

1.	Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
(v)	Derivative Financial Instruments (continued)
---	---

determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge or that it has ceased to be a highly effective hedge, Canon discontinues hedge accounting prospectively. Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated and qualifies as a cash flow hedge are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss), until earnings are affected by the variability in cash flows of the hedged item, and reclassified in the same income statement line item in which the earnings effect of the hedged item is reported.

Canon also uses certain derivative financial instruments which are not designated as hedges. The changes in fair values of these derivative financial instruments are immediately recorded in earnings.

Canon classifies cash flows from derivatives as cash flows from operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

(w)	Guarantees

Canon recognizes, at the inception of a guarantee, a liability for the fair value of the obligation it has undertaken in issuing guarantees.

(x)	Recent Accounting Guidance

Recently adopted accounting guidance

In November 2021, Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2021-10, “Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance”-ASC 832 (“Government Assistance”), was issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The standard requires annual disclosures about transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution accounting model by analogy. The disclosures shall include; (1) information about natures of the transactions and related accounting policies used to account for the transactions, (2) the line items on the balance sheet and income statement that are affected by the transactions, and the amounts applicable to each financial statement line item, and (3) significant terms and conditions of the transactions, including commitments and contingencies. Canon adopted the standard from the end of the year beginning January 1, 2022. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on its disclosure.

Recently issued accounting guidance not yet adopted

In October 2021, ASU No. 2021-08, “Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers”-ASC 805 (“Business Combinations”), was issued by FASB. The standard requires us to apply ASC 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. Canon is currently evaluating the adoption date and the effect that the adoption of the standard will have on its consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

In March 2022, ASU No. 2022-02, “Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures”-ASC 326 (“Credit Losses”), was issued by FASB. The standard requires us to expand disclosures for certain loan re-financings and restructurings, and requires current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases. The standard is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact its consolidated results of operation and financial condition.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

1.	Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
(x)	Recent Accounting Guidance (continued)
---	---

In September 2022, ASU No. 2022-04, “ Disclosure of Supplier Finance Program Obligations”-ASC 405-50 (“Liabilities - Supplier Finance Programs”), was issued by FASB. The standard requires entities that use supplier finance programs in connection with the purchase of goods and services to disclose the key terms of the programs and information about obligations outstanding at the end of the reporting period, including a rollforward of those obligations. The standard’s requirements to disclose the key terms of the programs and information about obligations outstanding are effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The standard’s requirement to disclose a rollforward of obligations outstanding is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023. Canon is currently evaluating the effect that the adoption of the standard will have on its disclosure information. Canon does not expect the adoption of the standard will have an effect on its consolidated results of operation and financial condition.

2.	Investments

There were no held-to-maturity debt securities as of December 31, 2022. Held-to-maturity debt securities included in short-term investments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet were ¥2,164 million at December 31, 2021.

The cost, gross unrealized holding gains, gross unrealized holding losses and fair value for available-for-sale debt securities included in short-term investments and investments by major security type at December 31, 2022 are as follows:

	December 31, 2022
	Cost		Gross<br> unrealized<br> holding<br> gains		Gross<br> unrealized<br> holding<br> losses		Fair<br> value
	Millions of yen
Current:
Corporate bonds		9,277		35		11		9,301
Noncurrent:
Corporate bonds		4,850		—		65		4,785
		14,127		35		76		14,086

There were no available-for-sale debt securities included in short-term investments and investments at December 31, 2021.

Maturities of available-for-sale debt securities included in short-term investments and investments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2022 are as follows:

	Fair value
	Millions of yen
Due within one year		9,301
Due after one year through five years		4,785
Total		14,086

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Canon Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

2.	Investments (continued)

The unrealized and realized gains and losses related to equity securities for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2022			2021		2020
	(Millions of yen)
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities		(6,267	)		8,958		1,959
Less: Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period		117			467		477
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities still held at December 31		(6,384	)		8,491		1,482

The carrying amount of non-marketable equity securities without readily determinable fair value totaled ¥6,808 million and ¥6,661 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The impairment or other adjustments resulting from observable price changes recorded during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were not significant.

Time deposits with original maturities of more than three months are ¥1,604 million and ¥1,213 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are included in short-term investments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Investments in affiliated companies accounted for by the equity method are as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2022<br><br><br>Ownership<br><br><br>percentage			2022		2021
	(Millions of yen, except percentage data)
Canon Korea Inc.		50	%		14,073		11,627
Others		—			14,428		10,398
		—			28,501		22,025

The difference between the carrying amount of investment in each affiliate and Canon’s share of its net assets is immaterial.

Canon’s share of the net earnings in affiliated companies accounted for by the equity method, included in other income (deductions), were earnings of ¥2,174 million and ¥1,396 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and losses of ¥994 million for the years ended December 31, 2020.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

3.	Trade Receivables

Trade receivables are summarized as follows:

	December 31
	2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)
Notes		30,535			28,616
Accounts		606,268			493,816
Trade receivables		636,803			522,432
Less allowance for credit losses		(13,305	)		(12,494	)
		623,498			509,938
4.	Inventories
---	---

Inventories are summarized as follows:

	December 31
	2022		2021
	(Millions of yen)
Finished goods		486,826		395,381
Work in process		253,026		199,153
Raw materials		68,460		56,034
		808,312		650,568
5.	Property, Plant and Equipment
---	---

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and are summarized as follows:

	December 31
	2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)
Land		275,261			276,306
Buildings		1,760,058			1,728,811
Machinery and equipment		1,893,745			1,849,271
Construction in progress		60,914			43,283
Finance lease <br>right-of-use<br> assets		7,315			6,533
Cost		3,997,293			3,904,204
Less accumulated depreciation		(2,962,228	)		(2,862,801	)
Property, plant and equipment, net		1,035,065			1,041,403

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31 , 2022 , 2021 and 2020 was ¥ 162,841 million, ¥ 156,333 million and ¥ 162,733 million, respectively.

Amounts due for purchases of property, plant and equipment were ¥24,745 million and ¥29,562 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are included in other current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Fixed assets presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows include property, plant and equipment and intangible assets.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

6.	Lessor Accounting

Lease income is included in products and equipment sales in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. Supplemental income statement information is as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2022		2021		2020
	(Millions of yen)
Lease income – sales-type and direct financing leases
Revenue at lease commencement		122,941		84,895		92,133
Interest income on lease receivables		20,919		18,351		18,594
		143,860		103,246		110,727
Lease income – operating leases		34,798		27,122		23,878
Variable lease income		5,606		5,277		5,343
		184,264		135,645		139,948

Lease Receivables

Lease receivables represent financing leases, which consist of sales-type leases and direct financing leases. These receivables typically have terms ranging from

1 year to 8

years. Lease receivables within one year and more than one year are presented in current lease receivables and noncurrent lease receivables in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, respectively. The components of the lease receivables are as follows:

	December 31
	2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)
Total minimum lease payments receivable		442,870			366,051
Unguaranteed residual values		13,560			12,192
Executory costs		—			—
Unearned income		(40,060	)		(31,619	)
		416,370			346,624
Less allowance for credit losses		(5,596	)		(3,791	)
		410,774			342,833
Less current portion		(135,108	)		(119,902	)
		275,666			222,931

Allowance for Credit Losses

The activities in the allowance for credit losses are as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)
Balance at beginning of year		3,791			3,068
Write-offs		(3,605	)		(2,157	)
Provision		3,769			2,331
Translation adjustments and other		1,641			549
Balance at end of year		5,596			3,791

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

6.	Lessor Accounting (continued)

Allowance for Credit Losses (continued)

Canon has policies in place to ensure that its products are sold to customers with an appropriate credit history and continuously monitors its customers’ credit quality based on information including length of period in arrears, macroeconomic conditions, initiation of legal proceedings against customers and bankruptcy filings. The allowance for credit losses of lease receivables is evaluated collectively based on historical experiences of credit losses and reasonable and supportable forecasts. An additional reserve for individual accounts is recorded when Canon becomes aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, such as in the case of bankruptcy filings. Lease receivables which are past due or individually evaluated for impairment at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are not significant.

Equipment leased to customers

The cost of equipment leased to customers under operating leases included in property, plant and equipment, net at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was ¥151,858 million and ¥143,160 million, respectively. Accumulated depreciation on equipment under operating leases at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was ¥93,215 million and ¥87,879 million, respectively.

Maturity Analysis

The following is a schedule by year of the future minimum lease payments to be received under finance leases and non-cancellable operating leases at December 31, 2022.

	Financing<br> leases
	(Millions of yen)
Year ending December 31:
2023		152,187	13,236
2024		119,567	8,106
2025		85,578	5,305
2026		53,864	2,539
2027		23,266	1,657
Thereafter		8,408	497
		442,870	31,340

Information about transferring lease receivables

Canon has syndication arrangements to sell its entire interests in lease receivables to the third-party financial institutions. The transactions under the arrangements are accounted for as sales in accordance with ASC 860 “Transfers and Servicing.” There were

significant transfers of lease receivables for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 while the transfers of lease receivables for the year ended December 31, 2020 were ¥19,185 million. The amount that remained uncollected was ¥

13,077 million and ¥ 23,984

million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Cash proceeds from the transactions are included in (Increase) decrease in lease receivables under the cash flow from operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Canon continues to provide collection and administrative services for the financial institutions. The amount associated with the servicing liability measured at fair value was not significant at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Canon also retains limited recourse obligations which cover credit defaults. The recourse obligations were not significant at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

7.	Acquisitions

On September 28, 2021, Canon acquired 87.0% of the issued shares of Redlen Technologies Inc. (“Redlen”), a Canada-based company, for the cash consideration of ¥31,640 million, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Canon.

Redlen possesses advanced technologies of radiation detection and imaging solutions of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (“CZT”) semiconductor detector modules which play an important role in the development of photon-counting CT systems (“PCCT”). This technology will enable Canon to accelerate the development of competitive PCCT systems, and strengthen its CT systems and the medical systems business. In addition, Canon will provide CZT semiconductor detector modules to medical equipment manufacturers around the world, thus helping to strengthen Canon’s medical component business. In this way, Canon will continue to contribute to the advancement of global diagnostic imaging.

The acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Acquisition-related costs were expensed as incurred and were not material. Prior to the acquisition date, Canon held an investment in Redlen at a value of ¥1,252 million. Using step acquisition accounting, Canon remeasured the acquisition-date carrying value of its previously held equity investment to its fair value of ¥5,223 million using the fair value of Redlen’s issued shares on the acquisition date, which resulted in a gain of approximately ¥3,971 million, recorded in other, net of other income (deductions) in the consolidated statements of income.

The consideration for the acquisition was provisionally valued at the acquisition date based on the Share Purchase Agreement, and subsequently, an adjustment was made to the acquisition price within the measurement period after the acquisition date and determined on December 31, 2021. As a result, the fair value of the previously held equity investment before the acquisition date and the gain on the step acquisition have been adjusted.

The final allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed on the acquisition date was as follows:

	(Millions of yen)
Current assets		4,043
Intangible assets		8,955
Goodwill		28,826
Others		389
Assets acquired		42,213
Liabilities assumed		5,350
Net assets acquired		36,863

The intangible assets acquired are composed by ¥8,929 million of technical assets and ¥26 million of other intangible assets, and are subject to amortization. The useful life of the technical assets and the other intangible assets are 21 years and 5 years, respectively. The weighted average useful life of the total intangible assets is approximately 21 years.

Goodwill is composed of the synergy effects of merging Redlen and Canon which is not tax deductible. The items is allocated to the Medical Business Unit when conducting the impairment test of goodwill. Net sales and net income of Redlen generated from the acquisition date which is reflected in the consolidated statement of income for the year ended December 31, 2021 was not material.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

8.	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Intangible assets subject to amortization acquired during the year ended December 31, 2022, including those recorded from businesses acquired, totaled ¥26,698 million, which primarily consist of software of ¥26,342 million. The weighted average amortization periods for intangible assets in total acquired during the year ended December 31, 2022 are approximately 5 years. The weighted average amortization period for software acquired during the year ended December 31, 2022 is approximately 5 years.

Intangible assets subject to amortization acquired during the year ended December 31, 2021, including those recorded from business acquired as stated in Note 7, totaled ¥

36,015 million, which primarily consist of software of ¥25,965 million. The weighted average amortization periods for intangible assets in total acquired during the year ended December 31, 2021 are approximately 9 years. The weighted average amortization period for software acquired during the year ended December 31, 2021 is approximately 5 years.

The components of intangible assets subject to amortization at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

	December 31, 2022				December 31, 2021
	Gross<br>carrying<br>amount		Accumulated<br>amortization		Gross<br>carrying<br>amount		Accumulated<br>amortization
	(Millions of yen)
Software		428,693		327,568		399,331		300,905
Customer relationships		161,424		70,900		158,513		59,465
Patents and developed technology		140,136		84,020		133,923		70,795
Trademarks		46,122		24,446		45,726		21,350
License fees		12,139		6,972		16,881		10,098
Other		15,251		10,959		18,765		10,521
		803,765		524,865		773,139		473,134

Aggregate amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was ¥63,651 million, ¥64,913 million and ¥65,092 million, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for intangible assets currently held for the next five years ending December 31 is ¥54,644 million in 2023, ¥45,139 million in 2024, ¥38,081 million in 2025, and ¥31,478 million in 2026, and ¥21,918 million in 2027.

Intangible assets not subject to amortization other than goodwill at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were not significant.

For management reporting purposes, goodwill is not allocated to the reporting unit. Goodwill has been allocated to its respective reporting unit for impairment testing.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

8.	Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets (continued)

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

	Year ended December 31, 2022
	Printing			Imaging		Medical		Industrial*		Others and<br>Corporate*			Total
	(Millions of yen)
Goodwill – gross		146,025			293,749		537,183		9,512		706			987,175
Accumulated impairment losses		(33,325	)		—		—		—		—			(33,325	)
Balance at beginning of year		112,700			293,749		537,183		9,512		706			953,850
Goodwill acquired during the year		1,114			—		947		—		—			2,061
Translation adjustments and other		7,624			3,076		4,565		1,463		(13	)		16,715
Goodwill – gross		157,561			296,825		542,695		10,975		693			1,008,749
Accumulated impairment losses		(36,123	)		—		—		—		—			(36,123	)
Balance at end of year		121,438			296,825		542,695		10,975		693			972,626

	Year ended December 31, 2021
	Printing			Imaging		Medical		Industrial*		Others and<br>Corporate*			Total
	(Millions of yen)
Goodwill – gross		142,185			289,999		506,513		8,559		724			947,980
Accumulated impairment losses		(32,416	)		—		—		—		—			(32,416	)
Balance at beginning of year		109,769			289,999		506,513		8,559		724			915,564
Goodwill acquired during the year		—			—		28,826		—		—			28,826
Translation adjustments and other		2,931			3,750		1,844		953		(18	)		9,460
Goodwill – gross		146,025			293,749		537,183		9,512		706			987,175
Accumulated impairment losses		(33,325	)		—		—		—		—			(33,325	)
Balance at end of year		112,700			293,749		537,183		9,512		706			953,850
*	Based on the realignment of Canon’s internal management structure, from 2022, <br>Canon<br> has changed the name and structure of segments from Industrial and Others Business Unit and Corporate and eliminations to Industrial Business Unit, Others and Corporate and Eliminations. Changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill by segment for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 also have been reclassified.
---	---
9.	Short-Term Loans and Long-Term Debt
---	---

Short-term loans related to financial services are external loans held by Canon’s lease subsidiaries for the purpose of financing its customers through loans. Short-term loans related to financial services consisting of bank borrowings at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were ¥41,200 million and ¥42,300 million, and other short-term loans consisting of bank borrowings were ¥200,012 million and ¥1,301 million respectively. The weighted average interest rate on short-term borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were 0.14% and 0.19%, respectively. Unused overdraft facilities at December 31, 2022 were ¥550,000 million. The overdraft facilities bear interest at a rate equal to a base rate plus a spread.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

9.	Short-Term Loans and Long-Term Debt (continued)

Long-term debt consisted of the following:

	December 31
	2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)
Loan from banks; bearing <br>interest rates<br>of 0.22% at December 31, 2022 and 0.21% at December 31, 2021 *1		54,000			174,000
Other debt *2		3,589			7,040
		57,589			181,040
Less current portion		(55,172	)		(1,290	)
		2,417			179,750
*1	During the year ended December 31, 2022, Canon prepaid ¥120,000 million of the outstanding loan under the unsecured revolving credit facility contracts which had expiration date in December 2023. The outstanding loans under the credit facilities are ¥54,000 million at a floating interest of 0.22% and Canon has no unused credit facilities as of <br>December 31, 2022<br>.
---	---
*2	Other debt consisted of Bank loans and finance lease obligations as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.
---	---

The aggregate annual maturities of long-term debt outstanding at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

	(Millions of yen)
Year ending December 31:
2023		55,172
2024		817
2025		597
2026		392
2027		364
Thereafter		247
		57,589

Both short-term and long-term bank loans are primarily made under general agreements which provide that security and guarantees for present and future indebtedness shall be given upon request of the bank, and that the bank shall have the right to offset cash deposits against obligations that have become due or, in the event of default, against all obligations due to the bank.

10.	Trade Payables

Trade payables are summarized as follows:

	December 31
	2022		2021
	(Millions of yen)
Notes		82,702		82,243
Accounts		273,228		256,361
		355,930		338,604

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

11.	Employee Retirement and Severance Benefits

The Company and certain of its subsidiaries have contributory and noncontributory defined benefit pension plans covering substantially all of their employees. Benefits payable under the plans are based on employee earnings and years of service. The Company and certain of its subsidiaries also have defined contribution pension plans covering substantially all of their

employees.

Obligations and funded status

Reconciliations of beginning and ending balances of the projected benefit obligations and the fair value of the plan assets are as follows:

Actuarial gains in the projected benefit obligation in 2022 were primarily the result of an increase in the discount rate.

	Japanese plans						Foreign plans
	December 31						December 31
	2022			2021			2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)						(Millions of yen)
Change in benefit obligations:
Projected benefit obligations at beginning of year		909,634			911,121			476,230			477,337
Service cost		29,063			30,194			7,551			3,827
Interest cost		4,851			4,815			7,301			5,965
Plan participants’ contributions		—			—			741			658
Actuarial (gain) loss		(101,222	)		2,935			(158,318	)		(21,133	)
Benefits paid		(46,055	)		(39,390	)		(19,420	)		(13,471	)
Plan amendments		(44	)		(41	)		608			(10,617	)
Curtailments and settlements		(1,478	)		—			(1,669	)		(682	)
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		—			—			30,679			34,346
Projected benefit obligations at end of year		794,749			909,634			343,703			476,230
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year		756,743			724,039			394,912			321,713
Actual return on plan assets		(50,994	)		52,688			(135,292	)		24,024
Employer contributions		13,400			11,652			18,305			32,130
Plan participants’ contributions		—			—			741			658
Benefits paid		(35,321	)		(31,636	)		(19,420	)		(13,471	)
Settlements		—			—			(106	)		1,743
Foreign currency exchange rate changes		—			—			29,411			28,115
Fair value of plan assets at end of year		683,828			756,743			288,551			394,912
Funded status at end of year		(110,921	)		(152,891	)		(55,152	)		(81,318	)

Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

	Japanese plans						Foreign plans
	December 31						December 31
	2022			2021			2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)						(Millions of yen)
Other assets		7,469			2,911			18,442			13,596
Accrued expenses		(1,461	)		(1,208	)		(1,308	)		(1,041	)
Accrued pension and severance cost		(116,929	)		(154,594	)		(72,286	)		(93,873	)
		(110,921	)		(152,891	)		(55,152	)		(81,318	)

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

11.	Employee Retirement and Severance Benefits (continued)

Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) at December 31, 2022 and 2021 before the effect of income taxes are as follows:

	Japanese plans						Foreign plans
	December 31						December 31
	2022			2021			2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)						(Millions of yen)
Actuarial loss		123,711			156,028			92,620			104,647
Prior service credit		(13,662	)		(20,371	)		(8,597	)		(10,319	)
		110,049			135,657			84,023			94,328

The accumulated benefit obligation for all defined benefit plans was as follows:

	Japanese plans			Foreign plans
	December 31			December 31
	2022	2021		2022		2021
	(Millions of yen)			(Millions of yen)
Accumulated benefit obligation	769,140		883,462		329,843		462,306

The projected benefit obligations and the fair value of plan assets for the pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets, and the accumulated benefit obligations and the fair value of plan assets for the pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets are as follows:

	Japanese plans				Foreign plans
	December 31				December 31
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(Millions of yen)				(Millions of yen)
Plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:
Projected benefit obligations		765,781		895,898		340,589		473,860
Fair value of plan assets		650,680		739,581		283,701		391,054
Plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets:
Accumulated benefit obligations		740,658		870,314		321,630		455,164
Fair value of plan assets		650,680		739,581		277,541		386,223

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

11.	Employee Retirement and Severance Benefits (continued)

Components of net periodic benefit cost and other amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss)

Net periodic benefit cost for Canon’s employee retirement and severance defined benefit plans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 consisted of the following components:

	Japanese plans									Foreign plans
	Years ended December 31									Years ended December 31
	2022			2021			2020			2022			2021			2020
	(Millions of yen)									(Millions of yen)
Service cost		29,063			30,194			30,604			7,551			3,827			5,303
Interest cost		4,851			4,815			4,064			7,301			5,965			6,087
Expected return on plan assets		(23,161	)		(21,618	)		(21,013	)		(17,001	)		(15,221	)		(12,006	)
Amortization of prior service credit		(6,743	)		(8,303	)		(8,732	)		(1,114	)		(818	)		(675	)
Amortization of actuarial loss		5,230			8,768			12,401			5,989			7,341			6,122
(Gain) loss on curtailments and settlements		(666	)		—			—			(627	)		—			236
		8,574			13,856			17,324			2,099			1,094			5,067

Service cost component of net periodic benefit cost for Canon’s employee retirement and severance defined benefit plans is included in cost of sales and operating expenses in the consolidated statements of income. The components other than the service cost component are included in other, net of other income (deductions) in the consolidated statements of income.

Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are summarized as follows:

	Japanese plans									Foreign plans
	Years ended December 31									Years ended December 31
	2022			2021			2020			2022			2021			2020
	(Millions of yen)									(Millions of yen)
Current year actuarial (gain) loss		(27,067	)		(28,135	)		(26,479	)		(6,024	)		(29,936	)		31,296
Current year prior service credit		(44	)		(41	)		(859	)		608			(10,617	)		(1,463	)
Amortization of actuarial loss		(5,230	)		(8,768	)		(12,401	)		(5,989	)		(7,341	)		(6,122	)
Amortization of prior service credit		6,743			8,303			8,732			1,114			818			675
Curtailments and settlements		(10	)		—			—			(14	)		(531	)		(966	)
		(25,608	)		(28,641	)		(31,007	)		(10,305	)		(47,607	)		23,420

Assumptions

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations are as follows:

	Japanese plans						Foreign plans
	December 31						December 31
	2022			2021			2022			2021
Discount rate		1.2	%		0.5	%		4.1	%		1.5	%
Assumed rate of increase in future compensation levels		2.6	%		2.6	%		2.5	%		0.7	%
Interest crediting rate for cash balance plans		1.8	%		1.9	%		1.0	%		1.0	%

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

11.	Employee Retirement and Severance Benefits (continued)

Assumptions (continued)

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost are as follows:

	Japanese plans									Foreign plans
	Years ended December 31									Years ended December 31
	2022			2021			2020			2022			2021			2020
Discount rate		0.5	%		0.5	%		0.5	%		1.5	%		1.5	%		1.6	%
Assumed rate of increase in future compensation levels		2.6	%		2.6	%		2.6	%		0.7	%		0.9	%		1.0	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets		3.1	%		3.0	%		3.0	%		5.7	%		4.4	%		4.8	%
Interest crediting rate for cash balance plans		1.9	%		1.9	%		1.9	%		1.0	%		1.0	%		1.0	%

Canon determines the expected long-term rate of return based on the expected long-term return of the various asset categories in which it invests. Canon considers the current expectations for future returns and the actual historical returns of each plan asset category.

Plan assets

Canon’s investment policies are designed to ensure adequate plan assets are available to provide future payments of pension benefits to eligible participants. Taking into account the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, Canon formulates a “model” portfolio which comprises of the optimal combination of equity securities and debt securities. Plan assets are invested in individual equity and debt securities using the guidelines of the “model” portfolio in order to produce a total return that will match the expected return on a mid-term to long-term basis. Canon evaluates the gap between expected return and actual return of invested plan assets on an annual basis to determine if such differences necessitate a revision in the formulation of the “model” portfolio. Canon revises the “model” portfolio when and to the extent considered necessary to achieve the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets.

Canon’s model portfolio for Japanese plans consists of three major components: approximately 30% is invested in equity securities, approximately 45% is invested in debt securities, and approximately 25% is invested in other products, such as investments in insurance contracts including life insurance company general accounts.

Outside Japan, investment policies vary by country, but Canon’s model portfolio for foreign plans consists of three major components: approximately 15% is invested in equity securities, approximately 35% is invested in debt securities, and approximately 50% is invested in other products, such as investments in real estate assets.

The target allocation percentages of plan assets set by Canon’s investment policies approximate the actual allocation percentages of plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The equity securities are selected primarily from stocks that are listed on securities exchanges. Prior to investing, Canon investigates the business condition of the investee companies, and appropriately diversifies investments by type of industry and other relevant factors. The debt securities are selected primarily from government bonds, public debt instruments, and corporate bonds. Prior to investing, Canon investigates the quality of the issue, including rating, interest rate, and repayment dates, and appropriately diversifies the investments. Pooled funds are selected using strategies consistent with the equity and debt securities described above. As for insurance contracts, there are several types of insurance contracts between Canon and the life insurance companies including life insurance company general accounts which guarantee the payments of interest based on expected interest rates and return of capital, and insured pension plans which cover future designated contractual benefit

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

11.	Employee Retirement and Severance Benefits (continued)

Plan assets (continued)

payments to covered participants. With respect to investments in foreign financial products, Canon investigates the stability of the underlying governments and economies, the market characteristics such as settlement systems and the taxation systems. For each such investment, Canon selects the appropriate investment country and currency.

The three levels of input used to measure fair value are more fully described in Note 22. The fair values of Canon’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021, by asset category, are as follows:

	December 31, 2022
	Japanese plans								Foreign plans
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(Millions of yen)
Equity securities:
Japanese companies (a)		92,382		—		—		92,382		—		—		—		—
Foreign companies		10,373		—		—		10,373		9,382		—		—		9,382
Pooled funds (b)		—		167,605		—		167,605		—		31,481		—		31,481
Debt securities:
Government bonds (c)		69,331		—		—		69,331		—		—		—		—
Municipal bonds		—		1,071		—		1,071		—		3,244		—		3,244
Corporate bonds		—		13,986		—		13,986		—		16,970		—		16,970
Pooled funds (d)		—		134,266		—		134,266		—		113,005		—		113,005
Mortgage backed securities (and other asset backed securities)		—		11,309		—		11,309		—		9,804		—		9,804
Insurance contracts		—		95,029		—		95,029		—		13,153		27,824		40,977
Other assets		—		75,736		1,189		76,925		—		33,927		—		33,927
Investment measured at net asset value		—		—		—		11,551		—		—		—		29,761
		172,086		499,002		1,189		683,828		9,382		221,584		27,824		288,551

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

11.	Employee Retirement and Severance Benefits (continued)

Plan assets (continued)

	December 31, 2021
	Japanese plans								Foreign plans
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(Millions of yen)
Equity securities:
Japanese companies (e)		95,698		—		—		95,698		—		—		—		—
Foreign companies		12,746		—		—		12,746		11,628		—		—		11,628
Pooled funds (f)		—		180,286		—		180,286		—		43,026		—		43,026
Debt securities:
Government bonds (g)		133,691		—		—		133,691		—		—		—		—
Municipal bonds		—		1,264		—		1,264		—		2,899		—		2,899
Corporate bonds		—		19,373		—		19,373		—		7,821		—		7,821
Pooled funds (h)		—		145,348		—		145,348		—		138,687		—		138,687
Mortgage backed securities (and other asset backed securities)		—		11,449		—		11,449		—		6,826		—		6,826
Insurance contracts		—		114,624		—		114,624		—		6,287		39,398		45,685
Other assets		—		28,181		366		28,547		—		106,657		532		107,189
Investment measured at net asset value		—		—		—		13,717		—		—		—		31,151
		242,135		500,525		366		756,743		11,628		312,203		39,930		394,912
(a)	The plan’s equity securities include common stock of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries in the amounts of ¥236 million.
---	---
(b)	These funds invest in listed equity securities consisting of approximately 20% Japanese companies and 80% foreign companies for Japanese plans, and mainly foreign companies for foreign plans.
---	---
(<br>c<br>)	This class includes approximately <br>65<br>% Japanese government bonds and 35% foreign government bonds for Japanese plans, and mainly foreign government bonds for foreign plans.
---	---
(<br>d<br>)	These funds invest in approximately 30% Japanese government bonds, 50% foreign government bonds, 5% Japanese municipal bonds, and 15% corporate bonds for Japanese plans. These funds invest in approximately 55% foreign government bonds and 45% corporate bonds for foreign plans.
---	---
(e)	The plan’s equity securities include common stock of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries in the amounts of ¥<br><br>234<br><br>million.
---	---
(f<br><br>)	These funds invest in listed equity securities consisting of approximately<br><br>30<br><br>% Japanese companies and<br><br>70<br><br>% foreign companies for Japanese plans, and mainly foreign companies for foreign plans.
---	---
(<br>g<br>)	This class includes approximately<br><br>80<br><br>% Japanese government bonds and<br><br>20<br><br>% foreign government bonds for Japanese plans.
---	---
(<br>h<br>)	These funds invest in approximately<br><br>25<br><br>% Japanese government bonds,<br><br>55<br><br>% foreign government bonds,<br><br>5<br><br>% Japanese municipal bonds, and<br><br>15<br><br>% corporate bonds for Japanese plans. These funds invest in approximately<br><br>75<br><br>% foreign government bonds and<br><br>25<br><br>% corporate bonds for foreign plans.
---	---

Each level into which assets are categorized is based on inputs used to measure the fair value of the assets, and does not necessarily indicate the risks or ratings of the assets.

Level 1 assets are comprised principally of equity securities and government bonds, which are valued using unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets with sufficient volume and frequency of transactions.

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11.	Employee Retirement and Severance Benefits (continued)

Plan assets (continued)

Level 2 assets are comprised principally of pooled funds that invest in equity and debt securities, corporate bonds, investments in life insurance company general accounts and other assets. Pooled funds are valued at their net asset values that are calculated by the sponsor of the fund and have daily liquidity. Corporate bonds are valued using quoted prices for identical assets in markets that are not active. Investments in life insurance company general accounts are valued at conversion value. Other assets are comprised principally of interest bearing cash and hedge funds.

The fair values of Level 3 asset, consisting of investments in insured pension plans and hedge funds, were ¥29,013 million and ¥40,296 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Actual returns on, purchases and sales of these assets during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were not significant.

Contributions

Canon expects to contribute ¥15,614 million to its Japanese defined benefit pension plans and ¥19,044 million to its foreign defined benefit pension plans for the year ending December 31, 2023.

Estimated future benefit payments

The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid:

	Japanese plans		Foreign plans
	(Millions of yen)		(Millions of yen)
Year ending December 31:
2023		46,177		15,856
2024		45,013		16,721
2025		46,423		17,591
2026		44,715		18,722
2027		49,524		19,985
2028 – 2032		224,410		118,393

Multiemployer pension plans

The amounts of cost recognized for the multiemployer pension plans primarily in the Netherlands for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were ¥4,720 million, ¥4,822 million and ¥4,224 million, respectively. The multiemployer pension plan in which the subsidiaries in the Netherlands participated was 108.3% funded as of December 31, 2021. The terms of the collective bargaining agreements are negotiated on a regular basis between the local labor unions and participating employers. Canon is not liable for other participating employers’ obligations under the terms and conditions of the agreements.

Defined contribution plans

The amounts of cost recognized for the defined contribution pension plans of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were ¥24,346 million, ¥22,660 million and ¥16,334 million, respectively.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

12.	Income Taxes

Domestic and foreign components of income before income taxes and the current and deferred income tax expense attributable to such income are summarized as follows:

	Year ended December 31, 2022
	Japanese			Foreign			Total
	(Millions of yen)
Income before income taxes		177,235			175,205			352,440
Income taxes:
Current		53,104			47,052			100,156
Deferred		(1,129	)		(6,671	)		(7,800	)
		51,975			40,381			92,356
	Year ended December 31, 2021
	Japanese			Foreign			Total
	(Millions of yen)
Income before income taxes		165,927			136,779			302,706
Income taxes:
Current		47,491			34,201			81,692
Deferred		6,883			(16,709	)		(9,826	)
		54,374			17,492			71,866
	Year ended December 31, 2020
	Japanese			Foreign			Total
	(Millions of yen)
Income before income taxes		48,186			82,094			130,280
Income taxes:
Current		24,063			25,816			49,879
Deferred		(6,007	)		(9,535	)		(15,542	)
		18,056			16,281			34,337

The Company and its domestic subsidiaries are subject to a number of income taxes, which, in the aggregate, represent a statutory income tax rate of approximately 31% for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

12.	Income Taxes (continued)

A reconciliation of the Japanese statutory income tax rate and the effective income tax rate as a percentage of income before income taxes is as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2022			2021			2020
Japanese statutory income tax rate		31.0	%		31.0	%		31.0	%
Increase (reduction) in income taxes resulting from:
Expenses not deductible for tax purposes		0.6			0.7			2.3
Income of foreign subsidiaries taxed at lower than Japanese statutory tax rate		(3.1	)		(3.9	)		(5.8	)
Tax credit for research and development expenses		(2.8	)		(3.2	)		(1.7	)
Change in valuation allowance		(0.3	)		(3.9	)		2.4
Deferred tax liabilities on undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries		1.6			4.5			2.6
Tax credit at foreign subsidiaries		(0.5	)		(0.3	)		(1.3	)
Effect of enacted changes in tax laws		0.0			(1.0	)		(1.5	)
Other		(0.3	)		(0.2	)		(1.6	)
Effective income tax rate		26.2	%		23.7	%		26.4	%

Net deferred income tax assets and liabilities are included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets under the following captions:

	December 31
	2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)
Other assets		131,063			138,507
Other noncurrent liabilities		(38,518	)		(43,402	)
		92,545			95,105

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

12.	Income Taxes (continued)

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are presented below:

	December 31
	2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)
Deferred tax assets:
Inventories		14,107			11,263
Accrued business tax		2,732			3,387
Accrued pension and severance cost		55,986			67,752
Research and development – costs capitalized for tax purposes		7,119			5,004
Property, plant and equipment		40,549			35,658
Operating lease liabilities		20,515			17,328
Accrued expenses		28,080			29,331
Net operating losses carried forward		34,045			33,873
Other		48,675			48,621
		251,808			252,217
Less valuation allowance		(17,732	)		(19,073	)
Total deferred tax assets		234,076			233,144
Deferred tax liabilities:
Undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries		(20,306	)		(19,677	)
Tax deductible reserve		(3,658	)		(4,007	)
Financing lease revenue		(17,335	)		(14,602	)
Operating lease <br>right-of-use<br> assets		(20,090	)		(17,066	)
Intangible assets		(46,054	)		(51,173	)
Other		(34,088	)		(31,514	)
Total deferred tax liabilities		(141,531	)		(138,039	)
Net deferred tax assets		92,545			95,105

The net changes in the total valuation allowance were a decrease of ¥1,341 million, a decrease of ¥11,679 million and an increase of ¥3,074 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Based on the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods which the net deductible temporary differences are expected to reverse, management believes it is more likely than not that Canon will realize the benefits of these deferred tax assets, net of the valuation allowance, at December 31, 202 2 .

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

12.	Income Taxes (continued)

At December 31, 2022, Canon had net operating losses which can be carried forward for income tax purposes of ¥177,351 million to reduce future taxable income. Periods available to reduce future taxable income vary in each tax jurisdiction and generally range from one year to an indefinite period as follows:

	(Millions of yen)
Within one year		1,431
After one year through five years		18,404
After five years through ten years		35,727
After ten years through twenty years		3,849
Indefinite period		117,940
		177,351

Income taxes have not been accrued on undistributed earnings of domestic subsidiaries as the tax law provides a means by which the dividends from a domestic subsidiary can be received tax free.

Canon has not recognized deferred tax liabilities of ¥19,408 million for a portion of undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries of ¥857,289 million as of December 31, 202 2 because Canon intends to permanently reinvest such undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries. Deferred tax liabilities will be recognized when such undistributed earnings are no longer permanently reinvested.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2022			2021			2020
	(Millions of yen)
Balance at beginning of year		9,813			8,572			8,120
Additions for tax positions of the current year		583			1,168			—
Additions for tax positions of prior years		220			216			208
Reductions for tax positions of prior years		(2,538	)		—			(49	)
Settlements with tax authorities		(594	)		(62	)		—
Other		870			(81	)		293
Balance at end of year*		8,354			9,813			8,572
*	The unrecognized tax benefits were offset by deferred tax assets in the amount of<br>¥1,800<br>million,<br>¥1,695<br>million and<br>¥1,412<br>million as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and reported under “other noncurrent liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets.
---	---

The total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits that would reduce the effective tax rate, if recognized, were ¥8,354 million and ¥9,813 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Although Canon believes its estimates and assumptions of unrecognized tax benefits are reasonable, uncertainty regarding the final determination of tax examination settlements and any related litigation could affect the effective tax rate in a future period. Based on each of the items of which Canon is aware at December 31, 2022, no significant changes to the unrecognized tax benefits are expected within the next twelve months.

Canon recognizes interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in income taxes. Both interest and penalties accrued at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and interest and penalties included in income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were not significant.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

12.	Income Taxes (continued)

Canon files income tax returns in Japan and various foreign tax jurisdictions. In Japan, Canon is no longer subject to regular income tax examinations by the tax authority for years before 2021. Canon is also no longer subject to a transfer pricing examination by the tax authority for years before 2021. In other major foreign tax jurisdictions, including the United States and the Netherlands, Canon is no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2014 with a few exceptions.

13.	Legal Reserve and Retained Earnings

The Corporation Law of Japan provides that an amount equal to 10% of distributions from retained earnings paid by the Company and its Japanese subsidiaries be appropriated as a legal reserve. No further appropriations are required when the total amount of the additional paid-in capital and the legal reserve equals 25% of their respective stated capital. The Corporation Law of Japan also provides that additional paid-in capital and legal reserve are available for appropriations by resolution of the shareholders. Certain foreign subsidiaries are also required to appropriate their earnings to legal reserves under the laws of their respective countries.

Cash dividends and appropriations to the legal reserve charged to retained earnings for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 represent dividends paid out during those years and the related appropriations to the legal reserve. Retained earnings at December 31, 2022 did not reflect current year-end dividends in the amount of ¥60,931 million which were approved by the shareholders in March 2023.

The amount available for dividends under the Corporation Law of Japan is based on the amount recorded in the Company’s nonconsolidated books of account in accordance with financial accounting standards of Japan. Such amount was ¥832,748 million at December 31, 2022.

Retained earnings at December 31, 2022 included Canon’s equity in undistributed earnings of affiliated companies accounted for by the equity method in the amount of ¥19,787 million.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

14.	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

	Foreign<br> currency<br> translation<br> adjustments
	(Millions of yen)
Balance at December 31, 2019		(96,282	)	—		(887	)	(211,273	)	(308,442	)
Equity transactions with noncontrolling interests and other		(9	)	—		—		—		(9	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		(17,355	)	—		(1,199	)	(7,530	)	(26,084	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		—		—		2,186		7,560		9,746
Net change during the year		(17,364	)	—		987		30		(16,347	)
Balance at December 31, 2020		(113,646	)	—		100		(211,243	)	(324,789	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		119,689		—		(3,330	)	49,759		166,118
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		(524	)	—		2,336		5,065		6,877
Net change during the year		119,165		—		(994	)	54,824		172,995
Balance at December 31, 2021		5,519		—		(894	)	(156,419	)	(151,794	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications		189,827		(44	)	(7,430	)	25,768		208,121
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		(4,059	)	10		7,896		2,449		6,296
Net change during the year		185,768		(34	)	466		28,217		214,417
Balance at December 31, 2022		191,287		(34	)	(428	)	(128,202	)	62,623

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

14.	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (continued)

Reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:

	Amount reclassified from<br> accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) *
	Year ended<br> December 31,<br> 2022			Year ended<br> December 31,<br> 2021			Year ended<br> December 31,<br> 2020			Affected line items in<br> consolidated statements of income
	(Millions of yen)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(5,883	)		(759	)		—		Selling, general and administrative expenses
		1,824			235			—		Income taxes
		(4,059	)		(524	)		—		Consolidated net income
		—			—			—		Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
		(4,059	)		(524	)		—		Net income attributable to Canon Inc.
Net unrealized gains and losses on securities		13			—			—		Other, net
		(3	)		—			—		Income taxes
		10			—			—		Consolidated net income
		—			—			—		Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
		10			—			—		Net income attributable to Canon Inc.
Gains and losses on derivative instruments		10,683			3,285			3,034		Net Sales
		(2,889	)		(959	)		(775	)	Income taxes
		7,794			2,326			2,259		Consolidated net income
		102			10			(73	)	Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
		7,896			2,336			2,186		Net income attributable to Canon Inc.
Pension liability adjustments		3,386			7,519			10,082		Other, net
		(561	)		(1,625	)		(2,484	)	Income taxes
		2,825			5,894			7,598		Consolidated net income
		(376	)		(829	)		(38	)	Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
		2,449			5,065			7,560		Net income attributable to Canon Inc.
Total amount reclassified, net of tax and noncontrolling interests		6,296			6,877			9,746
*	Amounts in parentheses indicate gains in consolidated statements of income.
---	---

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

14.	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (continued)

Tax effects allocated to each component of other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassification adjustments, including amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests, are as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	Before-tax<br><br> amount			Tax (expense)<br> or benefit			Net-of-tax<br><br> amount
	(Millions of yen)
2022:
Foreign currency translation adjustments
Amount arising during the year		191,679			(1,057	)		190,622
Reclassification adjustments for gains and losses realized in net income		(5,883	)		1,824			(4,059	)
Net change during the year		185,796			767			186,563
Net unrealized gains and losses on securities:
Amount arising during the year		(54	)		10			(44	)
Reclassification adjustments for gains and losses realized in net income		13			(3	)		10
Net change during the year		(41	)		7			(34	)
Net gains and losses on derivative instruments:
Amount arising during the year		(10,057	)		2,712			(7,345	)
Reclassification adjustments for gains and losses realized in net income		10,683			(2,889	)		7,794
Net change during the year		626			(177	)		449
Pension liability adjustments:
Amount arising during the year		32,527			(5,455)			27,072
Reclassification adjustments for gains and losses realized in net income		3,386			(561)			2,825
Net change during the year		35,913			(6,016)			29,897
Other comprehensive income (loss)		222,294			(5,419)			216,875
	Years ended December 31
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Before-tax<br><br> amount			Tax (expense)<br> or benefit			Net-of-tax<br><br> amount
	(Millions of yen)
2021:
Foreign currency translation adjustments
Amount arising during the year		122,075			(1,112	)		120,963
Reclassification adjustments for gains and losses realized in net income		(759	)		235			(524	)
Net change during the year		121,316			(877	)		120,439
Net gains and losses on derivative instruments:
Amount arising during the year		(4,596	)		1,298			(3,298	)
Reclassification adjustments for gains and losses realized in net income		3,285			(959	)		2,326
Net change during the year		(1,311	)		339			(972	)
Pension liability adjustments:
Amount arising during the year		68,729			(18,115	)		50,614
Reclassification adjustments for gains and losses realized in net income		7,519			(1,625	)		5,894
Net change during the year		76,248			(19,740	)		56,508
Other comprehensive income (loss)		196,253			(20,278	)		175,975

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

14.	Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (continued)
	Years ended December 31
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Before-tax<br><br> amount			Tax (expense)<br> or benefit			Net-of-tax<br><br> amount
	(Millions of yen)
2020:
Foreign currency translation adjustments
Amount arising during the year		(17,583	)		229			(17,354	)
Reclassification adjustments for gains and losses realized in net income		—			—			—
Net change during the year		(17,583	)		229			(17,354	)
Net gains and losses on derivative instruments:
Amount arising during the year		(1,731	)		442			(1,289	)
Reclassification adjustments for gains and losses realized in net income		3,034			(775	)		2,259
Net change during the year		1,303			(333	)		970
Pension liability adjustments:
Amount arising during the year		(2,495	)		(3,721	)		(6,216	)
Reclassification adjustments for gains and losses realized in net income		10,082			(2,484	)		7,598
Net change during the year		7,587			(6,205	)		1,382
Other comprehensive income (loss)		(8,693	)		(6,309	)		(15,002	)
15.	Revenue
---	---

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

15.	Revenue (continued)

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

15.	Revenue (continued)

Disaggregated revenue by timing is as follows. Disaggregated revenue by business unit, product and geographic area are described in Note 23.

	Millions of yen
	Printing		Imaging		Medical		Industrial<br>*		Others<br><br> <br>and<br><br> <br>Corporate<br>*		Eliminations<br>*			Consolidated
2022:
Revenue recognized at a point in time		1,673,767		795,442		348,138		259,317		211,956		(99,588	)		3,189,032
Revenue recognized over time		588,171		8,038		165,193		69,915		11,065		—			842,382
Total		2,261,938		803,480		513,331		329,232		223,021		(99,588	)		4,031,414
	Millions of yen
	Printing		Imaging		Medical		Industrial<br>*		Others<br><br> <br>and<br><br> <br>Corporate<br>*		Eliminations<br>*			Consolidated
2021:
Revenue recognized at a point in time		1,419,043		646,849		329,323		241,379		177,107		(83,698	)		2,730,003
Revenue recognized over time		519,804		6,683		151,039		96,342		9,486		—			783,354
Total		1,938,847		653,532		480,362		337,721		186,593		(83,698	)		3,513,357
	Millions of yen
	Printing		Imaging		Medical		Industrial<br>*		Others<br><br> <br>and<br><br> <br>Corporate<br>*		Eliminations<br>*			Consolidated
2020:
Revenue recognized at a point in time		1,316,556		534,685		287,849		160,597		160,062		(67,518	)		2,392,231
Revenue recognized over time		487,871		6,629		148,225		116,209		9,078		—			768,012
Total		1,804,427		541,314		436,074		276,806		169,140		(67,518	)		3,160,243
*	Based on the realignment of Canon’s internal management structure, from 2022, Canon has changed the name and structure of segments from Industrial and Others Business Unit and Corporate and eliminations to Industrial Business Unit, Others and Corporate and Eliminations. Changes in the disaggregated revenue by timing and by segment for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 also has been reclassified.
---	---

Revenue recognized over time includes primarily revenue from maintenance service in the products of the Printing Business Unit and the Medical Business Unit and sales of certain equipment of the Industrial Business

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

15.	Revenue (continued)

Unit which do not have an alternative use and for which Canon has enforceable right to payment to the customers for the performance completed to date.

Canon recognizes contract assets primarily for unbilled receivables mainly arising from services contracts for the products of the Printing Business Unit. Contract assets are reclassified to trade receivables when they are billed under the terms of the contract. The difference between the opening and closing balances of contract assets primarily results from the timing difference of Canon’s performance and billing to customers. Contract assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 we re ¥39,251 million and ¥44,722 million, respectively, and are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

Canon typically bills to the customer when the performance obligation is satisfied and collects the payment in relatively short term except for certain maintenance service of the products of the Printing Business Unit and the Medical Business Unit and certain industrial equipment for which Canon occasionally receives the payment in advance from customers. The amount received in excess of revenue recognized is recorded as deferred revenue until the performance obligation for distinct goods or services are satisfied. Deferred revenue at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were ¥141,840 million and ¥132,087 million, respectively, and are included in other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Revenue recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022, which had been included in the deferred revenue balance at December 31, 2021, was ¥112,720 million.

Remaining performance obligations for products and equipment at December 31, 2022 primarily arise from the sales of certain industrial equipment, amounting to ¥163,039 million, 64% of which is expected to be recognized as revenue within one year, 31% is within two years and remaining 5% is within three years. Disclosure of remaining performance obligations is not required for the majority of services since the related revenue is recognized on an as billed basis applying the right to invoice practical expedient or is generated from the contracts with original expected duration of less than one year. The portion of fixed maintenance service contract for the products of the Printing Business Unit and the Medical Business Unit with original expected duration of more than one year is ¥110,782 million and the average remaining period for these fixed contracts as of December 31, 2022 is about 2 years.

Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenues in the consolidated statements of income.

16.	Stock-Based Compensation

On April 28, 2022, based on the approval of the board of directors, the Company granted stock options to its directors and executive officers to acquire 69,000 shares of common stock. Those to whom stock acquisition rights are granted (the “Holder(s)”) shall be entitled to exercise all the stock acquisition rights together within 10 days (in case the last day is not a business day, the following business day) from after the date when they cease to hold any position as a director or an executive officer of the Company. These option awards have a 30 year exercisable period. The grant-date fair value per share of the stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 was ¥2,541.

On April 28, 2021, based on the approval of the board of directors, the Company granted stock options to its directors and executive officers to acquire 43,700 shares of common stock. Those to whom stock acquisition rights are granted (the “Holder(s)”) shall be entitled to exercise all the stock acquisition rights together within 10 days (in case the last day is not a business day, the following business day) from after the date when they cease to

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

16.	Stock-Based Compensation (continued)

hold any position as a director or an executive officer of the Company. These option awards have a 30 year exercisable period. The grant-date fair value per share of the stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2021 was ¥2,227.

The compensation cost recognized for these stock options for the years ended December 31, 2022 was ¥175 million, for 2021 was ¥97 million and for 2020 was ¥147 million, and is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of income.

The fair value of the option award was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Sholes option pricing model that incorporates the assumptions presented below:


Expected term of option (in years)	5.0		5.0
Expected volatility	25.88	%	24.83	%
Dividend yield	3.28	%	3.04	%
Risk-free interest rate	(0.02	%)	(0.10	%)

A summary of option activity under the stock option plans as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is presented below:

			Weighted-average<br><br> <br>exercise price		Weighted-average<br><br> <br>remaining<br> contractual term		Aggregate<br> intrinsic value
			(Yen)		(Year)		(Millions of yen)
Outstanding at January 1, 2020	185,800			1		29.0		555
Granted	98,900			1
Exercised	(37,100	)		1
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	247,600			1		28.4		324
Granted	43,700			1
Exercised	(4,800	)		1
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	286,500			1		27.8		802
Granted	69,000			1
Exercised	(4,900	)		1
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	350,600			1		27.2		1,001
Exercisable at December 31, 2022	350,600			1		27.2		1,001

The total fair values of shares vested were

¥175 million , ¥97

million, and ¥147 million for the years

ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

Cash received from the exercise of stock options for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 w ere not significant.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

17.	Net Income Attributable to Canon Inc. Shareholders per Share

A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of basic and diluted net income attributable to Canon Inc. shareholders per share computations is as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2022		2021		2020
	(Millions of yen)
Basic net income attributable to Canon Inc.		243,961		214,718		83,318
Diluted net income attributable to Canon Inc.		243,957		214,714		83,315
	(Number of shares)
Weighted average<br> common shares outstanding		1,030,644,385		1,045,632,588		1,049,802,197
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options		334,875		277,066		229,691
Diluted common shares outstanding		1,030,979,260		1,045,909,654		1,050,031,888
	(Yen)
Net income attributable to Canon Inc. shareholders per share:
Basic		236.71		205.35		79.37
Diluted		236.63		205.29		79.35
18.	Derivatives and Hedging Activities
---	---

Risk management policy

Canon operates internationally, exposing it to the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Derivative financial instruments are comprised principally of foreign exchange contracts utilized by the Company and certain of its subsidiaries to reduce the risk. Canon assesses foreign currency exchange rate risk by continually monitoring changes in the exposures and by evaluating hedging opportunities. Canon does not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. Canon is also exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments, but it is not expected that any counterparties will fail to meet their obligations. Most of the counterparties are internationally recognized financial institutions and selected by Canon taking into account their financial condition, and contracts are diversified across a number of major financial institutions.

Foreign currency exchange rate risk management

Canon’s international operations expose Canon to the risk of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Canon uses foreign exchange contracts to manage certain foreign currency exchange exposures principally from the exchange of U.S. dollars and euros into yen. These contracts are primarily used to hedge the foreign currency exposure of forecasted intercompany sales and intercompany trade receivables that are denominated in foreign currencies. In accordance with Canon’s policy, a specific portion of foreign currency exposure resulting from forecasted intercompany sales is hedged using foreign exchange contracts which principally mature within three months.

Cash flow hedge

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

18.	Derivatives and Hedging Activities (continued)

Cash flow hedge (continued)

comprehensive income (loss). These amounts are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the same period as the hedged items affect earnings. All amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as of December 31, 2022 are expected to be recognized in net sales over the next twelve months. Changes in the fair value of a foreign exchange contract for the period between the date that the forecasted intercompany sales occur and its maturity date are recognized in earnings.

Derivatives not designated as hedges

Canon has entered into certain foreign exchange contracts to primarily offset the earnings impact related to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates associated with certain assets denominated in foreign currencies. Although these foreign exchange contracts have not been designated as hedges as required in order to apply hedge accounting, the contracts are effective from an economic perspective. The changes in the fair value of these contracts are recorded in earnings immediately.

Contract amounts of foreign exchange contracts at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are set forth below:

	December 31
	2022		2021
	(Millions of yen)
To sell foreign currencies		149,080		169,392
To buy foreign currencies		26,224		27,453

Fair value of derivative instruments in the consolidated balance sheets

The following tables present Canon’s derivative instruments measured at gross fair value as reflected in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments

		Fair value
		December 31
	Balance sheet location	2022		2021
		(Millions of yen)
Assets:
Foreign exchange contracts	Prepaid expenses and other current assets		176		42
Liabilities:
Foreign exchange contracts	Other current liabilities		416		777

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments

		Fair value
		December 31
	Balance sheet location	2022		2021
		(Millions of yen)
Assets:
Foreign exchange contracts	Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2,539		23
Liabilities:
Foreign exchange contracts	Other current liabilities		846		1,342

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

18.	Derivatives and Hedging Activities (continued)

Effect of derivative instruments in the consolidated statements of income

The following tables present the effect of Canon’s derivative instruments in the consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.

Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships

	Year ended December 31
	Gain (loss)<br> recognized in<br> OCI			Gain (loss) reclassified from<br> accumulated OCI into<br> income
	Amount			Location		Amount
	(Millions of yen)
2022:
Foreign exchange contracts		(10,057	)		Net sales		(10,683	)
2021:
Foreign exchange contracts		(4,596	)		Net sales		(3,285	)
2020:
Foreign exchange contracts		(1,731	)		Net sales		(3,034	)

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments

	Gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative
	Years ended December 31
	Location		2022			2021			2020
			(Millions of yen)
Foreign exchange contracts		Other, net		(11,926	)		(6,099	)		104
19.	Lessee Accounting
---	---

Lease costs are included in cost of sales or selling general and administrative expense in accompanying consolidated statements of income. Supplemental income statement information is as follows:

	Year ended<br><br><br>December 31
	2022		2021		2020
	(Millions of yen)
Operating lease cost		45,109		39,699		40,053
Short-term lease cost		15,566		13,961		14,245
Other lease cost		219		71		120
Total		60,894		53,731		54,418

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

19.	Lessee Accounting (continued)

Operating lease cash flow

Supplemental cash flow information is as follows.

	Year ended<br><br><br>December 31
	2022		2021		2020
	(Millions of yen)
Cash paid for amount included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases		42,178		39,879		36,733
Noncash activity – Rights of use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities
Operating leases		56,854		21,588		30,700

Maturity Analysis

The following is a schedule by year of the future minimum lease payments under operating leases at December 31, 2022.


Year ending December 31:
2023	35,535
2024	26,718
2025	20,058
2026	13,704
2027	9,645
Thereafter	17,949
Total future minimum lease payments	123,609
Less Imputed Interest	(4,997	)
	118,612

Remaining lease term and discount rate

The following is remaining lease term and discount rate under operating leases at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

	December 31, 2022
Weighted-average remaining lease term		54 months		54 months
Weighted-average discount rate		2.5	%	2.1%
20.	Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
---	---

Commitments

At December 31, 2022, commitments outstanding for the purchase of property, plant and equipment approximated ¥101,351 million, and commitments outstanding for the purchase of parts and raw materials approximated ¥287,591 million.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

20.	Commitments and Contingent Liabilities (continued)

Guarantees

Canon occupies sales offices and other facilities under lease arrangements accounted for as operating leases. Deposits mainly for restoration made under such arrangements aggregated ¥10,086 million and ¥10,812 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and are included in noncurrent receivables in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Canon also offers assurance-type warranties under which it generally guarantees the performance of products delivered and services rendered for a certain period or term. Estimated product warranty costs are recorded at the time revenue is recognized and are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. Estimates for accrued product warranty costs are based on historical experience. Accrued product warranty costs are included in accrued expenses in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the changes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized as follows:

	Years ended December 31
	2022			2021
	(Millions of yen)
Balance at beginning of the year		16,949			14,300
Additions		19,678			15,687
Utilization		(14,934	)		(11,928	)
Other		(806	)		(1,110	)
Balance at end of the year		20,887			16,949

Legal proceedings

Canon is involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. Canon has recorded provisions for liabilities when it is probable that liabilities have been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Canon reviews these provisions at least quarterly and adjusts these provisions to reflect the impact of the negotiations, settlements, rulings, advice of legal counsel and other information and events pertaining to a particular case. Based on its experience, although litigation is inherently unpredictable, Canon believes that any damage amounts claimed in outstanding matters are not a meaningful indicator of Canon’s potential liability. In the opinion of management, any reasonably possible range of losses from outstanding matters would not have a material adverse effect on Canon’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

21.	Disclosures about the Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Concentrations of Credit Risk

Fair value of financial instruments

The estimated fair values of Canon’s financial instruments at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are set forth below. The following summary excludes cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, noncurrent receivables, short-term loans, trade payables and accrued expenses, and the fair values of these instruments approximate their carrying amounts. The summary also excludes investments and derivative instruments which are disclosed in Note 2 and Note 22, and Note 18, respectively.

	December 31
	2022						2021
	Carrying<br> amount			Estimated<br> fair value			Carrying<br> amount			Estimated<br> fair value
	(Millions of yen)
Long-term debt, including current portion of long-term debt		(54,205	)		(54,205	)		(177,410	)		(177,343	)

The following methods and assumptions are used to estimate the fair value in the above table.

Long-term debt

Canon’s long-term debt instruments are classified as Level 2 instruments and valued based on the present value of future cash flows associated with each instrument discounted using current market borrowing rates for similar debt instruments of comparable maturity. The levels are more fully described in Note 22.

Limitations of fair value estimates

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instruments. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Concentrations of credit risk

No single customer accounted for more than 10 percent of consolidated trade receivables as of December 31, 2022 or 2021.

22.	Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value is as follows:

Level 1	–	Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2	–	Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
Level 3	–	Inputs are derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or value drivers are unobservable, which reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in establishing a price.

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

22.	Fair Value Measurements (continued)

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The following tables present Canon’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis consistent with the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

	December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(Millions of yen)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		—		627		—		627
Short-term investment:
Available-for-sale:
Corporate bonds		—		9,301		—		9,301
Investments:
Available-for-sale:
Corporate bonds		—		4,785		—		4,785
Fund trusts and others		255		383		—		638
Equity securities		21,770		—		—		21,770
Prepaid expenses and other current assets:
Derivatives		—		2,715		—		2,715
Total assets		22,025		17,811		—		39,836
Liabilities:
Other current liabilities:
Derivatives		—		1,262		—		1,262
Total liabilities		—		1,262		—		1,262
	December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(Millions of yen)
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		—		500		—		500
Short-term investment:
Available-for-sale:
Corporate bonds		—		—		—		—
Investments:
Available-for-sale:
Corporate bonds		—		—		—		—
Fund trusts and others		281		328		—		609
Equity securities		28,640		—		—		28,640
Prepaid expenses<br><br>and other current assets:
Derivatives		—		65		—		65
Total assets		28,921		893		—		29,814
Liabilities:
Other current liabilities:
Derivatives		—		2,119		—		2,119
Total liabilities		—		2,119		—		2,119

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

22.	Fair Value Measurements (continued)

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (continued)

Level 1 investments are comprised principally of Japanese equity securities, which are valued using an unadjusted quoted market price in active markets with sufficient volume and frequency of transactions. Level 2 assets and liabilities are comprised principally of corporate bonds included in cash and cash equivalents, investments or short-term investments, and derivatives. Corporate bonds included in cash and cash equivalents, and investments or short-term investments are valued using quoted prices for identical assets in markets that are not active or quotes obtained from counterparties or third parties.

Derivative financial instruments are comprised of foreign exchange contracts. Level 2 derivatives are valued using quotes obtained from counterparties or third parties, which are periodically validated by pricing models using observable market inputs, such as foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, based on market approach.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

There were no significant assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

23.	Segment Information

Canon reports in four reportable segments: the Printing Business Unit, the Imaging Business Unit, the Medical Business Unit and the Industrial Business Unit with Others and Corporate, which are based on the organizational structure and information reviewed by Canon’s management to evaluate results and allocate resources.

Based on the realignment of Canon’s internal management structure, from 2022, Canon has changed the name and structure of segments from Industrial and Others Business Unit and Corporate and eliminations to Industrial Business Unit , Others and

Corporate and Eliminations.

The primary products included in each segment are as follows:

Printing Business Unit:	Office multifunction devices (MFDs) / Document solutions/ Laser multifunction printers (MFPs) / Laser printers / Inkjet printers / Image scanners / Calculators / Digital continuous feed presses / Digital <br>sheet-fed<br> presses / Large format printers
Imaging Business Unit:	Interchangeable-lens digital cameras / Interchangeable lenses / Digital compact cameras /Compact photo printers / MR Systems / Network cameras / Video management software / Video content analytics software / Digital camcorders / Digital cinema cameras / Broadcast equipment /Projectors
Medical Business Unit:	Computed tomography (CT) systems / Diagnostic ultrasound systems / Diagnostic <br>X-ray<br> systems / Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems / Clinical chemistry analyzers / Digital radiography systems / Ophthalmic equipment
Industrial Business Unit:	Semiconductor lithography equipment / FPD (Flat panel display) lithography equipment / OLED display manufacturing equipment / Vacuum thin-film deposition equipment / Die bonders
Others:	Handy terminals / Document scanners

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

23.	Segment Information (continued)

The accounting policies of the segments are substantially the same as those described in the significant accounting policies in Note 1. Canon evaluate results and allocate resources for each segment based on income before income taxes.

Information about operating results and assets for each segment as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

	Millions of yen
	Printing		Imaging			Medical		Industrial		Others<br><br> <br>and<br><br> <br>Corporate			Eliminations			Consolidated
2022:
Net sales:
External customers		2,255,402		803,057			513,028		320,817		139,110			—			4,031,414
Intersegment		6,536		423			303		8,415		83,911			(99,588	)		—
Total		2,261,938		803,480			513,331		329,232		223,021			(99,588	)		4,031,414
Operating cost and expenses		2,049,964		676,850			482,326		271,213		296,399			(98,737	)		3,678,015
Operating profit		211,974		126,630			31,005		58,019		(73,378	)		(851	)		353,399
Other income (deductions)		13,806		1,403			890		1,194		(12,147	)		(6,105	)		(959	)
Income before income taxes		225,780		128,033			31,895		59,213		(85,525	)		(6,956	)		352,440
Total assets		1,224,187		349,338			356,799		233,969		2,952,891			(21,654	)		5,095,530
Depreciation and amortization		72,946		20,374			13,418		12,195		107,559			—			226,492
Capital expenditures		66,550		17,841			11,956		15,271		71,673			—			183,291
2021:
Net sales:
External customers		1,934,012		651,494			480,029		328,164		119,658			—			3,513,357
Intersegment		4,835		2,038			333		9,557		66,935			(83,698	)		—
Total		1,938,847		653,532			480,362		337,721		186,593			(83,698	)		3,513,357
Operating cost and expenses		1,713,154		574,814			450,942		292,854		282,643			(82,968	)		3,231,439
Operating profit		225,693		78,718			29,420		44,867		(96,050	)		(730	)		281,918
Other income (deductions)		7,259		(256	)		4,876		434		14,978			(6,503	)		20,788
Income before income taxes		232,952		78,462			34,296		45,301		(81,072	)		(7,233	)		302,706
Total assets		1,009,922		236,143			311,247		212,156		2,999,754			(18,334	)		4,750,888
Depreciation and amortization		69,549		21,840			12,435		11,193		106,229			—			221,246
Capital expenditures		63,609		12,069			11,888		10,127		81,307			—			179,000
2020:
Net sales:
External customers		1,800,898		539,560			435,368		271,149		113,268			—			3,160,243
Intersegment		3,529		1,754			706		5,657		55,872			(67,518	)		—
Total		1,804,427		541,314			436,074		276,806		169,140			(67,518	)		3,160,243
Operating cost and expenses		1,657,319		535,584			410,830		249,346		265,576			(68,959	)		3,049,696
Operating profit		147,108		5,730			25,244		27,460		(96,436	)		1,441			110,547
Other income (deductions)		5,076		(778	)		300		677		15,645			(1,187	)		19,733
Income before income taxes		152,184		4,952			25,544		28,137		(80,791	)		254			130,280
Total assets		913,931		239,605			286,749		239,992		2,963,532			(18,195	)		4,625,614
Depreciation and amortization		69,725		22,201			11,781		12,266		111,852			—			227,825
Capital expenditures		56,613		12,540			7,244		8,082		77,248			—			161,727

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Canon Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

23.	Segment Information (continued)

Intersegment sales are recorded at the same prices used in transactions with third parties. Expenses not directly associated with specific segments are allocated based on the most reasonable measures applicable. Corporate expenses include certain corporate research and development expenses. Amortization costs of identified intangible assets resulting from the purchase price allocation of Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation (currently, Canon Medical Systems Corporation) are also included in corporate expenses. Segment assets are based on those directly associated with each segment. Corporate assets primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, investments, deferred tax assets, goodwill, identified intangible assets from acquisitions and corporate properties. Capital expenditures represent the additions to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets measured on an accrual basis.

Information about sales by product and service to external customers for each segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

	Millions of yen
	2022		2021		2020
Printing
Office multifunction devices		570,175		477,000		455,357
Office others		320,713		279,366		267,123
Office		890,888		756,366		722,480
Laser printers		647,192		560,159		502,157
Inkjet printers and Others		355,270		328,932		326,041
Prosumer		1,002,462		889,091		828,198
Production		362,052		288,555		250,220
Total		2,255,402		1,934,012		1,800,898
Imaging
Cameras		509,464		432,885		347,240
Network cameras and Others		293,593		218,609		192,320
Total		803,057		651,494		539,560
Medical
Diagnostic equipment		513,028		480,029		435,368
Industrial
Optical equipment		240,332		215,890		144,387
Industrial equipment		80,485		112,274		126,762
Total		320,817		328,164		271,149
Others and Corporate		139,110		119,658		113,268
Consolidated		4,031,414		3,513,357		3,160,243

Based on the realignment of Canon’s internal management structure, from 2022, Canon has changed products category and some product sales, which were previously included in Others, have been added to Lithography equipment and are presented as Optical equipment.

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Canon Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

23.	Segment Information (continued)

Information by major geographic area as of and for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

	Millions of yen
	2022		2021		2020
Net sales:
Japan		864,808		830,378		806,305
Americas		1,255,405		968,839		852,451
Europe		1,034,008		894,898		795,616
Asia and Oceania		877,193		819,242		705,871
Total		4,031,414		3,513,357		3,160,243
Long-lived assets:
Japan		953,140		986,638		1,011,109
Americas		167,968		152,137		133,648
Europe		173,774		158,297		175,516
Asia and Oceania		139,021		141,915		143,265
Total		1,433,903		1,438,987		1,463,538

Net sales are attributed to areas based on the location where the products are shipped and the services are performed to the customers. Other than in Japan and the United States, Canon does not conduct business in any individual country in which its sales in that country exceed 10% of consolidated net sales. Net sales in the United States were ¥1,183,022 million, ¥907,909 million and ¥801,376 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Long-lived assets represent property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, and operating lease right-of-use assets for each geographic area.

24.	Subsequent Event

On January 5, 2023, Canon borrowed ¥140,000 million under its existing overdraft facilities with Mizuho Bank, Ltd. and MUFG Bank, Ltd. for required operating funds. The overdraft facilities bear interest at a rate equal to a base rate plus a

spread.

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Canon Inc. and Subsidiaries

Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

	Balance at<br> beginning<br> of period
	(Millions of yen)
Year ended December 31, 2022:
Allowance for credit losses
Trade receivables		12,494	817	(1,167	)	1,161		13,305
Lease receivables		3,791	3,769	(3,605	)	1,641		5,596
Year ended December 31, 2021:
Allowance for credit losses
Trade receivables		11,645	1,857	(1,540	)	532		12,494
Lease receivables		3,068	2,331	(2,157	)	549		3,791
Year ended December 31, 2020:
Allowance for credit losses
Trade receivables		10,359	3,419	(1,983	)	(150	)	11,645
Lease receivables		2,627	2,351	(2,199	)	289		3,068

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Item 19. Exhibits

List of exhibits

1.1	Articles of Incorporation of Canon Inc. (Translation), incorporated by reference from the annual report on Form 20-F (Commission file number 001-15122) filed on March 30, 2022
1.2	Regulations of the Board of Directors of Canon Inc. (Translation), incorporated by reference from the annual report on Form 20-F (Commission file number 001-15122) filed on March 30, 2016
2.1	Regulations for Handling of Shares of Canon Inc. (Translation), incorporated by reference from the annual report on Form 20-F (Commission file number 001-15122) filed on March 30, 2022
2.2	Description of our Common Stock incorporated by reference from “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Incorporation” of this annual report
2.3	Description of our American Depositary Shares represented by American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”)
8	List of Significant Subsidiaries (See “Organizational Structure” in Item 4.C. of this Form 20-F)
11.1	Canon Group Code of Conduct (Translation), incorporated by reference from the annual report on Form 20-F (Commission file number 001-15122) filed on March 28, 2013
11.2	Code of Ethics (Supplement to The Canon Group Code of Conduct) (Translation), incorporated by reference from the annual report on Form 20-F (Commission file number 001-15122) filed on June 10, 2004
12	Certifications of Chairman and CEO and Executive Vice President and CFO pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
13	Certification of Chairman and CEO and Executive Vice President and CFO pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document—the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	The cover page for the Company’s Annual Report on Form <br>20-F<br> for the year ended December 31, 2022, has been formatted in Inline XBRL

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and has duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

CANON INC.
(Registrant)
/s/ Toshizo Tanaka
Toshizo Tanaka
Executive Vice President & CFO
Canon Inc.
30-2,<br> Shimomaruko <br>3-chome,
Ohta-ku,<br> Tokyo <br>146-8501,<br> Japan

Date March 30, 2023

1 81

Description of our American Depositary Shares

Exhibit 2.3

Information regarding securities represented by American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) (Item 12.D.1 and Item 12.D.2 ofForm 20-F) ****

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A, a nationalbanking association organized under the laws of the United States, is the Depositary (the “Depositary”) of Canon’s ADSs representing Canon’s common stock, including rights to receive such common stock. Each ADS represents oneshare of common stock at the date of the applicable ADR.

The rights of ADR holders (“Holders”) and beneficial owners (“BeneficialOwners”), including their rights to corporate governance practices, are governed by the Deposit Agreement among Canon Inc., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., (fka Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York), as depositary (the “Depositary”),and all Holders and Beneficial Owners from time to time of ADRs issued thereunder (the “Deposit Agreement”).

You may hold ADSs eitherdirectly or indirectly through your broker or other financial institution. If you hold ADSs directly, you are a Holder. This description assumes you hold your ADSs directly. If you are a Beneficial Owner that holds the ADSs indirectly, you must relyon the procedures of your broker or other financial institution to assert the rights of, and receive the benefits of, Holders described in this section. You should consult with your broker or financial institution to find out what those proceduresare.

Because JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. will actually hold the shares underlying your ADRs, you must rely on it to exercise the rights of a holderof Shares of common stock of Canon Inc. The obligations of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. are set out in the Deposit Agreement. The agreement and the ADRs are generally governed by New York law.

The following is a summary of the terms of the ADRs. Because it is a summary, it does not contain all the information that may be important to you. Formore complete information, you should read the entire Deposit Agreement, including the form of ADR. Defined terms used below that are not defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the Deposit Agreement and/or the form of ADR.

(A)	Name of the depositary and the address of its principal executive office (Item 12.D.1 of Form 20-F) ****

JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.

383 Madison Avenue, Floor 11

New York, NY 10179

(B)	Title of American depositary receipts and identity of deposited securities (Item 12.D.2 of Form 20-F) ****

American depositary receipt evidencing American depositary shares, representing Shares of common stock of Canon Inc. (the “Company”).

“Shares” means the shares of common stock of the Company, and shall include rights to receive Shares as specified in paragraph (1) of the form of ADR.

(C)	Amount of deposited securities represented by one unit of American depositary receipts( Item 12.D.2(a) of Form 20-F) ****

Each ADS represents one Share.

(D)	Voting of deposited securities (Item 12.D.2(b) and Item 12.D.2(d) of Form 20-F) ****
1)	Notice of Any Meeting or Solicitation
---	---

As soon as practicable after receipt of notice of any meeting at which the holders of Shares are entitled to vote, or of solicitation of consents or proxies from holders of Shares or other Deposited Securities, the Depositary shall fix the ADS record date as specified in the form of ADR, provided that if the Depositary receives a written request from the Company in a timely manner and at least 30 days prior to the date of such vote or meeting, the Depositary shall, at the Company’s expense, distribute to Holders a notice (the “Voting Notice”) stating (i) final information particular to such vote and meeting and any solicitation materials, (ii) that each Holder on the record date set by the Depositary will, subject to any applicable provisions of Japanese law, be entitled to instruct the Depositary as to the exercise of the voting rights, if any, pertaining to the Deposited Securities represented by the ADSs evidenced by such Holder’s ADRs and (iii) the manner in which such instructions may be given or deemed given in accordance with paragraph (D)(2)(ii) below, including instructions to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by the Company.

Each Holder shall be solely responsible for the forwarding of Voting Notices to the Beneficial Owners of ADSs registered in such Holder’s name. There is no guarantee that Holders and Beneficial Owners generally or any Holder or Beneficial Owner in particular will receive the notice described above with sufficient time to enable such Holder or Beneficial Owner to return any voting instructions to the Depositary in a timely manner.

2)	Voting of Deposited Securities

Following actual receipt by the ADR department responsible for proxies and voting of Holders’ instructions (including, without limitation, instructions of any entity or entities acting on behalf of the nominee for DTC), the Depositary shall, in the manner and on or before the time established by the Depositary for such purpose, endeavor to vote or cause to be voted the Deposited Securities represented by the ADSs evidenced by such Holders’ ADRs in accordance with such instructions insofar as practicable and permitted under the provisions of or governing Deposited Securities. The Depositary will not itself exercise any voting discretion in respect of any Deposited Securities.

To the extent that (A) the Depositary has been provided with at least 35 days’ notice of the proposed meeting from the Company, (B) the Voting Notice will be received by all Holders and Beneficial Owners no less than 10 days prior to the date of the meeting and/or the cut-off date for the solicitation of consents, and (C) the Depositary does not receive instructions on a particular agenda item from a Holder (including, without limitation, any entity or entities acting on behalf of the nominee for DTC) in a timely manner, such Holder shall be deemed, and the Depositary is instructed to deem such Holder, to have instructed the Depositary to give a discretionary proxy for such agenda item(s) to a person designated by the Company to vote the Deposited Securities represented by the ADSs for which actual instructions were not so given by all such Holders on such agenda item(s), provided that no such instruction shall be deemed given and no discretionary proxy shall be given unless certain conditions and requirements set out in the form of ADR are met.

The Depositary may from time to time access information available to it, or request additional information from the Company, to consider whether a discretionary proxy is to be given as described above. In the form of ADR, Holders and Beneficial Owners are advised of and agree to certain limitations on the liability of the Depositary, the Custodian or any of their respective agents in connection with the determination of whether a discretionary proxy shall be deemed given. Such limitations are in addition to those set out in paragraph (L) (Exoneration) below.

3)	Alternative Methods of Distributing Materials

Notwithstanding anything contained in the Deposit Agreement or any ADR, the Depositary may, to the extent not prohibited by any law, rule or regulation or by the rules, regulations or requirements of the stock exchange on which the ADSs are listed, in lieu of distribution of the materials provided to the Depositary in

connection with any meeting of or solicitation of consents or proxies from holders of Deposited Securities, distribute to the Holders a notice that provides Holders with or otherwise publicizes to Holders instructions on how to retrieve such materials or receive such materials upon request (i.e., by reference to a website containing the materials for retrieval or a contact for requesting copies of the materials).

Holders are strongly encouraged to forward their voting instructions as soon as possible. Voting instructions will not be deemed received until such time as the ADR department responsible for proxies and voting has received such instructions, notwithstanding that such instructions may have been physically received by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Depositary, prior to such time.

(E)	Distributions on deposited securities (Item 12.D.2.(c), Item 12.D.2.(e) and Item 12.D.2.(f) ofForm 20-F) ****

Subject to paragraphs (J) (Certain limitations) and (K) (Taxes), to the extent practicable, the Depositary will make distributions to each Holder entitled thereto on the record date set by the Depositary therefor at such Holder’s address shown on the ADR Register, in proportion to the number of Deposited Securities represented by ADSs evidenced by such Holder’s ADRs. Distributions may take the form of Cash, Shares, Rights and Other Distributions, each as described more fully in the form of ADR and subject to the adjustments therein.

The Depositary reserves the right to utilize a division, branch or affiliate of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. to direct, manage and/or execute any public and/or private sale of securities hereunder. Such division, branch and/or affiliate may charge the Depositary a fee in connection with such sales, which fee is considered an expense of the Depositary contemplated above and/or in the section “Charges of Depositary” of the form of ADR. Any U.S. dollars available will be distributed by checks drawn on a bank in the United States for whole dollars and cents. Fractional cents will be withheld without liability and dealt with by the Depositary in accordance with its then current practices. All purchases and sales of securities will be handled by the Depositary in accordance with its then current policies, which are currently set forth on the “Disclosures” page (or successor page) of ADR.com, the location and contents of which the Depositary shall be solely responsible for.

(F)	Changes affecting deposited securities (Item 12.D.2(f) of Form20-F) ****

Subject to paragraphs (J) (Certain limitations) and (K) (Taxes), the Depositary may, in its discretion, and shall if reasonably requested by the Company, amend the ADRs or distribute additional or amended ADRs (with or without calling ADRs for exchange) or cash, securities or property on the record date set by the Depositary therefor to reflect any change in par value, split up, consolidation, cancellation or other reclassification of Deposited Securities, any Share Distribution or Other Distribution not distributed to Holders or any cash, securities or property available to the Depositary in respect of Deposited Securities from any recapitalization, reorganization, merger, consolidation, liquidation, receivership, bankruptcy or sale of all or substantially all the assets of the Company.

To the extent the Depositary does not so amend this ADR or make a distribution to Holders to reflect any of the foregoing, or the net proceeds thereof, whatever cash, securities or property results from any of the foregoing shall constitute Deposited Securities and each ADS evidenced by this ADR shall automatically represent its pro rata interest in the Deposited Securities as then constituted.

Promptly upon the occurrence of any of the aforementioned changes affecting Deposited Securities, the Company shall notify the Depositary in writing of such occurrence and as soon as practicable after receipt of such notice from the Company, may instruct the Depositary to give notice thereof, at the Company’s expense, to Holders in accordance with the provisions hereof. Upon receipt of such instruction, the Depositary shall give notice to the Holders in accordance with the terms thereof, as soon as reasonably practicable.

(G)	Amendment and termination of deposit agreement (Item 12.D.2(g) of Form 20-F) ****
1)	Amendment
---	---

Subject to the last sentence of paragraph (H) (Withdrawal of deposited securities), the ADRs and the Deposit Agreement may be amended by the Company and the Depositary, provided that any amendment that imposes or increases any fees, charges or expenses (other than stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges, transfer or registration fees, a transaction fee per cancellation request (including through SWIFT, telex or facsimile transmission), applicable delivery expenses or other such fees, charges or expenses), or that shall otherwise prejudice any substantial existing right of Holders or Beneficial Owners, shall become effective 30 days after notice of such amendment shall have been given to the Holders.

Every Holder and Beneficial Owner at the time any amendment to the Deposit Agreement so becomes effective shall be deemed, by continuing to hold such ADR, to consent and agree to such amendment and to be bound by the Deposit Agreement as amended thereby. In no event shall any amendment impair the right of the Holder of any ADR to surrender such ADR and receive the Deposited Securities represented thereby, except in order to comply with mandatory provisions of applicable law. Any amendments or supplements that (i) are reasonably necessary (as agreed by the Company and the Depositary) in order for (a) the ADSs to be registered on Form F-6 under the Securities Act of 1933 or (b) the ADSs or Shares to be traded solely in electronic book-entry form and (ii) do not in either such case impose or increase any fees or charges to be borne by Holders, shall be deemed not to prejudice any substantial rights of Holders or Beneficial Owners.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, if any governmental body or regulatory body should adopt new laws, rules or regulations which would require amendment or supplement of the Deposit Agreement or the form of ADR to ensure compliance therewith, the Company and the Depositary may amend or supplement the Deposit Agreement and the ADR at any time in accordance with such changed laws, rules or regulations. Such amendment or supplement to the Deposit Agreement in such circumstances may become effective before a notice of such amendment or supplement is given to Holders or within any other period of time as required for compliance.

2)	Termination

The Depositary shall, at any time at the written direction of the Company, terminate the Deposit Agreement by mailing notice of such termination to the Holders at least 30 days prior to the Termination Date.

The Depositary may also terminate the Deposit Agreement by mailing notice of such termination to the Holders at least thirty (30) days prior to the Termination Date if (i) sixty (60) days shall have expired after the Resignation Notice Date, (ii) sixty (60) days shall have expired after the Removal Notice Date, (iii) the Company is either bankrupt or insolvent, (iv) the Shares cease to be listed on an internationally recognized stock exchange, (v) the Company effects (or will effect) a redemption of all or substantially all of the Deposited Securities, or a cash or share distribution representing a return of all or substantially all of the value of the Deposited Securities, or (vi) there occurs a merger, consolidation, sale of assets or other transaction as a result of which securities or other property are delivered in exchange for or in lieu of Deposited Securities.

Additionally, the Depositary may immediately terminate the Deposit Agreement, without prior notice to the Company, any Holder or Beneficial Owner or any other person if required by any law, rule or regulation relating to sanctions by any governmental authority or body, or if the Depositary would be subject to liability under or pursuant to any law, rule or regulation, or if otherwise required by any governmental authority or body, in each case as determined by the Depositary in its reasonable discretion.

The form of ADR specifies courses of action to be taken by the Depositary depending on whether the Shares are, or are not, listed or quoted for trading on a stock exchange or in a securities market as of the Termination Date.

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, in connection with any termination described in the Deposit Agreement, the Depositary may, in its sole discretion and without notice to the Company, establish an unsponsored American depositary share program (on such terms as the Depositary may determine) for the Shares and make available to Holders a means to withdraw the Shares represented by the ADSs issued under the Deposit Agreement and to direct the deposit of such Shares into such unsponsored American depositary share program, subject, in each case, to receipt by the Depositary, at its discretion, of the fees, charges and expenses provided for in paragraph (7) hereof and the fees, charges and expenses applicable to the unsponsored American depositary share program.

(H)	Withdrawal of deposited securities (Item 12.D.2.(i) of Form20-F) ****

Subject to paragraphs (J) (Certain limitations) and (K) (Taxes), upon surrender of (a) a certificated ADR in a form satisfactory to the Depositary at the Transfer Office or (b) proper instructions and documentation in the case of a Direct Registration ADR (which means an ADR the ownership of which is recorded on the system for the uncertificated registration of ownership of securities established by DTC), the Holder of an ADR is entitled to delivery at, or to the extent in dematerialized form from, the Custodian’s office of the Deposited Securities at the time represented by the ADSs evidenced by the ADR.

At the request, risk and expense of the Holder thereof, the Depositary may deliver such Deposited Securities at such other place as may have been requested by the Holder. Upon surrender of an ADR or ADRs by a Holder to the Depositary, as a result of, and to the extent required by, the operation of applicable provisions of the Japanese Commercial Code, the Depositary will effect the delivery to such Holder of only that portion of Shares (and any other Deposited Securities relating to such Shares) comprising a Unit or an integral multiple thereof (the “deliverable portion” of such ADR or ADRs). As of the date of the Deposit Agreement, a Unit is comprised of 100 Shares. For the purpose of the foregoing sentence, the deliverable portion shall be determined on the basis of the aggregate number of Shares represented by the entire amount of the ADSs evidenced by the ADR or ADRs surrendered by the same Holder at the same time. The Depositary will promptly advise such Holder as to the number of Shares and Deposited Securities, if any, represented by the non-deliverable portion of such ADR or ADRs and shall deliver to such Holder a new ADR evidencing such non-deliverable portion. In addition, the Depositary shall notify such Holder of the additional amount of ADSs which such Holder would be required to surrender in order for the Depositary to effect delivery of all the Shares and Deposited Securities represented by the ADSs of such Holder.

Notwithstanding any other provision of the Deposit Agreement or this ADR, the withdrawal of Deposited Securities may be restricted only for the reasons set forth in General Instruction I.A.(1) of Form F-6 (as such instructions may be amended from time to time) under the Securities Act of 1933.

(I)	Transfers, split-ups and combinations of ADRs (Item12.D.2(h) and Item 12.D.2(i) of Form 20-F) ****

The Depositary or its agent will keep, at a designated transfer office (the “Transfer Office”), (a) a register (the “ADR Register”) for the registration, registration of transfer, combination and split-up of ADRs, and, in the case of Direct Registration ADRs, shall include the Direct Registration System, which at all reasonable times will be open for inspection by Holders and the Company for the purpose of communicating with Holders in the interest of the business of the Company or a matter relating to the Deposit Agreement and (b) facilities for the delivery and receipt of ADRs.

Title to an ADR (and to the Deposited Securities represented by the ADSs evidenced thereby), when properly endorsed (in the case of ADRs in certificated form) or upon delivery to the Depositary of proper instruments of transfer, is transferable by delivery with the same effect as in the case of negotiable instruments under the laws of the State of New York; provided that the Depositary, notwithstanding any notice to the contrary, may treat the person in whose name the ADR is registered on the ADR Register as the absolute owner thereof for all purposes and neither the Depositary nor the Company will have any obligation or be subject to any liability under the Deposit Agreement or any ADR to any Beneficial Owner, unless such Beneficial Owner is the Holder hereof.

Subject to paragraphs (J) (Certain limitations) and (K) (Taxes), an ADR is transferable on the ADR Register and may be split into other ADRs or combined with other ADRs into one ADR, evidencing the aggregate number of ADSs surrendered for split-up or combination, by the Holder thereof or by duly authorized attorney upon surrender of the ADR at the Transfer Office properly endorsed (in the case of ADRs in certificated form) or upon delivery to the Depositary of proper instruments of transfer and duly stamped as may be required by applicable law; provided that the Depositary may close the ADR Register at any time or from time to time when deemed expedient by it.

(J)	Certain limitations (Item 12.D.2(i) of Form20-F) ****

Prior to the issue, registration, registration of transfer, split-up or combination of any ADR, the delivery of any distribution in respect thereof, or, subject to the last sentence of paragraph (H) (Withdrawal of deposited securities), the withdrawal of any Deposited Securities, and from time to time in the case of clause (b)(ii) of this paragraph (J), the Company, the Depositary or the Custodian may require:

(a) payment with respect thereto of (i) any stock transfer or other tax or other governmental charge, (ii) any stock transfer or registration fees in effect for the registration of transfers of Shares or other Deposited Securities upon any applicable register and (iii) any applicable charges as provided in the section “Charges of Depositary” of the form of ADR;

(b) the production of proof satisfactory to it of (i) the identity of any signatory and genuineness of any signature and (ii) such other information, including without limitation, information as to citizenship, residence, exchange control approval, beneficial or other ownership of, or interest in, any securities, compliance with applicable law, regulations, provisions of or governing Deposited Securities and terms of the Deposit Agreement and the ADR, as it may deem necessary or proper; and

The issuance of ADRs, the acceptance of deposits of Shares, the registration, registration of transfer, split-up or combination of ADRs or, subject to the last sentence of paragraph (H) (Withdrawal of deposited securities), the withdrawal of Deposited Securities may be suspended, generally or in particular instances, when the ADR Register or any register for Deposited Securities is closed or when any such action is deemed advisable by the Depositary.

Additionally, subject to the last sentence of paragraph (H) (Withdrawal of deposited securities), the withdrawal and delivery of Deposited Securities may be suspended or refused during any period when the transfer books of the Depositary are closed, or if any such action is deemed necessary or advisable by the Depositary or the Company at any time or from time to time because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body or commission, or under any provision of this Deposit Agreement, or for any other reason.

(K)	Taxes (Item 12.D.2(i) and Item 12.D.2(j) of Form20-F) ****
1)	Liability for Taxes
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If any tax or other governmental charges (including any penalties and/or interest) shall become payable by or on behalf of the Custodian or the Depositary with respect to an ADR, any Deposited Securities represented by the ADSs evidenced thereby or any distribution thereon, such tax or other governmental charge shall be paid by the Holder hereof to the Depositary and by holding or owning, or having held or owned, this ADR or any ADSs evidenced hereby, the Holder and all Beneficial Owners thereof, and all prior Holders and Beneficial Owners thereof, jointly and severally, agree to indemnify, defend and save harmless each of the Depositary and its agents in respect of such tax or other governmental charge.

Neither the Depositary, nor any of its agents, shall be liable to Holders or Beneficial Owners of the ADSs and ADRs for failure of any of them to comply with applicable tax laws, rules and/or regulations.

Notwithstanding the Depositary’s right to seek payment from current and former Beneficial Owners, by holding or owning, or having held or owned, an ADR, a Holder of an ADR (and prior Holders thereof) acknowledges and agrees that the Depositary has no obligation to seek payment of amounts owing under this paragraph (K) from any current or former Beneficial Owner.

The Depositary may refuse to effect any registration, registration of transfer, split-up or combination of ADRs or, subject to the last sentence of paragraph (H) (Withdrawal of deposited securities), any withdrawal of such Deposited Securities until such payment is made. The Depositary may also deduct from any distributions on or in respect of Deposited Securities, or may sell by public or private sale for the account of the Holder thereof any part or all of such Deposited Securities, and may apply such deduction or the proceeds of any such sale in payment of such tax or other governmental charge, the Holder thereof remaining liable for any deficiency, and shall reduce the number of ADSs evidenced thereby to reflect any such sales of Shares. In connection with any distribution to Holders, the Company will remit to the appropriate governmental authority or agency all amounts (if any) required to be withheld and owing to such authority or agency by the Company; and the Depositary and the Custodian will remit to the appropriate governmental authority or agency all amounts (if any) required to be withheld and owing to such authority or agency by the Depositary or the Custodian. If the Depositary determines that any distribution in property other than cash (including Shares or rights) on Deposited Securities is subject to any tax that the Depositary or the Custodian is obligated to withhold, the Depositary may dispose of all or a portion of such property in such amounts and in such manner as the Depositary deems necessary and practicable to pay such taxes, by public or private sale (as defined in the form of ADR), and the Depositary shall distribute the net proceeds of any such sale or the balance of any such property after deduction of such taxes to the Holders entitled thereto.

2)	Indemnification Related to Taxes

Each Holder and Beneficial Owner agrees to indemnify the Depositary, the Company, the Custodian and any of their respective officers, directors, employees, agents and affiliates against, and hold each of them harmless from, any claims by any governmental authority with respect to taxes, additions to tax, penalties or interest arising out of any refund of taxes, reduced rate of withholding at source or other tax benefit obtained which obligations shall survive any transfer or surrender of ADSs or the termination of the Deposit Agreement.

(L)	Exoneration (Item 12.D.2(j) of Form 20-F) ****

1) The Depositary, the Company, and each of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents and affiliates and each of them shall: (i) incur or assume no liability (including, without limitation, to Holders or Beneficial Owners) (A) if any present or future law, rule, regulation, fiat, order or decree of Japan, the United States or any other country or jurisdiction, or of any governmental or regulatory authority or any securities exchange or market or automated quotation system, the provisions of or governing any Deposited Securities, any present or future provision of the Company’s charter, any act of God, war, terrorism, epidemic, pandemic, nationalization, expropriation, currency restrictions, extraordinary market conditions, work stoppage, strike, civil unrest, revolutions, rebellions, explosions, cyber, ransomware or malware attack, computer failure or circumstance beyond its direct and immediate control shall prevent or delay, or shall cause any of them to be subject to any civil or criminal penalty in connection with, any act which the Deposit Agreement or this ADR provides shall be done or performed by it or them (including, without limitation, voting pursuant to paragraph (D) (Voting of deposited securities) hereof), or (B) by reason of any non-performance or delay, caused as aforesaid, in the performance of any act or things which by the terms of the Deposit Agreement it is provided shall or may be done or performed or any exercise or failure to exercise any discretion given it in the Deposit Agreement or this ADR (including, without limitation, any failure to determine that any distribution or action may be lawful or reasonably practicable); (ii) incur or assume no liability (including, without limitation, to Holders or Beneficial Owners) except to perform its obligations to the extent they are specifically set forth in this ADR and the Deposit Agreement without gross negligence or willful misconduct and the Depositary shall not be a fiduciary or have any fiduciary duty to Holders or Beneficial Owners; (iii) in the case of the Depositary and its agents, be under no obligation to appear in, prosecute or defend any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of

any Deposited Securities, the ADSs or this ADR; (iv) in the case of the Company and its agents hereunder be under no obligation to appear in, prosecute or defend any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of any Deposited Securities, the ADSs or this ADR, which in its opinion may involve it in expense or liability, unless indemnity satisfactory to it against all expense (including fees and disbursements of counsel) and liability be furnished as often as may be required; and (v) not be liable (including, without limitation, to Holders or Beneficial Owners) for any action or inaction by it in reliance upon the advice of or information from any legal counsel, any accountant, any person presenting Shares for deposit, any Holder, or any other person believed by it to be competent to give such advice or information and/or, in the case of the Depositary, the Company. The Depositary shall not be liable for the acts or omissions made by, or the insolvency of, any securities depository, clearing agency or settlement system.

2) The Depositary shall not be responsible for, and shall incur no liability in connection with or arising from, the insolvency of any Custodian that is not a branch or affiliate of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. The Depositary shall not have any liability for the price received in connection with any sale of securities, the timing thereof or any delay in action or omission to act nor shall it be responsible for any error or delay in action, omission to act, default or negligence on the part of the party so retained in connection with any such sale or proposed sale. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Deposit Agreement (including the ADRs) and, subject to the further limitations set forth in clause (15) of this paragraph (L), the Depositary shall not be responsible for, and shall incur no liability in connection with or arising from, any act or omission to act on the part of the Custodian except to the extent that any Holder has incurred liability directly as a result of the Custodian having (i) committed fraud or willful misconduct in the provision of custodial services to the Depositary or (ii) failed to use reasonable care in the provision of custodial services to the Depositary as determined in accordance with the standards prevailing in the jurisdiction in which the Custodian is located.

3) The Depositary, its agents and the Company may rely and shall be protected in acting upon any written notice, request, direction, instruction or document believed by them to be genuine and to have been signed, presented or given by the proper party or parties.

4) The Depositary shall be under no obligation to inform Holders or Beneficial Owners about the requirements of the laws, rules or regulations or any changes therein or thereto of Japan, the United States or any other country or jurisdiction or of any governmental or regulatory authority or any securities exchange or market or automated quotation system.

5) The Depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote any of the Deposited Securities, for the manner in which any voting instructions are given or deemed to be given in accordance with paragraph (D)(2) hereof, including instructions to give a discretionary proxy to a person designated by the Company, for the manner in which any vote is cast, including, without limitation, any vote cast by a person to whom the Depositary is instructed to grant a discretionary proxy pursuant to paragraph (D) hereof or deemed to have been instructed to grant a discretionary proxy pursuant to paragraph (D)(2) hereof, or for the effect of any such vote.

6) The Depositary may rely upon instructions from the Company or its counsel in respect of any approval or license required for any currency conversion, transfer or distribution.

7) The Depositary and its agents may own and deal in any class of securities of the Company and its affiliates and in ADRs.

8) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in the Deposit Agreement or an ADR, the Depositary and its agents may fully respond to any and all demands or requests for information maintained by or on its behalf in connection with the Deposit Agreement, any Holder or Holders, any ADR or ADRs or otherwise related hereto or thereto to the extent such information is requested or required by or pursuant to any lawful authority, including without limitation laws, rules, regulations, administrative or judicial process, banking, securities or other regulators.

9) None of the Depositary, the Custodian or the Company, or any of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents or affiliates shall be liable for the failure by any Holder or Beneficial Owner to obtain the benefits of credits or refunds of non-U.S. tax paid against such Holder’s or Beneficial Owner’s income tax liability.

10) The Depositary is under no obligation to provide the Holders and Beneficial Owners, or any of them, with any information about the tax status of the Company. None of the Depositary, the Custodian or the Company, or any of their respective directors, officers, employees, agents and affiliates, shall incur any liability for any tax or tax consequences that may be incurred by Holders or Beneficial Owners on account of their ownership or disposition of the ADRs or ADSs.

11) The Depositary shall not incur any liability for the content of any information submitted to it by or on behalf of the Company for distribution to the Holders or for any inaccuracy of any translation thereof, for any investment risk associated with acquiring an interest in the Deposited Securities, for the validity or worth of the Deposited Securities, for the credit-worthiness of any third party, for allowing any rights to lapse upon the terms of the Deposit Agreement or for the failure or timeliness of any notice from the Company.

12) Notwithstanding anything herein or in the Deposit Agreement to the contrary, the Depositary and the Custodian(s) may use third-party delivery services and providers of information regarding matters such as, but not limited to, pricing, proxy voting, corporate actions, class action litigation and other services in connection herewith and the Deposit Agreement, and use local agents to provide services such as, but not limited to, attendance at any meetings of security holders of issuers. Although the Depositary and the Custodian will use reasonable care (and cause their agents to use reasonable care) in the selection and retention of such third-party providers and local agents, they will not be responsible for any errors or omissions made by them in providing the relevant information or services.

13) The Depositary shall not be liable for any acts or omissions made by a successor depositary whether in connection with a previous act or omission of the Depositary or in connection with any matter arising wholly after the removal or resignation of the Depositary.

14) Notwithstanding any other provision of the Deposit Agreement or this ADR to the contrary, neither the Depositary, the Company nor any of their agents shall be liable to Holders or Beneficial Owners for any indirect, special, punitive or consequential damages (including, without limitation, legal fees and expenses) or lost profits, in each case of any form incurred by any person or entity (including, without limitation, Holders and Beneficial Owners of ADRs and ADSs), whether or not foreseeable and regardless of the type of action in which such a claim may be brought.

15) No provision of the Deposit Agreement or this ADR is intended to constitute a waiver or limitation of any rights which Holders or Beneficial Owners may have under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, to the extent applicable.

Certifications of Chairman and CEO and Executive Vice President and CFO

Exhibit 12

302 Certification

I, Fujio Mitarai, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Canon Inc.;<br>
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a<br>material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
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3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,<br>fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
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4.	The company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure<br>controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:
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(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be<br>designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being<br>prepared;
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(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial<br>reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting<br>principles;
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(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this<br>report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
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(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that<br>occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
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5.	The company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of<br>internal control over financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
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(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over<br>financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
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(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in<br>the company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Date: March 30, 2023

/s/ Fujio Mitarai
Fujio Mitarai
Chairman & CEO

302 Certification

I, Toshizo Tanaka, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of Canon Inc.;<br>
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a<br>material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
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3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,<br>fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
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4.	The company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure<br>controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:
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(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be<br>designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being<br>prepared;
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(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial<br>reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting<br>principles;
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(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this<br>report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
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(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that<br>occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
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5.	The company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of<br>internal control over financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
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(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over<br>financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
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(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in<br>the company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Date: March 30, 2023

/s/ Toshizo Tanaka
Toshizo Tanaka
Executive Vice President & CFO

Certification of Chairman and CEO and Executive Vice President and CFO

Exhibit 13

906 Certification

The certification set forth below is being submitted in connection with the Annual Report of Canon Inc. on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Report”) for the purpose of complying with Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code.

Fujio Mitarai, Chairman & CEO of Canon Inc., and Toshizo Tanaka, Executive Vice President & CFO of Canon Inc., each certifies that, to the best of his knowledge:

1.	the Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act; and<br>
2.	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and<br>results of operations of Canon Inc. and its subsidiaries.
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/s/ Fujio Mitarai
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Fujio Mitarai<br><br><br>Chairman & CEO<br><br><br>March 30, 2023
/s/ Toshizo Tanaka
Toshizo Tanaka<br><br><br>Executive Vice President & CFO<br><br><br>March 30, 2023