40-F

U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 40 - F

[Check One]

☐	REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13(a) OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2025 Commission File Number: 1 - 14678

CANADIAN IMPERIAL BANK OF COMMERCE

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Canada	6029	13-1942440
(Province or other jurisdiction<br><br>of incorporation or organization)	(Primary Standard Industrial<br><br>Classification Code Number)	(I.R.S. Employer<br><br>Identification Number)

81 Bay Street

CIBC Square

Toronto, Ontario

Canada , M5J 0E7

(416) 980-3096

(Address and telephone number of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Achilles M. Perry

Vice President and General Counsel – Capital Markets (U.S., Europe, Asia)

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

300 Madison Avenue, 6 th Floor

New York, New York , 10017

(212) 667-8316

(Name, address (including zip code) and telephone number (including area code)

of agent for service in the United States)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”).

Title of each class	Trading<br><br>Symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares	CM	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act.

Not Applicable

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

Debt Securities

(Title of Class)

For annual reports, indicate by check mark the information filed with this Form:

☒<br><br><br>Annual Information Form	☒<br><br><br>Audited annual financial statements

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

Common Shares	926,610,598
Class A Preferred Shares:
Series 47	18,000,000
Series 54	750,000	1
Series 55	800,000	1
Series 56	600,000
Series 57	500,000
Series 58	500,000	1
Series 59	500,000	1
Series 60	450,000	1
Series 61	150,000
Series 62	750,000	1
Series 63	450,000	1

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒    No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

1

The Series 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62 and 63 Class A Preferred Shares (NVCC) are held by a consolidated entity, CIBC LRCN Limited Recourse Capital Trust, in connection with the issuance of Limited Recourse Capital Notes (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness) (“LRCNs”) by series: CAD$750 million principal amount of 4.000% LRCNs Series 2, CAD$800 million principal amount of 7.150% LRCNs Series 3, CAD$500 million principal amount of 6.987% LRCNs Series 4, USD$500 million principal amount of 6.950% LRCNs Series 5, CAD$450 million principal amount of 6.369% LRCNs Series 6, USD$750 million principal amount of 7.000% LRCNs Series 7 and CAD$450 million principal amount of 5.898% LRCNs Series 8, respectively. The Series 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62 and 63 Class A Preferred Shares are distributable to holders of such notes upon certain events.

DISCLOSURE CONTROL AND PROCEDURES

The disclosure provided under the heading “Management’s discussion and analysis—Controls and procedures—Disclosure controls and procedures” included in Exhibit B.3(c) is incorporated by reference herein.

MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

The disclosure provided under the heading “Management’s discussion and analysis—Controls and procedures—Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting” included in Exhibit B.3(c) is incorporated by reference herein.

ATTESTATION REPORT OF THE REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The disclosure provided under the heading “Report of independent registered public accounting firm—To the shareholders and directors of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce—Opinion on internal control over financial reporting” included in Exhibit B.3(b) is incorporated by reference herein.

CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

The disclosure provided under the heading “Management’s discussion and analysis—Controls and procedures—Changes in internal control over financial reporting” included in Exhibit B.3(c) is incorporated by reference herein.

AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

CIBC’s Board of Directors has determined that (i) CIBC has at least one “audit committee financial expert” (as that term is defined in General Instruction B(8)(b) of the General Instructions to Form 40-F) serving on its audit committee, the members of which are Ms. Michelle L. Collins, Ms. Marianne Harrison, Ms. Mary Lou Maher, Mr. Mark W. Podlasly and Ms. Martine Turcotte, (ii) each of Ms. Michelle L. Collins, Ms. Marianne Harrison, Ms. Mary Lou Maher and Mr. Mark W. Podlasly is an “audit committee financial expert” (as so defined), and (iii) each audit committee member is “independent” (as that term is defined in the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange).

In accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission, notwithstanding their designation as “audit committee financial experts,” each of the individuals listed above shall not (i) be deemed “experts” for any purpose, including, without limitation, for purposes of Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or (ii) have any greater duties, obligations or liability than those imposed on any other member of the audit committee or board of directors.

CODE OF ETHICS

CIBC has adopted a Code of Conduct applicable to all its officers (including CIBC’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accountant and Controller), directors, employees and contractors. The Code of Conduct meets the definition of a “code of ethics” (as that term is defined in General Instruction B(9)(b) of the General Instructions to Form 40-F).

The Code of Conduct is available on CIBC’s website at https://www.cibc.com/ca/inside-cibc/governance/governance-practices/code-of-conduct.html . CIBC also undertakes to provide a copy of

the Code of Conduct to any person without charge by contacting Investor Relations at investorrelations@cibc.com or by mail “Attention: CIBC Investor Relations” at the Toronto executive office address shown above.

Effective November 1, 2025, in addition to certain other technical, administrative or non-substantive revisions, CIBC adopted the following amendments to the Code of Conduct:

•	Entire document<br>: Editorial changes throughout to improve clarity, readability, and allow for better identification of trends and remedial strategies.
•	Section<br><br><br><br>2<br>: Strengthened to include reference to CIBC’s Integrity and Security Framework to align with requirements set out in OSFI’s Integrity and Security Guideline.
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•	Section<br><br><br><br>3<br>: Enhanced language regarding identifying and avoiding conflicts of interest, including when processing personal transactions.
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•	Section<br><br><br><br>5<br>: Added a subsection focusing on the safe and responsible use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), including reference to CIBC’s Trustworthy AI Principles.
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No waivers from the provisions of the Code of Conduct were granted in the fiscal year ended October 31, 2025 to the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accountant or Controller of CIBC.

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The disclosure provided under the heading “Management’s discussion and analysis—Controls and procedures—Supplementary annual financial information—Fees paid to the shareholders’ auditors” included in Exhibit B.3(c) is incorporated by reference herein.

The disclosure provided under the heading “Annual Information Form—PRE-APPROVAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES” included in Exhibit B.3(a) is incorporated by reference herein.

During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2025, all of the services related to Audit-Related Fees, Tax Fees or All Other Fees were approved by the Audit Committee pursuant to its pre-approval policy.

During the fiscal year ended October 31, 2025, less than 50% of the hours expended by CIBC’s independent registered public accounting firms’ engagement to audit CIBC’s financial statements were attributed to work performed by persons other than CIBC’s independent registered public accounting firms’ full-time, permanent employees.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

The disclosure provided under the heading “Management’s discussion and analysis—Off-balance sheet arrangements” included in Exhibit B.3(c) is incorporated by reference herein.

DISCLOSURE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

The disclosure provided under the heading “Management’s discussion and analysis—Contractual obligations” included in Exhibit B.3(c) is incorporated by reference herein.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE AUDIT COMMITTEE

The disclosure provided under the heading “Annual Information Form—AUDIT COMMITTEE” included in Exhibit B.3(a) is incorporated by reference herein.

RECOVERY OF ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION

CIBC’s SEC Clawback Policy is filed as Exhibit 97 to this annual report on Form 40-F.

UNDERTAKING

Registrant undertakes to make available, in person or by telephone, representatives to respond to inquiries made by the Commission staff, and to furnish promptly, when requested to do so by the Commission staff, information relating to: the securities in relation to which the obligation to file an annual report on Form 40-F arises or transactions in said securities.

DISCLOSURE REQUIRED BY NYSE LISTED COMPANY MANUAL

A summary of the significant differences between the governance practices of the Registrant and those required of U.S. domestic companies under the New York Stock Exchange listing standards can be found in the Governance section of the Registrant’s website at https://www.cibc.com/en/about-cibc/corporate-governance/practices/disclosure-nyse-manual.html .

DISCLOSURE REQUIRED BY IRAN THREAT REDUCTION AND SYRIA HUMAN RIGHTS ACT OF 2012

Under the Iran Threat Reduction and Syrian Human Rights Act of 2012 (“ITRSHRA”), which added Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act, the Registrant is required to include certain disclosures in its periodic reports if it or any of its “affiliates” knowingly engaged in certain specified activities during the period covered by the report. The Registrant is not presently aware that it or its affiliates have knowingly engaged in any transaction or dealing reportable under Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act during the year ended October 31, 2025.

SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the Registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 40-F and has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized.

Date: December 4, 2025	CANADIAN IMPERIAL BANK OF COMMERCE
	By:	/s/ Harry Culham
		Harry Culham
		President and Chief Executive Officer
	By:	/s/ Robert Sedran
		Robert Sedran
		Senior Executive Vice-President and
		Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBITS

(Information to be filed on this Form pursuant to General Instruction (references are to paragraphs to General Instructions))

Exhibit	Description of Exhibit
B.3(a)	Annual Information Form
B.3(b)	Audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2025 excerpted from pages <br>101-102<br> and <br>109-179<br> of the 2025 Annual Report of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) and the report of independent registered public accounting firm (PCAOB ID: 1263) to shareholders with respect to the report on financial statements related to the consolidated balance sheets as at October 31, 2025 and 2024, and the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the years then ended and the report of independent registered public accounting firm (PCAOB ID: 1263) on internal control over financial reporting under standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) as of October 31, 2025 from pages <br>106-108<br> of the 2025 Annual Report of CIBC
B.3(c)	Management’s discussion and analysis excerpted from pages <br>1-100<br> of CIBC’s 2025 Annual Report
B.3(d)	Other Pages of CIBC’s 2025 Annual Report incorporated in Annual Information Form
B.6(a)(1)	Certifications required by Rule <br>13a-14(a)
B.6(a)(2)	Certifications required by Rule <br>13a-14(b)<br> and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code
D.9	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
97	CIBC’s SEC Clawback Policy
101	Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL)
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101

ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM

Exhibit B.3(a): Annual Information Form

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM

December 3, 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2	A NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
3	INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
3	CORPORATE STRUCTURE
	3	Name, Address and Incorporation
	3	Intercorporate Relationships
3	DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS
	3	The CIBC Organization
	4	Competitive Conditions
	4	Environmental and Social<br> Policies
	4	Risk<br>Factors
4	GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS
	4	Three Year History
5	DIVIDENDS
6	CAPITAL STRUCTURE
	6	Description of Common<br> Shares
	6	Description of Preferred<br> Shares
	6	Certain Conditions of<br> the Class A Preferred Shares as a Class
	7	Description of Limited<br> Recourse Capital Notes
	7	Certain Conditions of<br> the Limited Recourse Capital Notes
	7	Bank Act (Canada)<br> Restrictions Related to Share Ownership
	7	Liquidity and Credit<br> Ratings
8	MARKET FOR SECURITIES
	8	Trading Prices and Volume
	8	Prior<br>Sales
	9	Escrowed Securities<br> and Securities Subject to Contractual Restriction on Transfer
9	DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
	9	Directors and Board<br> Committees
	9	Executive Officers
	9	Shareholdings of Directors<br> and Executive Officers
	10	Corporate Cease Trade<br> Orders or Bankruptcies
	10	Penalties or Sanctions
	10	Personal Bankruptcies
	10	Conflicts of Interest
10	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS
10	INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS
10	TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR
10	EXPERTS
10	AUDIT COMMITTEE
	10	Education and Experience
12	PRE-APPROVAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
12	FEES FOR SERVICES PROVIDED BY SHAREHOLDERS’ AUDITOR
12	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
13	Appendix A: Rating Definitions
15	Appendix B: Audit Committee Mandate

CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  1

A NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

From time to time, we make written or oral forward-looking statements within the meaning of certain securities laws, including in this Annual Information Form, in other filings with Canadian securities regulators or the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and in other communications. All such statements are made pursuant to the “safe harbour” provisions of, and are intended to be forward-looking statements under applicable Canadian and U.S. securities legislation, including the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements made about our operations, business lines, financial condition, risk management, priorities, targets and sustainability commitments (including with respect to our sustainability ambitions and our environmental, social and governance (ESG) related activities), ongoing objectives, strategies, the regulatory environment in which we operate and outlook for calendar year 2026 and subsequent periods. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by the words “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “estimate”, “forecast”, “target”, “predict”, “commit”, “ambition”, “goal”, “strive”, “project”, “objective” and other similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will”, “may”, “should”, “would” and “could”. By their nature, these statements require us to make assumptions, including the economic assumptions set out in this Annual Information Form, and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties that may be general or specific. Given the potential negative economic impacts tied to the actual and proposed U.S. imposition of tariffs on Canada and other countries and their countermeasures, the softening labour market and uncertain political conditions in the U.S., the continuing impact of hybrid work arrangements and high interest rates on the U.S. real estate sector, and the war in Ukraine and conflict in the Middle East on the global economy, financial markets, and our business, results of operations, reputation and financial condition, there is inherently more uncertainty associated with our assumptions as compared to prior periods. A variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, affect our operations, performance and results, and could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in any of our forward-looking statements. These factors include: trade policies and tensions, including tariffs; inflationary pressures in the U.S.; global supply-chain disruptions; geopolitical risk, including from the war in Ukraine and conflict in the Middle East; the impact of post-pandemic hybrid work arrangements; credit, market, liquidity, strategic, insurance, operational, reputation, conduct and legal, regulatory and environmental risk; currency value and interest rate fluctuations, including as a result of market and oil price volatility; the effectiveness and adequacy of our risk management and valuation models and processes; legislative or regulatory developments in the jurisdictions where we operate, including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Common Reporting Standard, and regulatory reforms in the United Kingdom and Europe, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s global standards for capital and liquidity reform, and those relating to bank recapitalization legislation and the payments system in Canada; amendments to, and interpretations of, risk-based capital guidelines and reporting instructions, and interest rate and liquidity regulatory guidance; exposure to, and the resolution of, significant litigation or regulatory matters, our ability to successfully appeal adverse outcomes of such matters and the timing, determination and recovery of amounts related to such matters; the effect of changes to accounting standards, rules and interpretations; changes in our estimates of reserves and allowances; changes in tax laws; changes to our credit ratings; political conditions and developments, including changes relating to economic or trade matters such as tariffs; the possible effect on our business of international conflicts, such as the war in Ukraine and conflict in the Middle East, and terrorism; natural disasters, disruptions to public infrastructure and other catastrophic events; the occurrence of public health emergencies and any related government policies and actions; reliance on third parties to provide components of our business infrastructure; potential disruptions to our information technology systems and services; increasing cyber security risks, which may include theft or disclosure of assets, unauthorized access to sensitive information, or operational disruption; social media risk; losses incurred as a result of internal or external fraud; anti-money laundering; the accuracy and completeness of information provided to us concerning clients and counterparties; the failure of third parties to comply with their obligations to us and our affiliates or associates; intensifying competition from established competitors and new entrants in the financial services industry, including through internet and mobile banking; technological change, including the use of data and artificial intelligence (AI) in our business; the heavy reliance on AI-related capital spending for U.S. growth and the uncertain employment impacts from its adoption; global capital market activity; changes in monetary and economic policy; general business and economic conditions worldwide, as well as in Canada, the U.S. and other countries where we have operations, including increasing Canadian household debt levels and global credit risks; climate change and other ESG-related risks, including our ability to implement various sustainability-related initiatives internally and with our clients under expected time frames and our ability to scale our sustainable finance products and services; our success in developing and introducing new products and services, expanding existing distribution channels, developing new distribution channels and realizing increased revenue from these channels; changes in client spending and saving habits; our ability to attract and retain key employees and executives; our ability to successfully execute our strategies and complete and integrate acquisitions and joint ventures; the risk that expected benefits of an acquisition, merger or divestiture will not be realized within the expected time frame or at all; and our ability to anticipate and manage the risks associated with these factors. This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect any of our forward-looking statements. These and other factors should be considered carefully and readers should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Information Form represent the views of management only as of the date hereof and are presented for the purpose of assisting our shareholders and financial analysts in understanding our financial position, objectives and priorities and anticipated financial performance as at and for the periods ended on the dates presented, and may not be appropriate for other purposes. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement that is contained in this Annual Information Form or in other communications except as required by law.

CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  2

INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain disclosures in this Annual Information Form (AIF) are incorporated by reference from CIBC’s 2025 Annual Report for the year ended October 31, 2025. The table below identifies pages from the 2025 Annual Report which are incorporated by reference into this AIF. The 2025 Annual Report is available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.com.

AIF Item	2025 Annual Report – Page Reference
CORPORATESTRUCTURE
Intercorporate Relationships	174
DESCRIPTION OF THEBUSINESS
The CIBC Organization	1–100
Environmental and Social Policies	50, 79
Risk Factors	42–81
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OFTHE BUSINESS	4, 13
DIVIDENDS	155–157
CAPITALSTRUCTURE	155–157
DIRECTORS ANDOFFICERS
Directors and Board Committees	187
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ANDREGULATORY ACTIONS	169–171
TRANSFER AGENT ANDREGISTRAR	186
FEES FOR SERVICESPROVIDED BY SHAREHOLDERS’ AUDITOR	93
GLOSSARY	94–100

Unless otherwise specified, this AIF presents information as at October 31, 2025.

CORPORATE STRUCTURE

Name, Address and Incorporation

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) is a diversified financial institution governed by the Bank Act (Canada), which constitutes its charter. CIBC was formed through the amalgamation of The Canadian Bank of Commerce and Imperial Bank of Canada in 1961. The Canadian Bank of Commerce was originally incorporated as Bank of Canada by special act of the legislature of the Province of Canada in 1858. Subsequently, the name was changed to The Canadian Bank of Commerce and it opened for business under that name in 1867. Imperial Bank of Canada was incorporated in 1875 by special act of the Parliament of Canada and commenced operations in that year. The address of the registered and head office of CIBC is 81 Bay Street, CIBC SQUARE, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5J 0E7.

Intercorporate Relationships

Information about the intercorporate relationships among CIBC and its significant subsidiaries is provided in Note 25 to the consolidated financial statements included in the 2025 Annual Report.

DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS

The CIBC Organization

CIBC is a leading North American financial institution. CIBC serves its clients through four main strategic business units (SBUs): Canadian Personal and Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets.

Canadian Personal and Business Banking provides clients across Canada with financial solutions, services and advice through our dedicated team members in banking centres and contact centres, as well as leading mobile and online banking platforms to help make their ambitions a reality.

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides high-touch, relationship-oriented banking and wealth management services to middle-market companies, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families across Canada. Our offering also includes an online brokerage platform for retail clients and asset management services for institutional investors.

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides tailored, relationship-oriented banking and wealth management solutions across the U.S., focusing on middle-market and mid-corporate companies, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families, as well as operating private and small business banking services in strategic markets across the U.S.

Capital Markets provides integrated global markets products and services, investment banking and corporate banking solutions, and top-ranked research to our clients around the world. Leveraging the capabilities of our differentiated platform, Capital Markets also delivers multi-currency payments and innovative solutions for clients across our bank.

CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  3

Corporate and Other includes the following functional groups – Technology, Infrastructure and Innovation, Risk Management, People, Culture and Brand, and Finance and Enterprise Strategy, as well as other support groups. The expenses of these functional and support groups are generally allocated to the business lines within the SBUs. Corporate and Other also includes the results of CIBC Caribbean Bank Limited and other portfolio investments, as well as other income statement and balance sheet items not directly attributable to the business lines. Information about CIBC’s business lines and functional groups is provided in the 2025 Annual Report on pages 1 to 100.

A more complete description of services provided by Canadian Personal and Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets can be found in the 2025 Annual Report on pages 17 to 28.

External reporting changes were made in 2025, which affected the results of our SBUs. See the “External reporting changes” section in our 2025 Annual Report on page 2 for additional details.

Competitive Conditions

CIBC was the fifth largest Canadian chartered bank in terms of market capitalization as at October 31, 2025.

Growth decelerated in Canada in 2025 as the economy was hit by elevated tariffs in some sectors and uncertainty over trade relations with the U.S. Although population growth was slowing, weak hiring resulted in an upward drift in the unemployment rate. Inflation remained close to the Bank of Canada’s 2% target rate, allowing the central bank to further lower its policy rate during the year to support growth ahead. Lower interest rates supported a strong year for equities and capital market activity, a mid-year upturn in housing starts, and moderate growth in mortgage and personal loans. Growth in business loans decelerated due to the impact of economic uncertainty on investment spending. The U.S. economy has remained stronger than Canada’s helped by a boom in capital spending for artificial intelligence, but has been impacted by slowing population growth that has held back job creation. While core inflation has yet to come back to target, the central bank resumed cutting interest rates in the wake of a modest upturn in unemployment.

Environmental and Social Policies

Additional information about our environmental policies and environmental and social risk can be found under “Management of risk – Top and emerging risks – Climate risk” and “Management of risk – Other risks – Environmental and social risk” on page 50 and page 79, respectively, of the 2025 Annual Report. Furthermore, CIBC’s Sustainability and Climate Reports and Public Accountability Statement summarize our commitment to our stakeholders and highlight the activities we are undertaking to achieve our sustainability ambitions.

These reports are available on our website at https://www.cibc.com/en/about-cibc/corporate-responsibility.html.

Risk Factors

A discussion of risk factors related to CIBC and its business, and the steps taken to manage those risks appears throughout the 2025 Annual Report and in particular under the heading “Management of risk” on pages 42 to 81.

GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUSINESS

Three Year History

At CIBC, our goal is to deliver superior client experience and top-tier shareholder returns while maintaining our financial strength.

As discussed in the “Overview” section in the 2025 Annual Report, CIBC has reported a scorecard of financial measures to evaluate and report on our progress to external stakeholders. These measures, for which CIBC has set through the cycle targets, which we currently define as three to five years, assuming a normal business environment and credit cycle, can be categorized into four key areas:

1.	Earnings Growth
•	Our target was an adjusted^(1)^ diluted earnings per share (EPS) growth<br>rate of 7% to 10% through the cycle. Going forward, we will continue to target an adjusted diluted EPS growth rate of 7% to 10% through the cycle.
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2.	Operating Leverage
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•	Our target was to deliver positive adjusted operating leverage. Going forward, we will continue to target positive adjusted<br>operating leverage through the cycle.
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3.	Shareholder Profitability and Return — Return on Common Shareholders’ Equity (ROE) / Dividend Payout Ratio /<br>Total Shareholder Return (TSR)
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•	Our target was an adjusted ROE of 15%+. Going forward, we will continue to target adjusted ROE of 15%+ through the cycle.<br>
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•	Our target was an adjusted dividend payout ratio in the range of 40% to 50% of earnings to common shareholders. Going<br>forward, we will continue to target an adjusted dividend payout ratio of 40% to 50% through the cycle.
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•	We continue to have an objective to deliver a TSR that exceeds the industry average, which we have defined as the<br>Standard & Poor’s (S&P)/Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) Composite Banks Index, over rolling three- and five-year periods.
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4.	Balance Sheet Strength
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•	Our target was to actively manage our capital to maintain a strong and efficient capital base while supporting our business<br>and returning capital to our shareholders. Going forward, we will continue to maintain a strong buffer to regulatory requirements.
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•	The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) standard requires that, absent a situation of financial stress, the value of the ratio be<br>no lower than 100%.
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(1)	Adjusted measures are non-GAAP measures. For additional information and a<br>reconciliation of reported results to adjusted results, where applicable, see the “Non-GAAP measures” section starting on page 13 of the 2025 Annual Report, available on SEDAR+ at<br>www.sedarplus.com.
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CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  4

Fiscal 2025 saw decelerating Canadian economic growth with higher unemployment, elevated tariffs in some sectors, and geopolitical pressures. This was offset by strong but volatile financial markets and stimulative monetary policy. In spite of these challenges, we delivered strong performance across all of our SBUs.

1.	Earnings Growth

Reported diluted EPS was $8.57 in 2025, compared with $7.28 in 2024, up 18%. Reported diluted EPS was $5.17 in 2023.

2.	Operating Leverage

Reported operating leverage^(1)^ was 4.0% in 2025, compared with 9.1% in 2024 and (5.2)% in 2023.

3.	Shareholder Profitability and Return — Return on Common Shareholders’ Equity /Dividend Payout Ratio / Total Shareholder Return

In 2025, reported ROE^(1)^ of 14.3% was up from 13.4% in 2024. Reported ROE was 10.3% in 2023.

CIBC’s 2025 reported dividend payout ratio^(1)^ was 45.0%, compared with 49.4% in 2024. The reported dividend payout ratio was 66.5% in 2023.

CIBC’s rolling TSR for the three years ended October 31, 2025 was 119.5%, compared with 73.7% for the S&P/TSX Composite Banks Index. For the five years ended October 31, 2025, our TSR was 199.8%, which was above the S&P/TSX Composite Banks Index of 159.1%.

4.	Balance Sheet Strength

At the end of 2025, CIBC’s Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio^(2)^ was 13.3%, compared with 13.3% in 2024 and 12.4% in 2023, well above the current regulatory requirement set by OSFI of 11.5%.

For the quarter ended October 31, 2025, our three-month daily average liquidity coverage ratio (LCR)^(2)^ was 132% compared to 129% for the same period last year. LCR^(2)^ was 135% in 2023. It measures unencumbered high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) that can be converted into cash to meet liquidity needs for a 30-calendar-day liquidity stress scenario.

DIVIDENDS

CIBC has a common share dividend policy of maintaining a balance between the distribution of profits to shareholders and the need to retain capital for safety and soundness, and to support growth of the businesses. In the context of this overall policy, CIBC’s key criteria for considering dividend increases are the current payout ratio compared to the target, and its view on the sustainability of the level of current earnings through the cycle. Going forward, CIBC will continue to target an adjusted dividend payout ratio of 40% to 50%.

The cash dividends declared and paid per share for each class of CIBC shares and restrictions on the payment of dividends can be found on pages 155 to 157 of the 2025 Annual Report.

(1)	Certain additional disclosures for these specified financial measures have been incorporated by reference and can be found<br>in the “Financial Highlights” and “Glossary” sections on page 4 and page 94, respectively, of the 2025 Annual Report, available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.com.
(2)	CET1 and LCR are calculated pursuant to OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) Guideline and OSFI’s<br>Liquidity Adequacy Requirements (LAR) Guideline, respectively, which are both based on the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) standards. Certain additional disclosures for these specified financial measures have been incorporated by<br>reference and can be found in the “Capital management” and “Liquidity risk” sections on page 31 and page 70, respectively, of the 2025 Annual Report, available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.com.
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CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  5

CAPITAL STRUCTURE

The following summary of CIBC’s capital structure is qualified in its entirety by CIBC’s by-laws and the actual terms and conditions of such shares. Additional detail on CIBC’s capital structure is provided on pages 37 to 40 and pages 155 to 157 of the 2025 Annual Report.

Description of Common Shares

CIBC’s authorized common share capital consists of an unlimited number of common shares without nominal or par value. The holders of common shares are entitled to receive dividends as and when declared by the Board of Directors of CIBC (the Board), subject to the preference of holders of preferred shares. A holder of common shares is entitled to notice of and to attend all shareholders’ meetings, except meetings at which only holders of a specified class or series of shares are entitled to vote, and for all purposes will be entitled to one vote for each common share held. In the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of CIBC, after payment of all outstanding deposits and debts and subject to the preference of any shares ranking senior to the common shares, the holders of common shares will be entitled to a pro rata distribution of the remaining assets of CIBC. The holders of common shares have no pre-emptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights. The rights, preferences and privileges of the common shares are subject to the rights of the holders of preferred shares.

Description of Preferred Shares

CIBC is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Class A Preferred Shares and Class B Preferred Shares without nominal or par value, issuable in series, with such rights, privileges, restrictions and conditions as the Board may determine, provided that, for each class of preferred shares, the maximum aggregate consideration for all outstanding shares, at any time does not exceed $10 billion. The following series of Class A Preferred Shares^(1)^ are currently outstanding: Series 47, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62 and 63. No Class B Preferred Shares are currently outstanding.

(1)	Non-cumulative 5-Year Fixed Rate Reset<br>Class A Preferred Shares Series 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62 and 63 (NVCC) (Preferred Shares Series 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62 and 63) are held by a consolidated entity, CIBC LRCN Limited Recourse Trust (the Limited Recourse Trust).<br>

The Bank Act (Canada) requires that banks maintain adequate capital in relation to their operations. The Superintendent of Financial Institutions (the Superintendent) establishes capital adequacy requirements for issuances of regulatory capital by banks. These requirements include that all regulatory capital must be able to absorb losses in a failed financial institution. Effective January 1, 2013, in accordance with capital adequacy requirements adopted by the Superintendent, non-common capital instruments issued after January 1, 2013, including preferred shares, must include non-viability contingent capital (NVCC) provisions, providing for the full and permanent automatic conversion (an NVCC Automatic Conversion) of such non-common capital instruments into common shares upon the occurrence of certain trigger events relating to financial viability (the NVCC Provisions) in order to qualify as regulatory capital.

The following describes certain general terms and conditions of the preferred shares.

Certain Conditions of the Class A Preferred Shares as a Class

The following is a summary of certain provisions attached to the Class A Preferred Shares as a class.

Priority

The Class A Preferred Shares of each series of Class A Preferred Shares rank on a parity with every other series of Class A Preferred Shares and rank in priority to the Class B Preferred Shares and the common shares of CIBC with respect to the payment of dividends and on the distribution of assets in the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of CIBC, provided that an NVCC Automatic Conversion as contemplated under the NVCC Provisions applicable to a series of Class A Preferred Shares has not occurred.

Restrictions on Creation of Additional Class A Preferred Shares

In addition to any shareholder approvals required by applicable law, the approval of the holders of the Class A Preferred Shares given in the manner described under “Modification” below, is required for any increase in the maximum aggregate consideration for which the Class A Preferred Shares may be issued and for the creation of any shares ranking prior to or on a parity with the Class A Preferred Shares.

Modification

Approval of amendments to the provisions of the Class A Preferred Shares as a class and any other authorization required to be given by the holders of Class A Preferred Shares may be given by a resolution carried by an affirmative vote of not less than 66^2/3^% of the votes cast at a meeting at which the holders of 10% of the outstanding Class A Preferred Shares are present or represented by proxy or, if no quorum is present at such meeting, at an adjourned meeting at which the shareholders then present would form the necessary quorum.

Rights on Liquidation

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of CIBC, provided that an NVCC Automatic Conversion as contemplated under the NVCC Provisions applicable to a series of Class A Preferred Shares has not occurred, the holders of the Class A Preferred Shares will be entitled to receive an amount equal to the price at which such shares are issued together with such premium, if any, as shall have been provided for with respect to the Class A Preferred Shares of any series, together with all declared and unpaid dividends, before any amount is paid or any assets of CIBC are distributed to the holders of any shares ranking junior to the Class A Preferred Shares. Upon payment to the holders of the Class A Preferred Shares of the amounts so payable to them, they will not be entitled to share in any further distribution of the assets of CIBC. If an NVCC Automatic Conversion as contemplated under the NVCC Provisions applicable to a series of Class A Preferred Shares has occurred, all of the Class A Preferred Shares of such series shall have been converted into common shares of CIBC in accordance with a pre-determined conversion formula specified at the time of issuance of the Class A Preferred Shares of such series and will rank on parity with all other common shares of CIBC.

Voting Rights

Subject to the provisions of the Bank Act (Canada), the directors of CIBC are empowered to set voting rights, if any, for each series of Class A Preferred Shares.

CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  6

Contingent Conversion of Certain Series of Class A Preferred Shares

All of CIBC’s currently outstanding Class A Preferred Shares were issued after January 1, 2013 and, accordingly, contain NVCC Provisions in their respective share terms and conditions. The number of common shares into which such Class A Preferred Shares would be converted upon an NVCC Automatic Conversion will be determined in accordance with a pre-determined conversion formula specified at the time of issuance of such Class A Preferred Shares.

Description of Limited Recourse Capital Notes

CIBC has outstanding CAD$750 million principal amount of 4.000% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 2 due January 28, 2082 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness), CAD$800 million principal amount of 7.150% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 3 due July 28, 2082 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness), CAD$500 million principal amount of 6.987% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 4 due July 28, 2084 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness), USD$500 million principal amount of 6.950% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 5 due January 28, 2085 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness), CAD$450 million principal amount of 6.369% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 6 due April 28, 2085 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness), USD$750 million principal amount of 7.000% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 7 due October 28, 2085 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness) and CAD$450 million principal amount of 5.898% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 8 due January 28, 2086 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness), collectively referred to as the “Notes”, which are reported as equity on the consolidated balance sheet, and carry the standard NVCC provisions necessary for them to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital under Basel III.

The following describes certain general terms and conditions of the Notes.

Certain Conditions of the Limited Recourse Capital Notes

The following is a summary of certain provisions attached to the Notes.

Priority

The Notes are junior, subordinated, unsecured indebtedness of CIBC and will rank subordinate to all of CIBC’s deposit liabilities and all other indebtedness (including all of CIBC’s other unsecured and subordinated indebtedness) from time to time issued and outstanding, except for such indebtedness which by its terms ranks equally in right of payment with, or is subordinate to, the Notes.

Limited Recourse

In the event of a non-payment by CIBC of the principal amount of, interest on, or redemption price for, the Notes when due, the sole remedy of holders of the Notes shall be the delivery of the Preferred Shares Series 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62 and 63, which are held in the Limited Recourse Trust and carry the standard NVCC provisions as described above.

Voting Rights

None, other than in certain limited circumstances.

Bank Act (Canada) Restrictions Related to Share Ownership

The Bank Act (Canada) contains restrictions on the issue, transfer, acquisition, beneficial ownership and voting of all shares of a chartered bank. By way of summary, no person, or persons acting jointly or in concert, shall be a major shareholder of a bank if the bank has equity of $12 billion or more (which would include CIBC). A person is a major shareholder of a bank where: (i) the aggregate of the shares of any class of voting shares beneficially owned by that person, by entities controlled by that person and by any person associated or acting jointly or in concert with that person (as contemplated by the Bank Act (Canada)) is more than 20% of that class of voting shares; or (ii) the aggregate of the shares of any class of non-voting shares beneficially owned by that person, by entities controlled by that person and by any person associated or acting jointly or in concert with that person (as contemplated by the Bank Act (Canada)) is more than 30% of that class of non-voting shares. No person, or persons acting jointly or in concert, shall have a significant interest in any class of shares of a bank, including CIBC, unless the person first receives the approval of the Minister of Finance (Canada). For purposes of the Bank Act (Canada), a person has a significant interest in a class of shares of a bank where the aggregate of any shares of the class beneficially owned by that person, by entities controlled by that person and by any person associated or acting jointly or in concert with that person (as contemplated by the Bank Act (Canada)) exceeds 10% of all of the outstanding shares of that class of shares of such bank.

In addition, the Bank Act (Canada) prohibits a bank, including CIBC, from recording in its securities register the transfer or issuance of shares of any class to His Majesty in right of Canada or of a province, an agent or agency of His Majesty, a government of a foreign country or any political subdivision of a foreign country, or an agent or agency of a foreign government. The Bank Act (Canada) also suspends the exercise of any voting rights attached to any share of a bank, including CIBC, that is beneficially owned by His Majesty in right of Canada or of a province, an agency of His Majesty, a government of a foreign country or any political subdivision of a foreign country, or any agency thereof.

Liquidity and CreditRatings

CIBC funds its operations with client-sourced deposits, supplemented with a wide range of wholesale funding.

CIBC’s principal approach aims to fund its consolidated balance sheet with deposits primarily raised from personal and commercial banking channels. CIBC maintains a foundation of relationship-based core deposits, whose stability is regularly evaluated through internally developed statistical assessments.

We routinely access a range of short-term and long-term secured and unsecured funding sources diversified by geography, depositor type, instrument, currency and maturity. We raise long-term funding from existing programs including covered bonds, asset securitizations and unsecured debt.

Credit ratings assigned by external agencies impact CIBC’s ability to raise capital and funding in wholesale markets and related borrowing costs. Adverse movements in CIBC’s credit ratings could potentially result in higher financing costs, increased collateral pledging requirements and reduced access to capital markets. CIBC regularly reviews the impact of ratings downgrades and maintains liquidity buffers to ensure preparedness for continuity of operations under adverse conditions.

Additional information relating to CIBC’s liquidity management and credit ratings is available on pages 70 to 77 of the 2025 Annual Report under the heading “Management of risk – Liquidity risk”.

CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  7

The table below provides the ratings for CIBC’s Class A Preferred Shares, Limited Recourse Capital Notes and debt obligations as at December 3, 2025:

	DBRS Limited<br> <br>(Morningstar DBRS)	Fitch Ratings, Inc.<br><br><br>(Fitch)	Moody’s InvestorsService, Inc. (Moody’s)	Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services (S&P)
Deposit/Counterparty^(1)^	AA	AA	Aa2	A+
Senior debt^(2)^	AA	AA	Aa2	A+
Bail-in senior debt^(3)^	AA(L)	AA-	A2	A-
Subordinated indebtedness	A(H)	A	Baa1	A-
Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC^(4)^	A(L)	A	Baa1	BBB+
Limited recourse capital notes – NVCC^(4)(5)^	BBB(H)	BBB+	Baa3	BBB-
Preferred shares – NVCC^(4)(5)^	Pfd-2	BBB+	Baa3	P-2(L)
Short-term debt	R-1(H)	F1+	P-1	A-1
Outlook	Stable	Stable	Stable	Stable
(1)	Morningstar DBRS Long-Term Issuer Rating; Fitch Long-Term Deposit Rating and Derivative Counterparty Rating; Moody’s<br>Long-Term Deposit and Counterparty Risk Assessment Rating; S&P’s Issuer Credit Rating.
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(2)	Includes senior debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is not subject to<br>bail-in regulations.
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(3)	Comprises liabilities which are subject to conversion under the bail-in<br>regulations.
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(4)	Comprises instruments which are treated as NVCC in accordance with OSFI’s CAR Guideline.
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(5)	Morningstar DBRS rating does not apply to limited recourse capital notes and associated preferred shares issued in USD.<br>Fitch rating only applies to limited recourse capital notes and associated preferred shares issued in USD.
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The ratings should not be construed as a recommendation to buy, sell or hold CIBC securities. Ratings may be revised or withdrawn at any time by the respective rating agencies.

Definitions of rating categories are available on the respective rating agencies’ websites and are outlined in Appendix A. More detailed explanations of the various rating categories may be obtained directly from the rating agencies.

As is common practice, CIBC has paid fees charged by all four of the above-noted rating agencies for their rating services and, to certain of the rating agencies, for other services during the last two years. CIBC reasonably expects that such payments will continue to be made for services in the future.

MARKET FOR SECURITIES^(1)^

CIBC maintains a listing of its common shares on the TSX and the New York Stock Exchange. CIBC maintains a listing of its Class A Preferred Shares on the TSX.

(1)	From time to time, securities of CIBC may be listed on other stock exchanges or quotation systems by investors, brokers or<br>others without the consent or involvement of CIBC. This section does not include debt instruments that are deposits.

Trading Prices and Volume^(1)^ ****

	2024				2025
	Nov.		Dec.		Jan.		Feb.		Mar.		Apr.		May		Jun.		Jul.		Aug.		Sep.		Oct.
Common Shares
High	$	92.17	$	95.50	$	93.31	$	89.72	$	87.97	$	87.00	$	96.45	$	97.04	$	102.02	$	107.13	$	113.51	$	117.13
Low	$	87.38	$	89.06	$	88.10	$	81.26	$	78.89	$	76.17	$	86.53	$	91.94	$	96.53	$	97.81	$	105.01	$	111.29
Volume (thousands)		54,174		111,840		77,423		57,001		115,988		100,617		57,430		77,279		65,807		45,770		67,664		62,819
Preferred Shares Series 41
High	$	25.00	$	25.20	$	25.00		Redeemed January 31, 2025
Low	$	24.52	$	24.62	$	24.93
Volume (thousands)		163		1,395		4,228
Preferred Shares Series 43
High	$	24.70	$	24.93	$	24.85	$	24.76	$	24.85	$	24.90	$	24.98	$	25.13	$	25.00		Redeemed July 31, 2025
Low	$	24.38	$	24.35	$	24.53	$	24.37	$	24.55	$	24.00	$	24.60	$	24.92	$	24.94
Volume (thousands)		4,297		5,227		2,116		3,725		20,882		12,457		3,850		39,079		74,678
Preferred Shares Series 47
High	$	25.35	$	25.53	$	25.54	$	25.55	$	25.56	$	25.36	$	25.53	$	25.70	$	25.75	$	25.92	$	25.85	$	26.17
Low	$	24.97	$	25.20	$	25.01	$	25.25	$	25.15	$	24.01	$	25.09	$	25.31	$	25.40	$	25.59	$	25.38	$	25.39
Volume (thousands)		610		151		404		415		318		101		200		116		156		213		466		241
(1)	Data from TMX Money.
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Prior Sales

CIBC sold one issue of subordinated indebtedness during the year ended October 31, 2025, which is not listed or quoted on an exchange:

•	$1.25 billion 4.15% Debentures due April 2, 2035 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness) were issued on April 2,<br>2025, at a price of 99.857%.

CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  8

Escrowed Securities and Securities Subject to ContractualRestriction on Transfer

The following securities were held in escrow or subject to contractual restriction on transfer as at October 31, 2025.

Designation of class	Number of securities held in escrow or that aresubject to a contractual restriction ontransfer		Percentage of class
Preferred Shares Series 54 ^(1)^		750,000		3.198	%
Preferred Shares Series 55 ^(1)^		800,000		3.412	%
Preferred Shares Series 58 ^(1)^		500,000		2.132	%
Preferred Shares Series 59 ^(1)^		500,000		2.132	%
Preferred Shares Series 60 ^(1)^		450,000		1.919	%
Preferred Shares Series 62 ^(1)^		750,000		3.198	%
Preferred Shares Series 63 ^(1)^		450,000		1.919	%
(1)	The Preferred Shares Series 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, and 63 are held by the Limited Recourse Trust in connection with the<br>issuance of the Limited Recourse Capital Notes. The Preferred Shares Series 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, and 63 are distributable to holders of such Notes upon certain events. See “Certain Conditions of the Limited Recourse Capital Notes –<br>Limited Recourse” section above.
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DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS

Directors and Board Committees

Information concerning the directors and board committees of CIBC is found on page 187 of the 2025 Annual Report.

All of the directors have held their principal occupation indicated on page 187 of the 2025 Annual Report for the past five years with the exception of the following:

(i)	Marianne Harrison was President and Chief Executive Officer of John Hancock Life Insurance Company, the U.S. division of<br>Toronto-based Manulife Financial Corporation from 2017 to 2023.
(ii)	Mark W. Podlasly was a member of the advisory board of the Manitoba Government – Crown Services from 2021 to 2023.<br>
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(iii)	Mary Lou K. Maher was the Canadian Managing Partner, Quality and Risk Management of KPMG Canada, and Global Head of<br>Inclusion and Diversity of KPMG International from December 2017 to February 2021.
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Directors are elected annually. Under the Bank Act (Canada) and CIBC’s by-laws, a director’s term expires at the close of the next annual meeting of shareholders, which is scheduled for April 16, 2026.

Executive Officers

The following are CIBC’s executive officers, their titles and their municipalities of residence, as at December 3, 2025:

Name	Title	Municipality ofResidence
Harry Culham	President and Chief Executive Officer, CIBC	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Christian Exshaw	Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, Capital Markets	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Frank Guse	Senior Executive Vice-President, Chief Risk Officer	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Christina Kramer	Senior Executive Vice-President and Chief Administrative Officer	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Kevin Li	Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, U.S. Region and President and CEO, CIBC Bank USA	Chicago, IL, United States
Hratch Panossian	Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, Personal and Business Banking	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Susan Rimmer	Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, Commercial Banking and Wealth Management	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Stephen Scholtz	Senior Vice-President, Global Chief Legal Officer	Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada
Robert Sedran	Senior Executive Vice-President, Chief Financial Officer and Enterprise Strategy	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Sandy Sharman	Senior Executive Vice-President and Group Head, People, Culture and Brand	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Amy South	Executive Vice-President, Office of the CEO and Chief of Staff	Toronto, Ontario, Canada

All of the executive officers have held their present position or another executive position in CIBC for more than five years.

Shareholdings of Directors and Executive Officers

To CIBC’s knowledge, as at October 31, 2025, the directors and executive officers of CIBC as a group, beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, or exercised control or direction over less than 1% of the outstanding common shares of CIBC or CIBC Caribbean Bank Limited.

CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  9

Corporate Cease Trade Orders or Bankruptcies

To CIBC’s knowledge, in the last 10 years, no director or executive officer of CIBC is or has been a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer of a company that: (i) while that person was acting in that capacity, was the subject of a cease trade or similar order or an order that denied the company access to any exemption under securities legislation, for a period of more than 30 consecutive days; or (ii) was subject to such an order that was issued, after that person ceased to be a director or chief executive officer or chief financial officer, and which resulted from an event that occurred while that person was acting in the capacity as director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer. To CIBC’s knowledge, in the last 10 years, no director or executive officer of CIBC is or has been a director or executive officer of a company that, while that person was acting in that capacity or within a year of that person ceasing to act in that capacity, became bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency or was subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold its assets.

Penalties or Sanctions

To CIBC’s knowledge, no director or executive officer of CIBC: (i) has been subject to any penalties or sanctions imposed by a court relating to securities legislation or by a securities regulatory authority or has entered into a settlement agreement with a securities regulatory authority, or (ii) has been subject to any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body that would likely be considered important to a reasonable investor in making an investment decision.

Personal Bankruptcies

To CIBC’s knowledge, in the last 10 years, no director or executive officer has become bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, or was subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors, or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold the assets of the director or executive officer.

Conflicts of Interest

To CIBC’s knowledge, no director or executive officer of CIBC or its subsidiaries has an existing or potential material conflict of interest with CIBC or any of its subsidiaries.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AND REGULATORY ACTIONS

A description of significant legal proceedings to which CIBC is a party is provided under the heading “Contingent liabilities and provisions” on pages 169 to 171 of the 2025 Annual Report.

INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT AND OTHERS IN MATERIAL TRANSACTIONS

To CIBC’s knowledge, no director or executive officer of CIBC, or any of their associates has any material interest, directly or indirectly, in any transaction within the three most recently completed financial years that has materially affected or is reasonably expected to materially affect CIBC.

TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR

The addresses for CIBC’s transfer agent and registrar are provided on page 186 of the 2025 Annual Report.

EXPERTS

Ernst & Young LLP, Chartered Professional Accountants, Licensed Public Accountants, Toronto, Ontario, audited our Annual Consolidated Financial Statements, which comprise the consolidated balance sheets as of October 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, including the related notes and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2025. Ernst & Young LLP is the independent public accountant with respect to the Bank within the context of the CPA Code of Professional Conduct of the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario and the rules and regulations adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).

AUDIT COMMITTEE

The Audit Committee Mandate as approved by the Board is included in Appendix B. The members of the Audit Committee are listed below. Each member of the Audit Committee is independent and financially literate as defined by Canadian securities laws. At least one member of the Audit Committee has been designated by the Board as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by the rules of the SEC.

Education and Experience

This section describes the education and experience of CIBC’s Audit Committee members that is relevant to the performance of their responsibilities.

Each member of the Audit Committee is currently, or has previously been, responsible for a significant business operation. This experience is often in the capacity of president, chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief operating officer, or as an advisor or consultant. Given the breadth and complexity of a financial institution’s accounting issues, the Audit Committee members participate from time to time in internal or external sessions related to accounting matters or developments. Travel and attendance costs are paid by CIBC. Further detail on the education and experience of each Audit Committee member is set out below.

CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  10

Michelle L. Collins

Ms. Collins has been President of Cambium LLC since 2007. Cambium is a Chicago-based business and financial advisory firm that serves small and medium-sized businesses. She has 30 years of experience in corporate governance, investment banking, and private equity. She also has significant corporate board experience, having served as a director for several publicly traded companies across a wide range of industries. Ms. Collins is a director of CIBC Bancorp USA Inc. and CIBC Bank USA and chair of their Audit Committees. She is a Board member of Global Risk Institute, the Advisory Boards of Svoboda Capital Partners, LLC, and Cedar Street Asset Management. Ms. Collins serves on several philanthropic and non-profit boards, including the Griffin Museum of Science and Industry and Navy Pier, Inc., and is the former chair of the Board of Trustees of National Louis University. Ms. Collins received the Daniel H. Burnham Award for Distinguished Leadership in 2024 from the Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce in recognition for her remarkable accomplishments and contributions to the community. She received the Bertha Honoré Palmer Making History award for distinction in civic leadership in 2023 and is a past recipient of the Outstanding Leader Award for Business from the YWCA in recognition of her distinguished career in business, her community involvement and willingness to take on leadership positions on impacting women’s lives and racial justice. Ms. Collins holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Yale University and a Master of Business Administration degree from Harvard Graduate School of Business.

Marianne Harrison

Ms. Harrison is the former President and Chief Executive Officer of John Hancock Life Insurance Company, the U.S. division of Toronto-based Manulife Financial Corporation, a role she retired from in April 2023. Ms. Harrison brings deep finance and accounting expertise, developed over almost 40 years in the financial industry including roles as Auditor for PwC, CFO of Wealth Management for TD Bank Group and Corporate Controller for Manulife Financial Corporation. Approximately half of her career was spent in finance and accounting roles and the other half in general management leading various businesses. In her role as President and CEO of both John Hancock and Manulife Canada, she was responsible for all aspects of profit and loss, which allowed her to acquire strong strategic leadership and management expertise. Ms. Harrison also brings substantial expertise in risk management, gained throughout her career in financial services and as an active member of the Segment Risk Committee while serving as President and CEO of John Hancock and Manulife Canada. Ms. Harrison earned her bachelor’s degree from the University of Western Ontario and a diploma in accounting from Wilfrid Laurier University. She is a Chartered Accountant and in 2016 was elected a Fellow of the Profession, the highest designation for professional achievement conferred by the Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario.

Mary Lou Maher (Chair of the Audit Committee) ****

Ms. Maher was Canadian Managing Partner, Quality and Risk, KPMG Canada from 2017 to February 2021. She was also Global Head of Inclusion and Diversity KPMG International for the same period. Ms. Maher was with KPMG since 1983, in various executive and governance roles including Chief Financial Officer and Chief Human Resources Officer. Ms. Maher was a member of the World Economic Forum focused on Human Rights — the business perspective, and has served on other not-for-profit boards, including as Chair of Women’s College Hospital and member of CPA Ontario Council. She is a member of the Canadian Public Accountability Board. Ms. Maher created KPMG Canada’s first ever National Diversity Council and was the executive sponsor of pride@kpmg. Ms. Maher received the Wayne C. Fox Distinguished Alumni Award from McMaster University in recognition of her work on inclusion and diversity, was inducted into the Hall of Fame for the WXN 100 Top Most Powerful Women in Canada, received a Lifetime Achievement Award from Out on Bay Street (Proud Strong), and the Senior Leadership Award for Diversity from the Canadian Centre for Diversity and Inclusion. Ms. Maher completed the Competent Board for ESG Program. Ms. Maher holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from McMaster University and holds the designation of FCPA, FCA.

Mark W. Podlasly

Mr. Podlasly, a member of the Cook’s Ferry Indian Band, Nlaka’pamux Nation in British Columbia, is the Chief Executive Officer at the First Nations Major Projects Coalition, a national 180 Indigenous nation collective that seeks ownership of major projects such as pipelines, electric utilities and mining support infrastructure. Mr. Podlasly counsels Indigenous governments across Canada on the establishment of trusts to invest revenues from resource development. He is Chair of the First Nations (Pacific Trails Pipeline) Group Limited Partnership (pipelines) and a Trustee of Nlaka’pamux Nation Legacy Trust. He is an Advisor to Public Matters, sits on the advisory board of Canada 2020, a Fellow at the Public Policy Forum of Canada, and a Director of the Development Partners Institute. In 2017, Mr. Podlasly was awarded the Governor General of Canada’s Meritorious Service Medal for Indigenous leadership in establishing Teach For Canada — Gakinaamaage, a non-profit organization that works with northern First Nations to recruit and support committed teachers. He has advised many leading international companies on corporate education, strategy, leadership and globalization programs. Mr. Podlasly is a regular speaker at global business and governance events. Mr. Podlasly holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from Trinity Western University, a Master of Public Administration from Harvard University and is a member of the Institute of Corporate Directors with the designation ICD.D.

Martine Turcotte

Ms. Turcotte was Vice Chair, Québec of BCE Inc. and Bell Canada from 2011 to 2020. She was Chief Legal Officer of BCE from 1999 to 2008 and of Bell Canada from 2003 to 2008 and she was Executive Vice-President and Chief Legal and Regulatory Officer of BCE and Bell Canada from 2008 to 2011. Ms. Turcotte has more than 25 years of strategic, legal and regulatory experience. In addition to the directorship in Empire Company Limited/Sobeys Inc., Ms. Turcotte is a member of the Board of Directors of Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), a member of the Board of Directors of the Institute for Governance of Private and Public Organizations (IGOPP) and she is a McGill Governor Emerita. Ms. Turcotte is a past recipient of the Canadian General Counsel Lifetime Achievement award, was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the Top 100 Most Powerful Women in Canada, received the title of Advocatus Emeritus from the Québec Bar Association for professional excellence, and was awarded both the Queen’s Gold and Diamond Jubilee Medals in recognition of her contributions to Canada. Ms. Turcotte is the former Chair of the Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission. Ms. Turcotte holds a Bachelor degree in Civil Law and Common Law from McGill University and a Master of Business Administration degree from the London Business School.

CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  11

PRE-APPROVAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

The Audit Committee has adopted the CIBC Policy on the Scope of Services of the Shareholders’ Auditor (the Scope of Services Policy) to provide a consistent approach for the engagement of the shareholders’ auditor. The Scope of Services Policy requires that work performed by the shareholders’ auditor for CIBC or its subsidiaries be pre-approved by the Audit Committee, along with the related fee for that work. The Audit Committee may establish pre-approval policies and procedures that are specific to a particular service. Under the Scope of Services Policy, the shareholders’ auditor will only perform audit, audit-related and tax work, and other work if pre-approved by the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee may approve exceptions to the Scope of Services Policy if it determines that such an exception is in the overriding best interests of CIBC, and the exception does not impair the independence of the shareholders’ auditor. However, certain non-audit activities set out in the Scope of Services Policy are generally prohibited and will not be considered for exception from the Policy. On a quarterly basis, the Audit Committee is presented with a summary report of all engagements of the shareholders’ auditor that are currently underway or have been completed since the prior quarter’s report, including engagements entered into pursuant to pre-approved limits. The summary report will describe the nature of each engagement, confirm that each engagement is in compliance with the Scope of Services Policy and state the fees received by the shareholders’ auditor for each engagement. The Scope of Services Policy also sets out ongoing relationship standards and requires that the shareholders’ auditor annually certify compliance with the Policy.

FEES FOR SERVICES PROVIDED BY SHAREHOLDERS’ AUDITOR

The information on professional service fees paid to the shareholders’ auditor is provided on page 93 of the 2025 Annual Report.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Additional information with respect to CIBC, including directors’ and officers’ remuneration and indebtedness, principal holders of CIBC’s securities and securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, where applicable, is contained in CIBC’s management proxy circular for its most recent annual meeting of shareholders that included in its proceedings the election of directors. Additional financial information is provided in the 2025 Annual Report. These documents, as well as additional information relating to CIBC, are available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.com.

For a description of Canadian bank resolution powers and the consequent risk factors attaching to certain liabilities of CIBC, reference is made to “Regulatory capital and total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC) requirements” on page 33 and “Outstanding share data” on page 39 of the 2025 Annual Report and https://www.cibc.com/content/dam/about_cibc/investor_relations/pdfs/debt_info/canadian-bail-in-website-disclosure-en.pdf. The information on our website does not form a part of this AIF.

CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  12

Appendix A

Rating Definitions

Morningstar DBRS

Short-term debt	Rating: R-1 (high)

Short-term debt ratings provide an opinion on the risk that an issuer will not meet its short-term financial obligations in a timely manner. Short-term debt rated R-1 (high) is of the highest credit quality, indicative of an entity with an exceptionally high capacity to repay its short-term financial obligations. R-1 is the highest of six short-term debt rating categories. The R-1 and R-2 categories are further denoted with “high”, “middle” and “low” subcategories.

Long-term issuer rating	Rating: AA
Seniordebt^(1)^	Rating: AA
Bail-in senior debt^(2)^	Rating: AA (low)

Long-term issuer and senior debt ratings provide an assessment of the risk that an issuer will not be able to meet its financial obligations in accordance with the terms under which an obligation has been issued. Credit ratings are based on quantitative and qualitative considerations relevant to the issuer, and the relative ranking of claims. Issuers and senior debt rated AA is ranked in the second highest of 10 categories. It is considered to be of superior credit quality, with capacity for payment considered to be high. The credit quality of issuers and obligations rated AA differs from the highest AAA category only to a small degree and is unlikely to be significantly susceptible to future events. The AA category is further denoted by the subcategories “high” and “low”. The absence of a “high” or “low” indicates a rating in the middle of the category.

Subordinated indebtedness	Rating: A (high)
Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC	Rating: A (low)

Long-term debt rated A is ranked in the third highest of 10 categories. It is considered to be of good credit quality, with substantial capacity for payment. The A category is further denoted by the subcategories “high” and “low”. The absence of a “high” or “low” indicates a rating in the middle of the category.

Limited recourse capital notes – NVCC	Rating: BBB (high)

Long-term debt rated BBB is ranked in the fourth highest of 10 categories. It is considered to be of adequate credit quality with acceptable capacity for payment. The BBB category is further denoted by the subcategories “high” and “low”. The absence of a “high” or “low” indicates a rating in the middle of the category.

Preferred shares – NVCC	Rating: Pfd-2

Preferred share ratings provide an assessment of the risk that an issuer will not be able to meet its dividend and principal obligations in accordance with the terms under which the preferred shares have been issued. Preferred shares rated Pfd-2 are of good credit quality with substantial protection of dividends and principal. A Pfd-2 rating is the second highest of six categories for preferred shares. Each category is further denoted by the subcategories “high” and “low”. The absence of a “high” or “low” indicates a rating in the middle of the category.

Fitch

Short-term debt	Rating: F1+

The F1 category is for obligations of the highest short-term credit quality and indicates the strongest intrinsic capacity to meet near-term obligations. The F1 rating is the highest of seven categories used for short-term debt; a “+” may be added to indicate very strong capacity to meet near-term obligations.

Derivative counterparty rating	Rating: AA
Senior debt^(1)^<br><br><br>Issuer default rating	Rating: AA<br><br><br>Rating: AA-
Bail-in senior debt^(2)^	Rating: AA-

Derivative counterparty ratings reflect a bank’s relative vulnerability to default, due to an inability to pay on any derivative contract with third-party, non-government counterparties. Ratings of individual securities or financial obligations of a corporate issuer address relative vulnerability to default on an ordinal scale. In addition, for financial obligations in corporate finance, a measure of recovery given default on that liability is also included in the rating assessment. Issuer default ratings (IDR) opine on an entity’s relative vulnerability to default on financial obligations. The threshold default risk addressed by the IDR is generally that of the financial obligations whose non-payment would best reflect the uncured failure of that entity. AA is the second highest of 11 rating categories for long-term obligations and indicates an assessment of very low default risk. This rating indicates a very strong capacity for payment of financial commitments that is not significantly susceptible to foreseeable events.

Subordinated indebtedness	Rating: A
Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC	Rating: A

The A category is the third highest of the rating categories for long-term obligations and indicates an assessment of low default risk. The capacity for payment is considered strong but may be more susceptible to adverse business or economic conditions than that of higher rating categories.

Limited recourse capital notes – NVCC	Rating: BBB+
Preferred shares – NVCC	Rating: BBB+

The BBB category is the fourth highest of the rating categories for long-term obligations and indicates an assessment of low default risk. The capacity for payment is considered adequate but adverse business or economic conditions are more likely to impair the capacity for payment.

The designation “+” or “-” may be used to denote relative position within certain major long-term rating categories, while the absence of such a modifier indicates a rating in the middle of the category.

(1)	Includes senior debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is not subject to<br>bail-in regulations.
(2)	Comprises liabilities that are subject to conversion under the bail-in<br>regulations.
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CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  13

Moody’s

Short-term debt	Rating: P-1

Short-term debt ratings are assessments of an issuer’s ability to repay obligations with an original maturity of 13 months or less. Moody’s has four categories of short-term ratings with the P-1 category being the highest credit quality. Borrowers rated P-1 have a superior ability to repay short-term debt obligations.

Counterparty risk rating	Rating: Aa2
Seniordebt^(1)^	Rating: Aa2

Counterparty risk ratings (CRR) are opinions of the ability of entities to honour their non-debt financial liabilities to unrelated counterparties such as derivatives and sale and repurchase transactions. CRRs also reflect the expected financial losses not covered by collateral, in the event such liabilities are not honoured.

Long-term debt ratings assess both the likelihood of default on contractual payments and the expected loss in the event of default on obligations with an original maturity of 11 months or more.

The Aa rating category is the second highest of nine categories and includes obligations judged to be high quality and subject to very low credit risk.

Bail-in senior debt^(2)^	Rating: A2

The A rating category is the third highest of nine categories and includes obligations judged to be upper medium grade and subject to low credit risk.

Subordinated indebtedness	Rating: Baa1
Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC	Rating: Baa1
Limited recourse capital notes – NVCC	Rating: Baa3
Preferred shares – NVCC	Rating: Baa3

The Baa rating category is the fourth highest of nine categories on the long-term rating scale and includes obligations judged to be medium grade and subject to moderate credit risk and as such may possess certain speculative characteristics.

The modifiers 1, 2 and 3 are used with certain long-term rating categories to indicate that an obligation ranks in the higher, middle or lower range of the rating category respectively.

S&P

Short-term debt	Rating: A-1

The A-1 category is the highest of six categories used by S&P for short-term debt. An obligation rated A-1 indicates that the borrower’s capacity to meet its financial commitment with respect to the obligation is strong.

Issuer credit rating	Rating: A+
Senior debt^(1)^<br><br><br>Bail-in senior debt^(2)^<br> <br>Subordinatedindebtedness	Rating: A+<br><br><br>Rating: A-<br> <br>Rating: A-

Issuer credit ratings are a forward-looking opinion about an obligor’s overall creditworthiness. This opinion focuses on the obligor’s capacity and willingness to meet its financial commitments as they come due. It does not apply to any specific financial obligation, as it does not take into account the nature of and provisions of the obligation, its standing in bankruptcy or liquidation, statutory preferences, or the legality and enforceability of the obligation. Issue or debt ratings are a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of an obligor with respect to a specific financial obligation, a specific class of financial obligations, or a specific financial program (including ratings on medium-term note programs and commercial paper programs). It takes into consideration the creditworthiness of guarantors, insurers, or other forms of credit enhancement on the obligation and takes into account the currency in which the obligation is denominated.

The A rating category is the third highest of 10 categories used by S&P for long-term debt obligations. Although the obligor’s ability to meet its financial commitment is strong, obligations rated A are somewhat more vulnerable to the negative effects of changes in circumstances and economic conditions when compared to obligations in higher rating categories.

Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC<br><br><br>Limited recourse capital notes – NVCC	Rating: BBB+<br><br><br>Rating: BBB-

The BBB rating category is the fourth highest of 10 categories used by S&P for long-term debt obligations. The obligor’s ability to meet its financial commitment is adequate, however, adverse economic conditions or changes in circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakening of this capacity.

A “+” or “-” may be used to denote the relative standing of a rating within each category.

Preferred shares – NVCC (Canadian PreferredShare Scale)	Rating: P-2 (low)

P-2 is the second highest of the eight categories used by S&P in its Canadian Preferred Share Scale, which is a forward-looking opinion about the creditworthiness of the issuer with respect to a specific preferred share obligation issued in Canada. A “high” or “low” modifier may be used to indicate the relative standing of a credit within a particular rating category, while the absence of such a modifier indicates a rating in the middle of the category.

(1)	Includes senior debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is not subject to<br>bail-in regulations.
(2)	Comprises liabilities that are subject to conversion under the bail-in<br>regulations.
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CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  14

Appendix B

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

Audit Committee Mandate

1.	Purpose
(1)	The primary functions of the Audit Committee (the “Committee”) are to: (i) fulfill its responsibilities for reviewing<br>the integrity of CIBC’s financial statements and related management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A); (ii) monitor the system of internal control, including internal control over financial reporting; (iii) monitor CIBC’s<br>compliance with legal and regulatory requirements; (iv) select the external auditors for shareholder approval; (v) review the qualifications, independence and audit quality of the external auditor; (vi) oversee the performance of the<br>internal audit function; (vii) oversee the processes and controls around Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) disclosures in the Annual Report, Sustainability Report, Climate Report and other material ESG disclosure documents; and<br>(viii) act as the audit committee for certain federally regulated subsidiaries.
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2.	Responsibilities
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(1)	Financial Reporting
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The Committee will be responsible for overseeing senior management concerning the establishment and maintenance of a system of processes and controls to ensure the integrity, accuracy and reliability of financial information. The Committee will review and recommend Board approval of:

(a)	the annual audited consolidated financial statements of CIBC, the related MD&A and the external auditors’ report<br>on the consolidated financial statements;
(b)	the interim consolidated financial statements of CIBC, the related MD&A and the external auditors’ review report<br>on the interim consolidated financial statements; and
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(c)	the Annual Information Form of CIBC, the Form 40-F of CIBC, and financial<br>disclosure in a news release disclosing financial results.
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The Committee will review other material financial disclosures that are required by law to be reviewed by the Audit Committee, including those that are requested by regulators, and will periodically review select information provided to rating agencies and analysts relating to earnings guidance.

(2)	Review Considerations

In conducting its review of the annual consolidated financial statements or the interim consolidated financial statements, and the related MD&A, the Committee will:

(a)	meet with management and the external auditors to discuss the financial statements and MD&A;
(b)	review the disclosures in the financial statements and the MD&A and satisfy itself that the financial statements,<br>present fairly, in all material respects in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of CIBC;
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(c)	review the reports prepared by the external auditors for the Committee summarizing their key findings and required<br>communications in respect of the annual audit and the interim reviews;
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(d)	discuss with management, the external auditors and internal legal counsel, as requested, any litigation claim or other<br>contingency that could have a material effect on the financial statements;
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(e)	review key areas of risk for material misstatement of the financial statements including critical accounting policies,<br>models and estimates and other areas of measurement uncertainty or judgment underlying the financial statements and the MD&A as presented by management;
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(f)	review areas of significant auditor judgment as it relates to their evaluation of accounting policies, accounting<br>estimates and financial statement disclosures; discuss and review estimates with management and the external auditor, whether the external auditor considers estimates/models to be within an acceptable range and in accordance with IFRS;<br>
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(g)	review any material effects of regulatory and accounting changes, significant or unusual transactions, and the impact of<br>material subsequent events between the reporting date and the approval date of the financial statements and the MD&A as presented by management;
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(h)	review management and external auditor reports on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting;<br>
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(i)	review correspondence between the external auditor and management related to any substantive matters in the external<br>auditors’ findings and any difficult or contentious matters noted by the external auditor;
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(j)	review results of CIBC’s whistleblowing program; and
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(k)	review any other matters related to the financial statements and the MD&A that are brought forward by the internal<br>auditors, external auditors, management or which are required to be communicated to the Committee under auditing standards or applicable law.
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(3)	External Auditors
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(a)	General — The Committee will be responsible for overseeing the work of the<br>external auditors in auditing and reviewing CIBC’s financial statements and internal control over financial reporting.
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(b)	Appointment and Compensation — The Committee will recommend the appointment of<br>the external auditors for shareholder approval, recommend the audit fee for Board approval, approve the annual audit engagement letter and any change in lead audit engagement partner.
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CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  15

The Committee will satisfy itself that the level of the audit fees are commensurate with the scope of work undertaken and<br>conducive to a quality audit. The Committee will also assess whether any proposed change to the external auditor’s materiality level and/or scope continues to ensure a quality audit.
(c)	Audit Plan — At least annually, and as required, the Committee will review and<br>approve the external auditors’ scope, terms of engagement and annual audit plan to ensure that it is risk based and addresses all relevant activities. The Committee will review any material changes to the scope of the plan and the coordination<br>of work between the internal and external auditors.
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(d)	Independence of External Auditors — At least annually, and before the external<br>auditors issue their report on the annual financial statements, the Committee will review a formal written statement from the external auditors confirming their objectivity and independence, including their compliance with audit partner rotation<br>requirements, and delineating all relationships between the external auditors and CIBC consistent with the rules of professional conduct adopted by the provincial institute or order of chartered professional accountants to which they belong or other<br>regulatory bodies, as applicable. The Committee will also ensure that any concern raised by regulators or other stakeholders about the external auditors’ independence are appropriately reviewed and addressed.
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(e)	Annual and Periodic Comprehensive Review of External Auditors — At least<br>annually, the Committee will assess the qualifications, independence, application of professional skepticism and audit quality of the external auditors. The Committee will review a report by the external auditors describing: (i) their internal<br>quality control procedures; and (ii) any material issues raised by their most recent internal quality control review or peer review of the external auditors, or by any inquiry or investigation by governmental or professional authorities within<br>the preceding five years respecting one or more independent audits carried out by the external auditors and any steps taken to deal with any findings. The Committee will also review additional reports or communications of the external auditors as<br>required by the Canadian Public Accountability Board, Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions, and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). At least every five years, the Committee will conduct a periodic<br>comprehensive review of the external auditors.
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(f)	Pre-Approval of Audit andNon-Audit Services — The Committee will pre-approve any retainer of the external auditors for any audit and<br>non-audit service to CIBC or its subsidiaries in accordance with law and Board approved policies and procedures. The Chair of the Committee may pre-approve on behalf of<br>the Committee and may delegate pre-approval authority to a member of the Committee. The Committee may also establish pre-approval policies and procedures that are<br>specific to a particular service and will review these policies or procedures annually to verify they continue to be appropriate. The decisions of any member of the Committee to whom this authority has been delegated, as well as any pre-approvals of a particular service must be presented to the full Committee for ratification at its next scheduled Committee meeting.
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(g)	Hiring Practices — The Committee will review and approve policies regarding the<br>hiring of partners, employees or former employees of the current or former external auditors.
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(4)	Oversight of Internal Audit Function
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The Committee will be responsible for overseeing the performance of the Internal Audit function, and ensuring that the<br>Bank maintains, at all times, a qualified Chief Auditor, vested with sufficient independence, authority, stature, and resources to fulfill the duties and responsibilities of the position.
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(a)	Organizational Framework — At least annually, the Committee will review and<br>approve the Internal Audit Charter, including the organizational framework having regard to its role as an independent control function.
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(b)	Chief Auditor — The Chief Auditor will have unfettered access to the Committee.<br>Further, the Committee will:
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(i)	review and recommend for Board approval their appointment or removal;
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(ii)	annually review and recommend for Board approval their succession plan;
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(iii)	annually review their goals and provide input on their performance assessment which is factored into compensation; and<br>
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(iv)	annually review and approve their mandate.
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(c)	Effectiveness Review — At least annually, the Committee will:<br>
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(i)	review and recommend Board approval of the Internal Audit function’s financial plan and staff resources;<br>
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(ii)	review the Internal Audit function’s self-assessment of the independence and effectiveness of the Internal Audit<br>function; and
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(iii)	review the compliance of Internal Audit with professional standards.
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On a periodic basis, the Committee will engage an independent third party to assess the Internal Audit function in accordance with professional standards and the Committee will review the results of that assessment.

(d)	Audit Plan and Financial Plan — At least annually, the Committee will review and<br>approve the audit plan including the audit scope and the overall risk assessment methodology presented by the Chief Auditor to ensure that it is risk-based and addresses all relevant activities over a measurable cycle. On a quarterly basis, the<br>Committee will review with the Chief Auditor the status of the audit plan and financial plan, and any changes needed, including a review of:
(i)	the results of audit activities, including any significant issues reported to management and management’s response<br>and/or corrective actions and themes;
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(ii)	the status of identified control weaknesses;
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(iii)	the overall design and operating effectiveness of the system of internal control, risk management, governance systems and<br>processes;
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(iv)	any potential impairments to independence;
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CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  16

(v)	results from the quality assurance and improvement program; and
(vi)	any difficulties or disagreements with management or other stakeholders encountered by the Chief Auditor in the course of<br>internal audits.
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At least annually, the Committee will review a report from the Chief Auditor with Internal Audit’s assessment of the oversight by Finance and Risk Management.

(5)	Oversight of Finance Function
(a)	Organizational Framework — At least annually, the Committee will review and<br>approve the Finance organizational framework, having regard to its role as an independent control function.
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(b)	Chief Financial Officer — The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) will have unfettered<br>access to the Committee. The Committee will ensure that the Bank maintains, at all times, a qualified CFO, vested with sufficient independence, authority, stature, and resources to fulfill the duties and responsibilities of the position. Further,<br>the Committee will:
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(i)	review and recommend for Board approval their appointment or removal;
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(ii)	annually review their succession plan;
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(iii)	annually review their goals and provide input on their performance assessment which is factored into compensation; and<br>
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(iv)	annually review and approve their mandate.
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(c)	Effectiveness Review — At least annually, the Committee will:<br>
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(i)	review and recommend Board approval of the Finance function’s financial plan and staff resources; and<br>
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(ii)	review management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Finance function.
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On a periodic basis, the Committee will engage an independent third party to assess the Finance function.

(6)	Internal Control
(a)	General — The Committee will monitor the system of internal control and ensure<br>that senior management establishes and maintains adequate and effective internal control systems and processes, including systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent fraud.
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(b)	Establishment, Review and Approval — The Committee will require management to<br>implement and maintain appropriate policies and systems of internal control in accordance with applicable laws, regulations and guidance, including internal control over financial reporting and disclosure and to review, evaluate and approve these<br>policies and systems of internal control. The Committee will review management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting and the external auditors’ report on internal control over financial reporting. As part of this<br>review at least annually, the Committee will consider and review the following with management, the external auditors and the Chief Auditor, as appropriate:
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(i)	the effectiveness of, or weaknesses or deficiencies in: the design or operation of CIBC’s internal controls; the<br>overall control environment for managing the reliability of reporting, compliance with regulatory requirements and operating effectiveness, and the impact of any identified weaknesses in internal controls on management’s conclusions;<br>
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(ii)	any significant changes in internal control over financial reporting that are disclosed, or considered for disclosure;<br>
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(iii)	any material issues raised by any inquiry or investigation by CIBC’s regulators as they pertain to responsibilities<br>under this mandate;
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(iv)	CIBC’s fraud prevention and detection program (including anti-bribery and anti-corruption), including deficiencies<br>in internal controls that may impact the integrity of financial information, or may expose CIBC to other significant internal or external fraud losses and the extent of those losses and any disciplinary action in respect of fraud taken against<br>management or other employees who have a significant role in financial reporting;
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(v)	any related significant issues and recommendations of the external auditors and internal auditors together with<br>management’s responses thereto; and
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(vi)	consideration of matters that may be jointly addressed with other committees of the Board.
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(7)	Certain Federally Regulated Subsidiaries — The Committee will be the audit committee for<br>certain federally regulated subsidiaries of CIBC that require an audit committee under applicable law.
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(8)	Regulatory Reports and Returns — The Committee will provide or review, as applicable, all<br>reports and returns required of the Committee under applicable law.
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(9)	Compliance with Legal and Regulatory Requirements — The Committee will review reports from<br>management, the external auditor and the Chief Auditor on the assessment of compliance with applicable laws as they pertain to responsibilities under this mandate, and management’s plans to remediate any deficiencies identified. The Committee<br>will report any material findings to the Board and recommend changes it considers appropriate.
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(10)	Whistleblowing Procedures — The Committee will ensure that procedures are established for the<br>receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by CIBC from employees or others, confidentially and anonymously, regarding accounting, internal accounting controls, auditing matters and other wrongdoing as defined in the Whistleblower<br>Policy. The Committee will review management reports on the procedures.
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(11)	Adverse Investments and Transactions — The Committee will review any investments and<br>transactions that could adversely affect the well-being of CIBC.
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CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  17

(12)	Committee Disclosure — The Committee will review and approve any audit committee disclosures<br>required by securities regulators in CIBC’s disclosure documents.
(13)	Environmental, Social and Governance — The Committee will oversee the establishment and<br>maintenance by management of a system of processes and controls to ensure the integrity, accuracy and reliability of ESG disclosures in the Annual Report, Sustainability Report, Climate Report, and other material ESG disclosure documents.<br>
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3.	Membership
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(1)	Number — The Committee will consist of at least three Board members.
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(2)	Appointment or Removal of Members — The Board will appoint Committee members annually until the<br>member’s resignation, disqualification or removal from the Committee or the Board. The Board may fill a vacancy in Committee membership. ****
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(3)	Chair — The Board will appoint a Committee Chair from among the Committee members to preside<br>over meetings; coordinate fulfilment of the Committee’s mandate; and oversee development of meeting agendas and workplans. The Chair may vote on any matter requiring a vote but does not have a second vote in the case of a tie. If the Chair is<br>not available for a Committee meeting, Committee members may appoint a Chair from among the members who are present.
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(4)	Qualifications — Each Committee member will meet the independence standards approved by the<br>Board. No Committee member may be an officer or employee of the Bank or of an affiliate of the Bank. Committee membership will reflect a balance of experience and expertise required to fulfill the Committee’s mandate, notably relevant<br>financial industry and risk management expertise. ****
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Each Committee member will be financially literate or become financially literate within a reasonable period after<br>appointment to the Committee. At least one member will be an “audit committee financial expert” in accordance with legal requirements.
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(5)	Service on Multiple Audit Committees — No member of the Audit Committee may serve on the audit<br>committees of more than two other public companies, unless the Board determines that this simultaneous service would not impair the ability of the member to effectively serve on the Audit Committee.
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4.	Meetings
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(1)	Meetings — The Committee will hold at least four meetings annually and any other meetings as<br>required to fulfill its mandate. Meetings may be called by the Committee Chair or a Committee member, the Chair of the Board, external auditors, Chief Auditor, Chief Financial Officer or the Chief Executive Officer. The external auditors are<br>entitled to attend and be heard at each Committee meeting. CIBC management members and others may attend meetings as the Committee Chair considers appropriate.
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(2)	Notice of Meeting — Notice of a meeting may be given in writing or by telephone or electronic<br>means, at least 24 hours before the time fixed for the meeting, at the member’s contact information recorded with the Corporate Secretary. A member may waive notice of a meeting in any manner and attendance at a meeting is waiver of notice of<br>the meeting, except where a member attends for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business on the grounds that the meeting is not lawfully called. ****
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(3)	Written Resolution — A resolution in writing signed by all members entitled to vote on that<br>resolution at a Committee meeting will be as valid as if it had been passed at a Committee meeting. ****
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(4)	Secretary and Minutes — The Corporate Secretary or any other person the Committee requests,<br>will act as secretary at Committee meetings. The Corporate Secretary will record meeting minutes for Committee approval.
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(5)	Quorum — A quorum for meetings is a majority of Committee members. If a quorum cannot be<br>obtained, Board members who qualify as Committee members may, at the request of the Committee Chair, serve as Committee members for that meeting.
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(6)	Access to Management and Outside Advisors — The Committee will have unrestricted access to the<br>external auditors, management and employees of CIBC and authority to retain and terminate external counsel and other advisors to assist it in fulfilling its responsibilities. CIBC will provide funding, as determined by the Committee, for the service<br>of an advisor. The Committee will be responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of an advisor. The Committee will hold portions of regularly scheduled meetings to meet separately with the Chief Auditor, the Chief Financial Officer<br>and the external auditors.
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(7)	Meetings Without Management — The Committee will hold portions of regularly scheduled meetings<br>to meet without management members present.
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(8)	Access to Other Committees — The Committee Chair or a member may request input of another Board<br>committee on any responsibility in the Committee’s mandate. The Committee may also invite other directors to attend Committee meetings to leverage their skills, such as risk or compensation expertise, to support the Committee in carrying out<br>its mandate. ****
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(9)	Delegation — The Committee may designate a<br>sub-committee to review any matter within the Committee’s mandate.
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5.	Reporting to the Board
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The Committee Chair will report to the Board on recommendations and material matters arising at Committee meetings and any significant matters that arise between Board meetings.

6.	Committee Member Development and Performance Review

The Committee Chair will co-ordinate orientation and continuing director development programs, as needed, relating to the Committee’s mandate. At least annually, the Committee will evaluate and review its performance and the adequacy of the Committee’s mandate.

7.	Currency of the Committee Mandate

This mandate was last revised and approved by the Board on June 5, 2025.

CIBC 2025 **** Annual Information Form  18

AUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED OCTOBER 31, 2025

Exhibit B.3(b): Audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended October 31, 2025 excerpted from pages 101-102 and 109-179 of the 2025 Annual Report of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) and the report of independent registered public accounting firm to shareholders with respect to the report on financial statements related to the consolidated balance sheets as at October 31, 2025 and 2024, and the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the years then ended and the report of independent registered public accounting firm on internal control over financial reporting under standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) as of October 31, 2025 from pages 106-108 of the 2025 Annual Report of CIBC

Consolidated financial statements

Consolidated financial statements

102	Financial reporting responsibility
103	(Intentionally Deleted)
106	Report of independent registered public accounting firm – Standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)
108	Report of independent registered public accounting firm – Internal control over financial reporting
109	Consolidated balance sheet
110	Consolidated statement of income
111	Consolidated statement of comprehensive income
112	Consolidated statement of changes in equity
113	Consolidated statement of cash flows
114	Notes to the consolidated financial statements

Details of the notes to the consolidated financial statements

114	Note 1	–	Basis of preparation and summary of material accounting policies
125	Note 2	–	Fair value measurement
132	Note 3	–	Significant transactions
133	Note 4	–	Securities
134	Note 5	–	Loans
140	Note 6	–	Structured entities and derecognition of financial assets
143	Note 7	–	Property and equipment
144	Note 8	–	Goodwill, software and other intangible assets
145	Note 9	–	Other assets
146	Note 10	–	Deposits
146	Note 11	–	Other liabilities
146	Note 12	–	Derivative instruments
150	Note 13	–	Designated accounting hedges
154	Note 14	–	Subordinated indebtedness
155	Note 15	–	Common and preferred shares and other equity instruments
158	Note 16	–	Share-based payments
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160	Note 17	–	Post-employment benefits
165	Note 18	–	Income taxes
167	Note 19	–	Earnings per share
167	Note 20	–	Commitments, guarantees and pledged assets
169	Note 21	–	Contingent liabilities and provisions
171	Note 22	–	Concentration of credit risk
172	Note 23	–	Related-party transactions
173	Note 24	–	Investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures
174	Note 25	–	Significant subsidiaries
175	Note 26	–	Financial instruments – disclosures
176	Note 27	–	Offsetting financial assets and liabilities
176	Note 28	–	Interest income and expense
177	Note 29	–	Segmented and geographic information
179	Note 30	–	Future accounting policy changes
101	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements
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Financial reporting responsibility

Management of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) is responsible for the preparation, presentation, accuracy and reliability of the Annual Report, which includes the consolidated financial statements and management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A). The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Section 308(4) of the Bank Act (Canada), which requires that the financial statements be prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The MD&A has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of applicable securities laws.

The consolidated financial statements and MD&A contain items that reflect the best estimates and judgments of the expected effects of current events and transactions with appropriate consideration to materiality. Financial information appearing throughout the Annual Report is consistent with the consolidated financial statements.

Management has developed and maintained effective systems, controls and procedures to ensure that information used internally and disclosed externally is reliable and timely. CIBC’s system of internal controls and supporting procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that transactions are authorized, assets are safeguarded and proper records are maintained. These internal controls and supporting procedures include the communication of policies and guidelines, the establishment of an organizational structure that provides appropriate and well-defined responsibilities and accountability, and the careful selection and training of qualified staff. Management has assessed the effectiveness of CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting as at year-end using the Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based upon this assessment, we have determined that internal control over financial reporting is effective in all material respects and CIBC is in compliance with the requirements set by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

CIBC’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have certified CIBC’s annual filings with the SEC under the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act and with the Canadian Securities Administrators under Canadian securities laws.

The Internal Audit department reviews and reports on the effectiveness of CIBC’s internal control, risk management and governance systems and processes, including accounting and financial controls, in accordance with the audit plan approved by the Audit Committee. Our Chief Auditor has unfettered access to the Audit Committee. The system of internal controls is further supported by the Compliance and Global Regulatory Affairs group, which is designed to manage and mitigate regulatory compliance risk.

The Board of Directors oversees management’s responsibilities for financial reporting through the Audit Committee, which is composed of independent directors. The Audit Committee reviews CIBC’s interim and annual consolidated financial statements and MD&A and recommends them for approval by the Board of Directors. Other key responsibilities of the Audit Committee include monitoring CIBC’s system of internal control, and reviewing the qualifications, independence and service quality of the shareholders’ auditor and the performance of CIBC’s internal auditors.

Ernst & Young LLP, the shareholders’ auditor, obtains an understanding of CIBC’s internal controls and procedures for financial reporting to plan and conduct such tests and other audit procedures as they consider necessary in the circumstances to express their opinions in the reports that follow. Ernst & Young LLP has unrestricted access to the Audit Committee to discuss their audit and related matters.

The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) Canada is mandated to protect the rights and interest of depositors and creditors of CIBC. Accordingly, OSFI examines and enquires into the business and affairs of CIBC, as deemed necessary, to ensure that the provisions of the Bank Act (Canada) are being complied with and that CIBC is in sound financial condition.

Harry Culham	Robert Sedran
President and Chief Executive Officer	Chief Financial Officer	December 3, 2025
CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	102
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103	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	104

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105	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Consolidated financial statements
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Report of independent registered public accounting firm

To the shareholders and directors of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

Opinion on the consolidated financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) as of October 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of CIBC at October 31, 2025 and 2024, and its consolidated financial performance and its consolidated cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated December 3, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of CIBC’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on CIBC’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to CIBC in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical audit matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Allowance for credit losses

Description of the <br>matter	As described in Note 1 and Note 5 of the consolidated financial statements, CIBC has recognized $4.7 billion in expected credit loss (ECL) allowances on its consolidated balance sheet. ECL allowances represent credit losses that reflect an unbiased and probability-weighted amount that is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes and reasonable and supportable information about past events, current conditions, and forecasts of future economic conditions. ECL allowances are measured at amounts equal to either (i) <br>12-month<br> ECL; or (ii) lifetime ECL for those financial instruments that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk (SICR) since initial recognition or when there is objective evidence of impairment.
Auditing the allowance for credit losses was complex, involved significant auditor judgment, and required the involvement of specialists due to the inherent complexity of the models, the large volume of data used, assumptions, judgments, and the interrelationship of these variables in measuring the ECL. Significant assumptions and judgments with respect to the estimation of the allowance for credit losses include (i) the determination of when a loan has experienced a SICR; (ii) the forecast of forward-looking information (FLI) for multiple economic scenarios and the probability weighting of those scenarios; (iii) the models and methodologies used for the calculation of both <br>12-month<br> and lifetime credit losses; and (iv) the application of expert credit judgment. Management has applied a heightened use of judgment in the areas noted above, when assessing the impact of the uncertain macroeconomic environment on the allowance for credit losses.
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How we addressed<br> the matter in our audit	We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of management’s controls over the allowance for credit losses, with the assistance of our internal specialists. The controls we tested included, amongst others, controls over technology, model validation and monitoring, economic forecasting, data completeness and accuracy, the determination of internal risk ratings for <br>non-retail<br> loans, and the governance and oversight controls over the review of the overall ECL, including the application of expert credit judgment.
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To test the allowance for credit losses, amongst other procedures, we assessed, with the assistance of our credit risk specialists, whether the methodology and assumptions used in significant models that estimate ECL are consistent with the requirements of IFRS 9. For a sample of models, our credit risk specialists reperformed the model validation and monitoring tests performed by management. This included an assessment of the thresholds used to determine a SICR. For a sample of FLI variables, with the assistance of our economic specialists, we evaluated management’s forecasting methodology and compared management’s FLI to independently derived forecasts and publicly available information. We also evaluated the scenario probability weights used in the ECL models. With the assistance of our credit risk specialists, we also evaluated management’s methodology and governance
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	106
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Consolidated financial statements
---
over the application of expert credit judgment by evaluating that the amounts recorded were reflective of underlying credit and/or economic conditions. We tested the completeness and accuracy of data used in the measurement of the ECL by agreeing to source documents and systems and evaluated a sample of <br>non-retail<br> borrower risk ratings against CIBC’s risk rating scale. On a sample basis, we recalculated the ECL to test the mathematical accuracy of management’s models. We also assessed the adequacy of the disclosures related to allowance for credit losses.
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Fair value measurement of derivatives

Description of the <br>matter	As described in Note 2 and Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements, CIBC has recognized $38.4 billion in derivative assets and $41.4 billion in derivative liabilities. The portfolio of derivative instruments is presented by level within the fair value hierarchy, with the majority of the portfolio classified as Level 2. While derivative instruments classified as Level 1 have quoted market prices, those classified as Level 2 and 3 require valuation techniques that use observable and <br>non-observable<br> market inputs and involve the application of management judgment.
Auditing the valuation of certain derivatives was complex and required the application of significant auditor judgment and involvement of valuation specialists where the fair value was determined based on complex models and/or significant <br>non-observable<br> market inputs. The inputs and modelling assumptions used to determine fair values that were subject to significant auditor judgment included, amongst others, correlations, volatilities and credit spreads. The valuation of derivatives is sensitive to these inputs as they are forward-looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions.
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How we addressed<br> the matter in our audit	We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of management’s controls over the valuation of CIBC’s derivatives portfolio, with the assistance of our internal specialists. The controls we tested included, amongst others, controls over technology, the development and validation of models used to determine the fair value of derivatives, and controls over the independent price verification process, including the integrity of significant inputs described above.
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To test the valuation of these derivatives, our audit procedures included, amongst others, an evaluation of the methodologies and significant inputs used by CIBC. With the assistance of our valuation specialists, we performed an independent valuation for a sample of derivatives to assess the modelling assumptions and significant inputs used by CIBC to estimate the fair value. We independently obtained significant inputs and assumptions from external market data, where available, in performing our independent valuation. For a sample of models, and with the assistance of our valuation specialists, we assessed the valuation methodologies used by CIBC to determine fair values. We also assessed the adequacy of the disclosures related to the fair value measurement of derivatives.
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Measurement of uncertain tax provisions

Description of the <br>matter	As described in Note 1 and Note 18 of the consolidated financial statements, CIBC has disclosed its material accounting policies, estimates and assumptions in relation to accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. CIBC operates in a tax environment with constantly evolving and complex tax legislation for financial institutions. Uncertainty in tax positions may arise as tax legislation is subject to interpretation. Estimating uncertain tax provisions requires management judgment to be applied in the interpretation of tax laws across the various jurisdictions in which CIBC operates. This includes significant judgment in the determination of whether it is probable that CIBC’s tax filing positions will be sustained relating to certain complex tax positions and the measurement of such provisions when recognized.
Auditing CIBC’s uncertain tax provisions required the involvement of our tax professionals and the application of judgment, including the interpretation of applicable tax legislation and jurisprudence.
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How we addressed<br> the matter in our audit	With the assistance of our tax professionals, we obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of management’s controls over CIBC’s uncertain tax provisions. This included, amongst others, controls over management’s assessment of the technical merits of tax positions and the process related to the measurement of any related income tax provisions.
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With the assistance of our tax professionals, our audit procedures included, amongst others, an assessment of the technical merits of income tax positions taken by CIBC and the measurement of any related uncertain tax provisions recorded. We inspected and evaluated correspondence from the relevant income tax authorities, income tax advice obtained by CIBC from external advisors including income tax opinions, CIBC’s interpretations of tax laws and the assessment thereof with respect to uncertain tax positions. We evaluated the reasonability of CIBC’s treatment of any new information received during the year relating to these uncertain tax positions. We also assessed the adequacy of the disclosures related to uncertain tax positions.
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/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants

Licensed Public Accountants

We have served as CIBC’s auditor since 2002.

Toronto, Canada

December 3, 2025

107	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Consolidated financial statements
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Report of independent registered public accounting firm

To the shareholders and directors of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

Opinion on internal control over financial reporting

We have audited Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce’s (CIBC) internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, CIBC maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2025, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of CIBC as of October 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes and our report dated December 3, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for opinion

CIBC’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting section contained in the accompanying management’s discussion and analysis. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to CIBC in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants

Licensed Public Accountants

Toronto, Canada

December 3, 2025

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	108

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Consolidated financial statements

Consolidated balance sheet

Millions of Canadian dollars, as at October 31	2025			2024
ASSETS
Cash and <br>non-interest-bearing<br> deposits with banks	$	12,379		$	8,565
Interest-bearing deposits with banks		31,624			39,499
Securities<br> <br>(Note 4)		283,235			254,345
Cash collateral on securities borrowed		21,697			17,028
Securities purchased under resale agreements		86,695			83,721
Loans<br> <br>(Note 5)
Residential mortgages		287,033			280,672
Personal		47,866			46,681
Credit card		21,581			20,551
Business and government <br>(1)		237,416			214,305
Allowance for credit losses		(4,392	)		(3,917	)
		589,504			558,292
Other
Derivative instruments <br>(Note 12)		38,352			36,435
Property and equipment <br>(Note 7)		3,443			3,359
Goodwill <br>(Note 8)		5,475			5,443
Software and other intangible assets <br>(Note 8)		2,894			2,830
Investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures <br>(Note 24)		808			785
Deferred tax assets <br>(Note 18)		1,027			821
Other assets <br>(Note 9)		39,805			30,862
		91,804			80,535
Total assets	$	1,116,938		$	1,041,985
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Deposits<br><br>(Note 10)
Personal	$	258,139		$	252,894
Business and government		457,284			435,499
Bank		26,723			20,009
Secured borrowings		65,978			56,455
		808,124			764,857
Obligations related to securities sold short		24,244			21,642
Cash collateral on securities lent		6,031			7,997
Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements		130,042			110,153
Other
Derivative instruments <br>(Note 12)		41,411			40,654
Deferred tax liabilities <br>(Note 18)		47			49
Other liabilities <br>(1)<br> <br>(Note 11)		34,807			30,161
		76,265			70,864
Subordinated indebtedness<br><br>(Note 14)		7,819			7,465
Total liabilities		1,052,525			982,978
Equity
Preferred shares and other equity instruments <br>(Note 15)		6,369			4,946
Common shares <br>(Note 15)		16,845			17,011
Contributed surplus		226			159
Retained earnings		36,471			33,471
Accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI)		4,218			3,148
Total shareholders’ equity		64,129			58,735
Non-controlling<br> interests		284			272
Total equity		64,413			59,007
Total liabilities and equity	$	1,116,938		$	1,041,985
(1)	Includes customers’ liability under acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million) in business and government loans and acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million) in other liabilities. Prior year amounts have been revised to conform to the presentation adopted in 2025.
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The accompanying notes and shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Harry Culham	Mary Lou Maher
President and Chief Executive Officer	Director
109	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements

Consolidated statement of income

Millions of Canadian dollars, except as noted, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Interest income<br> <br>(Note 28)<br><br>(1)
Loans	$	32,074		$	33,925
Securities		9,045			9,560
Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements		5,260			5,811
Deposits with banks and other		2,382			2,889
		48,761			52,185
Interest expense<br><br>(Note 28)
Deposits		25,110			30,476
Securities sold short		565			625
Securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements		6,521			6,334
Subordinated indebtedness		407			510
Other		389			545
		32,992			38,490
Net interest income		15,769			13,695
Non-interest<br> income
Underwriting and advisory fees		915			707
Deposit and payment fees		996			958
Credit fees		1,015			1,218
Card fees		402			414
Investment management and custodial fees		2,241			1,980
Mutual fund fees		2,019			1,796
Income from insurance activities, net		317			356
Commissions on securities transactions		554			431
Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), net		4,022			3,226
Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) and amortized cost, net		(14	)		43
Foreign exchange other than trading (FXOTT)		369			386
Income from equity-accounted associates and joint ventures <br>(Note 24)		117			79
Other		411			317
		13,364			11,911
Total revenue		29,133			25,606
Provision for credit losses<br><br>(Note 5)		2,342			2,001
Non-interest<br> expenses
Employee compensation and benefits		9,266			8,261
Occupancy costs		847			830
Computer, software and office equipment		2,946			2,719
Communications		395			362
Advertising and business development		398			344
Professional fees		284			257
Business and capital taxes		124			128
Other <br>(Notes 3 and 8)		1,592			1,538
		15,852			14,439
Income before income taxes		10,939			9,166
Income taxes<br> <br>(Note 18)		2,485			2,012
Net income	$	8,454		$	7,154
Net income attributable to <br>non-controlling<br> interests	$	25		$	39
Preferred shareholders and other equity instrument holders	$	364		$	263
Common shareholders		8,065			6,852
Net income attributable to equity shareholders	$	8,429		$	7,115
Earnings per share (EPS)<br>(in dollars) <br>(Note 19)
Basic	$	8.62		$	7.29
Diluted		8.57			7.28
Dividends per common share<br>(in dollars) <br>(Note 15)		3.88			3.60
(1)	Interest income included $44.3 billion for the year ended October 31, 2025 (2024: $48.5 billion) calculated based on the effective interest rate method.
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The accompanying notes and shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	110

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Consolidated financial statements

Consolidated statement of comprehensive income

Millions of Canadian dollars, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Net income	$	8,454		$	7,154
Other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI), net of income tax, that is subject to subsequent reclassification to net income
Net foreign currency translation adjustments
Net gains (losses) on investments in foreign operations		400			281
Net gains (losses) on hedges of investments in foreign operations		(365	)		(267	)
		35			14
Net change in debt securities measured at FVOCI
Net gains (losses) on debt securities measured at FVOCI		368			127
Net (gains) losses reclassified to net income		(14	)		(27	)
		354			100
Net change in cash flow hedges
Net gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges		1,419			2,348
Net (gains) losses reclassified to net income		(928	)		(813	)
		491			1,535
OCI, net of income tax, that is not subject to subsequent reclassification to net income
Net gains (losses) on post-employment defined benefit plans		208			250
Net gains (losses) due to fair value change of fair value option (FVO) liabilities attributable to changes in credit risk		(34	)		(216	)
Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI		18			(13	)
		192			21
Total other comprehensive income (loss)<br><br>(1)		1,072			1,670
Comprehensive income	$	9,526		$	8,824
Comprehensive income attributable to <br>non-controlling<br> interests	$	25		$	39
Preferred shareholders and other equity instrument holders	$	364		$	263
Common shareholders		9,137			8,522
Comprehensive income attributable to equity shareholders	$	9,501		$	8,785
(1)	Includes $43 million of gains for 2025 (2024: $113 million of gains) relating to our investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures.
---	---
Millions of Canadian dollars, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Income tax (expense) benefit allocated to each component of OCI
Subject to subsequent reclassification to net income
Net foreign currency translation adjustments
Net gains (losses) on investments in foreign operations	$	(12	)	$	(5	)
Net gains (losses) on hedges of investments in foreign operations		(68	)		–
		(80	)		(5	)
Net change in debt securities measured at FVOCI
Net gains (losses) on debt securities measured at FVOCI		(74	)		(12	)
Net (gains) losses reclassified to net income		5			10
		(69	)		(2	)
Net change in cash flow hedges
Net gains (losses) on derivatives designated as cash flow hedges		(546	)		(903	)
Net (gains) losses reclassified to net income		357			313
		(189	)		(590	)
Not subject to subsequent reclassification to net income
Net gains (losses) on post-employment defined benefit plans		(66	)		(68	)
Net gains (losses) due to fair value change of FVO liabilities attributable to changes in credit risk		13			83
Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI		(6	)		4
		(59	)		19
Total income tax (expense) benefit allocated to each component of OCI	$	(397	)	$	(578	)

The accompanying notes and shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

111	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

Consolidated statement of changes in equity

Millions of Canadian dollars, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Preferred shares and other equity instruments<br><br>(Note 15)
Balance at beginning of year	$	4,946		$	4,925
Issue of preferred shares and limited recourse capital notes (LRCNs)		2,770			1,000
Redemption of preferred shares and LRCNs		(1,350	)		(975	)
Treasury shares		3			(4	)
Balance at end of year	$	6,369		$	4,946
Common shares<br><br>(Note 15)
Balance at beginning of year	$	17,011		$	16,082
Issue of common shares		168			1,019
Purchase of common shares for cancellation		(335	)		(90	)
Treasury shares		1			–
Balance at end of year	$	16,845		$	17,011
Contributed surplus
Balance at beginning of year	$	159		$	109
Compensation expense arising from equity-settled share-based awards		20			16
Exercise of stock options and settlement of other equity-settled share-based awards		(10	)		(9	)
Other<br>(1)		57			43
Balance at end of year	$	226		$	159
Retained earnings
Balance at beginning of year	$	33,471			30,352
Net income attributable to equity shareholders		8,429			7,115
Dividends and distributions <br>(Note 15)
Preferred and other equity instruments		(364	)		(263	)
Common		(3,629	)		(3,382	)
Premium on purchase of common shares for cancellation		(1,396	)		(329	)
Realized gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI reclassified from AOCI		2			(15	)
Other		(42	)		(7	)
Balance at end of year	$	36,471		$	33,471
AOCI, net of income tax
AOCI, net of income tax, that is subject to subsequent reclassification to net income
Net foreign currency translation adjustments
Balance at beginning of year	$	2,176		$	2,162
Net change in foreign currency translation adjustments		35			14
Balance at end of year	$	2,211		$	2,176
Net gains (losses) on debt securities measured at FVOCI
Balance at beginning of year	$	(307	)	$	(407	)
Net change in debt securities measured at FVOCI		354			100
Balance at end of year	$	47		$	(307	)
Net gains (losses) on cash flow hedges
Balance at beginning of year	$	509		$	(1,026	)
Net change in cash flow hedges		491			1,535
Balance at end of year	$	1,000		$	509
AOCI, net of income tax, that is not subject to subsequent reclassification to net income
Net gains (losses) on post-employment defined benefit plans
Balance at beginning of year	$	842		$	592
Net change in post-employment defined benefit plans		208			250
Balance at end of year	$	1,050		$	842
Net gains (losses) due to fair value change of FVO liabilities attributable to changes in credit risk
Balance at beginning of year	$	(88	)	$	128
Net change attributable to changes in credit risk		(34	)		(216	)
Balance at end of year	$	(122	)	$	(88	)
Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI
Balance at beginning of year	$	16		$	14
Net gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI		18			(13	)
Realized (gains) losses on equity securities designated at FVOCI reclassified to retained earnings		(2	)		15
Balance at end of year	$	32		$	16
Total AOCI, net of income tax	$	4,218		$	3,148
Non-controlling<br> interests
Balance at beginning of year	$	272		$	232
Net income attributable to <br>non-controlling<br> interests		25			39
Dividends		(9	)		(8	)
Other		(4	)		9
Balance at end of year	$	284		$	272
Equity at end of year	$	64,413		$	59,007
(1)	Includes the portion of the estimated tax benefit related to employee stock options that is incremental to the amount recognized in the consolidated statement of income.
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The accompanying notes and shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	112

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Consolidated financial statements

Consolidated statement of cash flows

Millions of Canadian dollars, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities
Net income	$	8,454		$	7,154
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities:
Provision for credit losses		2,342			2,001
Amortization and impairment<br>(1)		1,178			1,170
Stock options and restricted shares expense		20			16
Deferred income taxes		(257	)		(244	)
Losses (gains) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost		14			(43	)
Net losses (gains) on disposal of property and equipment		(2	)		(1	)
Other <br>non-cash<br> items, net		(16	)		(1,822	)
Net changes in operating assets and liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits with banks		7,875			(4,597	)
Loans, net of repayments		(33,381	)		(28,930	)
Deposits, net of withdrawals		37,183			34,467
Obligations related to securities sold short		2,602			2,976
Accrued interest receivable		44			(711	)
Accrued interest payable		(983	)		452
Derivative assets		(1,921	)		(3,240	)
Derivative liabilities		328			(813	)
Securities measured at FVTPL		(22,817	)		(23,319	)
Other assets and liabilities measured/designated at FVTPL		5,090			3,431
Current income taxes		(489	)		(257	)
Cash collateral on securities lent		(1,966	)		(84	)
Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements		19,889			23,035
Cash collateral on securities borrowed		(4,669	)		(2,377	)
Securities purchased under resale agreements		(2,974	)		(3,537	)
Other, net		(1,706	)		6,361
Net cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities		13,838			11,088
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities
Issue of subordinated indebtedness		1,250			2,250
Redemption/repurchase/maturity of subordinated indebtedness		(1,069	)		(1,536	)
Issue of preferred shares and LRCNs, net of issuance cost		2,757			996
Redemption of preferred shares and LRCNs		(1,350	)		(975	)
Issue of common shares for cash		158			312
Purchase of common shares for cancellation		(1,731	)		(419	)
Net sale (purchase) of treasury shares		4			(4	)
Dividends and distributions paid		(3,993	)		(2,947	)
Repayment of lease liabilities		(309	)		(287	)
Other, net		(29	)		–
Net cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities		(4,312	)		(2,610	)
Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities
Purchase of securities measured/designated at FVOCI and amortized cost		(98,369	)		(76,528	)
Proceeds from sale of securities measured/designated at FVOCI and amortized cost		46,299			29,761
Proceeds from maturity of debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost		47,404			27,105
Net sale (purchase) of property, equipment, software and other intangible assets		(1,109	)		(1,089	)
Net cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities		(5,775	)		(20,751	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and <br>non-interest-bearing<br> deposits with banks		63			22
Net increase (decrease) in cash and <br>non-interest-bearing<br> deposits with banks during the year		3,814			(12,251	)
Cash and <br>non-interest-bearing<br> deposits with banks at beginning of year		8,565			20,816
Cash and <br>non-interest-bearing<br> deposits with banks at end of year<br><br>(2)	$	12,379		$	8,565
Cash interest paid	$	33,975		$	38,038
Cash interest received		46,993			49,761
Cash dividends received		1,812			1,713
Cash income taxes paid		3,231			2,513
(1)	Comprises amortization and impairment of buildings, <br>right-of-use<br> assets, furniture, equipment, leasehold improvements, and software and other intangible assets.
---	---
(2)	Includes restricted cash of $579 million (2024: $466 million) and interest-bearing demand deposits with Bank of Canada.
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The accompanying notes and shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

113	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

Notes to the consolidated financial statements

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) is a diversified financial institution governed by the Bank Act (Canada). CIBC was formed through the amalgamation of the Canadian Bank of Commerce and Imperial Bank of Canada in 1961. Through our four strategic business units (SBUs) – Canadian Personal and Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets – CIBC provides a full range of financial products and services to our personal banking, business, public sector and institutional clients in Canada, the United States (U.S.) and around the world. Refer to Note 29 for further details on our business units. CIBC is incorporated and domiciled in Canada, with our registered and principal business offices located at CIBC SQUARE, Toronto, Ontario.

Note 1	Basis of preparation and summary of material accounting policies

Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements of CIBC have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). These consolidated financial statements also comply with Section 308(4) of the Bank Act (Canada) and the requirements of the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI).

CIBC has consistently applied the same accounting policies throughout all periods presented.

These consolidated financial statements are presented in millions of Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated.

These consolidated financial statements were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors (the Board) on December 3, 2025.

Summary of material accounting policies

The following paragraphs describe our material accounting policies.

Use of estimates and assumptions

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the recognized and measured amounts of assets, liabilities, net income, comprehensive income and related disclosures. Significant estimates and assumptions are made in the areas of the valuation of financial instruments, allowance for credit losses, the evaluation of whether to consolidate structured entities (SEs), leases, asset impairment, income taxes, provisions and contingent liabilities, post-employment and other long-term benefit plan assumptions and the valuation of self-managed loyalty points programs. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Basis of consolidation

We consolidate entities over which we have control. We have control over another entity when we have: (i) power to direct relevant activities of the entity; (ii) exposure, or rights, to variable returns from our involvement with the entity; and (iii) the ability to affect those returns through our power over the entity.

Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are entities over which CIBC has control. Generally, CIBC has control of its subsidiaries through a shareholding of more than 50% of the voting rights, and has significant exposure to the subsidiaries based on its ownership interests of more than 50%. The effects of potential voting rights that CIBC has the practical ability to exercise are considered when assessing whether control exists. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date control is obtained by CIBC and are deconsolidated from the date control is lost. Consistent accounting policies are applied for all consolidated subsidiaries. Details of our significant subsidiaries are provided in Note 25.

Structured entities

A SE is an entity that has been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when any voting rights relate to administrative tasks only and the significant relevant activities are directed by contractual arrangements. SEs often have some or all of the following features or attributes: (i) restricted activities; (ii) a narrow and well-defined objective, such as to securitize our own financial assets or third-party financial assets to provide sources of funding or to provide investment opportunities for investors by passing on risks and rewards associated with the assets of the SE to investors; (iii) insufficient equity to permit the SE to finance its activities without subordinated financial support; or (iv) financing in the form of multiple contractually linked instruments to investors that create concentrations of credit or other risks. Examples of SEs include securitization vehicles, asset-backed financings, capital vehicles and investment funds.

When voting rights are not relevant in deciding whether CIBC has power over an entity, particularly for complex SEs, the assessment of control considers all facts and circumstances, including the purpose and design of the investee, its relationship with other parties and each party’s ability to make decisions over significant activities, and whether CIBC is acting as a principal or as an agent.

We do not have control over an investee when we are acting as the agent for a third-party. In assessing whether we are an agent we determine: (i) the scope of our decision-making authority; (ii) the rights held by other parties; (iii) the remuneration to which we are entitled; and (iv) our exposure to variability of returns from other interests that we hold in the investee.

Consolidation conclusions are reassessed whenever there is a change in the specific facts and circumstances relevant to one or more of the three elements of control. Factors that trigger the reassessment include, but are not limited to, significant changes in ownership structure of the entities, changes in contractual or governance arrangements, provision of a liquidity facility beyond the original terms, the rare event of the draw of a liquidity facility for our multi-seller conduits, transactions with the entities that were not contemplated originally and changes in the financing structure of the entities.

Transactions eliminated on consolidation

All intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains and losses on transactions are eliminated on consolidation.

Non-controlling interests

Non-controlling interests are presented on the consolidated balance sheet as a separate component of equity that is distinct from CIBC’s shareholders’ equity. The net income attributable to non-controlling interests is presented separately in the consolidated statement of income.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	114

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Consolidated financial statements

Associates and joint ventures

We classify investments in entities over which we have significant influence, and that are neither subsidiaries nor joint ventures, as associates. Significant influence is presumed to exist where we hold, either directly or indirectly, between 20% and 50% of the voting rights of an entity, or, in the case of a limited partnership, where CIBC is a co-general partner. Significant influence also may exist where we hold less than 20% of the voting rights of an entity, for example if we have influence over policy-making processes through representation on the entity’s Board of Directors, or by other means. Where we are a party to a contractual arrangement whereby we undertake an economic activity that is subject to joint control together with one or more parties, we classify our interest in the venture as a joint venture.

Investments in associates and interests in joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method. Under the equity method, such investments are initially measured at cost, including attributable goodwill and intangible assets, and are adjusted thereafter for the post-acquisition change in our share of the net assets of the investment.

In applying the equity method for an investment that has a different reporting period from that of CIBC, adjustments are made for the effects of any significant events or transactions that occur between the reporting date of the investment and CIBC’s reporting date.

Foreign currency translation

Monetary assets and liabilities and non-monetary assets and liabilities measured at fair value that are denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currencies of operations at prevailing exchange rates at the date of the consolidated balance sheet. Revenue and expenses are translated using average monthly exchange rates. Realized and unrealized gains and losses arising from translation into functional currencies are included in the consolidated statement of income, with the exception of unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses on FVOCI equity securities, which are included in AOCI.

Assets and liabilities of foreign operations with a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar, including goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on acquisition, are translated into Canadian dollars at the exchange rates prevailing as at the consolidated balance sheet date, while revenue and expenses of these foreign operations are translated into Canadian dollars at the average monthly exchange rates. Exchange gains and losses arising from the translation of these foreign operations and from the results of hedging the net investment in these foreign operations, net of applicable taxes, are included in Net foreign currency translation adjustments, in AOCI.

Any accumulated exchange gains and losses, including the impact of hedging, and any applicable taxes in AOCI are reclassified into the consolidated statement of income when there is a disposal of a foreign operation, including a partial disposal of a foreign operation that involves the loss of control. On partial disposal of a foreign operation that does not involve the loss of control, the proportionate share of the accumulated exchange gains and losses, including the impact of hedging, and any applicable taxes previously recognized in AOCI are reclassified into the consolidated statement of income.

Accounting for financial instruments

Classification and measurement of financial instruments

All financial assets must be classified at initial recognition as financial instruments mandatorily measured at FVTPL (trading and non-trading), financial instruments measured at amortized cost, debt financial instruments measured at FVOCI, equity financial instruments designated at FVOCI, or financial instruments designated at FVTPL (fair value option), based on the contractual cash flow characteristics of the financial assets and the business model under which the financial assets are managed. All financial assets and derivatives are required to be measured at fair value with the exception of financial assets measured at amortized cost. Financial assets are required to be reclassified when and only when the business model under which they are managed has changed. All reclassifications are to be applied prospectively from the reclassification date.

The classification and measurement model requires that all debt instrument financial assets that do not meet a “solely payment of principal and interest” (SPPI) test, including those that contain embedded derivatives, be classified at initial recognition as FVTPL. The SPPI test is conducted to identify whether the contractual cash flows of a financial instrument are “solely payments of principal and interest” such that any variability in the contractual cash flows is consistent with a “basic lending arrangement”. “Principal” for the purpose of this test is defined as the fair value of the financial asset at initial recognition and may change over the life of the financial asset, for example, due to repayments of principal or amortization of the premium/discount. “Interest” for the purpose of this test is defined as the consideration for the time value of money and credit risk, which are the most significant elements of interest within a lending arrangement. Contractual terms that introduce a more than de minimis exposure to risks or volatility in the contractual cash flows that are unrelated to a basic lending arrangement do not give rise to contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the amount outstanding. The intent of the SPPI test is to ensure that debt instruments that contain non-basic lending features, such as equity conversion options and equity-linked payouts, are measured at FVTPL.

For debt instrument financial assets that meet the SPPI test, classification at initial recognition is determined based on the business model under which these instruments are managed. Debt instruments that are managed on a “held for trading” or “fair value” basis are classified as FVTPL. Debt instruments that are managed on a “hold to collect and for sale” basis are classified as FVOCI for debt. Debt instruments that are managed on a “hold to collect” basis are classified as amortized cost. We consider the following in our determination of the applicable business model for financial assets:

I)	The business purpose of the portfolio;
II)	The risks that are being managed and the type of business activities that are being carried out on a <br>day-to-day<br> basis to manage the risks;
---	---
III)	The basis on which performance of the portfolio is being evaluated; and
---	---
IV)	The frequency and significance of sales activity.
---	---

All equity instrument financial assets are classified at initial recognition as FVTPL unless they are not held with the intent for short-term profit-taking and an irrevocable designation is made to classify the instrument as FVOCI for equities.

Derivatives, obligations related to securities sold short and FVO financial liabilities are measured at fair value. Other financial liabilities are measured at amortized cost.

Derivatives are measured at FVTPL, except to the extent that they are designated in a hedging relationship, in which case the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 39 “Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement” (IAS 39) hedge accounting requirements continue to apply.

Financial instruments mandatorily measured at FVTPL (trading and non-trading)

Trading financial instruments are mandatorily measured at FVTPL as they are held for trading purposes or are part of a managed portfolio with a pattern of short-term profit-taking. Non-trading financial assets are also mandatorily measured at fair value if their contractual cash flow characteristics do not meet the SPPI test or if they are managed together with other financial instruments on a fair value basis.

Trading and non-trading financial instruments mandatorily measured at FVTPL are remeasured at fair value as at the consolidated balance sheet date. Gains and losses realized on disposition and unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value are included in Non-interest income as Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net. Interest income and dividends earned on trading and non-trading securities and dividends and interest expense incurred on securities sold short are included in net interest income.

115	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

Financial instruments designated at FVTPL (fair value option)

Financial instruments designated at FVTPL are those that we voluntarily designate at initial recognition as instruments that we will measure at fair value through the consolidated statement of income that would otherwise fall into a different accounting category. The FVO designation, once made, is irrevocable and can only be applied if reliable fair values are available, when doing so eliminates or significantly reduces the measurement inconsistency that would otherwise arise from measuring assets or liabilities on a different basis and if certain OSFI requirements pertaining to certain loans are met. Financial liabilities may also be designated at FVTPL when they are part of a portfolio which is managed on a fair value basis, in accordance with our investment strategy, and are reported internally on that basis. Designation at FVTPL may also be applied to financial liabilities that have one or more embedded derivatives that would otherwise require bifurcation. We apply the FVO to certain mortgage commitments.

Gains and losses realized on dispositions and unrealized gains and losses from changes in the fair value of FVO financial instruments are treated in the same manner as financial instruments which are mandatorily measured at FVTPL, except that changes in the fair value of FVO liabilities that are attributable to changes in own credit risk are recognized in OCI. Dividends and interest earned, and interest expense incurred on FVO assets and liabilities are included in Interest income and Interest expense, respectively.

Financial assets measured at amortized cost

Financial assets measured at amortized cost are debt financial instruments with contractual cash flows that meet the SPPI test and that are managed on a “hold to collect” basis. These financial assets are recognized initially at fair value plus direct and incremental transaction costs, and are subsequently measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method, net of an allowance for expected credit losses (ECL).

Loans measured at amortized cost include residential mortgages, personal loans, credit cards and most business and government loans. Certain portfolios of treasury securities that are managed on a “hold to collect” basis are also classified as amortized cost.

Most deposits with banks, securities purchased under resale agreements, cash collateral on securities borrowed and certain other assets are accounted for at amortized cost.

Debt financial assets measured at FVOCI

Debt financial instruments measured at FVOCI are non-derivative financial assets with contractual cash flows that meet the SPPI test and are managed on a “hold to collect and for sale” basis.

FVOCI debt instruments are measured initially at fair value, plus direct and incremental transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, FVOCI debt instruments are remeasured at fair value, with the exception that changes in ECL allowances and related foreign exchange gains or losses are recognized in the consolidated statement of income. Cumulative gains and losses previously recognized in OCI are transferred from AOCI to the consolidated statement of income when the debt instrument is sold. Realized gains and losses on sale, determined on an average cost basis, and changes in ECL allowances, are included in Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, net in the consolidated statement of income. Interest income from FVOCI debt instruments is included in Interest income. FVOCI debt instruments include our treasury securities which are managed on a “hold to collect and for sale” basis.

A debt financial instrument is classified as impaired (stage 3) when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of that financial instrument have occurred after its initial recognition. Evidence of impairment includes indications that the borrower is experiencing significant financial difficulty, or a default or delinquency has occurred.

Equity financial instruments designated at FVOCI

Equity financial instruments are measured at FVTPL unless an irrevocable designation is made to measure them at FVOCI. Gains or losses from changes in the fair value of equity instruments designated at FVOCI, including any related foreign exchange gains or losses, are recognized in OCI. Amounts recognized in OCI will not be subsequently recycled to profit or loss, with the exception of dividends that are not considered a return of capital, which are recognized as interest income when received in the consolidated statement of income. Instead, cumulative gains or losses upon derecognition of the equity instrument will be transferred within equity from AOCI to retained earnings and presented in Realized gains (losses) on equity securities designated at FVOCI in the consolidated statement of changes in equity. Financial assets designated as FVOCI include non-trading equity securities, primarily related to our investment in private companies and certain limited partnerships.

Impairment of financial assets

ECL allowances are recognized on all financial assets that are debt instruments classified either as amortized cost or FVOCI and for all loan commitments and financial guarantees that are not measured at FVTPL. ECL allowances represent credit losses that reflect an unbiased and probability-weighted amount which is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes, the time value of money and reasonable and supportable information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. Forward-looking information is explicitly incorporated into the estimation of ECL allowances, which involves significant judgment (see Note 5 for additional details).

ECL allowances for loans are included in Allowance for credit losses on the consolidated balance sheet. ECL allowances for FVOCI debt securities are included as a component of the carrying value of the securities, which are measured at fair value. ECL allowances for other financial assets are included in the carrying value of the instrument. ECL allowances for guarantees and loan commitments are included in Other liabilities.

ECL allowances are measured at amounts equal to either: (i) 12-month ECL; or (ii) lifetime ECL for those financial instruments which have experienced a significant increase in credit risk (SICR) since initial recognition or when there is objective evidence of impairment.

The calculation of ECL allowances is based on the expected value of three probability-weighted scenarios to measure the expected cash shortfalls, discounted at the effective interest rate. A cash shortfall is the difference between the contractual cash flows that are due and the cash flows that we expect to receive. The key inputs in the measurement of ECL allowances are as follows:

•	The probability of default (PD) is an estimate of the likelihood of default over a given time horizon;
•	The loss given default (LGD) is an estimate of the loss arising in the case where a default occurs at a given time; and
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•	The exposure at default (EAD) is an estimate of the exposure at a future default date.
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Lifetime ECL is the expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. 12-month ECL is the portion of lifetime expected credit losses that represent the expected credit losses that result from default events on the financial instrument that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	116

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Consolidated financial statements

Stage migration and significant increase in credit risk

As a result of the requirements above, financial instruments subject to ECL allowances are categorized into three stages.

Stage 1 is comprised of all performing financial instruments which have not experienced a SICR since initial recognition. We recognize 12 months of ECL for stage 1 financial instruments. In assessing whether credit risk has increased significantly, we compare the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the reporting date with the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the date of its initial recognition.

Stage 2 is comprised of all performing financial instruments which have experienced a SICR since initial recognition. We recognize lifetime ECL for stage 2 financial instruments. In subsequent reporting periods, if the credit risk of the financial instrument improves such that there is no longer a SICR since initial recognition, we then revert to recognizing 12 months of ECL as the financial instrument has migrated back to stage 1.

We determine whether a financial instrument has experienced a SICR since its initial recognition on an individual financial instrument basis. Changes in the required ECL allowance, including the impact of financial instruments migrating between stage 1 and stage 2, are recorded in Provision for credit losses in the consolidated statement of income. Significant judgment is required in the application of SICR (see Note 5 for additional details).

Stage 3 financial instruments are those that we have classified as impaired. We recognize lifetime ECL for all stage 3 financial instruments. We classify a financial instrument as impaired when one or more events that have a detrimental impact on the estimated future cash flows of that financial instrument have occurred after its initial recognition. Evidence of impairment includes indications that the borrower is experiencing significant financial difficulty, or a default or delinquency has occurred. Generally, financial instruments on which repayment of principal or payment of interest is contractually more than 90 days in arrears are considered impaired, except for credit card loans, which are classified as impaired and are fully written off when payments are contractually 180 days in arrears or at the earlier of the notice of bankruptcy, settlement proposal, or enlistment of credit counselling services.

A financial instrument is no longer considered impaired when it is determined that there is reasonable assurance that the principal and interest are fully collectable in accordance with the original contractual terms or revised market terms of the financial instrument with all criteria for the impaired classification having been remedied.

Financial instruments are written off, either partially or in full, against the related allowance for credit losses when we judge that there is no realistic prospect of future recovery in respect of those amounts. When financial instruments are secured, this is generally after all collateral has been realized or transferred to CIBC, or in certain circumstances, when the net realizable value of any collateral and other available information suggests that there is no reasonable expectation of further recovery. In subsequent periods, any recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited to the provision for credit losses.

Purchased loans

Both purchased performing and purchased credit-impaired loans are initially measured at their acquisition date fair values. As a result of recording these loans at fair value, no allowance for credit losses is recognized in the purchase equation at the acquisition date. Fair value is determined by estimating the principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest. At the acquisition date, we classify a loan as performing where we expect timely collection of all amounts in accordance with the original contractual terms of the loan and as credit-impaired where it is probable that we will not be able to collect all contractually required payments.

For purchased performing loans, the acquisition date fair value adjustment on each loan is amortized to interest income over the expected remaining life of the loan using the effective interest rate method. The remaining unamortized amounts relating to those loans are recorded in income in the period that the loan is repaid. ECL allowances are established in Provision for credit losses in the consolidated statement of income immediately after the acquisition date based on classifying each loan in stage 1, since the acquisition date is established as the initial recognition date of purchased performing loans for the purpose of assessing whether a SICR has occurred. Subsequent to the acquisition date, ECL allowances are estimated in a manner consistent with our SICR and impairment policies that we apply to loans that we originate.

For purchased credit-impaired loans, the acquisition date fair value adjustment on each loan consists of management’s estimate of the shortfall of principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected and the time value of money. The time value of money component of the fair value adjustment is amortized to interest income over the expected remaining life of the loan using the effective interest rate method. Subsequent to the acquisition date, we regularly re-estimate the expected cash flows for purchased credit-impaired loans. Decreases in the expected cash flows will result in an increase in our ECL allowance. Increases in the expected cash flows will result in a recovery of the ECL allowance. ECL allowances for purchased credit-impaired loans are reported in stage 3.

Originated credit-impaired financial assets

The accounting for originated credit-impaired financial assets operates in a similar manner to the accounting for purchased credit-impaired loans in that originated credit-impaired assets are initially recognized at fair value with no initial ECL allowance as concerns about the collection of future cash flows are instead reflected in the origination date discount. The time value of money component of the discount is amortized to interest income over the expected remaining life of the financial asset using the effective interest rate method. Changes in expectation regarding the contractual cash flows for loans are recognized immediately in Provision for credit losses and for securities are recognized in Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, net.

This accounting generally applies to financial assets that result from debt restructuring arrangements in which a previously impaired financial asset is exchanged for a new financial asset that is either recognized at a fair value that represents a deep discount to par or for which there are significant concerns over the ability to collect the contractual cash flows.

Determination of fair value

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability between market participants in an orderly transaction in the principal market at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., the exit price). Fair value measurements are categorized into three levels within a fair value hierarchy (Level 1, 2 or 3) based upon the market observability of the valuation inputs used in measuring the fair value. See Note 2 for more details about fair value measurement subsequent to initial recognition by type of financial instrument.

Transaction costs

Transaction costs relating to financial instruments mandatorily measured or designated at FVTPL are expensed as incurred. Transaction costs are amortized over the expected life of the instrument using the effective interest rate method for instruments measured at amortized cost and debt instruments measured at FVOCI. For equity instruments designated at FVOCI, transaction costs are included in the instrument’s carrying value.

Date of recognition of securities

We account for all securities transactions on our consolidated balance sheet using settlement date accounting.

117	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

Effective interest rate

Interest income and expense for all financial instruments measured at amortized cost and for debt securities measured at FVOCI are recognized in Interest income and Interest expense using the effective interest rate method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts or payments through the expected life of the financial instrument to the net carrying value of the financial asset or liability upon initial recognition. When calculating the effective interest rate, we estimate future cash flows considering all contractual terms of the financial instrument, but not future credit losses.

Fees relating to loan origination, including commitment, restructuring and renegotiation fees, are considered an integral part of the yield earned on the loan and are accounted for using the effective interest rate method. Fees received for commitments that are not expected to result in a loan are included in Non-interest income over the commitment period. Loan syndication fees are included in Non-interest income on completion of the syndication arrangement, provided that the yield on the portion of the loan we retain is at least equal to the average yield earned by the other lenders involved in the financing; otherwise, an appropriate portion of the fee is deferred and amortized to interest income using the effective interest rate method.

Interest income is recognized on stage 1 and stage 2 financial assets measured at amortized cost by applying the effective interest rate to the gross carrying amount of the financial instrument. For stage 3 financial instruments, interest income is recognized using the rate of interest used to discount the estimated future cash flows for the purpose of measuring the impairment loss and applied to the net carrying value of the financial instrument.

Securitizations and derecognition of financial assets

Securitization of our own assets provides us with an additional source of liquidity. As we generally retain substantially all of the risks and rewards of the transferred assets, assets remain on the consolidated balance sheet and funding from these transactions is accounted for as Deposits – secured borrowings.

Securitizations to non-consolidated SEs are accounted for as sales, with the related assets being derecognized, only where:

•	Our contractual right to receive cash flows from the assets has expired; or
•	We transfer our contractual rights to receive the cash flows of the financial asset or where applicable the transfer also meets the criteria of a qualifying pass-through arrangement, and we have: (i) transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership, or (ii) neither retained nor transferred substantially all the risks and rewards, but have not retained control.
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Derecognition of financial liabilities

A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation under the liability is discharged, cancelled or expires. If an existing financial liability is replaced by another liability from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of the existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a derecognition of the original liability and a recognition of a new liability, and the difference in the respective carrying values is recognized in the consolidated statement of income. The repurchase of a debt instrument is considered an extinguishment of that debt instrument even if we intend to resell the instrument in the near term.

Financial guarantees

Financial guarantees are financial contracts that require the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor fails to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument.

Financial guarantee contracts issued by CIBC that are not classified as insurance contracts are initially recognized as a liability at fair value, adjusted for transaction costs that are directly attributable to the issuance of the guarantees, which is generally the premium received or receivable on the date the guarantee was given. Subsequently, financial guarantee liabilities are measured at the higher of the initial fair value, less cumulative amortization, and the applicable ECL allowances. A financial guarantee that qualifies as a derivative is remeasured at fair value as at each reporting date and reported as Derivative instruments in assets or liabilities, as appropriate.

Mortgage commitments

Mortgage interest rate commitments are extended to our retail clients in contemplation of borrowing to finance the purchase of homes under mortgages to be funded by CIBC in the future. These commitments are usually for periods of up to 120 days and generally entitle the borrower to receive funding at the lower of the interest rate at the time of the commitment and the rate applicable at the funding date. We use financial instruments, such as interest rate derivatives, to economically hedge our exposure to an increase in interest rates. Based on our estimate of the commitments expected to be exercised, a financial liability is recognized on our consolidated balance sheet for those commitments where we apply the FVO. We also carry the associated economic hedges at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet. Changes in the fair value of the FVO commitment liability and the associated economic hedges are included in Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net. In addition, since the fair value of the commitments is priced into the mortgage, the difference between the mortgage amount funded through a commitment and its fair value at funding is recognized in the consolidated statement of income to offset the carrying value of the mortgage commitment that is released upon its expiry.

Offsetting of financial assets and financial liabilities

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset, and the amount presented net in the consolidated balance sheet, when we have a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and intend to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Securities purchased under resale agreements and obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements

Securities purchased under resale agreements are treated as collateralized lending transactions as they represent the purchase of securities affected with a simultaneous agreement to sell them back at a future date at a fixed price, which is generally near term. Securities subject to these transactions include certain loans that are readily securitizable. The agreements include certain total return swap arrangements that are economically equivalent to resale agreements. These transactions meet the SPPI criteria and are generally classified and measured at amortized cost, as they are also managed under a hold to collect business model. Certain transactions are classified at FVTPL as they are managed on a held for sale basis. For Securities purchased under resale agreements that are classified at amortized cost, an ECL is applied. Interest income is accrued using the effective interest rate method and is included in Interest income – Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements in the consolidated statement of income.

Similarly, securities sold under agreements to repurchase are treated as collateralized borrowing transactions at amortized cost with interest expense accrued using the effective interest rate method and are included in Interest expense – Securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements in the consolidated statement of income. Certain obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements are designated at FVTPL under the FVO.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	118

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Consolidated financial statements

Cash collateral on securities borrowed and securities lent

The right to receive back cash collateral paid and the obligation to return cash collateral received on borrowing and lending of securities, which is generally near term, is recognized as cash collateral on securities borrowed and securities lent, respectively. These transactions are classified and measured at amortized cost as they meet the SPPI criteria and are managed under a hold to collect business model. Interest income on cash collateral paid and interest expense on cash collateral received together with the security borrowing fees and security lending income are included in Interest income – Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements and Interest expense – Securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements, respectively. For securities borrowing and lending transactions where securities are pledged or received as collateral, securities pledged by CIBC for which CIBC retains the risks and rewards remain on the consolidated balance sheet and securities received by CIBC are not recognized on the consolidated balance sheet.

Derivatives

We use derivative instruments for both asset/liability management (ALM) and trading purposes. The derivatives used for ALM purposes allow us to manage financial risks, such as movements in interest and foreign exchange rates, while our derivative trading activities are primarily driven by client activities. We may also take proprietary trading positions within prescribed risk limits with the objective of earning income.

All derivative instruments are recognized initially, and are measured subsequently, at fair value and are reported as assets where they have a positive fair value and as liabilities where they have a negative fair value, in both cases as derivative instruments. Any realized and unrealized gains or losses on derivatives used for trading purposes are recognized immediately in Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net. The accounting for derivatives used for ALM purposes depends on whether they qualify for hedge accounting as discussed below.

Fair values of exchange-traded derivatives are based on quoted market prices. Fair values of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, including OTC derivatives that are centrally cleared, are obtained using valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow models and option pricing models. See Note 12 for further information on the valuation of derivatives.

Derivatives used for ALM purposes that qualify for hedge accounting

As permitted at the time of transition to IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” (IFRS 9), we elected to continue to apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39.

We apply hedge accounting for derivatives held for ALM purposes that meet specified criteria. There are three types of hedges under IAS 39: fair value, cash flow and hedges of net investments in foreign operations (NIFOs). When hedge accounting is not applied, the change in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in the consolidated statement of income (see the “Derivatives used for ALM purposes that are not designated for hedge accounting” section below).

In order for derivatives to qualify for hedge accounting, the hedge relationship must be designated and formally documented at its inception in accordance with IAS 39. The particular risk management objective and strategy, the specific asset, liability or cash flow being hedged, as well as how hedge effectiveness is assessed, are documented. Hedge effectiveness requires a high correlation of changes in fair values or cash flows between the hedged and hedging items.

We assess the effectiveness of derivatives in hedging relationships, both at inception and on an ongoing basis. Ineffectiveness results to the extent that the change in the fair value of the hedging derivative differs from the change in the fair value of the hedged risk in the hedged item, or the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedging derivative exceeds the cumulative change in the fair value of expected future cash flows of the hedged item. The amount of ineffectiveness of hedging instruments is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of income.

Fair value hedges

We designate fair value hedges primarily as part of interest rate risk management strategies that use derivatives to hedge changes in the fair value of financial instruments with fixed interest rates. Changes in fair value attributed to the hedged interest rate risk are accounted for as basis adjustments to the hedged financial instruments and are included in Net interest income. Changes in fair value from the hedging derivatives are also included in Net interest income. Any differences between the two represent hedge ineffectiveness that is included in Net interest income.

Similarly, for hedges of foreign exchange risk, changes in the fair value from the hedging derivatives are included in Foreign exchange other than trading (FXOTT). Changes in the fair value of the hedged item from the hedged foreign exchange risk are accounted for as basis adjustments and are also included in FXOTT. Any difference between the two represents hedge ineffectiveness.

If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or where the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, the hedge relationship is terminated and the basis adjustment applied to the hedged item is amortized over the remaining term of the hedged item. If the hedged item is derecognized, the unamortized basis adjustment is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of income.

Cash flow hedges

We designate cash flow hedges as part of interest rate risk management strategies that use derivatives to mitigate our risk from variable cash flows by effectively converting certain variable-rate financial instruments to fixed-rate financial instruments, and as part of foreign exchange rate risk management strategies to hedge forecasted foreign currency denominated cash flows. We also designate cash flow hedges to hedge changes in CIBC’s share price in respect of certain cash-settled share-based payment awards.

The effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative instrument is recognized in OCI until the variability in cash flows being hedged is recognized in the consolidated statement of income in future accounting periods, at which time an appropriate portion of the amount that was in AOCI is reclassified into the consolidated statement of income. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the hedging derivative is included in Net interest income, FXOTT, or Non-interest expenses immediately as it arises.

If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, or where the hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, the hedge relationship is terminated. Upon termination of the hedge relationship, any remaining amount in AOCI remains therein until it is recognized in the consolidated statement of income when the variability in cash flows hedged or the hedged forecast transaction is ultimately recognized in the consolidated statement of income. When the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, the related cumulative gain or loss in AOCI is recognized immediately in the consolidated statement of income.

Hedges of NIFOs with a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar

We may designate NIFO hedges to mitigate the foreign exchange risk on our NIFOs with a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar.

These hedges are accounted for in a similar manner to cash flow hedges. The change in fair value of the hedging instrument relating to the effective portion is recognized in OCI. The change in fair value of the hedging instrument attributable to the forward points and relating to the ineffective portion is recognized immediately in FXOTT. Gains and losses in AOCI are reclassified to the consolidated statement of income upon the disposal or partial disposal of the investment in the foreign operation that involves the loss of control, as explained in the “Foreign currency translation” policy above.

119	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

Derivatives used for ALM purposes that are not designated for hedge accounting

The change in fair value of the derivatives not designated as accounting hedges but used to economically hedge FVO assets or liabilities is included in Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net. The change in fair value of other derivatives not designated as accounting hedges but used for other economic hedging purposes is included in Non-interest income as FXOTT or Other, as appropriate, or in the case of economic hedges of cash-settled share-based payment obligations, in compensation expense.

Embedded derivatives

Derivatives embedded in financial liabilities are accounted for as separate derivatives when their economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to those of the host instrument and the terms of the embedded derivative represent those of a freestanding derivative in situations where the combined instrument is not classified as FVTPL or FVO. These embedded derivatives, which are classified together with the host instrument on the consolidated balance sheet, are measured at fair value, with subsequent changes in fair value included in the consolidated statement of income. The residual amount of the host liability is accreted to its maturity value through Interest income and Interest expense, respectively, using the effective interest rate method.

Gains at inception on derivatives embedded in financial instruments bifurcated for accounting purposes are not recognized at inception; instead they are recognized over the life of the residual host instrument. Where an embedded derivative is separable from the host instrument but the fair value, as at the acquisition or reporting date, cannot be reliably measured separately or is otherwise not bifurcated, the entire combined contract is measured at FVTPL.

Financial assets with embedded derivatives are classified in their entirety into the appropriate classification at initial recognition through an assessment of the contractual cash flow characteristics of the asset and the business model under which it is managed.

Accumulated other comprehensive income

AOCI is included on the consolidated balance sheet as a separate component of total equity, net of income tax. It includes net unrealized gains and losses on FVOCI debt and equity securities, the effective portion of gains and losses on derivative instruments designated within effective cash flow hedges under IAS 39, unrealized foreign currency translation gains and losses on foreign operations with a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar net of gains or losses on related hedges, net gains (losses) related to fair value changes of FVO liabilities attributable to changes in own credit risk, and net gains (losses) on post-employment defined benefit plans.

Treasury shares

Where we repurchase our own equity instruments, these instruments are treated as treasury shares and are deducted from equity at their cost with any gain or loss recognized in Contributed surplus or Retained earnings as appropriate. No gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of income on the purchase, sale, issue or cancellation of our own equity instruments. Any difference between the carrying value and the consideration, if reissued, is also included in Contributed surplus.

Liabilities and equity

We classify financial instruments as a liability or equity based on the substance of the contractual arrangement. An instrument is classified as a liability if it is a contractual obligation to deliver cash or another financial asset, or to exchange financial assets or financial liabilities at potentially unfavourable terms. A contract is also classified as a liability if it is a non-derivative and could obligate us to deliver a variable number of our own shares or it is a derivative other than one that can be settled by the delivery of a fixed amount of cash or another financial asset for a fixed number of our own equity

instruments. An i

nstru

ment is classified as equity if it evidences a residual interest in our assets after deducting all liabilities. The components of a compound financial instrument are classified and accounted for separately as assets, liabilities, or equity as appropriate. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of equity instruments are shown in equity, net of income tax.

Property and equipment

Land is recognized initially at cost and is subsequently measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. Buildings, furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements are recognized initially at cost and are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.

Depreciation commences when the assets are available for use and is recognized on a straight-line basis to depreciate the cost of these assets to their estimated residual value over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful lives are as follows:

•	Buildings – 40 years
•	Computer equipment – 3 to 7 years
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•	Office furniture, equipment and other – 4 to 15 years
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•	Leasehold improvements – over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset and the lease term, including reasonably assured renewal periods
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Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each annual reporting date and are adjusted if appropriate.

Gains and losses on disposal are included in Non-interest income – Other.

Leases

As a lessee, we recognize a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability based on the present value of future lease payments, less any lease incentives receivable, when the lessor makes the leased asset available for use to CIBC, based on the non-cancellable portion of the lease term, adjusted for any renewal or termination options that are reasonably certain to be exercised. Measurement of the right-of-use asset also includes any initial direct costs of procuring the lease, any lease payments made or lease incentives received prior to lease commencement, and the estimated cost of remediating the underlying asset at the end of the lease term. Discount rates are based on the rate implicit in the lease, if determinable, or on CIBC’s incremental borrowing rate. Where a property lease contains both a lease and non-lease component, we have elected not to allocate the consideration in the contract to each of the components. Subsequent to initial measurement, CIBC measures the lease liability by increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability based on the discount rate at the time of recognition and reducing the carrying amount to reflect lease payments made during the period, net of any remeasurements for lease reassessment or modifications. The right-of-use asset is measured using the cost model, and is amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Right-of-use assets and the corresponding lease liabilities, including asset retirement obligations, are recognized in Property and equipment and Other liabilities, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheet.

The right-of-use asset and the corresponding lease liability are remeasured when there is a change in lease term, a change in the assessment of an option to purchase a leased asset, a change in the expected residual value guarantee (if any), or a change in future lease payments due to a change in the index or rate applicable to the payment. Right-of-use assets are tested for impairment as required under IAS 36 “Impairment of Assets” (IAS 36).

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Consolidated financial statements

Refer to the “Impairment of non-financial assets” policy below. In addition, the evaluation of the useful life for depreciation is assessed under IAS 16 “Property, Plant and Equipment”.

Lease payments for low-value assets, short-term leases and variable leases are systematically recognized in Non-interest expenses based on the nature of the expense.

As an intermediate lessor, we classify a sublease as an operating or finance sublease based on whether substantially all of the risks and rewards related to the underlying right-of-use asset are transferred to the sub-lessee. If classified as a finance sublease, the related right-of-use asset is derecognized and an investment in sublease is recognized, with the difference recognized in the consolidated statement of income as a gain or loss. In measuring the investment in sublease, we apply the head lease discount rate unless the rate implicit in the sublease is determinable. Where a finance sublease includes lease and non-lease components, we allocate the total consideration in the contract to each component based on the stand-alone prices for each of these components. The investment in sublease is recognized in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheet, and is subsequently measured using the effective interest rate method, with interest income recognized over the term of the sublease. Rental income from operating subleases is recognized on a systematic basis over the lease term.

We are also lessors in both financing leases and operating leases related to client financing activities. Leases are classified as financing leases if they transfer substantially all the risks and rewards related to ownership of the leased asset to the lessee. Otherwise, they are classified as operating leases, as we retain substantially all the risks and rewards of asset ownership. In a financing lease, the leased asset is derecognized and a net investment in the lease is recognized, which is initially measured as the present value of the lease payments to be received from the lessee and any unguaranteed residual value we expect to recover at the end of the lease, discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease. The net investment in the financing lease is presented as part of Business and government loans on our consolidated balance sheet. Finance lease income is recognized in Interest income – loans, in our consolidated statement of income.

Goodwill, software and other intangible assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired in business combinations. Identifiable intangible assets are recognized separately from goodwill when they are separable or arise from contractual or other legal rights, and have fair values that can be reliably measured.

Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to impairment review at least annually or more frequently if there are indicators that the goodwill may be impaired. Refer to the “Impairment of non-financial assets” policy below.

Intangible assets include software and customer relationships, core deposit intangibles and investment management contracts recognized as part of past acquisitions. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Each intangible asset is assessed for legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive or other factors to determine if the useful life is definite. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives, which are as follows:

•	Software – 5 to 10 years
•	Contract-based intangibles – 8 to 15 years
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•	Core deposit and customer relationship intangibles – 3 to 16 years
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Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. Indefinite-life intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. Refer to the “Impairment of non-financial assets” policy below.

Impairment of non-financial assets

The carrying values of non-financial assets with definite useful lives, including right-of-use assets, buildings and equipment, and intangible assets with definite useful lives are reviewed to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. If any such indication of impairment exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss, if any.

For the purpose of reviewing non-financial assets with definite useful lives for impairment, asset groups are reviewed at their lowest level for which identifiable cash inflows are largely independent of cash inflows of other assets or groups of assets. This grouping is referred to as a cash-generating unit (CGU).

Corporate assets do not generate separate cash inflows. Corporate assets are tested for impairment at the minimum collection of CGUs to which the corporate asset can be allocated reasonably and consistently.

The recoverable amount is the greater of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. Value in use is the present value of the future cash flows expected to be derived from the asset or CGU. If the recoverable amount is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of income in the period in which it occurs. If an impairment subsequently reverses, the carrying value of the asset is increased to the extent that the carrying value of the underlying assets does not exceed the carrying value that would have been determined, net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment had been recognized. Any impairment reversal is recognized in the consolidated statement of income in the period in which it occurs.

Goodwill is assessed for impairment based on the group of CGUs expected to benefit from the synergies of the business combination, and the lowest level at which management monitors the goodwill. Any potential goodwill impairment is identified by comparing the recoverable amount of the CGU grouping to which the goodwill is allocated to its carrying value including the allocated goodwill. If the recoverable amount is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recognized in the consolidated statement of income in the period in which it occurs. Impairment losses on goodwill are not subsequently reversed if conditions change.

Income taxes

Income tax includes current tax and deferred tax which is recognized in the consolidated statement of income, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in OCI or directly in equity, in which case it is accordingly recognized therein.

Current tax is recognized as the tax calculated as payable on the taxable profit for the year, based on the applicable laws of each jurisdiction, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted as at the reporting date, and any adjustment in respect of previous years. Current tax assets and liabilities are offset when CIBC intends to settle on a net basis and the legal right to offset exists.

Deferred tax is recognized on temporary differences between the carrying value of assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet and the corresponding amounts attributed to such assets and liabilities for tax purposes.

Deferred tax is recognized using the tax rates that are expected to be applied to the temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted as at the reporting date.

121	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and they relate to income taxes levied by the same tax authority on the same taxable entity, or on different taxable entities which intend to settle current tax liabilities and assets on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

Deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which deductible temporary differences can be utilized.

Deferred tax is not recognized for taxable temporary differences arising from NIFOs if they are not expected to reverse in the foreseeable future and we expect to control the timing of reversal, deductible temporary differences arising from NIFOs if they are not expected to reverse in the foreseeable future or it is not probable future taxable profits will be available against which these deductible temporary differences can be utilized, taxable temporary differences arising from the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that is not a business combination and that affects neither accounting nor taxable income, or taxable temporary differences on the initial recognition of goodwill.

We are subject to income tax laws in the various jurisdictions where we operate, and the tax laws in those jurisdictions are potentially subject to different interpretations by us and the relevant taxation authority, which gives rise to uncertainty. For tax positions where there is uncertainty regarding the ultimate determination of the tax impact, including positions which are under audit, dispute or appeal, we recognize provisions to consider this uncertainty based on our best estimate of the amount expected to be paid based on an assessment of the relevant factors. Changes in our assessment of these factors could increase or decrease our provision for income taxes in future periods.

Pursuant to the IASB’s issuance of “International Tax Reform – Pillar Two Model Rules”, which amended IAS 12, we have applied the temporary exception from the recognition and disclosure of deferred taxes arising from the implementation of Pillar Two Model Rules. See Note 18 for additional details.

Pension and other post-employment benefits

We are the sponsor of a number of employee benefit plans. These plans include both defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans, and various other post-employment benefit plans including post-retirement medical and dental benefits.

Defined benefit plans

The cost of pensions and other post-employment benefits earned by employees is actuarially determined separately for each plan using the projected unit credit method and our best estimate of salary escalation, retirement ages of employees, mortality and expected health-care costs. This represents CIBC’s defined benefit obligation, which is measured as at the reporting date. The discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation is based on the yield of a portfolio of high-quality corporate bonds denominated in the same currency in which the benefits are expected to be paid and with terms to maturity that, on average, match the terms of the defined benefit obligation.

Plan assets are measured at fair value as at the reporting date.

The net defined benefit asset (liability) represents the present value of the defined benefit obligation less the fair value of plan assets. The net defined benefit asset (liability) is included in Other assets and Other liabilities, respectively.

Current service cost reflects the cost of providing post-employment benefits earned by employees in the current period. Current service cost is calculated as the present value of the benefits attributed to the current year of service and is recognized in the consolidated statement of income. The current service cost is calculated using a separate discount rate to reflect the longer duration of future benefit payments associated with the additional year of service to be earned by the plan’s active participants.

Past service costs arising from plan amendments or curtailments are recognized in net income as part of the net defined benefit plan expense in the period in which they arise.

Net interest income or expense comprises interest income on plan assets and interest expense on the defined benefit obligation. Interest income is calculated by applying the discount rate to the plan assets, and interest expense is calculated by applying the discount rate to the defined benefit obligation. Net interest income or expense is recognized in the consolidated statement of income as part of the net defined benefit plan expense.

Actuarial gains and losses represent changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation which result from changes in actuarial assumptions and differences between previous actuarial assumptions and actual experience, and from differences between the actual return on plan assets and assumed interest income on plan assets. Net actuarial gains and losses are recognized in OCI in the period in which they arise and are not subject to subsequent reclassification to net income. Cumulative net actuarial gains and losses are included in AOCI.

When the calculation results in a net defined benefit asset, the recognized asset is limited to the present value of economic benefits available in the form of future refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan (the asset ceiling). For plans where we do not have an unconditional right to a refund of surplus, we determine the asset ceiling by reference to future economic benefits available in the form of reductions in future contributions to the plan, in which case the present value of economic benefits is calculated giving consideration to minimum funding requirements for future service that apply to the plan. Where a reduction in future contributions to the plan is not currently realizable at the reporting date, we estimate whether we will have the ability to reduce contributions for future service at some point during the life of the plan by taking into account, among other things, expected future returns on plan assets. If it is anticipated that we will not be able to recover the value of the net defined benefit asset, after considering minimum funding requirements for future service, the net defined benefit asset is reduced to the amount of the asset ceiling.

When the payment in the future of minimum funding requirements related to past service would result in a net defined benefit surplus, or an increase in a net defined benefit surplus, the minimum funding requirements are recognized as a liability to the extent that the surplus would not be fully available as a refund or a reduction in future contributions. Any funded status surplus is limited to the present value of future economic benefits available in the form of refunds from the plan or reductions in future contributions to the plan.

Defined contribution plans

Costs for defined contribution plans are recognized during the year in which the service is provided.

Other long-term employee benefits

CIBC offers medical and dental benefits to employees while on long-term disability.

The amount of other long-term employee benefits is actuarially calculated using the projected unit credit method. Under this method, the benefit is discounted to determine its present value. The methodology used to determine the discount rate used to value the long-term employee benefit obligation is consistent with that for pension and other post-employment benefit plans. Actuarial gains and losses and past service costs are recognized in the consolidated statement of income in the period in which they arise.

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Consolidated financial statements

Share-based payments

We provide compensation to certain employees and directors in the form of share-based awards.

Compensation expense for share-based awards is recognized from the service commencement date to the earlier of the contractual vesting date or the employee’s retirement eligible date. For grants regularly awarded in the annual incentive compensation cycle (annual incentive grant), the service commencement date is considered to be the start of the fiscal year that precedes the fiscal year in which the grant is made. The service commencement date in respect of special awards granted outside of the annual cycle is the grant date. The amount of compensation expense recognized is based on management’s best estimate of the number of share-based awards expected to vest, including estimates of expected forfeitures, which are revised periodically as appropriate. For the annual incentive grant, compensation expense is recognized from the service commencement date based on the estimated fair value of the forthcoming grant with the estimated fair value adjusted to the actual fair value at the grant date.

Under the Restricted Share Award (RSA) plan, where grants are settled in the cash equivalent of common shares, changes in the obligation which arise from fluctuations in the market price of common shares, net of related hedges, are recognized in the consolidated statement of income as compensation expense in proportion to the award recognized.

Under the Performance Share Unit (PSU) plan, where grants are settled in the cash equivalent of common shares, changes in the obligation which arise from fluctuations in the market price of common shares, and revised estimates of the performance factor, net of related hedges, are recognized in the consolidated statement of income as compensation expense in proportion to the award recognized. The performance factor ranges from 75% to 125% of the initial number of units awarded based on CIBC’s performance relative to the other major Canadian banks and to internal targets.

Compensation expense in respect of the Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) is based on the grant date fair value. Where the service commencement date precedes the grant date, compensation expense is recognized from the service commencement date based on the estimated fair value of the award at the grant date, with the estimated fair value adjusted to the actual fair value at the grant date. Compensation expense results in a corresponding increase to contributed surplus. If the ESOP award is exercised, the proceeds we receive, together with the amount recognized in Contributed surplus, are credited to common share capital. If the ESOP award expires unexercised, the related amounts remain in Contributed surplus.

Compensation in the form of Deferred Share Units (DSUs) issued pursuant to the Deferred Share Unit Plan, the Deferred Compensation Plan (DCP), and the Directors’ Plan entitles the holder to receive the cash equivalent of a CIBC common share. At the time DSUs are granted, the related expense in respect of the cash compensation that an employee or director would otherwise receive would have been fully recognized. Changes in the obligations which arise from fluctuations in the market price of common shares, net of related hedges, are recognized in the consolidated statement of income as compensation expense for employee DSUs and as Non-interest expense – Other for Directors’ DSUs.

Our contributions under the Employee Share Purchase Plan (ESPP) are expensed as incurred.

The impact due to our changes in common share price in respect of cash-settled share-based compensation under the RSA and PSU plans is hedged through the use of derivatives. We designate these derivatives within cash flow hedge accounting relationships. The effective portion of the change in fair value of these derivatives is recognized in OCI and is reclassified into compensation expense, within the consolidated statement of income, over the period that the hedged awards impact the consolidated statement of income. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the hedging derivatives is recognized in the consolidated statement of income immediately as it arises.

Provisions and contingent liabilities

Provisions are liabilities of uncertain timing or amount. A provision is recognized when we have a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. The provision is recognized as the best estimate of the amount required to settle the obligation at the reporting date, taking into account the risk and uncertainties related to the obligation. Where material, provisions are discounted to reflect the time value of money, and the increase in the obligation due to the passage of time is presented as Interest expense in the consolidated statement of income.

Contingent liabilities are possible obligations that arise from past events whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence, or non-occurrence, of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of CIBC, or are present obligations that have arisen from past events but are not recognized because it is not probable that settlement will require the outflow of economic benefits.

Provisions and contingent liabilities are disclosed in the consolidated financial statements.

Earnings per share

We present basic and diluted EPS for our common shares.

Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income for the period attributable to CIBC common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The net income attributable to CIBC common shareholders is determined after deducting the after-tax amount of dividends on preferred shares and distributions on other equity instruments, which are accounted for in retained earnings, from the net income attributable to equity shareholders.

Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income for the period attributable to CIBC common shareholders by the weighted-average number of diluted common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted common shares reflect the potential dilutive effect of the exercise of stock options based on the treasury stock method. For stock options, the treasury stock method determines the number of incremental common shares by assuming that outstanding stock options, whose exercise price is less than the average market price of common shares during the period, are exercised and then reduced by the number of common shares assumed to be repurchased with the exercise proceeds from the assumed exercise of the options. Instruments determined to have an antidilutive effect for the period are excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS.

123	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

Fee and commission income

The recognition of fee and commission income is determined by the purpose of the fee or commission and the terms specified in the contract with the customer. Revenue is recognized when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of the service to the customer, in the amount of the consideration to which we expect to be entitled. Revenue may therefore be recognized at a point in time upon completion of the service or over time as the services are provided. When revenue is recognized over time, we are generally required to provide the services each period, such that control of the services is transferred evenly to the customer, and we therefore measure our progress towards completion of the service based upon the time elapsed. For contracts where the transaction price includes variable consideration, revenue is only recognized to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. When another party is involved in providing a service to a customer, we determine whether the nature of our performance obligation is that of a principal or an agent. If we control the service before it is transferred to the customer, we are acting as the principal and present revenue separately from the amount paid to the other party; otherwise, we are the agent and present revenue net of the amount paid to the other party. Consideration payable to a customer, including cash amounts payable to a customer, credits or other items that can be applied against amounts owing to us, is recognized as a reduction of revenue unless the payment to the customer is in exchange for a distinct good or service, in which case the purchase of the good or service is accounted for in the same way as for other purchases from suppliers. Our performance obligations typically have a term of one year or less, with payment received upon satisfaction of the performance obligation or shortly afterwards, and as a result there is no significant financing component and we do not typically capitalize the costs of obtaining contracts with our customers. Income which forms an integral part of the effective interest rate of a financial instrument is recognized as an adjustment to the effective interest rate.

In addition to these general principles, the following specific policies are also applied:

Underwriting and advisory fees are earned on debt and equity securities placements and transaction-based advisory services. Underwriting fees are typically recognized at the point in time when the transaction is completed. Advisory fees are generally recognized as revenue over the period of the engagement as the related services are provided or at the point in time when the transaction is completed.

Deposit and payment fees arise from personal and business deposit accounts and cash management services. Monthly and annual fees are recognized over the period that the related services are provided. Transactional fees are recognized at the point in time when the related services are provided.

Credit fees consist of loan syndication fees, loan commitment fees, letter of credit fees, banker’s acceptance stamping fees, and securitization fees. Credit fees are generally recognized over the period that the related services are provided, except for loan syndication fees, which are typically recognized at the point in time that the financing placement is completed.

Card fees primarily include interchange income, overlimit fees, cash advance fees, and annual fees. Card fees are recognized at the point in time that the related services are provided, except for annual fees, which are recognized over the 12-month period to which they relate. The cost of credit card loyalty points is recognized as a reduction of interchange income when the loyalty points are issued for both self-managed and third-party loyalty points programs. Credit card loyalty point liabilities are recognized for self-managed loyalty point programs and are subject to periodic remeasurement to reflect the expected cost of redemption as this expectation changes over time.

Commissions on securities transactions include brokerage commissions for transactions executed on behalf of clients, trailer fees and mutual fund sales commissions. Brokerage commissions and mutual fund sales commissions are generally recognized at the point in time that the related transaction is executed. Trailer fees are typically calculated based upon the average daily net asset value of the mutual fund units held by clients and are recognized over time as the related services are provided.

Investment management fees are primarily based on the respective value of the assets under management (AUM) or assets under administration (AUA) and are recognized over the period that the related services are provided. Investment management fees relating to our asset management and private wealth management business are generally calculated based on point-in-time AUM balances, and investment management fees relating to our retail brokerage business are generally calculated based on point-in-time AUM or AUA balances. Custodial fees are recognized as revenue over the applicable service period, which is generally the contract term.

Mutual fund fees include management fees and administration fees, which are earned on fund management services and are recognized over the period that the mutual funds are managed based upon a specified percentage of the daily net asset values of the respective mutual funds.

Insurance Contracts

In accordance with IFRS 17, groups of insurance contracts are established and measured on the basis of fulfilment cash flows. Insurance contracts under the General Measurement Model (GMM) are measured based on the present value of fulfilment cash flows, a risk adjustment for non-financial risks, and a contractual service margin (CSM) representing our unearned profits on a portfolio basis, further disaggregated into profitability groups. We have applied GMM to our insurance contracts with contract boundaries exceeding a year. Contracts under the Premium Allocation Approach (PAA) are measured on the basis of premiums received and related cash flows, which has been applied to our insurance contracts with contract boundaries shorter than one year. Under both measurement models, we have measured the liability for incurred claims on the basis of fulfilment cash flows relating to claims incurred. Insurance results are included in the consolidated statement of income under Income from insurance activities, net.

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Consolidated financial statements
Note 2	Fair value measurement
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This note presents the fair values of financial instruments and explains how we determine those values. Note 1, “Basis of preparation and summary of material accounting policies”, sets out the accounting treatment for each measurement category of financial instruments.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, between market participants in an orderly transaction in the principal market at the measurement date under current market conditions (i.e., the exit price). The determination of fair value requires judgment and is based on market information, where available and appropriate. Fair value measurements are categorized into three levels within a fair value hierarchy (Level 1, 2 or 3) based on the valuation inputs used in measuring the fair value, as outlined below.

•	Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities we can access at the measurement date. Bid prices, ask prices or prices within the bid and ask, which are the most representative of the fair value, are used as appropriate to measure fair value. Fair value is best evidenced by an independent quoted market price for the same instrument in an active market. An active market is one where transactions are occurring with sufficient frequency and volume to provide quoted prices on an ongoing basis.
•	Level 2 – Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are inactive or observable market quotes for similar instruments, or use of valuation techniques where all significant inputs are observable. Inactive markets may be characterized by a significant decline in the volume and level of observed trading activity or through large or erratic bid/offer spreads. In instances where traded markets do not exist or are not considered sufficiently active, we measure fair value using valuation models.
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•	Level 3 – <br>Non-observable<br> or indicative prices or use of valuation techniques where one or more significant inputs are <br>non-observable.
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For a significant portion of our financial instruments, quoted market prices are not available because of the lack of traded markets, and even where such markets do exist, they may not be considered sufficiently active to be used as a final determinant of fair value. When quoted market prices in active markets are not available, we would consider using valuation models. The valuation model and technique we select maximizes the use of observable market inputs to the extent possible and appropriate in order to estimate the price at which an orderly transaction would take place at the measurement date. In an inactive market, we consider all reasonably available information, including any available pricing for similar instruments, recent arm’s-length market transactions, any relevant observable market inputs, indicative dealer or broker quotations, and our own internal model-based estimates.

Valuation adjustments are an integral component of our fair valuation process. We apply judgment in establishing valuation adjustments that take into account various factors that may have an impact on the valuation. Such factors primarily include, but are not limited to, the bid-offer spreads, illiquidity due to lack of market depth, parameter uncertainty and other market risks, model risk and credit risk of our derivative assets and liabilities, as well as adjustments for valuing our uncollateralized derivative assets and liabilities based on an estimated market cost of funds curve.

Generally, the unit of account for a financial instrument is the individual instrument, and valuation adjustments are applied at an individual instrument level, consistent with that unit of account. In cases where we manage a group of financial assets and liabilities that consist of substantially similar and offsetting risk exposures, the fair value of the group of financial assets and liabilities is measured on the basis of the net open risks.

We apply judgment in determining the most appropriate inputs and the weighting we ascribe to each such input as well as in our selection of valuation methodologies. Regardless of the valuation technique we use, we incorporate assumptions that we believe market participants would make for credit, funding, and liquidity considerations. When the fair value of a financial instrument at inception is determined using a valuation technique that incorporates one or more significant inputs that are non-observable, no inception profit or loss (the difference between the determined fair value and the transaction price) is recognized at the time the asset or liability is initially recorded. Any gains or losses at inception are deferred and recognized only in future periods over the term of the instruments or when the inputs become significantly observable.

We have an ongoing process for evaluating and enhancing our valuation techniques and models. Where enhancements are made, they are applied prospectively, so that fair values reported in prior periods are not recalculated on the new basis. Valuation models used, including analytics for the construction of yield curves and volatility surfaces, are vetted and approved, consistent with our model risk policy.

To ensure that valuations are appropriate, we have established internal guidance on fair value measurement, which is reviewed periodically in recognition of the dynamic nature of markets and the constantly evolving pricing practices in the market. A number of policies and controls are put in place to ensure that the internal guidance on fair value measurement is being applied consistently and appropriately, including independent validation of valuation inputs to external sources such as exchange quotes, broker quotes or other management-approved independent pricing sources. Key model inputs, such as yield curves and market volatility inputs, are independently verified. The results from the independent price validation and any valuation adjustments are reviewed by the Independent Price Verification Committee on a monthly basis. This includes, but is not limited to, reviewing fair value adjustments and methodologies, independent price verification results, limits and valuation uncertainty.

Due to the judgment used in applying a wide variety of acceptable valuation techniques and models, as well as the use of estimates inherent in this process, estimates of fair value for the same or similar assets may differ among financial institutions. The calculation of fair value is based on market conditions as at each consolidated balance sheet date and may not be reflective of ultimate realizable value.

Methods and assumptions

Financial instruments with fair value equal to carrying value

For financial instruments that are not carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value and where we consider the carrying value to be a reasonable approximation of fair value due to their short-term nature and generally negligible credit risk, the fair values disclosed for these financial instruments are assumed to equal their carrying values. These financial instruments are: cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks; short-term interest-bearing deposits with banks; cash collateral on securities borrowed; certain shorter-dated securities purchased under resale agreements; customers’ liability under acceptances; cash collateral on securities lent; obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements; acceptances; deposits with demand features; and certain other financial assets and liabilities.

Securities

The fair value of debt or equity securities and obligations related to securities sold short is based on quoted bid or ask market prices where available in an active market.

Securities for which quotes in an active market are not available are valued using all reasonably available market information as described below.

The fair value of government issued or guaranteed securities that are not traded in an active market is calculated by applying valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow models using implied yields derived from the prices of actively traded government securities and most recently observable spread differentials.

The fair value of corporate and other debt securities is determined using the most recently executed transaction prices, and where appropriate, adjusted to the price of these securities obtained from independent dealers, brokers, and third-party multi-contributor consensus pricing sources. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on discounted cash flow models using observable discounting curves such

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Consolidated financial statements

as benchmark and government yield curves and spread differentials observed through independent dealers, brokers, and third-party multi-contributor consensus pricing sources.

Asset-backed securities (ABS) and mortgage-backed securities (MBS) not issued or guaranteed by a government are valued using discounted cash flow models making maximum use of market observable inputs, such as broker quotes on identical or similar securities and other pricing information obtained from third-party pricing sources adjusted for the characteristics and the performance of the underlying collateral. Other key inputs used include prepayment and liquidation rates, credit spreads, and discount rates commensurate with the risks involved. These assumptions factor in information that is derived from actual transactions, underlying reference asset performance, external market research, and market indices, where appropriate.

Privately issued debt and equity securities are valued using recent market transactions, where available. Otherwise, fair values are derived from valuation models using a market or income approach. These models consider various factors, including projected cash flows, earnings, revenue and recovery assumptions or other third-party evidence as available. The fair value of limited partnership investments is based upon net asset values published by third-party fund managers and is adjusted for more recent information where available and appropriate. The carrying value of Community Reinvestment Act equity investments, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock approximates fair value.

Loans

The fair value of variable-rate loans and loans for which interest rates are repriced or reset frequently is assumed to be equal to their carrying value. The fair value for fixed-rate loans is estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that uses market interest rates.

The ultimate fair value of loans disclosed is net of the associated allowance for credit losses. The fair value of loans is not adjusted for the value of any credit derivatives used to manage the credit risk associated with them. The fair value of these credit derivatives is disclosed separately.

Securities purchased under resale agreements or sold under repurchase agreements

The fair values of these contracts are determined using valuation techniques such as the discounted cash flow method using interest rate curves as inputs.

Other assets and other liabilities

Other assets and other liabilities mainly comprise accrued interest receivable or payable, brokers’ client accounts receivable or payable, derivative collateral receivable or payable, precious metals, commodities and accounts receivable or payable.

The fair values of other assets and other liabilities are primarily assumed to be at cost or amortized cost as we consider the carrying value to be a reasonable approximation of fair value, except for the fair value of certain precious metals, other commodities and related receivables, which are based upon prices quoted in an active market. Other assets also include investment in bank-owned life insurance carried at the cash surrender value, which is assumed to be a reasonable approximation of fair value.

Deposits

The fair values of floating-rate deposits and demand deposits are assumed to be equal to their amortized cost. The fair value of fixed-rate deposits is determined by discounting the contractual cash flows using either current market interest rates with similar remaining terms or rates estimated using internal models and broker quotes. The fair value of deposit liabilities with embedded optionality includes the fair value of those options. The fair value of equity- and commodity-linked notes includes the fair value of embedded equity and commodity derivatives.

Certain deposits designated at FVTPL are structured notes that have coupons or repayment terms linked to the performance of commodities, debt or equity securities or specific market indices. The fair value of these structured notes is estimated using internally vetted valuation models for the debt and embedded derivative portions of the notes by incorporating market observable prices of the referenced securities or comparable securities, and other inputs such as interest rate yield curves, equity prices or indices, market volatility levels, foreign exchange rates and changes in our own credit risk, where appropriate. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, management judgment is required to determine fair values by assessing other relevant sources of information such as historical data, proxy information from similar transactions, and through extrapolation and interpolation techniques. Appropriate market risk valuation adjustments for such inputs are assessed in all such instances.

The fair value of secured borrowings, which comprises liabilities issued by or as a result of activities associated with the securitization of residential mortgages, the Covered Bond Programme, and consolidated securitization vehicles, is based on identical or proxy market observable quoted bond prices or determined by discounting the contractual cash flows using maximum market observable inputs, such as market interest rates, or credit spreads implied by debt instruments of similar credit quality, as appropriate.

Subordinated indebtedness

The fair value of subordinated indebtedness is determined by reference to market prices for the same or similar debt instruments.

Derivative instruments

The fair value of exchange-traded derivatives such as options and futures is based on quoted market prices. OTC derivatives primarily consist of interest rate swaps, foreign exchange forwards, equity and commodity derivatives, interest rate and currency derivatives, and credit derivatives. For such instruments, where quoted market prices or third-party consensus pricing information are not available, valuation techniques are employed to estimate fair value on the basis of pricing models. Such vetted pricing models incorporate current market measures for interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity and commodity prices and indices, credit spreads, corresponding market volatility levels, and other market-based pricing factors.

In order to reflect the observed market practice of pricing collateralized and uncollateralized derivatives, our valuation approach uses overnight indexed swap (OIS) curves as the discount rate for valuing collateralized derivatives and uses an estimated market cost of funds curve as the discount rate for valuing uncollateralized derivatives. The use of an estimated market cost of funds curve reduces the fair value of uncollateralized derivative assets incremental to the reduction in fair value for credit risk already reflected through the credit valuation adjustment (CVA). In contrast, the use of a market cost of funds curve reduces the fair value of uncollateralized derivative liabilities in a manner that generally includes adjustments for our own credit. As market practices continue to evolve in regard to derivative valuation, further adjustments may be required in the future.

In addition to reflecting estimated market funding costs in our valuation of uncollateralized derivative receivables, we also consider whether a CVA is required to recognize the risk that any given derivative counterparty may not ultimately be able to fulfill its obligations. The CVA is driven off market-observed credit spreads or proxy credit spreads and our assessment of the net counterparty credit risk (CCR) exposure. In assessing this exposure, we also take into account credit mitigants such as collateral, master netting arrangements, and settlements through clearing houses. As noted above, the fair value of uncollateralized derivative liabilities based on market cost of funding generally includes adjustments for our own credit.

In determining the fair value of complex and customized derivatives, such as equity, credit, and commodity derivatives written in reference to indices or baskets of reference, we consider all reasonably available information including any relevant observable market inputs, third-party consensus pricing inputs, indicative dealer and broker quotations, and our own internal model-based estimates, which are vetted and approved in accordance with

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Consolidated financial statements

our model risk policy, and are regularly and periodically calibrated. The model calculates fair value based on inputs specific to the type of contract, which may include stock prices, correlation for multiple assets, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, yield curves, volatility surfaces, and the probability of early termination. Where observable prices or inputs are not available, management judgment is required to determine fair values by assessing other relevant sources of information such as historical data, proxy information from similar transactions, and through extrapolation and interpolation techniques. Appropriate parameter uncertainty and market risk valuation adjustments for such inputs and other model risk valuation adjustments are assessed in all such instances.

Mortgage commitments

The fair value of mortgage commitments designated at FVTPL is for fixed-rate residential mortgage commitments and is based on changes in market interest rates for the loans between the commitment and the consolidated balance sheet dates. The valuation model takes into account the expected probability that outstanding commitments will be exercised as well as the length of time the commitment is offered.

Fair value of financial instruments

	Carrying value
millions, as at October 31	Amortized<br> cost		Mandatorily<br> measured<br> at FVTPL		Designated<br> at FVTPL		Fair value<br> through<br> OCI		Total		Fair<br> value		Fair value<br> over (under)<br> carrying value
2025
	$	44,003	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	44,003	$	44,003	$	–
		65,471		128,859		–		88,905		283,235		283,173		(62	)
		21,697		–		–		–		21,697		21,697		–
		69,044		17,651		–		–		86,695		86,695		–
		286,456		3		–		–		286,459		287,328		869
		46,710		–		–		–		46,710		46,774		64
		20,639		–		–		–		20,639		20,651		12
		235,136		485		75		–		235,696		235,802		106
		–		38,352		–		–		38,352		38,352		–
		25,069		674		–		–		25,743		25,743		–
	$	238,211	$	–	$	19,928	$	–	$	258,139	$	258,629	$	490
		434,003		–		23,281		–		457,284		458,321		1,037
		26,723		–		–		–		26,723		26,723		–
		65,151		–		827		–		65,978		66,210		232
		–		41,411		–		–		41,411		41,411		–
		–		24,244		–		–		24,244		24,244		–
		6,031		–		–		–		6,031		6,031		–
		121,907		–		8,135		–		130,042		130,042		–
		22,357		220		8		–		22,585		22,585		–
		7,819		–		–		–		7,819		8,091		272
2024
	$	48,064	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	48,064	$	48,064	$	–
		71,610		106,042		–		76,693		254,345		253,437		(908	)
		17,028		–		–		–		17,028		17,028		–
		58,744		24,977		–		–		83,721		83,721		–
		280,220		3		–		–		280,223		279,805		(418	)
		45,739		–		–		–		45,739		45,750		11
		19,649		–		–		–		19,649		19,682		33
		212,460		116		105		–		212,681		212,750		69
		–		36,435		–		–		36,435		36,435		–
		20,121		364		–		–		20,485		20,485		–
	$	235,593	$	–	$	17,301	$	–	$	252,894	$	253,378	$	484
		414,441		–		21,058		–		435,499		436,528		1,029
		20,009		–		–		–		20,009		20,009		–
		55,285		–		1,170		–		56,455		56,588		133
		–		40,654		–		–		40,654		40,654		–
		–		21,642		–		–		21,642		21,642		–
		7,997		–		–		–		7,997		7,997		–
		100,407		–		9,746		–		110,153		110,153		–
		20,657		158		19		–		20,834		20,834		–
		7,465		–		–		–		7,465		7,698		233

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes customers’ liability under acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million) in business and government loans and acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million) in other liabilities. Prior year amounts have been revised to conform to the presentation adopted in 2025.
127	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements

Fair value of derivative instruments

millions, as at October 31							2025									2024
	Positive			Negative			Net			Positive			Negative			Net
Held for trading
Interest rate derivatives
Over-the-counter	$	86		$	182		$	(96	)	$	135		$	239		$	(104	)
		5,106			5,307			(201	)		6,149			9,124			(2,975	)
		809			–			809			358			–			358
		–			609			(609	)		–			309			(309	)
		6,001			6,098			(97	)		6,642			9,672			(3,030	)
Exchange-traded		–			–			–			–			–			–
		2			–			2			2			–			2
		–			3			(3	)		–			2			(2	)
		2			3			(1	)		2			2			–
Total interest rate derivatives		6,003			6,101			(98	)		6,644			9,674			(3,030	)
Foreign exchange derivatives
Over-the-counter		7,173			6,243			930			7,378			6,379			999
		4,979			7,174			(2,195	)		5,056			7,944			(2,888	)
		640			–			640			443			–			443
		–			578			(578	)		–			535			(535	)
Total foreign exchange derivatives		12,792			13,995			(1,203	)		12,877			14,858			(1,981	)
Credit derivatives
Over-the-counter		77			1			76			46			3			43
		–			85			(85	)		–			52			(52	)
Total credit derivatives		77			86			(9	)		46			55			(9	)
Equity derivatives
Over-the-counter		5,618			9,239			(3,621	)		4,989			6,401			(1,412	)
Exchange-traded		5,761			5,213			548			5,821			4,712			1,109
Total equity derivatives		11,379			14,452			(3,073	)		10,810			11,113			(303	)
Precious metal and other commodity derivatives
Over-the-counter		3,513			4,414			(901	)		2,692			3,906			(1,214	)
Exchange-traded		268			189			79			416			241			175
Total precious metal and other commodity derivatives		3,781			4,603			(822	)		3,108			4,147			(1,039	)
Total held for trading		34,032			39,237			(5,205	)		33,485			39,847			(6,362	)
Held for ALM
Interest rate derivatives
Over-the-counter		–			–			–			–			–			–
		101			1,171			(1,070	)		124			(410	)		534
		4			–			4			3			–			3
		–			1			(1	)		–			2			(2	)
Total interest rate derivatives		105			1,172			(1,067	)		127			(408	)		535
Foreign exchange derivatives
Over-the-counter		27			63			(36	)		28			82			(54	)
		4,026			937			3,089			2,620			1,129			1,491
Total foreign exchange derivatives		4,053			1,000			3,053			2,648			1,211			1,437
Equity derivatives
Over-the-counter		162			2			160			174			4			170
Total equity derivatives		162			2			160			174			4			170
Precious metal and other commodity derivatives
Over-the-counter		–			–			–			1			–			1
Total precious metal and other commodity derivatives		–			–			–			1			–			1
Total held for ALM		4,320			2,174			2,146			2,950			807			2,143
Total fair value		38,352			41,411			(3,059	)		36,435			40,654			(4,219	)
Less: effect of netting		(24,469	)		(24,469	)		–			(21,777	)		(21,777	)		–
Total fair value of derivative instruments	$	13,883		$	16,942		$	(3,059	)	$	14,658		$	18,877		$	(4,219	)

All values are in US Dollars.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	128

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Consolidated financial statements

Financial assets and liabilities not carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value

The table below presents the fair values by level within the fair value hierarchy for those financial instruments in which fair value is not assumed to equal the carrying value:

	Level 1				Level 2				Level 3
	Quoted market price				Valuation technique –<br>observable market inputs				Valuation technique –<br><br>non-observable market inputs				Total<br> <br>2025		Total<br> <br>2024
$ millions, as at October 31	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024
Financial assets
Amortized cost securities	$	–	$	–	$	64,642	$	69,961	$	767	$	741	$	65,409	$	70,702
Loans
Residential mortgages		–		–		–		–		287,325		279,802		287,325		279,802
Personal		–		–		–		–		46,774		45,750		46,774		45,750
Credit card		–		–		–		–		20,651		19,682		20,651		19,682
Business and government		–		–		–		–		235,232		212,523		235,232		212,523
Financial liabilities
Deposits
Personal	$	–	$	–	$	73,757	$	82,620	$	4,167	$	5,232	$	77,924	$	87,852
Business and government		–		–		193,978		191,616		3,596		4,681		197,574		196,297
Bank		–		–		8,737		9,420		–		–		8,737		9,420
Secured borrowings		–		–		62,356		50,546		3,027		4,872		65,383		55,418
Subordinated indebtedness		–		–		8,091		7,698		–		–		8,091		7,698

Financial instruments carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value

The table below presents the fair values of financial instruments by level within the fair value hierarchy:

	Level 1						Level 2						Level 3
	Quoted market price						Valuation technique –<br>observable market inputs						Valuation technique –<br><br>non-observable<br> market inputs						Total<br> <br>2025			Total<br> <br>2024
$ millions, as at October 31	2025			2024			2025			2024			2025			2024
Financial assets
Debt securities measured at FVTPL
Government issued or guaranteed	$	6,222		$	4,258		$	34,635		$	32,328		$	–		$	–		$	40,857		$	36,586
Corporate and other debt		–			–			4,537			4,385			103			–			4,640			4,385
Mortgage- and asset-backed		–			–			7,193			4,213			392			70			7,585			4,283
		6,222			4,258			46,365			40,926			495			70			53,082			45,254
Loans measured at FVTPL
Business and government		–			–			485			116			75	(1)		105	(1)		560			221
Residential mortgages		–			–			3			3			–			–			3			3
		–			–			488			119			75			105			563			224
Debt securities measured at FVOCI
Government issued or guaranteed		9,206			2,760			63,917			60,051			–			–			73,123			62,811
Corporate and other debt		–			–			10,106			9,083			–			–			10,106			9,083
Mortgage- and asset-backed		–			–			4,656			4,127			–			–			4,656			4,127
		9,206			2,760			78,679			73,261			–			–			87,885			76,021
Corporate equity mandatorily measured at FVTPL and designated at FVOCI		74,686			59,904			1,048			916			1,063			640			76,797			61,460
Securities purchased under resale agreements measured at FVTPL		–			–			17,651			24,977			–			–			17,651			24,977
Other assets		–			–			674			364			–			–			674			364
Derivative instruments
Interest rate		2			2			6,027			6,718			79			51			6,108			6,771
Foreign exchange		–			–			16,845			15,525			–			–			16,845			15,525
Credit		–			–			41			2			36			44			77			46
Equity		5,761			5,821			5,729			5,157			51			6			11,541			10,984
Precious metal and other commodity		55			32			3,726			3,077			–			–			3,781			3,109
		5,818			5,855			32,368			30,479			166			101			38,352			36,435
Total financial assets	$	95,932		$	72,777		$	177,273		$	171,042		$	1,799		$	916		$	275,004		$	244,735
Financial liabilities
Deposits and other liabilities<br>(2)	$	–		$	–		$	(43,788	)	$	(39,290	)	$	(476	)	$	(416	)	$	(44,264	)	$	(39,706	)
Obligations related to securities sold short		(6,150	)		(9,199	)		(18,094	)		(12,443	)		–			–			(24,244	)		(21,642	)
Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements		–			–			(8,135	)		(9,746	)		–			–			(8,135	)		(9,746	)
Derivative instruments
Interest rate		(3	)		(2	)		(6,215	)		(8,236	)		(1,055	)		(1,028	)		(7,273	)		(9,266	)
Foreign exchange		–			–			(14,977	)		(16,065	)		(18	)		(4	)		(14,995	)		(16,069	)
Credit		–			–			(45	)		(5	)		(41	)		(50	)		(86	)		(55	)
Equity		(5,212	)		(4,712	)		(9,213	)		(6,404	)		(29	)		(1	)		(14,454	)		(11,117	)
Precious metal and other commodity		(48	)		(39	)		(4,555	)		(4,108	)		–			–			(4,603	)		(4,147	)
		(5,263	)		(4,753	)		(35,005	)		(34,818	)		(1,143	)		(1,083	)		(41,411	)		(40,654	)
Total financial liabilities	$	(11,413	)	$	(13,952	)	$	(105,022	)	$	(96,297	)	$	(1,619	)	$	(1,499	)	$	(118,054	)	$	(111,748	)
(1)	Includes loans designated at FVTPL.
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(2)	Comprises deposits designated at FVTPL of $43,723 million (2024: $39,008 million), net bifurcated embedded derivative liabilities of $313 million (2024: $521 million), other liabilities designated at FVTPL of $8 million (2024: $<br>19<br>million), and other financial liabilities measured at fair value of $220 million (2024: $158 million).
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129	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements

Transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy are deemed to have occurred at the beginning of the year in which the transfer occurred. Transfers between levels can occur as a result of additional or new information regarding valuation inputs and changes in their observability. During the year, we transferred $285

million of securities measured at FVTPL or FVOCI (2024:

$ 922 million) from Level 1 to Level 2 and $ 2,111 million of securities sold short (2024: $ 2,068

million) from Level 1 to Level 2 due to changes in observability in the inputs used to value these securities. Transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 were not significant. In addition, transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 were made during 2025 and 2024, primarily due to changes in the assessment of the observability of certain correlation, market volatility and probability inputs that were used in measuring the fair value of our FVO liabilities and derivatives.

The following table presents the changes in fair value of financial assets and liabilities in Level 3. These instruments are measured at fair value utilizing non-observable market inputs. We often hedge positions with offsetting positions that may be classified in a different level. As a result, the gains and losses for assets and liabilities in the Level 3 category presented in the table below do not reflect the effect of offsetting gains and losses on the related hedging instruments that are classified in Level 1 and Level 2.

				Net gains (losses)<br>included in income <br>(1)
$ millions, for the year ended October 31	Opening<br>balance			Realized			Unrealized <br>(2)			Net unrealized<br>gains (losses)<br>included in OCI <br>(3)			Transfer<br>in to<br>Level 3			Transfer<br>out of<br>Level 3			Purchases/<br>Issuances			Sales/<br>Settlements			Closing<br>balance
2025
Debt securities measured at FVTPL
Corporate and other debt	$	–		$	–		$	(78	)	$	(2	)	$	–		$	–		$	183		$	–		$	103
Mortgage- and asset-backed		70			–			(1	)		–			386			–			106			(169	)		392
Loans measured at FVTPL
Business and government		105			–			1			–			–			–			178			(209	)		75
Corporate equity mandatorily measured at<br> FVTPL and designated at FVOCI		640			–			69			15			–			–			400			(61	)		1,063
Derivative instruments
Interest rate		51			–			45			–			–			(17	)		–			–			79
Foreign exchange		–			–			–			–			–			–			–			–			–
Credit		44			–			(8	)		–			–			–			–			–			36
Equity		6			–			5			–			40			(11	)		11			–			51
Total assets	$	916		$	–		$	33		$	13		$	426		$	(28	)	$	878		$	(439	)	$	1,799
Deposits and other liabilities<br><br>(4)	$	(416	)	$	8		$	(127	)	$	–		$	(4	)	$	2		$	(120	)	$	181		$	(476	)
Derivative instruments
Interest rate		(1,028	)		–			(263	)		–			–			190			–			46			(1,055	)
Foreign exchange		(4	)		–			(49	)		–			–			35			–			–			(18	)
Credit		(50	)		–			9			–			–			–			–			–			(41	)
Equity		(1	)		–			3			–			(5	)		14			(40	)		–			(29	)
Total liabilities	$	(1,499	)	$	8		$	(427	)	$	–		$	(9	)	$	241		$	(160	)	$	227		$	(1,619	)
2024
Debt securities measured at FVTPL
Corporate and other debt	$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	–
Mortgage- and asset-backed		151			–			(3	)		–			–			–			84			(162	)		70
Loans measured at FVTPL
Business and government		144			–			5			–			–			–			–			(44	)		105
Corporate equity mandatorily measured at<br> FVTPL and designated at FVOCI		587			7			26			(17	)		–			–			113			(76	)		640
Derivative instruments
Interest rate		21			–			97			–			–			(67	)		–			–			51
Foreign exchange		–			–			–			–			–			–			–			–			–
Credit		46			(6	)		2			–			–			–			2			–			44
Equity		4			–			2			–			2			(6	)		5			(1	)		6
Total assets	$	953		$	1		$	129		$	(17	)	$	2		$	(73	)	$	204		$	(283	)	$	916
Deposits and other liabilities<br>(4)	$	(242	)	$	(14	)	$	(156	)	$	–		$	(3	)	$	17		$	(120	)	$	102		$	(416	)
Derivative instruments
Interest rate		(1,817	)		–			297			–			–			425			(8	)		75			(1,028	)
Foreign exchange		–			–			(31	)		–			–			27			–			–			(4	)
Credit		(52	)		1			1			–			(2	)		–			–			2			(50	)
Equity		(5	)		–			(1	)		–			(3	)		4			–			4			(1	)
Total liabilities	$	(2,116	)	$	(13	)	$	110		$	–		$	(8	)	$	473		$	(128	)	$	183		$	(1,499	)
(1)	Cumulative AOCI gains or losses related to equity securities designated at FVOCI are reclassified from AOCI to retained earnings at the time of disposal or derecognition.
---	---
(2)	Comprises unrealized gains and losses relating to the assets and liabilities held at the end of the reporting year.
---	---
(3)	Foreign exchange translation on debt securities and loans measured at FVTPL held by foreign operations and denominated in the same currency as the foreign operations is included in OCI.
---	---
(4)	Includes deposits designated at FVTPL of $263 million (2024: $211 million), net bifurcated embedded derivative liabilities of $205 million (2024: $186 million) and other liabilities designated at FVTPL of $8 million (2024: $19 million).
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	130
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Consolidated financial statements

Quantitative information about significant non-observable inputs

Valuation techniques using one or more non-observable inputs are used for a number of financial instruments. The following table discloses the valuation techniques and quantitative information about the significant non-observable inputs used in Level 3 financial instruments:

										Range of inputs
$ millions, as at October 31	2025			Valuation techniques			Key <br>non-observable<br> inputs			Low			High
Debt securities measured at FVTPL
Corporate and other debt	$	103			Discounted cash flow			Recovery <br>r<br>ate			50.5	%		75.7	%
Mortgage- and asset-backed		392			Discounted cash flow			Credit spread			3.4	%		3.5	%
Corporate equity mandatorily measured at FVTPL and designated at FVOCI
Limited partnerships and private companies		1,063			Adjusted net asset value	(1)		Net asset value	(2)		n/a			n/a
					Valuation multiple			Earnings multiple			14.9	x		29.4	x
					Proxy share price			Proxy share price	(2)		n/a			n/a
Loans measured at FVTPL Business and government		75			Discounted cash flow			Credit spread			2.1	%		2.1	%
Derivative instruments
Interest rate		79			Proprietary model	(3)		n/a			n/a			n/a
					Option model			Market volatility			59.7	%		84.7	%
								Probability of contingent settlement			80.0	%		100.0	%
Credit		36			Market proxy or direct broker quote			Market proxy or direct broker quote			36.2	%		36.2	%
Equity		51			Option model			Market correlation			9.5	%		96.4	%
Total assets	$	1,799
Deposits and other liabilities
Deposits designated at FVTPL and<br><br>net bifurcated embedded derivative liabilities	$	(468	)		Option model			Market volatility			8.3	%		84.7	%
								Market correlation			(100.0	)%		100.0	%
Other liabilities designated at FVTPL		(8	)		Option model			Funding ratio			49.0	%		49.0	%
Derivative instruments
Interest rate		(1,055	)		Proprietary model	(3)		n/a			n/a			n/a
					Option model			Market volatility			59.7	%		84.7	%
								Probability of contingent settlement			100.0	%		100.0	%
Foreign exchange		(18	)		Option model			Probability of contingent settlement			100.0	%		100.0	%
Credit		(41	)		Market proxy or direct broker quote			Market proxy or direct broker quote			36.2	%		36.2	%
Equity		(29	)		Option model			Market correlation			10.9	%		96.4	%
Total liabilities	$	(1,619	)
(1)	Adjusted net asset value is determined using reported net asset values obtained from the fund manager or general partner of the limited partnership or the limited liability company and may be adjusted for current market levels where appropriate.
---	---
(2)	The range of net asset value price or proxy share price has not been disclosed due to the wide range and diverse nature of the investments.
---	---
(3)	Using valuation techniques that we consider to be <br>non-observable.
---	---
n/a	Not applicable.
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Sensitivity of Level 3 financial assets and liabilities

The following section describes the significant non-observable inputs identified in the table above, the interrelationships between those inputs, where applicable, and the change in fair value if changing one or more of the non-observable inputs within a reasonably possible range would impact the fair value significantly.

The fair value of certain of our corporate

and other debt instruments is determined based upon recovery assumptions. By adjusting the non-observable inputs by reasonably alternative amounts, the fair value of our corporate and other debt would increase by $ 35 million or decrease by $ 27 million (2024: increase or decrease by nil ).

The fair value of our limited partnerships is determined based on the net asset value provided by the fund managers, adjusted as appropriate. The fair value of limited partnerships is sensitive to changes in the net asset value, and by adjusting the net asset value within a reasonably possible range, the aggregate fair value of our limited partnerships would increase or decrease by $182 million (2024: $145 million).

While our stand-alone derivatives are recorded as derivative assets or derivative liabilities, our derivatives embedded in our structured note deposit liabilities or deposit liabilities designated at FVTPL are recorded within deposits and other liabilities. The determination of the fair value of certain Level 3 embedded derivatives and certain stand-alone derivatives requires significant assumptions and judgment to be applied to both the inputs and the valuation techniques employed. These deposit liabilities designated at FVTPL and derivatives are sensitive to long-dated market volatility and correlation inputs, which we consider to be non-observable. Market volatility is a measure of the anticipated future variability of a market price and is an important input for pricing options, which are inherent in many of our Level 3 derivatives. A higher market volatility generally results in a higher option price, with all else held constant, due to the higher probability of obtaining a greater return from the option, and results in an increase in the fair value of our Level 3 derivatives. Correlation inputs are used to value those derivatives where the payout is dependent upon more than one market price. For example, the payout of an equity basket option is based upon the performance of a basket of stocks, and the interrelationships between the price movements of those stocks. A positive correlation implies that two inputs tend to change the fair value in the same direction, while a negative correlation implies that two inputs tend to change the fair value in the opposite direction. Changes in market volatility and market correlation could result in an increase or a decrease in the fair value of our Level 3 derivatives, embedded derivatives and deposit liabilities designated at FVTPL. By adjusting the non-observable inputs by reasonably alternative amounts, the fair value of our net Level 3 stand-alone derivatives, embedded derivatives and deposit liabilities designated at FVTPL would increase by $ 143 million or decrease by $122 million (2024: increase by $149 million or decrease by $142 million).

For certain interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives, the probability of contingent settlement not occurring was a significant Level 3 valuation input. By increasing the probability of contingent settlement not occurring by 10%, the fair value of those derivatives in an asset position would decrease by less than $6 million, while the fair value of those derivatives in a liability position would decrease by up to $8

million. If the probability of contingent settlement decreased by

100% for our largest derivative asset position, the fair value of the corresponding derivative would decrease by $10 million.

131	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

Financial instruments designated at FVTPL

Financial assets designated at FVTPL include loans that were designated at FVTPL on the basis of being managed together with derivatives to eliminate or significantly reduce financial risks.

Deposits and other liabilities designated at FVTPL include:

•	Certain business and government deposit liabilities, certain secured borrowings and certain obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements that are economically hedged with derivatives and other financial instruments, and certain financial liabilities that have one or more embedded derivatives that significantly modify the cash flows of the host liability but are not bifurcated from the host instrument; and
•	Our mortgage commitments to retail clients to provide mortgages at fixed rates that are economically hedged with derivatives and other financial instruments.
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The carrying value of our loans designated at FVTPL represents our maximum exposure to credit risk related to these assets designated at FVTPL. The change in fair value attributable to change in credit risk of these assets designated at FVTPL during the year is insignificant (2024: insignificant). The fair value of a liability designated at FVTPL reflects the credit risk relating to that liability. For those liabilities designated at FVTPL for which we believe changes in our credit risk would impact the fair value from the note holders’ perspective, the related fair value changes were recognized in OCI. Changes in fair value attributable to changes in our own credit are measured as the difference between: (i) the period-over-period change in the present value of the expected cash flows using a discount curve adjusted for our own credit; and (ii) the period-over-period change in the present value of the same expected cash flows using a discount curve based on the benchmark curve adjusted for our own credit as implied at inception of the liability designated at FVTPL. The pre-tax impact of changes in CIBC’s own credit risk on our liabilities designated at FVTPL was losses of $47 million for the year and losses of $172 million cumulatively (2024: losses of $299 million for the year and losses of $125 million cumulatively). A net gain of $63 million, net of hedges (2024: a net gain of $34 million), was realized for assets designated at FVTPL and liabilities designated at FVTPL, which is included in the consolidated statement of income under Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net.

The estimated contractual amount payable at maturity of deposits designated at FVTPL, which for certain notes is based on the par value and the intrinsic value of the applicable embedded derivatives, is $505 million higher (2024: $3,859 million higher) than its fair value. The intrinsic value of the embedded derivatives reflects the structured payoff of certain FVO deposit liabilities, which we hedge economically with derivatives and other FVTPL financial instruments.

Note 3	Significant transactions

Sale of certain banking assets in the Caribbean

On October 31, 2023, CIBC Caribbean Bank Limited (CIBC Caribbean) announced that it had entered into an agreement to sell its banking assets in Curaçao and Sint Maarten. The sale of banking assets in Curaçao was completed on May 24, 2024. The sale of banking assets in Sint Maarten was completed on February 7, 2025. The impact of these transactions was not material.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	132

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Consolidated financial statements
Note 4	Securities
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Securities

$ millions, as at October 31	2025		2024
Securities measured and designated at FVOCI	$	88,905	$	76,693
Securities measured at amortized cost<br>(1)		65,471		71,610
Securities mandatorily measured and designated at FVTPL		128,859		106,042
Total securities	$	283,235	$	254,345
(1)	During the year, less than $1 million of amortized cost debt securities were disposed of, generally shortly before their maturity, resulting in a realized gain of nil (2024: a realized gain of nil).
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	Residual term to contractual maturity
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$ millions, as at October 31	Within 1 year					1 to 5 years					5 to 10 years					Over 10 years					No specific<br>maturity							2025<br>Total					2024<br>Total
	Carrying<br>value		Yield<br><br>(1)			Carrying<br>value		Yield<br><br>(1)			Carrying<br>value		Yield<br><br>(1)			Carrying<br>value		Yield<br><br>(1)			Carrying<br>value		Yield<br><br>(1)			Carrying<br>value		Yield<br><br>(1)			Carrying<br>value		Yield<br>(1)
Debt securities measured at FVOCI
Securities issued or guaranteed by:
Canadian federal government	$	2,922		4.0	%	$	10,756		3.2	%	$	1,845		3.5	%	$	–		–	%	$	–		–	%	$	15,523		3.4	%	$	11,685		3.8	%
Other Canadian governments		487		2.4			1,757		2.8			14,009		3.1			240		3.4			–		–			16,493		3.1			16,414		3.2
U.S. Treasury and agencies		12,651		3.3			18,385		3.8			2,315		4.2			–		–			–		–			33,351		3.6			29,152		3.9
Other foreign governments		4,076		3.2			3,597		4.2			80		5.5			3		6.6			–		–			7,756		3.7			5,560		4.4
Mortgage-backed securities<br>(2)		189		3.9			2,966		3.5			203		2.7			351		4.5			–		–			3,709		3.6			3,470		4.1
Asset-backed securities		516		4.6			–		–			41		4.9			390		4.8			–		–			947		4.7			657		5.9
Corporate and other debt		3,011		4.2			6,580		4.4			499		4.6			16		4.4			–		–			10,106		4.3			9,083		4.7
	$	23,852				$	44,041				$	18,992				$	1,000				$	–				$	87,885				$	76,021
Securities measured at amortized cost
Securities issued or guaranteed by:
Canadian federal government	$	431		0.8	%	$	2,469		3.2	%	$	593		3.5	%	$	–		–	%	$	–		–	%	$	3,493		2.9	%	$	2,904		2.5	%
Other Canadian governments		1,561		1.8			9,977		2.7			8,193		3.5			266		3.4			–		–			19,997		2.9			21,634		3.0
U.S. Treasury and agencies		8,261		1.6			19,291		3.3			1,538		4.0			–		–			–		–			29,090		2.8			33,727		2.5
Other foreign governments		369		3.0			557		3.3			472		1.7			158		2.6			–		–			1,556		2.7			1,527		2.5
Mortgage-backed securities<br>(3)		441		2.8			3,106		2.7			639		2.4			347		3.5			–		–			4,533		2.7			5,297		3.3
Asset-backed securities		147		5.7			346		4.4			–		–			1,864		5.6			–		–			2,357		5.5			2,236		6.0
Corporate and other debt		980		1.9			2,734		3.3			731		4.4			–		–			–		–			4,445		3.2			4,285		3.3
	$	12,190				$	38,480				$	12,166				$	2,635				$	–				$	65,471				$	71,610
Debt securities mandatorily measured and<br> designated at FVTPL
Securities issued or guaranteed by:
Canadian federal government	$	2,409				$	10,040				$	3,202				$	1,154				$	–				$	16,805				$	17,799
Other Canadian governments		1,728					1,315					1,152					6,289					–					10,484					9,909
U.S. Treasury and agencies		698					6,934					1,530					3,336					–					12,498					6,750
Other foreign governments		212					810					48					–					–					1,070					2,128
Mortgage-backed securities<br>(4)		572					4,391					646					–					–					5,609					3,980
Asset-backed securities		278					291					923					484					–					1,976					303
Corporate and other debt		759					2,400					706					775					–					4,640					4,385
	$	6,656				$	26,181				$	8,207				$	12,038				$	–				$	53,082				$	45,254
Corporate equity mandatorily measured at FVTPL <br>and designated at<br>  FVOCI	$	–		–	%	$	–		–	%	$	–		–	%	$	–		–	%	$	76,797		n/m		$	76,797		n/m		$	61,460		n/m
Total securities<br>(5)	$	42,698				$	108,702				$	39,365				$	15,673				$	76,797				$	283,235				$	254,345
(1)	Represents the weighted-average yield, which is determined by applying the weighted average of the yields of individual fixed income securities.
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(2)	Includes securities backed by mortgages insured by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), with amortized cost of $3,177 million (2024: $2,832 million) and fair value of $3,180 million (2024: $2,827 million); securities issued by Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), with amortized cost of $<br>222<br>million (2024: $284 million) and fair value of $217 million (2024: $275 million); securities issued by Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), with amortized cost of $78 million (2024: $103 million) and fair value of $76 million (2024: $<br>99<br>million); and securities issued by Government National Mortgage Association, a U.S. government corporation (Ginnie Mae), with amortized cost of $239 million (2024: $274 million) and fair value of $236 million (2024: $269 million).
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(3)	Includes securities backed by mortgages insured by the CMHC, with amortized cost of $2,632 million (2024: $2,585 million) and fair value of $2,634 million (2024: $2,582 million); securities issued by Fannie Mae, with amortized cost of $198 million (2024: $471 million) and fair value of $189 million (2024: $448 million); securities issued by Freddie Mac, with amortized cost of $1,009 million (2024: $1,536 million) and fair value of $968 million (2024: $1,450 million); and securities issued by Ginnie Mae, with amortized cost of $156 million (2024: $123 million) and fair value of $155 million (2024: $118 million).
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(4)	Includes securities backed by mortgages insured by the CMHC of $5,608 million (2024: $3,977 million).
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(5)	Includes securities denominated in U.S. dollars with carrying value of $139.9 billion (2024: $126.7 billion) and securities denominated in other foreign currencies with carrying value of $<br>17.3<br>billion (2024: $12.4 billion).
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n/m	Not meaningful.
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133	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements

Fair value of debt securities measured and equity securities designated at FVOCI

millions, as at October 31							2025									2024
		Gross<br> unrealized<br> gains		Gross<br> unrealized<br> losses			Fair<br> value		Cost/<br> Amortized<br> cost <br>(1)		Gross<br> unrealized<br> gains		Gross<br> unrealized<br> losses			Fair<br><br>value
Securities issued or guaranteed by:
Canadian federal government	15,531	$	9		$  (17	)	$	15,523	$	11,715	$	1	$	(31	)	$	11,685
Other Canadian governments	16,484		50		(41	)		16,493		16,506		9		(101	)		16,414
U.S. Treasury and agencies	33,345		64		(58	)		33,351		29,362		10		(220	)		29,152
Other foreign governments	7,727		31		(2	)		7,756		5,542		22		(4	)		5,560
Mortgage-backed securities	3,716		5		(12	)		3,709		3,493		–		(23	)		3,470
Asset-backed securities	947		–		–			947		656		1		–			657
Corporate and other debt	10,092		17		(3	)		10,106		9,085		7		(9	)		9,083
	87,842		176		(133	)		87,885		76,359		50		(388	)		76,021
Corporate equity (2)	979		65		(24	)		1,020		653		51		(32	)		672
Total	88,821	$	241	$	(157	)	$	88,905	$	77,012	$	101	$	(420	)	$	76,693

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Net of allowance for credit losses for debt securities measured at FVOCI of $23 million (2024: $19 million).
(2)	Includes restricted stock.
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Fair value of equity securities designated at FVOCI that were disposed of during the year was nil (2024: nil) at the time of disposal. Net realized cumulative after-tax

gains of $2 million for the year (2024: losses of $15 million) were reclassified from AOCI to retained earnings, resulting from dispositions of equity securities designated at FVOCI and return on capital distributions from limited partnerships designated at FVOCI.

Dividend income recognized on equity securities designated at FVOCI that were still held as at October 31, 2025 was $3 million (2024: $3 million). Dividend income recognized on equity securities designated at FVOCI that were disposed of during the year was nil (2024: nil).

The table below presents profit or loss recognized on FVOCI debt securities:

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Realized gains	$	50		$	64
Realized losses		(27	)		(26	)
(Provision for) reversal of credit losses on debt securities		(3	)		3
Total	$	20		$	41

Allowance for credit losses

The following table provides a reconciliation of the opening balance to the closing balance of the ECL allowance for debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost:

	Stage 1			Stage 2			Stage 3
millions, as at or for the year ended October 31	Collective provision<br> <br>12-month<br> ECL<br> performing			Collective provision<br> lifetime ECL<br> performing			Collective and<br> individual provision<br> lifetime ECL<br> <br>credit-impaired<br><br>(1)			Total
2025
	$	7		$	17		$	12		$	36
		(1	)		2			36			37
		–			–			–			–
		–			1			1			2
	$	6		$	20		$	49		$	75
	$	3		$	20		$	–		$	23
		3			–			49			52
2024
	$	8		$	20		$	14		$	42
		–			(3	)		(2	)		(5	)
		–			–			–			–
		(1	)		–			–			(1	)
	$	7		$	17		$	12		$	36
	$	2		$	17		$	–		$	19
		5			–			12			17

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes stage 3 ECL allowance on originated credit-impaired amortized cost debt securities.
(2)	Included in gains (losses) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, net on our consolidated statement of income.
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Note 5	Loans<br>(1)(2)
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millions, as at October 31								2025													2024
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		Stage 3<br> allowance		Stages 1<br> and 2<br> allowance		Total<br>allowance		Net<br> total		Allowances<br> as a % of<br> gross loans			Gross<br> amount		Stage 3<br> allowance		Stages 1<br> and 2<br> allowance		Total<br>allowance		Net<br> total		Allowances<br> as a % of<br> gross loans
Residential mortgages (3)	287,033	$	306	$	268	$	574	$	286,459		0.2	%	$	280,672	$	234	$	215	$	449	$	280,223		0.2	%
Personal	47,866		185		971		1,156		46,710		2.4			46,681		190		752		942		45,739		2.0
Credit card	21,581		–		942		942		20,639		4.4			20,551		–		902		902		19,649		4.4
Business and government (3)(4)	237,416		491		1,229		1,720		235,696		0.7			214,305		392		1,232		1,624		212,681		0.8
Total	593,896	$	982	$	3,410	$	4,392	$	589,504		0.7	%	$	562,209	$	816	$	3,101	$	3,917	$	558,292		0.7	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Loans are net of unearned income of $1,017 million (2024: $815 million).
(2)	Includes gross loans of $136.5 billion (2024: $120.4 billion) denominated in U.S. dollars and $13.7 billion (2024: $11.2 billion) denominated in other foreign currencies.
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(3)	Includes $3 million of residential mortgages (202<br>4<br>: $3 million) and $560 million of business and government loans (202<br>4<br>: $221 million) that are measured and designated at FVTPL.
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(4)	Includes customers’ liability under acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million) in business and government loans. Prior year amounts have been revised to conform to the presentation adopted in 2025.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	134
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Consolidated financial statements

Allowance for credit losses

The following table provides a reconciliation of the opening balance to the closing balance of the ECL allowance:

millions, as at or for the year ended October 31									2025
			Stage 2			Stage 3
			Collective provision<br>lifetime ECL<br>performing			Collective and<br>individual provision<br>lifetime ECL<br><br>credit-impaired			Total
Residential mortgages
Balance at beginning of year	89		$	126		$	234		$	449
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses
Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions (1)	15			(23	)		(73	)		(81	)
Changes in model	–			–			–			–
Net remeasurement (2)	(134	)		176			209			251
Transfers (2)
– to 12-month ECL	141			(133	)		(8	)		–
– to lifetime ECL performing	(10	)		31			(21	)		–
– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired	–			(9	)		9			–
Total provision for (reversal of) credit losses (3)	12			42			116			170
Write-offs (4)	–			–			(12	)		(12	)
Recoveries	–			–			6			6
Interest income on impaired loans	–			–			(36	)		(36	)
Foreign exchange and other	(1	)		–			(2	)		(3	)
Balance at end of year	100		$	168		$	306		$	574
Personal
Balance at beginning of year	247		$	546		$	190		$	983
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses
Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions (1)	40			(45	)		(25	)		(30	)
Changes in model	(15	)		97			–			82
Net remeasurement (2)	(575	)		795			484			704
Transfers (2)
– to 12-month ECL	623			(616	)		(7	)		–
– to lifetime ECL performing	(68	)		90			(22	)		–
– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired	(4	)		(70	)		74			–
Total provision for (reversal of) credit losses (3)	1			251			504			756
Write-offs (4)	–			–			(571	)		(571	)
Recoveries	–			–			74			74
Interest income on impaired loans	–			–			(8	)		(8	)
Foreign exchange and other	(1	)		6			(4	)		1
Balance at end of year	247		$	803		$	185		$	1,235
Credit card
Balance at beginning of year	295		$	660		$	–		$	955
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses
Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions (1)	36			(33	)		–			3
Changes in model	(26	)		32			–			6
Net remeasurement (2)	(740	)		1,165			391			816
Transfers (2)
– to 12-month ECL	846			(846	)		–			–
– to lifetime ECL performing	(77	)		77			–			–
– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired	(3	)		(338	)		341			–
Total provision for (reversal of) credit losses (3)	36			57			732			825
Write-offs (4)	–			–			(884	)		(884	)
Recoveries	–			–			152			152
Interest income on impaired loans	–			–			–			–
Foreign exchange and other	–			–			–			–
Balance at end of year	331		$	717		$	–		$	1,048
Business and government
Balance at beginning of year	265		$	1,061		$	401		$	1,727
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses
Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions (1)	52			(105	)		(66	)		(119	)
Changes in model	79			(81	)		(4	)		(6	)
Net remeasurement (2)	(63	)		340			439			716
Transfers (2)
– to 12-month ECL	162			(158	)		(4	)		–
– to lifetime ECL performing	(48	)		55			(7	)		–
– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired	–			(177	)		177			–
Total provision for (reversal of) credit losses (3)	182			(126	)		535			591
Write-offs (4)	–			–			(409	)		(409	)
Recoveries	–			–			54			54
Interest income on impaired loans	–			–			(94	)		(94	)
Foreign exchange and other	5			(3	)		11			13
Balance at end of year	452		$	932		$	498		$	1,882
Total ECL allowance (5)	1,130		$	2,620		$	989		$	4,739
Comprises:
Loans	983		$	2,427		$	982		$	4,392
Undrawn credit facilities and other off-balance sheet exposures (6)	147			193			7			347

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Excludes the disposal and <br>write-off<br> of impaired loans.
(2)	Transfers represent stage movements of ECL allowances before net measurement. Net remeasurement represents the current period change in ECL allowances for transfers, net write-offs, changes in forecasts of forward-looking information, parameter updates, and partial repayments in the year.
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(3)	Provision for (reversal of) credit losses for loans, and undrawn credit facilities and other <br>off-balance<br> sheet exposures is presented as Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on our consolidated statement of income.
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(4)	We generally continue to pursue collection on the amounts that were written off. The degree of collection efforts varies from one jurisdiction to another, depending on the local regulations and original agreements with customers.
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(5)	See Note 4 for the ECL allowance on debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost. The ECL allowances for other financial assets classified at amortized cost were immaterial as at October 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024 and were excluded from the table above. Financial assets other than loans that are classified at amortized cost are presented on our consolidated balance sheet net of ECL allowances.
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(6)	Included in Other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet.
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135	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements
millions, as at or for the year ended October 31									2024
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			Stage 2			Stage 3
			Collective provision<br> lifetime ECL<br> performing			Collective and<br> individual provision<br> lifetime ECL<br> <br>credit-impaired			Total
Residential mortgages
Balance at beginning of year	90		$	142		$	224		$	456
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses
Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions (1)	15			(19	)		(55	)		(59	)
Changes in model	–			4			11			15
Net remeasurement (2)	(115	)		96			95			76
Transfers (2)
– to 12-month ECL	109			(107	)		(2	)		–
– to lifetime ECL performing	(10	)		19			(9	)		–
– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired	–			(8	)		8			–
Total provision for (reversal of) credit losses (3)	(1	)		(15	)		48			32
Write-offs (4)	–			–			(18	)		(18	)
Recoveries	–			–			7			7
Interest income on impaired loans	–			–			(30	)		(30	)
Foreign exchange and other	–			(1	)		3			2
Balance at end of year	89		$	126		$	234		$	449
Personal
Balance at beginning of year	174		$	709		$	181		$	1,064
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses
Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions (1)	32			(58	)		(42	)		(68	)
Changes in model	54			(127	)		(6	)		(79	)
Net remeasurement (2)	(544	)		631			466			553
Transfers (2)
– to 12-month ECL	591			(588	)		(3	)		–
– to lifetime ECL performing	(63	)		74			(11	)		–
– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired	–			(96	)		96			–
Total provision for (reversal of) credit losses (3)	70			(164	)		500			406
Write-offs (4)	–			–			(545	)		(545	)
Recoveries	–			–			62			62
Interest income on impaired loans	–			–			(7	)		(7	)
Foreign exchange and other	3			1			(1	)		3
Balance at end of year	247		$	546		$	190		$	983
Credit card
Balance at beginning of year	181		$	591		$	–		$	772
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses
Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions (1)	22			(30	)		–			(8	)
Changes in model	86			(34	)		–			52
Net remeasurement (2)	(413	)		771			394			752
Transfers (2)
– to 12-month ECL	491			(491	)		–			–
– to lifetime ECL performing	(72	)		72			–			–
– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired	–			(219	)		219			–
Total provision for (reversal of) credit losses (3)	114			69			613			796
Write-offs (4)	–			–			(739	)		(739	)
Recoveries	–			–			126			126
Interest income on impaired loans	–			–			–			–
Foreign exchange and other	–			–			–			–
Balance at end of year	295		$	660		$	–		$	955
Business and government
Balance at beginning of year	294		$	864		$	667		$	1,825
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses
Originations net of repayments and other derecognitions (1)	22			(82	)		(48	)		(108	)
Changes in model	(28	)		46			–			18
Net remeasurement (2)	(194	)		569			482			857
Transfers (2)
– to 12-month ECL	215			(201	)		(14	)		–
– to lifetime ECL performing	(39	)		47			(8	)		–
– to lifetime ECL credit-impaired	–			(187	)		187			–
Total provision for (reversal of) credit losses (3)	(24	)		192			599			767
Write-offs (4)	–			–			(874	)		(874	)
Recoveries	–			–			77			77
Interest income on impaired loans	–			–			(84	)		(84	)
Foreign exchange and other	(5	)		5			16			16
Balance at end of year	265		$	1,061		$	401		$	1,727
Total ECL allowance (5)	896		$	2,393		$	825		$	4,114
Comprises:
Loans	800		$	2,301		$	816		$	3,917
Undrawn credit facilities and other off-balance sheet exposures (6)	96			92			9			197

All values are in US Dollars.

See previous page for footnote references.

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Consolidated financial statements

Inputs, assumptions and model techniques

Our ECL allowances are estimated using complex models that incorporate inputs, assumptions and model techniques that involve a high degree of management judgment. In particular, the following ECL elements are subject to a high level of judgment that can have a significant impact on the level of ECL allowances provided:

•	Determining when a SICR of a loan has occurred;
•	Measuring both <br>12-month<br> and lifetime credit losses; and
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•	Forecasting forward-looking information for multiple scenarios and determining the probability weighting of the scenarios driven by the changes in the macroeconomic environment.
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In addition, the interrelationship between these elements is also subject to a high degree of judgment which can also have a significant impact on the level of ECL recognized.

We continue to operate in an uncertain macroeconomic environment. There is inherent uncertainty in forecasting forward-looking information and estimating the impact that the macroeconomic environment, including the level and duration of tariffs between the U.S., Canada and other major trading partners, the impact that tariffs may have on economic growth and inflation in Canada and the U.S. and fiscal and monetary policies that may be enacted in response to tariffs, as well as geopolitical events, will have on the level of ECL allowance and period-over-period volatility of the provision for credit losses. As a result, a heightened level of judgment in estimating ECLs in respect of all these elements, as discussed below, continued to be required.

Determining when a significant increase in credit risk has occurred

The determination of whether a loan has experienced a SICR has a significant impact on the level of ECL allowance as loans that are in stage 1 are measured at 12-month ECL, while loans in stage 2 are measured at lifetime ECL. Migration of loans between stage 1 and stage 2 can cause significant volatility in the amount of the recognized ECL allowances and the provision for credit losses in a particular period.

For the majority of our retail loan portfolios, we determine a SICR based on relative changes in the loan’s lifetime PD since its initial recognition. The PDs used for this purpose are the expected value of our upside, downside and base case lifetime PDs. Significant judgment is involved in determining the upside, downside and base case lifetime PDs through the incorporation of forward-looking information into long-run PDs, in determining the probability weightings of the scenarios, and in determining the relative changes in PDs that are indicative of a SICR for our various retail products. Increases in the expected PDs or decreases in the thresholds for changes in PDs that are indicative of a SICR can cause significant migration of loans from stage 1 to stage 2, which in turn can cause a significant increase in the amount of ECL allowances recognized. In contrast, decreases in the expected PDs or increases in the thresholds for changes in PDs that are indicative of a SICR can cause significant migration of loans from stage 2 to stage 1.

For the majority of our business and government loan portfolios, we determine a SICR based on relative changes in internal risk ratings since initial recognition. Significant judgment is involved in the determination of the internal risk ratings. Deterioration or improvement in the risk ratings or adjustments to the risk rating downgrade thresholds used to determine a SICR can cause significant migration of loans and securities between stage 1 and stage 2, which in turn can have a significant impact on the amount of ECL allowances recognized.

While potentially significant to the level of ECL allowances recognized, the thresholds for changes in PDs that are indicative of a SICR for our retail portfolios and the risk rating downgrade thresholds used to determine a SICR for our business and government loan portfolios are not expected to change frequently.

Loans for which repayment of principal or payment of interest is contractually 30 days or more in arrears and all business and government loans that have migrated to the watch list risk rating are normally automatically migrated to stage 2 from stage 1.

As at October 31, 2025, if the ECL for the stage 2 performing loans were measured using stage 1 ECL as opposed to lifetime ECL, the ECLs would be $938 million lower than the total recognized IFRS 9 ECL on performing loans (2024: $854 million).

Measuring both 12-month and lifetime expected credit losses

Our ECL models leverage the data, systems and processes that are used to calculate Basel expected loss regulatory adjustments for the portion of our retail and business and government portfolios under the internal ratings-based (IRB) approach. Significant judgment is applied in leveraging the data and modelling techniques used to calculate Basel risk parameters to meet IFRS 9 requirements, including the conversion of through-the-cycle estimates to the point-in-time parameters used under IFRS 9 that consider forward-looking information. For standardized retail and business and government portfolios, available long-run PDs, LGDs and EADs are also converted to point-in-time parameters through the incorporation of forward-looking information for the purpose of measuring ECL under IFRS 9.

Significant judgment is involved in determining which forward-looking information variables are relevant for particular portfolios and in determining the extent by which through-the-cycle parameters should be adjusted for forward-looking information to determine point-in-time parameters. While changes in the set of forward-looking information variables used to convert through-the-cycle PDs, LGDs and EADs into point-in-time parameters can either increase or decrease ECL allowances in a particular period, changes to the mapping of forward-looking information variables to particular portfolios are expected to be infrequent. However, changes in the particular forward-looking information parameters used to quantify point-in-time parameters will be frequent as our forecasts are updated on a quarterly basis. Increases in the level of pessimism in the forward-looking information variables will cause increases in ECL, while increases in the level of optimism in the forward-looking information variables will cause decreases in ECL. These increases and decreases could be significant in any particular period and will start to occur in the period where our outlook of the future changes.

With respect to the lifetime of a financial instrument, the maximum period considered when measuring ECL is the maximum contractual period over which we are exposed to credit risk. For revolving facilities, such as credit cards, the lifetime of a credit card account is the expected behavioural life. Significant judgment is involved in the estimate of the expected behavioural life. Increases in the expected behavioural life will increase the amount of ECL allowances, in particular for revolving loans in stage 2.

Forecasting forward-looking information for multiple scenarios and determining the probability weighting of the scenarios

As indicated above, forward-looking information is incorporated into both our assessment of whether a financial asset has experienced a SICR since its initial recognition and in our estimate of ECL. From analysis of historical data, our risk management function has identified and reflected in our ECL allowance those relevant forward-looking information variables that contribute to credit risk and losses within our retail and business and government loan portfolios. Within our retail loan portfolio, key forward-looking information variables include Canadian unemployment rates, housing prices, gross domestic product (GDP) growth and household debt service ratios. In many cases these variables are forecasted at the provincial level. Housing prices are forecasted at the municipal level and the national level. Within our business and government loan portfolio, key drivers that impact the credit performance of the entire portfolio include GDP growth and BBB corporate bond yields, while forward-looking information variables such as Canadian

137	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

and U.S. commercial real estate price indices and oil prices are significant for certain portfolios, and U.S. unemployment rates and U.S. GDP growth are significant for our U.S. portfolios.

For the majority of our loan portfolios, our forecast of forward-looking information variables is established from a “base case” or most likely scenario that is used internally by management for planning and forecasting purposes. For most of the forward-looking information variables related to our Canadian businesses, we have forecast scenarios by province. In forming the base case scenario, we consider the forecasts of international organizations and monetary authorities such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Monetary Fund, and the Bank of Canada, as well as private sector economists. We then derive reasonably possible “upside case” and “downside case” scenarios using external forecasts that are above and below our base case and the application of management judgment. A probability weighting is assigned to our base case, upside case and downside case scenarios based on management judgment.

The forecasting process is overseen by a governance committee consisting of internal stakeholders from across our bank including Risk Management, Economics, Finance and the impacted SBUs and involves a significant amount of judgment both in determining the forward-looking information forecasts for our various scenarios and in determining the probability weighting assigned to the scenarios. In general, a worsening of our outlook on forecasted forward-looking information for each scenario, an increase in the probability of the downside case scenario occurring, or a decrease in the probability of the upside case scenario occurring will increase the number of loans migrating from stage 1 to stage 2 and increase the estimated ECL allowance. In contrast, an improvement in our outlook on forecasted forward-looking information, an increase in the probability of the upside case scenario occurring, or a decrease in the probability of the downside case scenario occurring will have the opposite impact. It is not possible to meaningfully isolate the impact of changes in the various forward-looking information variables for a particular scenario because of both the interrelationship between the variables and the interrelationship between the level of pessimism inherent in a particular scenario and its probability of occurring.

The forecasting of forward-looking information and the determination of scenario weightings continued to require a heightened application of judgment in a number of areas as our forecast reflects numerous assumptions and uncertainties inherent in the current macroeconomic environment.

The following table provides the base case, upside case and downside case scenario forecasts for select forward-looking information variables used to estimate our ECL.

	Base case						Upside case						Downside case
As at October 31, 2025	Average<br> value over<br> the next<br> 12 months			Average<br> value over<br> the remaining<br> forecast period <br>(1)			Average<br> value over<br> the next<br> 12 months			Average<br> value over<br> the remaining<br> forecast period <br>(1)			Average<br> value over<br> the next<br> 12 months			Average<br> value over<br> the remaining<br> forecast period <br>(1)
Real GDP year-over-year growth
Canada<br><br>(2)		1.1	%		2.0	%		1.7	%		2.4	%		(0.4	)%		1.1	%
United States		2.0	%		1.8	%		2.8	%		2.8	%		0.7	%		1.0	%
Unemployment rate
Canada<br><br>(2)		6.8	%		6.1	%		6.4	%		5.5	%		7.4	%		7.0	%
United States		4.4	%		4.1	%		3.9	%		3.5	%		5.0	%		4.6	%
Canadian Housing Price Index growth<br><br>(2)		0.8	%		2.7	%		3.9	%		4.7	%		(3.7	)%		(0.5	)%
Canadian household debt service ratio		14.6	%		14.7	%		14.3	%		14.4	%		15.2	%		15.6	%
West Texas Intermediate Oil Price (US$)	$	70		$	67		$	74		$	83		$	54		$	58
As at October 31, 2024
Real GDP year-over-year growth
Canada<br>(2)		1.6	%		2.3	%		2.5	%		2.7	%		0.4	%		1.4	%
United States		2.0	%		2.0	%		3.0	%		2.9	%		0.7	%		0.9	%
Unemployment rate
Canada<br>(2)		6.6	%		5.9	%		5.7	%		5.2	%		7.2	%		6.8	%
United States		4.5	%		4.0	%		3.7	%		3.3	%		5.1	%		4.7	%
Canadian Housing Price Index growth<br>(2)		2.6	%		2.5	%		7.1	%		4.0	%		(2.3	)%		0.9	%
Canadian household debt service ratio		14.8	%		14.8	%		14.4	%		14.7	%		15.3	%		15.2	%
West Texas Intermediate Oil Price (US$)	$	78		$	74		$	88		$	100		$	60		$	61
(1)	The remaining forecast period is generally four years.
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(2)	In our ECL calculation process, Canadian Real GDP year-over-year growth and Canadian unemployment rate are forecasted at the provincial level while Canadian Housing Price Index growth is forecasted at the municipal level. As a result, the forecasts for individual provinces or municipalities reflected in our ECL will differ from the national forecasts presented above.
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As required, the forward-looking information used to estimate ECLs reflects our expectations as at October 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively, and does not reflect changes in expectations that may have subsequently arisen. The base case, upside case and downside case amounts shown represent the average value of the forecasts over the respective projection horizons.

Our underlying base case projection as at October 31, 2025 continues to be characterized by slow real GDP growth and elevated unemployment rates in Canada, and slightly stronger growth in the U.S. in the near term. Compared to October 31, 2024, our base case projections for Canada and the U.S. reflect the negative impact from tariffs and trade uncertainty in the near term, and the partial easing of tariffs in 2026, but not to levels that existed prior to the announcements of the new U.S. administration. Our base case also assumes that interest rates will hold at current levels through 2026, and remain at higher than pre-pandemic levels.

Our downside case forecast as at October 31, 2025 assumes a recession in the near term and slower growth thereafter in Canada due to increasing economic uncertainty. Our downside case forecast as at October 31, 2025 is consistent with a more pronounced and longer lasting trade dispute between Canada and the U.S., including higher unemployment rates in Canada and lower business capital and consumer spending. The downside case forecast for the U.S. assumes slow growth for the near term and reflects slower recoveries thereafter to lower levels of sustained economic activity and persistently higher unemployment rates. The upside scenario continues to reflect a better economic environment than the base case forecast.

As indicated above, forecasting forward-looking information for multiple scenarios and determining the probability weighting of the scenarios involves a high degree of management judgment.

If we were to only use our base case scenario for the measurement of ECL for our performing loans, our ECL allowance would be $ 420 million lower than the recognized ECL as at October 31, 2025 (2024: $ 246 million). If we were to only use our downside case scenario for the measurement of ECL for our performing loans, our ECL allowance would be $ 853 million higher than the recognized ECL as at October 31, 2025 (2024: $ 737 million). This sensitivity is isolated to the measurement of ECL and therefore did not consider changes in the migration of exposures between stage 1 and stage 2 from the determination of the SICR that would have resulted in a 100 % base case scenario or a 100 % downside case scenario. As a result, our

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ECL

allowance on performing loans could exceed the amount implied by the 100% downside case scenario from the migration of additional exposures from stage 1 to stage 2. Actual credit losses could differ materially from those reflected in our estimates.

Use of management overlays

Management overlays to ECL allowance estimates are adjustments which we use in circumstances where we judge that our existing inputs, assumptions and model techniques do not capture all relevant risk factors. The emergence of new macroeconomic or geopolitical events, along with expected changes to parameters, models or data that are not incorporated in our current parameters, internal risk rating migrations, or forward-looking information are examples of such circumstances. To address the significant uncertainties inherent in the current environment, we utilize management overlays with respect to the impact of certain forward-looking information and credit metrics that are not expected to be as indicative of the credit condition of the portfolios as the historical experience in our models would have otherwise suggested. The use of management overlays requires the application of significant judgment that impacts the amount of ECL allowances recognized. Actual credit losses could differ materially from those reflected in our estimates.

The following tables provide the gross carrying amount of loans, and the contractual amounts of undrawn credit facilities and other off-balance sheet exposures based on our risk management PD bands for retail exposures, and based on our internal risk ratings for business and government exposures. Refer to the “Credit risk” section of the MD&A for details on the CIBC risk categories.

Loans

(1)

millions, as at October 31						2025								2024
		Stage 2		Stage 3<br><br>(2)(3)		Total		Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3<br>(2)(3)		Total
Residential mortgages
– Exceptionally low	171,983	$	227	$	–	$	172,210	$	160,515	$	6,130	$	–	$	166,645
– Very low	85,628		1,171		–		86,799		81,198		5,926		–		87,124
– Low	10,987		2,749		–		13,736		10,329		3,638		–		13,967
– Medium	1,041		7,071		–		8,112		851		6,534		–		7,385
– High	11		1,859		–		1,870		7		1,561		–		1,568
– Default	–		–		1,097		1,097		–		–		790		790
– Not rated	2,808		183		218		3,209		2,757		232		204		3,193
Gross residential mortgages (4)(5)	272,458		13,260		1,315		287,033		255,657		24,021		994		280,672
ECL allowance	100		168		306		574		89		126		234		449
Net residential mortgages	272,358		13,092		1,009		286,459		255,568		23,895		760		280,223
Personal
– Exceptionally low	18,316		136		–		18,452		16,689		83		–		16,772
– Very low	10,794		324		–		11,118		9,685		12		–		9,697
– Low	6,404		2,104		–		8,508		10,498		1,374		–		11,872
– Medium	4,502		2,506		–		7,008		3,848		1,822		–		5,670
– High	759		922		–		1,681		465		1,102		–		1,567
– Default	–		–		253		253		–		–		260		260
– Not rated	779		30		37		846		782		29		32		843
Gross personal (5)	41,554		6,022		290		47,866		41,967		4,422		292		46,681
ECL allowance	222		749		185		1,156		221		531		190		942
Net personal	41,332		5,273		105		46,710		41,746		3,891		102		45,739
Credit card
– Exceptionally low	7,117		–		–		7,117		7,185		–		–		7,185
– Very low	443		–		–		443		502		–		–		502
– Low	6,727		380		–		7,107		6,800		4		–		6,804
– Medium	5,008		1,116		–		6,124		3,853		1,512		–		5,365
– High	6		594		–		600		2		522		–		524
– Default	–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–
– Not rated	184		6		–		190		165		6		–		171
Gross credit card	19,485		2,096		–		21,581		18,507		2,044		–		20,551
ECL allowance	302		640		–		942		279		623		–		902
Net credit card	19,183		1,456		–		20,639		18,228		1,421		–		19,649
Business and government
– Investment grade	119,315		875		–		120,190		101,809		722		–		102,531
– Non-investment grade	102,145		8,807		–		110,952		97,131		9,000		–		106,131
– Watch list	61		3,901		–		3,962		25		3,745		–		3,770
– Default	–		–		2,031		2,031		–		–		1,628		1,628
– Not rated	269		12		–		281		230		15		–		245
Gross business and government (4)(6)	221,790		13,595		2,031		237,416		199,195		13,482		1,628		214,305
ECL allowance	359		870		491		1,720		211		1,021		392		1,624
Net business and government	221,431		12,725		1,540		235,696		198,984		12,461		1,236		212,681
Total net amount of loans	554,304	$	32,546	$	2,654	$	589,504	$	514,526	$	41,668	$	2,098	$	558,292

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	The table excludes debt securities measured at FVOCI, for which ECL allowances of $23 million (2024: $<br>19<br> million) were recognized in AOCI. In addition, the table excludes debt securities classified at amortized cost, for which ECL allowances of $52 million were recognized as at October 31, 2025 (2024: $17 million). Other financial assets classified at amortized cost were also excluded from the table above as their ECL allowances were immaterial as at October 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024. Financial assets other than loans that are classified as amortized cost are presented on our consolidated balance sheet net of ECL allowances.
(2)	Excludes foreclosed assets of $2 million (2024: $8 million), which were included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheet.
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(3)	As at October 31, 2025, 92% (2024: 93%) of stage 3 impaired loans were either fully or partially collateralized.
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(4)	Includes $3 million (2024: $3 million) of residential mortgages and $560 million (2024: $221 million) of business and government loans that are measured and designated at FVTPL.
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(5)	The internal risk rating grades presented for residential mortgages and certain personal loans do not take into account loan guarantees or insurance issued by the Canadian government (federal or provincial), Canadian government agencies, or private insurers, as the determination of whether a SICR has occurred for these loans is based on relative changes in the loans’ lifetime PD without considering collateral or other credit enhancements.
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(6)	Includes customers’ liability under acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million).
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139	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Undrawn credit facilities and other off-balance sheet exposures

millions, as at October 31						2025								2024
		Stage 2		Stage 3		Total		Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3		Total
Retail
– Exceptionally low	176,040	$	190	$	–	$	176,230	$	164,577	$	117	$	–	$	164,694
– Very low	14,237		572		–		14,809		15,112		4		–		15,116
– Low	14,867		1,705		–		16,572		14,988		984		–		15,972
– Medium	2,449		1,508		–		3,957		2,263		1,280		–		3,543
– High	545		422		–		967		325		539		–		864
– Default	–		–		46		46		–		–		43		43
– Not rated	620		8		–		628		565		9		–		574
Gross retail	208,758		4,405		46		213,209		197,830		2,933		43		200,806
ECL allowance	54		131		–		185		42		52		–		94
Net retail	208,704		4,274		46		213,024		197,788		2,881		43		200,712
Business and government
– Investment grade	179,496		579		–		180,075		156,560		571		–		157,131
– Non-investment grade	79,909		2,659		–		82,568		66,788		3,018		–		69,806
– Watch list	57		1,046		–		1,103		28		878		–		906
– Default	–		–		217		217		–		–		123		123
– Not rated	947		42		–		989		1,117		91		–		1,208
Gross business and government	260,409		4,326		217		264,952		224,493		4,558		123		229,174
ECL allowance	93		62		7		162		54		40		9		103
Net business and government	260,316		4,264		210		264,790		224,439		4,518		114		229,071
Total net undrawn credit facilities and other off-balance sheet exposures	469,020	$	8,538	$	256	$	477,814	$	422,227	$	7,399	$	157	$	429,783

All values are in US Dollars.

Modified financial assets

As part of CIBC’s usual lending business, from time to time we may modify the contractual terms of loans classified as stage 2 and stage 3 for which the borrower has experienced financial difficulties, through the granting of a concession in the form of below-market rates or terms that we would not otherwise have considered.

During the year ended October 31, 2025, loans classified as stage 2 or stage 3 with an amortized cost of $309 million (2024: $655 million) before modification were modified through the granting of a financial concession in response to the borrower having experienced financial difficulties. In addition, the gross carrying amount of previously modified stage 2 or stage 3 loans that have returned to stage 1 during the year ended October 31, 2025 was $327 million (2024: $274 million) .

Note 6	Structured entities and derecognition of financial assets

Structured entities

SEs are entities that have been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when any voting rights relate to administrative tasks only and the relevant activities are directed by means of contractual arrangements. SEs are entities that are created to accomplish a narrow and well-defined objective. CIBC is involved with various types of SEs for which the business activities include securitization of financial assets, asset-backed financings, and asset management.

We consolidate a SE when the substance of the relationship indicates that we control the SE.

Consolidated structured entities

We consolidate the following SEs:

Credit card securitization trust

We sell ownership interests in a revolving pool of credit card receivables generated under certain credit card accounts to Cards II Trust (Cards II), which purchases a proportionate share of credit card receivables on certain credit card accounts, with the proceeds received from the issuance of notes. We consolidate this trust because we have the power to direct the relevant activities and have exposure to substantially all the variability of returns from the excess spread (the deferred purchase price) that we receive over time.

Our credit card securitizations are revolving securitizations, with credit card receivable balances fluctuating from month to month as credit card clients repay their balances and new receivables are generated, or additional credit cards are added to the pool.

The notes are presented as Secured borrowings within Deposits on the consolidated balance sheet.

As at October 31, 2025, Cards II held $5.4 billion of credit card receivable assets and other eligible assets of $1.1 billion with an aggregated fair value of $6.5 billion (2024: $7.3 billion with a fair value of $7.3 billion), which supported $2.5 billion of associated funding liabilities with a fair value of $2.5 billion (2024: $4.3 billion with a fair value of $4.4 billion).

HELOC securitization trust

We sell co-ownership interests in a pool of home equity line of credit and loans (HELOC) to HELOCS Trust, which purchases the co-ownership interests in these receivables using proceeds received from issuance of notes. The noteholders have recourse limited to the co-ownership interests in the underlying pool of receivables.

We consolidate this trust as we have the power to direct the relevant activities of this trust and have exposure to substantially all the variability of returns through our retained interest.

The balances may fluctuate as clients repay their balances, draw upon their HELOC, or additional HELOCs are added to the pool.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	140

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Consolidated financial statements

The notes are presented as Secured borrowings within Deposits on the consolidated balance sheet. As at October 31, 2025, HELOCS Trust held $ 3.3 b illion of HELOCs included in Personal loans with an aggregated fair value of $ 3.3 b

illion (2024: $520 million with a fair value of $520 million), which supported

$ 500 million of associated funding liabilities with a fair value of $ 514 million (2024: $ 500 million with a fair value of $ 512 million).

Covered bond guarantor

Under the Legislative Covered Bond Programme, we transfer a pool of conventional uninsured mortgages to the CIBC Covered Bond (Legislative) Guarantor Limited Partnership (the Guarantor LP). The Guarantor LP holds interest and title to these transferred mortgages and serves to guarantee payment of principal and interest to bondholders. The covered bond liabilities are on-balance sheet obligations that are fully collateralized by the mortgage assets over which bondholders enjoy a priority claim in the event of CIBC’s insolvency. We consolidate this entity because we have the ability to direct the relevant activities and retain substantially all of the variability of returns on the underlying mortgages. As at October

31, 2025, our Legislative Covered Bond Programme had outstanding covered bond liabilities of $48.3 billion with a fair value of $48.5 billion (2024: $36.7 billion with a fair value of $36.8 billion).

Multi-seller conduit

We sponsor a consolidated multi-seller conduit in Canada that acquires direct or indirect ownership or security interests in pools of financial assets from clients and finance the acquisitions by issuing ABS and asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP). The sellers to the conduit continue to service the assets and are exposed to credit losses realized on these assets through the provision of credit enhancements. We hold all of the outstanding ABS and ABCP. As at October 31, 2025, $836 million of financial assets held by the conduit were included in Securities (2024: $894 million), of which $392 million are measured at FVTPL (2024: $84 million) and $444 million at amortized cost (2024: $810 million), and $1,224 million were included in Loans (2024: $677 million) on our consolidated balance sheet. These financial assets are related to third-party SEs and are included in the non-consolidated SEs table below.

CIBC-managed investment funds

We establish and manage investment funds such as mutual funds and pooled funds. We act as an investment manager and earn market-based management fees and, for certain pooled funds, performance fees which are generally based on the performance of the funds. Seed capital is provided from time to time to CIBC-managed investment funds for initial launch. We consolidate those investment funds in which we have power to direct the relevant activities of the funds and in which our seed capital, or our units held, is significant relative to the total variability of returns of the funds such that we are deemed to be a principal rather than an agent. As at October 31, 2025, the total assets and non-controlling interests in consolidated CIBC-managed investment funds were $149 million and $69 million, respectively (2024: $141 million and $44 million, respectively). Non-controlling interests in consolidated CIBC-managed investment funds are included in Other liabilities as the investment fund units are mandatorily redeemable at the option of the investor.

Community-based tax-advantaged investments

We sponsor certain SEs that invest in community development projects in the U.S. through the issuance of below-market loans that generate a return primarily through the realization of tax credits. As at October 31, 2025, the program had outstanding loans of $147 million (2024: $132 million). We consolidate these entities because we have the ability to direct the relevant activities and retain substantially all of the variability of returns on the underlying loans.

Non-consolidated structured entities

The following SEs are not consolidated by CIBC because we do not have control over these SEs:

Single-seller and multi-seller conduits

We manage and administer a single-seller conduit and several CIBC-sponsored multi-seller conduits in Canada and the U.S. The multi-seller conduits acquire direct or indirect ownership or security interests in pools of financial assets from our clients and finance the acquisitions by issuing ABCP to investors. The single-seller conduit acquires financial assets and finances these acquisitions through a credit facility provided by a syndicate of financial institutions. The sellers to the conduits may continue to service the assets. The sellers and/or third-party providers are exposed to credit losses realized on these assets, through the provision of over-collateralization or another form of credit enhancement. As at October 31, 2025, the total assets in the single-seller conduit and multi-seller conduits amounted to $0.7 billion and $22.8 billion, respectively (2024: $0.6 billion and $16.9 billion, respectively).

We provide the multi-seller conduits with commercial paper backstop liquidity facilities. We may also provide securities distribution to multi-seller conduits, and to both the single and multi-seller conduits with accounting, cash management, and operations services. The liquidity facilities for the managed and administered multi-seller conduits require us to provide funding for ABCP not placed with external investors. We also may purchase ABCP issued by the multi-seller conduits for market-making purposes and, in respect of our U.S. ABCP conduits, hold some of the ABCP for voluntary risk retention purposes.

We are required to maintain certain short-term and/or long-term debt ratings with respect to the liquidity facilities that we provide to the sponsored multi-seller conduits in Canada. If we are downgraded below the level specified under the terms of those facilities, we must provide alternative satisfactory liquidity arrangements, such as procuring an alternative liquidity provider that meets the minimum rating requirements.

We may also act as the counterparty to derivative contracts entered into by a multi-seller conduit in order to mitigate the interest rate, basis, and currency risk within the conduit.

All fees earned in respect of activities with the conduits are on a market basis.

Third-party structured vehicles

We have investments in and provide loans, liquidity and credit facilities to third-party SEs. We also have investments in limited partnerships in which we generally are a passive investor of the limited partnerships as a limited partner, and in some cases, we are the co-general partner and have significant influence over the limited partnerships. Similar to other limited partners, we are obligated to provide funding up to our commitment level to these limited partnerships.

Loan financing

We provide interim financing for the purpose of future securitization and term senior financing to third-party SEs. The SE is established by a third-party investor, who provides the initial investment into the SE (the equity investors). The senior financing enables the SE to purchase a loan portfolio at the direction of a collateral manager during the warehousing phase of the securitization. The senior lenders are repaid by proceeds from the issuance of debt securities to investors when the deal closes or by the cash flows from the repayment of the underlying assets held by the SE or alternative financing obtained by the investor from third-party lenders.

141	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

Community

Reinvestment Act investments

We hold debt and equity investments in limited liability entities to further our U.S. Community Reinvestment Act initiatives with a carrying value of $762 million (2024: $715 million). These entities invest in qualifying community development projects, including affordable housing projects that generate a return primarily by the realization of tax credits. Similar to other limited investors in these entities, we are obligated to provide funding up to our commitment level to these limited liability entities. As at October 31, 2025, the total assets of these limited liability entities were $11.2 billion (2024: $10.1 billion).

CIBC-managed investment funds

As indicated above, we establish investment funds, including mutual funds and pooled funds, to provide clients with investment opportunities and we may receive management fees and performance fees. We may hold insignificant amounts of fund units in these CIBC-managed funds. We do not consolidate these funds if we do not have significant variability of returns from our interests in these funds such that we are deemed to be an agent through our capacity as the investment manager, rather than a principal. We do not guarantee the performance of CIBC-managed investment funds. As at October 31, 2025, the total AUM in the non-consolidated CIBC-managed investment funds amounted to $191.5 billion (2024: $165.1 billion).

Capital vehicles

We purchase credit protection from capital vehicles on certain referenced loan assets, which issue guarantee-linked notes held only by third-party investors. We do not consolidate the capital vehicles and the underlying loan assets remain on the consolidated balance sheet.

Our on-balance sheet amounts and maximum exposure to loss related to SEs that are not consolidated are set out in the table below. The maximum exposure comprises the carrying value of unhedged investments, the notional amounts for liquidity and credit facilities, and the notional amounts less accumulated fair value losses for unhedged written credit derivatives on SE reference assets. The impact of CVA is not considered in the table below.

$ millions, as at October 31, 2025	Single-seller<br><br>and multi-seller<br><br>conduits			Third-party<br>structured<br>vehicles		Loan<br>financing		Other<br>(1)
On-balance sheet assets at carrying value<br><br>(2)
Cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks	$	–		$	–	$	–	$	943
Securities		592			6,022		–		791
Loans		135			1,676		19,341		303
Investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures		–			51		–		1
Total	$	727		$	7,749	$	19,341	$	2,038
October 31, 2024	$	377		$	4,977	$	10,640	$	1,795
On-balance sheet liabilities at carrying value<br><br>(2)
Deposits	$	–		$	–	$	–	$	948
Derivatives<br><br>(3)		–			–		–		41
Other		–			–		–		267
Total	$	–		$	–	$	–	$	1,256
October 31, 2024	$	–		$	–	$	–	$	1,050
Maximum exposure to loss, net of hedges
Investments and loans	$	727		$	7,749	$	19,341	$	1,095
Notional of written derivatives, less fair value losses		–			–		–		18
Liquidity, credit facilities and commitments		22,197	(4)		2,065		10,428		201
Less: hedges of investments, loans and written derivatives exposure		–			–		–		(18	)
Total	$	22,924		$	9,814	$	29,769	$	1,296
October 31, 2024	$	17,014		$	6,630	$	19,166	$	1,323
(1)	Includes <br>Community Reinvestment Act<br>-related investment vehicles, CIBC-managed investment funds, capital vehicles and third-party structured vehicles related to structured credit run-off.
---	---
(2)	Excludes SEs established by CMHC, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Ginnie Mae, FHLB, Federal Farm Credit Bank, and Student Loan Marketing Association.
---	---
(3)	Comprises written credit default swaps (CDS) and total return swaps (TRS) under which we assume exposures. Excludes foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate derivatives and other derivatives provided as part of normal client facilitation.
---	---
(4)	Excludes an additional $8.4 billion (2024: $6.2 billion) relating to our backstop liquidity facilities provided to the multi-seller conduits as part of their commitment to fund purchases of additional assets. Also excludes $592 million (2024: $276 million) of our direct investments in the multi-seller conduits which we consider investment exposure.
---	---

We also hold investments in a variety of third-party investment funds, which include, but are not limited to, exchange-traded funds, mutual funds, and investment trusts. We buy and sell units of these investment funds as part of trading activities or client facilitation businesses that are managed as part of larger portfolios. We generally are a passive investor and are not the investment manager in any of these investment funds. We are not the sponsor of any third-party investment funds, nor do we have the power over key decision-making activities of the funds. Our maximum exposure to loss from our investments is limited to the carrying amounts of our investments and any unutilized commitment we have provided to these funds. In addition, we issue certain structured notes and enter into equity derivatives that are referenced to the return of certain investment funds. Accordingly, we do not include our interests in these third-party investment funds in the table above.

Financial support provided to structured entities

During the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024, we have not provided any financial or non-financial support to any consolidated or unconsolidated structured entities when we were not contractually obligated to do so. Furthermore, we have no intention to provide such support in the future.

Derecognition of financial assets

We enter into transactions in the normal course of business in which we transfer recognized financial assets directly to third parties, but retain substantially all of the risks and rewards of those assets. The risks include credit, interest rate, foreign exchange, prepayment and other price risks whereas the rewards include income streams associated with the assets. Due to the retention of risks, the transferred financial assets are not derecognized and such transfers are accounted for as secured borrowing transactions.

The majority of our financial assets transferred to non-consolidated entities that do not qualify for derecognition are: (i) residential mortgage loans under securitization transactions; (ii) securities held by counterparties as collateral under repurchase agreements; and (iii) securities lent under securities lending agreements.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	142

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Consolidated financial statements

Residential mortgage securitizations

We securitize fully insured fixed- and variable-rate residential mortgage pools through the creation of National Housing Act (NHA) MBS under the NHA MBS Program, sponsored by CMHC. Under the Canada Mortgage Bond Program, sponsored by CMHC, we sell MBS to a government-sponsored securitization trust that issues securities to investors. We do not consolidate the securitization trust. We may act as a counterparty in interest rate swap agreements where we pay the trust the interest due to investors and receive the interest on the MBS. We have also sold MBS directly to CMHC under the Government of Canada’s Insured Mortgage Purchase Program.

The sale of mortgage pools that comprise the NHA MBS does not qualify for derecognition as we retain prepayment, credit, and interest rate risks associated with the mortgages, which represent substantially all the risks and rewards. As a result, the mortgages remain on our consolidated balance sheet and are carried at amortized cost. We also recognize the cash proceeds from the securitization as Deposits – Secured borrowings.

The sale of certain purchased mortgage pools that comprise the NHA MBS qualify for derecognition as we have transferred substantially all the risk and rewards associated with the mortgages. During the year ended October 31, 2025, we transferred loans that qualified for derecognition, where a net gain of $17 million (2024: nil) was realized and included in the consolidated statement of income. As at October 31, 2025, we retain residual interests associated with the transferred loans representing our continuing involvement, with a carrying value of $199 million included in Other assets (2024: nil).

Securities held by counterparties as collateral under repurchase agreements

We enter into arrangements whereby we sell securities but enter into simultaneous arrangements to repurchase the securities at a fixed price on a future date, thereby retaining substantially all the risks and rewards. As a result, the securities remain on our consolidated balance sheet.

Securities lent for cash collateral or for securities collateral

We enter into arrangements whereby we lend securities but with arrangements to receive the securities at a future date, thereby retaining substantially all the risks and rewards. As a result, the securities remain on our consolidated balance sheet.

The following table provides the carrying amount and fair value of transferred financial assets that did not qualify for derecognition and the associated financial liabilities:

millions, as at October 31		2025				2024
		Fair<br><br>value		Carrying<br>amount		Fair<br><br>value
Residential mortgage securitizations (1)	14,368	$	14,426	$	14,612	$	14,598
Securities held by counterparties as collateral under repurchase agreements (2)	104,799		104,799		72,433		72,433
Securities lent for cash collateral (2)	1,507		1,507		2,637		2,637
Securities lent for securities collateral (2)	21,420		21,420		21,712		21,712
Transferred financial assets	142,094	$	142,152	$	111,394	$	111,380
Associated liabilities (3)	142,478	$	142,443	$	111,704	$	111,655

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Consists mainly of Canadian residential mortgage loans transferred to Canada Housing Trust. Certain cash in transit balances related to the securitization process amounting to $470 million (2024: $410 million) have been applied to reduce these balances.
(2)	Does not include over-collateralization of assets pledged. Repurchase and securities lending arrangements are conducted with both CIBC-owned and third-party assets on a pooled basis. The carrying amounts represent an estimated allocation related to the transfer of our own financial assets.
---	---
(3)	Includes the obligation to return off-balance sheet securities collateral on securities lent and fair value hedge basis adjustments.
---	---
Note 7	Property and equipment
---	---
millions, as at or for the year ended October 31	Right-of-<br><br>use assets			Land and<br>buildings<br>(1)			Computer<br>equipment			Office furniture,<br>equipment<br>and other <br>(1)			Leasehold<br>improvements<br>(1)			Total
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
2025
	$	2,933		$	831		$	1,087		$	956		$	1,670		$	7,477
		236			46			68			134			200			684
		(120	)		(14	)		(231	)		(83	)		(47	)		(495	)
		5			1			2			3			2			13
	$	3,054		$	864		$	926		$	1,010		$	1,825		$	7,679
2024	$	2,933		$	831		$	1,087		$	956		$	1,670		$	7,477
2025
	$	1,290		$	359		$	897		$	547		$	1,025		$	4,118
		269			19			85			60			85			518
		(90	)		(7	)		(230	)		(35	)		(44	)		(406	)
		2			1			1			1			1			6
	$	1,471		$	372		$	753		$	573		$	1,067		$	4,236
2024	$	1,290		$	359		$	897		$	547		$	1,025		$	4,118
	$	1,583		$	492		$	173		$	437		$	758		$	3,443
	$	1,643		$	472		$	190		$	409		$	645		$	3,359

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes $427 million (2024: $196 million) of work-in-progress not subject to depreciation.
(2)	Includes impact of lease modifications.
---	---
(3)	Includes write-offs of fully depreciated assets.
---	---
(4)	Includes foreign currency translation adjustments.
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Cost

of net additions and disposals during the year was: Canadian Personal and Business Banking net additions of $ 218 million (2024: net additions of $ 246 million); Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management net additions of $ 1 million (2024: net additions of $ 21 million); U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management net disposals of $ 23 million (2024: net additions of $ 64 million); Capital Markets net additions of $ 20 million (2024: net additions of $ 30 million); and Corporate and Other net disposals of $ 27 million (2024: net additions of $ 107 million).

143	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements
Note 8	Goodwill, software and other intangible assets
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Goodwill

The carrying amount of goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually as at August 1 and whenever there are events or changes in circumstances which indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Goodwill is allocated to CGUs for the purposes of impairment testing based on the lowest level for which identifiable cash inflows are largely independent of cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. The goodwill impairment test is performed by comparing the recoverable amount of the CGU to which goodwill has been allocated with the carrying amount of the CGU including goodwill, with any deficiency recognized as impairment to goodwill. The recoverable amount of a CGU is defined as the higher of its estimated fair value less cost to sell and value in use.

We have two significant CGUs to which goodwill has been allocated. The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill are allocated to each CGU as follows:

	CGUs
millions, as at or for the year ended October 31	Canadian<br> Wealth<br> Management		U.S. Commercial<br> Banking and<br> Wealth<br> Management		Other		Total
2025	$	884	$	4,318	$	241	$	5,443
		–		–		–		–
		–		31		1		32
	$	884	$	4,349	$	242	$	5,475
2024	$	884	$	4,300	$	241	$	5,425
		–		–		–		–
		–		18		–		18
	$	884	$	4,318	$	241	$	5,443

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes foreign currency translation adjustments.

Impairment testing of goodwill and key assumptions

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

The recoverable amount of the U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management CGU (including The PrivateBank and Geneva Advisors) is based on a value in use calculation using a five-year cash flow projection approved by management, and an estimate of the capital required to be maintained to support ongoing operations.

We have determined that for the impairment testing performed as at August 1, 2025, the estimated recoverable amount of the U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management CGU was in excess of its carrying amount. As a result, no impairment charge was recognized during 2025.

A terminal growth rate of 4.4% as at August 1, 2025 (August 1, 2024: 4.5%) was applied to the years after the five-year forecast. All of the forecasted cash flows were discounted at an after-tax rate of 10.1% as at August 1, 2025 (12.3% pre-tax) , which we believe to be a risk-adjusted discount rate appropriate to U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management (we used an after-tax rate of 10.0% as at August 1, 2024). The determination of a discount rate and a terminal growth rate require the exercise of judgment. The discount rate was determined based on the following primary factors: (i) the risk-free rate; (ii) an equity risk premium; and (iii) beta adjustment to the equity risk premium based on a review of betas of comparable publicly traded financial institutions in the region. The terminal growth rate was based on management’s expectations of real growth and forecasted inflation rates.

If alternative reasonably possible changes in key assumptions were applied, the result of the impairment test would not differ.

Estimation of the recoverable amount is an area of significant judgment. The recoverable amount is estimated using an internally developed model, which requires the use of significant assumptions, including forecasted earnings, a discount rate, a terminal growth rate and forecasted regulatory capital requirements. Reductions in the estimated recoverable amount could arise from various factors, such as reductions in forecasted cash flows, an increase in the assumed level of required capital, and any adverse changes to the discount rate or terminal growth rate either in isolation or in any combination thereof.

Canadian Wealth Management

The recoverable amount of the Canadian Wealth Management CGU is based on a fair value less cost to sell calculation. The fair value is estimated using an earnings-based approach whereby the forecasted earnings are based on the Wealth Management internal plan , which was approved by management and covers a three-year period. The calculation incorporates the forecasted earnings multiplied by an earnings multiple derived from observable price-to-earnings multiples of comparable wealth management institutions. The price-to-earnings multiples of those comparable wealth management institutions ranged from 7.3 to 14.6 as at August 1, 2025 (August 1, 2024: 5.7 to 12.4).

We have determined that the estimated recoverable amount of the Canadian Wealth Management CGU was in excess of its carrying amount as at August 1, 2025. As a result, no impairment charge was recognized during 2025.

If alternative reasonably possible changes in key assumptions were applied, the result of the impairment test would not differ.

Other

The goodwill relating to the Other CGUs, which includes the CIBC Caribbean CGU, is comprised of amounts which individually are not considered to be significant. We have determined that for the impairment testing performed as at August 1, 2025, the estimated recoverable amount of each of these CGUs was in excess of their carrying amounts.

Allocation to strategic business units

Goodwill of $5,475 million (2024: $5,443 million) is allocated to the SBUs as follows: Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management of $954 million (2024: $954 million), Corporate and Other of $101 million (2024: $100 million), U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management of $4,349 million (2024: $4,318 million), Capital Markets of $64 million (2024: $64 million), and Canadian Personal and Business Banking of $7 million (2024: $7 million).

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	144

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Consolidated financial statements

Software and other intangible assets

The carrying amount of indefinite-lived intangible assets includes $116 million (2024: $116 million) of contract based intangible assets that represent management contracts purchased as part of past acquisitions.

The components of finite-lived software and other intangible assets are as follows:

millions, as at or for the year ended October 31	Software<br>(1)			Core deposit<br>intangibles<br>(2)			Contract<br>based		Customer<br>relationships<br>(3)			Total
2025
	$	5,705		$	53		$	11	$	381		$	6,150
		719			–			–		–			719
		(67	)		(20	)		–		(4	)		(91	)
		3			1			–		1			5
	$	6,360		$	34		$	11	$	378		$	6,783
2024	$	5,705		$	53		$	11	$	381		$	6,150
2025
	$	3,190		$	43		$	9	$	194		$	3,436
		615			5			1		39			660
		(67	)		(20	)		–		(4	)		(91	)
		(2	)		1			–		1			–
	$	3,736		$	29		$	10	$	230		$	4,005
2024	$	3,190		$	43		$	9	$	194		$	3,436
	$	2,624		$	5		$	1	$	148		$	2,778
	$	2,515		$	10		$	2	$	187		$	2,714

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes $1,078 million (2024: $1,062 million) of work-in-progress not subject to amortization.
(2)	Acquired as part of the acquisition of The PrivateBank.
---	---
(3)	Represents customer relationships associated with past acquisitions including of the Canadian Costco credit card portfolio in 2022.
---	---
(4)	Includes write-offs of fully amortized assets.
---	---
(5)	Includes foreign currency translation.
---	---
(6)	Includes impairment of work-in-progress.
---	---

Net additions and disposals of gross carrying amount during the year were: Canadian Personal and Business Banking net additions of $5 million (2024: net additions of $1 million); Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management net additions of nil (2024: net disposals of $1 million); U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management net additions of $26 million (2024: net disposals of $55 million); Capital Markets net additions of $1 million (2024: net additions of $1 million); and Corporate and Other net additions of $596 million (2024: net additions of $39 million).

Note 9	Other assets
$ millions, as at October 31	2025		2024
---	---	---	---	---
Accrued interest receivable	$	4,169	$	4,213
Defined benefit asset <br>(Note 17)		1,678		1,378
Precious metals <br>(1)		6,492		4,195
Brokers’ client accounts		11,745		7,967
Current tax receivable		2,912		2,611
Other prepayments		595		588
Derivative collateral receivable		8,132		7,067
Accounts receivable		1,698		1,238
Carbon emission allowances <br>(2)		649		11
Other<br>(2)(3)		1,735		1,594
Total other assets	$	39,805	$	30,862
(1)	Includes gold and silver bullion that are measured at fair value using unadjusted market prices quoted in active markets.
---	---
(2)	Carbon emission allowances were previously presented within Other. Prior year amounts have been revised to conform to the presentation adopted in 2025.
---	---
(3)	Includes investments in subleases of $619 million as at October 31, 2025 (2024: $625 million). For the year ended October 31, 2025, finance income related to our investments in subleases was $42 million (2024: $43 million). Future lease payments receivable are $546 million over the next five years, and $329 million thereafter until expiry of the subleases.
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145	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements
Note 10	Deposits<br>(1)(2)
---	---
$ millions, as at October 31	Payable on<br> demand<br><br>(3)		Payable after<br> notice<br><br>(4)		Payable on a<br> fixed date<br><br>(5)(6)		2025<br> <br>Total		2024<br> <br>Total
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Personal	$	15,185	$	145,592	$	97,362	$	258,139	$	252,894
Business and government<br>(7)		109,376		128,092		219,816		457,284		435,499
Bank		17,649		337		8,737		26,723		20,009
Secured borrowings<br>(8)		–		–		65,978		65,978		56,455
Total deposits	$	142,210	$	274,021	$	391,893	$	808,124	$	764,857
Comprises:
Held at amortized cost							$	764,401	$	725,849
Designated at fair value								43,723		39,008
Total deposits							$	808,124	$	764,857
Deposits include:<br>(9)
Non-interest-bearing deposits
Canada							$	91,074	$	84,460
U.S.								12,894		12,927
Other international								5,963		5,691
Interest-bearing deposits
Canada								549,270		526,186
U.S.								107,607		101,141
Other international								41,316		34,452
Total deposits							$	808,124	$	764,857
(1)	Includes deposits of $298.3 billion (2024: $288.4 billion) denominated in U.S. dollars and deposits of $70 billion (2024: $52.9 billion) denominated in other foreign currencies.
---	---
(2)	Net of purchased notes of $0.5 billion (2024: $0.6 billion).
---	---
(3)	Includes all deposits for which we do not have the right to require notice of withdrawal. These deposits are generally chequing accounts.
---	---
(4)	Includes all deposits for which we can legally require notice of withdrawal. These deposits are generally savings accounts.
---	---
(5)	Includes all deposits that mature on a specified date. These deposits are generally term deposits, guaranteed investment certificates, and similar instruments.
---	---
(6)	Includes $67.0 billion (2024: $61.1 billion) of deposits which are subject to the bank recapitalization (bail-in) conversion regulations issued by the Department of Finance Canada. These regulations provide certain statutory powers to the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, including the ability to convert specified eligible shares and liabilities of CIBC into common shares in the event that CIBC is determined to be non-viable.
---	---
(7)	Includes $17.3 billion (2024: $15.5 billion) of structured note liabilities that were sold upon issuance to third-party financial intermediaries, who may resell the notes to retail investors in foreign jurisdictions.
---	---
(8)	Comprises liabilities issued by or as a result of activities associated with the securitization of residential mortgages, Covered Bond Programme, and consolidated securitization vehicles.
---	---
(9)	Classification is based on geographical location of the CIBC office.
---	---
Note 11	Other liabilities
---	---
$ millions, as at October 31	2025		2024
---	---	---	---	---
Accrued interest payable	$	3,999	$	4,982
Defined benefit liability <br>(Note 17)		457		460
Gold and silver certificates		220		158
Brokers’ client accounts		6,566		5,951
Derivative collateral payable		5,799		4,459
Negotiable instruments		970		1,079
Accrued employee compensation and benefits		5,073		3,899
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		3,461		3,202
Other<br>(1)(2)		8,262		5,971
Total other liabilities	$	34,807	$	30,161
(1)	Includes the carrying value of our lease liabilities, which was $1,981<br><br><br>million<br> as at October 31, 2025 (2024: $2,028 million). The undiscounted cash flows related to the contractual maturity of our lease liabilities are $336 million for the period less than 1 year, $1,076<br><br><br>million<br> between years 1-5, and $997<br><br><br>million<br> thereafter until expiry of the leases. During the year ended October 31, 2025, interest expense on lease liabilities was $71 million (2024: $72 million).
---	---
(2)	Includes customers’ liability under acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million). Prior year amounts have been revised to conform to the presentation adopted in 2025.
---	---
Note<br> 12	Derivative instruments
---	---

As described in Note 1, in the normal course of business, we use various derivative instruments for both trading and ALM purposes. These derivatives limit, modify or give rise to varying degrees and types of risk.

millions, as at October 31		2025				2024
		Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities
Trading (Note 2)	34,032	$	39,237	$	33,485	$	39,847
ALM (Note 2) (1)	4,320		2,174		2,950		807
Total	38,352	$	41,411	$	36,435	$	40,654

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Comprised of derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting under IAS 39 and derivatives used for economic hedges.
CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	146
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Consolidated financial statements

Derivatives used by CIBC

The majority of our derivative contracts are OTC transactions, which consist of: (i) contracts that are bilaterally negotiated and settled between CIBC and the counterparty to the contract; and (ii) contracts that are bilaterally negotiated and then cleared through a central counterparty (CCP). Bilaterally negotiated and settled contracts are usually traded under a standardized International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) agreement with collateral posting arrangements between CIBC and its counterparties. Terms are negotiated directly with counterparties and the contracts have industry-standard settlement mechanisms prescribed by ISDA. Centrally cleared contracts are generally bilaterally negotiated and then novated to, and cleared through, a CCP. The industry promotes the use of CCPs to clear OTC trades. The central clearing of derivative contracts generally facilitates the reduction of credit exposures due to the ability to net settle offsetting positions. Consequently, derivative contracts cleared through CCPs generally attract less capital relative to those settled with non-CCPs.

The remainder of our derivative contracts are exchange-traded derivatives, which are standardized in terms of their amounts and settlement dates, and are bought and sold on organized and regulated exchanges. These exchange-traded derivative contracts consist primarily of options and futures.

Interest rate derivatives

Forward rate agreements are OTC contracts that effectively fix a future interest rate for a period of time. A typical forward rate agreement provides that at a pre-determined future date, a cash settlement will be made between the counterparties based upon the difference between a contracted rate and a market rate to be determined in the future, calculated on a specified notional principal amount. No exchange of principal amount takes place. Certain forward rate agreements are bilaterally transacted and then novated and settled through a clearing house which acts as a CCP.

Interest rate swaps are OTC contracts in which two counterparties agree to exchange cash flows over a period of time based on rates applied to a specified notional principal amount. A typical interest rate swap would require one counterparty to pay a fixed market interest rate in exchange for a variable market interest rate determined from time to time, with both calculated on a specified notional principal amount. No exchange of principal amount takes place. Certain interest rate swaps are bilaterally transacted and then novated and settled through a clearing house which acts as a CCP.

Interest rate options are contracts in which one party (the purchaser of an option) acquires from another party (the writer of an option), in exchange for a premium, the right, but not the obligation, to either buy or sell, on a specified future date or within a specified time, a specified financial instrument at a contracted price. The underlying financial instrument has a market price which varies in response to changes in interest rates. Options are transacted in both OTC and exchange-traded markets.

Interest rate futures are standardized contracts transacted on an exchange. They are based upon an agreement to buy or sell a specified quantity of a financial instrument on a specified future date, at a contracted price. These contracts differ from forward rate agreements in that they are in standard amounts with standard settlement dates and are transacted through an exchange.

Foreign exchange derivatives

Foreign exchange forwards are OTC contracts in which one counterparty contracts with another to exchange a specified amount of one currency for a specified amount of a second currency, at a future date or range of dates.

Foreign exchange futures contracts are similar in mechanics to foreign exchange forward contracts except that they are in standard currency amounts with standard settlement dates and are transacted through an exchange.

Foreign exchange swap contracts comprise foreign exchange swaps and cross-currency interest rate swaps. Foreign exchange swaps are transactions in which a currency is simultaneously purchased in the spot market and sold for a different currency in the forward market, or vice versa. Cross-currency interest rate swaps are transactions in which counterparties exchange principal and interest flows in different currencies over a period of time. These contracts are used to manage both currency and interest rate exposures.

Credit derivatives

Credit derivatives are OTC contracts designed to transfer the credit risk in an underlying financial instrument (usually termed as a reference asset) from one counterparty to another. The most common credit derivatives are CDS and certain TRS.

CDS contracts provide protection against the decline in value of a reference asset as a result of specified credit events such as default or bankruptcy. These derivatives are similar in structure to an option whereby the purchaser pays a premium to the seller of the CDS contract in return for payment contingent on the occurrence of a credit event. The protection purchaser has recourse to the protection seller for the difference between the face value of the CDS contract and the fair value of the reference asset at the time of settlement. Neither the purchaser nor the seller under the CDS contract has recourse to the entity that issued the reference asset. Certain CDS contracts are cleared through a CCP.

In credit derivative TRS contracts, one counterparty agrees to pay or receive cash amounts based on the returns of a reference asset, including interest earned on these assets in exchange for amounts that are based on prevailing market funding rates. These cash settlements are made regardless of whether there is a credit event. Upon the occurrence of a credit event, the parties may either exchange cash payments according to the value of the defaulted assets or exchange cash based on the notional amount for physical delivery of the defaulted assets.

Equity derivatives

Equity swaps are OTC contracts in which one counterparty agrees to pay, or receive from the other, cash amounts based on changes in the value of a stock index, a basket of stocks or a single stock in exchange for amounts that are based either on prevailing market funding rates or changes in the value of a different stock index, basket of stocks or a single stock. These contracts generally include payments in respect of dividends.

Equity options give the purchaser of the option, for a premium, the right, but not the obligation, to buy from or sell to the writer of an option, an underlying stock index, basket of stocks, or a single stock at a contracted price. Options are transacted in both OTC and exchange markets.

Equity index futures are standardized contracts transacted on an exchange. They are based on an agreement to pay or receive a cash amount based on the difference between the contracted price level of an underlying stock index and its corresponding market price level at a specified future date. There is generally no actual delivery of stocks that comprise the underlying index. These contracts are in standard amounts with standard settlement dates.

Precious metal and other commodity derivatives

We also transact in other derivative products, including commodity forwards, futures, swaps and options, such as precious metal and energy-related products in both OTC and exchange markets.

147	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

Notional amounts

The notional amounts are not recorded as assets or liabilities, as they represent the face amount of the contract to which a rate or price is applied to determine the amount of cash flows to be exchanged. In most cases, notional amounts do not represent the potential gain or loss associated with market or credit risk of such instruments.

The following table presents the notional amounts of derivative instruments:

millions, as at October 31										2025				2024
		1 to<br>5 years		Over<br>5 years		Total<br>notional<br>amounts		Trading		ALM		Trading		ALM
Interest rate derivatives
Over-the-counter
Forward rate agreements	11,943	$	370	$	1	$	12,314	$	12,132	$	182	$	9,420	$	55
Centrally cleared forward rate agreements	85,716		36,273		–		121,989		121,989		–		88,699		–
Swap contracts	60,103		173,279		115,227		348,609		322,574		26,035		273,138		18,882
Centrally cleared swap contracts	4,527,608		2,499,849		1,532,881		8,560,338		7,626,410		933,928		4,805,504		921,539
Purchased options	102,507		28,507		2,121		133,135		130,705		2,430		47,772		644
Written options	103,715		31,717		2,605		138,037		137,750		287		54,189		43
	4,891,592		2,769,995		1,652,835		9,314,422		8,351,560		962,862		5,278,722		941,163
Exchange-traded
Futures contracts	29,936		5,372		–		35,308		35,258		50		16,112		6
Purchased options	1,121		–		–		1,121		1,121		–		1,069		–
Written options	121		–		–		121		121		–		4,069		–
	31,178		5,372		–		36,550		36,500		50		21,250		6
Total interest rate derivatives	4,922,770		2,775,367		1,652,835		9,350,972		8,388,060		962,912		5,299,972		941,169
Foreign exchange derivatives
Over-the-counter
Forward contracts	1,107,993		31,812		1,582		1,141,387		1,126,831		14,556		851,206		14,723
Swap contracts	280,000		311,127		175,966		767,093		666,914		100,179		567,930		71,540
Purchased options	82,699		2,103		–		84,802		84,802		–		72,180		–
Written options	82,965		2,760		–		85,725		85,125		600		82,384		678
	1,553,657		347,802		177,548		2,079,007		1,963,672		115,335		1,573,700		86,941
Exchange-traded
Futures contracts	60		–		–		60		60		–		352		–
Purchased options	541		–		–		541		541		–		67		–
Written options	423		–		–		423		423		–		292		–
	1,024		–		–		1,024		1,024		–		711		–
Total foreign exchange derivatives	1,554,681		347,802		177,548		2,080,031		1,964,696		115,335		1,574,411		86,941
Credit derivatives
Over-the-counter
Credit default swap contracts – protection purchased	1,565		1,414		185		3,164		3,164		–		2,782		19
Centrally cleared credit default swap contracts – protection purchased	36		2,836		2,092		4,964		4,964		–		3,071		–
Credit default swap contracts – protection sold	103		520		103		726		726		–		936		–
Centrally cleared credit default swap contracts – protection sold	–		1,556		1,394		2,950		2,950		–		1,743		–
Total credit derivatives	1,704		6,326		3,774		11,804		11,804		–		8,532		19
Equity derivatives
Over-the-counter	117,883		62,742		1,282		181,907		178,673		3,234		163,965		2,357
Exchange-traded	78,747		54,757		984		134,488		134,488		–		159,341		–
Total equity derivatives	196,630		117,499		2,266		316,395		313,161		3,234		323,306		2,357
Precious metal and other commodity derivatives
Over-the-counter	57,167		26,283		949		84,399		84,396		3		83,474		13
Centrally cleared commodity derivatives	183		169		–		352		352		–		336		–
Exchange-traded	32,261		11,708		455		44,424		44,424		–		32,094		–
Total precious metal and other commodity derivatives	89,611		38,160		1,404		129,175		129,172		3		115,904		13
Total notional amount	6,765,396	$	3,285,154	$	1,837,827	$	11,888,377	$	10,806,893	$	1,081,484	$	7,322,125	$	1,030,499
Of which:
Over-the-counter	6,622,186	$	3,213,317	$	1,836,388	$	11,671,891	$	10,590,457	$	1,081,434	$	7,108,729	$	1,030,493
Exchange-traded	143,210		71,837		1,439		216,486		216,436		50		213,396		6

All values are in US Dollars.

Risk

In the following sections, we discuss the risks related to the use of derivatives and how we manage these risks.

Market risk

Derivatives are financial instruments where valuation is linked to changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity, commodity, credit prices, volatilities, indices or other underlying factors. Changes in value as a result of the aforementioned risk factors are referred to as market risk.

Market risk arising from derivative trading activities is managed in order to mitigate risk in line with CIBC’s risk appetite. To manage market risk, we set market risk limits and may enter into hedging transactions.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	148

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Consolidated financial statements

Credit risk

Credit risk arises from the potential for a counterparty to default on its contractual obligations and the possibility that prevailing market conditions are such that a loss would occur in replacing the defaulted transaction.

We limit the credit risk of OTC derivatives through the use of ISDA master netting agreements, collateral, CCPs and other credit mitigation techniques. We clear eligible derivatives through CCPs in accordance with various global initiatives. Where feasible, we novate existing bilaterally negotiated and settled derivatives to a CCP in an effort to reduce CIBC’s credit risk exposure. We establish counterparty credit limits and limits for CCP exposures based on a counterparty’s creditworthiness and the type of trading relationship with each counterparty (underlying agreements, business volumes, product types, tenors, etc.).

We negotiate netting agreements to contain the build-up of credit exposure resulting from multiple transactions with more active counterparties. Such agreements provide for the simultaneous close-out and netting of all transactions with a counterparty, in the case of a counterparty default. A number of these agreements incorporate a Credit Support Annex, which is a bilateral security agreement that, among other things, provides for the exchange of collateral between parties in the event that one party’s exposure to the other exceeds agreed upon thresholds.

Credit risk on exchange-traded futures and options is limited, as these transactions are standardized contracts executed on established exchanges, whose CCPs assume the obligations of both counterparties. Similarly, swaps that are centrally cleared represent limited credit risk because these transactions are novated to the CCP, which assumes the obligations of the original bilateral counterparty. All exchange-traded and centrally cleared contracts are subject to initial margin and daily settlement of variation margins, designed to protect participants from losses incurred from a counterparty default.

A CVA is determined using the fair value based exposure we have on derivative contracts. We believe that we have made appropriate fair value adjustments to date. The establishment of fair value adjustments involves estimates that are based on accounting processes and judgments by management. We evaluate the adequacy of the fair value adjustments on an ongoing basis. Market and economic conditions relating to derivative counterparties may change in the future, which could result in significant future losses.

The following table summarizes our credit exposure arising from derivatives, which includes the current replacement cost, credit equivalent amount and risk-weighted amount.

For the majority of OTC derivative transactions, we use the internal model method (IMM) for the determination of the EAD, using models that simulate the underlying risk factors and reflect netting and collateral agreements. For the minority of derivative transactions where we do not have regulatory approval to use IMM, we used the standardized approach for counterparty credit risk (SA-CCR).

millions, as at October 31								2025												2024
						Credit<br>equivalent<br> <br>amount<br><br>(2)		Risk-<br>weighted<br> <br>amount		Current replacement cost<br>(1)								Credit<br>equivalent<br> <br>amount <br>(2)		Risk-<br>weighted<br> <br>amount
		ALM		Total					Trading			ALM			Total
Interest rate derivatives
Over-the-counter
Forward rate agreements	3	$	6	$	9	$	32	$	15	$	2		$	1		$	3	$	31	$	15
Swap contracts	1,311		95		1,406		3,921		1,047		1,070			131			1,201		3,016		710
Purchased options	30		4		34		118		45		22			1			23		68		24
Written options	4		2		6		50		14		2			1			3		20		6
	1,348		107		1,455		4,121		1,121		1,096			134			1,230		3,135		755
Exchange-traded	1		–		1		80		3		2			–			2		35		1
Total interest rate derivatives	1,349		107		1,456		4,201		1,124		1,098			134			1,232		3,170		756
Foreign exchange derivatives
Over-the-counter
Forward contracts	1,658		72		1,730		5,954		2,019		1,923			308			2,231		5,985		2,010
Swap contracts	305		527		832		3,092		560		326			512			838		2,818		482
Purchased options	164		–		164		487		147		183			–			183		498		171
Written options	24		–		24		226		77		19			–			19		165		52
	2,151		599		2,750		9,759		2,803		2,451			820			3,271		9,466		2,715
Exchange-traded	–		–		–		1,697		68		–			–			–		499		20
Total foreign exchange derivatives	2,151		599		2,750		11,456		2,871		2,451			820			3,271		9,965		2,735
Credit derivatives
Over-the-counter
Credit default swap contracts
– protection purchased	2		–		2		164		16		2			–			2		121		14
– protection sold	–		–		–		17		4		–			–			–		18		4
Total credit derivatives	2		–		2		181		20		2			–			2		139		18
Equity derivatives
Over-the-counter	320		32		352		5,841		1,338		365			59			424		4,179		1,048
Exchange-traded	922		–		922		5,073		155		1,364			–			1,364		5,502		161
Total equity derivatives	1,242		32		1,274		10,914		1,493		1,729			59			1,788		9,681		1,209
Precious metal and other commodity derivatives
Over-the-counter	1,766		7		1,773		3,465		1,540		1,165			30			1,195		2,406		956
Exchange-traded	6		–		6		2,595		104		83			–			83		1,930		77
Total precious metal and other commodity derivatives	1,772		7		1,779		6,060		1,644		1,248			30			1,278		4,336		1,033
RWA related to non-trade exposures to central counterparties									534												414
RWA related to CVA capital charge									3,057												3,381
Total derivatives	6,516	$	745	$	7,261	$	32,812	$	10,743	$	6,528		$	1,043		$	7,571	$	27,291	$	9,546

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Current replacement cost reflects the current mark-to-market value of derivatives offset by eligible financial collateral, where present.
(2)	Under IMM, expected effective positive exposure (EEPE) is used, which computes, through simulation, the expected exposures with consideration to the expected movements in underlying risk factor and netting/collateral agreements. The EAD is calculated as EEPE multiplied by the prescribed alpha factor of 1.4. The EAD under <br>SA-CCR<br> is calculated as the sum of replacement cost and potential future exposure, multiplied by the prescribed alpha factor of 1.4.
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149	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements

The following table presents the current replacement cost of derivatives by geographic region based on the location of the derivative counterparty:

millions, as at October 31						2025								2024
		U.S.		Other<br>countries		Total		Canada		U.S.		Other<br>countries		Total
Derivative instruments
By counterparty type
Financial institutions	1,072	$	1,407	$	931	$	3,410	$	1,389	$	1,826	$	1,102	$	4,317
Governments	590		16		62		668		796		–		54		850
Corporate	1,870		861		452		3,183		1,524		409		471		2,404
Total derivative instruments	3,532	$	2,284	$	1,445	$	7,261	$	3,709	$	2,235	$	1,627	$	7,571

All values are in US Dollars.

Note 13	Designated accounting hedges

Hedge accounting

We apply hedge accounting as part of managing the market risk of certain non-trading portfolios arising from changes due to interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and equity market prices. See the shaded sections in “Non-trading activities” in the MD&A for further information on our risk management strategy for these risks. See Note 12 for further information on the derivatives used by CIBC.

Interest rate risk

The majority of our derivative contracts used to hedge certain exposures to benchmark interest rate risk are interest rate swaps. For fair value hedges, we convert our fixed interest rate exposures from the hedged financial instruments to floating interest rate exposures. For cash flow hedges, we convert certain exposures to cash flow variability from our variable rate instruments to fixed interest rate exposures.

Foreign currency risk

For our fair value hedges, we mainly use various combinations of cross-currency interest rate swaps and interest rate swaps to hedge our exposures to foreign currency risk together with interest rate risk, converting our fixed foreign currency rate exposures to floating functional currency rate exposures.

For our cash flow hedges, the majority of our derivative contracts are used to hedge our exposures to cash flow variability arising from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, and mainly consist of cross-currency interest rate swaps.

For NIFO hedges, we use a combination of foreign denominated deposit liabilities and foreign exchange forwards to manage our foreign currency exposure of our NIFOs with a functional currency other than the Canadian dollar.

Equity price risk

We use cash-settled TRS in designated cash flow hedge relationships to hedge changes in CIBC’s share price in respect of certain cash-settled share-based compensation awards. Note 16 provides details on our cash-settled share-based compensation plans.

For the hedge relationships described above, hedge effectiveness is assessed at the inception of the hedge relationship and on an ongoing basis, primarily using the dollar offset method. The sources of hedge ineffectiveness are mainly attributed to the following:

•	Utilization of hedging instruments that have a non-zero fair value at the inception of the hedge relationship;
•	Differences in fixed rates, when contractual coupons of the fixed rate hedged items are designated;
---	---
•	Differences in the discounting factors between the hedged item and the hedging instruments arising from different rate reset frequencies and timing of cash flows; and
---	---
•	Differences in the discount curves to determine the basis adjustments of the hedged items and the fair value of the hedging derivatives, including from the application of CVA to the valuation of derivatives when they are applicable.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	150
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Consolidated financial statements

Designated hedging instruments

The following table provides a summary of financial instruments designated as hedging instruments:

	Notional<br><br>amount of<br>the hedging<br>instrument<br>(1)			Maturity range									Fair value of the<br>hedging derivatives					Gains (losses) on<br><br>changes in fair value<br>used for calculating<br>hedge ineffectiveness
millions, as at October 31			Less than<br>1 year			1-5<br>years			Over 5<br>years			Assets			Liabilities
2025
	$	40,826		$	21,322		$	19,504		$	–		$	1,383		$	419	$	686
		53,148			1,052			49,251			2,845			–			7		568
		2,836			2,836			–			–			150			2		713
	$	96,810		$	25,210		$	68,755		$	2,845		$	1,533		$	428	$	1,967
	$	8,934		$	8,934		$	–		$	–		$	55		$	107	$	(64	)
		32,799			32,799			–			–			n/a			n/a		(233	)
	$	41,733		$	41,733		$	–		$	–		$	55		$	107	$	(297	)
	$	206,770		$	86,092		$	83,050		$	37,628		$	43		$	988	$	(158	)
		58,556			17,314			33,774			7,468			2,667			526		63
		29,331			8,146			18,720			2,465			–			1		315
	$	294,657		$	111,552		$	135,544		$	47,561		$	2,710		$	1,515	$	220
	$	433,200		$	178,495		$	204,299		$	50,406		$	4,298		$	2,050	$	1,890
2024
	$	29,207		$	14,559		$	14,648		$	–		$	1,008		$	366	$	713
		41,233			1,462			38,178			1,593			–			8		1,625
		2,087			1,810			277			–			156			3		920
	$	72,527		$	17,831		$	53,103		$	1,593		$	1,164		$	377	$	3,258
	$	7,658		$	7,658		$	–		$	–		$	15		$	106	$	(51	)
		32,084			32,084			–			–			n/a			n/a		(216	)
	$	39,742		$	39,742		$	–		$	–		$	15		$	106	$	(267	)
	$	267,334		$	118,011		$	117,322		$	32,001		$	77		$	926	$	(2,116	)
		41,491			13,249			25,647			2,595			1,617			758		51
		21,336			6,591			14,257			488			–			15		694
	$	330,161		$	137,851		$	157,226		$	35,084		$	1,694		$	1,699	$	(1,371	)
	$	442,430		$	195,424		$	210,329		$	36,677		$	2,873		$	2,182	$	1,620

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	For some hedge relationships, we apply a combination of derivatives to hedge the underlying exposures; therefore, the notional amounts of the derivatives generally exceed the carrying amount of the hedged items.
(2)	Notional amount represents the principal amount of deposits as at October 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024.
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n/a	Not applicable.
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151	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements

The following table provides the average rate or price of the hedging derivatives:

As at October 31							Average<br>share price
2025	Cash flow hedges
	Foreign exchange risk
	Cross-currency interest rate swaps	AUD – CAD	0.90		n/a			n/a
		– CAD	1.53		n/a			n/a
		– CAD	1.77		n/a			n/a
	Interest rate risk
	Interest rate swaps		n/a	CAD	2.83	%		n/a
			n/a		3.68	%		n/a
	Equity share price risk
	Equity swaps		n/a		n/a		$	89.81
	NIFO hedges
	Foreign exchange risk
	Foreign exchange forwards	AUD – CAD	0.93		n/a			n/a
		HKD – CAD	0.18		n/a			n/a
	Fair value hedges
	Interest rate risk
	Interest rate swaps		n/a	CAD	2.90	%		n/a
	Foreign exchange / interest rate risk
	Cross-currency interest rate swaps	– CAD	1.50		0.94	%		n/a
		CHF – CAD	1.41		n/a			n/a
		– CAD	1.42		2.56	%		n/a
	Interest rate swaps		n/a	CHF	0.26	%		n/a
			n/a		1.24	%		n/a
			n/a		1.14	%		n/a
			n/a		3.82	%		n/a
2024	Cash flow hedges
	Foreign exchange risk
	Cross-currency interest rate swaps	AUD – CAD	0.91		n/a			n/a
		– CAD	1.47		n/a			n/a
		– CAD	1.70		n/a			n/a
	Interest rate risk
	Interest rate swaps		n/a	CAD	3.44	%		n/a
			n/a		4.09	%		n/a
	Equity share price risk
	Equity swaps		n/a		n/a		$	72.68
	NIFO hedges
	Foreign exchange risk
	Foreign exchange forwards	AUD – CAD	0.92		n/a			n/a
		HKD – CAD	0.18		n/a			n/a
	Fair value hedges
	Interest rate risk
	Interest rate swaps		n/a	CAD	3.71	%		n/a
	Foreign exchange / interest rate risk
	Cross-currency interest rate swaps	– CAD	1.46		0.63	%		n/a
		CHF – CAD	1.38		n/a			n/a
		– CAD	1.32		2.06	%		n/a
	Interest rate swaps		n/a	CHF	0.23	%		n/a
			n/a		0.89	%		n/a
			n/a		0.82	%		n/a

All values are in Euros.

(1)	Includes average foreign exchange rates and interest rates relating to significant hedging relationships.
n/a	Not applicable.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	152
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Consolidated financial statements

Designated hedged items

The following table provides information on designated hedged items:

	Carrying amount of<br>the hedged item				Accumulated amount of<br>fair value hedge adjustments<br>on the hedged item						Gains (losses) on<br>change in fair<br>value used for<br>calculating hedge<br> <br>ineffectiveness
millions, as at or for the year ended October 31	Assets		Liabilities		Assets			Liabilities
2025
	$	–	$	22,807		n/a			n/a		$	(687	)
		53,148		–		n/a			n/a			(565	)
		–		2,824		n/a			n/a			(713	)
	$	53,148	$	25,631		n/a			n/a		$	(1,965	)
	$	41,733	$	–		n/a			n/a		$	297
	$	85,323	$	–	$	931		$	–		$	1,114
		11,014		–		97			–			(186	)
		–		99,987		–			(664	)		(741	)
		–		5,530		–			142			(60	)
		14		–		–			–			–
		–		31,903		–			(375	)		(372	)
	$	96,351	$	137,420	$	1,028		$	(897	)	$	(245	)
2024
	$	–	$	16,524		n/a			n/a		$	(710	)
		41,233		–		n/a			n/a			(1,622	)
		–		2,074		n/a			n/a			(920	)
	$	41,233	$	18,598		n/a			n/a		$	(3,252	)
	$	39,742	$	–		n/a			n/a		$	267
	$	72,816	$	–	$	(115	)	$	–		$	3,446
		51,302		–		770			–			1,057
		–		133,104		–			(1,142	)		(2,135	)
		–		6,189		–			96			(207	)
		–		21,531		–			(733	)		(741	)
	$	124,118	$	160,824	$	655		$	(1,779	)	$	1,420

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	As at October 31, 2025, the amount remaining in AOCI related to discontinued cash flow hedges was a net gain of $544 million (2024: net loss of $198 million).
(2)	As at October 31, 2025, the accumulated fair value hedge net asset adjustment remaining on the consolidated balance sheet related to discontinued fair value hedges was $126 million (2024: net liability adjustment of $286 million).
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n/a	Not applicable.
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Hedge accounting gains (losses) in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income

millions, for the year ended October 31	Beginning<br>balance of<br>AOCI – hedge<br><br>reserve (after-tax)			Change in<br>the value of the<br>hedging instrument<br>recognized in<br>OCI (before-tax)			Amount<br>reclassified from<br>accumulated<br>OCI to income<br>(before-tax) <br>(1)			Tax<br>benefit<br>(expense)			Ending balance<br>of AOCI<br>hedge reserve<br>(after-tax)			Hedge<br>ineffectiveness<br>gains (losses)<br>recognized<br>in income
2025
	$	(20	)	$	687		$	(672	)	$	(4	)	$	(9	)	$	(1	)
		396			565			79			(179	)		861			3
		133			713			(692	)		(6	)		148			–
	$	509		$	1,965		$	(1,285	)	$	(189	)	$	1,000		$	2
	$	(3,215	)	$	(297	)	$	–		$	(68	)	$	(3,580	)	$	–
2024
	$	(27	)	$	710		$	(701	)	$	(2	)	$	(20	)	$	3
		(970	)		1,622			270			(526	)		396			3
		(29	)		920			(696	)		(62	)		133			–
	$	(1,026	)	$	3,252		$	(1,127	)	$	(590	)	$	509		$	6
	$	(2,948	)	$	(267	)	$	–		$	–		$	(3,215	)	$	–

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	During the year ended October 31, 2025, the amount reclassified from AOCI to net income for cash flow hedges of forecasted transactions that were no longer expected to occur was nil (2024: nil).
153	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements

Hedge accounting gains (losses) in the consolidated statement of income

millions, for the year ended October 31	Gains (losses)<br>on the hedging<br>instruments			Gains (losses) on<br>the hedged items<br>attributable<br>to hedged risk			Hedge<br>ineffectiveness<br>gains (losses)<br>recognized in income
2025
	$	(158	)	$	127		$	(31	)
		378			(372	)		6
	$	220		$	(245	)	$	(25	)
2024
	$	(2,116	)	$	2,161		$	45
		745			(741	)		4
	$	(1,371	)	$	1,420		$	49

All values are in US Dollars.

Note 14	Subordinated indebtedness

The debt issues included in the table below are outstanding unsecured obligations of CIBC and its subsidiaries and are subordinated to the claims of depositors and other creditors as set out in their terms. Foreign currency denominated indebtedness funds foreign currency denominated assets. All redemptions are subject to regulatory approval.

Terms of subordinated indebtedness

millions, as at October 31												2025					2024
					Earliest date redeemable
Interestrate %		Contractual<br><br>maturity date			At greater of<br>Canada Yield Price <br>(1)<br><br>and par		At par		Denominated<br>in foreign<br>currency			Carrying<br>value<br><br>(2)		Par<br><br>value			Carrying<br>value<br>(2)
			May 25, 2029	(3)							25	$	30	$	25		$	31
	(4)(5)		July 21, 2030					July 21, 2025			–		–		1,000			979
			January 7, 2031			January 7, 1996					200		192		200			186
	(4)(6)		April 21, 2031					April 21, 2026			1,000		988		1,000			958
			May 15, 2031			May 15, 2021					150		144		150			140
	(4)(7)		April 7, 2032					April 7, 2027			1,000		1,003		1,000			993
			May 25, 2032	(3)							25		33		25			33
	(4)(8)		January 20, 2033					January 20, 2028			1,000		1,011		1,000			1,060
	(4)(9)		April 20, 2033					April 20, 2028			750		765		750			750
			May 25, 2033	(3)							25		34		25			34
	(4)(10)		January 16, 2034					January 16, 2029			1,250		1,293		1,250			1,250
	(4)(11)		June 12, 2034					June 12, 2029			1,000		1,034		1,000			1,000
	(4)(12)		April 2, 2035					April 2, 2030			1,250		1,252		–			–
			May 25, 2035	(3)							25		35		25			35
	(13)		July 31, 2084					July 27, 1990		US38 million	–		–		53			53
	(14)		August 31, 2085					August 20, 1991		US10 million	–		–		13			13
											7,700		7,814		7,516			7,515
											5		5		(50	)		(50	)
											7,705	$	7,819	$	7,466		$	7,465

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Canada Yield Price: a price calculated at the time of redemption to provide a yield to maturity equal to the yield of a Government of Canada bond of appropriate maturity plus a pre-determined spread.
(2)	Carrying values of fixed-rate subordinated indebtedness notes reflect the impact of interest rate hedges in an effective hedge relationship.
---	---
(3)	Not redeemable prior to maturity date.
---	---
(4)	Debentures are also subject to a non-viability contingent capital (NVCC) provision, necessary for the Debentures to qualify as Tier 2 regulatory capital under Basel III. As such, the Debentures are automatically converted into common shares upon the occurrence of a Trigger Event as described in the capital adequacy guidelines. In such an event, the Debentures are convertible into a number of common shares, determined by dividing 150% of the par value plus accrued and unpaid interest by the average common share price (as defined in the relevant prospectus supplements) subject to a minimum price of $2.50 per share (subject to adjustment in certain events as defined in the relevant prospectus supplements).
---	---
(5)	On July 21, 2025, we redeemed all $<br>1.0<br>billion of our 2.01% Debentures due July 21, 2030. In accordance with their terms, the Debentures were redeemed at 100% of their principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon.
---	---
(6)	Interest rate is fixed at the indicated rate until the earliest date redeemable at par by CIBC and, thereafter, at a rate of 0.56% above the three-month Canadian dollar bankers’ acceptance rate or an appropriate alternative rate.
---	---
(<br>7<br>)	Interest rate is fixed at the indicated rate until the earliest date redeemable at par by CIBC and, thereafter, at Daily Compounded Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average (CORRA) plus 1.69%.
---	---
(<br>8<br>)	Interest rate is fixed at the indicated rate until the earliest date redeemable at par by CIBC and, thereafter, at Daily Compounded CORRA plus 2.37%.
---	---
(<br>9<br>)	Interest rate is fixed at the indicated rate until the earliest date redeemable at par by CIBC and, thereafter, at Daily Compounded CORRA plus 2.23%.
---	---
(1<br>0<br>)	Interest rate is fixed at the indicated rate until the earliest date redeemable at par by CIBC and, thereafter, at Daily Compounded CORRA plus 2.02%.
---	---
(1<br>1<br>)	Interest rate is fixed at the indicated rate until the earliest date redeemable at par by CIBC and, thereafter, at Daily Compounded CORRA plus 1.56%.
---	---
(1<br>2<br>)	Interest rate is fixed at the indicated rate until the earliest date redeemable at par by CIBC and, thereafter, at Daily Compounded CORRA plus 1.72%.
---	---
(1<br>3<br>)	On January 31, 2025, we redeemed all US$38 million of our Floating Rate Subordinated Capital Debentures due 2084.<br><br><br>In accordance with their terms, the Debentures were redeemed at 100% of their principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon.
---	---
(1<br>4<br>)	On February 28, 2025, we redeemed all US$10 million of our Floating Rate Subordinated Capital Debentures due 2085.<br><br><br>In accordance with their terms, the Debentures were redeemed at 100% of their principal amount, together with accrued and unpaid interest thereon.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	154
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Consolidated financial statements
Note 15	Common and preferred shares and other equity instruments
---	---

The following table presents the number of common and preferred shares outstanding and dividends paid, and other equity instruments and distributions paid thereon:

Common and preferred shares outstanding and other equity instruments

millions, except number of shares and per shareamounts, as at or for the year ended October 31								2025									2024
						Dividends and<br><br>distributions paid			Shares outstanding						Dividends and<br>distributions paid
			Amount			Amount		pershare	Number<br><br>of shares			Amount			Amount		pershare
Common shares	926,610,598		$	16,842		$	3,629			942,285,419		$	17,009		$	3,382
Class A Preferred Shares
Series 39 (1)	–			–			–			–			–			11
Series 41 (2)	–			–			3			12,000,000			300			12
Series 43 (3)	–			–			7			12,000,000			300			9
Series 47	18,000,000			450			26			18,000,000			450			27
Series 49 (4)	–			–			–			–			–			8
Series 51 (5)	–			–			–			–			–			10
Series 56	600,000			600			44			600,000			600			44
Series 57	500,000			500			37			500,000			500			22
Series 61	150,000			150			6			–			–			–
Total			$	1,700		$	123					$	2,150		$	143
Treasury shares – common shares (6)	3,438		$	3						9,179		$	2
Treasury shares – preferred shares (6)	(1,223	)		(1	)					(3,778	)		(4	)
Other Equity Instruments (7)
Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 1 (8)			$	–		$	30					$	750		$	33
Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 2				750			30						750			30
Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 3				800			57						800			57
Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 4				500			38						500			–
Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 5 (9)				693			48						–			–
Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 6				450			17						–			–
Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 7 (9)				1,027			21						–			–
Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 8				450			–						–			–
Total			$	4,670		$	241					$	2,800		$	120

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Series 39 preferred shares were redeemed at par value for a total price of $400 million on July 31, 2024.
(2)	Series 41 preferred shares were redeemed at par value for a total price of $300 million on January 31, 2025.
---	---
(3)	Series 43 preferred shares were redeemed at par value for a total price of $300 million on July 31, 2025.
---	---
(4)	Series 49 preferred shares were redeemed at par value for a total price of $325 million on April 30, 2024.
---	---
(5)	Series 51 preferred shares were redeemed at par value for a total price of $250 million on July 31, 2024.
---	---
(6)	A long position in our own shares is shown as a negative number, which reduces the number of shares outstanding. A short position is shown as a positive number, which adds to the number of shares outstanding. See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for the accounting policy on treasury shares.
---	---
(7)	See the “Limited Recourse Capital Notes (LRCNs)” section below for details.
---	---
(8)	Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 1 were redeemed at their principal amount of $750 million on September 29, 2025.
---	---
(9)	For Limited Recourse Capital Notes – Series 5 and Series 7, the amount represents the Canadian dollar equivalent of the U.S. dollar notional amount.
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Common shares

CIBC’s authorized capital consists of an unlimited number of common shares, without nominal or par value.

Common shares issued

millions, except number of shares, as at or for the year ended October 31			2025						2024
			Amount			Number<br><br>of shares			Amount
Balance at beginning of year	942,294,598		$	17,011			931,098,941		$	16,082
Issuance pursuant to:
Equity-settled share-based compensation plans	2,824,550			168			2,593,751			148
Shareholder investment plan (1)	629			–			10,986,157			698
Employee share purchase plan (2)	–			–			2,626,726			173
	945,119,777		$	17,179			947,305,575		$	17,101
Purchase of common shares for cancellation	(18,500,000	)		(335	)		(5,000,000	)		(90	)
Treasury shares	(5,741	)		1			(10,977	)		–
Balance at end of year	926,614,036		$	16,845			942,294,598		$	17,011

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Commencing with dividends paid on January 28, 2025 and for future dividends declared until further notice, common shares received by participants under the shareholder investment plan were purchased from the open market, a change from issuance from Treasury. For the share purchase option, this change became effective February 1, 2025. Commencing with the dividends paid on July 29, 2024, common shares received by participants were issued from Treasury without a discount.
(2)	Commencing October 11, 2024, employee contributions to our Canadian ESPP were invested to acquire common shares in the open market. Previously, these shares were issued from Treasury.
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Common shares reserved for issue

As at October 31, 2025, 19,949,155 common shares (2024: 22,773,705) were reserved for future issue pursuant to stock option plans, 33,960,071 common shares (2024: 33,960,700) were reserved for future issue pursuant to the Shareholder Investment Plan, 3,731,131 common shares (2024: 3,731,131) were reserved for future issue pursuant to the ESPP and other activities, and 7,061,332,920 common shares (2024: 6,318,544,500)

were

155	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

reserved for future issue pursuant to instruments which include an NVCC provision requiring conversion into common shares upon the occurrence of a Trigger Event as described in the capital adequacy guidelines.

Normal course issuer bid (NCIB)

On September 8, 2025, we announced that the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) had accepted the notice of our intention to commence an NCIB. Purchases under this bid will be completed upon the earlier of: (i) CIBC purchasing 20 million common shares; (ii) CIBC providing a notice of termination; or (iii) September 9, 2026. 3,500,000 common shares were purchased and cancelled during the fourth quarter at an average price of $112.54 for a total amount of $393 million.

The following table shows common shares purchased and cancelled under current and previously expired NCIBs.

millions, except number of shares, as at or for the year ended October 31		2025				2024				Total
TSX approval date		Amount		Number<br><br>of shares		Amount		Number<br><br>of shares		Amount
September 5, 2024 (1)	15,000,000	$	1,338		5,000,000	$	419		20,000,000	$	1,757
September 5, 2025 (2)	3,500,000		393		–		–		3,500,000		393
Total	18,500,000	$	1,731		5,000,000	$	419		23,500,000	$	2,150

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Common shares were repurchased at an average price of $87.80 under this NCIB.
(2)	Common shares were repurchased at an average price of $112.54 under this NCIB.
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Preferred shares and other equity instruments

Preferred shares

CIBC is authorized to issue an unlimited number of Class A Preferred Shares and Class B Preferred Shares without nominal or par value, issuable in series, provided that, for each class of preferred shares, the maximum aggregate consideration for all outstanding shares at any time does not exceed $10 billion. There are no Class B Preferred Shares currently outstanding.

Terms of Class A Preferred Shares

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 47, 56, 57 and 61 (NVCC) are redeemable instruments, subject to regulatory approval, for cash by CIBC on or after the specified redemption dates at the cash redemption prices indicated in the terms of the preferred shares. These preferred shares are compound instruments with both equity and liability features as payments of dividends and principal in cash are made at our discretion. The liability component has a nominal value and, as a result, the full proceeds received upon issuance have been presented as equity on the consolidated balance sheet, and any dividend payments paid thereon are accounted for as equity distributions.

millions, except per share amounts, outstanding as at October 31, 2025
		Cash<br>redemption<br>price<br>per share		Current<br>dividend<br>rate			Issue date	Dividend<br>payment<br>frequency	Dividends<br>per share <br>(1)		Next dividend<br><br>reset date <br>(2)	Dividend<br>after reset	Earliest specified redemption date <br>(3)(4)
Series 47 (5)(6)	450	$	25.00		5.878	%	January 18, 2018	Quarterly	$	0.367375	January 31, 2028	GoC <br>(7)<br>+ 2.45 %	January 31, 2028
Series 56	600		1,000.00		7.365	%	September 16, 2022	Semi-annual		36.825	October 28, 2027	GoC <br>(7)<br>+ 4.20 %	September 28<br>-October 28, 2027
Series 57	500		1,000.00		7.337	%	March 12, 2024	Semi-annual		36.685	April 12, 2029	GoC <br>(7)<br>+ 3.90 %	March <br>12<br><br>-April 12, 2029
Series 61	150		1,000.00		6.369	%	March 24, 2025	Semi-annual		31.845	April 28, 2030	GoC <br>(7)<br>+ 3.65 %	March <br>28<br><br>-<br><br>April 28,<br> 2030

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Dividends may be adjusted depending on the timing of issuance or redemption.
(2)	Subsequent interest reset dates are every five years from the date shown.
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(3)	Redemptions are subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares. Redemptions may be in whole or in part.
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(4)	Redemptions are at par. Subsequent redemption dates are every five years after this date.
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(5)	Interest rate was reset January 31, 2023.
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(6)	Holders have the right to convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Non-cumulative Floating Rate Class A Preferred Shares Series 48 (NVCC) (Series 48 shares), subject to certain conditions, on January 31, 2023 and on January 31 every five years thereafter. Holders of the Series 48 shares will be entitled to receive a quarterly floating rate dividend, if declared, equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury Bill yield plus 2.45%. Holders of the then outstanding Series 48 shares may convert their shares on a one-for-one basis into Series 47 shares, subject to certain conditions, on January 31, 2028 and on January 31 every five years thereafter.
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(7)	The prevailing five-year Government of Canada bond yield.
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Limited Recourse Capital Notes (LRCNs)

(1)

The LRCNs are compound instruments with both equity and liability features as payments of interest and principal in cash are made at our discretion, as the sole recourse of each Note holder in the event of non-payment will be limited to that holder’s proportionate share of the Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series held in the CIBC LRCN Limited Recourse Trust (Limited Recourse Trust). The liability component of the LRCNs has a nominal value and, as a result, the full proceeds received upon the issuance of the LRCNs have been presented as equity on the consolidated balance sheet, and any interest payments paid thereon are accounted for as equity distributions. Our significant terms and conditions are presented in the table below:

millions, outstanding as at October 31, 2025
		Current<br>interest<br>rate			Issue date		Payment<br>frequency	Next interest<br><br>reset date <br>(2)	Interest rate<br>reference<br>after reset		Earliest specified redemption date <br>(3)	Maturity date
Series 2	750		4.000	%		September 14, 2021	Semi-annual	January 28, 2027		GoC<br>(4)<br> + 3.10 %	December 28, 2026<br>-January 28, 2027<br><br>(5)	January 28, 2082
Series 3	800		7.150	%		June 15, 2022	Semi-annual	July 28, 2027		GoC<br>(4)<br> + 4.00 %	June 28<br>-July 28, 2027<br><br>(5)	July 28, 2082
Series 4	500		6.987	%		June 25, 2024	Semi-annual	July 28, 2029		GoC<br>(4)<br> + 3.70 %	June 28<br>-July 28, 2029<br><br>(5)	July 28, 2084
Series 5	500		6.950	%		November 5, 2024	Quarterly	January 28, 2030		UST<br>(6)<br> + 2.83 %	January 28, 2030 <br>(7)	January 28, 2085
Series 6	450		6.369	%		March 24, 2025	Semi-annual	April 30, 2030		GoC<br>(4)<br> + 3.65 %	March 28<br>-April 28, 2030<br><br>(5)	April 28, 2085
Series 7	750		7.000	%		July 14, 2025	Quarterly	October 28, 2030		UST<br>(6)<br> + 3.00 %	October 28, 2030 <br>(7)	October 28, 2085
Series 8	450		5.898	%		September 29, 2025	Semi-annual	January 28, 2031		GoC<br>(4)<br> + 3.11 %	December 28, 2030<br>-January 28, 2031<br> <br>(5)	January 28, 2086

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	LRCN Series 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness) were concurrently issued with <br>Non-cumulative<br> <br>5-Year<br> Fixed Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, and 63 (NVCC), respectively, which are held by the consolidated entity, Limited Recourse Trust, and, as a result, eliminated in CIBC’s consolidated financial statements. In the event of <br>non-payment<br> by CIBC of the principal amount of, interest on, or redemption price for the LRCNs when due, the sole remedy of each LRCN Note holder is limited to that holder’s proportionate share of the Series’ Class A Preferred Shares held in the Limited Recourse Trust.
(2)	Subsequent interest reset dates are five years from the date shown, with the last interest rate reset date five years before the maturity date.
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(3)	Redemptions are subject to regulatory approval. Redemptions may be in whole or in part.
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(4)	The prevailing five-year Government of Canada bond yield.
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(5)	Redemptions are at par. Subsequent redemption dates are every five years after this date.
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(6)	The prevailing five-year US Treasury rate.
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(7)	Redemptions are at par. Subsequent redemption dates are every January 28, April 28, July 28 and October 28 after this date.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	156
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Consolidated financial statements

NVCC conversion mechanics

Each series of Class A Preferred Shares and LRCNs discussed above are subject to an NVCC provision, necessary for the shares and LRCNs to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital under Basel III. As such, the Class A Preferred Shares and LRCNs are automatically converted into common shares upon the occurrence of a Trigger Event. As described in the Capital Adequacy Guidelines, a Trigger Event occurs when OSFI determines the bank is or is about to become non-viable and, if after conversion of all contingent instruments and consideration of any other relevant factors or circumstances, it is reasonably likely that its viability will be restored or maintained; or if the bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection or equivalent support from a federal or provincial government, without which OSFI would have determined the bank to be non-viable. In such an event, Class A Preferred Shares Series 47, 56, 57 and 61 will be converted into a number of common shares, determined by dividing the par value plus accrued and unpaid interest by the average common share price (as defined in the relevant prospectus supplements) subject to a minimum price of $

2.50

per share (subject to adjustment in certain events as defined in the relevant prospectus supplements). Series 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62 and 63 Preferred Shares held in the Limited Recourse Trust will automatically and immediately be converted, without the consent of LRCN Note holders, into a variable number of common shares which will be delivered to LRCN Note holders in satisfaction of the principal amount of, and accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the LRCNs. All claims of LRCN Note holders against CIBC under the LRCNs will be extinguished upon receipt of such common shares.

Restrictions on the payment of dividends

Under Section 79 of the Bank Act (Canada), a bank, including CIBC, is prohibited from declaring or paying any dividends on its preferred or common shares if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the bank is, or the payment would cause it to be, in contravention of any capital adequacy or liquidity regulation or any direction to the bank made by OSFI.

In addition, our ability to pay common share dividends is also restricted by the terms of the outstanding preferred shares. These terms provide that we may not pay dividends on our common shares at any time without the approval of holders of the outstanding preferred shares, unless all dividends to preferred shareholders that are then payable have been declared and paid or set apart for payment. Our Series 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62 and 63 Preferred Shares further limit the payment of dividends on the outstanding Class A Preferred Shares Series 47, 56, 57 and 61 in certain limited circumstances.

Currently, these limitations do not restrict the payment of dividends on our preferred or common shares.

Capital

Objectives, policy and procedures

Our overall capital management objective is to employ a strong and efficient capital base. We manage capital in accordance with a capital policy approved by the Board, which includes specific guidelines that relate to capital strength, capital mix, dividends and return of capital, and the unconsolidated capital adequacy of regulated entities. Capital is monitored continuously for compliance.

Each year, a Capital Plan and three-year outlook are established as a part of the financial plan, and they encompass all material elements of capital: forecasts of sources and uses of capital including earnings, dividends, business growth, and corporate initiatives, as well as maturities, redemptions, and issuances of capital instruments. The Capital Plan is stress-tested to ensure that it is sufficiently robust under severe but plausible stress scenarios. The level of capital and capital ratios are monitored throughout the year including a comparison to the Capital Plan. There were no significant changes made to the objectives, policy, guidelines and procedures during the year.

Regulatory capital, leverage and total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC) requirements

Our regulatory capital requirements are determined in accordance with guidelines issued by OSFI, which are based on the capital standards developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS).

CIBC has been designated by OSFI as a domestic systemically important bank (D-SIB) in Canada, and is subject to a Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) surcharge equal to 1.0% of risk-weighted assets (RWA). OSFI also expected D-SIBs to hold a Domestic Stability Buffer (DSB) of 3.5% as at October 31,  2025 and 2024 . The resulting targets established by OSFI for D-SIBs, including all buffer requirements, for CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratios are 11.5%, 13.0%, and 15.0%, respectively.

Regulatory capital consists of CET1, Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. CET1 capital includes common shares, retained earnings, AOCI (excluding AOCI relating to cash flow hedges and changes to FVO liabilities attributable to changes in own credit risk), and qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated banking subsidiary to third parties, less regulatory adjustments for items such as goodwill and other intangible assets (net of related deferred tax liabilities), certain deferred tax assets, net assets related to defined benefit pension plans as reported on our consolidated balance sheet (net of related deferred tax liabilities), and certain investments. Additional Tier 1 (AT1) capital primarily includes NVCC preferred shares, LRCNs, and qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated subsidiary to third parties. Tier 2 capital includes NVCC subordinated indebtedness, eligible general allowance, and qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated subsidiary to third parties.

To supplement risk-based capital requirements, OSFI expects federally regulated deposit-taking institutions to have a leverage ratio, which is a non-risk-based capital metric, that meets or exceeds 3.5%, including a 0.5% D-SIB buffer.

OSFI also requires D-SIBs to maintain a supervisory target TLAC ratio (which builds on the risk-based capital ratios) and a minimum TLAC leverage ratio (which builds on the leverage ratio). OSFI expects D-SIBs to have a minimum risk-based TLAC ratio of 21.5% plus the then applicable DSB requirement (3.5% as noted above), and a minimum TLAC leverage ratio of 7.25%. TLAC consists of regulatory capital and bail-in eligible liabilities that have residual maturity greater than one year.

These targets may be higher for certain institutions at OSFI’s discretion. During the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024, we have complied with OSFI’s regulatory capital, leverage ratio, and TLAC requirements.

Our capital, leverage and TLAC ratios are presented in the table below:

millions, as at October 31	2025			2024
CET1 capital	$	47,718		$	44,516
Tier 1 capital		54,105			49,481
Total capital		62,287			56,809
Total RWA		357,803			333,502
CET1 ratio		13.3	%		13.3	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		15.1	%		14.8	%
Total capital ratio		17.4	%		17.0	%
Leverage ratio exposure	$	1,261,098		$	1,155,432
Leverage ratio		4.3	%		4.3	%
TLAC available	$	114,102		$	101,062
TLAC ratio		31.9	%		30.3	%
TLAC leverage ratio		9.0	%		8.7	%

All values are in US Dollars.

157	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements
Note 16	Share-based payments
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We provide the following share-based compensation to certain employees and directors in the form of cash-settled or equity-settled awards.

Restricted share award plan

Under the RSA plan, share unit equivalents (RSA units) are granted to certain key employees on an annual basis or during the year as special grants. RSA grants are made in the form of cash-settled awards which generally vest and settle in cash either at the end of three years or one-third annually beginning one year after the date of the grant. Dividend equivalents on RSA units are paid in cash or in the form of additional RSA units to the employees at the end of the vesting period or settlement date.

Grant date fair value of each cash-settled RSA unit granted is calculated based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to a date specified in the grant terms. Upon vesting, each RSA unit is settled in cash based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to the vesting date.

During the year, 5,648,682 RSAs were granted at a weighted-average price of $90.60 (2024: 7,327,029 granted at a weighted-average price of $53.93) and the number of RSAs outstanding as at October 31, 2025 was 19,337,420 (2024: 19,761,344). Compensation expense in respect of RSAs, before the impact of hedging for changes in share price, totalled $1,069 million in 2025 (2024: $1,007 million). As at October 31, 2025, liabilities in respect of RSAs, which are included in Other liabilities, were $2,029 million (2024: $1,506 million).

Performance share unit plan

Under the PSU plan, awards are granted to certain key employees on an annual basis in December. PSU grants are made in the form of cash-settled awards which vest and settle in cash at the end of three years. Dividend equivalents on PSUs are provided in the form of additional PSUs.

The grant date fair value of each cash-settled PSU is calculated based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to a date specified in the grant terms. The final number of PSUs that vest will range from 75% to 125% of the initial number awarded based on CIBC’s performance relative to the other major Canadian banks. Beginning with awards granted in December 2023, the final number of PSUs that will vest is also based upon CIBC’s performance relative to internal targets. Upon vesting, each PSU is settled in cash based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to the vesting date.

During the year, 1,595,731 PSUs were granted at a weighted-average price of $90.74 (2024: 2,220,555 granted at a weighted-average price of $53.77). As at October 31, 2025, the number of PSUs outstanding, before the impact of CIBC’s relative performance, was 6,063,223 (2024: 6,227,116). Compensation expense in respect of PSUs, before the impact of hedging for changes in share price, totalled $414 million in 2025 (2024: $380 million). As at October 31, 2025, liabilities in respect of PSUs, which are included in Other liabilities, were $795 million (2024: $568 million).

Deferred share unit plan/deferred compensation plan

Under the DSU plan and DCP plan, certain employees can elect to receive DSUs in exchange for cash compensation that they would otherwise be entitled to. In addition, certain key employees are granted DSUs during the year as special grants. DSUs are generally fully vested upon grant or vest in accordance with the vesting schedule defined in the grant agreement and settle in cash on a date within the period specified in the plan terms. Employees receive dividend equivalents in the form of additional DSUs. Effective January 1, 2024, the DCP was amended to no longer permit the grant of new DSU awards.

Grant date fair value of each cash-settled DSU that is not granted under the DCP is calculated based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to a date specified in the grant terms. These DSUs are settled in cash based on the average closing price per common share on the TSX for the 10 trading days prior to the payout date and after the employee’s termination of employment. The grant date fair value for DCP grants was based on the closing stock price on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on the last day of the calendar quarter. Upon distribution, DSUs granted under the DCP plan are settled in cash based on the closing price per common share on the NYSE on the business day that the payment is made.

During the year, 240,014 DSUs were granted at a weighted-average price of $90.88 (2024: 413,925 granted at a weighted-average price of $56.06) and the number of DSUs outstanding as at October 31, 2025 was 2,692,494 (2024: 2,463,430). Compensation expense in respect of DSUs, before the impact of hedging for changes in share price, totalled $119 million in 2025 (2024: $126 million). As at October 31, 2025, liabilities in respect of DSUs, which are included in Other liabilities, were $345 million (2024: $238 million).

Directors’ plans

Each director who is not an officer or employee of CIBC may elect to receive: (i) the annual equity retainer as either DSUs or common shares, under the Director DSU/Common Share Election Plan; and (ii) all or a portion of their remuneration in the form of cash, common shares or DSUs under the Non-Officer Director Share Plan.

The value of DSUs credited to a director is payable when he or she is no longer a director or employee of CIBC or of an affiliate of CIBC, and for directors subject to section 409A of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the director is not providing any services to CIBC or any member of its controlled group as an independent contractor. In addition, under the Director DSU/Common Share Election Plan, the value of DSUs is payable only if the director is not related to, or affiliated with, CIBC as defined in the Income Tax Act (Canada).

Other non-interest expense in respect of the DSU components, before the impact of hedging for changes in share price of these plans, totalled $13 million in 2025 (2024: $14 million). As at October 31, 2025, liabilities in respect of DSUs, which are included in Other liabilities, were $38 million (2024: $25 million).

Stock option plans

Under the ESOP, stock options are periodically granted to certain key employees. Options provide the employee with the right to purchase common shares from CIBC at a fixed price not less than the closing price of the shares on the trading day immediately preceding the grant date. In general, the options vest by the end of the fourth year and expire 10 years from the grant date.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	158

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Consolidated financial statements

The following tables summarize the activities of the stock options and provide additional details related to stock options outstanding and vested.

As at or for the year ended October 31				2025					2024
	Number<br> of stock<br> options			Weighted-<br> average<br> exercise<br> price<br><br>(1)		Number<br> of stock<br> options			Weighted-<br> average<br> exercise<br> price
Outstanding at beginning of year		15,967,581		$	58.55		14,688,079		$	58.47
Granted		2,422,512			94.35		3,973,361			56.55
Exercised<br>(2)		(2,824,550	)		54.71		(2,593,751	)		52.72
Forfeited/cancelled/expired		(44,171	)		66.86		(100,108	)		60.44
Outstanding at end of year		15,521,372		$	64.81		15,967,581		$	58.55
Exercisable at end of year		4,508,217		$	58.94		5,033,423		$	55.17
Available for grant		4,427,783					6,806,124
(1)	For foreign currency-denominated options granted and exercised during the year, the weighted-average exercise prices are converted using exchange rates as at the grant date and settlement date, respectively. The weighted-average exercise price of outstanding balances as at October 31, 2025 reflects the conversion of foreign currency-denominated options at the year-end exchange rate.
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(2)	The weighted-average share price at the date of exercise was $96.04 (2024: $65.04).
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As at October 31, 2025						Stock options vested
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Range of exercise prices		Weighted-<br>average<br>contractual life<br>remaining		Weighted-<br>average<br>exercise<br>price		Number<br>outstanding		Weighted-<br>average<br>exercise<br>price
1.00 – 50.00	29,118		0.21	$	39.44		29,118	$	39.44
50.01 – 60.00	10,327,462		6.59		57.10		2,988,762		55.22
60.01 – 70.00	484,573		2.12		60.01		484,573		60.01
70.01 – 80.00	2,266,832		6.09		70.05		1,005,764		70.05
90.01 – 100.00	2,413,387		9.10		94.35		–		94.35
Total	15,521,372		6.75	$	64.84		4,508,217	$	58.94

All values are in US Dollars.

The fair value of options granted during the year was measured at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Model assumptions are based on observable market data for the risk-free interest rate and dividend yield, contractual terms for the exercise price, and historical experience for expected life. Volatility assumptions are best estimates of market implied volatility matching the exercise price and expected life of the options.

The following weighted-average assumptions were used as inputs into the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of options on the date of grant:

For the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Weighted-average assumptions
Risk-free interest rate		2.66	%		3.74	%
Expected dividend yield		4.65	%		7.50	%
Expected share price volatility		15.60	%		19.47	%
Expected life		6 years			6 years
Share price/exercise price	$	94.35		$	56.55

For 2025, the weighted-average grant date fair value of options was $7.53 (2024: $4.01).

Compensation expense in respect of stock options totalled $20 million in 2025 (2024: $16 million).

Employee share purchase plan

Under our Canadian ESPP, qualifying employees can choose each year to have any portion of their eligible earnings withheld to purchase common shares. We match 50% of the employee contribution amount, up to a maximum contribution of 3% of eligible earnings, subject to a ceiling of $2,250 annually. CIBC contributions vest after employees have two years of continuous participation in the plan, and all subsequent contributions vest immediately. Similar programs exist in other regions globally, where each year qualifying employees can choose to have a portion of their eligible earnings withheld to purchase common shares and receive a matching employer contribution subject to each plan’s provisions. Commencing October 11, 2024, employee contributions to our Canadian ESPP were used to acquire common shares in the open market. Previously, these shares were issued from Treasury. CIBC Caribbean operates an ESPP locally, in which contributions are used by the plan trustee to purchase CIBC Caribbean common shares in the open market.

Our contributions are expensed as incurred and totalled $68 million in 2025 (2024: $63 million).

159	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements
Note 17	Post-employment benefits
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We sponsor pension and other post-employment benefit plans for eligible employees in a number of jurisdictions including Canada, the U.S., and the Caribbean. Our pension plans include registered funded defined benefit pension plans, supplemental arrangements that provide pension benefits in excess of statutory limits, and defined contribution plans. We also provide certain health-care, life insurance, and other benefits to eligible employees and retired members. Plan assets and defined benefit obligations related to our defined benefit plans are measured for accounting purposes as at October 31 each year.

Plan characteristics, funding and risks

Pension plans

Pension plans include CIBC’s Canadian, U.S., and Caribbean pension plans. CIBC’s Canadian pension plans represent approximately 92% of our consolidated defined benefit obligation. All of our Canadian pension plans are defined benefit plans, the most significant of which is our principal Canadian pension plan (the CIBC Pension Plan), which encompasses approximately 73,000 active, deferred, and retired members.

The CIBC Pension Plan provides members with monthly pension income at retirement based on a prescribed plan formula which is based on a combination of maximum yearly pensionable earnings, average earnings at retirement and length of service recognized in the plan. There is a two-year waiting period for members to join the CIBC Pension Plan.

The CIBC Pension Plan is funded through a separate trust. Actuarial funding valuations are prepared by the Plan’s external actuary at least once every three years or more frequently as required by Canadian pension legislation to determine CIBC’s minimum funding requirements as well as maximum permitted contributions. Any deficits determined in the funding valuations must generally be funded over a period not exceeding fifteen years. CIBC’s pension funding policy is to make at least the minimum annual required contributions required by regulations. Any contributions in excess of the minimum requirements are discretionary.

The CIBC Pension Plan is registered with OSFI and the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) and is subject to the acts and regulations that govern federally regulated pension plans.

Other post-employment plans

Other post-employment plans include CIBC’s Canadian, U.S. and Caribbean post-retirement health-care benefit plans (referred to for disclosure purposes as other post-employment plans). CIBC’s Canadian other post-employment plan (the Canadian post-employment plan) represents more than 93% of our consolidated other post-employment defined benefit obligation.

The Canadian post-employment plan provides medical, dental and life insurance benefits to retirees that meet specified eligibility requirements, including specified age and service period eligibility requirements. CIBC reimburses 100% of the cost of benefits for eligible employees that retired prior to January 1, 2009, whereas the contribution level for medical and dental benefits for eligible employees that retire subsequent to this date has been fixed at a specified level. The plan is funded on a pay-as-you-go basis.

Benefit changes

There were no material changes to the terms of our Canadian defined benefit pension plans in 2025 or 2024.

Risks

CIBC’s defined benefit plans expose the group to actuarial risks (such as longevity risk), currency risk, interest rate risk, market (investment) risk and health-care cost inflation risks.

The CIBC Pension Plan operates a currency overlay strategy, which may use forwards or similar instruments, to manage and mitigate its currency risk.

Interest rate risk is managed as part of the CIBC Pension Plan’s liability-driven investment strategy through a combination of physical bonds, overlays funded in the repo market, and/or derivatives.

Market (investment) risk is mitigated through a multi-asset portfolio construction process that diversifies across a variety of market risk drivers.

The use of derivatives within the CIBC Pension Plan is governed by its derivatives policy that was approved by the Pension Benefits Management Committee (PBMC) and permits the use of derivatives to manage risk at the discretion of the Pension Investment Committee (PIC). In addition to the management of interest rate risk, risk reduction and mitigation strategies may include hedging of currency, credit spread and/or equity risks. The derivatives policy also permits the use of derivatives to enhance plan returns.

Plan governance

All of CIBC’s pension arrangements are governed by local pension committees, senior management or a board of trustees. However, all significant plan changes require approval from the Management Resources and Compensation Committee (MRCC). For the Canadian pension plans, the MRCC is responsible for setting the strategy for the pension plans, reviewing material risks, performance including funded status, and approving material design or governance changes.

While specific investment policies are determined at a plan level to reflect the unique characteristics of each plan, common investment policies for all plans include the optimization of the risk-return relationship using a portfolio of multiple asset classes diversified by market segment, economic sector, and issuer. The objectives are to secure the benefits promised by our funded plans, to maximize long-term investment returns while not compromising the benefit security of the respective plans, manage the level of funding contributions in conjunction with the stability of the funded status, and implement all policies in a cost effective manner. Investments in quoted debt and equity (held either directly or indirectly through investment funds) represent the most significant asset allocations.

The use of derivatives is limited to the purposes and instruments described in the derivatives policy of the CIBC Pension Plan. These include the use of synthetic debt or equity instruments, currency hedging, risk reduction and enhancement of returns.

Investments in specific asset classes are further diversified across funds, managers, strategies, sectors and geographies, depending on the specific characteristics of each asset class.

The exposure to any one of these asset classes will be determined by our assessment of the needs of the plan assets and economic and financial market conditions. Factors evaluated before adopting the asset mix include demographics, cash-flow payout requirements, liquidity requirements, actuarial assumptions, expected benefit increases, and plan funding requirements.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	160

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Consolidated financial statements

Management of the assets of the various Canadian plans has been delegated primarily to the PIC, which is a committee that is composed of CIBC management. The PIC is responsible for the appointment and termination of individual investment managers (which includes CIBC Asset Management Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of CIBC), who each have investment discretion within established target asset mix ranges as set by the PBMC. Should a fund’s actual asset mix fall outside specified ranges, the assets are re-balanced as required to be within the target asset mix ranges. On a periodic basis, an Asset-Liability Matching study is performed in which the consequences of the strategic investment policies are analyzed.

Management of the actuarial valuations of the various Canadian plans is primarily the responsibility of the PBMC. The PBMC is responsible for approving the actuarial assumptions for the valuations of the plans, and for recommending the level of annual funding for the Canadian plans to CIBC senior management.

Local committees with similar mandates manage our non-Canadian plans and annually report back to the MRCC on all material governance activities.

Amounts recognized on the consolidated balance sheet

The following tables present the financial position of our defined benefit pension and other post-employment plans for Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and our Caribbean subsidiaries. Other minor plans operated by some of our subsidiaries are not material and are not included in these disclosures.

	Pension plans						Other post-employment plans
$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31	2025			2024			2025			2024
Defined benefit obligation
Balance at beginning of year	$	7,942		$	7,060		$	419		$	422
Current service cost		227			190			5			5
Interest cost on defined benefit obligation		386			396			20			24
Employee contributions		3			4			–			–
Benefits paid		(382	)		(365	)		(30	)		(32	)
Settlement payments		–			(79	)		–			–
Foreign exchange rate changes and other		4			5			–			–
Net actuarial (gains) losses on defined benefit obligation		80			731			6			–
Balance at end of year	$	8,260		$	7,942		$	420		$	419
Plan assets
Fair value at beginning of year	$	9,326		$	8,091		$	–		$	–
Interest income on plan assets<br>(1)		462			459			–			–
Net actuarial gains (losses) on plan assets<br>(1)		385			1,079			–			–
Employer contributions		181			146			30			32
Employee contributions		3			4			–			–
Benefits paid		(382	)		(365	)		(30	)		(32	)
Settlement payments		–			(79	)		–			–
Plan administration costs		(7	)		(8	)		–			–
Increase (decrease) due to plan settlements		–			(10	)		–			–
Foreign exchange rate changes and other		7			9			–			–
Fair value at end of year	$	9,975		$	9,326		$	–		$	–
Net defined benefit asset (liability)		1,715			1,384			(420	)		(419	)
Valuation allowance<br>(2)		(74	)		(47	)		–			–
Net defined benefit asset (liability), net of valuation allowance	$	1,641		$	1,337		$	(420	)	$	(419	)
(1)	The actual return on plan assets for the year was a gain of $847 million (2024: gain of $1,538 million).
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(2)	The valuation allowance reflects the effect of asset ceiling on plans with a net defined benefit asset.
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The net defined benefit asset (liability), net of valuation allowance, included in other assets and other liabilities is as follows:

	Pension plans						Other post-employment plans
$ millions, as at October 31	2025			2024			2025			2024
Other assets	$	1,678		$	1,378		$	–		$	–
Other liabilities		(37	)		(41	)		(420	)		(419	)
Net defined benefit asset (liability), net of valuation allowance	$	1,641		$	1,337		$	(420	)	$	(419	)

The defined benefit obligation and plan assets by region are as follows:

	Pension plans				Other post-employment plans
$ millions, as at October 31	2025		2024		2025		2024
Defined benefit obligation
Canada	$	7,592	$	7,291	$	391	$	389
U.S. and the Caribbean		668		651		29		30
Defined benefit obligation at end of year	$	8,260	$	7,942	$	420	$	419
Plan assets
Canada	$	9,006	$	8,441	$	–	$	–
U.S. and the Caribbean		969		885		–		–
Plan assets at end of year	$	9,975	$	9,326	$	–	$	–
161	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements

Amounts recognized in the consolidated statement of income

The net defined benefit expense for our defined benefit plans in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and the Caribbean is as follows:

	Pension plans						Other post-employment plans
$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024			2025		2024
Current service cost<br>(1)	$	227		$	190		$	5	$	5
Past service cost		–			–			–		–
Interest cost on defined benefit obligation		386			396			20		24
Interest income on plan assets		(462	)		(459	)		–		–
Interest expense on effect of asset ceiling		3			1			–		–
Special termination benefits		–			–			–		–
Plan administration costs		7			8			–		–
Net defined benefit plan expense recognized in net income	$	161		$	136		$	25	$	29
(1)	The 2025 and 2024 current service costs were calculated using separate discount rates of 4.88% and 5.61%, respectively, to reflect the longer duration of future benefits payments associated with the additional year of service to be earned by the plan’s active participants.
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Amounts recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income

The net remeasurement gains (losses) recognized in OCI for our defined benefit plans in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and the Caribbean are as follows:

						Other post-employment plans
millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024	(1)		2025			2024
Actuarial gains (losses) on defined benefit obligation arising from changes in:
Demographic assumptions	–		$	(1	)	$	–		$	34
Financial assumptions	(46	)		(768	)		(4	)		(36	)
Experience	(34	)		38			(2	)		2
Net actuarial gains (losses) on plan assets	385			1,079			–			–
Changes in asset ceiling excluding interest income	(25	)		(30	)		–			–
Net remeasurement gains (losses) recognized in OCI	280		$	318		$	(6	)	$	–

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes the transfer of the accumulated actuarial losses of $5 million to retained earnings upon the settlement of a pension plan for one of our subsidiaries.

Canadian defined benefit plans

As the Canadian defined benefit pension and other post-employment benefit plans represent approximately 92% of our consolidated defined benefit obligation, they are the subject and focus of the disclosures in the balance of this note.

Disaggregation and maturity profile of defined benefit obligation

The breakdown of the defined benefit obligation for our Canadian plans between active, deferred and retired members is as follows:

	Pension plans				Other post-employment plans
$ millions, as at October 31	2025		2024		2025		2024
Active members	$	3,757	$	3,558	$	79	$	74
Deferred members		510		490		–		–
Retired members		3,325		3,243		312		315
Total	$	7,592	$	7,291	$	391	$	389

The weighted-average duration of the defined benefit obligation for our Canadian plans is as follows:

	Pension plans				Other post-employment plans
As at October 31	2025		2024		2025		2024
Weighted-average duration, in years		12.7		12.9		10.2		10.3
CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	162
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Consolidated financial statements

Plan assets

The major categories of our defined benefit pension plan assets for our Canadian plans are as follows:

$ millions, as at October 31	2025					2024
Asset category<br><br>(1)
Canadian equity securities<br>(2)	$	523		6	%	$	472		6	%
Debt securities<br>(3)
Government bonds		5,794		64			5,419		64
Corporate bonds		315		4			403		5
		6,109		68			5,822		69
Investment funds<br>(4)
Canadian equity funds		43		–			35		–
U.S. equity funds		421		5			694		8
International equity funds<br>(5)		45		–			37		–
Global equity funds<br>(5)		1,415		16			1,150		15
Fixed income funds		107		1			103		1
		2,031		22			2,019		24
Other<br>(2)
Alternative investments<br>(6)		2,471		27			2,399		28
Cash and cash equivalents and other		249		3			339		4
Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities sold short		(2,377	)	(26	)		(2,610	)	(31	)
		343		4			128		1
Total	$	9,006		100	%	$	8,441		100	%
(1)	Asset categories are based upon risk classification including synthetic exposure through derivatives. The fair value of derivatives as at October 31, 2025 was a net derivative liability of $29 million (2024: net derivative liability of $30 million).
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(2)	Pension benefit plan assets include CIBC issued securities and deposits of nil (2024: nil), representing nil of Canadian plan assets (2024: nil). All of the equity securities held as at October 31, 2025 and 2024 have daily quoted prices in active markets except hedge funds, infrastructure, and private equity.
---	---
(3)	All debt securities held as at October 31, 2025 and 2024 are investment grade, of which $372 million (2024: $285 million) have daily quoted prices in active markets.
---	---
(4)	$40 million (2024: $33 million) of the investment funds are directly held as at October 31, 2025 and have daily quoted prices in active markets.
---	---
(5)	Global equity funds include North American and international investments, whereas International equity funds do not include North American investments.
---	---
(6)	Comprised of private equity, infrastructure, private debt and real estate funds.
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Principal actuarial assumptions

The weighted-average principal assumptions used to determine the defined benefit obligation for our Canadian plans are as follows:

	Pension plans						Other post-employment plans
As at October 31	2025			2024			2025			2024
Discount rate		4.8	%		4.8	%		4.7	%		4.8	%
Rate of compensation increase<br>(1)		2.5	%		2.5	%		n/a			n/a
(1)	Rates of compensation increase for 2025 and 2024 reflect the use of a salary growth rate assumption table that is based on the age and tenure of the employees. The table yields a weighted-average salary growth rate of approximately 2.5% per annum (2024: 2.5%).
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n/a	Not applicable
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Assumptions regarding future mortality have been based on published statistics and mortality tables. The current longevities underlying the values of the defined benefit obligation of our Canadian plans are as follows (in years):

As at October 31	2025		2024
Longevity at age 65 for current retired members
Males		23.6		23.6
Females		24.7		24.7
Longevity at age 65 for current members aged 45
Males		24.5		24.5
Females		25.6		25.6

The assumed health-care cost trend rates of the Canadian other post-employment plan providing medical, dental, and life insurance benefits are as follows:

For the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Health-care cost trend rates assumed for next year		4.9	%		4.9	%
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline		4.0	%		4.0	%
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate		2040			2040
163	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements

Sensitivity analysis

Reasonably possible changes to one of the principal actuarial assumptions, holding other assumptions constant, would have affected the defined benefit obligation of our Canadian plans as follows:

Estimated increase (decrease) in defined benefit obligation	Pension plans			Other post-employment plans
$ millions, as at October 31	2025			2025
Discount rate (100 basis point change)
Decrease in assumption	$	1,054		$	44
Increase in assumption		(889	)		(37	)
Rate of compensation increase (100 basis point change)
Decrease in assumption		(205	)		–
Increase in assumption		217			–
Health-care cost trend rates (100 basis point change)
Decrease in assumption		n/a			(13	)
Increase in assumption		n/a			15
Future mortality
1 year shorter life expectancy		(167	)		(8	)
1 year longer life expectancy		161			8
n/a	Not applicable.
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The sensitivity analyses presented above are indicative only, and should be considered with caution as they have been calculated in isolation without changing other assumptions. In practice, changes in one assumption may result in changes in another, which may magnify or counteract the disclosed sensitivities.

Future cash flows

Cash contributions

The most recently completed actuarial valuation of the CIBC Pension Plan for funding purposes was as at October 31, 2024. The next actuarial valuation of this plan for funding purposes will be effective as of October 31, 2025.

The employer contributions for 2026 are anticipated to be $180 million for the CIBC Pension Plan . These estimates are subject to change since contributions are affected by various factors, such as market performance, regulatory requirements, and management’s ability to change funding policy.

Expected future benefit payments

The expected future benefit payments for our Canadian plans for the next 10 years are as follows:

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2026		2027		2028		2029		2030		2031–2035		Total
Defined benefit pension plans	$	375	$	387	$	402	$	417	$	433	$	2,374	$	4,388
Other post-employment plans		26		27		27		28		28		142		278
Total	$	401	$	414	$	429	$	445	$	461	$	2,516	$	4,666

Defined contributions and other plans

We also maintain defined contribution plans for certain employees and make contributions to government pension plans. The expense recognized in the consolidated statement of income for these benefit plans is as follows:

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025		2024
Defined contribution pension plans	$	84	$	72
Government pension plans<br>(1)		227		197
Total	$	311	$	269
(1)	Includes Canada Pension Plan, Quebec Pension Plan, and U.S. Federal Insurance Contributions Act.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	164
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Consolidated financial statements
Note 18	Income taxes
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Total income taxes

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Consolidated statement of income
Provision for (reversal of) current income taxes
Adjustments for prior years	$	15		$	(38	)
Current income tax expense		2,727			2,294
		2,742			2,256
Provision for (reversal of) deferred income taxes
Adjustments for prior years		(11	)		37
Effect of changes in tax rates and laws		2			4
Origination and reversal of temporary differences		(248	)		(285	)
		(257	)		(244	)
Total income taxes		2,485			2,012
OCI		397			578
Total comprehensive income	$	2,882		$	2,590

Components of income tax

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Current income taxes
Federal <br>(1)	$	1,247		$	1,242
Provincial		803			795
Foreign		976			671
		3,026			2,708
Deferred income taxes
Federal		(150	)		(116	)
Provincial		(97	)		(82	)
Foreign		103			80
		(144	)		(118	)
Total	$	2,882		$	2,590
(1)	Includes the impact of global minimum corporate tax (GMT).
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We are subject to Canadian taxation on income of foreign branches. Earnings of foreign subsidiaries would generally only be subject to Canadian tax when distributed to Canada. Additional Canadian taxes that would be payable if all foreign subsidiaries’ retained earnings were distributed to the Canadian parent as dividends are estimated to be nil.

The effective rates of income tax in the consolidated statement of income are different from the combined Canadian federal and provincial income tax rates as set out in the following table:

Reconciliation of income taxes

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025					2024
Combined Canadian federal and provincial income tax rate applied to income before income taxes	$	3,040		27.8	%	$	2,548		27.8	%
Income taxes adjusted for the effect of:
Foreign operations subject to different tax rates		(487	)	(4.5	)		(485	)	(5.4	)
Other <br>(1)		(68	)	(0.6	)		(51	)	(0.5	)
Income taxes in the consolidated statement of income	$	2,485		22.7	%	$	2,012		21.9	%
(1)	Includes the impact of GMT and tax-exempt income. Prior year amounts have been revised to conform to the presentation adopted in 2025.
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165	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements

Deferred income taxes

Sources of and movement in deferred tax assets and liabilities

millions, for the year ended October 31, 2025	Net asset<br>Nov. 1, 2024			Recognized in<br>net income			Recognized in<br>OCI			Other	(1)		Net asset<br>Oct. 31, 2025
Deferred tax assets
Allowance for credit losses	440		$	2		$	–		$	2		$	444
Deferred compensation	728			196			–			57			981
Financial instruments revaluation	8			10			(15	)		(3	)		–
Deferred income	248			49			–			(9	)		288
Other	197			22			(3	)		12			228
	1,621		$	279		$	(18	)	$	59		$	1,941
Deferred tax liabilities
Intangible assets	(402	)	$	20		$	–		$	–		$	(382	)
Property and equipment	(90	)		6			–			–			(84	)
Pension and employee benefits	(218	)		(6	)		(66	)		(1	)		(291	)
Goodwill	(93	)		(1	)		–			–			(94	)
Financial instruments revaluation	(12	)		(1	)		(33	)		4			(42	)
Other	(34	)		(40	)		4			2			(68	)
	(849	)	$	(22	)	$	(95	)	$	5		$	(961	)
Total net deferred tax assets	772		$	257		$	(113	)	$	64		$	980

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes foreign currency translation adjustments.
millions, for the year ended October 31, 2024	Net asset<br> Nov. 1, 2023			Recognized in<br> net income			Recognized in<br> OCI			Other	(1)		Net asset<br> Oct. 31, 2024
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Deferred tax assets
Allowance for credit losses	401		$	38		$	–		$	1		$	440
Deferred compensation	427			255			–			46			728
Financial instruments revaluation	91			(19	)		(59	)		(5	)		8
Deferred income	235			13			–			–			248
Other	158			31			2			6			197
	1,312		$	318		$	(57	)	$	48		$	1,621
Deferred tax liabilities
Intangible assets	(392	)	$	(10	)	$	–		$	–		$	(402	)
Property and equipment	(67	)		(22	)		–			(1	)		(90	)
Pension and employee benefits	(132	)		(19	)		(68	)		1			(218	)
Goodwill	(91	)		(1	)		–			(1	)		(93	)
Financial instruments revaluation	(13	)		–			–			1			(12	)
Other	(10	)		(22	)		1			(3	)		(34	)
	(705	)	$	(74	)	$	(67	)	$	(3	)	$	(849	)
Total net deferred tax assets	607		$	244		$	(124	)	$	45		$	772

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes foreign currency translation adjustments.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are assessed by entity for presentation in our consolidated balance sheet. As a result, the net deferred tax assets of $980 million (2024: $772 million) are presented in the consolidated balance sheet as deferred tax assets of $1,027 million (2024: $821 million) and deferred tax liabilities of $47 million (2024: $49 million).

The deferred tax effect of tax loss carryforwards related to operating losses is $13 million (2024: $12 million), of which $1 million relates to the U.S., $7 million relates to Canada, and $5 million relates to the Caribbean , which expire in various years commencing in 2025.

The amount of unused operating tax losses for which deferred tax assets have not been recognized was $598 million as at October 31, 2025 (2024: $735 million), of which $60 million (2024: $3 million) relates to the U.S. region and $538 million (2024: $732 million) relates to the Caribbean region, which will generally expire within 7 to 10 years.

The amount of unused capital tax losses for which deferred tax assets have not been recognized was $482 million as at October 31, 2025 (2024: $482 million). These unused capital tax losses relate to Canada.

Tax examinations and disputes

The CRA has reassessed CIBC’s 2011–2020 taxation years for approximately $1,918 million of income taxes related to the denial of deductions of certain dividends. Subsequent taxation years may also be similarly reassessed. CIBC filed a Notice of Appeal in respect of its 2011 taxation year to put the matter in litigation. CIBC is confident that its tax filings are appropriate and intends to defend itself vigorously. Accordingly, no amounts have been accrued in the consolidated financial

statements.

As previously reported, CIBC has potential aggregate exposure remaining in respect of foreign exchange capital loss matters of approximately $76 million. No amounts have been accrued in the consolidated financial statements.

Global Minimum Tax

On June 20, 2024, Canada enacted the Global Minimum Tax Act to adopt the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Pillar Two, which implements a 15 % global minimum corporate tax (GMT) on certain multinational enterprises. These rules applied to CIBC as of November 1, 2024.

The IASB previously issued “International Tax Reform – Pillar Two Model Rules”, which amended IAS 12 to provide a temporary exception from the recognition and disclosure of deferred taxes arising from the implementation of Pillar Two Model Rules, which CIBC has applied.

The impact of GMT on CIBC’s consolidated tax rate is within a 1 % range for the year ended October 31, 2025.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	166

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Consolidated financial statements
Note 19	Earnings per share
---	---
$ millions, except per share amounts, for the year ended October 31	2025		2024
---	---	---	---	---
Basic EPS
Net income attributable to equity shareholders	$	8,429	$	7,115
Less: Preferred share dividends and distributions on other equity instruments		364		263
Net income attributable to common shareholders		8,065		6,852
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (thousands)		935,374		939,352
Basic EPS	$	8.62	$	7.29
Diluted EPS
Net income attributable to common shareholders	$	8,065	$	6,852
Weighted-average common shares outstanding (thousands)		935,374		939,352
Add: Stock options potentially exercisable<br>(1)<br> (thousands)		5,301		2,360
Weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding (thousands)		940,675		941,712
Diluted EPS	$	8.57	$	7.28
(1)	Excludes average options outstanding of<br><br>nil (2024: 2,551,540) with a weighted-average exercise price of nil (2024: $70.05) for the year ended October 31, 2025, as the options’ exercise prices were greater than the average market price of CIBC’s common shares.
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Note 20	Commitments, guarantees and pledged assets
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Commitments

Credit-related arrangements

Credit-related arrangements are generally off-balance sheet instruments and are typically entered into to meet the financing needs of clients. In addition, there are certain exposures for which we could be obligated to extend credit that are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. Our policy of requiring collateral or other security to support credit-related arrangements and the types of security held is generally the same as for loans. The contract amounts presented below for credit-related arrangements represent the maximum amount of additional credit that we could be obligated to extend. The contract amounts also represent the additional credit risk amounts should the contracts be fully drawn, the counterparties default and any collateral held proves to be of no value. As many of these arrangements will expire or terminate without being drawn upon, the contract amounts are not necessarily indicative of future cash requirements or actual risk of loss.

$ millions, as at October 31	2025		2024
	Contract amounts
Unutilized credit commitments<br>(1)	$	420,442	$	383,882
Backstop liquidity facilities		31,194		23,734
Standby and performance letters of credit		26,358		22,181
Documentary and commercial letters of credit		167		183
Other commitments to extend credit		2,722		10,431
Total	$	480,883	$	440,411
(<br>1<br>)	Includes $201.5 billion (2024: $189.6 billion) of personal, home equity and credit card lines, which are unconditionally cancellable at our discretion.
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In addition, the client securities lending of the joint ventures which CIBC has with The Bank of New York Mellon totalled $104.4 billion (2024: $77.6 billion), of which $9.0 billion (2024: $7.6 billion) are transactions between CIBC and the joint ventures. CIBC has provided indemnities to customers of the joint ventures in respect of securities lending transactions with third parties amounting to $95.0 billion (2024: $70.0 billion).

For further information on the joint ventures, see Note 24.

Unutilized credit commitments

Unutilized credit commitments are the undrawn portion of lending facilities that we have approved to meet the requirements of clients. These lines may include various conditions that must be satisfied prior to drawdown and include facilities extended in connection with contingent acquisition financing. The credit risk associated with these lines arises from the possibility that a commitment will be drawn down as a loan at some point in the future, prior to the expiry of the commitment. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on our credit evaluation of the borrower and may include a charge over the present and future assets of the borrower.

Backstop liquidity facilities

We provide irrevocable backstop liquidity facilities primarily to ABCP conduits. We are the financial services agent for some of these conduits, while other conduits are administered by third parties. The liquidity facilities for our sponsored ABCP programs, Safe Trust, Sure Trust, Sound Trust, Stable Trust and Bay Square Funding LLC, require us to repay any maturing ABCP and/or fund any asset purchases that are not funded through issuance of commercial paper.

Standby and performance letters of credit

These represent an irrevocable obligation to make payments to third parties in the event that clients are unable to meet their contractual financial or performance obligations. The credit risk associated with these instruments is essentially the same as that involved in extending irrevocable loan commitments to clients. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on our credit evaluation of the borrower and may include a charge over present and future assets of the borrower.

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Consolidated financial statements

Documentary and commercial letters of credit

Documentary and commercial letters of credit are short-term instruments issued on behalf of a client, authorizing a third-party, such as an exporter, to draw drafts on CIBC up to a specified amount, subject to specific terms and conditions. We are at risk for any drafts drawn that are not ultimately settled by the client; however, the amounts drawn are collateralized by the related goods.

Other commitments to extend credit

These represent other commitments to extend credit, and primarily include forward-dated securities financing trades in the form of securities purchased under resale agreements with various counterparties that are executed on or before the end of our reporting period and that settle shortly after period end, usually within five business days.

Other commitments

As an investor in merchant banking activities, we enter into commitments to fund external private equity funds. In connection with these activities, we had commitments to invest up to $553 million (2024: $528 million).

In addition, we act as underwriter for certain new issuances under which we alone or together with a syndicate of financial institutions purchase these new issuances for resale to investors. As at October 31, 2025, the related underwriting commitments were $1,045 million (2024: $464 million).

Guarantees and other indemnification agreements

Guarantees

A guarantee is a contract that requires the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor failed to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument. Guarantees include standby and performance letters of credit as discussed above, and credit derivatives protection sold, as discussed in Note 12.

We sponsor our clients to clear certain security repurchase and reverse repurchase transactions as sponsored members through the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (FICC). As the sponsoring member, we guarantee our clients’ performance obligation to the FICC under the FICC rules. Our guarantee is collateralized by cash or securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, which are placed with the FICC. Therefore, we consider the risk of loss to be remote.

Other indemnification agreements

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into contractual arrangements under which we may agree to indemnify the counterparty to such arrangement from any losses relating to a breach of representations and warranties, a failure to perform certain covenants, or for claims or losses arising from certain external events as outlined within the particular contract. This may include, for example, losses arising from changes in legislation, litigation, or claims relating to past performance. In addition, we indemnify each of our directors and officers to the extent permitted by law, against any and all claims or losses (including any amounts paid in settlement of any such claims) incurred as a result of their service to CIBC. In most indemnities, maximum loss clauses are generally not provided for, and as a result, no defined limit of the maximum potential liability exists. Amounts are accrued when we have a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, when it is both probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to resolve the matter, and when a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. We believe that the likelihood of the conditions arising to trigger obligations under these contract arrangements is remote. Historically, any payments made in respect of these contracts have not been significant. Amounts related to these indemnifications, representations, and warranties reflected within the consolidated financial statements as at October 31, 2025 and 2024 are not significant.

Pledged assets

In the normal course of business, on- and off-balance sheet assets are pledged as collateral for various activities. The following table summarizes asset pledging amounts and the activities to which they relate:

$ millions, as at October 31	2025		2024
Assets pledged in relation to:
Securities lending	$	93,433	$	63,072
Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements		130,197		109,151
Obligations related to securities sold short		24,244		21,642
Securitizations		18,090		20,105
Covered bonds		51,638		39,257
Derivatives		22,733		24,200
Foreign governments and central banks<br>(1)		285		560
Clearing systems, payment systems, and depositories<br>(2)		1,486		1,605
Other		12		11
Total	$	342,118	$	279,603
(1)	Includes assets pledged to maintain access to central bank facilities in foreign jurisdictions.
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(2)	Includes assets pledged in order to participate in clearing and payment systems and depositories.
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Note 21	Contingent liabilities and provisions
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In the ordinary course of its business, CIBC is a party to a number of legal proceedings, including regulatory investigations, in which claims for substantial monetary damages are asserted against CIBC and its subsidiaries. Legal provisions are established if, in the opinion of management, it is both probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to resolve the matter, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the reliable estimate of probable loss involves a range of potential outcomes within which a specific amount appears to be a better estimate, that amount is accrued. If no specific amount within the range of potential outcomes appears to be a better estimate than any other amount, the mid-point in the range is accrued. In some instances, however, it is not possible either to determine whether an obligation is probable or to reliably estimate the amount of loss, in which case no accrual can be made.

While there is inherent difficulty in predicting the outcome of legal proceedings, based on current knowledge and in consultation with legal counsel, we do not expect the outcome of these matters, individually or in aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements. However, the outcome of these matters, individually or in aggregate, may be material to our operating results for a particular reporting period. We regularly assess the adequacy of CIBC’s litigation accruals and make the necessary adjustments to incorporate new information as it becomes available. Tax examinations and disputes are excluded. Income tax matters are addressed in Note 18.

CIBC considers losses to be reasonably possible when they are neither probable nor remote. It is reasonably possible that CIBC may incur losses in addition to the amounts recorded when the loss accrued is the mid-point of a range of reasonably possible losses, or the potential loss pertains to a matter in which an unfavourable outcome is reasonably possible but not probable.

CIBC believes the estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses, in excess of the amounts accrued, for its significant legal proceedings, where it is possible to make such an estimate, is from nil to approximately $0.4 billion as at October 31, 2025. This estimated aggregate range of reasonably possible losses is based upon currently available information for those significant proceedings in which CIBC is involved, taking into account CIBC’s best estimate of such losses for those cases for which an estimate can be made. CIBC’s estimate involves significant judgment, given the varying stages of the proceedings and the existence of multiple defendants in many of such proceedings whose share of the liability has yet to be determined. The range does not include potential punitive damages. The matters underlying the estimated range as at October 31, 2025 consist of the significant legal matters disclosed below. The matters underlying the estimated range will change from time to time, and actual losses may vary significantly from the current estimate. For certain matters, CIBC does not believe that an estimate can currently be made as many of them are in preliminary stages and certain matters have no specific amount claimed. Consequently, these matters are not included in the range.

The following is a description of CIBC’s significant legal proceedings, which we intend to vigorously defend.

Order Execution Only class actions:

Pozgaj v. CIBC and CIBC Trust

Ciardullo v. 1832 Asset Management L.P., et al.

Ciardullo and Aggarwal v. 1832 Asset Management L.P., et al.

Woodard v. CIBC and CIBC Trust

In September 2018, a proposed class action ( Pozgaj ) was filed in the Ontario Superior Court against CIBC and CIBC Trust. It alleges that the defendants should not have paid mutual fund trailing commissions to order execution only dealers. The action was brought on behalf of all persons who held units of CIBC mutual funds through order execution only dealers and seeks $ 200 million in damages. Pozgaj was certified as a class action in January 2024.

In July and August 2022, two proposed class actions ( Ciardullo and Ciardullo and Aggarwal ) were filed in the Ontario Superior Court against CIBC, CIBC Trust and several other financial institutions. Like the Pozgaj action, these actions allege that the defendants should not have paid mutual fund trailing commissions to order execution only dealers. However, the actions are brought on behalf of all persons who held units of CIBC mutual funds through dealers other than order execution only dealers. They seek unspecified damages. In November 2022, a further proposed class action ( Woodard ) was filed in the Ontario Superior Court with a new proposed representative plaintiff. Woodard raised identical allegations to Ciardullo and Ciardullo and Aggarwal , on behalf of an identical class, but only named CIBC and CIBC Trust as defendants. In August 2023, the Ciardullo , Ciardullo and Aggarwal , and Woodard actions were temporarily stayed pending a decision on liability in the Pozgaj action. The Ciardullo and Ciardullo and Aggarwal actions were discontinued in November 2024. In July 2025, settlement agreements were reached in the Pozgaj and Woodard actions, subject to court approval. Pursuant to the proposed settlements, CIBC will pay the plaintiffs in the Pozgaj action

$ 26 million and pay the plaintiffs in the

Woodard

action $ 11 million.

The Pozgaj settlement was approved by the court in November 2025, while the settlement approval motion in Woodard is scheduled for December 2025.

York County on Behalf of the County of York Retirement Fund v. Rambo, et al.

In February 2019, a class action complaint was filed in the Northern District of California against the directors, certain officers and the underwriters of several senior note offerings of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) that took place between March 2016 and April 2018, the total issuance amount for the series of offerings being approximately US$4 billion. CIBC World Markets Corp. was part of the underwriting syndicate for an offering, whereby CIBC World Markets Corp. underwrote 6% of a US$650 million December 2016 issuance of senior notes. The offering involved the issuance of two tranches of notes: US$400 million of 30-year senior notes maturing in December 2046 and US$250

million of one-year floating rate notes that matured and were repaid in November 2017. The complaint alleges that the disclosure documentation associated with the note offerings contained misrepresentations and/or omissions of material facts, including with respect to PG&E’s failure to comply with various safety regulations, vegetation management programs and requirements, as well as understating the extent to which its equipment has allegedly caused multiple fires in California, including before the wildfires that occurred in California in 2017 and 2018. In September 2025, the court granted the defendants’ motions to dismiss in their entirety. In November 2025, the plaintiff filed its fourth amended complaint.

Pope v. CIBC, CIBC Trust Corporation, and CIBC Asset Management Inc.

In August 2020, a proposed class action was filed in the Supreme Court of British Columbia against CIBC and CIBC Trust. The action alleges that the defendants misrepresented their investment strategy and charged unitholders excess fees in relation to certain CIBC mutual funds and certain CIBC portfolio funds. The action is brought on behalf of all persons who hold or held units of these funds from January 2005 to present and seeks unspecified compensatory and punitive damages. In December 2020, CIBC Asset Management Inc. was added as a defendant. The motion for class certification was heard in August 2021. In October 2022, the court ruled that the plaintiff was required to provide additional information before a final determination on certification could be made. In January 2023, the plaintiffs delivered a draft amended Statement of Claim. The motion to rule on the

169	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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plaintiffs’ proposed amendments to the Statement of Claim, which was scheduled for July 2023, was adjourned. In March 2025, the plaintiffs served an amended Statement of Claim. The application for certification as a class action has been scheduled for January 2026.

Salko v. CIBC Investor Services Inc., et al.

In March 2021, a proposed class action was commenced in Quebec against CIBC Investor Services Inc. and several other financial institutions. The plaintiff subsequently added CIBC World Markets Inc. and additional financial institutions as defendants. The action seeks the reimbursement of currency conversion fees alleged to have been unlawfully charged to class members and concealed by the defendants, as well as exemplary and punitive damages. The plaintiffs seek reimbursement of fees charged to clients since March 15, 2018, as well as punitive damages in the amount of 5%

of the total sum of fees charged to class members, plus interest. The certification motion was heard in April 2022. In September 2022, the action was certified against CIBC Investor Services Inc. and several other order execution only dealers, and not certified against the full service brokerages, including CIBC World Markets Inc. The plaintiffs appealed the certification decision. The plaintiffs’ appeal of the certification decision was heard in December 2023. In January 2025, the Quebec Court of Appeal dismissed the plaintiff’s appeal of the certification decision. The class action continues to be certified against CIBC Investor Services Inc. and other defendants, but was dismissed against CIBC World Markets Inc.

The Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) of J.T.G v. His Majesty The King

CIBC Trust Corporation is the trustee of a self-directed RRSP that has been the subject of proceedings in the Tax Court of Canada. The proceedings arise from appeals of tax assessments made by the Minister of National Revenue against the RRSP for the 2004 to 2009 taxation years under Parts I and XI.1 of the Income Tax Act (Canada). At the time they were made in March 2013, the Part I assessment amounted to approximately $139 million and the Part XI.1 reassessment totalled approximately $144 million, in each case including all taxes, penalties and interest. In April 2021, the Tax Court of Canada released a decision allowing the appeal in part of the assessment under Part I and dismissing the appeal of the reassessment under Part XI.1. The RRSP by its trustee CIBC Trust appealed this decision to the Federal Court of Appeal. To the extent there is a shortfall in the RRSP’s ability to satisfy any of the Part XI.1 reassessment that may be upheld by the courts, CIBC Trust may be liable to pay a portion of that reassessment. The appeal was heard in May 2023. In July 2025, the Federal Court of Appeal dismissed the RRSP’s appeal of assessments issued under Part I, allowed the RRSP’s appeal of the assessments under Part XI.1 and vacated the related assessments, and reinstated the assessments of Part I tax for the 2005 taxation year that were vacated by the Tax Court of Canada. The RRSP, by its trustee CIBC Trust Corporation, has sought leave to appeal on the Part I tax decision and the Crown has filed its reply to the leave application. The Crown did not appeal the Federal Court of Appeal’s decision which vacated the assessments under Part XI.1 and that decision is now final.

Non-sufficient funds fees class actions:

Vaillancourt-Thivierge v. Bank of Montreal, et al.

Campbell v. CIBC

In September 2016, a proposed class action ( Vaillancourt-Thivierge ) was commenced in Quebec against CIBC and several other financial institutions with respect to charging non-sufficient funds fees (NSF Fees) for client payment orders refused due to insufficient funds. The action alleges that NSF Fees violate the Quebec Consumer Protection Act and the Quebec Civil Code. The action is brought on behalf of residents of Quebec who paid NSF fees from September 12, 2013 to present. The action seeks the return of NSF fees charged as well as punitive damages of $300 per class member. The court certified the matter as a class action in 2019.

In September 2022, a proposed class action ( Campbell ) was commenced in Ontario against CIBC on behalf of personal deposit accountholders who have been charged duplicative non-sufficient fund fees (representment NSF Fees) on their account for a single rejected payment order or cheque. The action alleges that this practice violates our account agreement with clients, the Ontario Consumer Protection Act and other consumer protection statutes. The action is brought on behalf of residents of Canada who paid representment NSF Fees from January 1, 2012 to present. The action seeks the return of the representment NSF Fees charged, as well as punitive damages. The matter was certified as a class action in June 2024.

Quantum Biopharma v. CIBC World Markets Inc., et al.

In October 2024, CIBC World Markets Inc. and RBC Dominion Securities Inc. were named in a complaint filed in the U.S. District Court located in the Southern District of New York. The complaint, brought by Quantum Biopharma Ltd alleges that the defendants or their customers used “spoofing,” an unlawful trading practice, to manipulate the market price of its shares between January 1, 2020, and August 15, 2024. The complaint further alleges that the defendants failed to fulfill their gatekeeping responsibilities by not designing, monitoring, and/or enforcing a system of risk management and supervisory controls, policies, and procedures that ensured their customers and traders did not manipulate the market, and complied with all applicable rules, regulations and laws. The plaintiff claims US$700

million in damages against the defendants. In January 2025, CIBC World Markets Inc. filed motions to dismiss. In May 2025, Quantum Biopharma filed an amended complaint. The defendants filed motions to dismiss in June 2025.

Harrington Global Opportunity Fund v. CIBC World Markets Inc.

In 2021, Harrington Global Opportunity Fund Ltd., a Bermuda based hedge fund, brought suit against CIBC World Markets Inc. and certain other defendants in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In November 2022, the plaintiff filed an amended complaint to add allegations seeking to hold defendants liable for trading by its customers. As against CIBC, the plaintiff claims that a CIBC customer allegedly spoofed the market by entering non-bona fide baiting (sell) orders through CIBC’s direct market access platform in Canada, with intent to artificially depress the stock price of this inter-listed stock, and seeks to hold CIBC primarily responsible. The claim seeks unspecified damages.

Reale v. CIBC

In June 2025, CIBC was served in Ontario with a proposed national class action. The action, which seeks $2 billion in damages on behalf of current and former employees alleges CIBC miscalculated various wages, including base salary, vacation pay, holiday pay and severance pay. CIBC is bringing a motion in May 2026 to strike all or parts of the Statement of Claim.

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Legal provisions

The following table presents changes in our legal provisions:

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Balance at beginning of year	$	108		$	140
Additional new provisions recognized		82			41
Less:
Amounts incurred and charged against existing provisions		(40	)		(70	)
Unused amounts reversed and other adjustments<br>(1)		(46	)		(3	)
Balance at end of year	$	104		$	108
(1)	Includes foreign currency translation adjustments.
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Restructuring

The amount of restructuring provision as at October 31, 2025 was nil (2024: $8 million).

Note 22	Concentration of credit risk

Concentration of credit exposure may arise with a group of counterparties that have similar economic characteristics or are located in the same geographic region. The ability of such counterparties to meet contractual obligations would be similarly affected by changing economic, political or other conditions.

The amounts of credit exposure associated with our on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments are summarized in the following table:

Credit exposure by country of ultimate risk

millions, as at October 31						2025								2024
		U.S.		Other<br>countries		Total		Canada		U.S.		Other<br>countries		Total
On-balance sheet
Major assets (1)(2)(3)	657,015	$	288,069	$	118,402	$	1,063,486	$	627,621	$	259,280	$	110,984	$	997,885
Off-balance sheet
Credit-related arrangements
Financial institutions	48,031	$	36,436	$	7,959	$	92,426	$	46,567	$	31,083	$	6,522	$	84,172
Governments	11,022		129		126		11,277		10,913		153		15		11,081
Retail	211,289		1,250		684		213,223		199,324		1,125		525		200,974
Corporate	85,458		60,355		18,144		163,957		80,644		49,994		13,546		144,184
Total	355,800	$	98,170	$	26,913	$	480,883	$	337,448	$	82,355	$	20,608	$	440,411

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Major assets consist of cash and deposits with banks, loans and acceptances net of allowance for credit losses, securities, securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements, and derivative instruments.
(2)	Includes Canadian currency of $630.8 billion (2024: $596.4 billion) and foreign currencies of $432.7 billion (2024: $401.5 billion).
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(3)	No industry or foreign jurisdiction accounted for 10% or more of loans and acceptances<br>,<br> net of allowance for credit losses, with the exception of the U.S., which accounted for 17% as at October 31, 2025 (2024: 15<br>%),<br> the real estate and construction <br>sector<br>, which across all jurisdictions accounted for 10% as at October 31, 2025 (2024: 10<br>%) and the financial institutions <br>sector<br>, which across all jurisdictions accounted for 10% as at October 31, 2025 (2024: 8%).<br> Canadian residential mortgages accounted for 48% as at October 31, 2025 (2024: 49%) of loans and acceptances<br>,<br> net of allowance for credit losses.
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See Note 12 for derivative instruments by country and counterparty type of ultimate risk. In addition, see Note 20 for details on the client securities lending of the joint ventures which CIBC has with The Bank of New York Mellon.

Also see the shaded sections in “MD&A – Management of risk” for a detailed discussion on our credit risk.

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Note 23	Related-party transactions
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In the ordinary course of business, we provide banking services and enter into transactions with related parties on terms similar to those offered to unrelated parties. Related parties include key management personnel (1) , their close family members, and entities that they or their close family members control or jointly control. Related parties also include associates and joint ventures accounted for under the equity method, and post-employment benefit plans for CIBC employees. Loans to these related parties are made in the ordinary course of business and on substantially the same terms as for comparable transactions with unrelated parties. As CIBC’s subsidiaries are consolidated, transactions with these entities have been eliminated and are not reported as related-party transactions. We offer a subsidy on annual fees and preferential interest rates on credit card balances to senior officers, which is the same offer extended to all employees of CIBC.

Key management personnel and their affiliates

As at October 31, 2025, loans to key management personnel (1) and their close family members and to entities that they or their close family members control or jointly control totalled $26 million (2024: $35 million), letters of credit and guarantees were nil (2024: nil), and undrawn credit commitments totalled $15 million (2024: $30 million). Of these outstanding balances, $23 million (2024: $33 million) were secured and $3 million (2024: $2 million) were unsecured. We have no

provision for credit losses on impaired loans relating to these amounts for the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024. Loans to these related parties are made in the ordinary course of business and on substantially the same terms as for comparable transactions with unrelated parties. We offer a subsidy on annual fees and preferential interest rates on credit card balances to senior officers, which is the same offer extended to all employees of CIBC.

(1)

Key management personnel are defined as those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of CIBC directly or indirectly and comprise the members of the Board (referred to as directors), the Group Executive Leadership Team (Group ELT) and certain named officers per the <br>Bank Act<br> (Canada) (collectively referred to as senior officers). Board members who are also Group ELT members are included as senior officers.

Compensation of key management personnel

millions, for the year ended October 31		2025				2024
		Senior<br> officers		Directors		Senior<br> officers
Short-term benefits (1)	2	$	29	$	2	$	20
Post-employment benefits	–		2		–		2
Share-based benefits (2)	2		53		2		35
Termination benefits (3)	–		1		–		1
Total compensation	4	$	85	$	4	$	58

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Comprises salaries, statutory and non-statutory benefits related to senior officers and fees related to directors recognized during the year. Also includes annual incentive plan payments related to senior officers on a cash basis.
(2)	Comprises grant-date fair values of awards granted in the year.
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(3)	Comprises payments made in the period to key management personnel and former key management personnel.
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Refer to the following Notes for additional details on related-party transactions:

Share-based payment plans

See Note 16 for details of these plans offered to directors and senior officers.

Post-employment benefit plans

See Note 17 for related-party transactions between CIBC and the post-employment benefit plans.

Equity-accounted associates and joint ventures

See Note 24 for details of our investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures.

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Note 24	Investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures
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Joint ventures

CIBC is a 50/50 joint venture partner with The Bank of New York Mellon in two joint ventures: CIBC Mellon Trust Company and CIBC Mellon Global Securities Services Company Inc. (collectively referred to as CIBC Mellon), which provide trust and asset servicing, both in Canada. As at October 31, 2025, the carrying value of our investments in the joint ventures was $664 million (2024: $640 million), which was included in Corporate and Other. On November 1, 2024, CIBC Mellon Global Securities Services Company Inc. and CIBC Mellon Trust Company were amalgamated to form a single entity, CIBC Mellon Trust Company, with no impact to our consolidated financial statements.

As at October 31, 2025, loans to the joint ventures totalled nil (2024: nil) and undrawn credit commitments totalled $131 million (2024: $138 million).

CIBC, The Bank of New York Mellon, and CIBC Mellon have, jointly and severally, provided indemnities to customers of the joint ventures in respect of securities lending transactions. See Note 20 for additional details.

There was no unrecognized share of losses of any joint ventures, either for the year or cumulatively. In 2025 and 2024, none of our joint ventures experienced any significant restrictions to transfer funds in the form of cash dividends or distributions, or repayment of loans or advances.

The following table provides the summarized aggregate financial information related to our proportionate interest in the equity-accounted joint ventures:

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025		2024
Net income	$	106	$	68
OCI		43		113
Total comprehensive income	$	149	$	181

Associates

As at October 31, 2025, the total carrying value of our investments in associates was $144 million (2024: $145 million). These investments are unlisted associates with a fair value of $291 million (2024: $253 million), based on non-observable valuation inputs categorized as Level 3 valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy. Of the total carrying value of our investments in associates, $43 million (2024: $39 million) was included in Canadian Personal and Business Banking, $18 million (2024: $23 million) in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, nil (2024: nil) in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, $48 million (2024: $45 million) in Capital Markets, and $35 million (2024: $38 million) in Corporate and Other.

As at October 31, 2025, loans to associates totalled nil (2024: nil) and undrawn credit commitments totalled $ 15 million (2024: $5 million). We also had commitments to invest up to nil (2024: nil) in our associates.

There was an unrecognized share of losses for associates of $5 million (2024: $6 million) for the year and $6 million (2024: $6 million) cumulatively. In 2025 and 2024, none of our associates experienced any significant restrictions to transfer funds in the form of cash dividends or distributions, or repayment of loans or advances.

The following table provides the summarized aggregate financial information related to our proportionate interest in equity-accounted associates:

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025		2024
Net income	$	11	$	11
OCI		–		–
Total comprehensive income	$	11	$	11
173	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Note 25	Significant subsidiaries
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The following is a list of significant subsidiaries in which CIBC, either directly or indirectly, owns 100% of the voting shares, except where noted.

millions, as at October 31, 2025
Subsidiary name (1)		Book value of<br> shares owned<br> by CIBC	(2)
Canada and U.S.
CIBC Asset Management Inc.	$	444
CIBC BA Limited		–	(3)
CIBC Bancorp USA Inc.		10,595
Canadian Imperial Holdings Inc.
CIBC Inc.
CIBC World Markets Corp.
CIBC Bank USA
CIBC Private Wealth Group, LLC
CIBC Delaware Trust Company
CIBC National Trust Company
CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc.
CIBC Investor Services Inc.		25
CIBC Life Insurance Company Limited		23
CIBC Mortgage Funding Inc.		4,000
CIBC Mortgages Inc.		230
CIBC Securities Inc.		72
CIBC Trust Corporation		591
CIBC World Markets Inc.		306
CIBC Wood Gundy Financial Services Inc.
CIBC Wood Gundy Financial Services (Quebec) Inc.
INTRIA Items Inc.		100
International
CIBC Australia Ltd.		19
CIBC Capital Markets (Europe) S.A.		1,757
CIBC Cayman Holdings Limited		1,742
CIBC Cayman Bank Limited
CIBC Cayman Capital Limited
CIBC Cayman Reinsurance Limited
CIBC Investments (Cayman) Limited		2,820
CIBC Caribbean Bank Limited (91.7%)
CIBC Caribbean Bank and Trust Company (Cayman) Limited (91.7%)
CIBC Fund Administration Services (Asia) Limited (91.7%)
CIBC Caribbean Bank (Bahamas) Limited (87.3%)
Sentry Insurance Brokers Ltd. (87.3%)
CIBC Caribbean Bank (Barbados) Limited (91.7%)
CIBC Caribbean Bank (Cayman) Limited (91.7%)
FirstCaribbean International Finance Corporation (Netherlands Antilles) N.V. (91.7%)
FirstCaribbean International Bank (Curaçao) N.V. (91.7%)
CIBC Caribbean Bank (Jamaica) Limited (91.7%)
CIBC Caribbean Bank (Trinidad and Tobago) Limited (91.7%)
CIBC Caribbean Trust Company (Bahamas) Limited (91.7%)
CIBC Caribbean Wealth Management Bank (Barbados) Limited (91.7%)
CIBC World Markets (Japan) Inc.		48

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Each subsidiary is incorporated or organized under the laws of the state or country in which the principal office is situated, except for Canadian Imperial Holdings Inc., CIBC Inc., CIBC World Markets Corp., CIBC Private Wealth Group, LLC, CIBC Private Wealth Advisors, Inc., and CIBC Bancorp USA Inc., which were incorporated or organized under the laws of the State of Delaware, U.S.; CIBC National Trust Company, which was organized under the laws of the U.S.; and CIBC World Markets (Japan) Inc., which was incorporated in Barbados.
(2)	The book value of shares of subsidiaries is shown at cost and may include non-voting common and preferred shares. These amounts are eliminated upon consolidation.
---	---
(3)	The book value of shares owned by CIBC is less than $1 million.
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In addition to the above, we consolidate certain SEs where we have control over the SE. See Note 6 for additional details.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	174

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Consolidated financial statements
Note 26	Financial instruments – disclosures
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Certain disclosures required by IFRS 7 are provided in the shaded sections of the “MD&A – Management of risk”, as permitted by IFRS. The following table provides a cross-referencing of those disclosures in the MD&A.

Description	Section
For each type of risk arising from financial instruments, an entity shall disclose: the exposure to risks and how they arise; objectives, policies and processes used for managing the risks; methods used to measure the risk; and description of collateral.	Risk overview
	Credit risk
	Market risk
	Liquidity risk
	Operational risk
	Reputation and legal risks
	Regulatory compliance risk
	Conduct and culture risk
Credit risk: gross exposure to credit risk, credit quality and concentration of exposures.	Credit risk
Market risk: trading portfolios – Value-at-Risk; non-trading portfolios – interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and equity risk.	Market risk
Liquidity risk: liquid assets, maturity of financial assets and liabilities, and credit commitments.	Liquidity risk

We have provided quantitative disclosures related to credit risk consistent with Basel guidelines in the “Credit risk” section of the MD&A. The table below sets out the categories of the on-balance sheet exposures that are subject to the credit risk framework as set out in the CAR Guideline issued by OSFI under the different Basel approaches based on the carrying value of those exposures in our consolidated financial statements. The credit risk framework includes CCR exposures arising from OTC derivatives, repo-style transactions and trades cleared through CCPs, as well as securitization exposures. Items not subject to the credit risk framework include exposures that are subject to the market risk framework, amounts that are not subject to capital requirements or are subject to deduction from capital, and amounts relating to CIBC’s insurance subsidiaries, which are excluded from the scope of regulatory consolidation.

millions, as at October 31	IRB<br>approach			Standardized<br>approach			Other<br>credit risk <br>(1)		Securitization<br>approach		Total<br>subject to<br>credit risk			Not<br>subject to<br>credit risk		Total<br>consolidated<br>balance sheet
2025	$	38,725		$	2,864		$	2,414	$	–	$	44,003		$	–	$	44,003
		150,549			5,594			–		3,696		159,839			123,396		283,235
		21,694			3			–		–		21,697			–		21,697
		66,181			–			–		2,863		69,044			17,651		86,695
		548,529			16,267			1,155		25,086		591,037			2,859		593,896
		(4,085	)		(307	)		–		–		(4,392	)		–		(4,392	)
		38,352			–			–		–		38,352			–		38,352
		25,125			1,832			9,769		130		36,856			16,596		53,452
	$	885,070		$	26,253		$	13,338	$	31,775	$	956,436		$	160,502	$	1,116,938
2024	$	839,643		$	24,493		$	12,107	$	23,509	$	899,752		$	142,233	$	1,041,985

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes credit risk exposures arising from other assets that are subject to the credit risk framework but are not included in the standardized or IRB frameworks, including other balance sheet assets which are risk-weighted at 100%, significant investments in the capital of non-financial institutions, and amounts below the thresholds for capital deduction that are risk-weighted at 250%.
(2)	Includes customers’ liability under acceptances of $10 million.
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175	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Consolidated financial statements
Note 27	Offsetting financial assets and liabilities
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The following table identifies the amounts that have been offset on the consolidated balance sheet in accordance with the requirements of IAS 32 “Financial Instruments: Presentation”, and also those amounts that are subject to enforceable netting agreements but do not qualify for offsetting on the consolidated balance sheet either because we do not have a currently enforceable legal right to set-off the recognized amounts, or because we do not intend to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

	Amounts subject to enforceable netting agreements
		Gross<br> amounts of<br> recognized <br>financial<br> instruments		Gross <br>amounts<br> <br>offset on the<br> <br>consolidated<br> balance sheet	(1)				Related amounts not set-off on<br> the consolidated balance sheet								Amounts not<br> subject to<br> enforceable <br>netting<br> agreements	(4)		Net amounts<br> presented on <br>the consolidated<br> balance sheet
millions, as at October 31							Net<br> amounts		Financial<br> instruments	(2)		Collateral<br> received	(3)		Net<br> amounts
2025
	$	32,224	$	(46	)	$	32,178	$	(24,469	)	$	(6,474	)	$	1,235	$	6,174		$	38,352
		21,697		–			21,697		–			(21,161	)		536		–			21,697
		108,220		(21,525	)		86,695		–			(86,584	)		111		–			86,695
	$	162,141	$	(21,571	)	$	140,570	$	(24,469	)	$	(114,219	)	$	1,882	$	6,174		$	146,744
	$	35,634	$	(46	)	$	35,588	$	(24,469	)	$	(9,494	)	$	1,625	$	5,823		$	41,411
		6,031		–			6,031		–			(5,989	)		42		–			6,031
		151,567		(21,525	)		130,042		–			(129,997	)		45		–			130,042
	$	193,232	$	(21,571	)	$	171,661	$	(24,469	)	$	(145,480	)	$	1,712	$	5,823		$	177,484
2024
	$	29,965	$	(40	)	$	29,925	$	(21,777	)	$	(4,394	)	$	3,754	$	6,510		$	36,435
		17,028		–			17,028		–			(14,432	)		2,596		–			17,028
		86,497		(2,776	)		83,721		–			(80,010	)		3,711		–			83,721
	$	133,490	$	(2,816	)	$	130,674	$	(21,777	)	$	(98,836	)	$	10,061	$	6,510		$	137,184
	$	35,361	$	(40	)	$	35,321	$	(21,777	)	$	(7,842	)	$	5,702	$	5,333		$	40,654
		7,997		–			7,997		–			(5,169	)		2,828		–			7,997
		112,929		(2,776	)		110,153		–			(109,368	)		785		–			110,153
	$	156,287	$	(2,816	)	$	153,471	$	(21,777	)	$	(122,379	)	$	9,315	$	5,333		$	158,804

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Comprises amounts related to financial instruments which qualify for offsetting. This amount excludes derivatives which are settled-to-market (STM) as STM derivatives are settled on a daily basis, resulting in derecognition, rather than offsetting, of the related amounts.
(2)	Comprises amounts subject to set-off under enforceable netting agreements, such as ISDA agreements, derivative exchange or clearing counterparty agreements, global master repurchase agreements, and global master securities lending agreements. Under such arrangements, all outstanding transactions governed by the relevant agreement can be offset if an event of default or other predetermined event occurs.
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(3)	Collateral received and pledged amounts are reflected at fair value, but have been limited to the net balance sheet exposure so as not to include any over-collateralization.
---	---
(4)	Includes exchange-traded derivatives and derivatives which are STM.
---	---

The offsetting and collateral arrangements discussed above and other credit risk mitigation strategies used by CIBC are further explained in the “Credit risk” section of the MD&A. Certain amounts of securities received as collateral are restricted from being sold or re-pledged.

Note 28	Interest income and expense

The table below provides the consolidated interest income and expense by accounting category.

millions, for the year ended October 31	Interest<br> income		Interest<br> expense
2025	$	41,094	$	30,385
		3,242		n/a
		4,425		2,607
	$	48,761	$	32,992
2024	$	44,748	$	36,253
		3,709		n/a
		3,728		2,237
	$	52,185	$	38,490

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Interest income for financial instruments that are measured at amortized cost and debt securities that are measured at FVOCI is calculated using the effective interest rate method.
(2)	Includes interest income on sublease-related assets and interest expense on lease liabilities under IFRS 16.
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(3)	Includes interest income and expense and dividend income for financial instruments that are mandatorily measured and designated at FVTPL and equity securities designated at FVOCI.
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n/a	Not applicable.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	176
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Consolidated financial statements
Note 29	Segmented and geographic information
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CIBC has four SBUs – Canadian Personal and Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets. These SBUs are supported by Corporate and Other.

Canadian Personal and Business Banking provides clients across Canada with financial solutions, services and advice through our dedicated team members in banking centres and contact centres, as well as leading mobile and online banking platforms to help make their ambitions a reality.

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides high-touch, relationship-oriented banking and wealth management services to middle-market companies, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families across Canada. Our offering also includes an online brokerage platform for retail clients and asset management services for institutional investors.

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides tailored, relationship-oriented banking and wealth management solutions across the U.S., focusing on middle-market and mid-corporate companies, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families, as well as operating private and small business banking services in strategic markets across the U.S.

Capital Markets provides integrated global markets products and services, investment banking and corporate banking solutions, and top-ranked research to our clients around the world. Leveraging the capabilities of our differentiated platform, Capital Markets also delivers multi-currency payments and innovative solutions for clients across our bank.

Corporate and Other includes the following functional groups – Technology, Infrastructure and Innovation, Risk Management, People, Culture and Brand, and Finance and Enterprise Strategy, as well as other support groups. The expenses of these functional and support groups are generally allocated to the business lines within the SBUs. Corporate and Other also includes the results of CIBC Caribbean and other portfolio investments, as well as other income statement and balance sheet items not directly attributable to the business lines.

Business unit allocations

Revenue, expenses, and other balance sheet resources related to certain activities are generally allocated to the lines of business within the SBUs.

Treasury activities impact the financial results of the SBUs. Each line of business within our SBUs is charged or credited with a market-based cost of funds on assets and liabilities, respectively, which impacts the revenue performance of the SBUs. This market-based cost of funds takes into account the cost of maintaining sufficient regulatory capital to support business requirements, including the cost of preferred shares. Once the interest and liquidity risks inherent in our client-driven assets and liabilities are transfer priced into Treasury, they are managed within CIBC’s risk framework and limits. Capital is attributed to the SBUs based on the estimated amount of regulatory capital required to support their businesses, which is intended to consistently measure and align the costs with the underlying benefits and risks associated with SBU activities. Earnings on unattributed capital remain in Corporate and Other.

We review our transfer pricing methodologies on an ongoing basis to ensure they reflect changing market environments and industry practices.

We use a Product Owner/Customer Segment/Distributor Channel allocation management model to measure and report the results of operations of various lines of business within our SBUs. The model uses certain estimates and methodologies to process internal transfers between the impacted lines of business for sales, renewals and trailer commissions as well as certain attributable costs. Periodically, the sales, renewals and trailer commission rates paid to customer segments for certain products/services are revised and applied prospectively.

The non-interest expenses of the functional and support groups are generally allocated to the business lines within the SBUs based on appropriate criteria and methodologies. The basis of allocation is reviewed periodically to reflect changes in support to business lines. Other costs not directly attributable to business lines remain in Corporate and Other.

We recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired (stage 3) and performing (stages 1 and 2) loans in the respective SBUs.

Changes made to our business segments

2025

The following changes were made in the first quarter of 2025:

•	Our Simplii Financial direct banking business and Investor’s Edge direct investing business, previously reported in Capital Markets and Direct Financial Services were realigned with Canadian Personal and Business Banking and Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, respectively; and
•	Our CIBC Cleary Gull U.S. mid-market investment banking business was realigned from Capital Markets to U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management.
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Prior period amounts were restated accordingly. While the changes impacted the results of our strategic business units (SBUs) and how we measure the performance of our SBUs, there was no impact on our consolidated financial results from these changes.

177	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Consolidated financial statements

Results by reporting segments and geographic areas

millions, for the year ended October 31	Canadian<br> Personal<br> and Business<br> Banking		Canadian<br> Commercial<br> Banking<br> and Wealth<br> Management		U.S.<br> Commercial<br> Banking<br> and Wealth<br> Management		Capital<br> Markets		Corporate<br> and Other			CIBC<br> Total		Canada<br>(1)		U.S.<br>(1)		Caribbean<br>(1)		Other<br> countries<br>(1)
2025	$	9,629	$	2,960	$	2,205	$	501	$	474		$	15,769	$	10,278	$	3,080	$	2,246	$	165
		2,402		3,942		1,011		5,647		362			13,364		8,995		2,852		480		1,037
		12,031		6,902		3,216		6,148		836			29,133		19,273		5,932		2,726		1,202
		1,764		166		175		208		29			2,342		1,947		256		29		110
		231		2		106		2		837			1,178		960		140		57		21
		5,836		3,520		1,755		2,853		710			14,674		11,130		2,566		624		354
		4,200		3,214		1,180		3,085		(740	)		10,939		5,236		2,970		2,016		717
		1,093		873		222		812		(515	)		2,485		1,290		754		232		209
	$	3,107	$	2,341	$	958	$	2,273	$	(225	)	$	8,454	$	3,946	$	2,216	$	1,784	$	508
	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	25		$	25	$	–	$	–	$	25	$	–
		3,107		2,341		958		2,273		(250	)		8,429		3,946		2,216		1,759		508
	$	339,909	$	103,855	$	64,415	$	378,541	$	217,565		$	1,104,285	$	835,506	$	189,079	$	55,069	$	24,631
2024 (8)	$	8,592	$	2,232	$	1,906	$	303	$	662		$	13,695	$	9,095	$	2,569	$	1,865	$	166
		2,350		3,786		914		4,497		364			11,911		8,249		2,265		626		771
		10,942		6,018		2,820		4,800		1,026			25,606		17,344		4,834		2,491		937
		1,233		123		560		84		1			2,001		1,375		623		1		2
		229		2		98		9		832			1,170		956		130		64		20
		5,477		3,064		1,620		2,470		638			13,269		10,108		2,259		607		295
		4,003		2,829		542		2,237		(445	)		9,166		4,905		1,822		1,819		620
		1,098		766		42		608		(502	)		2,012		1,284		422		125		181
	$	2,905	$	2,063	$	500	$	1,629	$	57		$	7,154	$	3,621	$	1,400	$	1,694	$	439
	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	39		$	39	$	–	$	–	$	39	$	–
		2,905		2,063		500		1,629		18			7,115		3,621		1,400		1,655		439
	$	333,793	$	95,536	$	60,820	$	315,314	$	199,670		$	1,005,133	$	750,500	$	177,688	$	52,862	$	24,083

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Net income and average assets are allocated based on the geographic location where they are recorded.
(2)	Capital Markets net interest income and income taxes include taxable equivalent basis (TEB) adjustments of nil (2024: $<br>16<br>million) with an equivalent offset in Corporate and Other. TEB adjustment<br>and related<br> offset <br>are<br> no longer applied since the third quarter of 2024 upon the enactment of Bill C-59 in June 2024, which eliminated the dividend received deduction for Canadian banks.
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(3)	The fee and commission income within non-interest income consists primarily of underwriting and advisory fees, deposit and payment fees, credit fees, card fees, investment management and custodial fees, mutual fund fees and commissions on securities transactions. Underwriting and advisory fees are earned primarily in Capital Markets with the remainder earned in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management. Deposit and payment fees are earned primarily in Canadian Personal and Business Banking, with the remainder earned mainly in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, Capital Markets, and Corporate and Other. Credit fees are earned primarily in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, Capital Markets, and U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management. Card fees are earned primarily in Canadian Personal and Business Banking, with the remainder earned mainly in Corporate and Other. Investment management and custodial fees are earned primarily in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management and U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, with the remainder earned mainly in Corporate and Other. Mutual fund fees are earned primarily in Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management and U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management. Commissions on securities transactions are earned primarily in Capital Markets, and Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management.
---	---
(4)	Includes intersegment revenue, which represents internal sales commissions and revenue allocations under the Product Owner/Customer Segment/Distributor Channel allocation management model.
---	---
(5)	Comprises amortization and impairment of buildings, right-of-use assets, furniture, equipment, leasehold improvements, software and other intangible assets, and goodwill.
---	---
(6)	Assets are disclosed on an average basis as this measure is most relevant to a financial institution and is the measure reviewed by management.
---	---
(7)	Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.
---	---
(8)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.
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The following table provides a breakdown of revenue from our reporting segments:

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Canadian Personal and Business Banking<br><br>(1)	$	12,031		$	10,942
Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management<br><br>(1)
Commercial banking	$	2,710		$	2,465
Wealth management		4,192			3,553
	$	6,902		$	6,018
U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management<br><br>(1)
Commercial banking	$	2,224		$	1,971
Wealth management		992			849
	$	3,216		$	2,820
Capital Markets<br><br>(1)(2)
Global markets	$	3,996		$	3,055
Corporate and investment banking		2,152			1,745
	$	6,148		$	4,800
Corporate and Other<br><br>(2)
International banking	$	905		$	980
Other		(69	)		46
	$	836		$	1,026
(1)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.
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(2)	Capital Markets net interest income <br>includes<br> TEB adjustments of<br> nil (2024: $16 <br>million) with an equivalent offset in Corporate and Other. TEB adjustment and related offset <br>are<br> no longer applied since the third quarter of 2024 upon the enactment of Bill C-59 in June 2024, which eliminated the dividend received deduction for Canadian banks.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	178
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Consolidated financial statements
Note 30	Future accounting policy changes
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IFRS 18 “Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements” (IFRS 18)

On April 9, 2024, the IASB issued IFRS 18, which replaces IAS 1 “Presentation of Financial Statements”. IFRS 18 is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2027, which for CIBC will be for the fiscal year beginning November 1, 2027, with the requirement to restate comparative financial periods. Early adoption is permitted. IFRS 18 is a result of the IASB’s Primary Financial Statements project, which aimed to improve the comparability and transparency of communication in financial statements. It introduces a number of new requirements including a more structured consolidated statement of income, new disclosure for certain management-defined performance measures and new guidance on how to aggregate and disaggregate information on the face of the consolidated financial statements and notes. We are currently evaluating the impact that adopting this standard will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Amendments to Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments: Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7

In May 2024, the IASB issued “Amendments to Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments: Amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7” (the amendments). The amendments provide guidance on the application of the SPPI test to financial instruments with environmental, social and governance (ESG) linked features and non-recourse assets, including contractually linked instruments. The amendments also provide guidance on the derecognition of financial liabilities including those which are settled using electronic payment systems and introduce additional disclosure requirements for equity instruments designated as FVOCI and for financial instruments with cash flows contingent on certain events. These amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2026, which for us will be November 1, 2026. Earlier application is permitted. The Bank is required to apply the amendments retrospectively but is not required to restate prior periods. We are currently evaluating the impact of the amendments to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 on our consolidated financial statements.

179	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Exhibit B.3(c): Management’s discussion and analysis excerpted from pages 1-100 of CIBC’s 2025 Annual Report

Management’s discussion and analysis

Management’s discussion and analysis

Management’s discussion and analysis (MD&A) is provided to enable readers to assess CIBC’s financial condition and results of operations as at and for the year ended October 31, 2025, compared with prior years. The MD&A should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements. Unless otherwise indicated, all financial information in this MD&A has been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS or GAAP) and all amounts are expressed in Canadian dollars. Certain disclosures in the MD&A have been shaded as they form an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. The MD&A is current as of December 3, 2025. Additional information relating to CIBC, including the Annual Information Form, is available on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.com and on the United States (U.S.) Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) website at www.sec.gov. No information on CIBC’s website (www.cibc.com) should be considered incorporated herein by reference. A glossary of terms used in the MD&A and the audited consolidated financial statements is provided on pages 94 to 100 of this Annual Report.

2	External reporting<br>changes
2	Overview
2	Our strategy
2	Performance against objectives
4	Financial highlights
5	Economic and market environment
5	Year in review – 2025
5	Outlook for calendar year<br>2026
5	Significant events
6	Financial performance overview
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6	2025 Financial results review
6	Net interest income and margin
7	Non-interest income
7	Trading revenue
8	Provision for credit losses
8	Non-interest expenses
9	Taxes
9	Foreign exchange
9	Fourth quarter review
10	Quarterly trend analysis
11	Review of 2024 financial performance
13	Non-GAAP measures
16	Strategic business units overview
---	---
17	Canadian Personal and Business Banking
20	Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management
23	U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management
26	Capital Markets
29	Corporate and Other
30	Financial condition
30	Review of condensed consolidated balance sheet
31	Capital management
40	Off-balance sheet arrangements
42	Management of risk
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82	Accounting and control matters
82	Critical accounting policies and estimates
86	Accounting developments
86	Other regulatory developments
86	Related-party transactions
87	Policy on the Scope of Services of the Shareholders’ Auditor
87	Controls and procedures
88	Supplementary annual financial information
94	Glossary

A NOTE ABOUT FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS: From time to time, we make written or oral forward-looking statements within the meaning of certain securities laws, including in this Annual Report, in other filings with Canadian securities regulators or the SEC and in other communications. All such statements are made pursuant to the “safe harbour” provisions of, and are intended to be forward-looking statements under applicable Canadian and U.S. securities legislation, including the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include, but are not limited to, statements made in the “Message from the President and Chief Executive Officer”, “Overview – Performance against objectives”, “Economic and market environment – Outlook for calendar year 2026”, “Significant events”, “Financial performance overview – Taxes”, “Strategic business units overview – Canadian Personal and Business Banking”, “Strategic business units overview – Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management”, “Strategic business units overview – U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management”, “Strategic business units overview – Capital Markets”, “Financial condition – Capital management”, “Financial condition – Off-balance sheet arrangements”, “Management of risk – Risk overview”, “Management of risk – Top and emerging risks”, “Management of risk – Credit risk”, “Management of risk – Market risk”, “Management of risk – Liquidity risk”, “Accounting and control matters – Critical accounting policies and estimates”, “Accounting and control matters – Accounting developments”, “Accounting and control matters – Other regulatory developments” and “Accounting and control matters – Controls and procedures” sections of this report and other statements about our operations, business lines, financial condition, risk management, priorities, targets and sustainability commitments (including with respect to our sustainability ambitions and our environmental, social and governance (ESG) related activities), ongoing objectives, strategies, the regulatory environment in which we operate and outlook for calendar year 2026 and subsequent periods. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by the words “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “estimate”, “forecast”, “target”, “predict”, “commit”, “ambition”, “goal”, “strive”, “project”, “objective” and other similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will”, “may”, “should”, “would” and “could”. By their nature, these statements require us to make assumptions, including the economic assumptions set out in the “Economic and market environment – Outlook for calendar year 2026” section of this report, and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties that may be general or specific. Given the potential negative economic impacts tied to the actual and proposed U.S. imposition of tariffs on Canada and other countries and their countermeasures, the softening labour market and uncertain political conditions in the U.S., the continuing impact of hybrid work arrangements and high interest rates on the U.S. real estate sector, and the war in Ukraine and conflict in the Middle East on the global economy, financial markets, and our business, results of operations, reputation and financial condition, there is inherently more uncertainty associated with our assumptions as compared to prior periods. A variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, affect our operations, performance and results, and could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations expressed in any of our forward-looking statements. These factors include: trade policies and tensions, including tariffs; inflationary pressures in the U.S.; global supply-chain disruptions; geopolitical risk, including from the war in Ukraine and conflict in the Middle East; the impact of post-pandemic hybrid work arrangements; credit, market, liquidity, strategic, insurance, operational, reputation, conduct and legal, regulatory and environmental risk; currency value and interest rate fluctuations, including as a result of market and oil price volatility; the effectiveness and adequacy of our risk management and valuation models and processes; legislative or regulatory developments in the jurisdictions where we operate, including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Common Reporting Standard, and regulatory reforms in the United Kingdom and Europe, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s global standards for capital and liquidity reform, and those relating to bank recapitalization legislation and the payments system in Canada; amendments to, and interpretations of, risk-based capital guidelines and reporting instructions, and interest rate and liquidity regulatory guidance; exposure to, and the resolution of, significant litigation or regulatory matters, our ability to successfully appeal adverse outcomes of such matters and the timing, determination and recovery of amounts related to such matters; the effect of changes to accounting standards, rules and interpretations; changes in our estimates of reserves and allowances; changes in tax laws; changes to our credit ratings; political conditions and developments, including changes relating to economic or trade matters such as tariffs; the possible effect on our business of international conflicts, such as the war in Ukraine and conflict in the Middle East, and terrorism; natural disasters, disruptions to public infrastructure and other catastrophic events; the occurrence of public health emergencies and any related government policies and actions; reliance on third parties to provide components of our business infrastructure; potential disruptions to our information technology systems and services; increasing cyber security risks, which may include theft or disclosure of assets, unauthorized access to sensitive information, or operational disruption; social media risk; losses incurred as a result of internal or external fraud; anti-money laundering; the accuracy and completeness of information provided to us concerning clients and counterparties; the failure of third parties to comply with their obligations to us and our affiliates or associates; intensifying competition from established competitors and new entrants in the financial services industry, including through internet and mobile banking; technological change, including the use of data and artificial intelligence (AI) in our business; the heavy reliance on AI-related capital spending for U.S. growth and the uncertain employment impacts from its adoption; global capital market activity; changes in monetary and economic policy; general business and economic conditions worldwide, as well as in Canada, the U.S. and other countries where we have operations, including increasing Canadian household debt levels and global credit risks; climate change and other ESG-related risks, including our ability to implement various sustainability-related initiatives internally and with our clients under expected time frames and our ability to scale our sustainable finance products and services; our success in developing and introducing new products and services, expanding existing distribution channels, developing new distribution channels and realizing increased revenue from these channels; changes in client spending and saving habits; our ability to attract and retain key employees and executives; our ability to successfully execute our strategies and complete and integrate acquisitions and joint ventures; the risk that expected benefits of an acquisition, merger or divestiture will not be realized within the expected time frame or at all; and our ability to anticipate and manage the risks associated with these factors. This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect any of our forward-looking statements. These and other factors should be considered carefully and readers should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements contained in this report represent the views of management only as of the date hereof and are presented for the purpose of assisting our shareholders and financial analysts in understanding our financial position, objectives and priorities and anticipated financial performance as at and for the periods ended on the dates presented, and may not be appropriate for other purposes. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statement that is contained in this report or in other communications except as required by law.

1	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
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External reporting changes

The following external reporting changes were made in 2025.

Changes made to our business segments

•	Our Simplii Financial direct banking business and Investor’s Edge direct investing business, previously reported in Capital Markets and Direct Financial Services were realigned with Canadian Personal and Business Banking and Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, respectively; and
•	Our CIBC Cleary Gull U.S. <br>mid-market<br> investment banking business was realigned from Capital Markets to U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management.
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Prior period amounts were restated accordingly. While the changes impacted the results of our strategic business units (SBUs) and how we measure the performance of our SBUs, there was no impact on our consolidated financial results from these changes.

Overview

CIBC is a leading and well-diversified North American financial institution committed to creating enduring value for all our stakeholders – our clients, team, communities and shareholders. We are guided by our purpose – to help make your ambition a reality, and we are deploying our resources to create positive change and contribute to a more secure, equitable and sustainable future.

Across our bank and our businesses – Personal and Business Banking, Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets – our 50,000 employees bring our purpose to life every day for our 15 million personal banking, business, public sector and institutional clients in Canada, the U.S. and around the world.

Our strategy

Throughout 2025, we continued to execute on our strategy with a goal of delivering exceptional client experience and top-tier shareholder returns while maintaining our financial strength, risk discipline, and advancing our purpose-driven culture. Going forward, we will continue to drive further long-term growth and build on our momentum with a client-focused, connected, and performance-driven approach, that is underpinned by our four strategic priorities:

•	Growing our mass affluent and private wealth franchise;
•	Expanding our digital-first personal banking capabilities;
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•	Delivering connectivity and differentiation to our clients; and
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•	Enabling, simplifying and protecting our bank.
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Performance against objectives

CIBC reports a scorecard of financial measures that we use to evaluate and report on our progress to external stakeholders. These measures can be categorized into four key areas – earnings growth, operating leverage, shareholder profitability and return, and balance sheet strength. We have set through the cycle targets for each of these measures, which we currently define as three to five years, assuming a normal business environment and credit cycle. Our ability to achieve these objectives may be adversely affected by extraordinary developments and disruptions.

Fiscal 2025 saw decelerating Canadian economic growth with higher unemployment, elevated tariffs in some sectors, and geopolitical pressures. This was offset by strong but volatile financial markets and stimulative monetary policy. In spite of these challenges, we delivered strong performance across all of our SBUs.

Earnings growth<br><br><br><br>To assess our earnings growth, we monitor our earnings per share (EPS). In 2025, our reported and adjusted<br>(1)<br> EPS was $8.57 and $8.61, respectively, compared with $7.28 and $7.40, respectively, in 2024. Against a backdrop of a challenging economic environment, our year-over-year reported and adjusted<br>(1)<br> diluted EPS was up by 18% and 16%, respectively.<br><br><br><br>Going forward, we will continue to target an adjusted<br>(1)<br> diluted EPS<br><br>growth rate of 7% to 10% through the cycle.	Reported diluted EPS<br><br>($)<br><br><br><br>	Adjusted diluted EPS<br><br>($)<br><br><br><br>
Operating leverage<br><br>Operating leverage, defined as the difference between the year-over-year percentage change in revenue and year-over-year percentage change in <br>non-interest<br> expenses, is a measure of the relative growth rates of revenue and expenses. In 2025, our reported and adjusted<br>(1)<br> operating leverage was 4.0% and 3.1%, respectively, compared with 9.1% and 1.2%, respectively, in 2024.<br><br><br><br>Going forward, we will continue to target positive adjusted<br>(1)<br> operating leverage through the cycle.	Reported operating<br>leverage<br><br>(%)<br><br><br><br>	Adjusted operating<br>leverage<br><br>(%)<br><br><br><br>
(1)	Adjusted measures are <br>non-GAAP<br> measures. For additional information and a reconciliation of reported results to adjusted results, where applicable, see the <br>“Non-GAAP<br> measures” section.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	2
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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Shareholder profitability and return<br><br>We have three metrics to measure shareholder profitability and return:<br><br><br><br>1.  <br>Return on common shareholders’ equity (ROE)<br><br><br><br>ROE, defined as the ratio of net income to average(2) common shareholders’ equity, is a key measure of profitability. In 2025, our reported and adjusted(1) ROE were at 14.3% and 14.4%, respectively, compared with 13.4% and 13.7% in 2024, respectively, and below our through the cycle target of 15%+, driven mainly by higher regulatory capital requirements.<br><br><br><br>Going forward, we will continue to target an adjusted<br>(1)<br> ROE of 15%+ through the cycle.	ROE<br><br><br><br>(%)<br><br><br><br>	Adjusted ROE<br><br><br><br>(%)<br><br><br><br>
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2.  <br>Dividend payout ratio<br><br><br><br>Dividend payout ratio is defined as the ratio of common share dividends paid as a percentage of net income after preferred share dividends, premiums on preferred share redemptions, and distributions on other equity instruments. Key criteria for considering dividend increases are our current level of payout relative to our target and our view on the sustainability of our current earnings level. In 2025, our reported and adjusted<br>(1)<br> dividend payout ratios were 45.0% and 44.8%, respectively, compared with 49.4% and 48.5% in 2024, respectively.<br><br><br><br>Going forward, we will continue to target an adjusted<br>(1)<br> dividend payout ratio of 40% to 50% through the cycle.	Reported dividend<br><br>payout ratio<br><br><br><br>(%)<br><br><br><br>	Adjusted dividend<br><br>payout ratio<br><br><br><br>(%)<br><br><br><br>
3.  <br>Total shareholder return (TSR)<br><br><br><br>TSR is the ultimate measure of shareholder value, and the output of delivering against the financial targets within our control. We continue to have an objective to deliver a TSR that exceeds the industry average, which we have defined as the Standard & Poor’s (S&P)/Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) Composite Banks Index, over rolling three- and five-year periods. For the three years ended October 31, 2025, our TSR was 119.5% (2024: 36.4%), which was above the S&P/TSX Composite Banks Index of 73.7%. For the five years ended October 31, 2025, our TSR was 199.8% (2024: 102.9%), which was above the S&P/TSX Composite Banks Index return over the same period of 159.1%.	Rolling three-year TSR<br><br><br><br>(%)<br><br><br><br>	Rolling five-year TSR<br><br><br><br>(%)<br><br><br><br>
Balance sheet strength<br><br>Maintaining a strong balance sheet is foundational to our long-term success. Our goal is to maintain strong capital and liquidity positions. We look to constantly balance our objectives of holding a prudent amount of excess capital for unexpected events and environmental uncertainties, investing in our core businesses, growing through acquisitions and returning capital to our shareholders.<br><br><br><br>1.  <br>Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) ratio<br><br><br><br>We actively manage our capital to maintain a strong and efficient capital base while supporting our business growth and returning capital to our shareholders. For the year ended October 31, 2025, our CET1<br>(3)<br> ratio was 13.3%, compared with 13.3% in 2024, well above the current regulatory requirement set by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI).<br><br><br><br>Going forward, we will continue to maintain a strong buffer to regulatory requirements.<br><br><br><br>2.  <br>Liquidity coverage ratio (LCR)<br><br><br><br>Our ability to meet our near-term financial obligations is measured through the LCR. It measures unencumbered high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) that can be converted into cash to meet liquidity needs in a <br>30-calendar-day<br> liquidity stress scenario. The LCR standard requires that, absent a situation of financial stress, the value of the ratio be no lower than 100%.<br><br><br><br>For the quarter ended October 31, 2025, our three-month daily average LCR<br>(3)<br> was 132% compared to 129% for the same period last year.	CET1 ratio<br><br>(%)<br><br>
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	LCR<br><br><br><br>(%)<br><br>
(1)	Adjusted measures are <br>non-GAAP<br> measures. For additional information and a reconciliation of reported results to adjusted results, where applicable, see the <br>“Non-GAAP<br> measures” section.
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(2)	Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.
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(3)	Our capital ratios are calculated pursuant to OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) Guideline and the LCR is calculated pursuant to OSFI’s Liquidity Adequacy Requirements (LAR) Guideline, which are both based on Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) standards. For additional information, see the “Capital management” and “Liquidity risk” sections.
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3	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Financial highlights

As at or for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Financial results ( millions)
Net interest income	$	15,769		$	13,695
Non-interest income		13,364			11,911
Total revenue		29,133			25,606
Provision for credit losses		2,342			2,001
Non-interest expenses		15,852			14,439
Income before income taxes		10,939			9,166
Income taxes		2,485			2,012
Net income	$	8,454		$	7,154
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests		25			39
Preferred shareholders and other equity instrument holders		364			263
Common shareholders		8,065			6,852
Net income attributable to equity shareholders	$	8,429		$	7,115
Financial measures
Reported efficiency ratio (1)		54.4	%		56.4	%
Reported operating leverage (1)		4.0	%		9.1	%
Loan loss ratio (1)		0.33	%		0.32	%
Reported return on common shareholders’ equity (1)		14.3	%		13.4	%
Net interest margin (1)		1.43	%		1.36	%
Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets (1)(2)		1.55	%		1.47	%
Return on average assets (1)(2)		0.77	%		0.71	%
Return on average interest-earning assets (1)(2)		0.83	%		0.77	%
Reported effective tax rate		22.7	%		21.9	%
Common share information
Per share ()	$	8.62		$	7.29
		8.57			7.28
		3.88			3.60
		62.33			57.08
Closing share price ()		116.21			87.11
Shares outstanding (thousands)		935,374			939,352
		940,675			941,712
		926,614			942,295
Market capitalization ( millions)	$	107,682		$	82,083
Value measures
Total shareholder return		39.05	%		87.56	%
Dividend yield (based on closing share price)		3.3	%		4.1	%
Reported dividend payout ratio (1)		45.0	%		49.4	%
Market value to book value ratio		1.86			1.53
Selected financial measures – adjusted (3)
Adjusted efficiency ratio		54.3	%		55.8	%
Adjusted operating leverage		3.1	%		1.2	%
Adjusted return on common shareholders’ equity		14.4	%		13.7	%
Adjusted effective tax rate		22.7	%		22.0	%
Adjusted diluted earnings per share ()	$	8.61		$	7.40
Adjusted dividend payout ratio		44.8	%		48.5	%
On- and off-balance sheet information ( millions)
Cash, deposits with banks and securities	$	327,238		$	302,409
Loans and acceptances, net of allowance for credit losses		589,504			558,292
Total assets		1,116,938			1,041,985
Deposits		808,124			764,857
Common shareholders’ equity (1)		57,760			53,789
Average assets (2)		1,104,285			1,005,133
Average interest-earning assets (1)(2)		1,015,644			929,604
Average common shareholders’ equity (1)(2)		56,321			51,025
Assets under administration (AUA) (1)(4)(5)		3,998,199			3,600,069
Assets under management (AUM) (1)(5)		430,982			383,264
Balance sheet quality (All-in basis) and liquidity measures (6)
Risk-weighted assets (RWA) ( millions)
Total RWA	$	357,803		$	333,502
Capital ratios
CET1 ratio		13.3	%		13.3	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		15.1	%		14.8	%
Total capital ratio		17.4	%		17.0	%
Leverage ratio		4.3	%		4.3	%
Total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC) ratio		31.9	%		30.3	%
TLAC leverage ratio		9.0	%		8.7	%
LCR (7)		132	%		129	%
Net stable funding ratio (NSFR)		116	%		115	%
Other information
Full-time equivalent employees		49,824			48,525

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	For additional information on the composition of these specified financial measures, see the “Glossary” section.
(2)	Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.
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(3)	Adjusted measures are <br>non-GAAP<br> measures. Adjusted measures are calculated in the same manner as reported measures, except that financial information included in the calculation of adjusted measures is adjusted to exclude the impact of items of note. For additional information and a reconciliation of reported results to adjusted results, where applicable, see the <br>“Non-GAAP<br> measures” section.
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(4)	Includes the full contract amount of AUA or custody under a 50/50 joint venture between CIBC and The Bank of New York Mellon of $3,117.4 billion as at October 31, 2025 (2024: $2,814.6 billion).
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(5)	AUM amounts are included in the amounts reported under AUA.
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(6)	RWA and our capital ratios are calculated pursuant to OSFI’s CAR Guideline, the leverage ratio is calculated pursuant to OSFI’s Leverage Requirements Guideline, and the LCR and NSFR are calculated pursuant to OSFI’s LAR Guideline, all of which are based on BCBS standards. For additional information, see the “Capital management” and “Liquidity risk” sections.
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(7)	Average for the three months ended October 31 for each respective year.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	4
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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Economic and market environment

Year in review – 2025

Growth decelerated in Canada in 2025 as the economy was hit by elevated tariffs in some sectors and uncertainty over trade relations with the U.S. Although population growth was slowing, weak hiring resulted in an upward drift in the unemployment rate. Inflation remained close to the Bank of Canada’s 2% target rate, allowing the central bank to further lower its policy rate during the year to support growth ahead. Lower interest rates supported a strong year for equities and capital market activity, a mid-year upturn in housing starts, and moderate growth in mortgage and personal loans. Growth in business loans decelerated due to the impact of economic uncertainty on investment spending. The U.S. economy has remained stronger than Canada’s helped by a boom in capital spending for artificial intelligence (AI), but has been impacted by slowing population growth that has held back job creation. While core inflation has yet to come back to target, the central bank resumed cutting interest rates in the wake of a modest upturn in unemployment.

Outlook for calendar year 2026

The ongoing global trade uncertainty presents a challenging environment for economic activity in Canada and abroad, with more stimulative monetary policy in most countries aimed at sustaining moderate global growth in 2026. The U.S. will see both court rulings and further negotiations over trade policy, the outcomes of which will impact both the U.S. economy and those of its trading partners, but tariffs are likely to remain well above pre-2025 levels. In Canada’s case, we expect some progress to reduce some of the sectoral tariffs already imposed, but our outlook assumes that the Canada-U.S.-Mexico trade deal is extended and provides ongoing tariff-free access for other Canadian exports to the U.S. market.

China continues to face higher tariffs than other countries. If the tariffs are maintained at current levels, we expect slower growth in China in 2026 even with increased support from fiscal stimulus. Europe is expected to see a modest improvement in growth in 2026, from the lagged impacts of 2025 interest rate cuts and increased defense spending in some countries. Oil prices could see a modest rebound in the coming year, while we expect to see continued firmness in prices for commodities tied to electrification and power production.

After pausing earlier in 2025, the Bank of Canada cut interest rates further as unemployment climbed, and we expect its policy rate to hold at 2.25% through 2026 in order to support interest sensitive demand. Although Canadian tariffs and higher U.S. production costs will put some upward pressure on inflation, most of that will be offset by ongoing labour market slack that will constrain wage gains and consumer purchasing power for domestic goods and services. Fiscal policy could also mitigate an economic downturn through targeted relief for affected sectors and should support economic growth in 2026. Canadian GDP is expected to grow at 1.4% for 2026 as a whole, and with slow population growth, that will allow the unemployment rate to gradually ease and average at 6.7% for the year as a whole. A more severe global trade conflict, or more elevated U.S. tariffs on Canada, would represent a downside risk to this forecast, with the results dependent on the degree to which the trade shock would be offset by more substantial monetary and fiscal stimulus.

The U.S. economy faces headwinds from a deceleration in population growth and the impact of elevated tariffs on consumer spending power and business costs. Strong capital spending on AI-related projects is expected to continue, but may not provide as large a year-over-year increase in growth as in 2025. Despite above-target inflation, the Federal Reserve has resumed cutting interest rates in response to slower hiring, and is expected to take the federal funds rate to under 3.5% in 2026. Real GDP growth is expected to be just under 2% for 2026 as a whole, with the unemployment rate stabilizing at 4.4%. Higher budget deficits could prevent a further drop in long-term rates, but fiscal stimulus and lighter regulatory policies will add some support for economic growth in 2026. Inflation is expected to accelerate as tariffs get passed through to consumers, with the CPI averaging 3.3% in 2026.

For Canadian Personal Banking, mortgage growth is expected to continue at the current rate in 2026, as lower interest rates bring buyers back to the market tempered by reduced consumer confidence and policy measures designed to slow population growth. We expect to see a marginal improvement in activity as per capita discretionary spending accelerates in response to lower borrowing costs, offset by economic uncertainty resulting in a modest increase in demand for non-mortgage credit.

De-escalating tariff concerns and interest rate relief should lead to loan growth in Canadian commercial banking and corporate banking in 2026. While loan growth in our U.S. commercial banking business had slowed due to the evolving trade policy uncertainties, we expect client investment activity will increase as the uncertainty lessens, which in turn will lead to further loan growth to the extent clients do not utilize their deposit holdings.

Financial markets will benefit from interest rate reductions in both Canada and the U.S. Canadian and U.S. wealth management businesses have benefitted from strong equity market performance in both countries, and greater assets under management should be supportive for 2026.

Corporate and investment banking is expected to continue to benefit from merger and acquisition activity, and corporate bond issuance is expected to pick up as capital spending improves with reduced uncertainties over tariffs in 2026.

The economic outlook described above reflects numerous assumptions regarding the level and duration of tariffs between the U.S., Canada and other major trading partners, the impact that tariffs may have on economic growth and inflation in Canada and the U.S. and fiscal and monetary policies that may be enacted in response to tariffs, as well as the economic risks emanating from geopolitical events. As a result, actual experience may differ materially from expectations. The impact of trade policy uncertainty and geopolitical events on our risk environment, are discussed in the “Top and emerging risks” section. Changes in the level of economic uncertainty continue to impact key accounting estimates and assumptions, particularly the estimation of expected credit losses (ECL). See the “Accounting and control matters” section and Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for further details.

Significant events

Sale of certain banking assets in the Caribbean

On October 31, 2023, CIBC Caribbean Bank Limited (CIBC Caribbean) announced that it had entered into an agreement to sell its banking assets in Curaçao and Sint Maarten. The sale of banking assets in Curaçao was completed on May 24, 2024. The sale of banking assets in Sint Maarten was completed on February 7, 2025. The impact of these transactions was not material.

5	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Financial performance overview

This section provides a review of our consolidated financial results for 2025. A review of our SBU results follows on pages 16 to 28. Refer to page 11 for a review of our financial performance for 2024.

2025 Financial results review

Reported net income for the year was $8,454 million, compared with $7,154 million in 2024.

Adjusted net income (1) for the year was $8,487 million, compared with $7,272 million in 2024.

Reported diluted EPS for the year was $8.57, compared with $7.28 in 2024.

Adjusted diluted EPS (1) for the year was $8.61, compared with $7.40 in 2024.

2025

Net income was affected by the following item of note:

•	$45 million ($33 million <br>after-tax)<br> amortization and impairment of acquisition-related intangible assets ($20 million <br>after-tax<br> in Canadian Personal and Business Banking, and $13 million <br>after-tax<br> in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management).

The above item of note increased non-interest expenses by $45 million and decreased income taxes by $12 million, and decreased net income by $33 million.

2024

Net income was affected by the following items of note:

•	$103 million ($77 million <br>after-tax)<br> charge related to the special assessment imposed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) on U.S. depository institutions, which impacted CIBC Bank USA (U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management); and
•	$56 million ($41 million <br>after-tax)<br> amortization and impairment of acquisition-related intangible assets ($19 million <br>after-tax<br> in Canadian Personal and Business Banking, and $22 million <br>after-tax<br> in U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management).
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The above items of note increased non-interest expenses by $159 million and decreased income taxes by $41 million. In aggregate, these items of note decreased net income by $118 million.

(1)	Adjusted measures are <br>non-GAAP<br> measures. For additional information and a reconciliation of reported results to adjusted results, where applicable, see the <br>“Non-GAAP<br> measures” section.

Net interest income and margin

millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Non-trading net interest income	$	16,893		$	14,648
Trading net interest income (1)		(1,124	)		(953	)
Total net interest income	$	15,769		$	13,695
Average trading interest-earning assets		140,073			109,676
Average non-trading interest-earning assets		875,571			819,928
Total average interest-earning assets		1,015,644			929,604
Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets		1.55	%		1.47	%
Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets (excluding trading) (1)		1.93	%		1.79	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	See the “Glossary – Trading activities and trading net interest income” and “Glossary – Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets (excluding trading)” sections for additional information.

Net interest income was up $2,074 million or 15% from 2024, primarily due to volume growth across all of our businesses, including from the conversion of bankers’ acceptances to Canadian Overnight Repo Rate Average (CORRA) resulting from Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (CDOR) cessation in 2024, higher net interest margin in our non-trading businesses, and the impact of foreign exchange translation, partially offset by lower treasury revenue and lower trading net interest income.

Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets was up 8 basis points from 2024, primarily due to higher deposit and loan margins, partially offset by lower trading net interest income. Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets (excluding trading) was up 14 basis points from 2024, primarily due to higher deposit and loan margins.

Additional information on net interest income and margin is provided in the “Supplementary annual financial information” section and in the “Strategic business units overview” section.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	6
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Non-interest income

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Underwriting and advisory fees	$	915		$	707
Deposit and payment fees		996			958
Credit fees		1,015			1,218
Card fees		402			414
Investment management and custodial fees<br>(1)(2)		2,241			1,980
Mutual fund fees<br>(2)		2,019			1,796
Income from insurance activities, net		317			356
Commissions on securities transactions		554			431
Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), net<br>(3)		4,022			3,226
Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) and amortized cost, net		(14	)		43
Foreign exchange other than trading		369			386
Income from equity-accounted associates and joint ventures<br>(2)		117			79
Other		411			317
Total <br>non-interest<br> income	$	13,364		$	11,911
(1)	Custodial fees directly recognized by CIBC are included in Investment management and custodial fees. Our proportionate share of the custodial fees from the joint ventures which CIBC has with The Bank of New York Mellon are included within Income from equity-accounted associates and joint ventures.
---	---
(2)	Investment management fees and mutual fund fees are driven by various factors, including the amount of AUM. Investment management fees in our asset management and private wealth management businesses are generally driven by the amount of AUM, while investment management fees in our retail brokerage business are driven by a combination of the amount of AUA and, to a lesser extent, other factors not directly related to the amount of AUA (e.g., flat fees on a per account basis).
---	---
(3)	Includes $174 million of gains (2024: $82 million of gains) relating to <br>non-trading<br> financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL.
---	---

Non-interest income was up $1,453 million or 12% from 2024.

Underwriting and advisory fees were up $208 million or 29%, primarily due to higher advisory and debt issuance revenue in Capital Markets.

Credit fees were down $203 million or 17%, primarily due to the conversion of bankers’ acceptances to CORRA loans in 2024, partially offset by an increase in volume growth in our corporate and commercial banking businesses.

Investment management and custodial fees were up $261 million or 13%, primarily due to higher average AUA and AUM balances attributable to market appreciation in our wealth management businesses and the impact of foreign currency translation.

Mutual fund fees were up $223 million or 12%, primarily due to higher average AUM balances in our wealth management businesses.

Commissions on securities transactions were up $123 million or 29%, primarily due to higher trading volume in our retail brokerage business.

Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL, net were up $796 million or 25%, primarily due to higher trading income, including from the impact of decreases in interest rates on derivatives that are economically hedging interest on trading securities included in net interest income.

Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, net were down $57 million or 133%, primarily due to impairment of debt securities measured at amortized cost and lower net realized gains from dispositions of FVOCI debt securities.

Income from equity-accounted associates and joint ventures was up $38 million or 48%, primarily due to higher revenue from our strategic investments.

Trading revenue

(1)(2)

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Net interest income	$	(1,124	)	$	(937	)
Non-interest<br> income<br>(2)		3,848			3,144
Total trading revenue	$	2,724		$	2,207
Interest rates	$	586		$	518
Foreign exchange		1,027			969
Equities		844			540
Commodities		264			179
Other		3			1
Total trading revenue	$	2,724		$	2,207
(1)	Trading activities and related risk management strategies can periodically shift trading income between net interest income and <br>non-interest<br> income. Therefore, we view total trading income as the most appropriate measure of trading performance. For additional information, see the “Glossary – Trading activities and trading net interest income” section.
---	---
(2)	Reported as part of the Gains (losses) from financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL in the consolidated statement of income, which consist of a gain of $3,848 million (2024: $3,144 million) related to trading financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL and a gain of $174 million (2024: $82 million) relating to <br>non-trading<br> financial instruments measured/designated at FVTPL.
---	---

Trading revenue was up $517 million or 23% from 2024, primarily due to higher equities, commodities, interest rates and foreign exchange trading revenue.

7	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Trading revenue comprises net interest income and non-interest income. Net interest income arises from interest and dividends relating to financial assets and liabilities associated with trading activities, other than derivatives, net of interest expense and interest income associated with funding these assets and liabilities. Non-interest income includes realized and unrealized gains and losses on securities mandatorily measured at FVTPL and income relating to changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments. Trading revenue excludes underwriting fees and commissions on securities transactions, which are shown separately in the consolidated statement of income. Trading activities and related risk management strategies can periodically shift income between net interest income and non-interest income. Therefore, we view total trading revenue as the most appropriate measure of trading performance.

Provision for credit losses

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Provision for credit losses – impaired
Canadian Personal and Business Banking<br>(1)	$	1,365		$	1,169
Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management<br>(1)		112			75
U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management<br>(1)		268			449
Capital Markets<br>(1)		117			55
Corporate and Other		25			12
		1,887			1,760
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses – performing
Canadian Personal and Business Banking<br>(1)		399			64
Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management<br>(1)		54			48
U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management<br>(1)		(93	)		111
Capital Markets<br>(1)		91			29
Corporate and Other		4			(11	)
		455			241
Total provision for credit losses	$	2,342		$	2,001
(1)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.
---	---

Provision for credit losses was up $341 million or 17% from 2024. Provision for credit losses on performing loans was up primarily due to an unfavourable change in our economic outlook and model parameter updates, partially offset by favourable credit migration, as well as higher allowance releases for credit migration from the performing to the impaired portfolio in the U.S. in the current year. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was up due to higher provisions in all SBUs, except U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management.

For further details regarding provision for credit losses in our SBUs, refer to the “Strategic business units overview” section.

Non-interest expenses

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025		2024
Employee compensation and benefits
Salaries<br>(1)	$	4,642	$	4,267
Performance-based compensation		3,501		2,992
Benefits		1,123		1,002
		9,266		8,261
Occupancy costs		847		830
Computer, software and office equipment		2,946		2,719
Communications		395		362
Advertising and business development		398		344
Professional fees		284		257
Business and capital taxes		124		128
Other		1,592		1,538
Total <br>non-interest<br> expenses	$	15,852	$	14,439
(1)	Includes termination benefits.
---	---

Non-interest expenses were up $1,413 million or 10% from 2024.

Employee compensation and benefits were up $1,005 million or 12%, primarily due to higher performance-based and other employee-related compensation, including higher employee termination costs.

Computer, software and office equipment were up $227 million or 8%, primarily due to higher spending on technology and other strategic initiatives, and higher software maintenance.

Advertising and business development were up $54 million or 16%, primarily due to higher marketing, business travel and sponsorship expenses.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	8
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Taxes

millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Income taxes	2,485		$	2,012
Goods and Services Tax (GST), Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) and sales taxes	550			502
Payroll taxes	467			406
Capital taxes	79			82
Property and business taxes	78			69
Total indirect taxes (1)	1,174			1,059
Total taxes	3,659		$	3,071
Reported effective tax rate	22.7	%		21.9	%
Total taxes as a percentage of net income before deduction of total taxes	30.2	%		30.0	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Certain amounts are based on a paid or payable basis and do not factor in capitalization and subsequent amortization.

Total income and indirect taxes were up $588 million from 2024.

Income tax expense was $2,485 million, up $473 million from 2024, due to higher income.

Indirect taxes were up $115 million from 2024, due to increases in both sales taxes and payroll taxes. Sales taxes increased by $48 million from 2024, primarily due to Canadian sales taxes that resulted from higher spending on technology and other strategic initiatives. Payroll taxes were up $61 million from 2024, primarily due to increases in unemployment, health insurance and statutory pension contributions. Indirect taxes are included in non-interest expenses.

Global Minimum Tax

On June 20, 2024, Canada enacted the Global Minimum Tax Act (GMTA) to adopt the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Pillar Two, which implements a 15% global minimum corporate tax (GMT) on certain multinational enterprises. These rules applied to CIBC as of November 1, 2024.

The impact of GMT on CIBC’s consolidated tax rate is within a 1% range for the year ended October 31, 2025.

Foreign exchange

The estimated impact of U.S. dollar translation on key lines of our consolidated statement of income, as a result of changes in average exchange rates, is as follows:

			2024
			vs.
millions, for the year ended October 31			2023
Estimated increase in:
Total revenue	212		$	44
Provision for credit losses	11			5
Non-interest expenses	102			23
Income taxes	25			4
Net income	74			12
Impact on EPS:
Basic	0.08		$	0.01
Diluted	0.08			0.01
Average appreciation relative to CAD	3.2	%		0.8	%

All values are in US Dollars.

Fourth quarter review

millions, except per share amounts, for the three months ended								2025								2024
	Oct. 31		Jul. 31		Apr. 30		Jan. 31		Oct. 31		Jul. 31		Apr. 30		Jan. 31
Revenue
Canadian Personal and Business Banking (1)	$	3,188	$	3,061	$	2,859	$	2,923	$	2,842	$	2,775	$	2,646	$	2,679
Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management (1)		1,836		1,723		1,640		1,703		1,602		1,523		1,456		1,437
U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management (1)		810		790		769		847		733		731		669		687
Capital Markets (1)(2)		1,523		1,506		1,545		1,574		1,155		1,092		1,243		1,310
Corporate and Other (2)		219		174		209		234		285		483		150		108
Total revenue	$	7,576	$	7,254	$	7,022	$	7,281	$	6,617	$	6,604	$	6,164	$	6,221
Net interest income	$	4,132	$	4,048	$	3,788	$	3,801	$	3,633	$	3,532	$	3,281	$	3,249
Non-interest income		3,444		3,206		3,234		3,480		2,984		3,072		2,883		2,972
Total revenue		7,576		7,254		7,022		7,281		6,617		6,604		6,164		6,221
Provision for credit losses		605		559		605		573		419		483		514		585
Non-interest expenses		4,179		3,976		3,819		3,878		3,791		3,682		3,501		3,465
Income before income taxes		2,792		2,719		2,598		2,830		2,407		2,439		2,149		2,171
Income taxes		612		623		591		659		525		644		400		443
Net income	$	2,180	$	2,096	$	2,007	$	2,171	$	1,882	$	1,795	$	1,749	$	1,728
Net income attributable to:
Non-controlling interests	$	6	$	2	$	9	$	8	$	8	$	9	$	10	$	12
Equity shareholders		2,174		2,094		1,998		2,163		1,874		1,786		1,739		1,716
EPS	$	2.21	$	2.16	$	2.05	$	2.20	$	1.91	$	1.83	$	1.79	$	1.77
		2.20		2.15		2.04		2.19		1.90		1.82		1.79		1.77

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See “External reporting changes” for additional details.
(2)	Commencing in the third quarter of 2024, tax equivalent basis (TEB) reporting is no longer applicable to certain dividends received on or after January 1, 2024. In the third quarter of 2024, the enactment of the denial of the dividends received deduction resulted in a TEB reversal for dividends received on or after January 1, 2024 that were reflected in the first and second quarters of 2024 as an item of note. Prior to the third quarter of 2024, Capital Markets revenue and income taxes were reported on a TEB with an equivalent offset in the revenue and income taxes of Corporate and Other.
---	---
9	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Compared with Q4/24

Net income for the quarter was $2,180 million, up $298 million or 16% from the fourth quarter of 2024.

Net interest income was up $499 million or 14%, primarily due to higher net interest margin in our non-trading businesses and volume growth across all of our businesses, partially offset by lower treasury revenue and lower trading net interest income.

Non-interest income was up $460 million or 15%, primarily due to higher trading non-interest income, higher fee-based revenue, higher underwriting and advisory fees, higher credit fees and higher commissions on securities transactions.

Provision for credit losses was up $186 million or 44% from the same quarter last year. Provision for credit losses on performing loans was up, due to an unfavourable change in the economic outlook in Canada and unfavourable credit migration in the current quarter and favourable model parameter updates in the same quarter last year. Offsetting these increases, the same quarter last year included an unfavourable change in economic outlook in the U.S. compared to a favourable change in the current quarter. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was up due to higher provisions in all SBUs, except U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management.

Non-interest expenses were up $388 million or 10%, primarily due to higher performance-based and other employee-related compensation, including higher employee termination costs, higher computer, software and office equipment expenses, higher occupancy costs, including from lease exit and leasehold impairment charges, higher advertising and business development and higher professional fees.

Income tax expense was up $87 million or 17%, primarily due to higher income and earnings mix.

Compared with Q3/25

Net income for the quarter was up $84 million or 4% from the prior quarter.

Net interest income was up $84 million or 2%, primarily due to higher net interest margin in our non-trading businesses, volume growth across all of our businesses and higher treasury revenue, partially offset by lower trading net interest income.

Non-interest income was up $238 million or 7%, primarily due to higher trading non-interest income, higher fee-based revenue and higher commissions on securities transactions, partially offset by lower underwriting and advisory fees.

Provision for credit losses was up $46 million or 8% from the prior quarter. Provision for credit losses on performing loans was up, due to unfavourable credit migration in the current quarter compared to favourable credit migration in the prior quarter, partially offset by a more unfavourable change in the economic outlook in the prior quarter. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was up mainly due to higher provisions in Capital Markets, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Corporate and Other, partially offset by lower provisions in Canadian Personal and Business Banking, and U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management.

Non-interest expenses were up $203 million or 5%, primarily due to higher computer, software and office equipment expenses, higher occupancy costs, including from lease exit and leasehold impairment charges, higher advertising and business development and higher professional fees.

Income tax expense was down $11 million or 2%, primarily due to earnings mix.

Quarterly trend analysis

Our quarterly results are modestly affected by seasonal factors. The second quarter has fewer days as compared with the other quarters, generally leading to lower earnings. The summer months (July – third quarter and August – fourth quarter) typically experience lower levels of market activity, which affects our brokerage, investment management, and capital markets activities.

Revenue

Revenue in our lending and deposit-taking businesses is generally driven by volume growth, fees related to client transaction activity and the interest rate environment. Our wealth management businesses are driven by net sales activity impacting AUA and AUM, the level of client investment activity and market conditions. Capital markets revenue is also influenced, to a large extent, by market conditions affecting client trading, underwriting and advisory activity.

Canadian Personal and Business Banking has benefitted from loan and deposit growth through the periods presented above, driven by organic client growth, along with building and deepening relationships across our client base.

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management revenue has benefitted from commercial banking volume growth and positive investor sentiment in wealth management. In commercial banking, revenue growth has been driven by client demand that has rebounded since the later part of 2024. In wealth management, AUA and AUM growth and associated fee income have been helped by market appreciation and strong sales activity across our distribution channels.

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management revenue has continued to benefit from growth in our core businesses, supported by our ongoing strategy of deepening client relationships. Loan volumes had been growing since the second quarter of 2024 until the most recent quarter of 2025, which experienced high payoffs. Revolver utilization rates remained low. Deposit balances have increased from the first quarter of 2024, except for the declines in the second and third quarters of 2025 due to seasonal outflows and draw down of short-term placements. In our wealth management segment, AUM has shown growth, contributing to higher fee income. This positive trend has been supported by market appreciation, despite some volatility experienced in the first half of 2025.

Capital Markets had consistently higher trading revenue in 2025 compared with 2024, driven by robust market conditions and strong client activity. The third quarter of 2024 included a TEB reversal related to the denial of the dividends received deduction for Canadian banks, shown as an item of note.

Corporate and Other included the impact of higher net interest margins in International banking from rising interest rates until the third quarter of 2024. The third quarter of 2024 included higher treasury revenue and a TEB offset reversal related to the denial of the dividends received deduction for Canadian banks, shown as an item of note. The third quarter of 2025 included investment losses and impairment on debt securities in International banking.

Provision for credit losses

Provision for credit losses is dependent upon the credit cycle, on the credit performance of the loan portfolios, and changes in our economic outlook. We have been operating in an uncertain macroeconomic environment in which there is considerable judgment involved in the estimation of expected credit losses.

Uncertainty over tariffs imposed or proposed by the U.S. government impacted our provision for credit losses for performing loans in fiscal 2025. An unfavourable change in our outlook for the U.S. real estate and construction sector contributed to an increase in provision for credit losses on performing loans in the first quarter of 2024. Unfavourable credit migration impacted our provision for credit losses in the first, second and third quarters of 2024, and the fourth quarter of 2025.

In Canadian Personal and Business Banking, provisions on impaired loans trended higher consistent with expectations in fiscal 2025, due to the unfavourable macroeconomic environment for the retail portfolios.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	10
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

In Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, the third quarter of 2024, and the second and fourth quarters of 2025 included higher provisions on impaired loans.

In U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, the provisions on impaired loans in the first quarter of 2024 were mainly attributable to the real estate and construction sector. This sector also contributed to impairment losses in the second and fourth quarters of 2024 and the first, third and fourth quarters of 2025.

In Capital Markets, the third and fourth quarters of 2024, and the third and fourth quarters of 2025 included higher provisions on impaired loans.

In Corporate and Other, provisions for impaired loans in International banking have remained relatively stable.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses have increased throughout 2024 and 2025 primarily due to employee compensation expenses and spending on strategic and other initiatives. The first and second quarters of 2024 included a charge related to the special assessment imposed by the FDIC, shown as an item of note. The first quarter of 2025 included a legal provision.

Income taxes

Income taxes vary with changes in taxable income in the jurisdictions in which the income is earned. The third quarter of 2024 included an income tax charge related to the denial of the dividends received deduction for Canadian banks, which was shown as an item of note.

Review of 2024 financial performance

millions, for the year ended October 31		Canadian<br>Personal and<br>Business<br>Banking		Canadian<br>Commercial Banking<br>and Wealth<br>Management		U.S.<br>Commercial Banking<br>and Wealth<br>Management			Capital<br>Markets	(2)		Corporate<br>and Other	(2)		CIBC<br><br>Total
2024 (1)	$	8,592	$	2,232	$	1,906		$	303		$	662		$	13,695
		2,350		3,786		914			4,497			364			11,911
		10,942		6,018		2,820			4,800			1,026			25,606
		1,233		123		560			84			1			2,001
		5,706		3,066		1,718			2,479			1,470			14,439
		4,003		2,829		542			2,237			(445	)		9,166
		1,098		766		42			608			(502	)		2,012
	$	2,905	$	2,063	$	500		$	1,629		$	57		$	7,154
	$	–	$	–	$	–		$	–		$	39		$	39
		2,905		2,063		500			1,629			18			7,115
2023 (1)	$	7,941	$	1,969	$	1,889		$	1,091		$	(65	)	$	12,825
		2,183		3,682		824			3,420			398			10,507
		10,124		5,651		2,713			4,511			333			23,332
		1,015		143		850			(10	)		12			2,010
		5,525		2,809		1,483			2,235			2,297			14,349
		3,584		2,699		380			2,286			(1,976	)		6,973
		979		722		(2	)		643			(408	)		1,934
	$	2,605	$	1,977	$	382		$	1,643		$	(1,568	)	$	5,039
	$	–	$	–	$	–		$	–		$	38		$	38
		2,605		1,977		382			1,643			(1,606	)		5,001

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See “External reporting changes” for additional details.
(2)	Capital Markets net interest income and income taxes include TEB adjustments of $16 million (2023: $254 million) with an equivalent offset in Corporate and Other. TEB adjustment and related offset is no longer applied since the third quarter of 2024 upon the enactment of Bill C-59 in June 2024, which eliminated the dividend received deduction for Canadian banks.
---	---

The following discussion provides a comparison of our results of operations for the years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023.

Overview

Net income for 2024 was $7,154 million, compared with $5,039 million in 2023. The increase in net income of $2,115 million was due to higher revenue, and a lower provision for credit losses, partially offset by higher non-interest expenses.

Consolidated CIBC

Net interest income

Net interest income was up $870 million or 7% from 2023, primarily due to volume growth across most of our businesses, higher treasury revenue, higher net interest margin in Canadian Personal and Business Banking and the conversion of bankers’ acceptances to CORRA loans, partially offset by lower trading net interest income.

Non-interest income

Non-interest income was up $1,404 million or 13% from 2023, primarily due to higher trading income, including from the impact of increases in interest rates on derivatives that are economically hedging interest on trading securities included in net interest income, higher fee income in our wealth management businesses from higher average AUA and AUM balances, higher debt issuance revenue, and higher trading volume in our retail brokerage business, partially offset by lower credit fees primarily due to the conversion of bankers’ acceptances to CORRA loans.

11	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Provision for credit losses

Provision for credit losses was down $9 million from 2023. Provision for credit losses on performing loans was down due to a less unfavourable change in our economic outlook and less unfavourable credit migration in 2024, partially offset by an increase resulting from model parameter updates. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was up due to higher write-offs in Canadian Personal and Business Banking, and higher provisions in Capital Markets, partially offset by lower provisions in all other SBUs.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses were up $90 million or 1% from 2023, primarily due to higher performance-based and employee-related compensation, higher spending on strategic and regulatory initiatives, and software impairment charges, and higher business travel, sponsorship and marketing expenses, partially offset by a decrease in legal provisions.

Income taxes

Income tax expense was up $78 million or 4% from 2023, primarily due to higher income and the enactment of the Federal tax measure that denies the dividends received deduction for Canadian banks. The first quarter of 2023 included an income tax charge to recognize the Canada Recovery Dividend tax and the retroactive impact of the 1.5% tax rate increase.

Revenue by segment

Canadian Personal and Business Banking

Revenue was up $818 million or 8% from 2023. Net interest income was up $651 million or 8% from 2023, primarily due to higher net interest margin and volume growth. Non-interest income was up $167 million or 8% from 2023, primarily due to higher fees. The prior year included a commodity tax charge related to the retroactive impact of the 2023 Canadian Federal budget.

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

Revenue was up $367 million or 6% from 2023. Commercial banking revenue was down $36 million or 1%, primarily due to lower deposit and loan margins, partially offset by volume growth. Wealth management revenue was up $403 million or 13%, primarily due to higher fee-based revenue from higher average AUA and AUM balances and higher commission revenue from increased client activity.

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

Revenue was up $107 million or 4% from 2023. Commercial banking revenue was up $164 million or 9%, primarily due to higher loan margins, deposit volumes and fees, partially offset by lower deposit margins. Wealth management revenue was down $57 million or 6%, primarily due to lower deposit margins in our private banking business, partially offset by higher deposit volumes and higher asset management fees from higher average AUM balances.

Capital Markets

Revenue was up $289 million or 6% from 2023. Global markets revenue was up $160 million or 6%, primarily due to higher financing revenue, partially offset by lower equity derivatives, lower TEB adjustments from the discontinuation of the dividends received deduction for dividends received on and after January 1, 2024, and lower fixed income and commodities trading revenue. Corporate and investment banking revenue was up $129 million or 8%, primarily due to higher debt underwriting activity, higher advisory revenue, and lower losses from our investment portfolios, partially offset by lower corporate banking revenue.

Corporate and Other

Revenue was up $693 million or 208% from 2023. International banking revenue was up $24 million, primarily due to higher net interest margin and the impact of foreign exchange translation, partially offset by higher gains on the sale of certain banking assets in the Caribbean in 2023. Other revenue was up $669 million, primarily due to higher treasury revenue resulting from lower funding costs borne by Treasury, and a lower TEB offset related to the enactment of a Federal tax measure that denies the dividends received deduction for Canadian banks.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	12
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Non-GAAP measures

We use a number of financial measures to assess the performance of our business lines as described below. Some measures are calculated in accordance with GAAP (IFRS), while other measures do not have a standardized meaning under GAAP, and accordingly, these measures may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies. Investors may find these non-GAAP measures, which include non-GAAP financial measures and non-GAAP ratios as defined in National Instrument 52-112

“Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures Disclosure”, useful in understanding how management views underlying business performance.

Adjusted measures

Management assesses results on a reported and adjusted basis and considers both as useful measures of performance. Adjusted measures, which include adjusted total revenue, adjusted provision for credit losses, adjusted non-interest expenses, adjusted income before income taxes, adjusted income taxes and adjusted net income, in addition to the adjusted measures noted below, remove items of note from reported results to calculate our adjusted results. Items of note include the amortization of intangible assets, and certain items of significance that arise from time to time which management believes are not reflective of underlying business performance. We believe that adjusted measures provide the reader with a better understanding of how management assesses underlying business performance and facilitates a more informed analysis of trends. While we believe that adjusted measures may facilitate comparisons between our results and those of some of our Canadian peer banks, which make similar adjustments in their public disclosure, it should be noted that there is no standardized meaning for adjusted measures under GAAP.

Prior to the third quarter of 2024, we also adjusted our SBU results to gross up tax-exempt revenue on certain securities to a TEB, being the amount of fully taxable revenue, which, were it to have incurred tax at the statutory income tax rate, would yield the same after-tax revenue. In the third quarter of 2024, with the enactment of the denial of the dividends received deduction for Canadian banks in respect of dividends received on Canadian shares (applicable as of January 1, 2024), TEB is no longer being applied to these dividends. In addition, TEB recognized in the first and second quarters of 2024 on impacted dividends was reversed in the third quarter of 2024. See the “Strategic business units overview” section and Note 29 to our consolidated financial statements for further details.

Adjusted diluted EPS

We adjust our reported diluted EPS to remove the impact of items of note, net of income taxes, to calculate the adjusted EPS.

Adjusted efficiency ratio

We adjust our reported revenue and non-interest expenses to remove the impact of items of note.

Adjusted operating leverage

We adjust our reported revenue and non-interest expenses to remove the impact of items of note.

Adjusted dividend payout ratio

We adjust our reported net income attributable to common shareholders to remove the impact of items of note, net of income taxes, to calculate the adjusted dividend payout ratio.

Adjusted return on common shareholders’ equity

We adjust our reported net income attributable to common shareholders to remove the impact of items of note, net of income taxes, to calculate the adjusted return on common shareholders’ equity.

Adjusted effective tax rate

We adjust our reported income before income taxes and reported income taxes to remove the impact of items of note, to calculate the adjusted effective tax rate.

Pre-provision,

pre-tax earnings

Pre-provision,

pre-tax earnings is calculated as revenue net of non-interest expenses, and provides the reader with an assessment of our ability to generate earnings to cover credit losses through the credit cycle, as well as an additional basis for comparing underlying business performance between periods by excluding the impact of provision for credit losses, which involves the application of judgments and estimates related to matters that are uncertain and can vary significantly between periods. We adjust our pre-provision,

pre-tax earnings to remove the impact of items of note to calculate the adjusted pre-provision,

pre-tax earnings. As discussed above, we believe that adjusted measures provide the reader with a better understanding of how management assesses underlying business performance and facilitates a more informed analysis of trends.

Allocated common equity

Common equity is allocated to the SBUs based on the estimated amount of regulatory capital required to support their businesses (as determined for the consolidated bank pursuant to OSFI’s regulatory capital requirements and internal targets). Unallocated common equity is reported in Corporate and Other. Allocating capital on this basis provides a consistent framework to evaluate the returns of each SBU commensurate with the risk assumed. For additional information, see the “Risks arising from business activities” section.

Segmented return on equity

We use return on equity on a segmented basis as one of the measures for performance evaluation and resource allocation decisions. While return on equity for total CIBC provides a measure of return on common equity, return on equity on a segmented basis provides a similar metric based on allocated common equity to our SBUs. As a result, segmented return on equity is a non-GAAP ratio. Segmented return on equity is calculated as net income attributable to common shareholders for each SBU expressed as a percentage of average allocated common equity, which is the average of monthly allocated common equity during the period.

13	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
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The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP (reported) results to non-GAAP (adjusted) results on a segmented basis.
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
millions, for the year ended October 31, 2025			Canadian<br>Commercial<br>Banking<br>and Wealth<br>Management		U.S.<br>Commercial<br>Banking<br>and Wealth<br>Management			Capital<br>Markets		Corporate<br>and Other			CIBC<br>Total			U.S.CommercialBankingand WealthManagement(US millions)
Operating results – reported
Total revenue	12,031		$	6,902	$	3,216		$	6,148	$	836		$	29,133
Provision for credit losses	1,764			166		175			208		29			2,342
Non-interest expenses	6,067			3,522		1,861			2,855		1,547			15,852
Income (loss) before income taxes	4,200			3,214		1,180			3,085		(740	)		10,939
Income taxes	1,093			873		222			812		(515	)		2,485
Net income (loss)	3,107			2,341		958			2,273		(225	)		8,454
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	–			–		–			–		25			25
Preferred shareholders and other equity instrument holders	–			–		–			–		364			364
Common shareholders	3,107			2,341		958			2,273		(614	)		8,065
Net income (loss) attributable to equity shareholders	3,107			2,341		958			2,273		(250	)		8,429
Diluted EPS ()													$	8.57
Impact of items of note (1)
Non-interest expenses
Amortization and impairment of acquisition-related intangible assets	(27	)	$	–	$	(18	)	$	–	$	–		$	(45	)		)
Impact of items of note on non-interest expenses	(27	)		–		(18	)		–		–			(45	)		)
Total pre-tax impact of items of note on net income	27			–		18			–		–			45
Income taxes
Amortization and impairment of acquisition-related intangible assets	7			–		5			–		–			12
Impact of items of note on income taxes	7			–		5			–		–			12
Total after-tax impact of items of note on net income	20		$	–	$	13		$	–	$	–		$	33
Impact of items of note on diluted EPS () (2)													$	0.04
Operating results – adjusted (3)
Total revenue – adjusted	12,031		$	6,902	$	3,216		$	6,148	$	836		$	29,133
Provision for credit losses – adjusted	1,764			166		175			208		29			2,342
Non-interest expenses – adjusted	6,040			3,522		1,843			2,855		1,547			15,807
Income (loss) before income taxes – adjusted	4,227			3,214		1,198			3,085		(740	)		10,984
Income taxes – adjusted	1,100			873		227			812		(515	)		2,497
Net income (loss) – adjusted	3,127			2,341		971			2,273		(225	)		8,487
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests – adjusted	–			–		–			–		25			25
Preferred shareholders and other equity instrument holders – adjusted	–			–		–			–		364			364
Common shareholders – adjusted	3,127			2,341		971			2,273		(614	)		8,098
Net income (loss) attributable to equity shareholders – adjusted	3,127			2,341		971			2,273		(250	)		8,462
Adjusted diluted EPS ()													$	8.61

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Items of note are removed from reported results to calculate adjusted results.
(2)	Includes the impact of rounding differences between diluted EPS and adjusted diluted EPS.
---	---
(3)	Adjusted to exclude the impact of items of note. Adjusted measures are <br>non-GAAP<br> measures.
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(4)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See “External reporting changes” for additional details.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	14
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
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The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP (reported) results to non-GAAP (adjusted) results on a segmented basis.

millions, for the year ended October 31, 2024 (4)	Canadian<br>Personal<br>and<br><br>Business<br>Banking			Canadian<br>Commercial<br>Banking<br>and Wealth<br>Management		U.S.<br>Commercial<br>Banking<br>and Wealth<br>Management			Capital<br>Markets		Corporate<br>and Other			CIBC<br>Total			U.S.CommercialBankingand WealthManagement(US millions)
Operating results – reported
Total revenue	10,942		$	6,018	$	2,820		$	4,800	$	1,026		$	25,606		$	2,074
Provision for credit losses	1,233			123		560			84		1			2,001			412
Non-interest expenses	5,706			3,066		1,718			2,479		1,470			14,439			1,263
Income (loss) before income taxes	4,003			2,829		542			2,237		(445	)		9,166			399
Income taxes	1,098			766		42			608		(502	)		2,012			31
Net income	2,905			2,063		500			1,629		57			7,154			368
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests	–			–		–			–		39			39			–
Preferred shareholders and other equity instrument holders	–			–		–			–		263			263			–
Common shareholders	2,905			2,063		500			1,629		(245	)		6,852			368
Net income attributable to equity shareholders	2,905			2,063		500			1,629		18			7,115			368
Diluted EPS ()													$	7.28
Impact of items of note (1)
Non-interest expenses
Amortization and impairment of acquisition-related intangible assets	(26	)	$	–	$	(30	)	$	–	$	–		$	(56	)	$	(22
Charge related to the special assessment imposed by the FDIC	–			–		(103	)		–		–			(103	)		(77
Impact of items of note on non-interest expenses	(26	)		–		(133	)		–		–			(159	)		(99
Total pre-tax impact of items of note on net income	26			–		133			–		–			159			99
Income taxes
Amortization and impairment of acquisition-related intangible assets	7			–		8			–		–			15			6
Charge related to the special assessment imposed by the FDIC	–			–		26			–		–			26			19
Impact of items of note on income taxes	7			–		34			–		–			41			25
Total after-tax impact of items of note on net income	19		$	–	$	99		$	–	$	–		$	118		$	74
Impact of items of note on diluted EPS () (2)													$	0.12
Operating results – adjusted (3)
Total revenue – adjusted	10,942		$	6,018	$	2,820		$	4,800	$	1,026		$	25,606		$	2,074
Provision for credit losses – adjusted	1,233			123		560			84		1			2,001			412
Non-interest expenses – adjusted	5,680			3,066		1,585			2,479		1,470			14,280			1,164
Income (loss) before income taxes – adjusted	4,029			2,829		675			2,237		(445	)		9,325			498
Income taxes – adjusted	1,105			766		76			608		(502	)		2,053			56
Net income – adjusted	2,924			2,063		599			1,629		57			7,272			442
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests – adjusted	–			–		–			–		39			39			–
Preferred shareholders and other equity instrument holders – adjusted	–			–		–			–		263			263			–
Common shareholders – adjusted	2,924			2,063		599			1,629		(245	)		6,970			442
Net income attributable to equity shareholders – adjusted	2,924			2,063		599			1,629		18			7,233			442
Adjusted diluted EPS ()													$	7.40

All values are in US Dollars.

See previous page for footnote references.

The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP (reported) net income to non-GAAP (adjusted) pre-provision,

pre-tax earnings on a segmented basis.

millions, for the year ended October 31	Canadian<br>Personal<br>and<br><br>Business<br>Banking		Canadian<br>Commercial<br>Banking<br>and Wealth<br>Management		U.S.<br>Commercial<br>Banking<br>and Wealth<br>Management		Capital<br>Markets		Corporate<br>and Other			CIBC<br>Total		U.S.CommercialBankingand WealthManagement(US millions)
2025	$	3,107	$	2,341	$	958	$	2,273	$	(225	)	$	8,454
		1,764		166		175		208		29			2,342
		1,093		873		222		812		(515	)		2,485
		5,964		3,380		1,355		3,293		(711	)		13,281
		27		–		18		–		–			45
	$	5,991	$	3,380	$	1,373	$	3,293	$	(711	)	$	13,326
2024 (4)	$	2,905	$	2,063	$	500	$	1,629	$	57		$	7,154
		1,233		123		560		84		1			2,001
		1,098		766		42		608		(502	)		2,012
		5,236		2,952		1,102		2,321		(444	)		11,167
		26		–		133		–		–			159
	$	5,262	$	2,952	$	1,235	$	2,321	$	(444	)	$	11,326

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Non-GAAP<br> measure.
(2)	Items of note are removed from reported results to calculate adjusted results.
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(3)	Adjusted to exclude the impact of items of note. Adjusted measures are <br>non-GAAP<br> measures.
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(4)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See “External reporting changes” for additional details.
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15	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Strategic business units overview

CIBC has four SBUs – Canadian Personal and Business Banking, Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, and Capital Markets. These SBUs are supported by the following functional groups – Technology, Infrastructure and Innovation, Risk Management, People, Culture and Brand, and Finance and Enterprise Strategy, as well as other support groups, which all are included within Corporate and Other. The expenses of these functional and support groups are generally allocated to the business lines within the SBUs. Corporate and Other also includes the results of CIBC Caribbean and other portfolio investments, as well as other income statement and balance sheet items not directly attributable to the business lines.

External reporting changes were made in the first quarter of 2025, which affected the results of our SBUs. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.

Business unit allocations

Revenue, expenses, and other balance sheet resources related to certain activities are generally allocated to the lines of business within the SBUs.

Treasury activities impact the financial results of the SBUs. Each line of business within our SBUs is charged or credited with a market-based cost of funds on assets and liabilities, respectively, which impacts the revenue performance of the SBUs. This market-based cost of funds takes into account the cost of maintaining sufficient regulatory capital to support business requirements, including the cost of preferred shares. Once the interest and liquidity risks inherent in our client-driven assets and liabilities are transfer priced into Treasury, they are managed within CIBC’s risk framework and limits. Capital is attributed to the SBUs based on the estimated amount of regulatory capital required to support their businesses, which is intended to consistently measure and align the costs with the underlying benefits and risks associated with SBU activities. Earnings on unattributed capital remain in Corporate and Other. We review our transfer pricing methodologies on an ongoing basis to ensure they reflect changing market environments and industry practices.

We use a Product Owner/Customer Segment/Distributor Channel allocation management model to measure and report the results of operations of various lines of business within our SBUs. The model uses certain estimates and methodologies to process internal transfers between the impacted lines of business for sales, renewals and trailer commissions as well as certain attributable costs. Periodically, the sales, renewals and trailer commission rates paid to customer segments for certain products/services are revised and applied prospectively.

The non-interest expenses of the functional and support groups are generally allocated to the business lines within the SBUs based on appropriate criteria and methodologies. The basis of allocation is reviewed periodically to reflect changes in support to business lines. Other costs not directly attributable to business lines remain in Corporate and Other.

We recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired (stage 3) and performing (stages 1 and 2) loans in the respective SBUs.

Revenue, taxable equivalent basis

Prior to the third quarter of 2024, certain SBUs evaluated revenue on a TEB. In order to arrive at the TEB amount, the SBUs grossed up tax-exempt revenue on certain securities to a TEB, being the amount of fully taxable revenue, which, were it to have incurred tax at the statutory income tax rate, would yield the same after-tax revenue. Simultaneously, an equivalent amount was booked as an income tax expense resulting in no impact on the net income of the SBUs. This measure enabled comparability of revenue arising from both taxable and tax-exempt sources. The total TEB adjustments of the SBUs were offset in revenue and income tax expense in Corporate and Other. Commencing in the third quarter of 2024, TEB reporting is no longer applicable to certain dividends received on or after January 1, 2024. Also in the third quarter of 2024, the enactment of the denial of the dividends received deduction resulted in a TEB reversal for dividends received on or after January 1, 2024 that were included in the first and second quarters of 2024.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	16
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Canadian Personal and Business Banking

Canadian Personal and Business Banking provides clients across Canada with financial solutions, services and advice through our dedicated team members in banking centres and contact centres, as well as leading mobile and online banking platforms to help make their ambitions a reality.

Our business strategy

Our goal is to be the leading relationship bank in Canada helping Canadians achieve their ambitions and delivering sustainable, market-leading performance. To achieve this, our strategy is focused on:

•	Building highly-engaged client relationships by being our clients’ trusted partner for everyday financial solutions;
•	Growing our mass affluent business through our differentiated advisory network, innovative platforms and digital capabilities; and
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•	Enhancing operational excellence through our people, technology and processes.
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2025 progress

This was a year of strong results and strategic progress across Personal and Business Banking, in which we continued to grow our client base, deepen relationships with high-growth client segments and strengthen our technology and talent, while simplifying our processes. A large contributor to this growth has been our ongoing delivery of high-quality financial planning and advice across our retail network, including our Imperial Service offer, supporting our clients through periods of increased market volatility and uncertainty over the course of the year. Our commitment to our clients was noted again this year with strong increases in our internal client satisfaction surveys. This was validated in external studies where we saw year-over-year improvements in both the J.D. Power Retail Banking Satisfaction study and Ipsos Customer Satisfaction Index net promoter score among primary clients. Additionally, CIBC ranked 1st in both online and mobile digital platforms in the 2025 J.D. Power Digital Satisfaction Studies and for the 10th consecutive year, achieved the #1 ranking from financial advisors on the Investment Executive Report Card on Banks.

Building highly-engaged client relationships by being our clients’ trusted partner for everyday financial solutions

•	Launched CIBC Real-Time Experience (CIBC CRTeX), which leverages advanced analytics and AI to deliver personalized insights and banking experiences to enhance our overall relationships with clients.
•	Introduced our new Costco Banking Offer to provide Costco members with exclusive access to additional rewards when they open their first bank account with CIBC and started driving volumes through the roll out of CIBC Kiosks rotating at various Costco warehouses.
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•	Launched a new, innovative, no annual fee CIBC Adapta Mastercard that automatically adapts to spending practices and rewards more for everyday purchases.
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•	Partnered with Skip to offer CIBC credit and debit card clients access to exclusive benefits.
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•	Ranked #1 among the major banks for the third consecutive year in J.D. Power’s 2025 Canada Credit Card Satisfaction Study, improving year-over-year in every category.
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•	Opened a new banking centre at Toronto Pearson International Airport, welcoming a range of clients, including newcomers and international students.
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•	Ranked #1 in Canadian mobile banking, earning the highest ranking among the Big 6 banks in Surviscor’s 2025 Consumer Mobile Banking Experience Review.
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•	Introduced transit fee waivers, allowing clients to purchase tickets, reload cards, or tap at fare readers without these transactions counting toward monthly limits.
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Growing our mass affluent business through our differentiated advisory network, innovative platforms and digital capabilities

•	Leading with advice, our Imperial Service team developed and deepened relationships, which helped contribute to CIBC’s 2nd place ranking (Securities and Investment Management Association) among the Big 6 banks for total mutual funds net sales.
•	Ranked #1 by ISS Market Intelligence Investor Economics Deposit Report among no fee chequing account providers in Canada for our Simplii Financial offering for both total balances and number of accounts.
---	---
•	Established a new tiered Smart Account, which offers clients up to three accounts with unlimited transactions, enhanced benefits and rewards and automatic tier upgrades as they deepen their relationship with CIBC.
---	---
•	Launched CIBC’s Skilled Trades Business Banking Program, offering business owners comprehensive solutions, exclusive offers and expert advice. This program builds on the success of our first-of-its-kind skilled trades Personal Banking program.
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•	Launched the Business Client Advice Centre (BCAC) for improved client experience; and, launched a Skilled Trades Campaign and a dedicated BCAC line for the campaign.
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17	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Enhancing operational excellence through our people, technology and processes

•	Achieved record-high net promoter scores for Personal Banking and Imperial Service reflecting an exceptional level of client satisfaction.
•	Reached a significant milestone of 10 million digitally registered clients.
---	---
•	Saved a significant number of hours for our frontline team through process and technology enhancements, resulting in substantial efficiency gains.
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•	Improved client experience by refreshing our award-winning mobile banking app through enhancements, such as Smart Search, home screen navigation and void cheque features.
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•	Introduced several improvements to simplify and enhance the experience of Business Banking clients and team members across all processes, products and channels.
---	---
•	Established disputes automation for credit cards, decreasing call volumes and increasing service levels.
---	---
•	Enhanced client-initiated Credit Limit Increase in mobile and online banking, providing real-time decisions, reducing contact centre calls and improving client experience.
---	---
•	Launched a digital end-of-term mortgage renewal featuring e-sign capabilities, expected to save a considerable number of frontline hours.
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•	Launched Digital Account Funding so clients can fund their accounts when opening an account digitally through FastApp.
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2025 financial review

Revenue<br><br>(1)<br><br>($ billions)	Net income<br><br>(1)<br><br>($ millions)	Operating leverage<br><br>(1)<br><br>(%)	Average loans and acceptances<br><br>(1)(2)(3)<br><br>($ billions)	Average deposits<br><br>(1)(3)<br><br>($ billions)
(1)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.
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(2)	Loan amounts are stated before any related allowances.
---	---
(3)	Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.
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Our focus for 2026

In Canadian Personal and Business Banking, our objective is to be the leading relationship bank for our clients, delivering top-tier value for our stakeholders through differentiated advice, seamless client experience and operational excellence. We will continue to do this by:

•	Delivering seamless everyday banking solutions and best-in-class personalized advice to our clients;
•	Driving growth in key client segments by leveraging our differentiated front-line team, client engagement platforms and partnerships to acquire new clients and deepen existing relationships; and
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•	Modernizing infrastructure and simplifying our operations to unlock front-line capacity, enhance client experience across channels and create capacity to reinvest in growth.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	18
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Results

(1)

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024<br>(2)
Revenue	$	12,031		$	10,942
Provision for credit losses
Impaired		1,365			1,169
Performing		399			64
Total provision for credit losses		1,764			1,233
Non-interest<br> expenses		6,067			5,706
Income before income taxes		4,200			4,003
Income taxes		1,093			1,098
Net income	$	3,107		$	2,905
Net income attributable to:
Equity shareholders	$	3,107		$	2,905
Total revenue
Net interest income	$	9,629		$	8,592
Non-interest<br> income<br>(3)		2,402			2,350
	$	12,031		$	10,942
Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets<br>(4)		2.88	%		2.61	%
Efficiency ratio		50.4	%		52.1	%
Operating leverage		3.6	%		4.8	%
Return on equity<br>(5)		25.0	%		24.6	%
Average allocated common equity<br>(5)	$	12,410		$	11,826
Average assets ($ billions)	$	339.9		$	333.8
Average loans and acceptances ($ billions)	$	336.9		$	330.6
Average deposits ($ billions)	$	248.5		$	245.8
Full-time equivalent employees		13,827			13,757
(1)	For additional segmented information, see Note 29 to the consolidated financial statements.
---	---
(2)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.
---	---
(3)	Includes intersegment revenue, which represents internal sales commissions and revenue allocations under the Product Owner/Customer Segment/Distributor Channel allocation management model.
---	---
(4)	For additional information on the composition, see the “Glossary” section.
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(5)	For additional information, see the <br>“Non-GAAP<br> measures” section.
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Financial overview

Net income was up $202 million or 7% from 2024, primarily due to higher revenue, partially offset by a higher provision for credit losses and higher non-interest expenses.

Revenue

Revenue was up $1,089 million or 10% from 2024, primarily due to higher net interest income and higher non-interest income.

Net interest income was up $1,037 million or 12% from 2024, primarily due to higher net interest margin and volume growth. Non-interest income was up $52 million or 2% from 2024, primarily due to higher fees.

Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets was up 27 basis points, mainly due to higher deposit and loan margins, volume growth and favourable business mix.

Provision for credit losses

Provision for credit losses was up $531 million or 43% from 2024. Provision for credit losses on performing loans was up due to an unfavourable change in our economic outlook and model parameter updates, partially offset by unfavourable credit migration in the prior year. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was up, primarily due to higher write-offs in credit cards and in the personal lending portfolio, and a higher provision in residential mortgages.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses were up $361 million or 6% from 2024, primarily due to higher spending on technology and other strategic initiatives and employee compensation.

Income taxes

Income taxes were down $5 million from 2024, primarily due to earnings mix.

Average assets

Average assets were up $6.1 billion or 2% from 2024, primarily due to growth in residential mortgages and cards.

19	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides high-touch, relationship-oriented banking and wealth management services to middle-market companies, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families across Canada. Our offering also includes an online brokerage platform for retail clients and asset management services for institutional investors.

Our business strategy

We are focused on building and enhancing client relationships, being a leading provider of financial services and advice to Commercial Banking and high-net-worth clients in Canada. Our key strategic priorities continue to be:

•	Delivering risk-controlled growth with a focus on relationship-banking and increasing connectivity to deepen relationships;
•	Focusing on high-growth market segments; and
---	---
•	Modernizing and simplifying our processes and systems.
---	---

2025 progress

In 2025, our team continued to deliver strong results. In Canadian Commercial Banking, we navigated a challenging macroeconomic landscape to achieve risk-controlled growth, strengthening relationships by delivering holistic solutions tailored to our clients’ needs. Our Canadian Wealth Management business advanced our strategy as a leading provider of financial advice to high-net-worth and ultra-high-net-worth clients and delivered solid performance. We empowered our clients to reach their financial goals through dedicated financial planning and ongoing investments in technology to further enhance the productivity of our advisors and teams. In Investor’s Edge, our self-directed online investing platform, we’ve seen strong year-over-year growth, driven by prior investments in the platform and client solutions. CIBC Asset Management continues to see strong growth in long-term mutual fund net sales and is investing in enhanced distribution and product capabilities. Across our organization, cross-business referral momentum resulted in deeper, multi-faceted client relationships, reinforcing our commitment to helping our clients achieve their ambitions and positioning us for continued success in the years ahead.

Delivering risk-controlled growth with a focus on relationship-banking and increasing connectivity to deepen relationships

•	Maintained strong net promoter score results in Commercial Banking, Private Banking and Wood Gundy, reflecting the confidence, loyalty and satisfaction that sets us apart as a trusted partner for our clients.
•	Continued to increase the number of financial plans completed, while maintaining focus on deepening client relationships and fostering strong partnerships.
---	---
•	Achieved strong year-over-year growth in commercial loans and deposits through proactive engagement and tailored solutions.
---	---

Focusing on high-growth market segments

•	Wood Gundy ranked second overall among the Big 5 banks by Investment Executive Brokerage Report Card for the fourth consecutive year – a strong statement on the confidence of our advisory team.
•	Investor’s Edge ranked first among the Big 5 banks in J.D. Power’s <br>do-it-yourself<br> investing customer satisfaction survey.
---	---
•	CIBC was recognized as Canada’s Top Private Bank by Global Finance and Global Banking & Finance Review, for its leadership and client-centric approach.
---	---
•	CIBC Asset Management ranked second among the Big 6 banks in year-to-date long-term mutual fund net sales as of October 2025, according to the Securities and Investment Management Association.
---	---

Modernizing and simplifying our processes and systems

•	Advanced our modernization journey by upgrading platforms and streamlining digital processes, enabling faster and simpler client experiences, while driving efficiency.
•	Enhanced productivity through continued increased adoption of sales enablement tools, including Salesforce.
---	---
•	Introduced First Home Savings Account to Wood Gundy, expanding our product suite to meet the evolving needs of Canadians and their families.
---	---
CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	20
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

2025 financial review

Revenue<br><br>(1)<br><br>($ billions)	Net income(1)( millions)	Average loans<br><br>(1)(2)(3)<br><br>($ billions)	Average deposits<br><br>(1)(3)<br><br>($ billions)
Average commercial banking loans<br><br>(1)(2)(3)(4)<br><br>($ billions)	Average commercial banking deposits(1)(3)( billions)	Assets under administration and management<br><br>(5)<br><br>($ billions)	Canadian retail mutual funds and exchange-<br><br>traded funds<br><br>($ billions)

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.
(2)	Loan amounts are stated before any related allowances.
---	---
(3)	Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.
---	---
(4)	Comprises loans and acceptances and notional amount of letters of credit.
---	---
(5)	AUM amounts are included in the amounts reported under AUA.
---	---

Our focus for 2026

Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management remains focused on delivering profitable growth by being a leading provider of financial services and advice, and building deep relationships with commercial banking and high-net-worth clients. We will continue to do this by:

•	Deepening client relationships and increasing connectivity;
•	Focusing on high-growth segments, while investing in our capabilities; and
---	---
•	Empowering teams with improved technology, processes and data.
---	---
21	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Results

(1)

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024<br>(2)
Revenue
Commercial banking	$	2,710		$	2,465
Wealth management		4,192			3,553
Total revenue		6,902			6,018
Provision for credit losses
Impaired		112			75
Performing		54			48
Total provision for credit losses		166			123
Non-interest<br> expenses		3,522			3,066
Income before income taxes		3,214			2,829
Income taxes		873			766
Net income	$	2,341		$	2,063
Net income attributable to:
Equity shareholders	$	2,341		$	2,063
Total revenue
Net interest income	$	2,960		$	2,232
Non-interest<br> income<br>(3)		3,942			3,786
	$	6,902		$	6,018
Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets<br>(4)		2.90	%		3.04	%
Efficiency ratio		51.0	%		50.9	%
Operating leverage		(0.2	)%		(2.7	)%
Return on equity<br>(5)		23.6	%		21.7	%
Average allocated common equity<br>(5)	$	9,904		$	9,521
Average assets ($ billions)	$	103.9		$	95.5
Average loans ($ billions)	$	107.4		$	98.5
Average deposits ($ billions)	$	116.3		$	105.5
AUA ($ billions)	$	597.2		$	509.6
AUM ($ billions)	$	317.1		$	276.9
Full-time equivalent employees		6,190			5,879
(1)	For additional segmented information, see Note 29 to the consolidated financial statements.
---	---
(2)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.
---	---
(3)	Includes intersegment revenue, which represents internal sales commissions and revenue allocations under the Product Owner/Customer Segment/Distributor Channel allocation management model.
---	---
(4)	For additional information on the composition, see the “Glossary” section.
---	---
(5)	For additional information, see the <br>“Non-GAAP<br> measures” section.
---	---

Financial overview

Net income was up $278 million or 13% from 2024, primarily due to higher revenue, partially offset by higher non-interest expenses and higher provision of credit losses.

Revenue

Revenue was up $884 million or 15% from 2024.

Commercial banking revenue was up $245 million or 10%, primarily due to higher net interest income mainly driven by volume growth.

Wealth management revenue was up $639 million or 18%, primarily due to higher fee-based revenue from higher average AUA and AUM balances attributable to market appreciation, higher net interest margins and cash balances, and higher commission revenue from increased client activity.

Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets was down 14 basis points, primarily due to the impact from the conversion of bankers’ acceptances to CORRA loans resulting from the cessation of CDOR, partially offset by higher deposit volumes.

Provision for credit losses

Provision for credit losses was up $43 million or 35% from 2024. Provision for credit losses on performing loans was up moderately due to a favourable model parameter update in the prior year and a more unfavourable change in economic outlook in the current year, partially offset by favourable credit migration. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was up due to higher provisions in the real estate and construction, business services, capital goods manufacturing, and consumer goods manufacturing sectors, partially offset by lower provisions in the retail and wholesale, and hardware and software sectors.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses were up $456 million or 15% from 2024, primarily due to higher performance-based and other employee-related compensation, and higher spending on technology and other strategic initiatives.

Income taxes

Income taxes were up $107 million from 2024, due to higher income.

Average assets

Average assets were up $8.4 billion or 9% from 2024, primarily due to growth in commercial loans.

Assets under administration

AUA on a spot basis were up $87.6 billion or 17% from 2024, primarily due to market appreciation. AUM amounts are included in the amounts reported under AUA.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	22
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management

U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides tailored, relationship-oriented banking and wealth management solutions across the U.S., focusing on middle-market and mid-corporate companies, entrepreneurs, high-net-worth individuals and families, as well as operating private and small business banking services in strategic markets across the U.S.

Our business strategy

We are a best-in-class, relationship-oriented commercial banking and wealth management franchise in the U.S., working closely with clients who value our high-touch approach, as well as our industry expertise and broad product capabilities, tailored to meet their specific needs. Our key strategic priorities continue to be:

•	Building and deepening client relationships;
•	Strengthening and diversifying our deposit base;
---	---
•	Improving efficiency and capabilities through data and technology; and
---	---
•	Advancing the growth and transformation of our business.
---	---

2025 progress

In 2025, we continued to attract new clients and deepen relationships with existing clients through execution of our well-established relationship strategy. We are well positioned to help our clients achieve their ambitions by staying close, offering bespoke financial solutions and further improving client experiences, which is reflected in our strong net promoter scores. We delivered broad-based deposit and commercial and industrial loan growth, and built positive momentum by continuing to generate new business and AUM growth. The strategic investments we’ve made in our business combined with disciplined expense and risk management will support our momentum and growth moving forward.

Building and deepening client relationships

•	Continued growth in relationship expansion efforts across all areas of the bank that drove new business and delivered more services across our bank to our existing clients.
•	Generated loan growth through new strategic client relationships and developed additional private banking business with existing commercial and wealth clients.
---	---
•	Maintained positive AUM and AUA net flows.
---	---
•	Further enhanced the strong connectivity with our Capital Markets team to provide a range of financial solutions to U.S. commercial and wealth clients.
---	---
•	Ranked #6 Registered Investment Advisor in <br>Barron’s<br> Top 100 RIA Firms list; remaining in the top 10 for the sixth consecutive year.
---	---
•	CIBC Private Wealth remains <br>Private Asset Management’s<br> most awarded firm in the industry over the last 15 years.
---	---

Strengthening and diversifying our deposit base

•	Maintained a diversified deposit base across our commercial, private banking and personal clients.
•	Expanded deposit gathering by attracting new clients to our CIBC Agility digital banking platform that provides flexible online banking.
---	---
•	Earned recognition from Money.com for having the Best High-Yield Savings Accounts of 2025.
---	---

Improving efficiency and capabilities through data and technology

•	Continued investments in modernizing our bank, including enhancements to our wires platform, expanded client relationship management tools and enhanced anti-money laundering capabilities, helping to transform our bank to support future growth.
•	Enhanced our award-winning Private Wealth investment platform, allowing us to deliver improved client experience.
---	---
•	Advancements in risk management capabilities leading to better data analytics, which enhanced insights into our loan and deposit portfolios.
---	---

Advancing the growth and transformation of our business

•	Continued growth of our Wealth Management franchise, a business that provides strong returns on capital by building scale, acquiring top talent and deploying technology that drives industry-leading client experiences.
•	Maintained risk-controlled growth in Commercial Banking, while strategically allocating capital, to deliver new products and services.
---	---
•	Continued to enhance our risk culture to support our growth.
---	---

2025 financial review

Revenue<br><br>(1)<br><br><br><br>(US$ billions)	Net income<br><br>(1)<br><br><br><br>($ millions)	Net income<br><br>(1)<br><br><br><br>(US$ millions)	Operating leverage<br><br>(1)<br><br><br><br>(% in U.S. dollars)
(1)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.
---	---
23	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---
Average loans<br><br>(1)(2)<br><br><br><br>(US$ billions)	Average deposits<br><br>(2)<br><br><br><br>(US$ billions)	Average commercial banking loans<br><br>(1)(2)<br><br><br><br>(US$ billions)	Assets under administration and management<br><br>(3)<br><br><br><br>(US$ billions)
---	---	---	---
(1)	Loan amounts are stated before any related allowances.
---	---
(2)	Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.
---	---
(3)	AUM amounts are included in the amounts reported under AUA.
---	---

Our focus for 2026

To build on our momentum across U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, we will be guided by our purpose as we help make our clients’ ambitions a reality. We will continue to do this by:

•	Expanding Private Wealth Management with a focus on strategic relationships;
•	Growing Commercial Banking by delivering the full connected capabilities of our bank, industry expertise and deepening client relationships; and
---	---
•	Investing in people, technology and infrastructure to further scale our platform, drive connectivity and enhance data-driven decisioning.
---	---

Results in Canadian dollars

(1)

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024<br>(2)
Revenue
Commercial banking	$	2,224		$	1,971
Wealth management		992			849
Total revenue		3,216			2,820
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses
Impaired		268			449
Performing		(93	)		111
Total provision for credit losses		175			560
Non-interest<br> expenses		1,861			1,718
Income before income taxes		1,180			542
Income taxes		222			42
Net income	$	958		$	500
Net income attributable to:
Equity shareholders	$	958		$	500
Total revenue
Net interest income	$	2,205		$	1,906
Non-interest<br> income		1,011			914
	$	3,216		$	2,820
Average allocated common equity<br>(3)	$	11,380		$	11,051
Average assets ($ billions)	$	64.4		$	60.8
Average loans ($ billions)	$	58.1		$	54.7
Average deposits ($ billions)	$	59.0		$	50.6
AUA ($ billions)<br>(4)	$	156.8		$	149.2
AUM ($ billions)<br>(4)	$	129.1		$	117.9
Full-time equivalent employees		3,189			3,005
(1)	For additional segmented information, see Note 29 to the consolidated financial statements.
---	---
(2)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.
---	---
(3)	For additional information, see the <br>“Non-GAAP<br> measures” section.
---	---
(4)	Includes certain Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management assets that U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides <br>sub-advisory<br> services for.
---	---
CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	24
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Results in U.S. dollars

(1)

US$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024<br>(2)
Revenue
Commercial banking	$	1,585		$	1,450
Wealth management		708			624
Total revenue		2,293			2,074
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses
Impaired		191			330
Performing		(67	)		82
Total provision for credit losses		124			412
Non-interest<br> expenses		1,326			1,263
Income before income taxes		843			399
Income taxes		158			31
Net income	$	685		$	368
Net income attributable to:
Equity shareholders	$	685		$	368
Total revenue
Net interest income	$	1,572		$	1,402
Non-interest<br> income		721			672
	$	2,293		$	2,074
Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets<br>(3)		3.79	%		3.49	%
Efficiency ratio		57.9	%		60.9	%
Operating leverage		5.5	%		(11.9	)%
Return on equity<br>(4)		8.4	%		4.5	%
Average allocated common equity<br>(4)	$	8,111		$	8,129
Average assets ($ billions)	$	46.1		$	44.7
Average loans ($ billions)	$	41.6		$	40.2
Average deposits ($ billions)	$	42.2		$	37.2
AUA ($ billions)<br>(5)	$	111.8		$	107.1
AUM ($ billions)<br>(5)	$	92.0		$	84.7
(1)	For additional segmented information, see Note 29 to the consolidated financial statements.
---	---
(2)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.
---	---
(3)	For additional information on the composition, see the “Glossary” section.
---	---
(4)	For additional information, see the <br>“Non-GAAP<br> measures” section.
---	---
(5)	Includes certain Canadian Commercial Banking and Wealth Management assets that U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management provides <br>sub-advisory<br> services for.
---	---

Financial overview

Net income was up $458 million or 92% (US$317 million or 86%) from 2024, primarily due to higher revenue and a lower provision for credit losses, partially offset by higher non-interest expenses, as well as the favourable impact of foreign exchange translation.

Revenue

Revenue was up US$219 million or 11% from 2024.

Commercial banking revenue was up US$135 million or 9%, primarily due to volume growth and higher net interest margin.

Wealth management revenue was up US$84 million or 13%, primarily due to higher fee-based revenue from higher average AUM balances attributable to market appreciation, higher annual performance-based mutual fund fees, and higher deposit volumes.

Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets was up 30 basis points, primarily due to favourable business mix and higher deposit margins.

Provision for credit losses

Provision for credit losses was down US$288 million or 70% from 2024. The current year included a provision reversal on performing loans due to favourable credit migration within the performing portfolio, as well as higher allowance releases for credit migration from the performing to the impaired portfolio, partially offset by an unfavourable change in our economic outlook in the U.S. The prior year included a provision on performing loans primarily due to model parameter updates. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was down due to lower provisions in the real estate and construction sector.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses were up US$63 million or 5% from 2024, primarily due to higher employee compensation and higher spending on strategic initiatives, partially offset by a US$77 million charge in the prior year related to the special assessment imposed by the FDIC, which was shown as an item of note.

Income taxes

Income taxes were up US$127 million from 2024, due to higher income and earnings mix.

Average assets

Average assets were comparable to 2024.

Assets under administration

AUA were up US$4.7 billion or 4% from 2024, primarily due to market appreciation. AUM amounts are included in the amounts reported under AUA.

25	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Capital Markets

Capital Markets provides integrated global markets products and services, investment banking and corporate banking solutions, and top-ranked research to our clients around the world. Leveraging the capabilities of our differentiated platform, Capital Markets also delivers multi-currency payments and innovative solutions for clients across our bank.

Our business strategy

Our ambition is to be the leading client-centric capital markets solution provider in Canada and in select U.S. and international verticals, delivering leading best-in-class insight, advice and execution to our North American and international clients. To enable CIBC’s strategy and priorities, we collaborate with our partners across our bank to deepen and enhance client relationships. Our key strategic priorities continue to be:

•	Delivering the leading capital markets platform in Canada to our Strategic and Focus clients;
•	Building a North American client platform with global capabilities; and
---	---
•	Focusing on connectivity to accelerate growth and deepen relationships across our bank.
---	---

2025 progress

2025 was a year of significant progress where we again demonstrated our consistent execution and steady growth. We continued to deliver on our U.S. growth ambitions, driving double-digit revenue growth in this important market. This was achieved through targeted investments, expanding our teams across key businesses, and further developing our strong product and service offerings. Within Canada, we maintained strong market share with our Strategic and Focus clients in a highly competitive landscape. This underscores the value of our deep client relationships, the success of our differentiated platform, and our ability to deliver a connected bank to all our clients.

Delivering the leading capital markets platform in Canada to our Strategic and Focus clients

•	Continued delivering industry-leading advice and capital markets solutions by expanding our capabilities and expertise, securing a market share of 14.2% among Strategic and Focus clients in Canada, while maintaining leading growth, productivity, efficiency and returns versus peers.
•	Maintained resource discipline and selectively invested in innovative capabilities and technology to further grow with our clients, strengthen our platform, and simplify processes to enable our client-focused culture.
---	---
•	Recognized by Global Finance for the third consecutive year as the Best Investment Bank in Canada and for our leadership in environmental and social sustainability financing, receiving three sustainable finance awards from Global Finance, including Best Sustainable Finance Bank in Canada.
---	---
•	Recognized by Global Capital for the second consecutive year as the Most Impressive SSA House for the Canadian Market and Canada Derivatives House of the Year.
---	---
•	Awarded Best Market Maker/Authorised Participant – Fixed Income Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) in Canada by ETF Express.
---	---

Building a North American client platform with global capabilities

•	Continued to expand our U.S. franchise by making key strategic hires and adding capabilities for our corporate, institutional and private capital clients to enable double-digit revenue growth.
•	Built out leveraged finance capabilities, technology and expertise in the U.S. to expand our business with financial sponsors, pension funds and corporate clients in this fast-growing product area.
---	---
•	Furthered our reputation as a leader in the renewable energy sector in the U.S., ranking sixth among investment banks for renewables project financing, according to InfraLogic and IJGlobal.
---	---
•	Ranked #1 for US$ Supranational, Sovereign, and Agency by Market Axess.
---	---
•	Awarded Financial Adviser of the Year in North America by IJGlobal for the second consecutive year.
---	---
•	Recognized as the Global Lender of the Year by IJGlobal ESG Awards.
---	---

Focusing on connectivity to accelerate growth and deepen relationships across our bank

•	Delivered Capital Markets solutions to personal banking, high-net-worth and commercial banking clients across our bank.
•	Further expanded our industry-first Canadian Depositary Receipts lineup as part of our ongoing commitment to developing innovative, market-based solutions that meet investor needs.
---	---
•	Focused on connectivity to deepen relationships across the bank by making referrals to Commercial Banking and Wealth Management, ensuring our clients experience one strong integrated bank.
---	---
•	Accelerated growth for our Global Structured Notes and Market-Linked GICs offerings, reaching a record high of $43 billion outstanding.
---	---

As a leading capital markets franchise in Canada and banking partner to our clients around the world, Capital Markets acted as:

•	Financial advisor to Innergex Renewable Energy Inc. on its sale to CDPQ for a transaction value of approximately $10 billion and participant on $1.2 billion in new credit facilities for CDPQ Bidco to support the acquisition.
•	Financial advisor to Brookfield Asset Management and Birch Hill Equity Partners on the acquisition of a majority interest in First National Financial Corporation for a transaction value of approximately $3.6 billion including acting as co-underwriter, joint bookrunner and co-lead arranger on a new revolver and term loan for Regal Bidco Inc. and active joint bookrunner on an $800 million multi tranche issue of senior notes for First National Financial Corporation to support the transaction.
---	---
•	Financial advisor to Gildan Activewear Inc. on the acquisition of HanesBrands Inc. for a transaction value of approximately US$4.4 billion including acting as co-underwriter, joint bookrunner and co-lead arranger on a new US$1.2 billion bridge and US$1.1 billion in term loans, and active bookrunner on a US$1.2 billion dual tranche issue of senior unsecured notes in support of the transaction.
---	---
•	Joint lead arranger and joint bookrunner on approximately US$2.5 billion of senior secured credit facilities to finance the acquisition of a majority of GFL’s Environmental Services business by BC Partners and Apollo and hedge counterparty in support of the transaction.
---	---
•	Joint bookrunner on the issuance of $2.1 billion of subscription receipts, $2.3 billion of multi tranche senior notes and $500 million of hybrid notes, and joint bookrunner and co-lead arranger on a new $2.5 billion bridge, $850 million term loan and a $500 million increase to the existing revolver in connection with Keyera Corp.’s acquisition of Plains Midstream Canada ULC’s natural gas liquids business and select U.S. assets.
---	---
•	Exclusive advisor, sole lead placement agent, left lead arranger and administrative agent and swap coordinator to Boldyn Networks U.S. on a US$1.2 billion financing to support the integration of its U.S. businesses and fuel future growth and innovation.
---	---
CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	26
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---
•	Financial advisor, joint lead placement agent, mandated lead arranger, and hedge counterparty to Adven Group Oy on an approximately <br>€<br>675 million refinancing to enable its growth trajectory.
---	---
•	Sustainability structuring agent in partnership with CIBC Caribbean who also acted as lead arranger on the Government of Barbados’ bespoke US$300 million (equivalent) sustainability-linked loan and debt-for-climate resilience loan facility. CIBC also acted as joint bookrunner or joint lead arranger on multiple green and sustainable bond issuances, including TransAlta’s $450 million green bond, Hydro One’s aggregate $750 million dual-tranche sustainability and green bonds, and Government of Canada’s February 2025 $2 billion green bond.
---	---

2025 financial review

Revenue<br><br>(1)<br><br>($ billions)	Net income<br><br>(1)<br><br>($ millions)	Operating leverage<br><br>(1)<br><br>(%)
Average loans and acceptances<br><br>(1)(2)<br><br>($ billions)	Average deposits<br><br>(1)(2)<br><br>($ billions)	Average <br>value-at-risk<br> (VaR)<br><br>($ millions)
(1)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details.
---	---
(2)	Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.
---	---

Our focus for 2026

To support our bank’s long-term objectives, Capital Markets remains focused on delivering profitable growth by deepening client relationships and collaborating with our partners across our bank to help make our clients’ ambitions a reality. We will continue to do this by:

•	Maintaining our focused approach to client coverage in Canada;
•	Growing our North American platform by further expanding our U.S. reach and broadening the services offered to clients; and
---	---
•	Strengthening our connectivity, technology and innovation efforts to bring more of our bank’s offerings to our clients.
---	---
27	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Results

(1)

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024<br>(2)
Revenue
Global markets<br>(2)	$	3,996		$	3,055
Corporate and investment banking		2,152			1,745
Total revenue<br>(3)		6,148			4,800
Provision for credit losses
Impaired		117			55
Performing		91			29
Total provision for credit losses		208			84
Non-interest<br> expenses		2,855			2,479
Income before income taxes		3,085			2,237
Income taxes<br>(3)		812			608
Net income	$	2,273		$	1,629
Net income attributable to:
Equity shareholders	$	2,273		$	1,629
Efficiency ratio		46.4	%		51.7	%
Operating leverage		13.0	%		(4.7	)%
Return on equity<br>(4)		22.1	%		17.9	%
Average allocated common equity<br>(4)	$	10,291		$	9,100
Average assets ($ billions)	$	378.5		$	315.3
Average loans and acceptances ($ billions)	$	69.9		$	60.6
Average deposits ($ billions)	$	103.6		$	94.1
Full-time equivalent employees		2,011			1,858
(1)	For additional segmented information, see Note 29 to the consolidated financial statements.
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(2)	Certain prior year information has been restated. See the “External reporting changes” section for additional details. In addition to the changes to our SBUs, our foreign exchange and payments business is now included in Global markets within Capital Markets. Previously, this business was included in Direct Financial Services within Capital Markets together with Simplii and Investor’s Edge. Prior period information has been restated.
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(3)	Prior to the enactment of the Federal tax measure that denied the dividends received deduction for Canadian banks in June 2024, Capital Markets revenue and income taxes were reported on a TEB with an equivalent offset in the revenue and income taxes of Corporate and Other. Accordingly, the 2024 revenue and income taxes included a TEB adjustment of $16 million for dividends received before January 1, 2024.
---	---
(4)	For additional information, see the <br>“Non-GAAP<br> measures” section.
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Financial overview

Net income was up $644 million or 40% from 2024, primarily due to higher revenue, partially offset by higher non-interest expenses and a higher provision for credit losses.

Revenue

Revenue was up $1,348 million or 28% from 2024.

Global markets revenue was up $941 million or 31%, primarily due to higher equity trading, financing revenue and higher commodities trading revenue.

Corporate and investment banking revenue was up $407 million or 23%, primarily due to higher corporate banking revenue and higher debt underwriting, advisory and equity underwriting revenue.

Provision for credit losses

Provision for credit losses was up $124 million or 148% from 2024. Provision for credit losses on performing loans was up due to unfavourable credit migration and a more unfavourable change in our economic outlook in the current year. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was up due to higher provisions in the telecommunications and cable sector.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses were up $376 million or 15% from 2024, primarily due to higher employee compensation and higher spending on technology and other strategic initiatives.

Income taxes

Income taxes were up $204 million from 2024, primarily due to higher income and earnings mix.

Average assets

Average assets were up $63.2 billion or 20% from 2024, primarily due to higher trading securities, higher loan balances, higher securities purchased under resale agreements and higher derivatives valuation.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	28
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other includes the following functional groups – Technology, Infrastructure and Innovation, Risk Management, People, Culture and Brand, and Finance and Enterprise Strategy, as well as other support groups. The expenses of these functional and support groups are generally allocated to the business lines within the SBUs. Corporate and Other also includes the results of CIBC Caribbean and other portfolio investments, as well as other income statement and balance sheet items not directly attributable to the business lines.

Results

(1)

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Revenue
International banking	$	905		$	980
Other		(69	)		46
Total revenue<br>(2)		836			1,026
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses
Impaired		25			12
Performing		4			(11	)
Total provision for credit losses		29			1
Non-interest<br> expenses		1,547			1,470
Loss before income taxes		(740	)		(445	)
Income taxes<br>(2)		(515	)		(502	)
Net income (loss)	$	(225	)	$	57
Net income (loss) attributable to:
Non-controlling<br> interests	$	25		$	39
Equity shareholders		(250	)		18
Full-time equivalent employees<br>(3)		24,607			24,026
(1)	For additional segmented information, see Note 29 to the consolidated financial statements.
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(2)	Prior to the enactment of the Federal tax measure that denied the dividends received deduction for Canadian banks in June 2024, Capital Markets revenue and income taxes were reported on a TEB with an equivalent offset in the revenue and income taxes of Corporate and Other. Accordingly, the 2024 revenue and income taxes included a TEB adjustment offset of $16 million for dividends received before January 1, 2024.
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(3)	Includes full-time equivalent employees for which the expenses are allocated to the business lines within the SBUs. The majority of the full-time equivalent employees for functional and support costs of CIBC Bank USA are included in the U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU.
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Financial overview

Net income was down $282 million from 2024, due to lower treasury and International banking revenue, higher non-interest expenses and higher provision for credit losses, partially offset by higher revenue from our strategic investments.

Revenue

Revenue was down $190 million from 2024.

International banking revenue was down $75 million, primarily due to investment losses, lower margins and impairment of debt securities measured at amortized cost, partially offset by volume growth and higher fee income.

Other revenue was down $115 million, primarily due to lower treasury revenue, partially offset by higher revenue from our strategic investments.

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

Provision for credit losses in International banking was up $28 million from 2024. The current year included a modest provision for credit losses on performing loans, while the same period last year included a provision reversal reflective of an improvement in our economic outlook. Provision for credit losses on impaired loans was up mainly attributable to the business services sector.

Non-interest expenses

Non-interest expenses were up $77 million from 2024, primarily due to higher corporate costs, including from higher employee termination costs and legal provisions.

29	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Financial condition

Review of condensed consolidated balance sheet

$ millions, as at October 31	2025		2024<br>(1)
Assets
Cash and deposits with banks	$	44,003	$	48,064
Securities		283,235		254,345
Securities borrowed and purchased under resale agreements		108,392		100,749
Loans and acceptances		589,504		558,292
Derivative instruments		38,352		36,435
Other assets		53,452		44,100
Total assets	$	1,116,938	$	1,041,985
Liabilities and equity
Deposits	$	808,124	$	764,857
Obligations related to securities lent, sold short and under repurchase agreements		160,317		139,792
Derivative instruments		41,411		40,654
Other liabilities <br>(1)		34,854		30,210
Subordinated indebtedness		7,819		7,465
Equity		64,413		59,007
Total liabilities and equity	$	1,116,938	$	1,041,985
(1)	Includes acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million). Prior year amounts have been revised to conform to the presentation adopted in 2025.
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Assets

Total assets as at October 31, 2025 were up $75.0 billion or 7% from 2024, of which approximately $3.8 billion was due to the appreciation of the U.S. dollar.

Cash and deposits with banks decreased by $4.1 billion or 8%, primarily due to lower short-term placements in Treasury.

Securities increased by $28.9 billion or 11%, primarily due to increases in equity trading securities, debt security portfolios in our trading businesses and Treasury, and asset-backed securities.

Securities borrowed and purchased under resale agreements increased by $7.6 billion or 8%, primarily due to client-driven activities.

Net loans and acceptances increased by $31.2 billion or 6%, primarily due to increases in business and government loans, and the Canadian residential mortgage portfolio. Further details on the composition of loans and acceptances are provided in the “Supplementary annual financial information” section and Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements.

Derivative instruments increased by $1.9 billion or 5%, largely driven by an increase in foreign exchange and commodity derivatives valuation.

Other assets increased by $9.4 billion or 21%, primarily due to increases in broker receivables, precious metals and carbon emission allowances, collateral pledged for derivatives and other receivables.

Liabilities

Total liabilities as at October 31, 2025 were up $69.5 billion or 7% from 2024, of which approximately $3.7 billion was due to the appreciation of the U.S. dollar.

Deposits increased by $43.3 billion or 6%, primarily due to increases in business and government deposits, wholesale funding, and retail volume growth. Further details on the composition of deposits are provided in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements and the “Supplementary annual financial information” section.

Obligations related to securities lent, sold short and under repurchase agreements increased by $20.5 billion or 15%, primarily to finance growth in client-driven activities.

Derivative instruments increased by $0.8 billion or 2%, largely driven by increases in equity and commodity derivatives valuation, partially offset by decreases in the interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives valuation.

Other liabilities increased by $4.6 billion or 15%, primarily due to increases in payables related to precious metals, collateral pledged for derivatives, accrued employee compensation and brokers payables, partially offset by a decrease in accrued interest payable.

Subordinated indebtedness increased by $0.4 billion or 5%, primarily due to the issuance of subordinated indebtedness in the second quarter, partially offset by the redemption of subordinated indebtedness in the third quarter. For further details see the “Capital management” section.

Equity

Equity as at October 31, 2025 increased by $5.4 billion or 9% from 2024, primarily due to net income that exceeded dividends and distributions, an increase in Limited Recourse Capital Notes (LRCNs) and preferred shares, a net increase in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) mainly resulting from net gains on cash flow hedges and net gains in debt securities measured at FVOCI, partially offset by the impact of shares repurchased and cancelled under normal course issuer bids (NCIBs). For further details see the “Capital management” section.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	30
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Capital management

Our capital strength protects our depositors and creditors from risks inherent in our businesses. Our overall capital management objective is to maintain a strong and efficient capital base that:

•	Acts as a buffer to absorb unexpected losses while providing sustainable returns to our shareholders;
•	Enables our businesses to grow and execute on our strategy;
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•	Demonstrates balance sheet strength and our commitment to prudent balance sheet management; and
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•	Supports us in maintaining a favourable credit standing and raising additional capital or other funding on attractive terms.
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We actively manage our capital to meet these objectives in support of our overall enterprise strategy. We also consider the economic outlook, and the overall operating environment when deploying our capital and may choose to operate with greater levels of capital based on our view of potential downside risks.

Capital management and planning framework

We maintain a capital management policy that establishes our capital management principles in the context of our risk appetite to support our capital management objectives. Our capital management policy is reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors (the Board) in support of our Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP). The policy includes guidelines that relate to capital strength, capital mix, dividends and return of capital, and unconsolidated capital adequacy of regulated entities, based on regulatory requirements and our risk appetite. The level of capital and capital ratios are continually monitored relative to our regulatory minimums and internal targets and the amount of capital required may change in relation to our business growth, risk appetite, and the business and regulatory environment.

Capital planning is a crucial element of our overall financial planning process and establishment of strategic objectives and is developed in accordance with the capital management policy. Each year, a capital plan and three-year outlook are developed as part of the financial plan, which establishes targets for the coming year and business plans to achieve those targets. The capital plan is also stress-tested as a part of our enterprise-wide stress testing process to ensure CIBC is adequately capitalized through severe but plausible stress scenarios (see the “Enterprise-wide stress testing” section for further details). Our capital position and forecasts are monitored throughout the year and assessed against the capital plan.

The Board, with endorsement from the Risk Management Committee (RMC), provides oversight of CIBC’s capital management through the approval of our risk appetite, capital policy and plan. The RMC and the Board are provided with regular updates on our capital position including performance to date, updated forecasts, and any material regulatory developments that may impact our future capital position. Treasury is responsible for the overall management of capital including planning, forecasting and execution of the plan, with senior management oversight provided by the Global Asset Liability Committee (GALCO).

Enterprise-wide stress testing

We perform enterprise-wide stress testing on at least an annual basis. The results are an integral part of our ICAAP, as defined by Pillar 2 of the Basel III Accord, wherein we identify and measure our risks on an ongoing basis in order to ensure that the capital available is sufficient to cover all risks across CIBC, including the impacts of stress testing. We maintain a process that determines plausible but stressed economic scenarios such as global recessions and housing price shocks, and then apply these stress scenarios to our bank-wide exposures to determine the impact on the consolidated statement of income, RWA requirements, and consequently, key capital ratios. This helps us analyze the potential risks within our portfolios and establish prudent capital levels in excess of the regulatory minimum requirements. All of the elements of capital are monitored throughout the year and the capital plan is adjusted as appropriate.

Management determines the range of scenarios to be tested. Macroeconomic stress test scenarios are designed to be both severe and plausible and designed to be consistent with OSFI’s stress testing framework to ensure that they are comprehensive.

31	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
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The following diagram summarizes the enterprise-wide stress testing process, including the development of scenarios, identification of risk drivers and linkages to our other bank-wide ICAAP processes. The process includes syndication with our economists and lines of business to ensure scenarios are relevant to our businesses and there is a consistent interpretation of the scenarios across CIBC.

Stress test scenarios are designed to capture a wide range of macroeconomic and financial variables that are relevant to assess the impact on our specific portfolios. This includes, for example, gross domestic product (GDP), unemployment, house prices, interest rates and equity prices.

The stress testing process is comprehensive, using a bottoms-up analysis of each of our bank-wide portfolios, and the results are analyzed on a product, location and sector basis. Our stress testing approach combines the use of statistical models and expert judgment to ensure the results are reasonable in estimating the impacts of the stress scenarios.

Stress testing methodologies and results are subject to a detailed review and challenge from both our lines of business and Risk Management. Stress testing results are presented for review to the RMC and are also shared with the Board and OSFI. The results of our enterprise-wide stress testing are used to highlight any vulnerabilities and ensure we remain well capitalized against regulatory and management expectations.

A key objective of the enterprise-wide stress tests is to identify key areas of exposure and foster discussion of management actions that would be taken to mitigate the impact of stress scenarios. Contingency planning and strategies for extreme stress scenarios are included in the development and maintenance of CIBC’s recovery and resolution plans. These plans include credible remedial actions that may be considered to counteract and recover from stress, or promote CIBC’s orderly resolution with limited systemic impacts. Additional information on stress testing is provided in the “Management of risk” section.

Recovery plan

Federally regulated financial institutions (FRFIs) must maintain robust and credible recovery plans that identify options to restore financial strength and viability when under severe stress. CIBC continues to maintain and update its recovery plan in line with OSFI requirements and industry best practices.

Resolution plan

The Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC) Resolution Planning By-law establishes a statutory framework pursuant to which domestic systemically important banks (D-SIBs) submit and maintain resolution plans that are critical to support resolvability and financial sector stability. CDIC, Canada’s resolution authority for its member institutions, including D-SIBs, has issued guidance for the development, maintenance and testing of comprehensive resolution plans and related strategies to demonstrate their operational capability, thus ensuring resolvability can be achieved in an orderly fashion. CIBC’s resolution plan has been developed and maintained in alignment with guidance and is in compliance with CDIC’s Resolution Planning By-law.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	32
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Regulatory capital and total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC) requirements

Our regulatory capital requirements are determined in accordance with guidelines issued by OSFI, which are based upon the capital standards developed by the BCBS.

Regulatory capital consists of CET1, Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. Qualifying regulatory capital instruments must be capable of absorbing loss at the point of non-viability of the financial institution.

The tiers of regulatory capital indicate increasing quality/permanence and the ability to absorb losses. The major components of our regulatory capital are summarized as follows:

(1)	Excluding AOCI relating to cash flow hedges and changes to fair value option (FVO) liabilities attributable to changes in own credit risk.

OSFI requires all institutions to achieve target capital ratios, which include buffers. Targets may be higher for certain institutions at OSFI’s discretion. CIBC has been designated by OSFI as a D-SIB in Canada. D-SIBs are subject to a CET1 surcharge equal to 1.0% of RWA. In addition, OSFI expects D-SIBs to hold a Domestic Stability Buffer (DSB) requirement intended to address Pillar 2 risks that are not adequately captured in the Pillar 1 capital requirements. The DSB is currently set at 3.5% of RWA, which was reaffirmed by OSFI on June 26, 2025, but can range from 0.0% to 4.0% of RWA. Additionally, banks need to hold an incremental countercyclical capital buffer equal to their weighted-average buffer requirement in Canada and across certain other jurisdictions where they have private sector credit exposures.

In addition, the Basel III capital standards include a non-risk-based capital metric, the leverage ratio, to supplement risk-based capital requirements. The leverage ratio is defined as Tier 1 capital divided by the leverage ratio exposure. The leverage ratio exposure is defined under the standards as the sum of:

(i)	On-balance<br> sheet assets less Tier 1 capital regulatory adjustments;
(ii)	Derivative exposures;
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(iii)	Securities financing transaction exposures; and
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(iv)	Off-balance<br> sheet exposures (such as commitments, direct credit substitutes, letters of credit, and securitization exposures).
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Under OSFI’s TLAC guideline, D-SIBs are required to maintain a supervisory target TLAC ratio (which builds on the risk-based capital ratios) and a minimum TLAC leverage ratio (which builds on the leverage ratio). TLAC is defined as the aggregate of total capital and other TLAC instruments primarily comprised of bail-in eligible instruments with a residual maturity greater than 365 days. TLAC is required to ensure that a non-viable

D-SIB has sufficient loss absorbing capacity to support its recapitalization. This would, in turn, facilitate an orderly resolution of the D-SIB while minimizing adverse impacts on the financial sector stability and taxpayers.

OSFI’s current regulatory capital and TLAC targets are summarized below. Targets may be higher for certain institutions at OSFI’s discretion. We are in compliance with all current capital, leverage and TLAC requirements imposed by OSFI.

As at October 31, 2025	Minimum			Capital<br>conservation<br>buffer			D-SIB<br><br>buffer			Pillar 1<br>targets<br><br>(1)			Domestic<br>Stability<br>Buffer			Target including<br>all buffer<br>requirements
CET1 ratio		4.5	%		2.5	%		1.0	%		8.0	%		3.5	%		11.5	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		6.0	%		2.5	%		1.0	%		9.5	%		3.5	%		13.0	%
Total capital ratio		8.0	%		2.5	%		1.0	%		11.5	%		3.5	%		15.0	%
Leverage ratio		3.0	%		n/a			0.5	%		3.5	%		n/a			3.5	%
TLAC ratio		18.0	%		2.5	%		1.0	%		21.5	%		3.5	%		25.0	%
TLAC leverage ratio		6.75	%		n/a			0.5	%		7.25	%		n/a			7.25	%
(1)	The countercyclical capital buffer applicable to CIBC is insignificant as at October 31, 2025.
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n/a	Not applicable.
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Capital adequacy requirements are applied on a consolidated basis consistent with our financial statements, except for our insurance subsidiaries (CIBC Cayman Reinsurance Limited and CIBC Life Insurance Company Limited), which are excluded from the regulatory scope of consolidation. The basis of consolidation applied to our financial statements is described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. CIBC Life Insurance Company Limited is subject to OSFI’s Life Insurance Capital Adequacy Test.

33	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Risk-weighted assets

The following table provides a summary of permissible regulatory capital approaches and those adopted by CIBC:

Risk<br>category	Permissible regulatory capital approaches	Approach adopted by CIBC
Credit risk<br>(1)	Basel provides three approaches for calculating credit risk capital requirements:<br><br>•<br><br>Standardized approach (SA)<br><br>•<br><br>Foundation internal ratings-based (FIRB)<br><br>•<br><br>Advanced internal ratings-based (AIRB)<br><br><br><br>OSFI expects financial institutions in Canada with Total capital in excess of $5 billion to use the internal ratings-based (IRB) approach for all material portfolios and credit businesses.<br><br><br><br>OSFI provides two approaches for calculating counterparty credit risk (CCR) for derivatives transactions:<br><br>•<br><br>Standardized approach <br>(SA-CCR)<br><br>•<br><br>Internal model method (IMM)<br><br><br><br>OSFI provides four approaches for calculating CCR for repo-style transactions:<br><br>•<br><br>Comprehensive approach, with supervisory haircuts<br><br>•<br><br>Comprehensive approach, with own estimate haircuts<br><br>•<br><br>Repo VaR approach<br><br>•<br><br>IMM<br><br><br><br>Permitted approaches for equity positions in the banking book (which includes equity investments in funds) include:<br><br>•<br><br>Standardized<br><br>•<br><br>Market-based<br><br>•<br><br>Look-through<br><br>•<br><br>Mandate-based<br><br>•<br><br>Fall-back<br><br><br><br>Basel provides the following approaches for calculating capital requirements for securitization positions:<br><br>•<br><br>Internal ratings-based approach <br>(SEC-IRBA)<br><br>•<br><br>Internal assessment approach <br>(SEC-IAA)<br><br>•<br><br>External ratings-based approach <br>(SEC-ERBA)<br><br>•<br><br>Standardized approach <br>(SEC-SA)	We have adopted the IRB (FIRB and AIRB) approach for the majority of our credit portfolios. Under this methodology, we utilize our own internal estimates to determine probability of default (PD), and maturity and either regulatory prescribed (FIRB), or internal (AIRB) estimates for loss given default (LGD) and exposure at default (EAD). We utilize the standardized approach for CIBC Caribbean, risk-rated individuals, sovereign wealth funds, the acquired Canadian Costco credit card portfolio, and other small portfolios. We periodically review portfolios under the standardized approach for consideration of adoption of the IRB approach.<br><br><br><br>CIBC applies the IMM approach for calculating CCR exposure for qualifying derivative transactions. Certain transactions are under the <br>SA-CCR<br> approach.<br><br><br><br>The comprehensive approach, with supervisory haircuts, is used for credit risk mitigation for repo-style transactions.
		We use the standardized approach for equity positions in the banking book and both the look-through and mandate-based approaches for equity investments in funds.
		We use <br>SEC-IRBA,<br> <br>SEC-IAA,<br> <br>SEC-ERBA<br> and <br>SEC-SA<br> for securitization exposures in the banking book.
Credit Valuation Adjustments (CVA) risk	CVA risk capital requirements can be calculated under the following approaches:<br><br>•<br><br>Basic approach <br>(BA-CVA)<br><br>•<br><br>Standardized approach <br>(SA-CVA)	CIBC applies the standardized approach to calculate CVA risk capital for most of our counterparties and applies the basic approach for a small subset of counterparties.
Market risk	Market risk capital requirements can be determined under the following approaches:<br><br>•<br><br>Standardized approach<br><br>•<br><br>Internal models approach	CIBC applies the sensitivity-based standardized approach to calculate market risk capital under the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book (FRTB) rules.
Operational risk	Operational risk capital requirements can be determined under the following approaches:<br><br>•<br><br>Standardized approach<br><br>•<br><br>Simplified standardized approach (SSA)	We use the standardized approach based on OSFI rules to calculate operational risk capital.
(1)	Includes CCR.
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We also calculate a capital floor by applying a floor adjustment factor to the total RWA determined using standardized approaches. If the capital requirement calculated using internal models is lower than the amount determined by the capital floor, an adjustment to our RWA would be required. The floor adjustment factor is currently set at 67.5%. See “Continuous enhancement to regulatory capital and TLAC requirements” for more details.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	34
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Continuous enhancement to regulatory capital and TLAC requirements

We continue to monitor and prepare for developments impacting regulatory capital and TLAC requirements and disclosures. The discussion below provides a summary of BCBS and OSFI publications that have been issued since our 2024 Annual Report.

OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements

On September 11, 2025, OSFI published the Capital Adequacy Requirements 2026 guideline (“CAR Guideline”) that took effect on November 1, 2025. The guideline enhances clarity across credit, market, and operational risk components. OSFI also confirmed that the floor adjustment factor will remain at 67.5% until further notice, and any change to the floor adjustment factor will be communicated at least two years prior to the effective date.

Exclusion of operational loss event from operational Risk RWA

CIBC received OSFI approval to exclude an operational loss event that was recognized in fiscal 2023 from the operational risk capital calculations. This exclusion of an operational loss event from operational risk RWA will be reflected beginning in the second quarter of 2026, which will add approximately 25 basis points to our CET1 ratio.

Regulatory capital, leverage and TLAC ratios

The components of our regulatory capital and ratios under Basel III are presented in the table below:

$ millions, as at October 31	2025			2024
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital: instruments and reserves
Directly issued qualifying common share capital plus related stock surplus	$	17,071		$	17,170
Retained earnings		36,471			33,471
AOCI (and other reserves)		4,218			3,148
Common share capital issued by subsidiaries and held by third parties (amount allowed in group CET1)		123			119
CET1 capital before regulatory adjustments		57,883			53,908
CET1 capital: regulatory adjustments
Prudential valuation adjustments		22			4
Goodwill (net of related tax liabilities)		5,392			5,360
Other intangibles other than mortgage-servicing rights (net of related tax liabilities)		2,490			2,456
Deferred tax assets excluding those arising from temporary differences (net of related tax liabilities)		17			15
Defined benefit pension fund net assets (net of related tax liabilities)		1,276			1,045
Other		968			512
Total regulatory adjustments to CET1 capital		10,165			9,392
CET1 capital		47,718			44,516
Additional Tier 1 (AT1) capital: instruments
Directly issued qualifying AT1 instruments plus related stock surplus<br>(1)		6,369			4,946
AT1 instruments issued by subsidiaries and held by third parties (amount allowed in AT1)		18			19
AT1 capital		6,387			4,965
Tier 1 capital (T1 = CET1 + AT1)		54,105			49,481
Tier 2 capital: instruments and provisions
Directly issued qualifying Tier 2 instruments plus related stock surplus<br>(2)		7,325			6,920
Tier 2 instruments issued by subsidiaries and held by third parties (amount allowed in Tier 2)		18			17
Collective allowances		839			391
Tier 2 capital (T2)		8,182			7,328
Total capital (TC = T1 + T2)	$	62,287		$	56,809
RWA consisting of:
Credit risk	$	294,848		$	274,503
Market risk		12,243			12,188
Operational risk		50,712			46,811
Total RWA	$	357,803		$	333,502
Capital ratios
CET1 ratio		13.3	%		13.3	%
Tier 1 capital ratio		15.1	%		14.8	%
Total capital ratio		17.4	%		17.0	%
Leverage ratios
Leverage ratio exposure	$	1,261,098		$	1,155,432
Leverage ratio		4.3	%		4.3	%
TLAC ratio and TLAC leverage ratio
TLAC available	$	114,102		$	101,062
TLAC ratio		31.9	%		30.3	%
TLAC leverage ratio		9.0	%		8.7	%
(1)	Comprised of <br>non-viability<br> contingent capital (NVCC) preferred shares and LRCNs.
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(2)	Comprised of certain debentures which qualify as NVCC.
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CET1 ratio

The CET1 ratio at October 31, 2025 was comparable with October 31, 2024, as an increase in RWA was offset by an increase in CET1 capital.

The increase in CET1 capital was mainly due to internal capital generation (net income less dividends and distributions), partially offset by shares repurchased and cancelled under NCIBs.

The increase in RWA was due to increases in credit risk and operational risk RWA. The increase in credit risk RWA was mainly due to organic growth, credit migration and foreign currency translation, partially offset by model and methodology updates. The increase in operational risk RWA was due to an increase in risk levels. For additional information, see the “Components of risk-weighted assets” section.

35	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Tier 1 capital ratio

The Tier 1 capital ratio at October 31, 2025 increased 0.3% from October 31, 2024, primarily due to the factors affecting the CET1 ratio noted above and net issuance of LRCNs and preferred shares. See the “Capital initiatives” section below for further details.

Total capital ratio

The Total capital ratio at October 31, 2025 increased 0.4% from October 31, 2024, primarily due to the factors affecting the Tier 1 capital ratio noted above, an increase in eligible general allowances included in Tier 2 capital, and net issuance of subordinated debentures. See the “Capital initiatives” section below for further details.

Leverage ratio

The leverage ratio at October 31, 2025 was comparable with October 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase in Tier 1 capital discussed above, offset by an increase in leverage ratio exposure. The increase in leverage ratio exposure was primarily driven by an increase in on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet exposures.

TLAC ratio and TLAC leverage ratio

The TLAC ratio at October 31, 2025 increased 1.6% from October 31, 2024, primarily driven by an increase in total TLAC instruments, partially offset by an increase in RWA. The increase in TLAC instruments was primarily a result of higher level of bail-in eligible liabilities and higher total capital due to the factors noted above.

The TLAC leverage ratio at October 31, 2025 increased 0.3% from October 31, 2024, primarily due to the increase in TLAC instruments, partially offset by an increase in leverage ratio exposure due to factors noted above.

Movement in total regulatory capital

Changes in regulatory capital under Basel III are presented in the table below:

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
CET1 capital
Balance at beginning of year	$	44,516		$	40,327
Shares issued in lieu of cash dividends (add back)		–			698
Other issue of common shares		168			321
Purchase of common shares for cancellation		(335	)		(90	)
Premium on purchase of common shares for cancellation		(1,396	)		(329	)
Dividends and distributions		(3,993	)		(3,645	)
Net income attributable to equity shareholders		8,429			7,115
Change in AOCI balances
Currency translation differences		35			14
Securities measured at FVOCI		370			102
Cash flow hedges<br>(1)		491			1,535
Fair value change of FVO liabilities attributable to changes in credit risk		(34	)		(216	)
Post-employment defined benefit plans		208			250
Removal of own credit spread (net of tax)		36			314
Goodwill and other intangible assets (deduction, net of related tax liabilities)		(66	)		(88	)
Shortfall of allowance to expected losses		–			–
Other, including regulatory adjustments<br>(1)		(711	)		(1,792	)
Balance at end of year	$	47,718		$	44,516
AT1 capital
Balance at beginning of year	$	4,965		$	4,943
AT1 eligible capital issues		2,770			1,000
Redeemed capital		(1,350	)		(975	)
Other, including regulatory adjustments		2			(3	)
Balance at end of year	$	6,387		$	4,965
Tier 2 capital
Balance at beginning of year	$	7,328		$	6,849
New Tier 2 eligible capital issues		1,250			2,250
Redeemed capital		(1,000	)		(1,500	)
Other, including change in regulatory adjustments		604			(271	)
Balance at end of year	$	8,182		$	7,328
Total capital balance at end of year	$	62,287		$	56,809
(1)	Net change in cash flow hedges is included in “Change in AOCI balances” then derecognized in “Other, including regulatory adjustments”.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	36
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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Components of risk-weighted assets

The components of our RWA and corresponding minimum total capital requirements are presented in the table below:

$ millions, as at October 31	2025				2024
	RWA		Minimum<br>total capital<br>required<br><br>(1)		RWA		Minimum<br>total capital<br>required<br>(1)
Credit risk<br><br>(2)
Standardized approach
Corporate	$	7,474	$	598	$	6,868	$	549
Sovereign		1,316		105		1,293		103
Banks		317		25		328		26
Real estate secured personal lending		1,182		95		1,139		91
Commercial real estate		353		28		463		37
Other retail		3,585		287		3,607		289
Trading book		135		11		125		10
Equity		6,628		530		3,623		290
Securitization<br>(3)		5,443		435		4,655		372
Central counterparty (CCP)		877		70		684		55
CVA		3,057		245		3,381		271
Other credit RWA		12,988		1,039		15,114		1,209
		43,355		3,468		41,280		3,302
AIRB approach<br>(4)
Corporate		79,028		6,322		74,100		5,928
Sovereign<br>(5)		5,508		441		5,153		412
Real estate secured personal lending		42,338		3,387		40,328		3,226
Commercial real estate		30,762		2,461		30,003		2,400
Qualifying revolving retail		21,533		1,723		19,749		1,580
Other retail		10,805		864		12,123		970
Trading book		1,259		101		777		62
Securitization<br>(3)		6,161		493		4,580		366
		197,394		15,792		186,813		14,944
FIRB approach<br>(4)
Corporate		44,035		3,523		38,709		3,097
Banks		4,852		388		3,482		279
Commercial real estate		178		14		198		16
Trading book		5,034		403		4,021		322
		54,099		4,328		46,410		3,714
Total credit risk		294,848		23,588		274,503		21,960
Market risk
Sensitivities-based methodology		8,791		703		9,584		767
Default risk charge		1,490		119		1,265		101
Risk residual <br>add-on		1,962		157		1,339		107
Total market risk		12,243		979		12,188		975
Operational risk		50,712		4,057		46,811		3,745
Total RWA	$	357,803	$	28,624	$	333,502	$	26,680
(1)	Refers to the minimum standard established by the BCBS before the application of the capital conservation buffer and any other capital buffers that may be established by regulators from time to time. It is calculated by multiplying RWA by 8%.
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(2)	Credit risk includes CCR, which comprises derivative and repo-style transactions. Credit risk for CIBC Caribbean are calculated under the standardized approach.
---	---
(3)	Includes securitization exposures that are risk-weighted at 1250%.
---	---
(4)	Includes RWA relating to certain commercial loans which are determined using the supervisory slotting approach.
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(5)	Includes residential mortgages insured by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), an agency of the Government of Canada, and government-guaranteed student loans.
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Capital initiatives

The following were the main capital initiatives undertaken since our 2024 Annual Report:

Normal course issuer bid (NCIB)

On September 8, 2025, we announced that the Toronto Stock Exchange had accepted the notice of our intention to commence an NCIB. Purchases under this bid will be completed upon the earlier of: (i) CIBC purchasing 20 million common shares; (ii) CIBC providing a notice of termination; or (iii) September 9, 2026. 3,500,000 common shares were purchased and cancelled during the fourth quarter at an average price of $112.54 for a total amount of $393 million.

The following table shows common shares purchased and cancelled under current and previously expired NCIBs.

$ millions, except number of shares, as at or for the year ended October 31	2025				2024				Total
TSX approval date	Number<br>of shares		Amount		Number<br>of shares		Amount		Number<br>of shares		Amount
September 5, 2024<br>(1)		15,000,000	$	1,338		5,000,000	$	419		20,000,000	$	1,757
September 5, 2025<br>(2)		3,500,000		393		–		–		3,500,000		393
Total		18,500,000	$	1,731		5,000,000	$	419		23,500,000	$	2,150
(1)	Common shares were repurchased at an average price of $87.80 under this NCIB.
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(2)	Common shares were repurchased at an average price of $112.54 under this NCIB.
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37	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Shareholder investment plan

Commencing with dividends paid on January 28, 2025, and for future dividends declared until further notice, common shares received by participants under the shareholder investment plan were purchased from the open market. For the share purchase option, this change became effective February 1, 2025.

Dividends

On December 3, 2025, the CIBC Board of Directors approved an increase in our quarterly common share dividend from $0.97 per share to $1.07 per share for the quarter ending January 31, 2026.

Common and preferred share dividends are declared quarterly at the discretion of the Board. The declaration and payment of dividends is governed by Section 79 of the Bank Act (Canada), and the terms of the preferred shares, as explained in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements.

Limited Recourse Capital Notes

On September 29, 2025, we redeemed all $750 million of our 4.375% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 1 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness) (LRCN Series 1 Notes). In connection with the redemption of the Notes, CIBC redeemed all 750,000 Non-Cumulative

5-Year Fixed Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 53 (Non-Viability Contingent Capital (NVCC)) that are held by Computershare Trust Company of Canada as trustee of CIBC LRCN Limited Recourse Trust.

Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 5 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness) (LRCN Series 5 Notes)

On November 5, 2024, we issued USD$500 million principal amount of 6.950% LRCN Series 5 Notes. The LRCN Series 5 Notes mature on January 28, 2085, and bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.950% per annum (paid quarterly) until January 28, 2030. Starting on January 28, 2030, and every five years thereafter until January 28, 2080, the interest rate will be reset to the then current five-year U.S. Treasury Rate plus 2.833% per annum.

Concurrently with the issuance of the LRCN Series 5 Notes, we issued Non-cumulative

5-Year Fixed Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 59 (NVCC) (Series 59 Shares), which are held in the Limited Recourse Trust that is consolidated by CIBC and, as a result, the Series 59 Shares are eliminated in CIBC’s consolidated financial statements. In the event of non-payment by CIBC of the principal amount of, interest on, or redemption price for, the LRCN Series 5 Notes when due, the sole remedy of each LRCN Series 5 Note holder is limited to that holder’s proportionate share of the Series 59 Shares held in the Limited Recourse Trust. Subject to regulatory approval, we may redeem the LRCN Series 5 Notes, in whole or in part, on each January 28, April 28, July 28, and October 28, commencing on January 28, 2030, at par.

Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 6 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness) (LRCN Series 6 Notes)

On March 24, 2025, we issued $450 million principal amount of 6.369% LRCN Series 6 Notes. The LRCN Series 6 Notes mature on April 28, 2085, and bear interest at a fixed rate of 6.369% per annum (paid semi-annually) until April 28, 2030. Starting on April 28, 2030, and every five years thereafter until April 28, 2080, the interest rate will be reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada yield plus 3.65% per annum.

Concurrently with the issuance of the LRCN Series 6 Notes, we issued Non-cumulative

5-Year Fixed Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 60 (NVCC) (Series 60 Shares), which are held in the Limited Recourse Trust that is consolidated by CIBC and, as a result, the Series 60 Shares are eliminated in CIBC’s consolidated financial statements. In the event of non-payment by CIBC of the principal amount of, interest on, or redemption price for, the LRCN Series 6 Notes when due, the sole remedy of each LRCN Series 6 Note holder is limited to that holder’s proportionate share of the Series 60 Shares held in the Limited Recourse Trust. Subject to regulatory approval, we may redeem the LRCN Series 6 Notes, in whole or in part, every five years during the period from March 28 to and including April 28, commencing on March 28, 2030, at par.

Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 7 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness) (LRCN Series 7 Notes)

On July 14, 2025, we issued USD$750 million principal amount of 7.000% LRCN Series 7 Notes. The LRCN Series 7 Notes mature on October 28, 2085, and bear interest at a fixed rate of 7.000% per annum (paid quarterly) until October 28, 2030. Starting on October 28, 2030, and every five years thereafter until October 28, 2080, the interest rate will be reset to the then current five-year U.S. Treasury Rate plus 3.000% per annum.

Concurrently with the issuance of the LRCN Series 7 Notes, we issued Non-cumulative

5-Year Fixed Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 62 (NVCC) (Series 62 Shares), which are held in the Limited Recourse Trust that is consolidated by CIBC and, as a result, the Series 62 Shares are eliminated in CIBC’s consolidated financial statements. In the event of non-payment by CIBC of the principal amount of, interest on, or redemption price for, the LRCN Series 7 Notes when due, the sole remedy of each LRCN Series 7 Note holder is limited to that holder’s proportionate share of the Series 62 Shares held in the Limited Recourse Trust. Subject to regulatory approval, we may redeem the LRCN Series 7 Notes, in whole or in part, on each January 28, April 28, July 28, and October 28, commencing on October 28, 2030, at par.

Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 8 (NVCC) (subordinated indebtedness) (LRCN Series 8 Notes)

On September 29, 2025, we issued $450 million principal amount of 5.898% LRCN Series 8 Notes. The LRCN Series 8 Notes mature on January 28, 2086, and bear interest at a fixed rate of 5.898% per annum (paid semi-annually) until January 28, 2031. Starting on January 28, 2031, and every five years thereafter until January 28, 2081, the interest rate will be reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada yield plus 3.113% per annum.

Concurrently with the issuance of the LRCN Series 8 Notes, we issued Non-cumulative

5-Year Fixed Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 63 (NVCC) (Series 63 Shares), which are held in the Limited Recourse Trust that is consolidated by CIBC and, as a result, the Series 63 Shares are eliminated in CIBC’s consolidated financial statements. In the event of non-payment by CIBC of the principal amount of, interest on, or redemption price for, the LRCN Series 8 Notes when due, the sole remedy of each LRCN Series 8 Note holder is limited to that holder’s proportionate share of the Series 63 Shares held in the Limited Recourse Trust. Subject to regulatory approval, we may redeem the LRCN Series 8 Notes, in whole or in part, every five years during the period from December 28 to and including January 28, commencing on December 28, 2030, at par.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	38
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Preferred shares

On January 31, 2025, we redeemed all 12 million Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 41 (NVCC) (Series 41 Shares), at a redemption price of $25.00 per Series 41 Share, for a total redemption cost of $300 million.

On July 31, 2025, we redeemed all 12 million Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 43 (NVCC) (Series 43 Shares), at a redemption price of $25.00 per Series 43 Share, for a total redemption cost of $300 million.

Non-cumulative Rate Reset Class A Preferred Shares Series 61 (NVCC) (Series 61 Shares)

On March 24, 2025, we issued 150,000 Series 61 Shares with a par value of $1,000.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $150 million. For the initial five-year period to April 28, 2030, the Series 61 Shares pay semi-annual cash dividends on the 28th day of April and October in each year, as declared, at a rate of 6.369%. The first dividend, if declared, will be payable on October 28, 2025. On April 28, 2030, and on April 28 every five years thereafter, the dividend rate will reset to be equal to the then current five-year Government of Canada yield plus 3.65%.

Subject to regulatory approval and certain provisions of the shares, we may redeem all or any part of the then outstanding Series 61 Shares at par during the period from March 28, 2030 to and including April 28, 2030 and during the period from March 28 to and including April 28 every five years thereafter.

See the “Outstanding share data” section below and Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements for further details.

Subordinated indebtedness

On January 31, 2025, we redeemed all US$38 million of our Floating Rate Subordinated Capital Debentures due 2084. On February 28, 2025, we redeemed all US$10 million of our Floating Rate Subordinated Capital Debentures due 2085.

On April 2, 2025, we issued $1.25 billion principal amount of 4.15% Debentures due April 2, 2035. The Debentures bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.15% per annum (paid semi-annually) until April 2, 2030, and at Daily Compounded CORRA plus 1.72% per annum (paid quarterly) thereafter until maturity on April 2, 2035. The debentures qualify as Tier 2 capital.

On July 21, 2025, we redeemed all $1.0 billion of our 2.01% Debentures due July 21, 2030. In accordance with their terms, the Debentures were redeemed at 100% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon. The debentures qualified as Tier 2 capital.

Outstanding share data

The table below provides a summary of our outstanding shares, NVCC capital instruments, and the maximum number of common shares issuable on conversion/exercise:

		Shares outstanding
$ millions, except number of shares and per share amounts, as at October 31, 2025	Number<br>of shares			Amount
Common shares		926,610,598		$	16,842
Treasury shares – common shares<br><br>(1)		3,438			3
Preferred shares
Series 47 (NVCC)		18,000,000			450
Series 56 (NVCC)		600,000			600
Series 57 (NVCC)		500,000			500
Series 61 (NVCC)		150,000			150
Treasury shares – preferred shares<br><br>(1)		(1,223	)		(1	)
Limited recourse capital notes
4.000% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 2 (NVCC)		n/a			750
7.150% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 3 (NVCC)		n/a			800
6.987% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 4 (NVCC)		n/a			500
6.950% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 5 (NVCC)<br>(2)		n/a			693
6.369% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 6 (NVCC)		n/a			450
7.000% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 7 (NVCC)<br>(2)		n/a			1,027
5.898% Limited Recourse Capital Notes Series 8 (NVCC)		n/a			450
Subordinated indebtedness
1.96% Debentures due April 21, 2031 (NVCC)		n/a			1,000
4.20% Debentures due April 7, 2032 (NVCC)		n/a			1,000
5.33% Debentures due January 20, 2033 (NVCC)		n/a			1,000
5.35% Debentures due April 20, 2033 (NVCC)		n/a			750
5.30% Debentures due January 16, 2034 (NVCC)		n/a			1,250
4.90% Debentures due June 12, 2034 (NVCC)		n/a			1,000
4.15% Debentures due April 2, 2035 (NVCC)		n/a			1,250
Stock options outstanding		15,521,372
(1)	A long position in our own shares is shown as a negative number, which reduces the number of shares outstanding. A short position is shown as a positive number, which adds to the number of shares outstanding. See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for the accounting policy on treasury shares.
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(2)	For Limited Recourse Capital Notes (LRCNs) – Series 5 and Series 7, the amount represents the Canadian dollar equivalent of the U.S. dollar notional amount.
---	---
n/a	Not applicable.
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As at November 28, 2025, the number of common shares was 925,492,036, prior to the treasury shares net long position of 64,642. The number of stock options outstanding was 15,423,934.

The occurrence of a “Trigger Event” would result in conversion of all of the outstanding NVCC instruments described above into a maximum of approximately 6.9 billion common shares, in aggregate, which would represent a dilution impact of 88% based on the number of CIBC common shares and NVCC instruments outstanding as at October 31, 2025. As described in the CAR Guideline, a Trigger Event occurs when OSFI determines the bank is or is about to become non-viable and, if after conversion of all contingent instruments and consideration of any other relevant factors or circumstances, it is reasonably likely that its viability will be restored or maintained; or if the bank has accepted or agreed to accept a capital injection or equivalent support from a federal or provincial government, without which OSFI would have determined the bank to be non-viable.

39	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Upon the occurrence of a Trigger Event, Class A Preferred Shares Series 47, 56, 57 and 61 will be converted into a number of common shares, determined by dividing the par value plus accrued and unpaid interest by the average common share price (as defined in the relevant prospectus supplements) subject to a minimum price of $2.50 per common share (subject to adjustment in certain events as defined in the relevant prospectus supplements). Series 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62 and 63 Preferred Shares held in the Limited Recourse Trust, will automatically and immediately be converted, without the consent of LRCN Note holders, into a variable number of common shares which will be delivered to LRCN Note holders in satisfaction of the principal amount of, and accrued and unpaid interest on, all of the LRCNs. All claims of LRCN Note holders against CIBC under the LRCNs will be extinguished upon receipt of such common shares. The Debentures are convertible into a number of common shares, determined by dividing 150% of the par value plus accrued and unpaid interest by the average common share price (as defined in the relevant prospectus supplement) subject to a minimum price of $2.50 per common share (subject to adjustment in certain events as defined in the relevant prospectus supplement).

In addition to the potential dilution impacts related to the NVCC instruments discussed above, as at October 31, 2025, $67.0 billion (2024: $61.1 billion) of our outstanding liabilities were subject to conversion to common shares under the bail-in regime. Under the bail-in regime, there is no fixed and pre-determined contractual conversion ratio for the conversion of the specified eligible shares and liabilities of CIBC that are subject to a bail-in conversion into common shares, nor are there specific requirements regarding whether liabilities subject to a bail-in conversion are converted into common shares of CIBC or any of its affiliates. CDIC determines the timing of the bail-in conversion, the portion of the specified eligible shares and liabilities to be converted and the terms and conditions of the conversion, subject to parameters set out in the bail-in regime.

See the “Regulatory capital and total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC) requirements” section for further details.

Preferred share and other equity instruments rights and privileges

See Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements for details on our preferred share and other equity instruments rights and privileges.

Off-balance sheet arrangements

We enter into off-balance sheet arrangements in the normal course of our business. We consolidate all of our sponsored trusts that securitize our own assets.

Non-consolidated structured entities (SEs)

We manage and administer a single-seller conduit and several CIBC-sponsored multi-seller conduits in Canada and the U.S. The multi-seller conduits acquire direct or indirect ownership or security interests in pools of financial assets from our clients and finance the acquisitions by issuing asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) to investors. The single-seller conduit acquires financial assets and finances these acquisitions through a credit facility provided by a syndicate of financial institutions. The sellers to the conduits may continue to service the assets. The sellers and/or third-party providers are exposed to credit losses realized on these assets, through the provision of over-collateralization or another form of credit enhancement.

We provide the multi-seller conduits with commercial paper backstop liquidity facilities. We may also provide securities distribution to multi-seller conduits and to both the single and multi-seller conduits accounting, cash management, and operations services. The liquidity facilities for the managed and administered multi-seller conduits require us to provide funding for ABCP not placed with external investors. We may also purchase ABCP issued by the multi-seller conduits for market-making and for voluntary risk retention purposes.

We are required to maintain certain short-term and/or long-term debt ratings with respect to the liquidity facilities that we provide to the sponsored multi-seller conduits in Canada. If we are downgraded below the level specified under the terms of those facilities, we must provide alternative satisfactory liquidity arrangements, such as procuring an alternative liquidity provider that meets the minimum rating requirements.

We may also act as the counterparty to derivative contracts entered into by a multi-seller conduit in order to mitigate the interest rate, basis, and currency risk within the conduit.

We earn fees for providing services related to the non-consolidated single-seller and multi-seller conduits, such as backstop liquidity facilities, distribution, transaction structuring, and conduit administration. These fees totalled $227 million in 2025 (2024: $170 million). All fees earned in respect of activities with the conduits are on a market basis.

As at October 31, 2025, the amount of ABCP issued to fund the various asset types in the multi-seller conduits was $22.6 billion (2024: $16.7 billion). The estimated weighted-average life of these assets was 2.0 years (2024: 1.6 years). Our holdings of commercial paper issued by the non-consolidated sponsored multi-seller conduits that offer commercial paper to external investors were $592 million (2024: $276 million). Our committed backstop liquidity facilities to these conduits were $31.1 billion (2024: $23.1 billion). We also provided credit facilities of $50 million (2024: $50 million) to these conduits.

We participated in a syndicated facility of $1.0 billion to the single-seller conduit that provides funding to franchisees of a major Canadian retailer, which will mature in March 2028. Our portion of the commitment was $190 million (2024: $130 million), of which $135 million (2024: $101 million) was funded as at October 31, 2025.

We engage one or more of the four major rating agencies, DBRS Limited (Morningstar DBRS), Fitch Ratings Inc. (Fitch), Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (Moody’s), and S&P, to opine on the credit ratings of ABCP issued by our sponsored multi-seller conduits. In the event that ratings differ between rating agencies in respect of any direct investments we have in the ABCP or transactions funded in the ABCP conduits, we use the lower rating.

We also have investments in and provide loans, liquidity and credit facilities to certain other third-party and CIBC-managed SEs. The on-balance sheet exposure related to these SEs is included in the consolidated financial statements.

We provide interim financing for the purpose of purchasing loans during the warehousing phase for future securitization and term senior financing to third-party SEs. As senior lenders, we are repaid by proceeds from the issuance of debt securities to external investors when the securitization closes or by the cash flows from the repayment of the underlying assets held by the SE or alternative financing obtained by the SE from third-party lenders.

We purchase credit protection from capital vehicles on certain referenced loan assets, which issue guarantee-linked notes held only by third-party investors. We do not consolidate the capital vehicles and the underlying loan assets remain on the consolidated balance sheet.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	40
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Our on- and off-balance sheet amounts related to the SEs that are not consolidated are set out in the table below. For additional details on our SEs, see Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements.

millions, as at October 31					2025							2024
		Liquidity, credit<br>facilities and<br>commitments			Written credit<br>derivatives<br><br>(2)		Investments<br>and loans<br>(1)		Liquidity, credit<br>facilities and<br>commitments			Written credit<br>derivatives<br>(2)
Single-seller and multi-seller conduits	727	$	22,197	(3)	$	–	$	377	$	16,637	(3)	$	–
Third-party structured vehicles	7,749		2,065			–		4,977		1,653			–
Loan financing	19,341		10,428			–		10,640		8,526			–
Other	2,038		201			59		1,795		255			71

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Excludes securities issued by, retained interest in, and derivatives with entities established by CMHC, Federal National Mortgage Association, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Government National Mortgage Association, Federal Home Loan Banks, Federal Farm Credit Bank, and Student Loan Marketing Association.
(2)	Disclosed amounts reflect the outstanding notional of written credit derivatives. The negative fair value recorded on the consolidated balance sheet was $41 million (2024: $50 million). Notional of $53 million (2024: $66 million) was hedged with credit derivatives protection from third parties. The fair value of these hedges net of CVA was $35 million (2024: $44 million). An additional notional of $6 million (2024: $6 million) was hedged through a limited recourse note.
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(3)	Excludes an additional $8.4 billion (2024: $6.2 billion) relating to our backstop liquidity facilities provided to the multi-seller conduits as part of their commitment to fund purchases of additional assets. Also excludes $592 million (2024: $276 million) of our direct investments in the multi-seller conduits which we consider investment exposure.
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Other financial transactions

We are the sponsor of several mutual and pooled funds, in the form of trusts. We are the administrator of these funds. In addition, we may act in other capacities, including custodian, trustee and broker. We earn fees at market rates from these trusts. We do not guarantee either principal or returns to investors in these funds. We act as a trustee of a number of personal trusts and have a fiduciary responsibility to act in the best interests of the beneficiaries of the trusts. We earn a fee for acting as a trustee. We also participate in transactions to modify the cash flows of trusts managed by third-party asset managers to create investments with specific risk profiles, or to assist clients in the efficient management of other risks. Typically, these involve the use of derivative products, which transfer the risks and returns to or from a trust.

Derivatives

We participate in derivatives transactions, as a market maker facilitating the needs of our clients or as a principal to manage the risks associated with our funding, investing and trading strategies. All derivatives are recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet. See Notes 12 and 22 to the consolidated financial statements for details on derivative contracts and the risks associated with them.

Credit-related arrangements

Credit-related arrangements are generally off-balance sheet instruments and are typically entered into to meet the financing needs of clients. In addition, there are certain exposures for which we could be obligated to extend credit that are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. For additional details of these arrangements, see the “Liquidity risk” section and Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements.

Guarantees

A guarantee is a contract that requires the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs because a specified debtor failed to make payment when due in accordance with the original or modified terms of a debt instrument. Guarantees include credit derivatives protection sold and standby and performance letters of credit, as discussed in Notes 12 and 20 to the consolidated financial statements, respectively.

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Management’s <br>discussion<br> and analysis
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Management of risk

We have provided certain disclosures required under IFRS 7 “Financial Instruments – Disclosures” (IFRS 7) related to the nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments in the MD&A, as permitted by that IFRS standard. These disclosures are included in the “Risk overview”, “Credit risk”, “Market risk”, “Liquidity risk”, “Operational risk”, “Regulatory compliance risk”, “Reputation and legal risks” and “Conduct and culture risk” sections.

42	Risk overview
43	Risk governance structure
44	Risk management structure
45	Risk management process
45	Risk appetite statement
46	Risk input into performance and compensation
47	Risk policies and limits
48	Risk identification and measurement
49	Stress testing
49	Risk treatment and mitigation
49	Risk monitoring and reporting
50	Top and emerging risks
53	Risks arising from business activities
54	Credit risk
54	Governance and management
54	Policies
55	Process and control
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56	Risk measurement
58	Exposure to credit risk
60	Credit quality of portfolios
62	Credit quality performance
63	Loans contractually past due but not impaired
63	Exposure to certain countries and regions
64	Settlement risk
64	Securitization activities
65	Market risk
65	Governance and management
65	Policies
65	Market risk limits
65	Process and control
65	Risk measurement
66	Trading activities
68	Non-trading activities
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69	Pension risk
70	Liquidity risk
70	Governance and management
70	Policies
70	Risk measurement
71	Liquid assets
75	Funding
76	Contractual obligations
77	Other risks
77	Strategic risk
77	Operational risk
79	Environmental and social risk
81	Regulatory compliance risk
81	Insurance risk
81	Reputation and legal risks
81	Conduct and culture risk

Risk overview

CIBC faces a wide variety of risks across all of its areas of business. Identifying and understanding risks and their impact allows CIBC to frame its risk appetite and risk management practices. Defining acceptable levels of risk, and establishing sound principles, policies and practices for managing risks are fundamental to achieving consistent and sustainable long-term performance, while remaining within our risk appetite.

Our risk appetite defines tolerance levels for various risks. This is the foundation for our risk management culture and our risk management framework.

Our risk management framework includes:

•	CIBC, SBU, functional group-level and regional risk appetite statements;
•	Risk frameworks, policies, procedures and limits to align activities with our risk appetite;
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•	Regular risk reports to identify and communicate risk levels;
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•	An independent control framework to identify and test the design and operating effectiveness of our key controls;
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•	Stress testing to consider the potential impact of changes in the business environment on capital, liquidity and earnings;
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•	Proactive consideration of risk mitigation options in order to optimize results; and
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•	Oversight through our risk-focused committees and governance structure.
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Managing risk is a shared responsibility at CIBC. Business units and risk management professionals work in collaboration to ensure that business strategies and activities are consistent with our risk appetite. CIBC’s approach to enterprise-wide risk management aligns with the three lines of defence model:

(i)	As the first line of defence, CIBC’s Management, in SBUs and functional groups, own the risks and are accountable and responsible for identifying and assessing risks inherent in its activities in accordance with the CIBC risk appetite. In addition, Management establishes and maintains controls to mitigate such risks and support operational resilience. Management may include Governance Groups within the business to facilitate the Control Framework, Operational Risk Management and Operational Resilience Framework and other risk-related processes. A Governance Group refers to a group within Business Unit Management (first line of defence) whose focus is to support Management in meeting their governance, risk and control activities. A Governance Group is considered the first line of defence, in conjunction with Business Unit Management. Control Groups, which typically reside within centralized functions, provide subject matter expertise to Business Unit Management and/or implement/maintain enterprise-wide control programs and activities. While Control Groups collaborate with Business Unit Management in identifying and managing risk, they also challenge risk decisions and risk mitigation strategies.
(ii)	The second line of defence is independent from the first line of defence and provides an enterprise-wide view of specific risk types, guidance and effective challenge to risk and control activities. Risk Management is the primary second line of defence. Risk Management may leverage subject matter expertise of other groups (e.g., third parties or Control Groups) to inform their independent assessments, as appropriate.
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(iii)	As the third line of defence, CIBC’s Internal Audit is responsible for providing reasonable assurance to senior management and the Audit Committee of the Board on the effectiveness of CIBC’s governance practices, risk management processes, and Internal Control as a part of its risk-based audit plan and in accordance with its mandate as described in the Internal Audit Charter.
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A strong risk culture and communication between the three lines of defence are important characteristics of effective risk management.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	42
Management’s discussion and analysis
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We continuously monitor our risk profile against our defined risk appetite and related limits, taking action as needed to maintain an appropriate balance of risk and return. Monitoring our risk profile includes forward-looking analysis of sensitivity to local and global market factors, economic conditions, and geopolitical and regulatory environments that influence our overall risk profile.

Regular and transparent risk reporting and discussion at senior management committees facilitates communication of risks and discussion of risk management strategies across the organization.

Risk governance structure

Our risk governance structure is illustrated below:

Board of Directors (the Board):

The Board oversees the enterprise-wide risk management program through approval of our risk appetite, Control Framework and supporting risk management policies and limits. The Board accomplishes its mandate through its Audit, Risk Management, Management Resources and Compensation, Corporate Governance, and Technology committees, described below.

Audit Committee (AC):

The Audit Committee reviews the overall design and operating effectiveness of internal controls and the control environment, including internal controls over financial reporting. The Audit Committee also has oversight of the underlying processes and controls of the ESG disclosures in our Annual Report, Sustainability Report, and other material ESG disclosure documents.

Risk Management Committee (RMC):

This committee assists the Board in fulfilling its responsibilities for defining CIBC’s risk appetite and overseeing CIBC’s risk profile and performance against the defined risk appetite. This includes oversight of key frameworks, policies and risk limits related to the identification, measurement and monitoring of CIBC’s principal business risks.

Management Resources and Compensation Committee (MRCC):

This committee is responsible for assisting the Board in its global oversight of CIBC’s human capital strategy, including talent and total rewards, and the alignment with CIBC’s strategy, risk appetite and controls.

Corporate Governance Committee (CGC):

This committee is responsible for assisting the Board in fulfilling its corporate governance oversight responsibilities and oversight of the ESG strategy.

Technology Committee (TC):

This committee is responsible for assisting the Board in fulfilling its responsibilities for overseeing CIBC’s technology strategy and ensuring it allows for CIBC’s strategic plan and priorities to be carried out.

The Group Executive Leadership Team (Group ELT):

The Group ELT, led by the CEO and including selected executives reporting directly to the CEO, is responsible for setting business strategy and for monitoring, evaluating and managing risks across CIBC. The Group ELT is supported by the following management governance committees:

•	Global Asset Liability Committee (GALCO):<br> This committee, which comprises members from the Group ELT and senior Treasury, Risk Management and lines of business executives, provides oversight regarding capital management, funding and liquidity management, and asset/liability management (ALM). It also provides strategic direction regarding structural interest rate risk (SIRR) and structural foreign exchange risk postures, approval of funds transfer pricing policies/parameters and approval of wholesale funding plans.
•	Global Risk Committee (GRC):<br> This committee, which comprises selected members of the Group ELT and senior leaders from the lines of business, Risk Management and other functional groups, provides a forum for discussion and oversight of risk appetite, risk profile and risk mitigation strategies. Key activities include reviewing and providing input regarding CIBC’s risk appetite statements; monitoring risk profile against risk appetite; reviewing and evaluating business activities in the context of risk appetite; and identifying, reviewing, and advising on current and emerging risk issues and associated mitigation plans.
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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Risk management structure

The Risk Management group, led by our Chief Risk Officer (CRO), is responsible for setting risk strategies and for providing independent oversight of the businesses. Risk Management works to identify, assess, mitigate, monitor and control risks associated with business activities and strategies, and is responsible for providing an effective challenge to the lines of business.

The current structure is illustrated below:

The Risk Management group performs several important activities including:

•	Developing our risk appetite and associated management control metrics;
•	Setting risk strategy to manage risks in alignment with our risk appetite and business strategy;
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•	Establishing and communicating risk frameworks, policies, procedures and limits to mitigate risks in alignment with risk strategy;
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•	Measuring, monitoring and reporting on risk levels;
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•	Identifying and assessing emerging and potential strategic risks;
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•	Adjudicating transactions, as applicable;
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•	Reviewing and performing effective challenge on business risk assessments; and
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•	Ensuring compliance with applicable regulatory and anti-money laundering (AML) requirements.
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The following key groups within Risk Management, independent of the originating businesses, contribute to our management of risk:

•	Capital Markets Risk Management (CMRM) – This group provides independent oversight of the measurement, monitoring and control of market risks (both trading and <br>non-trading),<br> and trading credit risk (also called counterparty credit risk, which includes CVA risk) across CIBC’s portfolios, and effective challenge and sound risk management oversight to the treasury, including with respect to liquidity and funding risk management and SIRR management function within CIBC.
•	Europe and Asia-Pacific Risk Management – This group carries out the mandate of CIBC Risk Management at a regional level under the leadership of the Senior Vice-President, Chief Risk Officer, Europe & APAC, with oversight from the Management Committees and CIBC Luxembourg Board. The group provides independent oversight for the identification, management, measurement, monitoring and mitigation of risks in Europe and Asia.
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•	Risk Analytics and Credit Decisioning – This group is responsible for the management and oversight of credit risk in the personal and business banking lending portfolios (such as residential mortgages, credit cards, loans/lines of credit, and indirect auto lending), including the development of analytics to optimize credit performance and AML outcomes within CIBC’s risk appetite. This group is also responsible for all auto-adjudicated business banking loans.
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•	Global Operational and Enterprise Risk Management (GOERM) – This group is responsible for the oversight of all enterprise-wide operational risks globally and will establish and provide an independent risk perspective and ongoing strategic direction for various enterprise risk functions, while providing overall leadership to risk-wide business management and transformation activities. GOERM is responsible for enterprise-wide analysis, including the measuring and monitoring of risk appetite, enterprise-wide stress testing and reporting, environmental risk, risk culture, strategic risk management, allowance for credit loss assessment and reporting, risk models and model quantification, economic and regulatory capital methodologies, as well as risk data management.
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•	Compliance and Global Regulatory Affairs (CGRA) – This group is responsible for designing and implementing an effective enterprise-wide framework to manage and mitigate regulatory compliance risk at CIBC, to be executed by CGRA and the other Oversight Functions (as defined in the Regulatory Compliance Management Policy). CGRA also provides oversight of conduct and culture risk, including sales practice risk and effective challenge of compensation plan changes. In addition, the Privacy Office under CGRA manages CIBC’s privacy-related risks and supports the protection of the privacy of all CIBC client and employee information. Overall, CGRA is responsible for maintaining strong relationships with our prudential, privacy, and market conduct regulators and acts as a liaison between the regulators and CIBC.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	44
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Management’s discussion and analysis
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•	Enterprise Anti-Money Laundering (Enterprise AML) – This group is responsible for all aspects of AML, anti-terrorist financing (ATF), and Sanction Programs globally for CIBC and its controlled subsidiaries, including providing advice with respect to, and independent oversight of compliance with, all regulatory requirements relating to AML/ATF and sanctions in all business and functional groups globally. Furthermore, Enterprise AML executes a risk-based approach to deter, detect and report suspected Money Laundering/Terrorist Financing and sanctioned activities, in accordance with the Enterprise AML Framework, Enterprise AML/ATF Policy, Enterprise Sanctions Policy, and their supporting standards.
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•	Global Credit Risk Management – This group is responsible for the adjudication and oversight of credit risks associated with CIBC’s business banking (manually adjudicated loans only), commercial, corporate, and wealth management credit portfolios, management of the risks in the bank’s investment portfolios, as well as management of special loan portfolios. Effective for the first quarter of 2026, Global Credit Risk was reorganized into Corporate and Private Credit Risk, which includes trading credit risk, and Commercial and Wealth Credit Risk, which includes global special loans.
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•	U.S. Risk Management – This group carries out the mandate of CIBC Risk Management at a regional level under the leadership of the U.S. CRO, with oversight from the Risk Management Committee of the CIBC Board and the Risk Committees of the Boards of CIBC Bank USA and CIBC Bancorp USA Inc. (CIBC Bancorp). The group proactively identifies, assesses, and monitors risks across our U.S. operations, ensuring robust controls and timely mitigation strategies. Through diligent risk oversight, the team enables strong and risk-controlled execution of our business strategy while safeguarding the bank’s financial strength and reputation.
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Risk management process

Our risk management process is illustrated below:

(1)	For additional information refer to the “Capital management” section.

Risk appetite statement

Our risk appetite statement defines the amount of risk we are willing to assume, or to avoid, in pursuit of our strategic and financial objectives. Our guiding principle is to practice sound risk management, supported by strong capital and funding positions, as we pursue our client-focused strategy. In defining our risk appetite, we take into consideration our purpose, vision, values, strategy and objectives, along with our risk capacity (defined by regulatory constraints). Our risk appetite statement defines how we conduct business, which is to be consistent with the following objectives:

•	Safeguarding our reputation and brand;
•	Doing the right thing for our clients/stakeholders;
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•	Engaging in client-oriented businesses after understanding the potential risks and rewards;
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•	Making our client’s goals our own in a professional and radically simple manner;
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•	Managing a balance between risk and returns;
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•	Retaining a prudent attitude towards tail and event risk;
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•	Meeting regulatory expectations and/or identifying and having plans in place to address any issues in a timely manner;
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•	Achieving/maintaining an AA rating; and
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•	Meeting our expectations with respect to our sustainability priorities.
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Our risk appetite statement contains metrics with limits that define our risk tolerance levels. In addition, we have SBU, functional group and regional risk appetite statements that are integrated with our overall risk appetite statement and further articulate our business level risk tolerances.

Our risk appetite statement is reviewed annually in conjunction with our strategic, financial and capital planning cycle to ensure alignment and is approved annually by the Board. To help drive strong oversight and governance around our risk appetite, the Board, RMC and senior management regularly receive and review reporting on our risk profile against the risk appetite limits.

All strategic business decisions, as well as day-to-day business decisions, are governed by our risk appetite framework. Strategic decisions are evaluated to ensure that the risk exposure is within our risk appetite. Day-to-day activities and decisions are governed by our framework of risk tolerance limits, policies, standards and procedures that support our risk appetite statement.

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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Risk culture

Risk culture refers to desired attitudes and behaviours relative to risk management practices. At CIBC, we strive to achieve a consistent and effective risk culture by:

•	Promoting, through both formal and informal channels, a shared accountability of risk identification, management and mitigation;
•	Cultivating an environment of transparency and effective challenge, open communication and robust discussion of risk;
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•	Setting the appropriate “tone at the top” and “tone from the middle” through clear communication and reinforcement; and
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•	Identifying and reinforcing behaviours that are aligned with risk appetite, and reporting and addressing misaligned behaviours.
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Every year, all employees are required to complete formal training on risk appetite, reputation risk, operational risk, code of conduct, AML and other key risk topics. By taking this mandatory training, all employees strengthen their basic knowledge of risk management in support of our risk culture. This training is supplemented by our risk appetite statement, risk management priorities and documents on our internal website. In addition, we have policies, procedures and limits in place that govern our day-to-day business activity, with escalation procedures for limit breaches outlined accordingly.

Risk input into performance and compensation

Throughout the year, the Risk Management team manages various compensation risk reviews. These reviews are part of the second line of defence responsibilities to review and challenge new compensation plans, changes to existing compensation plans and compensation plan closure. In addition, periodic risk reviews are completed to ensure all compensation plans are risk assessed on a regular basis. All compensation plans are rated as either high-risk or low-risk with high-risk compensation plans requiring approval from the CRO.

At each year-end, Risk Management provides an assessment of adherence to risk appetite and material risk matters across CIBC. Risk Management also considers a number of risk inputs to identify matters that may directly impact incentive pools and/or individual compensation awards and/or performance ratings. Annually, Risk Management reviews the assessment with both the RMC and the MRCC.

The MRCC oversees the performance management and compensation process and is responsible for assisting the Board of Directors in their global oversight of CIBC’s human capital strategy, including talent and total rewards, and the alignment with CIBC’s strategy, risk appetite and controls. The MRCC’s oversight of human capital strategy includes inclusion at work, employee health, safety and wellbeing and other ESG practices related to their mandate. The MRCC’s key compensation-related responsibilities include:

•	Reviewing and recommending for Board approval annual performance and compensation, including changes to compensation targets, if any, for the CEO, Senior Management, and Heads of Oversight Functions;
•	Approving annual compensation for any employee whose total direct compensation exceeds the materiality threshold determined by the Committee;
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•	Assessing the appropriateness of compensation based on business performance and risks undertaken;
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•	Reviewing and recommending for Board approval the aggregate annual incentive compensation and allocations to the SBUs and the functional groups;
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•	Approving CIBC’s compensation philosophy and any material changes to CIBC’s compensation principles or practices;
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•	Reviewing material compensation policies and approving any material changes to such policies or any new material compensation policies;
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•	Reviewing and recommending Board approval of new material compensation plans and changes to existing material compensation plans; and
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•	Reviewing a report on <br>non-material<br> plans.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	46
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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Risk policies and limits

Our risk frameworks, policies and limits are intended to ensure that risks are appropriately identified, measured, monitored and controlled in accordance with our risk appetite. For most risks, we have developed an overarching framework document that sets out the key principles for managing the associated risks and our key risk policies and limits. This framework is supported by standards, guidelines, processes, procedures and controls that govern day-to-day activities in our businesses. Oversight is provided by management committees, as well as the Board/Board committees.

Key risk policies and management committees are illustrated below:

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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Risk identification and measurement

Risk identification and measurement are important elements of CIBC’s risk management framework. Risk identification is a continuous process, generally achieved through:

•	Regular assessment of risks associated with lending and trading credit exposures;
•	Ongoing monitoring of trading and <br>non-trading<br> portfolios;
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•	Assessment of risks in new business activities and processes;
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•	Assessment of risks in complex and unusual business transactions;
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•	Regular monitoring of the overall risk profile considering market developments and trends, and external and internal events; and
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•	Ongoing monitoring of management operations and processes.
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Risk Management maintains a “Risk Register” to list all material risks facing CIBC. The inventory is based on the risks inherent and emerging risks in our businesses and updated through various processes, illustrated in the following chart, to reflect changes in the nature of the risks we are facing. The Risk Register is used to support our ICAAP, either explicitly in the economic and regulatory capital calculations, or implicitly through the buffer of actual capital over economic capital and regulatory capital.

The decision to register a new risk is based on its risk assessment through our risk identification processes and includes criteria such as severity, measurability and probability. Furthermore, the decision on the amount of capital allocated to cover the new risk brought on the books will take into consideration the effectiveness and impact of the risk mitigants available.

We have enterprise-wide methodologies, models and techniques in place to measure both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of risks, appropriate for the various types of risks we face. These methodologies, models and techniques are subject to independent assessment and review to ensure that the underlying logic remains sound, that model risks have been identified and managed, that use of the models continues to be appropriate and outputs are valid.

Risk is usually measured in terms of expected loss and unexpected loss.

Expected loss

Expected loss represents the loss that is statistically expected to occur in the normal course of business, with adjustments for conservatism, in a given period of time.

In respect of credit risk, the parameters used to measure expected loss are PD, LGD and EAD. These parameters are updated regularly and are based either on our historical experience through the cycle and benchmarking of credit exposures or as prescribed by our regulators as applicable. Unlike the PD, LGD and EAD parameters used for calculating ECL on our consolidated financial statements, the PD, LGD and EAD parameters used for regulatory capital purposes are not adjusted for forward-looking information.

For trading market risks, VaR is a statistical technique used to measure risk. VaR is an estimate of the loss in market value for a given level of confidence that we would expect to incur in our trading portfolio due to an adverse one-day movement in market rates, implied volatility and prices using the most recent 500 trading days. We also use stressed VaR to estimate an expected loss over a 10-day holding period and using a one-year historical window when relevant market factors were in distress.

For trading credit risks associated with market value based products including CVA, we use models to estimate exposure relative to the value of the portfolio of trades with each counterparty, giving consideration to market rates and prices.

Unexpected loss

Unexpected loss is the statistical estimate of the amount by which actual losses might exceed expected losses over a specified time horizon, computed at a given confidence level. We use regulatory and economic capital to estimate the level of capital needed to protect us against unexpected losses.

We also use techniques such as sensitivity analysis and stress testing to help ensure that the risks remain within our risk appetite and that our capital is adequate to cover those risks. Our stress testing program includes evaluation of the potential effects of various economic and market scenarios on our risk profile, earnings and capital. Refer to the “Capital management” section for additional details.

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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Model risk management

Model risk management encompasses sound development, independent validation, and ongoing monitoring and review of the models as well as governance and controls that are proportionate to the risks. Our model inventory includes, but is not limited to, models that relate to risk measurement (including economic and regulatory capital), pricing, mark-to-market (MTM), credit risk rating and scoring models, credit models for the calculation of loss severity and stress testing models for the calculation of ECL under IFRS 9, and AI and Machine Learning (ML) models. CIBC’s approach to provide effective governance and oversight for model risk management comprises the following key elements:

•	Governance and oversight by management committees, including the Model and Parameter Risk Committee (MPRC), senior management and the Board;
•	Policies, standards and procedures to outline applicable roles and responsibilities of the various oversight groups and to provide guidance to identify, measure, control and monitor model risk throughout the model’s life cycle; and
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•	Controls for key operational aspects of model risk management including maintaining a model inventory, model risk ranking, model risk attestation and ongoing monitoring and reporting.
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The MPRC is a subcommittee of the Operational Risk, Resilience and Control Committee (ORRCC) and is responsible for providing oversight of CIBC’s regulatory, economic capital, credit scoring, reserving, and stress testing models and parameters for credit, market and operational risks. The MPRC has accountability and responsibility for model and parameter approvals, parameter performance monitoring, validation oversight, and policy oversight.

Model risk mitigation policies

We have policies, standards, procedures and controls to ensure effective model risk management for CIBC. A model review and validation is the independent effective challenge that documents the model risk and ensures models are sound and we can rely on their output. The model review and validation process includes:

•	Review of model documentation;
•	Comprehensive, systematic testing of key model parameters on implementation to ensure results are as expected;
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•	Review data quality, ensuring that data used in the model is complete and representative for the intended purpose;
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•	Replication of the risk quantification process to determine whether the model implementation is faithful to the model specifications;
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•	Review of whether the model/parameter concepts and assumptions are appropriate and robust;
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•	Accuracy testing to assess the calibration and accuracy of the risk components including, for example, the discriminative power of rating systems and the reasonableness of capital parameters;
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•	Sensitivity testing to analyze the sensitivity of model/parameter outputs to model/parameter assumptions and key inputs;
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•	Scenario and stress testing of the model outputs to key inputs;
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•	Back-testing by comparing actual results with model-generated risk measures;
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•	Benchmarking to other models and comparable internal and external data;
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•	Review of the internal usage of the model/parameter applications to ensure consistency of application;
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•	Reporting of model status to the MPRC, supported through an <br>up-to-date<br> inventory of regulatory models and parameters;
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•	A quarterly attestation process for model owners in order to ensure compliance with the Model Risk and Validation Policy; and
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•	A comprehensive validation report that identifies the conditions for valid application of the model and summarizes these findings to the model owners, developers and users.
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Once a model has been approved for use, ongoing monitoring becomes a joint responsibility of model users, owners and validators.

Stress testing

Stress testing supplements our other risk management tools by providing an estimate of the potential impacts of plausible but stressed economic scenarios and risk factors. Results of stress testing are interpreted in the context of our risk appetite, including metrics for capital adequacy. Enterprise-wide stress testing, capital planning and financial planning processes are integrated for a comprehensive information system. See the “Capital management” section for detailed discussion on our enterprise-wide stress testing.

Risk treatment and mitigation

Risk treatment and mitigation is the implementation of options for modifying risk levels. We pursue risk mitigation options in order to control our risk profile in the context of our risk appetite. Our objective is to proactively consider risk mitigation options in order to optimize results.

Discussions regarding potential risk mitigation strategies are held between Risk Management and the lines of business, at the GRC or GALCO and at the RMC for governance and oversight, as appropriate. In evaluating possible strategies, considerations include costs and benefits, residual risks (i.e., risks that are retained), secondary risks (i.e., those caused by the risk mitigation actions), and appropriate monitoring and review to track results.

Risk controls

Our risk management framework also includes a comprehensive set of risk controls, designed to ensure that risks are being appropriately identified and managed. Our risk controls are part of CIBC’s overall Control Framework, developed based on the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission’s (COSO) widely accepted “Internal Control – Integrated Framework”. The Control Framework also draws on elements of the OSFI Supervisory Framework and Corporate Governance Guidelines.

The Board, primarily through the RMC, approves certain credit risk limits and delegates specific transactional approval authorities to the CEO or jointly to the CEO and CRO. The RMC must approve transactions that exceed delegated authorities. Delegation of authority to business units is controlled to ensure decision-making authorities are restricted to those individuals with the necessary experience levels. In addition, CIBC has rigorous processes to identify, evaluate and remediate risk control deficiencies in a timely manner. Regular reporting is provided to the RMC to evidence compliance with risk limits. Risk limits and the delegation of authority to the CEO or jointly to the CEO and CRO are reviewed annually by the RMC.

Risk monitoring and reporting

To monitor CIBC’s risk profile and facilitate evaluation against the risk appetite statement, a number of measurement metrics have been established, with regular reporting against these metrics provided to the GRC and the RMC. This reporting enables decisions on growth and risk mitigation strategies.

Exposures are also regularly monitored against limits, with escalation protocols for limit excesses, should they occur. Escalation protocols ensure awareness at appropriate levels and facilitate management of excesses that is consistent with our risk appetite.

Regular management reports on each risk type are also prepared to facilitate monitoring and control of risk at a more granular level.

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Top and emerging risks

We monitor and review top and emerging risks that may affect our future results, and take action to mitigate potential risks. We perform in-depth analyses, which may include stress testing our exposures relative to the risks, and we provide updates and related developments to the Board on a regular basis. Top and emerging risks are those that we consider to have potential negative implications that are material for CIBC. This section describes those top and emerging risks, as well as regulatory and accounting developments that are material for CIBC.

Trade policy uncertainty

Newly implemented and proposed tariffs, by the U.S., and any potential counter-measures, are expected to have negative impacts on supply chains, inflation and economic activity, further amplifying ongoing U.S., Canada, and Mexico trade issues that existed prior to the tariff developments, and is posing recessionary fears and increasing market volatility. Separate trade discussions are ongoing between Canada and China as well as the U.S. and China. The ongoing uncertainty on the ultimate level and extent of tariffs could diminish consumer and business confidence in Canada and around the globe, increasing credit, market, liquidity, strategic and operational (including third-party) risks.

The eventual impact of tariffs will depend on their nature and duration, as well as fiscal policies that may be enacted in response, and are expected to drive an increase in unemployment and inflation, thereby elevating credit risks. Higher unemployment and inflation could reduce discretionary consumer spending, slow loan origination and negatively impact debt servicing for both retail and commercial clients. Commercial clients may see lower overall revenues and higher costs, which could, in turn, slow growth and expansion plans. Certain sectors are expected to be more susceptible to the impact of the tariff developments, including but not limited to the manufacturing, retail and wholesale, and transportation sectors. We are also monitoring the financial viability of suppliers who may be impacted should economic conditions deteriorate as the result of global tariff impacts.

Global financial markets experienced significant levels of market volatility in the second quarter from increased political and macroeconomic uncertainties driven by tariffs. Concerns around stagflation, with lower growth forecasts and rising inflation expectations, could leave central banks with limited options to manage both inflation and economic growth. Our Capital Markets business maintains a defensive risk posture to manage market risks, while supporting elevated levels of client activity.

The impact of macroeconomic uncertainty on the U.S. dollar and long-term bond yields and changes in client sentiment due to macroeconomic volatility, recessionary conditions, or risks associated with banks, could lead to rising liquidity premiums and wider issuance spreads in the funding market.

We continue to regularly monitor economic developments and proactively prepare mitigation plans. Further details on tariffs and our economic outlook are provided in the “Economic and market environment – Outlook for calendar year 2026” section.

Canadian consumer debt and the housing market

The latest household debt-to-income ratio data from Statistics Canada continued to remain below 2016 levels due to growth in disposable income and slower debt growth. The debt-to-service ratio stabilized in recent quarters after decreasing to 2017 levels, partially due to interest rate cuts combined with the rise in disposable income. Mortgage debt service ratios remain at historically high levels, while non-mortgage

debt-to-income and service ratios remain at historical lows as clients maintain lower utilization and higher payment rates. Mortgage service ratios could remain elevated as mortgages continue to renew at higher rates and income growth decelerates from a slowing labour market. Property sales have slowed in 2025 and are the most recessed levels since 2020.

While the interest rate cuts in the second half of 2024 and throughout 2025 will provide some relief, the levels are still high and there is an expected lag on performance relief from each incremental cut. Further interest rate cuts could result in an increase in sales activity and housing prices, however, the risk and uncertainties of the current environment have slowed housing sales, as well as challenged the unemployment and interest rate expectations. Real estate secured lending losses remain low, supported by strong housing prices, and while there was some weakening to the non-seasonally adjusted House Price Index (HPI) in the second and third quarters which was partially reversed in the fourth quarter, the level remains above late 2022 and early 2023.

Unemployment rates in fiscal 2025 are at the highest level since 2016 (excluding the increase in 2020 and 2021 resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic) and are expected to slightly improve in fiscal 2026, but remain relatively elevated in the current macroeconomic environment. Unemployment rates at high levels could elevate non-mortgage debt levels, and has increased unsecured payment pressures, typical of the credit cycle.

Regulators continue to apply higher levels of scrutiny on guidelines and oversight. Further augmentations to regulatory expectations could impact business processes, increase the cost of compliance, and raise the risk of fines for non-compliance.

Geopolitical risk

The level of geopolitical risk escalates at certain points in time. While the specific impact on the global economy and on global credit and capital markets would depend on the nature of the event, in general, any major event could result in instability and volatility, leading to widening spreads, declining equity valuations, flight to safe-haven currencies and increased purchases of gold. In the short run, market disruption could hurt the net income of our trading and non-trading market risk positions. Geopolitical risk could reduce economic growth, and in combination with the potential impacts on commodity prices and protectionism (further details are provided in the “Economic and market environment – Outlook for calendar year 2026” section), could have serious negative implications for general economic and banking activities. Current areas of concern include:

•	Conflicts in the Middle East;
•	The war in Ukraine; and,
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•	Rising civil unrest and activism globally.
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While it is difficult to predict where new geopolitical disruption will occur, we pay particular attention to markets and regions with existing or recent historical instability to assess the impact of these environments on the markets and businesses in which we operate.

Climate risk

The physical effects of climate change along with regulations designed to mitigate its negative impacts will have a measurable impact on communities and the economy. The physical risks of climate change resulting from severe weather events and systemic issues such as rising sea levels can impact CIBC’s profitability through disruptions in our own operations and damage to critical infrastructure. Transition risks, which arise as society adjusts towards a low-carbon future, can impact the financial health of our clients as changes in policy and technology aimed at limiting global warming can increase their operating costs and reduce profitability, while translating into potentially higher credit losses for the bank. We are also exposed to reputational risks due to changing stakeholder expectations related to action or inaction in addressing climate-related risks.

In the past year, a number of regulators and standard-setting organizations introduced and updated disclosure frameworks related to climate change risks, as well as environmental and social risks.

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On April 23, 2025, the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) announced it is pausing its work on the development of a new mandatory climate-related disclosure rule in order to support Canadian markets and issuers as they adapt to developments in the U.S. and globally. The CSA will monitor domestic and international regulatory developments with respect to climate disclosures and expects to revisit and finalize requirements for issuers.

On March 7, 2025, OSFI published updates to Guideline B-15 on Climate Risk Management (Guideline B-15), postponing scope 3 emissions disclosure from fiscal year-end 2025 to 2028, aligning with the Canadian Sustainability Standards Board Standards’ transitional period. OSFI is expected to continue to review Guideline B-15 as practices and standards evolve. Guideline B-15 was initially effective for us for our reporting period ending October 31, 2024 for certain disclosure elements, which were included in our 2024 Climate Report.

On June 5, 2025, the Competition Bureau issued updated guidance on environmental claims under Bill C-59, which contains anti-greenwashing amendments to Canada’s Competition Act (Act). In addition, the Competition Bureau reaffirmed its previous communication on the private right of action, pursuant to which starting on June 20, 2025, individuals can seek permission to file claims with the Competition Tribunal against businesses under the Act.

On October 7, 2023, California enacted climate disclosure laws, Senate Bill (SB) 253 and SB 261. SB 253 requires annual reporting of scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emissions in 2026, expanding to scope 3 emissions reporting in 2027. SB 261 requires biennial climate-related financial risk reports, with the first report due by January 1, 2026. On November 18, 2025, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, issued an order temporarily halting the enforcement of SB 261. CIBC is preparing to meet these requirements and will continue to monitor regulatory updates.

Additionally, the European Commission adopted the European Sustainability Reporting Standards in 2023 for entities subject to the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive. On June 23, 2025, the European Union announced it is negotiating its final position on the Omnibus Proposal II, which is expected to significantly narrow the scope of sustainability reporting for member states. These changes, if adopted, could impact the reporting requirements for CIBC and certain CIBC subsidiaries.

Potential divergence among the regulators in disclosure expectations, coupled with the pace at which the regulatory landscape changes, pose operational risks to us. We continue to monitor these developments and evolve our approach to support future regulatory requirements.

Information and cyber security risk

We continue to evolve our use of technology and business processes to improve the client experience and streamline operations. Concurrently, cyber threats are growing in frequency and sophistication, increasing the potential for financial loss, reputational harm, regulatory exposure and business interruption. We actively manage these risks through strategic risk reviews and enterprise-wide technology and information security programs aimed at prevention, detection, response and recovery. Threats include data breaches, malware and ransomware, unauthorized access, social engineering and fraud, and denial-of-service attacks, which may result in damage to CIBC systems and information; theft, loss or disclosure of confidential information; unauthorized or fraudulent activity; and service disruption at CIBC or its service providers, including those that offer cloud services.

Given the importance of electronic financial systems, including secure online and mobile banking provided by CIBC to its clients, CIBC monitors the changing environment globally, including cyber threats, mitigation strategies and evolving regulatory requirements, to enhance our controls and processes to protect our systems and client information. In addition, we perform cyber security preparedness, testing, and recovery exercises to validate our defences, benchmark against best practices and provide regular updates to the Board. We have well-defined cyber incident response protocols and playbooks in the event that a security incident or breach occurs. We also have cyber insurance coverage to help mitigate against certain potential losses associated with cyber incidents. Our insurance coverage is subject to various terms and provisions, including limits on the types and amounts of coverage relating to losses arising from cyber incidents. We periodically assess our insurance coverage based on our risk tolerance and limits. Despite our ongoing commitment to information and cyber security, and given the rapidly evolving threat and regulatory landscape, coupled with a changing business environment, it is not possible for us to identify all cyber risks or implement measures that prevent all potential cyber incidents. We monitor our risk profile for changes and continue to refine our protection, detection, response and resilience capabilities to minimize the impact of any cyber incidents that may occur.

Technology risk

We are continuing to evolve our technology services to improve the client experience and streamline operations. New technology solutions offer advanced capabilities, connectivity between systems and efficiencies to support a growing business, while also increasing the complexity of ongoing management and resilience across multiple internal and external stakeholders and platforms hosted on premises, in the cloud or by third parties. Globally, regulators continue to expect financial institutions to have well-designed and managed technology development, deployment, operational and support processes in place to actively manage the risks inherent to a large enterprise technology environment.

We continue to manage these risks through our risk management and governance structures that include policies, standards, and risk assessment, measurement and monitoring tools. A robust control environment is in place, focused on developing, delivering and maintaining high-quality, reliable and stable technology solutions that support business needs and enable operations within our risk appetite.

Disintermediation risk

The level of disintermediation risk from fintechs for Canadian financial institutions is generally considered low. Canada has a growing fintech sector, with numerous startups and established tech companies offering digital financial services as alternatives to traditional banking services, such as automated investing, peer-to-peer lending, and financial management tools. Canadian consumers have demonstrated increasing use of digital services, evidenced by high rates of online banking usage. Canada’s robust regulatory framework somewhat limits the speed and extent of disruption by fintechs. However, regulations are evolving, and the authorities’ increasing openness to fintech innovations and open-banking could heighten disintermediation risks if we do not continue to invest in our digital capabilities. Ease of use is the primary factor we consider when evaluating disintermediation risk from fintechs. With fintechs primarily focused on digital engagement, the risk of clients choosing fintech solutions remains low. Although fintechs have not yet demonstrated success in providing financial advice and wealth management services in Canada, the threat may increase in the future. CIBC’s proactivity in adopting new technologies and integrating digital financial services helps to mitigate this risk

Data and Artificial Intelligence risk

Data is being used every day to further advance CIBC’s strategic objectives and create competitive advantages. To support this, we continue to invest in our data management and governance capabilities to ensure we have a strong data foundation and business decision making, and grow our analytics and reporting practices to use data as a transformative asset.

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Management’s discussion and analysis
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With rapid advances in technology, we continue to observe growth in applications of AI to drive productivity and competitive enhancements. Alongside the potential benefits of AI tools and technology comes risks; as AI systems make decisions based on data and models, they can inherit or amplify bias or raise concerns about fairness or ethical use. In addition, transparency in AI models is required to ensure the reasoning, accuracy or appropriateness of the output is clearly understood. CIBC has published an AI Framework and has implemented AI governance and risk management practices. From a model risk perspective, OSFI published its final version of Guideline E-23 on Model Risk Management to take effect on May 1, 2027. The revised Guideline E-23 now includes AI and Machine Learning (ML) methodologies in the definition of “model” given the surge in AI/ML analytics. As we navigate the increased adoption of solutions using AI, our approach will remain rooted in ensuring responsible use and ensuring operational risks are mitigated.

Third-party risk

The Board and senior management recognize the establishment of third-party relationships as important to CIBC’s business model and therefore leverage them to achieve CIBC’s business objectives. With the introduction of new technologies and increasing reliance on sub-contractors, the third-party landscape continues to evolve. While such relationships may benefit us through reduced costs, increased innovation, improved performance and increased business competitiveness, they can also introduce risks of failure or disruption to CIBC through breakdowns in people, processes or technology or through external events that impact these third parties.

To mitigate third-party risks, prepare for future third-party risks and changing regulatory expectations, and to ensure existing processes and internal controls are operating effectively, we rely on our strong risk culture and established the Third Party Risk Management program, which includes policies, procedures, expertise and resources dedicated to third-party risk management. The program identifies and manages risks that arise from third-party relationships from the point of planning through the life cycle of the business arrangement and supports the maintenance of collaborative relationships that advance our strategic direction and operational needs within our risk appetite.

Anti-money laundering, anti-terrorist financing and sanctions

Money laundering, terrorist financing, and related crimes threaten the financial sector’s stability. CIBC is committed to meeting all AML, ATF, and economic sanctions regulations in every jurisdiction where it operates. As identified in Canada’s 2025 National Risk Assessment, banks face significant risks from financial crimes such as drug trafficking, fraud, and crypto-related activities. In response, CIBC invests in robust controls, advanced detection technologies, and comprehensive compliance programs. The bank maintains thorough client due diligence, record keeping, and reporting procedures, and requires annual AML/ATF and sanctions training for all team members. With ongoing regulatory changes expected through 2026, CIBC continuously monitors and enhances its compliance program to address evolving risks and regulatory expectations.

U.S. banking regulation

Our U.S. operations are subject to supervision by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve), and are also subject to a comprehensive federal and state regulatory framework. Under the U.S. bank regulatory framework, both CIBC and CIBC Bancorp are expected to provide a source of strength to the subsidiary bank and may be required to commit additional capital and other resources to CIBC Bank USA in the event that its financial condition were to deteriorate, whether due to overall challenging economic conditions in the U.S., or because of business-specific issues. The Federal Reserve (in the case of CIBC Bancorp), and both the Federal Reserve and the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (in the case of CIBC Bank USA) also have the ability to restrict dividends paid by CIBC Bancorp or CIBC Bank USA, which could limit our ability to receive distributions on our capital investment in our U.S. banking operations.

As our combined U.S. operations grow, we will become subject to additional enhanced prudential standards under the Federal Reserve’s regulations applicable to foreign banking organizations.

The U.S. regulatory environment continues to evolve and future legislative and regulatory developments may impact CIBC.

Tax reform

The tax environment continues to evolve with the potential for significant tax law changes globally. In the Canadian federal budget, released on November 4, 2025, the government confirmed its intention to proceed with certain amendments to Canada’s GMTA, including the “under-taxed profits rule” (UTPR). The U.S. government views the UTPR as an unfair foreign tax and could reinstate proposals for retaliatory tax measures against countries that adopt the UTPR without providing an exception in respect of U.S. persons. We continue to monitor for legislative changes that may impact CIBC and its global operations. See the “Financial performance overview – Taxes” section for further details.

Corporate transactions

CIBC seeks out acquisition and divestiture opportunities that align with its strategy, risk appetite and financial goals. The ability to successfully execute on our strategy to integrate acquisitions, and the ability to anticipate and manage risks associated with such corporate transactions are subject to various factors such as receiving regulatory and shareholder approval on a timely basis and on favourable terms, retaining clients and key personnel, realizing synergies and efficiencies, controlling integration and acquisition costs, and changes in general business and economic conditions, among others.

Although many of the factors are beyond our control, their impact is partially mitigated by conducting due diligence before completing the transaction and developing and executing appropriate plans. However, given the inherent uncertainty involved in such corporate transactions, we cannot anticipate all potential events, facts and circumstances that may arise and there could be an adverse impact on our operations and financial performance as a result of such corporate transactions.

Regulatory developments

See the “Taxes”, “Capital management”, “Credit risk”, “Liquidity risk” and “Accounting and control matters” sections for additional information on regulatory developments.

Accounting developments

See the “Accounting and control matters” section and Note 30 to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on accounting developments.

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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Risks arising from business activities

The chart below shows our business activities and related risk measures based upon regulatory RWA and average allocated common equity as at October 31, 2025:

(1)	Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.
(2)	Includes CCR and CVA of $13 million, which comprises derivatives and repo-style transactions.
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(3)	Includes CCR and CVA of $15,501 million, which comprises derivatives and repo-style transactions.
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(4)	Includes CCR and CVA of $637 million, which comprises derivatives and repo-style transactions.
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(5)	Average allocated common equity is a <br>non-GAAP<br> measure. For additional information on the composition of this <br>non-GAAP<br> measure, see the <br>“Non-GAAP<br> measures” section.
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(6)	Represents average allocated common equity relating to capital deductions, such as goodwill and intangible assets, in accordance with the rules in OSFI’s CAR Guideline.
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53	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss due to a borrower or counterparty failing to meet its obligations in accordance with contractual terms.

Credit risk arises out of the lending businesses in each of our SBUs and in International banking, which is included in Corporate and Other. Other sources of credit risk consist of our trading activities, which include our over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, debt securities, and our repo-style transaction activity. In addition to losses on the default of a borrower or counterparty, unrealized gains or losses may occur due to changes in the credit spread of the counterparty, which could impact the carrying or fair value of our assets.

Governance and management

Credit risk is managed through the three lines of defence model. The first line of defence consists of the frontline businesses and governance groups that assess and manage the risks associated with their activities. They own the risks and the controls that mitigate the risks.

The second line of defence is Risk Management, which provides an independent risk perspective, strategic direction and leadership to ensure alignment of practices with CIBC’s risk appetite. This includes being responsible for certain credit decisions and oversight of credit risks associated with CIBC’s personal, small business, commercial, corporate and wealth management activities.

Internal audit is the third line of defence, providing reasonable assurance to senior management and the Audit Committee of the Board on the effectiveness of CIBC’s governance practices, risk management processes, and internal control as part of its risk-based audit plan and in accordance with its mandate as described in the Internal Audit Charter.

Senior management reports to the GRC and RMC at least quarterly on material credit risk matters, including compliance with limits, portfolio trends, and credit loss provisioning levels. Senior management also reports to the RMC on material credit transactions and impaired loans. Provision for (reversal of) credit losses is reviewed by the RMC and the Audit Committee quarterly.

Specific to the management of credit risk, Risk Management is mandated to provide enterprise-wide oversight of the management of credit risk in CIBC’s credit portfolios, including the measurement, monitoring and control of credit risk and the management of credit risk models. Key groups in Risk Management with credit risk responsibility include:

Capital Markets Risk Management:

This group is responsible for independent oversight of the measurement, monitoring and control of traded and non-traded market risk, liquidity risk and trading credit risk (including CVA risk), including adjudication of trading credit facilities for banks, non-bank financial entities, prime brokerage clients and central clearing counterparties. In addition, CMRM is responsible for the risk management of sovereign and country risk, securitizations and the oversight of the Global Collateral Finance framework covering repos and securities lending.

Global Credit Risk Management:

This group is responsible for the adjudication and oversight of credit risks associated with our commercial, corporate, small business and wealth management credit portfolios, management of the risks in our investment portfolios, as well as management of special loan portfolios.

Global Operational and Enterprise Risk Management:

This group includes the following teams:

•	Model Validation is responsible for the oversight of model validation practices. Model validation constitutes the independent set of processes, activities and ongoing documentary evidence that models and parameters are sound and CIBC can rely on their output.
•	Model Quantification is responsible for the design, development and continuous improvement to risk rating methodologies and credit models that support credit adjudication and ECL, across corporate commercial, personal and business lending segments.
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•	Enterprise Risk Management is responsible for enterprise-wide reporting and analysis, including enterprise-wide stress testing, ECL, risk data systems and economic capital.
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•	Risk Regulatory Initiatives is responsible for oversight, governance and delivery of regulatory and strategic initiatives and large enterprise-wide regulatory initiatives.
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•	Environmental Risk Management is responsible for developing the environmental strategy, setting environmental performance standards and targets, and reporting on performance for material indicators.
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Risk Analytics and Credit Decisioning:

This group manages credit risk in personal products offered through the various distribution channels (e.g., residential mortgages, credit cards, personal loans/lines of credit and indirect auto lending) and performs analytics to optimize retail credit performance, along with collections and AML outcomes.

U.S. Risk Management:

This group carries out the mandate of CIBC Risk Management at a regional level and provides independent oversight of the identification, management, measurement, monitoring and control of credit risks in the U.S. Commercial Banking and Wealth Management SBU.

Adjudication and oversight above delegated levels is provided by the CRO, GRC and RMC.

Policies

To control credit risk, prudent credit risk management principles are used as a base to establish policies, standards and guidelines that govern credit activities as outlined by the credit risk management policy.

The credit risk management policy supplements CIBC’s risk management framework and risk appetite framework, and together with CIBC’s portfolio concentration limits for credit exposures, CIBC’s common risk/concentration risk limits for credit exposures, and other supporting credit risk policies, standards and procedures, assists CIBC in achieving its desired risk profile by providing an effective foundation for the management of credit risk.

Credit risk limits

The RMC approves Board limits, and exposures above Board limits require reporting to, or approval of, the RMC. Management limits are approved by the CRO. Usage is monitored to ensure risks are within allocated management and Board limits. Exposures above management limits require the approval of the CRO. Business lines may also impose lower limits to reflect the nature of their exposures and target markets. This tiering of limits provides for an appropriate hierarchy of decision making and reporting between management and the RMC. Credit approval authority flows from the Board and is further cascaded to officers in writing. The Board’s Investment and Lending Authority Resolution sets thresholds above which credit exposures require reporting to, or approval of, the RMC, ensuring an increasing level of oversight for credit exposures of higher risk. CIBC maintains country limits to control exposures within countries outside of Canada and the U.S.

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Management’s discussion and <br>an<br>alysis
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Credit concentration limits

At a bank-wide level, credit exposures are managed to promote alignment to our risk appetite statement, to maintain the target business mix and to ensure that there is no undue concentration of risk. We set limits to control borrower concentrations by risk-rating band for large exposures (i.e., risk-rated credits). Direct loan sales, credit derivative hedges, or structured transactions may also be used to reduce concentrations. We also have a set of portfolio concentration limits in place to control exposures by country, industry, product and activity. Further, our policies require limits to be established as appropriate for new initiatives and implementation of strategies involving material levels of credit risk. Concentration limits represent the maximum exposure levels we wish to hold on our books. In the normal course, it is expected that exposures will be held at levels below the maximums. The credit concentration limits are reviewed and approved by the RMC at least annually.

Credit concentration limits are also applied to our retail lending portfolios to mitigate concentration risk. We not only have concentration limits applied to individual borrowers and geographic regions, but also to different types of credit facilities, such as unsecured credits. In addition, we limit the maximum insured mortgage exposure to private insurers in order to reduce counterparty risk.

Credit risk mitigation

We may mitigate credit risk by obtaining a pledge of collateral, which improves recoveries in the event of a default. Our credit risk management policies include verification of the collateral and its value and ensuring that we have legal certainty with respect to the assets pledged. Valuations are updated periodically depending on the nature of the collateral, legal environment, and the creditworthiness of the counterparty. The main types of collateral include: (i) cash or marketable securities for securities lending and repurchase transactions; (ii) cash or marketable securities taken as collateral in support of our OTC derivatives activity; (iii) charges over operating assets such as inventory, receivables and real estate properties for lending to small business and commercial borrowers; and (iv) mortgages over residential properties for retail lending.

In certain circumstances we may use third-party guarantees to mitigate risk. We also obtain insurance to reduce the risk in our real estate secured lending portfolios, the most material of which relates to the portion of our residential mortgage portfolio that is insured by CMHC, an agency of the Government of Canada.

We mitigate the trading credit risk of OTC derivatives, securities lending and repurchase transactions with counterparties by employing the International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) Master Agreement, as well as Credit Support Annexes (CSAs) or similar master and collateral agreements. See Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements for additional details on the risks related to the use of derivatives and how we manage these risks.

ISDA Master Agreements and similar master and collateral agreements, such as the Global Master Repurchase Agreement and Global Master Securities Lending Agreement, facilitate cross transaction payments, prescribe close-out netting processes, and define the counterparties’ contractual trading relationship. In addition, the agreements formalize non-transaction-specific terms. Master agreements serve to mitigate our credit risk by outlining default and termination events, which enable parties to close out of all outstanding transactions in the case of a negative credit event on either party’s side. The mechanism for calculating termination costs in the event of a close-out are outlined in the master agreement; this allows for the efficient calculation of a single net obligation of one party to another.

CSAs and other collateral agreements are often included in ISDA Master Agreements or similar master agreements governing securities lending and repurchase transactions. They mitigate CCR by providing for the exchange of collateral between parties when a party’s exposure to the other exceeds agreed upon thresholds, subject to a minimum transfer amount. CSAs and other collateral agreements that operate with master agreements also designate acceptable collateral types, and set out rules for re-hypothecation and interest calculation on collateral. Collateral types permitted under CSAs and other master agreements are set through our trading credit risk management documentation procedures. These procedures include requirements around collateral type concentrations.

Consistent with global initiatives to improve resilience in the financial system, we clear derivatives through CCPs where feasible. Credit derivatives may be used to reduce industry sector concentrations and single-name exposure.

Forbearance techniques

We employ forbearance techniques to manage client relationships and to minimize credit losses due to default, foreclosure or repossession. In certain circumstances, it may be necessary to modify a loan for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, reducing the potential of default. Total debt restructurings are subject to our normal quarterly impairment review which considers, amongst other factors, covenants and/or payment delinquencies. Loan loss provisions are adjusted as appropriate.

In retail lending, forbearance techniques include interest capitalization, amortization amendments and debt consolidations. We have a set of eligibility criteria that allow our Client Account Management team to determine suitable remediation strategies and propose products based on each borrower’s situation.

The solutions available to corporate and commercial clients vary based on the individual nature of the client’s situation and are undertaken selectively where it has been determined that the client has or is likely to have repayment difficulties servicing its obligations. Covenants often reveal changes in the client’s financial situation before there is a change in payment behaviour and typically allow for a right to reprice or accelerate payments. So lu tions may be temporary in nature or may involve other special management options.

Process and control

The credit approval process is managed by Risk Management and Retail Operations, with all significant credit requests submitted subject to adjudication independent of the originating businesses. Approval authorities are a function of the risk and amount of credit requested. In certain cases, credit requests must be escalated to senior management, the CRO, or to the RMC for approval.

After initial approval, individual credit exposures continue to be monitored. A formal risk assessment is completed at least annually for all risk-rated accounts, including review of assigned ratings. Higher risk-rated accounts are subject to closer monitoring and are reviewed at least quarterly. Collections and specialized loan workout groups handle the day-to-day management of high-risk loans to maximize recoveries.

55	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Risk measurement

Exposures subject to IRB approaches

Under the IRB approaches, we are required to categorize exposures to credit risk into broad classes of assets with different underlying risk characteristics. This asset categorization may differ from the presentation in our consolidated financial statements. Under the IRB approaches, credit risk is measured using the following three key risk parameters (1) :

•	PD – the probability that the obligor will default within the next 12 months.
•	EAD – the estimate of the amount that will be drawn at the time of default.
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•	LGD – the expected severity of loss as the result of the default, expressed as a percentage of the EAD.
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Exposures under the IRB approaches can be further differentiated into two categories, AIRB and FIRB. For portfolios subject to the AIRB approach, PD, LGD and EAD are internal estimates. Certain portfolios are prescribed to use the FIRB approach, where LGD and EAD are regulatory defined parameters. Our credit risk exposures are divided into business and government and retail portfolios. Regulatory models used to measure credit risk exposure under the IRB approach are subject to CIBC’s model risk management process.

(1)	These parameters differ from those used in the calculation of ECL under IFRS 9. See the “Accounting and control matters” section for further details.

Business and government portfolios (excluding scored small business) – risk-rating method

The portfolios comprise exposures to corporate, sovereign, and bank obligors. Our adjudication process and criteria includes assigning an obligor rating that reflects our estimate of the financial strength of the borrower, and a facility rating or LGD rating that reflects the collateral amount and quality applicable to secured exposures, the seniority position of the claim, and the capital structure of the borrower for unsecured exposures.

The obligor rating takes into consideration our financial assessment of the obligor, the industry, and the economic environment of the region in which the obligor operates. Where a guarantee from a third-party exists, both the obligor and the guarantor will be assessed. While our obligor rating is determined independently of external ratings for the obligor, our risk-rating methodology includes a review of those external ratings.

CIBC employs a 20-point master internal obligor default rating scale that broadly maps to external agencies’ ratings as presented in the table below.

	CIBC	S&P	Moody’s
Grade	rating	equivalent	equivalent
Investment grade	00–47	AAA to BBB-	Aaa to Baa3
Non-investment<br> grade	51–67	BB+ to B-	Ba1 to B3
Watch list	70–80	CCC+ to C	Caa1 to Ca
Default	90	D	C

We use quantitative modelling techniques to assist in the development of internal risk-rating systems. The risk-rating systems have been developed through analysis of internal and external credit risk data, supplemented with expert judgment. The risk ratings are used for portfolio management, risk limit setting, product pricing, and in the determination of regulatory and economic capital.

Our credit process is designed to ensure that we approve applications and extend credit only where we believe that our client has the ability to repay according to the agreed terms and conditions.

Our credit framework of policies and limits defines our appetite for exposure to any single name or group of related borrowers, which is a function of the internal risk rating. We generally extend new credit only to borrowers in the investment and non-investment grade categories noted above. Our credit policies are also defined to manage our exposure to concentration in borrowers in any particular industry or region.

In accordance with our process, each obligor is assigned an obligor default rating and the assigned rating is mapped to a PD estimate that represents a long-run average one-year default likelihood. For corporate obligors, PD estimates are calculated using joint maximum likelihood techniques based on our internal default rate history by rating category and longer dated external default rates as a proxy for the credit cycle to arrive at long-run average PD estimates. Estimates drawn from third-party statistical default prediction models are used to supplement the internal default data for some rating bands where internal data is sparse. For small and medium corporate enterprises, PD estimates are developed using only internal default history. For bank and sovereign obligors, PD estimates are derived from an analysis based on external default data sets and supplemented with internal data where possible. We examine several different estimation methodologies and compare results across the different techniques. In addition, we apply the same techniques and estimation methodologies to analogous corporate default data and compare the results for banks and sovereigns to the corporate estimates for each technique. A regulatory floor is applied to PD estimates for corporate and bank obligors.

Each facility is assigned an LGD rating and each assigned rating is mapped to an LGD estimate that considers economic downturn conditions. For corporate obligors subject to the AIRB approach, LGD estimates are primarily derived from internal historical recovery data. Time to resolution is typically one to two years for most corporate obligors, and one to four years in the real estate sector. LGD values are based on discounted post-default cash flows for resolved accounts and include material direct and indirect costs associated with collections. External data is used in some cases to supplement our analysis. Economic downturn periods are identified for each portfolio by examining the history of actual losses, default rates and LGD. For sovereign exposures, LGD estimates are primarily driven by expert judgment supplemented with external data and benchmarks where available. Appropriate adjustments are made to LGD estimates to account for various uncertainties associated with estimation techniques and data limitations, including adjustments for unresolved accounts. For obligors subjected to the FIRB approach, LGD is a regulatory prescribed calculation.

EAD is estimated based on the current exposure to the obligor together with possible future changes in that exposure. For obligors subject to the AIRB approach, internal EAD estimates are driven by factors such as the available undrawn credit commitment amount and the obligor default rating. EAD estimates are primarily based on internal historical loss data supplemented with comparable external data. Economic downturn periods are identified for each portfolio by examining the historical default rates and actual EAD factors. For obligors subjected to the FIRB approach, EAD is a regulatory prescribed calculation.

Appropriate adjustments are made to internal PD, LGD and EAD estimates to account for various uncertainties associated with estimation techniques and data limitations, including adjustments for unresolved accounts (for LGD).

Regulatory capital slotting approach is used for part of our uninsured Canadian commercial mortgage portfolio, which comprises non-residential mortgages and multi-family residential mortgages. These exposures are individually rated on our rating scale using a risk-rating methodology that considers the property’s key attributes, which include its loan-to-value (LTV) and debt service ratios, the quality of the property, and the financial strength of the owner/sponsor. All exposures are secured by a lien over the property. In addition, we have insured multi-family residential mortgages, which are not treated under the slotting approach, but are instead treated as sovereign exposures.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	56

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Management’s discussion and analysis

Retail portfolios

Retail portfolios are characterized by a large number of relatively small exposures. They comprise: real estate secured personal lending (residential mortgages and personal loans and lines secured by residential property); qualifying revolving retail exposures (credit cards, overdrafts and unsecured lines of credit); and other retail exposures (loans secured by non-residential assets, unsecured loans, and scored small business loans).

We use scoring models in the adjudication of new retail credit exposures, which are based on statistical methods of analyzing the unique characteristics of the borrower, to estimate future behaviour. In developing our models, we use internal historical information from previous borrowers, as well as information from external sources, such as credit bureaus. The use of credit scoring models allows for consistent assessment across borrowers. There are specific guidelines in place for each product, and our adjudication decision will take into account the characteristics of the borrower, any guarantors, and the quality and sufficiency of the collateral pledged (if any). The lending process will include documentation of, where appropriate, satisfactory identification, proof of income, independent appraisal of the collateral and registration of security.

Retail portfolios are managed as pools of homogeneous risk exposures, using external credit bureau scores and/or other behavioural assessments to group exposures according to similar credit risk profiles. These pools are established through statistical techniques. Characteristics used to group individual exposures vary by asset category; as a result, the number of pools, their size, and the statistical techniques applied to their management differ accordingly.

The following table maps the PD bands to various risk levels:

Risk level	PD bands
Exceptionally low	0.01%–0.20%
Very low	0.21%–0.50%
Low	0.51%–2.00%
Medium	2.01%–10.00%
High	10.01%–99.99%
Default	100%

For the purposes of the AIRB approach for retail portfolios, additional PD, LGD and EAD segmentation into homogeneous risk exposures is established through statistical techniques. The principal statistical estimation technique is decision trees benchmarked against alternative techniques such as regression and random forests.

Within real estate secured lending, we have two key parameter estimation models: mortgages and real estate secured personal lines of credit. Within qualifying revolving retail, we have three key parameter estimation models: credit cards, overdraft, and unsecured personal lines. A small percentage of credit cards, overdraft, and unsecured line accounts that do not satisfy the requirements for qualifying revolving retail are grouped into other retail parameter models. Within other retail, we have three key parameter models: margin lending, personal loans, and scored small business loans. Each parameter model pools accounts according to characteristics such as: delinquency, current credit bureau score, internal behaviour score, estimated current LTV ratio, account type, account age, utilization, transactor/revolver, outstanding balance, or authorized limit.

PD is estimated as the average default rate over an extended period based on internal historical data, generally for a 5-to-10-year period, which is adjusted using internal historical data on default rates over a longer period or comparable external data that includes a period of stress. A regulatory floor is applied to our PD estimate for all retail exposures with the exception of insured mortgages and government-guaranteed loans. A higher regulatory floor is applied to qualifying revolving transactors.

LGD is estimated based on observed recovery rates over an extended period using internal historical data. In determining our LGD estimate, we exclude any accounts that have not had enough time since default for the substantial majority of expected recovery to occur. This recovery period is product-specific and is typically in the range of 1 to 3 years. Accounts that cure from default and return to good standing are considered to have zero loss. We simulate the loss rate in a significant downturn based on the relationship(s) between LGD and one or more of the following: PD; housing prices, cure rate, and recovery time; or observed LGD in periods with above-average loss rates. We apply appropriate adjustments to address various types of estimation uncertainty including sampling error and trending. A regulatory floor is applied to all real estate secured exposures with the exception of insured mortgages. Higher regulatory floors are applied to unsecured accounts.

EAD for revolving products is estimated as a percentage of the authorized credit limit based on the observed EAD rates over an extended period using historical data. We simulate the EAD rate in a significant downturn based on the relationship(s) between the EAD rate and PD and/or the observed EAD rate in periods with above-average EAD rates. For term loan products, EAD is set equal to the outstanding balance. A regulatory floor is applied to the percentage of the undrawn exposure that is included in EAD.

We apply appropriate adjustments to PD, LGD and EAD to address various types of estimation uncertainty including sampling error and trending.

Back-testing

We monitor the three key risk parameters – PD, EAD and LGD – on a quarterly basis for our business and government portfolios and on a monthly basis for our retail portfolios. Every quarter, the back-testing results are reported to OSFI and are presented to the business and Risk Management senior management for review and challenge. For each parameter, we identify any portfolios whose realized values are significantly above or significantly below expectations and then test to see if this deviation is explainable by changes in the economy. If the results indicate that a parameter model may be losing its predictive power, we prioritize that model for review and update.

Stress testing

As part of our regular credit portfolio management process, we conduct stress testing and scenario analyses on our portfolio to quantitatively assess the impact of various historical, as well as hypothetical, stressed conditions, versus limits determined in accordance with our risk appetite. Scenarios are selected to test our exposures to specific industries (e.g., oil and gas and real estate), products (e.g., mortgages and cards), or geographic regions (e.g., Europe and the Caribbean). Results from stress testing are a key input into management decision making, including the determination of limits and strategies for managing our credit exposure. See the “Real estate secured personal lending” section for further discussion on our residential mortgage portfolio stress testing.

57	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Management’s discussion and an<br>aly<br>sis

Exposure to credit risk

The portfolios are categorized based upon how we manage the business and the associated risks. Gross credit exposure amounts presented in the table below represent our estimate of EAD, which is net of derivative master netting agreements and CVA but is before allowance for credit losses or credit risk mitigation for IRB approaches. Gross credit exposure amounts relating to our business and government portfolios are reduced for collateral held for repo-style transactions, which reflects the EAD value of such collateral. Non-trading equity exposures are not included in the table below as they have been deemed immaterial under the OSFI guidelines, and hence are subject to 100% risk-weighting.

millions, as at October 31				2025						2024
		Standardized<br>approach		Total		IRB<br>approach		Standardized<br>approach		Total
Business and government portfolios
Corporate
Drawn	206,412	$	7,218	$	213,630	$	186,995	$	6,717	$	193,712
Undrawn commitments	58,702		969		59,671		54,122		1,005		55,127
Repo-style transactions	335,746		–		335,746		308,047		1		308,048
Other off-balance sheet	14,659		381		15,040		13,307		331		13,638
OTC derivatives	13,581		136		13,717		10,970		126		11,096
	629,100		8,704		637,804		573,441		8,180		581,621
Sovereign
Drawn	188,329		8,728		197,057		187,765		7,802		195,567
Undrawn commitments	8,386		297		8,683		8,101		178		8,279
Repo-style transactions	55,556		–		55,556		54,661		–		54,661
Other off-balance sheet	1,906		143		2,049		1,595		156		1,751
OTC derivatives	2,416		–		2,416		2,545		–		2,545
	256,593		9,168		265,761		254,667		8,136		262,803
Banks
Drawn	11,664		1,066		12,730		12,076		1,298		13,374
Undrawn commitments	841		–		841		555		–		555
Repo-style transactions	71,881		–		71,881		45,493		–		45,493
Other off-balance sheet	3,529		–		3,529		2,176		–		2,176
OTC derivatives	6,817		–		6,817		5,291		–		5,291
	94,732		1,066		95,798		65,591		1,298		66,889
Gross business and government portfolios	980,425		18,938		999,363		893,699		17,614		911,313
Less: collateral held for repo-style transactions	437,601		–		437,601		388,767		–		388,767
Net business and government portfolios	542,824		18,938		561,762		504,932		17,614		522,546
Retail portfolios
Real estate secured personal lending
Drawn	295,526		3,087		298,613		290,545		3,028		293,573
Undrawn commitments	37,986		–		37,986		36,393		2		36,395
	333,512		3,087		336,599		326,938		3,030		329,968
Qualifying revolving retail
Drawn	24,157		2,870		27,027		22,894		3,119		26,013
Undrawn commitments	70,592		4,226		74,818		63,866		3,979		67,845
Other off-balance sheet	451		120		571		411		114		525
	95,200		7,216		102,416		87,171		7,212		94,383
Other retail
Drawn	15,857		873		16,730		15,199		829		16,028
Undrawn commitments	3,767		–		3,767		3,430		1		3,431
Other off-balance sheet	7		–		7		6		–		6
	19,631		873		20,504		18,635		830		19,465
Small and medium enterprises (SME) retail
Drawn	2,887		–		2,887		3,183		–		3,183
Undrawn commitments	1,143		–		1,143		1,217		–		1,217
Other off-balance sheet	25		–		25		27		–		27
	4,055		–		4,055		4,427		–		4,427
Total retail portfolios	452,398		11,176		463,574		437,171		11,072		448,243
Securitization exposures (1)	40,180		30,105		70,285		30,901		21,251		52,152
Gross credit exposure (2)	1,473,003		60,219		1,533,222		1,361,771		49,937		1,411,708
Less: collateral held for repo-style transactions	437,601		–		437,601		388,767		–		388,767
Net credit exposure (2)	1,035,402	$	60,219	$	1,095,621	$	973,004	$	49,937	$	1,022,941

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	OSFI guidelines define a hierarchy of approaches for treating securitization exposures in our banking book. Depending on the underlying characteristics, exposures are eligible for either the SA or the IRB approach. The <br>SEC-ERBA,<br> which is inclusive of <br>SEC-IAA,<br> includes exposures that qualify for the IRB approach, as well as exposures under the SA.
(2)	Excludes exposures arising from derivative and repo-style transactions which are cleared through qualified central counterparties (QCCPs) as well as credit risk exposures arising from other assets that are subject to the credit risk framework, including other balance sheet assets which are risk-weighted at 100%, significant investments in the capital of <br>non-financial<br> institutions which are risk-weighted at 1250%, settlement risk, and amounts below the thresholds for deduction which are risk-weighted at 250%. <br>Non-trading<br> equity exposures are also excluded and are subject to a range of risk-weightings dependent on the nature of the security.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	58
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Management’s discussion and analysis

Exposures subject to the standardized approach

Exposures within CIBC Caribbean, Risk Rated Individuals, Sovereign Wealth funds, Acquired Canadian Costco credit card portfolios, and other small portfolios are subject to the standardized approach. The standardized approach utilizes a set of risk weightings defined by the regulators, as opposed to the more data intensive IRB approach. A detailed breakdown of our net credit risk exposures under the standardized approach by risk-weight category is provided below.

$ millions, as at October 31	Risk-weight category														2025		2024
	0%		1–20%		21–50%		51–75%		76–100%		101–150%		>150%		Total		Total
Corporate	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	9	$	8,396	$	299	$	–	$	8,704	$	8,179
Sovereign		7,248		598		308		–		959		56		–		9,169		8,137
Banks		–		945		39		–		30		52		–		1,066		1,298
Real estate secured personal lending		–		715		1,947		298		119		7		–		3,086		3,030
Other retail		–		4,143		–		3,933		12		1		–		8,089		8,042
Total	$	7,248	$	6,401	$	2,294	$	4,240	$	9,516	$	415	$	–	$	30,114	$	28,686

We use credit ratings from S&P and Moody’s to calculate credit risk RWA for certain exposures under the standardized approach, including securities issued by sovereigns and their central banks (sovereigns), banks and corporates, and deposits with sovereigns and banks. This includes S&P and Moody’s issuer-specific credit ratings for securities issued by sovereigns and corporates, the S&P country credit rating for the country of incorporation for securities issued by banks, and deposits with banks, and the S&P country credit rating for deposits with central banks. The RWA calculated using credit ratings from these agencies represents 1.61% of credit risk RWA under the standardized approach.

Trading credit exposures

We have trading credit exposure (also called counterparty credit exposure) that arises from our OTC derivatives and our repo-style transactions. The nature of our derivatives exposure and how it is mitigated is further explained in Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements. Our repo-style transactions consist of our securities bought or sold under repurchase agreements, and our securities borrowing and lending activity.

The PD of our counterparties is estimated using models consistent with the models used for our direct lending activity, or as prescribed. Due to the fluctuations in the market values of interest rates, exchange rates, and equity and commodity prices, counterparty credit exposure cannot be quantified with certainty at the inception of the trade. Counterparty credit exposure is estimated using the current fair value of the exposure, plus an estimate of the maximum potential future exposure due to changes in the fair value. Credit risk associated with these counterparties is managed within the same process as our lending business, and for the purposes of credit adjudication, the exposure is aggregated with any exposure arising from our lending business. The majority of our counterparty credit exposure benefits from the credit risk mitigation techniques discussed above, including daily re-margining, and posting of collateral.

We are also exposed to wrong-way risk. Specific wrong-way risk arises when CIBC receives financial collateral issued (or an underlying reference obligation of a transaction is issued) by the counterparty itself, or by a related entity that would be considered to be part of the same common risk group. General wrong-way risk arises when the exposure and/or collateral pledged to CIBC is highly correlated to that of the counterparty. Exposure to wrong-way risk with derivative counterparties is monitored by CMRM. Where we may be exposed to wrong-way risk, our adjudication procedures subject those transactions to a more rigorous approval process. The exposure may be hedged with other derivatives to further mitigate the risk that can arise from these transactions.

Our trading credit exposure also includes CVA risk. We establish a CVA for expected future credit losses from each of our derivative counterparties. The expected future credit loss is a function of our estimates of the PD, the estimated loss in the event of default, and other factors such as risk mitigants. CVA exposure is identified and measured in trading systems and monitored and controlled in our risk systems, including setting limits on risk measures and sensitivities. The Trading Credit Risk Measurement Standards governs the eligibility of credit default swaps for the purposes of hedging both CVA and counterparty credit risk. CVA risk can also be hedged using derivatives of the underlying credit exposures risk factor (e.g. foreign exchange options), and all CVA hedges are monitored for effectiveness on a regular basis, utilizing scenario and profit and loss analysis.

Senior management in CMRM reviews CVA exposures including the capital consumed from the underlying CVA exposures and its hedges on a regular basis. Senior management also approves CVA capital as part of the overall control framework in place, along with the approval of limits on the CVA sensitivities. CVA risk is evaluated independently from the trading desks utilizing market data and parameters that are reviewed and controlled by Risk Management.

Concentration of exposures

Concentration of credit risk exists when a number of obligors are engaged in similar activities, or operate in the same geographic areas or industry sectors, and have similar economic characteristics so that their ability to meet contractual obligations is similarly affected by changes in economic, political, or other conditions.

Geographic distribution

(1)(2)

The following table provides a geographic distribution of our business and government exposures under the IRB approach, net of collateral held for repo-style transactions.

$ millions, as at October 31, 2025	Canada		U.S.		Europe		Other		Total
Drawn	$	190,240	$	180,725	$	21,839	$	13,601	$	406,405
Undrawn commitments		36,642		23,140		5,683		2,464		67,929
Repo-style transactions		6,161		9,069		4,935		5,417		25,582
Other <br>off-balance<br> sheet		9,876		7,663		1,545		1,010		20,094
OTC derivatives		13,406		4,620		2,808		1,980		22,814
Total	$	256,325	$	225,217	$	36,810	$	24,472	$	542,824
October 31, 2024	$	237,346	$	216,408	$	27,539	$	23,639	$	504,932
(1)	Excludes securitization exposures, and exposures under the SA. Substantially all of our retail exposures under the AIRB approach are based in Canada.
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(2)	Classification by country is primarily based on domicile of debtor or customer.
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59	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Management’s discussion and analysis

Business and government exposure by industry groups

The following table provides an industry-wide breakdown of our business and government exposures under the IRB approach, net of collateral held for repo-style transactions.

			Undrawn		Repo-style		Other off-		OTC		2025		2024
$ millions, as at October 31	Drawn		commitments		transactions		balance sheet		derivatives		Total		Total
Commercial mortgages	$	9,074	$	17	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	9,091	$	7,832
Financial institutions		103,109		13,497		24,028		6,875		13,079		160,588		142,612
Retail and wholesale		13,500		4,411		–		542		354		18,807		17,844
Business services		14,084		4,079		57		1,126		351		19,697		19,299
Manufacturing – capital goods		6,558		2,963		–		494		303		10,318		8,858
Manufacturing – consumer goods		7,184		2,074		–		234		175		9,667		9,281
Real estate and construction		55,825		10,053		–		2,333		627		68,838		65,926
Agriculture		8,938		1,489		–		74		130		10,631		9,934
Oil and gas		2,420		3,580		–		480		1,160		7,640		6,822
Mining		2,059		1,360		–		798		1,375		5,592		4,901
Forest products		722		553		–		169		32		1,476		1,114
Hardware and software		6,050		2,644		114		162		349		9,319		7,382
Telecommunications and cable		3,694		746		–		258		437		5,135		3,896
Publishing, printing and broadcasting		492		118		–		11		19		640		859
Transportation		7,470		3,764		–		498		521		12,253		11,664
Utilities		17,524		9,250		–		5,238		1,643		33,655		30,628
Education, health and social services		10,540		1,827		3		281		153		12,804		12,535
Governments		137,162		5,504		1,380		521		2,106		146,673		143,545
Total	$	406,405	$	67,929	$	25,582	$	20,094	$	22,814	$	542,824	$	504,932

Credit quality of p ortf olios

Credit quality of the retail portfolios

The following table presents the credit quality of our retail portfolios under the IRB approach.

millions, as at October 31								2025		2024
Risk level		Qualifying<br>revolving retail		Other<br>retail		SME<br>retail		Total		Total
Exceptionally low	208,494	$	57,310	$	3,603	$	395	$	269,802	$	264,361
Very low	73,973		11,977		3,832		869		90,651		83,228
Low	32,030		15,414		7,201		1,548		56,193		55,896
Medium	16,695		7,840		3,570		990		29,095		28,540
High	1,286		2,589		1,332		189		5,396		4,189
Default	1,034		70		93		64		1,261		957
Total	333,512	$	95,200	$	19,631	$	4,055	$	452,398	$	437,171

All values are in US Dollars.

Real estate secured personal lending

Real estate secured personal lending comprises residential mortgages, and personal loans and lines secured by residential property (HELOC). This portfolio is lower risk compared with other retail portfolios, as we have a first charge on the majority of the properties and a second lien on only a small portion of the portfolio. We use the same lending criteria in the adjudication of both first lien and second lien loans.

Under the Bank Act (Canada), banks are limited to providing residential real estate loans of no more than 80% of the collateral value. An exception is made for mortgage loans with a higher LTV ratio if they are insured by either CMHC or a private mortgage insurer. Mortgage insurance protects banks from the risk of default by the borrower, over the term of the coverage. Mortgage insurers are subject to regulatory capital requirements, which aim to ensure that they are well capitalized. If a private mortgage insurer becomes insolvent, the Government of Canada has, provided certain conditions are met, obligations in respect of policies underwritten by certain insolvent private mortgage insurers as more fully described in the Protection of Residential Mortgage or Hypothecary Insurance Act (PRMHIA). There is a possibility that losses could be incurred in respect of insured mortgages if, among other things, CMHC or the applicable private mortgage insurer denies a claim, or further, if a private mortgage insurer becomes insolvent and either the conditions under the PRMHIA are not met or the Government of Canada denies the claim.

The following disclosures are required by OSFI pursuant to the Guideline B-20 “Residential Mortgage Underwriting Practices and Procedures” (Guideline B-20).

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	60

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Management’s discussion and analysis

The following table provides details on our residential mortgage and HELOC portfolios:

	Residential mortgages<br>(1)<br>(2)								HELOC<br>(3)				Total
$ billions, as at October 31, 2025	Insured				Uninsured				Uninsured				Insured				Uninsured
Ontario<br><br>(4)	$	16.2	10	%	$	138.4	90	%	$	11.3	100	%	$	16.2	10	%	$	149.7	90	%
British Columbia and territories<br><br>(5)		5.0	10			46.1	90			4.1	100			5.0	9			50.2	91
Alberta		8.6	33			17.2	67			1.8	100			8.6	31			19.0	69
Quebec		4.9	19			20.7	81			1.3	100			4.9	18			22.0	82
Central prairie provinces		2.3	35			4.3	65			0.5	100			2.3	32			4.8	68
Atlantic provinces		2.3	26			6.5	74			0.7	100			2.3	24			7.2	76
Canadian portfolio<br><br>(6)(7)		39.3	14			233.2	86			19.7	100			39.3	13			252.9	87
U.S. portfolio<br><br>(6)		–	–			2.8	100			0.1	100			–	–			2.9	100
Other international portfolio<br><br>(6)		–	–			3.4	100			–	–			–	–			3.4	100
Total portfolio	$	39.3	14	%	$	239.4	86	%	$	19.8	100	%	$	39.3	13	%	$	259.2	87	%
October 31, 2024	$	42.3	15	%	$	231.4	85	%	$	19.6	100	%	$	42.3	14	%	$	251.0	86	%
(1)	Balances reflect principal values.
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(2)	As at October 31, 2025, our Canadian condominium mortgages were $44.2 billion (2024: $42.0 billion), of which 15% (2024: 16%) were insured.
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(3)	We did not have any insured HELOCs as at October 31, 2025 and 2024.
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(4)	Includes $7.0 billion (2024: $7.6 billion) of insured residential mortgages, $85.6 billion (2024: $83.2 billion) of uninsured residential mortgages, and $6.7 billion (2024: $6.5 billion) of HELOCs in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).
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(5)	Includes $2.2 billion (2024: $2.4 billion) of insured residential mortgages, $31.3 billion (2024: $30.9 billion) of uninsured residential mortgages, and $2.6 billion (2024: $2.5 billion) of HELOCs in the Greater Vancouver Area (GVA).
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(6)	Geographic location is based on the address of the property.
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(7)	51% (2024: 55%) of insurance on Canadian residential mortgages is provided by CMHC and the remaining by two private Canadian insurers, both rated at least AA (low) by Morningstar DBRS.
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The average LTV ratios (1) for our uninsured residential mortgages and HELOCs originated and acquired during the year are provided in the following table:

For the year ended October 31				2025						2024
	Residential<br>mortgages			HELOC			Residential<br>mortgages			HELOC
Ontario<br>(2)		66	%		67	%		66	%		66	%
British Columbia and territories<br>(3)		63			65			63			63
Alberta		69			72			71			71
Quebec		68			70			68			70
Central prairie provinces		69			73			70			73
Atlantic provinces		66			68			66			68
Canadian portfolio<br>(4)		66			68			66			66
U.S. portfolio<br>(4)		64			53			66			n/m
Other international portfolio<br>(4)		68	%		n/m			72	%		n/m
(1)	LTV ratios for newly originated and acquired residential mortgages and HELOCs are calculated based on weighted average.
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(2)	Average LTV ratios for our uninsured GTA residential mortgages originated during the year were 66% (2024: 67%).
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(3)	Average LTV ratios for our uninsured GVA residential mortgages originated during the year were 63% (2024: 62%).
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(4)	Geographic location is based on the address of the property.
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n/m	Not meaningful.
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The following table provides the average LTV ratios on our total Canadian residential mortgage portfolio:

	Insured			Uninsured
October<br><br><br><br>31, 2025<br><br>(1)(2<br><br>)		59	%		55	%
October 31, 2024<br>(1)(2)		54	%		52	%
(1)	LTV ratios for residential mortgages are calculated based on weighted averages. The house price estimates for October 31, 2025 and 2024 are based on the Forward Sortation Area (FSA) level indices from the Teranet – National Bank National Composite House Price Index (Teranet) as of September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Teranet is an independent estimate of the rate of change in Canadian home prices.
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(2)	Average LTV ratio on our uninsured GTA residential mortgage portfolio was 58% (2024: 53%). Average LTV ratio on our uninsured GVA residential mortgage portfolio was 49% (2024: 45%).
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The tables below summarize the remaining amortization profile of our total Canadian, U.S. and other international residential mortgages. The first table provides the remaining amortization periods based on the minimum contractual payment amounts with the assumption that variable rate mortgages renew at payment amounts that maintain the original amortization schedule. The second table summarizes the remaining amortization profile of our total Canadian, U.S. and other international residential mortgages based upon current customer payment amounts.

Contractual payment basis
	0–5 years			>5–10<br><br>years			>10–15<br><br>years			>15–20<br><br>years			>20–25<br><br>years			>25–30<br><br>years			>30–35<br><br>years			>35 years
Canadian portfolio
October 31, 2025		–	%		1	%		2	%		13	%		41	%		43	%		–	%		–	%
October 31, 2024		–	%		–	%		2	%		12	%		45	%		41	%		–	%		–	%
U.S. portfolio
October 31, 2025		–	%		–	%		–	%		3	%		29	%		68	%		–	%		–	%
October 31, 2024		–	%		–	%		–	%		2	%		15	%		83	%		–	%		–	%
Other international portfolio
October 31, 2025		9	%		12	%		21	%		21	%		22	%		14	%		1	%		–	%
October 31, 2024		7	%		12	%		20	%		21	%		23	%		16	%		1	%		–	%
61	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Current customer payment basis
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	0–5 years			>5–10<br>years			>10–15<br>years			>15–20<br>years			>20–25<br>years			>25–30<br>years			>30–35<br>years			>35 years <br>(1)
Canadian portfolio
October 31, 2025		1	%		3	%		10	%		20	%		32	%		27	%		2	%		5	%
October 31, 2024		1	%		3	%		7	%		17	%		32	%		26	%		3	%		11	%
U.S. portfolio
October 31, 2025		1	%		3	%		8	%		9	%		25	%		54	%		–	%		–	%
October 31, 2024		1	%		3	%		7	%		9	%		14	%		66	%		–	%		–	%
Other international portfolio
October 31, 2025		9	%		13	%		20	%		21	%		22	%		14	%		1	%		–	%
October 31, 2024		7	%		12	%		20	%		21	%		23	%		16	%		1	%		–	%
(1)	Includes variable rate mortgages of $12.8 billion (2024: $28.9 billion), of which nil (2024: $17.6 billion) relates to mortgages in which all of the fixed contractual payments are currently being applied to interest based on the rates in effect at October 31, 2025 and October 31, 2024, respectively, and the terms of the mortgages, with the portion of the contractual interest requirement not met by the payments being added to the principal. Since the amortization profile reflected in this table is based on the current amount of existing contractual payments, it does not reflect that the contractual payment amount is required to be increased at the time of renewal by the amount necessary to reduce the amortization period down to the period in effect at the time the mortgage was originally provided.
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The extended amortization profile is driven by variable rate mortgages with elevated levels of interest rates relative to the rates at the time of origination. The elevated levels of interest rates had no impact on the remaining amortization period for fixed rate mortgages, which are assumed to be renewed at the same or a shorter amortization period.

We stress test our mortgage and HELOC portfolios to determine the potential impact of different economic events. Our stress tests can use variables such as unemployment rates, debt service ratios and housing price changes, to model potential outcomes for a given set of circumstances. The stress testing involves variables that could behave differently in certain situations. Our main tests use economic variables in a similar range or more conservative to historical events when Canada experienced economic downturns. Our results show that in an economic downturn, our capital position would be sufficient to absorb mortgage and HELOC losses.

Credit quality performance

Impaired loans

The following table provides details of our impaired loans and allowance for credit losses:

millions, as at or for the year ended October 31						2025									2024
			Consumer<br>loans			Total			Business and<br>government<br>loans			Consumer<br>loans			Total
Gross impaired loans
Balance at beginning of year	1,628		$	1,286		$	2,914		$	1,956		$	1,034		$	2,990
Classified as impaired during the year	2,050			3,328			5,378			1,848			2,775			4,623
Transferred to performing during the year	(172	)		(506	)		(678	)		(162	)		(475	)		(637	)
Net repayments (1)	(1,067	)		(1,037	)		(2,104	)		(1,139	)		(747	)		(1,886	)
Amounts written off	(409	)		(1,467	)		(1,876	)		(874	)		(1,302	)		(2,176	)
Foreign exchange and other	1			1			2			(1	)		1			–
Balance at end of year	2,031		$	1,605		$	3,636		$	1,628		$	1,286		$	2,914
Allowance for credit losses – impaired loans	491		$	491		$	982		$	392		$	424		$	816
Net impaired loans (2)
Balance at beginning of year	1,236		$	862		$	2,098		$	1,289		$	629		$	1,918
Net change in gross impaired	403			319			722			(328	)		252			(76	)
Net change in allowance	(99	)		(67	)		(166	)		275			(19	)		256
Balance at end of year	1,540		$	1,114		$	2,654		$	1,236		$	862		$	2,098
Net impaired loans as a percentage of net loans and acceptances							0.45	%								0.38	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes disposal of loans.
(2)	Net impaired loans are gross impaired loans net of stage 3 allowance for credit losses.
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Gross impaired loans

As at October 31, 2025, gross impaired loans were $3,636 million, up $722 million from the prior year, primarily due to increases in the telecommunications and cable, capital goods manufacturing, and business services sectors, as well as the Canadian residential mortgages portfolio, partially offset by decreases in the education, health and social services, and agriculture sectors.

53% of gross impaired loans related to Canada, of which the residential mortgages and personal lending portfolios, as well as the real estate and construction, business services, and retail and wholesale sectors accounted for the majority.

26% of gross impaired loans related to the U.S., of which the real estate and construction, capital goods manufacturing, financial institutions, retail and wholesale, and hardware and software sectors accounted for the majority.

The remaining gross impaired loans related to CIBC Caribbean and Europe, of which the telecommunications and cable sector, residential mortgages and personal lending portfolios, as well as the business services, and real estate and construction sectors accounted for the majority.

See the “Supplementary annual financial information” section for additional details on the geographic distribution and industry classification of impaired loans.

Allowance for credit losses – impaired loans

Allowance for credit losses on impaired loans was $982 million, up $166 million from the prior year, primarily due to increases in the telecommunications and cable sector, as well as the Canadian residential mortgages portfolio, partially offset by a decrease in the real estate and construction sector.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	62
Management’s discussion and a<br>naly<br>sis
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Loans contractually past due but not impaired

The following table provides an aging analysis of loans that are not impaired, where repayment of principal or payment of interest is contractually in arrears. Loans less than 30 days past due are excluded as such loans are not generally indicative of the borrowers’ ability to meet their payment obligations.

$ millions, as at October 31	31 to<br>90 days		Over<br>90 days		2025<br>Total		2024<br>Total
Residential mortgages	$	1,239	$	–	$	1,239	$	1,216
Personal		251		–		251		261
Credit card		259		181		440		392
Business and government		327		–		327		226
Total	$	2,076	$	181	$	2,257	$	2,095

During the year, gross interest income that would have been recorded if impaired loans were treated as current was $218 million (2024: $189 million), of which $110 million (2024: $89 million) was in Canada and $108 million (2024: $100 million) was outside Canada. During the year, interest recognized on impaired loans was $138 million (2024: $121 million), and interest recognized on loans before being classified as impaired was $110 million (2024: $126 million), of which $71 million (2024: $77 million) was in Cana da and $39 million (2024: $49 million) was outside Canada.

Exposure to certain countries and regions

The following table provides our exposure to certain countries and regions outside of Canada and the U.S.

Our direct exposures presented in the table below comprise (A) funded – on-balance sheet loans (stated at amortized cost net of stage 3 allowance for credit losses, if any), deposits with banks (stated at amortized cost net of stage 3 allowance for credit losses, if any) and securities (stated at carrying value); (B) unfunded – unutilized credit commitments, letters of credit, and guarantees (stated at notional amount net of stage 3 allowance for credit losses, if any); and (C) derivative MTM receivables (stated at fair value) and repo-style transactions (stated at fair value).

The following table provides a summary of our positions in these regions:

Direct exposures
	Funded								Unfunded						Derivative MTM receivables<br>and repo-style transactions<br>(1)
$ millions, as at October 31, 2025	Corporate		Sovereign		Banks		Total<br>funded<br>(A)		Corporate		Banks		Total<br>unfunded<br>(B)		Corporate		Sovereign		Banks		Net<br>exposure<br>(C)		Total direct<br>exposure<br>(A)+(B)+(C)
U.K.	$	11,560	$	1,011	$	2,610	$	15,181	$	10,298	$	1,297	$	11,595	$	390	$	57	$	595	$	1,042	$	27,818
Europe excluding U.K.<br><br>(2)		10,197		2,632		9,449		22,278		7,845		2,789		10,634		453		91		1,562		2,106		35,018
Caribbean		5,676		2,382		5,169		13,227		2,420		3,623		6,043		51		–		249		300		19,570
Latin America<br><br>(3)		649		22		30		701		598		1		599		3		61		–		64		1,364
Asia		2,834		1,668		1,826		6,328		421		757		1,178		–		441		1,684		2,125		9,631
Oceania<br><br>(4)		6,083		1,235		930		8,248		3,915		242		4,157		33		1		45		79		12,484
Other		189		–		27		216		509		1		510		–		–		4		4		730
Total<br><br>(5)	$	37,188	$	8,950	$	20,041	$	66,179	$	26,006	$	8,710	$	34,716	$	930	$	651	$	4,139	$	5,720	$	106,615
October 31, 2024	$	32,732	$	10,255	$	14,484	$	57,471	$	20,602	$	6,625	$	27,227	$	891	$	911	$	2,607	$	4,409	$	89,107
(1)	The amounts shown are net of CVA and collateral. Collateral on derivative MTM receivables was $8.7 billion (2024: $8.3 billion), collateral on repo-style transactions was $160.3 billion (2024: $112.0 billion), and both comprise cash and investment grade debt securities.
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(2)	Exposures to Russia and Ukraine are de minimis.
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(3)	Includes Mexico, Central America and South America.
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(4)	Includes Australia and New Zealand.
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(5)	Excludes exposure of $6,588 million (2024: $6,419 million) to supranationals (a multinational organization or a political union comprising member nation-states).
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63	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Management’s discussion and analysis

Settlement risk

Settlement risk is the risk that during an agreed concurrent exchange of currency or principal payments, the counterparty will fail to make its payment to CIBC. This risk can arise in general trading activities and from payment and settlement system participation.

Many global settlement systems offer significant risk reduction benefits through complex risk mitigation frameworks. Bilateral payment netting agreements may be put in place to mitigate risk by reducing the aggregate settlement amount between counterparties. Further, we participate in several North American payment and settlement systems, including a global foreign exchange multilateral netting system. We also use financial intermediaries to access some payment and settlement systems, and for certain trades, we may utilize an established clearing house to minimize settlement risk.

Transactions settled outside of payment and settlement systems or clearing houses require approval of credit facilities for counterparties, either as pre-approved settlement risk limits or payment-versus-payment arrangements.

Securitization activities

We engage in three types of securitization activities: we securitize assets that we originate, we securitize assets originated by third parties and we engage in trading activities related to securitized products.

We securitize assets that we originate, from time to time, for balance sheet management purposes including as a way to support our funding programs as well as to transfer our credit risk. This can be done through traditional securitization where CIBC sells bank-originated assets to special purpose entities and retains the first loss exposures with the remaining credit risk transferred to external investors, or through synthetic securitizations where the underlying assets are not transferred to a special purpose entity. In both instances, if a sufficient level of risk has been transferred to third parties in accordance with OSFI’s CAR Guideline and internal standards, we would capitalize the retained part of the exposures, if any, using the securitization framework of OSFI’s CAR Guideline.

Securitization activities relating to assets originated by third parties can include the securitization of those assets through ABCP conduits (or similar programs) that we sponsor (including both consolidated and non-consolidated SEs; see the “Off-balance sheet arrangements” section and Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements for additional details), or through direct exposure to a client-sponsored structured entity. Risks associated with securitization exposures to client-originated assets are mitigated through the transaction structure, which includes credit enhancements. For the transactions where we retain credit risk on the exposures that we hold, we earn interest income on these holdings. For the transactions in the non-consolidated ABCP conduits, we are also exposed to liquidity risk associated with the potential inability to roll over maturing ABCP in the market. We earn fee income for the services that we provide to these ABCP conduits.

We are also involved in the trading of asset-backed securities (ABS) and ABCP to earn income in our role as underwriter and market maker. We are exposed to credit and market risk on the securities that we hold in inventory on a temporary basis until such securities are sold to an investor.

Capital requirements for exposures arising from securitization activities are determined using one of the following approaches: SEC-IRBA,

SEC-ERBA,

SEC-IAA, or SEC-SA.

The SEC-IAA process relies on internal risk ratings and is utilized for securitization exposures relating to ABCP conduits when external ratings are not available for the securitization exposures but the ABCP itself is externally rated. The internal assessment process involves an evaluation of a number of factors, including, but not limited to, pool characteristics, including asset eligibility criteria and concentration limits, transaction triggers, the asset seller’s risk profile, servicing capabilities, and cash flow stress testing. Cash flows are stress-tested based on historical asset performance using our internal cash flow stress testing models by asset type. These models are subject to our model risk mitigation policies and are independently reviewed by the Model Validation team in Risk Management. The stress test factors used to determine the transaction risk profile and required credit enhancement levels are tailored for each asset type and transaction based on the assessment of the factors described above and are done in accordance with our internal risk rating methodologies and guidelines. Internal risk ratings are mapped to equivalent external ratings of external credit assessment institutions (Morningstar DBRS, Fitch, Moody’s and S&P) and are used to determine the appropriate risk weights for capital purposes. Securitization exposures and underlying asset performance are monitored on an ongoing basis. Risk Management serves as a second line of defence providing independent oversight regarding risk rating assumptions and adjudicating on the assignment of the internal risk ratings. SEC-IAA applies to various consumer and corporate/commercial asset types in our ABCP conduits including, but not limited to, auto loans and leases, consumer loans, credit cards, equipment loans and leases, fleet lease receivables, franchise loans, residential mortgages and residential rental equipment.

Internal risk ratings determined for securitization exposures are also used in the estimation of ECL as required under IFRS 9, determining economic capital, and for setting risk limits.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	64

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Management’s discussion and analysis

Market risk

Market risk is the risk of economic and/or financial loss in our trading and non-trading portfolios from adverse changes in underlying market factors, including interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity market prices, commodity prices, credit spreads, and customer behaviour for retail products. Market risk arises in CIBC’s trading and treasury activities, and encompasses all market-related positioning and market-making activity.

The trading portfolio consists of positions in financial instruments and commodities held to meet the near-term needs of our clients.

The non-trading portfolio consists of positions in various currencies that are related to ALM and investment activities.

Governance and management

Market risk is managed through the three lines of defence model. The first line of defence comprises frontline businesses and governance groups that are responsible for managing the market risk associated with their activities.

The second line of defence is Risk Management, which has a dedicated market risk manager for each trading business, supplemented by regional risk managers located in all of our major trading centres, facilitating comprehensive risk coverage, including the measurement, monitoring and control of market risk.

Internal audit is the third line of defence providing reasonable assurance to senior management and the Audit Committee of the Board on the effectiveness of CIBC’s governance practices, risk management processes, and internal control as part of its risk-based audit plan and in accordance with its mandate as described in the Internal Audit Charter.

Senior management reports material risk matters to the GRC and RMC at least quarterly, including material transactions, limit compliance, and portfolio trends.

To ensure that our market risk exposure stays within our risk appetite, we use cash and derivative instruments transactions to hedge our market risk. In certain situations, we may hedge interest rates, credit spread, equity, foreign exchange and commodity risks in non-trading books with trading desks using Internal Risk Transfers (IRT). These IRTs are conducted directly between the non-trading and trading portfolio via IRT desks that have been approved by OSFI. Senior management governs these transactions to ensure they comply with OSFI’s CAR Guidelines on an ongoing basis, with the majority of IRTs being interest rate swaps.

Position and portfolio management is also subject to inventory monitoring via regular reporting and analysis, identifying where portfolios are not turning over on a regular basis, which includes stale positions.

Policies

We have comprehensive policies for the management of market risk. These policies are related to the identification and measurement of various types of market risk, their inclusion in the trading portfolio, and the establishment of limits within which we monitor, manage and report our overall exposures. Our policies also outline the requirements for the construction of valuation models, model review and validation, independent checking of the valuation of positions, the establishment of valuation adjustments, and alignment with accounting policies including MTM and mark-to-model methodologies. Under the Basel III reforms for market risk, commonly known as the FRTB, we have our Risk Trading Book / Banking Book Boundary Procedures and Internal Risk Transfer Trading Procedures, which govern the classification of trading activity and set restrictions on trades crossing the trading book banking book boundary. There are currently no deviations from the presumptive list of instrument classifications, and over the past year, there have been no trading desks that have crossed the boundary.

Trading desk strategies, including hedging strategies, are part of the trading desks operating model and included in each desk’s policies and procedures. The use of VaR, stress testing, and profit and loss monitoring also help identify and monitor the effectiveness of their trading strategies, including hedging performance, and fall under the Trading Credit Risk and Market Risk Management Policies and their supporting standards.

Market risk limits

We have risk tolerance levels, expressed in terms of statistically based VaR measures, potential stress losses, and notional or other limits as appropriate. We use a multi-tiered approach to set limits on the amounts of risk that we can assume in our trading and non-trading activities, as follows:

•	Board limits control consolidated market risk;
•	Management limits control market risk for CIBC overall and are lower than the Board limits to allow for a buffer in the event of extreme market moves and/or extraordinary client needs;
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•	Tier 2 limits control market risk at the business unit level; and
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•	Tier 3 limits control market risk at the <br>sub-business<br> unit or desk level.
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Management limits are established by the CRO, consistent with the risk appetite statement approved by the Board. Tier 2 and Tier 3 limits are approved at levels of management commensurate with the risk assumed.

Process and control

Market risk exposures are monitored daily against approved risk limits, and processes are in place to monitor that only authorized activities are undertaken. We generate daily risk and limit-monitoring reports including intraday limit monitoring for active trading desks, based on the previous day’s positions. Summary market risk and limit compliance reports are produced and reviewed periodically with the GRC and RMC.

Risk measurement

We use the following measures for market risk:

•	VaR enables the meaningful estimation of potential for losses in different businesses and asset classes. VaR is determined by the coherent modelling of VaR for each of interest rate, credit spread, equity, foreign exchange, and commodity, along with the portfolio effect arising from the interrelationship of the different risks (diversification effect):
•	Interest rate risk measures the impact of changes in interest rates and volatilities on cash instruments and derivatives.
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•	Credit spread risk measures the impact of changes in credit spreads of provincial, municipal and agency bonds, sovereign bonds, corporate bonds, securitized products, and credit derivatives such as credit default swaps.
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•	Equity risk measures the impact of changes in equity prices and volatilities.
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•	Foreign exchange risk measures the impact of changes in foreign exchange rates and volatilities.
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•	Commodity risk measures the impact of changes in commodity prices and volatilities, including the basis between related commodities.
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•	Diversification effect reflects the risk reduction achieved across various financial instrument types, asset class, currencies, and regions. The extent of the diversification benefit depends on the correlation between the assets and risk factors in the portfolio at a particular time.
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65	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Management’s discussion and <br>analysis
•	Price, rate and volatility sensitivities measure the change in value of a portfolio in response to a small change in a given underlying market factor, so that component risks may be examined in isolation, and the portfolio rebalanced or hedged accordingly to achieve a desired exposure.
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•	Stressed VaR enables the meaningful estimation of the risks in different businesses and asset classes under stressful conditions. Changes to rates, prices, volatilities, and spreads over a <br>10-day<br> horizon from a stressful historical period are applied to current positions to determine stressed VaR.
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•	Back-testing validates the effectiveness of risk measurement through analysis of observed and theoretical profit and loss outcomes.
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•	Stress testing and scenario analysis provide insight into portfolio behaviour under extreme circumstances.
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•	Market risk capital is calculated under the standardized approach, including a default risk charge and the residual risk <br>add-on,<br> which is a charge for risk factors not captured well under the sensitivities based method.
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The following table provides balances on the consolidated balance sheet that are subject to market risk. Certain differences between accounting and risk classifications are detailed in the footnotes below:

millions, as at October 31									2025											2024
			Subject to market risk											Subject to market risk
			Trading			Non-<br>trading			Not<br>subject to<br>market risk		Consolidated<br>balance<br>sheet			Trading			Non-<br>trading			Not<br>subject to<br>market risk		Non-traded<br> risk<br>primary risk<br>sensitivity
Cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks	12,379		$	–		$	3,138		$	9,241	$	8,565		$	–		$	3,328		$	5,237		Foreign exchange
Interest-bearing deposits with banks	31,624			–			31,624			–		39,499			–			39,499			–		Interest rate
Securities	283,235			123,157			160,078			–		254,345			100,969			153,376			–		Interest rate, equity
Cash collateral on securities borrowed	21,697			–			21,697			–		17,028			–			17,028			–		Interest rate
Securities purchased under resale agreements	86,695			17,651			69,044			–		83,721			24,977			58,744			–		Interest rate
Loans
Residential mortgages	287,033			–			287,033			–		280,672			–			280,672			–		Interest rate
Personal	47,866			–			47,866			–		46,681			–			46,681			–		Interest rate
Credit card	21,581			–			21,581			–		20,551			–			20,551			–		Interest rate
Business and government (1)	237,416			443			236,973			–		214,305			101			214,204			–		Interest rate
Allowance for credit losses	(4,392	)		–			(4,392	)		–		(3,917	)		–			(3,917	)		–		Interest rate
Derivative instruments	38,352			34,030			4,322			–		36,435			33,482			2,953			–		Interest rate,
																							foreign exchange
Other assets	53,452			7,684			27,556			18,212		44,100			3,132			26,055			14,913		Interest rate, equity,
																							foreign exchange
Total assets	1,116,938		$	182,965		$	906,520		$	27,453	$	1,041,985		$	162,661		$	859,174		$	20,150
Deposits	808,124		$	30,543	(2)	$	710,110		$	67,471	$	764,857		$	28,041	(2)	$	673,215		$	63,601		Interest rate
Obligations related to securities sold short	24,244			24,101			143			–		21,642			21,425			217			–		Interest rate
Cash collateral on securities lent	6,031			–			6,031			–		7,997			–			7,997			–		Interest rate
Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements	130,042			–			130,042			–		110,153			–			110,153			–		Interest rate
Derivative instruments	41,411			40,236			1,175			–		40,654			39,115			1,539			–		Interest rate,
																							foreign exchange
Other liabilities (1)	34,854			4,032			16,854			13,968		30,210			3,261			13,808			13,141		Interest rate
Subordinated indebtedness	7,819			–			7,819			–		7,465			–			7,465			–		Interest rate
Total liabilities	1,052,525		$	98,912		$	872,174		$	81,439	$	982,978		$	91,842		$	814,394		$	76,742

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes customers’ liability under acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million) in business and government loans and acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million) in other liabilities. Prior year amounts have been revised to conform to the presentation adopted in 2025.
(2)	Comprises FVO deposits which are considered trading for market risk purposes, including certain deposit notes that have equity risk exposures and are economically hedged by trading books.
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Trading a ctiv ities

We hold positions in traded financial contracts to meet client investment and risk management needs. Trading revenue (net interest income and non-interest income) is generated from these transactions. Trading instruments are recorded at fair value and include debt and equity securities, as well as interest rate, foreign exchange, equity, commodity, and credit derivative products.

Value-at-risk

Our VaR methodology is a statistical technique that measures the potential overnight loss at a 99% confidence level. We use a full revaluation historical simulation methodology to compute VaR and other risk measures.

Although a valuable guide to risk, VaR should always be viewed in the context of its limitations. For example:

•	The use of historical data for estimating future events will not encompass all potential events, particularly those that are extreme in nature.
•	The use of a <br>one-day<br> holding period assumes that all positions can be liquidated, or the risks offset in one day. This may not fully reflect the market risk arising at times of severe illiquidity, when a <br>one-day<br> period may be insufficient to liquidate or hedge all positions fully.
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•	The use of a 99% confidence level does not take into account losses that might occur beyond this level of confidence.
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•	VaR is calculated on the basis of exposures outstanding at the close of business and assumes no management action to mitigate losses.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	66
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Management’s discussion and analysis

The VaR table below presents market risks by type of risk and in aggregate. The risks are interrelated and the diversification effect reflects the reduction of risk due to portfolio effects among the trading positions. Our trading risk exposures to interest rates and credit spreads arise from activities in the global debt and derivative markets, particularly from transactions in the Canadian, U.S. and European markets. The primary instruments are government and corporate debt, and interest rate derivatives. The majority of the trading exposure to foreign exchange risk arises from transactions involving the Canadian dollar, U.S. dollar, Euro, Pound sterling, Australian dollar, Chinese yuan and Japanese yen, whereas the primary risks of losses in equities are in the U.S., Canadian and European markets. Trading exposure to commodities arises primarily from transactions involving North American natural gas, crude oil products, and precious metals.

millions, as at or for the year ended October 31							2025										2024
		Low		As at			Average			High		Low		As at			Average
Interest rate risk	14.2	$	4.1	$	11.8		$	7.9		$	18.7	$	4.6	$	6.3		$	9.2
Credit spread risk	2.9		1.0		1.5			1.7			3.8		1.6		1.9			2.4
Equity risk	15.9		5.0		5.0			9.2			8.4		4.5		6.9			6.0
Foreign exchange risk	3.6		0.5		0.7			1.1			7.3		0.5		0.6			1.3
Commodity risk	9.0		1.1		2.5			3.3			5.2		1.2		1.2			2.8
Diversification effect (1)	n/m		n/m		(12.2	)		(11.8	)		n/m		n/m		(9.4	)		(10.7	)
Total VaR (one-day measure)	16.1	$	6.6	$	9.3		$	11.4		$	18.8	$	5.8	$	7.5		$	11.0

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Total VaR is less than the sum of the VaR of the different market risk types resulting from a portfolio diversification effect.
n/m	Not meaningful. It is not meaningful to compute a diversification effect because the high and low may occur on different days for different risk types.
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Average total VaR for the year ended October 31, 2025 was up $0.4 million from the prior year, driven primarily by changes in the equity derivatives portfolios.

Back-testing

To determine the reliability of the trading VaR model, outcomes are monitored regularly through a back-testing process to test the validity of the assumptions and the parameters used in the trading VaR calculation. The back-testing process includes calculating a hypothetical or static profit and loss and comparing that result with calculated VaR. Static profit and loss represents the change in value of the prior day’s closing portfolio due to each day’s price movements, on the assumption that the portfolio remained unchanged. The back-testing process is conducted on a daily basis at the consolidated CIBC level as well as business lines and individual portfolios.

Static profit and loss in excess of the one-day VaR are investigated. The back-testing process, including the investigation of results, is performed by risk professionals who are independent of those responsible for development of the model.

Based on our back-testing results, we are able to ensure that our VaR model continues to appropriately measure risk.

During the year, there were two negative back-testing breaches of the total VaR measure at the consolidated CIBC level, occurring on May 12 and May 16. These breaches were primarily driven by heightened volatility in the equity and foreign exchange markets following the U.S.-China trade uncertainty.

Trading revenue

Trading revenue comprises both trading net interest income and non-interest income and excludes underwriting fees and commissions. See the “Financial performance overview” section for details.

During the year, trading revenue was positive for 100% of the days, with the largest gain of $31.5 million occurring on January 2, 2025, arising from our fixed income and equity derivatives trading desks. Average daily trading revenue was $10.8 million during the year, compared to $8.6 million during the previous year, primarily due to higher trading revenue in Capital markets. Average daily trading revenue is calculated as the total trading revenue divided by the number of business days in the year.

Frequency distribution of daily 2025 trading revenue

The histogram below presents the frequency distribution of daily trading revenue for 2025.

67	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Management’s discussion and analysis

Trading revenue versus VaR

The trading revenue versus VaR graph below shows the current year’s daily trading revenue against the close of business day VaR measures.

Stress testing and scenario analysis

Stress testing and scenario analysis are designed to add insight into possible outcomes of abnormal market conditions, and to highlight possible concentration of risk within our portfolio.

We measure portfolio valuations under a wide range of extreme moves in market risk factors. Our approach simulates the impact on earnings of extreme market events over varying time horizons. Furthermore, in most cases, the scenarios do not consider risk-mitigating actions to better reflect the reduced market liquidity that typically accompanies such events.

Scenarios are developed by utilizing historical market data sourced from periods of market disruption, or are based on hypothetical impacts of economic events, political events, and natural disasters as hypothesized by economists, business leaders, and risk managers.

Our hypothetical scenarios encompass potential market crises across geographies and are informed from current themes in geopolitics, central bank action and various other macro themes.

Stress testing scenarios are periodically reviewed and amended as necessary to ensure they remain relevant. Under stress limit monitoring, limits are placed on the maximum acceptable loss based on risk appetite in aggregate, at the detailed portfolio level, and for specific asset classes.

Non-trading activities

Structural interest rate risk (SIRR)

SIRR primarily consists of the risk arising due to mismatches in the timing of the repricing of assets and liabilities, which do not arise from trading and trading-related businesses. The objective of SIRR management is to lock in product spreads and deliver stable and predictable net interest income over time, while managing the risk to the economic value of our assets arising from changes in interest rates.

SIRR results from differences in the maturities or repricing dates of assets and liabilities, both on- and off-balance sheet, as well as from embedded optionality in retail products, and other product features that could affect the expected timing of cash flows, such as options to pre-pay loans or redeem term deposits prior to contractual maturity. A number of assumptions affecting cash flows, product repricing and the administration of rates underlie the models used to measure SIRR. The key assumptions pertain to the expected funding profile of mortgage rate commitments, fixed rate loan prepayment behaviour, term deposit redemption behaviour, the treatment of non-maturity deposits and equity. Assumptions rely on empirical data, based on historical client behaviour, balance sheet composition and product pricing with the consideration of possible forward-looking changes. All models and assumptions used to measure SIRR are subject to independent oversight by Risk Management. A variety of cash instruments and derivatives, primarily interest rate swaps, are used to manage these risks.

The Board has oversight of the management of SIRR, approves the risk appetite and the associated SIRR risk limits. GALCO and its subcommittee, the Asset Liability Management Committee, regularly review structural market risk positions and provide senior management oversight.

In addition to Board-approved limits on earnings and economic value exposure, more granular management limits are in place to guide day-to-day management of this risk. The ALM group within Treasury is responsible for the ongoing modelling of structural market risk across the enterprise, with independent oversight and compliance with SIRR policy provided by Risk Management.

ALM activities are designed to manage the effects of potential interest rate movements while balancing the cost of any hedging activities on current net revenue. To monitor and control SIRR, two primary metrics, net interest income (NII) risk and economic value of equity (EVE) risk, are assessed, in addition to stress testing, gap analysis and other market risk metrics. The net interest income sensitivity is a measure of the impact of potential changes in interest rates on the projected 12-month

pre-tax net interest income of the bank’s portfolio of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet positions in response to prescribed parallel interest rate movements with interest rates floored at zero. The EVE sensitivity is a measure of the impact of potential changes in interest rates on the market value of the bank’s assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet positions in response to prescribed parallel interest rate movements with interest rates floored at zero.

The following table shows the potential before-tax impact of an immediate and sustained 100 basis point increase and 100 basis point decrease in interest rates on projected 12-month NII and the EVE for our structural balance sheet, assuming no subsequent hedging management actions or changes in business mix or changes in product margins.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	68

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Management’s discussion and analysis

Structural interest rate sensitivity – measures

millions (pre-tax), as at October 31			2025								2024
					Total			CAD <br>(1)					Total
100 basis point increase in interest rates
Increase (decrease) in net interest income	137				$	163		$	159				$	204
Increase (decrease) in EVE	(1,168	)		)		(1,678	)		(956	)		)		(1,356	)
100 basis point decrease in interest rates
Increase (decrease) in net interest income	(220	)		)		(249	)		(193	)		)		(242	)
Increase (decrease) in EVE	1,025					1,525			829					1,237

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes CAD and other currency exposures.

Foreign exchange risk

Structural foreign exchange risk primarily consists of the risk inherent in: (a) net investments in foreign operations (NIFO) due to changes in foreign exchange rates; and (b) foreign currency denominated RWA and foreign currency denominated capital deductions. This risk, predominantly in U.S. dollars, is managed using derivative hedges and by funding the investments in matching currencies. We actively manage this position to ensure that the potential impact on our capital ratios is within an acceptable tolerance in accordance with the policy approved by the CRO, while giving consideration to the impact on earnings and shareholders’ equity. Structural foreign exchange risk is managed by Treasury under the guidance of GALCO with monitoring and oversight by Risk Management.

A 1% appreciation of the Canadian dollar would reduce our shareholders’ equity as at October 31, 2025 by approximately $224 million (2024: $198 million) on an after-tax basis.

Our non-functional currency denominated earnings are converted into the functional currencies through spot or forward foreign exchange transactions. Typically, there is no significant impact of exchange rate fluctuations on our consolidated statement of income.

Derivatives held for ALM purposes

Where derivatives are held for ALM purposes, and when transactions meet the criteria specified under IFRS, we apply hedge accounting for the risks being hedged, as discussed in Notes 1, 12 and 13 to the consolidated financial statements. Derivative hedges that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment are referred to as economic hedges and are recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statement of income.

Economic hedges for other than FVO financial instruments may lead to income volatility because the hedged items are recorded either on a cost or amortized cost basis or recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet with changes in fair value recognized through other comprehensive income (OCI). This accounting income volatility may not be representative of the overall economic risk.

Equity risk

Non-trading equity risk arises primarily in our strategy and corporate development activities and strategic investments portfolio. The investments comprise public and private equities, investments in limited partnerships, and equity-accounted investments.

The following table provides the amortized cost and fair values of our non-trading equities:

millions, as at October 31	Cost		Fair value
2025	$	979	$	1,020
		144		291
	$	1,123	$	1,311
2024	$	653	$	672
		145		253
	$	798	$	925

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Excludes our equity-accounted joint ventures. See Note 24 to the consolidated financial statements for <br>further<br>details.

Pension risk

We sponsor defined benefit pension plans in a number of jurisdictions. As at October 31, 2025, our consolidated defined benefit pension plans were in a net asset position of $1,641 million, compared with $1,337 million as at October 31, 2024. The change in the net asset position of our pension plans is disclosed in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements.

Our Canadian pension plans represent approximately 92% of our pension plans, the most significant of which is our principal Canadian pension plan (the CIBC Pension Plan). The estimated impact on our Canadian defined benefit obligations of a 100 basis point change in the discount rate is disclosed in Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements.

The MRCC is responsible for sound governance and oversight, and delegates management authority to the Pension Benefits Management Committee (PBMC). An appropriate investment strategy for the CIBC Pension Plan is set through a statement of investment objectives, policies and procedures.

Within Treasury, the Pension Investment Management department is responsible for developing and implementing custom investment strategies to sustainably deliver pension benefits within manageable risk tolerances and capital impacts. Key risks include actuarial risks (such as longevity risk), interest rate risk, currency risk, and market (investment) risk.

A principal risk for the CIBC Pension Plan is interest rate risk, which it manages through its liability-driven investment strategy which includes a combination of physical bonds and a bond overlay program funded through the use of repurchase agreements. The plan also operates a currency overlay strategy, which may use forwards or similar instruments, to manage and mitigate its currency risk. Investment risk is mitigated through a multi-asset portfolio construction process that diversifies across a variety of market risk drivers.

The use of derivatives within the CIBC Pension Plan are permitted for risk management and rebalancing purposes, as well as the ability to enhance returns and are governed by the plan’s derivatives policy.

69	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Management’s discussion and analysis

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk of having insufficient cash or its equivalent in a timely and cost-effective manner to meet financial obligations as they come due. Common sources of liquidity risk inherent in banking services include unanticipated withdrawals of deposits, the inability to replace maturing debt, credit and liquidity commitments, and additional pledging or other collateral requirements.

Our approach to liquidity risk management supports our business strategy, aligns with our risk appetite and adheres to regulatory expectations.

Our management strategies, objectives and practices are regularly reviewed to align with changes to the liquidity environment, including regulatory, business and/or market developments. Liquidity risk remains within CIBC’s risk appetite.

Governance and management

We manage liquidity risk in a manner that enables us to withstand a liquidity stress event without an adverse impact on the viability of our operations. Actual and anticipated cash flows generated from on- and off-balance sheet exposures are routinely measured and monitored to ensure compliance with established limits. We incorporate stress testing into the management and measurement of liquidity risk. Stress test results assist with the development of our liquidity assumptions, identification of potential constraints to funding planning, and contribute to the design of our contingency funding plan.

Liquidity risk is managed using the three lines of defence model, and the ongoing management of liquidity risk is the responsibility of the Treasurer, supported by guidance from GALCO.

The Treasurer is responsible for managing the activities and processes required for measurement and the reporting and monitoring of CIBC’s liquidity risk position as the first line of defence.

The L iqui dity and Non-Trading Market Risk group provides independent oversight of the measurement, monitoring and control of liquidity risk, as the second line of defence.

Internal audit is the third line of defence providing reasonable assurance to senior management and the Audit Committee of the Board on the effectiveness of CIBC’s governance practices, risk management processes, and internal control as part of its risk-based audit plan and in accordance with its mandate as described in the Internal Audit Charter.

The GALCO governs CIBC’s liquidity risk management, ensuring the liquidity risk management methodologies, assumptions, and key metrics are regularly reviewed and aligned with CIBC’s requirements. The Liquidity Risk Management Committee, a subcommittee of GALCO, monitors global liquidity risk and is responsible for ensuring that CIBC’s liquidity risk profile is comprehensively measured and managed in alignment with CIBC’s strategic direction, risk appetite and regulatory requirements.

The RMC provides governance through bi-annual review of CIBC’s liquidity risk management policy, and recommends liquidity risk tolerance to the Board through the risk appetite statement which is reviewed annually.

Policies

Our liquidity risk management policy establishes requirements that enable us to meet anticipated liquidity needs in both normal and stressed conditions by maintaining a sufficient amount of available unencumbered liquid assets and diversified funding sources. Branches and subsidiaries possessing unique liquidity characteristics, due to distinct businesses or jurisdictional requirements, maintain local liquidity practices in alignment with CIBC’s liquidity risk management policy.

Our pledging policy sets out consolidated limits for the pledging of CIBC’s assets across a broad range of financial activities. These limits ensure unencumbered liquid assets are available for liquidity purposes.

We maintain a detailed global contingency funding plan that sets out the strategies for addressing liquidity shortfalls in emergency and unexpected situations, and delineates the requirements necessary to manage a range of stress conditions, establishes lines of responsibility, articulates implementation, defines escalation procedures, and is aligned to CIBC’s risk appetite. In order to reflect CIBC’s organizational complexity, regional and subsidiary contingency funding plans are maintained to respond to liquidity stresses unique to the jurisdictions within which CIBC operates, and support CIBC as an enterprise.

Risk measurement

Our liquidity risk tolerance is defined by our risk appetite statement, which is approved annually by the Board, and forms the basis for the delegation of liquidity risk authority to senior management. We use both regulatory-driven and internally developed liquidity risk metrics to measure our liquidity risk exposure. Internally, our liquidity position is measured using the Liquidity Horizon, which combines contractual and behavioural cash flows to measure the future point in time when projected cumulative cash outflows exceed cash inflows under a combined CIBC-specific and market-wide stress scenario. Expected and potential anticipated inflows and outflows of funds generated from on- and off-balance sheet exposures are measured and monitored on a regular basis to ensure compliance with established limits. These cash flows incorporate both contractual and behavioural on- and off-balance sheet cash flows.

Our liquidity measurement system provides liquidity risk exposure reports that include the calculation of the internal liquidity stress tests and regulatory reporting such as the LCR, NSFR and net cumulative cash flow (NCCF). Our liquidity management also incorporates the monitoring of our unsecured wholesale funding position and funding capacity.

Risk appetite

CIBC’s risk appetite statement ensures prudent management of liquidity risk by outlining qualitative considerations and quantitative metrics including the LCR and Liquidity Horizon. Quantitative metrics are measured and managed to a set of limits approved by Risk Management.

Stress testing

A key component of our liquidity risk management, and complementing our assessments of liquidity risk exposure, is liquidity risk stress testing. Liquidity stress testing involves the application of name-specific and market-wide stress scenarios at varying levels of severity to assess the amount of available liquidity required to satisfy anticipated obligations as they come due. The scenarios model potential liquidity and funding requirements in the event of changes to unsecured wholesale funding and deposit run-off, contingent liquidity utilization, and liquid asset marketability.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	70

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Management’s discussion and analysis

Liquid assets

Available liquid assets include unencumbered cash and marketable securities from on- and off-balance sheet sources, that can be used to access funding in a timely fashion. Encumbered liquid assets, composed of assets pledged as collateral and those assets that are deemed restricted due to legal, operational, or other purposes, are not considered as sources of available liquidity when measuring liquidity risk. The asset mix is supported by concentration monitoring on issuers, tenors and product types to ensure that bank-wide liquid asset portfolios contain a mix of assets that have appropriate liquidity, including in times of stress.

Encumbered and unencumbered liquid assets from on- and off-balance sheet sources are summarized as follows:

millions, as at October 31	Bank owned<br>liquid assets		Securities received<br>as collateral		Total liquid<br>assets		Encumbered<br>liquid assets		Unencumbered<br>liquid assets<br>(1)
2025	$	44,003	$	–	$	44,003	$	285	$	43,718
		188,603		119,484		308,087		167,774		140,313
		7,273		14,675		21,948		11,065		10,883
		72,778		44,189		116,967		76,927		40,040
		31,690		4,053		35,743		23,275		12,468
		20,834		4,616		25,450		10,708		14,742
	$	365,181	$	187,017	$	552,198	$	290,034	$	262,164
2024	$	48,064	$	–	$	48,064	$	560	$	47,504
		178,324		108,499		286,823		146,992		139,831
		6,093		11,328		17,421		3,696		13,725
		58,102		33,424		91,526		54,269		37,257
		35,155		2,038		37,193		20,263		16,930
		16,021		2,849		18,870		8,971		9,899
	$	341,759	$	158,138	$	499,897	$	234,751	$	265,146

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Unencumbered liquid assets are defined as <br>on-balance<br> sheet assets, assets borrowed or purchased under resale agreements, and other <br>off-balance<br> sheet collateral received less encumbered liquid assets.
(2)	Includes cash pledged as collateral for derivatives transactions, select ABS and <br>precious<br>metals.
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The following table summarizes unencumbered liquid assets held by CIBC (parent) and its domestic and foreign subsidiaries:

$ millions, as at October 31	2025		2024
CIBC (parent)	$	171,850	$	185,357
Domestic subsidiaries		16,327		7,882
Foreign subsidiaries		73,987		71,907
Total	$	262,164	$	265,146

Asset haircuts and monetization depth assumptions under a liquidity stress scenario are applied to determine asset liquidity value. Haircuts take into consideration those margins applicable at central banks – such as the Bank of Canada and the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank – historical observations, and securities characteristics including asset type, issuer, credit ratings, currency and remaining term to maturity, as well as available regulatory guidance.

Our encumbered liquid assets increased by $55.3 billion since October 31, 2024, primarily due to an increase in securities financing activities done to fund asset growth. Unencumbered liquid assets decreased by $3.0 billion since October 31, 2024, primarily due to a decrease in cash and fixed income securities held.

Furthermore, we maintain access eligibility to the Bank of Canada’s Emergency Lending Assistance program and the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank’s Discount Window.

Asset encumbrance

In the course of our day-to-day operations, securities and other assets are pledged to secure obligations, participate in clearing and settlement systems and for other collateral management purposes.

The following table provides a summary of our total on- and off-balance sheet encumbered and unencumbered assets:

	Encumbered				Unencumbered				Total assets
millions, as at October 31	Pledged as<br>collateral		Other<br>(1)		Available as<br>collateral		Other<br>(2)
2025	$	–	$	285	$	43,718	$	–	$	44,003
		259,632		6,842		205,978		–		472,452
		–		67,227		23,509		498,760		589,496
		8,132		–		6,492		77,190		91,814
	$	267,764	$	74,354	$	279,697	$	575,950	$	1,197,765
2024	$	–	$	560	$	47,504	$	–	$	48,064
		206,861		7,117		200,712		–		414,690
		–		57,998		26,919		473,369		558,286
		7,067		–		4,195		69,279		80,541
	$	213,928	$	65,675	$	279,330	$	542,648	$	1,101,581

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Includes assets supporting CIBC’s long-term funding activities and assets restricted for legal or other reasons, such as restricted cash.
(2)	Other unencumbered assets are not subject to any restrictions on their use to secure funding or as collateral, however, they are not considered immediately available to existing borrowing programs.
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(3)	Total securities comprise certain <br>on-balance<br> sheet securities, as well as <br>off-balance<br> sheet securities received under resale agreements, secured borrowings transactions, and <br>collateral-for-collateral<br> transactions.
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(4)	Loans included as available as collateral represent the loans underlying National Housing Act mortgage-backed securities and Federal Home Loan Banks eligible loans.
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71	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
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Management’s discussion and analysis

Restrictions on the flow of funds

Our subsidiaries are not subject to significant restrictions that would prevent transfers of funds, dividends or capital distributions. However, certain subsidiaries have different capital and liquidity requirements, established by applicable banking and securities regulators.

We monitor and manage our capital and liquidity requirements across these entities to ensure that resources are used efficiently and entities are in compliance with local regulatory and policy requirements.

Liquidity coverage ratio

The objective of the LCR is to promote short-term resilience of a bank’s liquidity risk profile, ensuring that it has adequate unencumbered high-quality liquid resources to meet its liquidity needs in a 30-day acute stress scenario. Canadian banks are required by OSFI to achieve a minimum LCR value of 100%. We are in compliance with this requirement.

In accordance with the calibration methodology contained in OSFI’s LAR Guideline, we report the LCR to OSFI on a monthly basis. The ratio is calculated as the total of unencumbered HQLA over the total net cash outflows in the next 30 calendar days.

The LCR’s numerator consists of unencumbered HQLA, which follow an OSFI-defined set of eligibility criteria that considers fundamental and market-related characteristics, and the relative ability to operationally monetize assets on a timely basis during a period of stress. Our centrally-managed liquid asset portfolio includes those liquid assets reported in the HQLA, such as central government treasury bills and bonds, central bank deposits and high-rated sovereign, agency, provincial, and corporate securities. Asset eligibility limitations inherent in the LCR metric do not necessarily reflect our internal assessment of our ability to monetize our marketable assets under stress.

The ratio’s denominator reflects net cash outflows expected in the LCR’s stress scenario over the 30-calendar-day period. Expected cash outflows represent LCR-defined withdrawal or draw-down rates applied against outstanding liabilities and off-balance sheet commitments, respectively. Significant contributors to our LCR outflows include business and financial institution deposit run-off, draws on undrawn lines of credit and unsecured debt maturities. Cash outflows are partially offset by cash inflows, which are calculated at OSFI-prescribed LCR inflow rates, and include performing loan repayments and maturing non-HQLA marketable assets.

During a period of financial stress, institutions may use their stock of HQLA, thereby falling below 100%, as maintaining the LCR at 100% under such circumstances could produce undue negative effects on the institution and other market participants.

The LCR is calculated and disclosed using a standard OSFI-prescribed template.

millions, average of the three months ended October 31, 2025	Total unweighted value<br><br>(1)		Total weighted value<br><br>(2)
HQLA
1		n/a	$	200,399
Cash outflows
2	$	231,029		18,010
3		100,387		3,012
4		130,642		14,998
5		250,329		104,154
6		137,665		33,243
7		93,576		51,823
8		19,088		19,088
9		n/a		32,717
10		197,190		41,544
11		22,649		7,818
12		6,152		6,152
13		168,389		27,574
14		4,776		4,290
15		478,548		9,468
16		n/a		210,183
Cash inflows
17		135,812		25,868
18		18,765		9,436
19		22,920		22,920
20	$	177,497	$	58,224
				Total adjusted value
21		n/a	$	200,399
22		n/a	$	151,959
23		n/a		132	%
millions, average of the three months ended July 31, 2025				Total adjusted value
24		n/a	$	200,482
25		n/a	$	157,823
26		n/a		127	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Unweighted inflow and outflow values are calculated as outstanding balances maturing or callable within 30 days of various categories or types of liabilities, <br>off-balance<br> sheet items or contractual receivables.
(2)	Weighted values are calculated after the application of haircuts (for HQLA) and inflow and outflow rates prescribed by OSFI.
---	---
n/a	Not applicable as per the LCR common disclosure template.
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Our average LCR as at October 31, 2025, increased to 132% from 127% in the prior quarter, due to a decrease in net cash outflows from lower non-operational deposits compared to the prior quarter.

Furthermore, we report the LCR to OSFI in multiple currencies, thus measuring the extent of potential currency mismatch under the ratio. CIBC predominantly operates in major currencies with deep and fungible foreign exchange markets.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	72

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Management’s discussion and analysis

Net stable funding ratio (NSFR)

Derived from the BCBS’s Basel III framework and incorporated into OSFI’s LAR Guideline, the NSFR standard aims to promote long-term resilience of the financial sector by requiring banks to maintain a sustainable funding profile in relation to the composition of their assets and off-balance sheet activities. Canadian D-SIBs are required to maintain a minimum NSFR value of 100% on a consolidated bank basis. CIBC is in compliance with this requirement.

In accordance with the calibration methodology contained in OSFI’s LAR Guideline, we report the NSFR to OSFI on a quarterly basis. The ratio is calculated as total available stable funding (ASF) over the total required stable funding (RSF).

The numerator consists of the portion of capital and liabilities considered reliable over a one-year time horizon. The NSFR considers longer-term sources of funding to be more stable than short-term funding and deposits from retail and commercial customers to be behaviourally more stable than wholesale funding of the same maturity. In accordance with our funding strategy, key drivers of our ASF include client deposits supplemented by secured and unsecured wholesale funding, and capital instruments.

The denominator represents the amount of stable funding required based on the OSFI-defined liquidity characteristics and residual maturities of assets and off-balance sheet exposures. The NSFR ascribes varying degrees of RSF such that HQLA and short-term exposures are assumed to have a lower funding requirement than less liquid and longer-term exposures. Our RSF is largely driven by retail, commercial and corporate lending, investments in liquid assets, derivative exposures, and undrawn lines of credit and liquidity.

The ASF and RSF may be adjusted to zero for certain liabilities and assets that are determined to be interdependent if they meet the NSFR-defined criteria, which take into account the purpose, amount, cash flows, tenor and counterparties among other aspects to ensure the institution is acting solely as a pass-through unit for the underlying transactions. We report, where applicable, interdependent assets and liabilities arising from transactions OSFI has designated as eligible for such treatment in the LAR Guideline.

73	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
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The NSFR is calculated and disclosed using an OSFI-prescribed template, which captures the key quantitative information based on liquidity characteristics unique to the NSFR as defined in the LAR Guideline. As a result, amounts presented in the table below may not allow for direct comparison with the annual consolidated financial statements.

	a		b		c		d		e
	Unweighted value by residual maturity
millions, as at October 31, 2025	No<br>maturity		<6 months		6 months<br>to <1 year		>1 year		Weighted<br>value
ASF item
1	$	64,162	$	–	$	–	$	7,325	$	71,487
2		64,162		–		–		7,325		71,487
3		–		–		–		–		–
4		204,661		50,730		20,326		19,017		272,767
5		90,721		21,222		9,885		9,864		125,601
6		113,940		29,508		10,441		9,153		147,166
7		208,085		197,976		68,183		118,862		271,617
8		141,175		4,701		3		–		72,939
9		66,910		193,275		68,180		118,862		198,678
10		–		1,264		966		12,522		–
11		–		95,424<br><br>(1)						11,789
12				9,790<br> <br>(1)
13		–		73,783		125		11,726		11,789
14										627,660
RSF item
15										26,569
16		–		3,123		–		106		1,667
17		127,207		133,365		76,407		342,017		448,941
18		–		19,372		4,869		207		3,627
19		4,309		54,682		7,074		14,336		28,122
20		80,256		23,041		19,263		134,385		203,691
21		–		–		–		–		–
22		18,958		34,448		44,445		182,310		182,919
23		18,958		34,366		44,368		176,590		177,978
24		23,684		1,822		756		10,779		30,582
25		–		1,264		966		12,522		–
26		17,275		87,448<br><br>(1)						48,480
27		6,492								5,518
28				12,964<br><br>(1)						11,019
29				10,555<br><br>(1)						764
30				27<br><br>(1)						1,067
31		10,783		54,376		193		9,333		30,112
32				505,253<br><br>(1)						17,483
33									$	543,140
34										116	%
millions, as at July 31, 2025									Weighted<br>value
35									$	613,114
36									$	532,026
37										115	%
millions, as at October 31, 2024									Weighted<br>value
38									$	579,137
39									$	503,435
40										115	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	No assigned time period per disclosure template design.

Our NSFR as at October 31, 2025, increased to 116% from 115% in the prior quarter, and increased from 115% in 2024, mainly due to an increase in operational deposits and wholesale funding, which was partially offset by a corresponding increase in loans.

CIBC considers the impact of its business decisions on the LCR, NSFR and other liquidity risk metrics that it regularly monitors as part of a robust liquidity risk management function. Variables that can impact the metrics month-over-month include, but are not limited to, items such as wholesale funding activities and maturities, strategic balance sheet initiatives, and transactions and market conditions affecting collateral.

Reporting of the LCR and NSFR is calibrated centrally by Treasury, in conjunction with the SBUs and other functional groups.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	74
Management’s discussion and analysis
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Funding

We fund our operations with client-sourced deposits, supplemented with a wide range of wholesale funding.

Our principal approach aims to fund our consolidated balance sheet with deposits primarily raised from personal and commercial banking channels. We maintain a foundation of relationship-based core deposits, whose stability is regularly evaluated through internally developed statistical assessments.

We routinely access a range of short-term and long-term secured and unsecured funding sources diversified by geography, depositor type, instrument, currency and maturity. We raise long-term funding from existing programs including covered bonds, asset securitizations and unsecured debt.

We continuously evaluate opportunities to diversify into new funding products and investor segments in an effort to maximize funding flexibility and minimize concentration and financing costs. We regularly monitor wholesale funding levels and concentrations to internal limits consistent with our desired liquidity risk profile.

GALCO and RMC review and approve CIBC’s funding plan, which incorporates projected asset and liability growth, funding maturities, and output from our liquidity position forecasting.

The following table provides the contractual maturity profile of our wholesale funding sources at their carrying values:

$ millions, as at October 31, 2025	Less than<br>1 month		1–3<br>months		3–6<br>months		6–12<br>months		Less than<br>1 year total		1–2<br>years		Over<br>2 years		Total
Deposits from banks<br><br>(1)	$	2,605	$	460	$	617	$	2,340	$	6,022	$	–	$	–	$	6,022
Certificates of deposit and commercial paper		14,076		10,783		20,043		30,253		75,155		1,296		–		76,451
Bearer deposit notes and bankers’ acceptances		331		871		4,351		1,284		6,837		–		–		6,837
Senior unsecured medium-term notes<br><br>(2)		–		2,160		4,487		13,079		19,726		20,151		28,624		68,501
Senior unsecured structured notes		–		–		70		46		116		–		70		186
Covered bonds/asset-backed securities
Mortgage securitization<br><br>(3)		–		750		200		951		1,901		2,153		11,198		15,252
Covered bonds		–		2,803		6,762		8,811		18,376		7,761		22,124		48,261
Cards securitization		–		117		–		1,359		1,476		–		989		2,465
Subordinated liabilities		–		–		–		–		–		–		7,819		7,819
Other<br><br>(4)		–		–		–		–		–		–		8		8
Total	$	17,012	$	17,944	$	36,530	$	58,123	$	129,609	$	31,361	$	70,832	$	231,802
Of which:
Secured	$	–	$	3,670	$	6,962	$	11,121	$	21,753	$	9,914	$	34,311	$	65,978
Unsecured		17,012		14,274		29,568		47,002		107,856		21,447		36,521		165,824
Total	$	17,012	$	17,944	$	36,530	$	58,123	$	129,609	$	31,361	$	70,832	$	231,802
October 31, 2024	$	25,956	$	11,157	$	43,907	$	36,822	$	117,842	$	34,558	$	62,917	$	215,317
(1)	Includes <br>non-negotiable<br> term deposits from banks.
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(2)	Includes wholesale funding liabilities which are subject to conversion under <br>bail-in<br> regulations. See the “Capital management” section for additional details.
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(3)	Includes $500 million (2024: $500 million) of HELOC securitization.
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(4)	Includes Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) deposits.
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The following table provides the diversification of CIBC’s wholesale funding by currency:

billions, as at October 31		2025					2024
CAD	49.8		21	%	$	48.8		23	%
	124.2		54			124.3		57
Other	57.8		25			42.2		20
Total	231.8		100	%	$	215.3		100	%

All values are in US Dollars.

We manage liquidity risk in a manner that enables us to withstand severe liquidity stress events. Wholesale funding may present a higher risk of run-off in stress situations, and we maintain significant portfolios of unencumbered liquid assets to mitigate this risk. See the “Liquid assets” section for additional details.

Funding plan

Our funding plan is updated at least quarterly, or in response to material changes in underlying assumptions and business developments. The plan incorporates projected asset and liability growth from our ongoing operations, and the output from our liquidity position forecasting.

Credit ratings

Our access to and cost of wholesale funding are dependent on multiple factors, among them credit ratings provided by rating agencies. Rating agencies’ opinions are based upon internal methodologies, and are subject to change based on factors including, but not limited to, financial strength, competitive position, macroeconomic backdrop and liquidity positioning.

75	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT

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Management’s discussion and analysis

Our credit ratings are summarized in the following table:

As at October 31, 2025	Morningstar<br>DBRS		Fitch		Moody’s		S&P
Deposit/Counterparty<br>(1)		AA		AA		Aa2		A+
Senior debt<br>(2)		AA		AA		Aa2		A+
Bail-in<br> senior debt<br>(3)		AA(L)		AA-		A2		A-
Subordinated indebtedness		A(H)		A		Baa1		A-
Subordinated indebtedness – NVCC<br>(4)		A(L)		A		Baa1		BBB+
Limited recourse capital notes – NVCC<br>(4)(5)		BBB(H)		BBB+		Baa3		BBB-
Preferred shares – NVCC<br>(4)(5)		Pfd-2		BBB+		Baa3		P-2(L)
Short-term debt		R-1(H)		F1+		P-1		A-1
Outlook		Stable		Stable		Stable		Stable
(1)	Morningstar DBRS Long-Term Issuer Rating; Fitch Long-Term Deposit Rating and Derivative Counterparty Rating; Moody’s Long-Term Deposit and Counterparty Risk Assessment Rating; S&P’s Issuer Credit Rating.
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(2)	Includes senior debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 which is not subject to <br>bail-in<br> regulations.
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(3)	Comprises liabilities which are subject to conversion under <br>bail-in<br> regulations. See the “Capital management” section for additional details.
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(4)	Comprises instruments which are treated as NVCC in accordance with OSFI’s CAR Guideline.
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(5)	Morningstar DBRS rating does not apply to limited recourse capital notes and associated preferred shares issued in USD. Fitch rating only applies to limited recourse capital notes and associated preferred shares issued in USD.
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Additional collateral requirements for rating downgrades

We are required to deliver collateral to certain derivative counterparties in the event of a downgrade to our current credit risk rating. The collateral requirement is based on MTM exposure, collateral valuations, and collateral arrangement thresholds, as applicable. The following table presents the additional cumulative collateral requirements for rating downgrades:

$ billions, as at October 31	2025		2024
One-notch<br> downgrade	$	–	$	–
Two-notch<br> downgrade		0.1		0.1
Three-notch downgrade		0.4		0.3

Contractual obligations

Contractual obligations give rise to com mitm ents of future payments affecting our short- and long-term liquidity and capital resource needs. These obligations include financial liabilities, credit and liquidity commitments, and other contractual obligations.

Assets and liabilities

The following table provides the contractual maturity profile of our on-balance sheet assets, liabilities and equity at their carrying values. Contractual analysis is not representative of our liquidity risk exposure, however this information serves to inform our management of liquidity risk, and provide input when modelling a behavioural balance sheet.

$ millions, as at October 31, 2025	Less than<br>1 month		1–3<br>months		3–6<br>months		6–9<br>months		9–12<br>months		1–2<br>years		2–5<br>years		Over<br>5 years		No<br>specified<br>maturity			Total
Assets
Cash and non-interest-bearing deposits with banks<br><br>(1)	$	12,379	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–		$	12,379
Interest-bearing deposits with banks		31,624		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–			31,624
Securities		15,132		7,574		6,635		6,602		6,755		34,882		73,820		55,038		76,797			283,235
Cash collateral on securities borrowed		21,697		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–			21,697
Securities purchased under resale agreements		48,191		16,407		11,948		4,711		1,085		4,322		31		–		–			86,695
Loans
Residential mortgages		5,570		11,306		22,139		18,681		30,614		84,232		104,412		10,079		–			287,033
Personal		1,082		439		960		725		627		705		5,004		5,941		32,383			47,866
Credit card		453		906		1,360		1,360		1,360		5,438		10,704		–		–			21,581
Business and government<br>(2)		5,092		9,057		13,280		17,994		13,736		55,665		87,796		22,994		11,802			237,416
Allowance for credit losses		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		(4,392	)		(4,392	)
Derivative instruments		1,112		7,349		3,399		2,167		1,829		7,110		8,807		6,579		–			38,352
Other assets		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		53,452			53,452
Total assets	$	142,332	$	53,038	$	59,721	$	52,240	$	56,006	$	192,354	$	290,574	$	100,631	$	170,042		$	1,116,938
October 31, 2024<br>(2)	$	130,008	$	45,680	$	57,993	$	52,094	$	61,184	$	186,218	$	260,975	$	101,546	$	146,287		$	1,041,985
Liabilities
Deposits<br>(3)	$	43,722	$	36,883	$	61,945	$	54,413	$	47,718	$	48,626	$	70,730	$	27,856	$	416,231		$	808,124
Obligations related to securities sold short		24,244		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–			24,244
Cash collateral on securities lent		6,031		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–			6,031
Obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements		91,742		32,572		1,060		734		934		–		3,000		–		–			130,042
Derivative instruments		2,924		7,635		4,157		3,136		2,333		6,625		4,787		9,814		–			41,411
Other liabilities<br>(2)		21		43		66		70		69		270		633		808		32,874			34,854
Subordinated indebtedness		–		–		–		–		–		–		33		7,786		–			7,819
Equity		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		64,413			64,413
Total liabilities and equity	$	168,684	$	77,133	$	67,228	$	58,353	$	51,054	$	55,521	$	79,183	$	46,264	$	513,518		$	1,116,938
October 31, 2024<br>(2)	$	188,502	$	48,833	$	75,616	$	49,168	$	46,158	$	55,388	$	73,705	$	39,445	$	465,170		$	1,041,985
(1)	Cash includes interest-bearing demand deposits with the Bank of Canada.
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(2)	Includes customers’ liability under acceptances of $<br>10<br>million (2024: $6 million) in business and government loans and acceptances of $10 million (2024: $6 million) in other liabilities. Prior year amounts have been revised to conform to the presentation adopted in 2025.
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(3)	Comprises $258.1 billion (2024: $252.9 billion) of personal deposits; $523.3 billion (2024: $492.0 billion) of business and government deposits and secured borrowings; and $26.7 billion (2024: $20.0 billion) of bank deposits.
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The changes in the contractual maturity profile were primarily due to the natural migration of maturities and reflect the impact of our regular business activities.

CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	76

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Management’s discussion and analysis

Credit-related commitments

The following table provides the contractual maturity of notional amounts of credit-related commitments. Since a significant portion of commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total of the contractual amounts is not representative of future liquidity requirements.

$ millions, as at October 31, 2025	Less than<br>1 month			1–3<br>months		3–6<br>months		6–9<br>months		9–12<br>months		1–2<br>years		2–5<br>years		Over<br>5 years		No specified<br>maturity <br>(1)		Total
Unutilized credit commitments	$	2,457		$	9,030	$	5,805	$	8,686	$	7,594	$	25,457	$	92,976	$	5,201	$	263,236	$	420,442
Standby and performance letters of credit		7,414			3,579		4,089		5,071		4,229		896		852		228		–		26,358
Backstop liquidity facilities		56			30,347		66		171		185		369		–		–		–		31,194
Documentary and commercial letters of credit		85			38		20		4		1		–		19		–		–		167
Other		2,667	(2)		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		55		2,722
Total	$	12,679		$	42,994	$	9,980	$	13,932	$	12,009	$	26,722	$	93,847	$	5,429	$	263,291	$	480,883
October 31, 2024	$	18,455		$	35,462	$	8,910	$	11,720	$	12,084	$	26,766	$	77,636	$	3,562	$	245,816	$	440,411
(1)	Includes $201.5 billion (2024: $189.6 billion) of personal, home equity and credit card lines, which are unconditionally cancellable at our discretion.
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(2)	Includes forward-dated securities financing trades.
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Other off-balance sheet contractual obligations

The following table provides the contractual maturities of other off-balance sheet contractual obligations affecting our funding needs:

$ millions, as at October 31, 2025	Less than<br>1 month		1–3<br>months		3–6<br>months		6–9<br>months		9–12<br>months		1–2<br>years		2–5<br>years		Over<br>5 years		Total
Purchase obligations<br><br>(1)	$	149	$	241	$	270	$	275	$	232	$	566	$	741	$	229	$	2,703
Investment commitments		–		1		12		–		2		9		46		483		553
Future lease commitments<br><br>(2)		1		4		6		6		7		35		93		421		573
Pension contributions<br><br>(3)		15		30		45		45		45		–		–		–		180
Underwriting commitments		1,045		–		–		–		–		–		–		–		1,045
Total	$	1,210	$	276	$	333	$	326	$	286	$	610	$	880	$	1,133	$	5,054
October 31, 2024<br>(2)	$	607	$	263	$	292	$	321	$	279	$	737	$	850	$	1,203	$	4,552
(1)	Obligations that are legally binding agreements whereby we agree to purchase products or services with specific minimum or baseline quantities defined at fixed, minimum or variable prices over a specified period of time are defined as purchase obligations. Purchase obligations are included through to the termination date specified in the respective agreements, even if the contract is renewable. Many of the purchase agreements for goods and services include clauses that would allow us to cancel the agreement prior to expiration of the contract within a specific notice period. However, the amount above includes our obligations without regard to such termination clauses (unless actual notice of our intention to terminate the agreement has been communicated to the counterparty). The table excludes purchases of debt and equity instruments that settle within standard market time frames.
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(2)	Excludes lease obligations that are accounted for under IFRS 16, which are recognized on the consolidated balance sheet, and operating and tax expenses relating to lease commitments. The table includes lease obligations that are not accounted for under IFRS 16, including those related to future starting lease commitments for which we have not yet recognized a lease liability and <br>right-of-use<br> asset.
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(3)	Includes estimated minimum funding contributions for our funded defined benefit pension plans in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and the Caribbean. Estimated minimum funding contributions are included only for the next annual period as the minimum contributions are affected by various factors, such as market performance and regulatory requirements, and are therefore subject to significant variability.
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Other risks

Strategic risk

Strategic risk is the risk of ineffective or improper implementation of organic and inorganic business strategies. It includes the potential financial loss and impact to resiliency due to the failure of growth initiatives or failure to respond appropriately to changes in the business or industry environments. For additional details on corporate transactions, see the “Top and emerging risks” section.

Oversight of strategic risk is the responsibility of the Group ELT and the Board. At least annually, the CEO outlines the process and presents the strategic business plan to the Board for review and approval. As part of the annual planning process, Risk Management assesses the overall and business unit strategic plans to ensure alignment with our risk appetite. The Board reviews the plan in light of management’s assessment of emerging market trends, the competitive environment, potential risks and other key issues.

One of the tools for measuring, monitoring and controlling strategic risk is attribution of regulatory capital against this risk. Our regulatory capital models include a strategic risk component for those businesses utilizing capital to fund an acq uis ition or a significant organic growth strategy.

Operational risk

Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from people, inadequate or failed internal processes and systems, or from external events. Operational risk is inherent in all CIBC activities and transactions. Failure to manage operational risk can result in direct or indirect financial loss, reputational impact, or regulatory review and penalties. The Operational Risk Management and Operational Resilience Framework (the Framework) sets out the requirements and roles and responsibilities in managing operational risk at CIBC. CIBC’s Integrity and Security Framework is informed by regulatory expectations, including the OSFI Integrity and Security Guideline. Through well-defined principles, robust policies and controls, and continuous monitoring and oversight, we protect CIBC’s reputation, assets, and operations, fostering a resilient and ethical organization that aligns with our risk appetite and regulatory requirements.

Governance and Management

Operational risk is managed through the three lines of defence model and articulated in the Framework. A strong risk culture and communication between the three lines of defence are important characteristics of effective risk management. All three lines of defence, including all team members are accountable for identifying, managing and mitigating operational risk within the approved Operational Risk Appetite. For further details, see the “Management of risk – Risk overview” section.

Global Operational Risk Management (GORM), as part of GOERM, is responsible for oversight of the enterprise-wide operational risk and control environment globally. To effectively discharge its mandate, GORM establishes frameworks, policies, related procedures and guidelines, and develops tools, systems and processes to enable effective identification, measurement, mitigation, monitoring and reporting of operational risks. GORM is also involved in determining the level of operational risk capital in compliance with OSFI’s guidelines. The standardized method requires both financial and operational loss data. The bank’s general ledger is used to capture the financial components (e.g., income, expenses and assets). A dedicated loss data

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Management’s discussion and analysis

application called the Operational Risk System is used to capture the 10-years of operational losses used in the loss component of the calculation. From a governance perspective, the ORRCC, chaired by the Senior Vice-President, GORM, is a forum for senior management, with representation from each of the three lines of defence, to monitor and discuss significant operational risk and control matters. ORRCC is a subcommittee of the GRC. The GRC, chaired by the CRO, is a senior management forum for discussion and oversight of risk appetite, risk profile and risk mitigation strategies.

Operational risk management approach

Information transparency, timely escalation, clear accountability and a robust internal control environment are the principles forming the basis of the Framework, which supports and governs the processes of identifying, measuring, mitigating, monitoring and reporting operational risks. We mitigate operational losses by consistently applying risk-based approaches and employing risk-specific assessment tools. Regular review of our risk governance structure ensures clarity of, and ownership in, key risk areas.

Risk identification

Risk identification includes the process of assessing, understanding and confirming risks, on business unit operations, transactions, change initiatives and emerging risks to ensure operational risks are proactively identified and managed. CIBC’s business lines regularly conduct reviews of operational risks inherent in their products, services or processes and assess ways to mitigate and manage them in alignment with CIBC’s risk appetite. These reviews include using risk and control self-assessments, audit findings, operational risk scenarios, past internal and external loss events, key risk indicators (KRIs) trends, change initiative risk assessments and in-depth risk reviews to form a holistic operational risk profile for the business lines. Under the three lines of defence model, GORM and relevant Control Groups challenge business lines’ risk assessments and mitigation actions.

Risk measurement

Risk measurement is the quantification of operational risks through operational risk capital calculations, internal loss data collection and analysis, and stress testing to understand potential operational risk exposures.

Operational loss is one of the key operational risk metrics informing us of areas of heightened risk. We collect and analyze internal operational loss event data for themes and trends. The occurrence of a material or potential material loss triggers an investigation to determine the root causes of the incident and the effectiveness of existing mitigating controls, as well as the identification of any additional mitigating actions. Additionally, we monitor the external environment for emerging or potential risks to CIBC. The analysis of material operational risk events is performed by the first line of defence and the outputs of the analysis are subject to formal independent challenge by our second line of defence. The analysis of material operational risk events forms one component of our ongoing operational risk reporting to senior management and the Board.

A robust risk measurement practice is in place to quantify operational risk and ensure adequate capital. We use the standardized method to quantify our operational risk exposure in the form of operational risk regulatory capital, as agreed with local regulators.

Risk mitigation

Risk mitigation is the determination of appropriate strategies and development of action plans to address operational risks to ensure residual risks are within the CIBC risk appetite. Our primary tool for mitigating operational risk exposure is a robust internal control environment. Our Control Framework outlines key principles, structure and processes underpinning our approach to managing risks through effective controls. Under our Control Framework, all key controls are subject to ongoing testing and review to ensure they effectively mitigate our operational risk exposures. In addition, our corporate insurance program may afford additional protection from loss. These mitigants also satisfy statutory and regulatory requirements, where applicable. Other risk transfer mechanisms can include approaches such as contractual indemnities in which the third party is responsible for losses. Finally, our global business continuity and broader operational resilience programs are aimed at minimizing impact from severe disruptions to our critical operations.

Risk monitoring and reporting

Risk monitoring and reporting ensures that operational risk issues, including emerging risks, are monitored and communicated to the relevant stakeholders in a timely and transparent manner.

Both forward-looking KRIs as well as backward-looking key performance indicators provide insight into our risk exposure and are used to monitor the main drivers of exposure associated with key operational risks and their adherence to the operational risk appetite. KRIs assist in early detection of potential operational risk events by identifying unfavourable trends and highlighting controls that may not be designed or operating effectively. Business lines are required to identify and implement KRIs for material risk exposures on an ongoing basis. Escalation triggers are used to highlight risk exposures requiring additional attention from senior management and/or the Board. The second line of defence challenges the selection of KRIs and the appropriateness of thresholds.

Our risk monitoring processes support a transparent risk-reporting program, informing both senior management and the Board of our control environment, operational risk exposures, and mitigation strategies. Operational risk practices are continuously enhanced to increase robustness of the operational risk management program for effective and efficient identification, measurement, mitigation, monitoring and reporting of operational risks at CIBC.

Operational risks that may adversely impact CIBC include the following:

Anti-money laundering/anti-terrorist financing

The risk of CIBC’s potential non-conformance with global AML and ATF regulatory requirements and sanctions regulations which may lead to enhanced regulatory scrutiny, regulatory censure (i.e., cease and desist orders) and/or financial loss (i.e., regulatory, criminal or civil penalties and/or forfeiture of assets). See the “Top and emerging risks – Anti-money laundering, anti-terrorist financing and sanctions” section for further details.

Data risk

The risk arising from inadequate management of the data life cycle, which may impair CIBC’s ability to deliver consistent and accurate data. This risk can impact critical activities such as financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and the effectiveness of analytical tools or models that help make informed business decisions. See the “Top and emerging risks – Data and Artificial Intelligence risk” section for further details.

Fraud risk

The risk relating to any intentional act or omission designed to deceive others with a goal of misappropriating property/assets or circumventing regulations, the law or CIBC policies/procedures to achieve financial gain or benefit. These intentional acts can be committed by team members or by external parties (e.g., clients or third parties).

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Management’s discussion and analysis

Information security risk (including cyber security)

The risk to the confidentiality, integrity and availability of CIBC-owned information, and the information entrusted to CIBC by clients, employees, shareholders, business partners, and third parties that if lost, disclosed, accessed, modified, or disrupted/destroyed without authorization, could cause damage to CIBC’s business and its customers. See the “Top and emerging risks – Information and cyber security risk” section for further details.

Technology risk

The risk of financial losses, operational disruptions, or damage to organizational reputation due to compromised availability, stability, resilience, capacity, performance, currency, or integrity of technology. See the “Top and emerging risks – Technology risk” section for further details.

Third-party risk

The potential risk that may arise from relying on a third-party business arrangement between CIBC and another entity, by contract or otherwise. This includes activities that involve outsourced products and services, use of outside consultants, networking arrangements, managed services, services provided by affiliates and subsidiaries, joint ventures, sponsorships, no-fee contracts, and any other arrangement that involves the delivery of business activities, functions or processes to CIBC and/or its clients. See the “Top and emerging risks – Third-party risk” section for further details.

Other operational risks include business interruption risk, conduct and culture risk (see the “Conduct and culture risk” section), financial reporting risk, legal risk (see the “Reputation and legal risks” section), model risk, people risk, privacy risk, project risk, physical security risk, regulatory compliance risk (see the “Regulatory compliance risk” section) and processing and execution risk.

Environmental and social risk

Environmental risk is the risk of financial loss or damage to reputation associated with environmental issues, including but not limited to climate-related issues (see the “Top and emerging risks – Climate risk” section for additional details), whether arising from our credit and investment activities or related to our own operations. Social risk is the potential for negative impact on our financial position, operations, legal and regulatory compliance, or reputation stemming from social considerations associated with CIBC, an activity, transaction, product, client, third party or supplier. These social considerations include, but are not limited to, inclusive banking (for example, accessibility, reconciliation, racial equity), human rights (for example, modern slavery, including forced labour and child labour, human trafficking, freedom of opinion and expression), and social impacts related to climate change.

Governance

CIBC has a Global Environmental and Social Framework, an internal policy document that is an umbrella for CIBC’s policies and procedures that support the operationalization of the bank’s sustainability priorities and related policies, including how environmental and social risks are managed, in addition to outlining the established ESG governance framework. As environmental and social risk management requires a multi-disciplinary approach, these risk factors are considered in our ESG governance framework, which outlines related responsibilities from the Board to executive management and on to those with day-to-day accountability for execution.

CIBC’s Board and its committees provide ongoing oversight of the continued execution of our bank-wide ESG governance framework, with committees playing a distinct, but integrated role. The Corporate Governance Committee (CGC) leads oversight of our ESG strategy (which includes climate strategy) and governance, material public ESG disclosure for alignment with ESG strategy, and stakeholder engagement. In this capacity, the CGC considers external challenges, trends and developments that should be considered in our strategic plans. Other Board committees lead the oversight of specific elements of our sustainability priorities and governance based on mandate, and as it pertains to environmental and social risks; in particular, the RMC reviews and approves key frameworks, policies and limits to identify and control principal risks, as well as overseeing the identification, measurement, monitoring, and mitigation of CIBC’s principal business risks, including climate-related risks. The Audit Committee also has oversight of the establishment and maintenance by management of a system of processes and controls to ensure the integrity, accuracy and reliability of ESG disclosures in the Annual Report, Sustainability Report, and other material ESG disclosure documents.

At the senior management level, our Group ELT is accountable for the progress on CIBC’s sustainability agenda, and the Senior Executive Vice-President and Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) is the executive lead for sustainability across the enterprise, which includes leading our related strategy, sustainability disclosures and our ESG governance framework. In this capacity, the CAO also works closely with our CRO, who has overall responsibility for enterprise risk management. Executive management is also facilitated through CIBC’s Senior Executive ESG Council, which is chaired by the CAO, and has representation from across SBUs and functional groups, facilitating bank-wide input and coordination on strategic sustainability initiatives in response to CIBC’s environmental and social impacts. The CRO chairs the GRC, which provides a forum for discussion of risk appetite, profile, stress testing, and mitigation strategies, including consideration of relevant environmental, climate-related, or social risks.

Our Enterprise Sustainability team, which reports into the CAO, and is led by the Senior Vice-President, Corporate Governance and ESG, works alongside the SBUs, functional groups and subject matter experts across the bank, such as the Environmental Risk Management team within GOERM, to advance CIBC’s sustainability agenda. The Environmental Risk Management team reports to the Executive Vice-President, GOERM, who reports into the CRO, and provides independent oversight of the identification, measurements, monitoring, and management of climate-related risks.

Understanding that environmental and social topics and related risks are evolving, we have regular, two-way engagement with our stakeholders and continuously assess and engage on other environmental and social issues through partnerships and industry initiatives. This helps to ensure that we have a common understanding of this risk area and are prepared to respond.

Risk management

The Global Environmental and Social Framework outlines roles and responsibilities for risk management of environmental and social risks as a shared responsibility between multiple risk management teams including GOERM, Conduct and Culture Risk Management, and Third Party Risk Management, in addition to regional risk management teams.

Within CIBC’s Risk Management function, the GOERM group provides independent oversight of the measurement, monitoring and control of environmental risks. This group is led by the Executive Vice-President, GOERM, who has direct accountability to the CRO for environmental risk oversight. This team works closely with the Enterprise Sustainability team, to ensure that environmental and social risks are integrated into our sustainability priorities, as well as with the SBUs and functional groups to ensure that environmental and social practices are applied to the banking services that we provide to our clients, the relationships we have with our stakeholders, and to the way we manage our facilities.

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Environmental risk, including but not limited to climate-related issues, and social risk are components of reputation and legal risks. These risks are therefore assessed and mitigated according to the policies and related procedures followed for managing reputation and legal risks, including through the Reputation Risk Management Framework, Global Reputation and Legal Risks Policy and business-specific procedures. See the “Reputation and legal risks” section for additional information.

In addition, our Corporate Environmental Policy, which is under the overall management of the Environmental Risk Management team, describes our approach to prudent environmental management, including climate-related issues, and assigns responsibilities for managing our environmental impacts. Our Corporate Environmental Policy states that CIBC will develop, implement and maintain standards and procedures to review, assess and manage the environmental risks inherent in lending and investment activities and seek through such activities to promote sound environmental management practices among those with whom business is conducted. For example, environmental and social evaluations are integrated into our credit risk assessment processes, with standards and procedures in place for all sectors. In addition, environmental and social risk assessments in project finance, project-related corporate loans and bridge loans are required, in accordance with our commitment as a signatory to the Equator Principles (adopted in 2003), which are a voluntary set of guidelines for financial institutions based on the screening criteria from the International Finance Corporation. An escalation process is in place for transactions with the potential to have significant environmental and social risk, with escalation up to the Reputation and Legal Risks Committee for senior executive review, if required.

Some environmental and social risks, such as child labour or other human rights violations, are components of third-party risk management and are identified, assessed, mitigated, monitored and reported as per CIBC’s Third Party Risk Management Policy (see the “Top and emerging risks – Third-party risk” section). We have procedures in place to assess supplier risk and to govern our contracted supplier relationships. Due diligence reviews of new, existing, and prospective suppliers require consideration of applicable sustainability factors in order to mitigate these potential risks within our supply chain as captured in the CIBC Sustainability Report and CIBC on Human Rights: Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking Statement, which are available on our website.

Climate change

Climate risk is integrated into our risk management processes, beginning with our climate-related risk appetite, which is defined based on qualitative and quantitative considerations and reflects our guiding principle of practicing sound risk management, as well as enabling us to address stakeholders’ expectations with respect to climate risk management. Tolerance levels have been implemented into our Risk Appetite Statements regionally and enterprise-wide for relevant SBUs. We continue to evaluate relevant metrics and will include additional quantitative measures to our Risk Appetite Statements, as needed, as climate-related risk management practices evolve and mature.

We are actively identifying and assessing climate-related risks and how they might impact business operations, cause physical damage, disrupt supply chains and affect global economies, and ultimately impact credit and market risk. To do this, we are continuing to develop a suite of tools including carbon risk scoring, heat maps, scenario analysis and measuring financed emissions to give us insights into the risks at a client, sector and portfolio level, as there is not one individual tool that can adequately measure the risks that our clients face due to climate change.

Our carbon risk scoring considers the short, medium and long-term impacts that a corporate or commercial client might face due to climate change such as policy, technology and market shifts. It allows us to score each client on a scale of advanced to poor, referring those clients that score poorly to our High Carbon Score Committee, made up of representatives from the relevant SBUs and risk management, to develop appropriate action plans to mitigate the risk.

Our heat map approach provides a visual representation of the business and government sectors that are vulnerable to climate-related risks. Based on this heat map assessment, we assign a score to each industry and sector within our portfolio based on general exposure to physical and transition risks, allowing us to prioritize sectors with significant exposure to climate change for further in-depth analysis.

Scenario analysis allows us to explore the potential risks and opportunities we face across a range of plausible climate futures, under certain conditions and assumptions. It includes assessing potential financial losses and risk-weighted assets, which could impact capital requirements under each scenario. We will continue refining our climate scenario analysis approach as industry standards and regulations evolve.

These risk management tools provide us with a higher level of granularity to understand how our individual portfolios behave with regard to climate-related risks and where to focus mitigation efforts, as well as informing business decisions towards potential opportunities and areas where we can support our clients. We will continue expanding our knowledge and exploring and assessing climate-related risk impacts as industry standards, the regulatory environment, data quality, tools and our approach mature.

Human rights and codes of conduct

CIBC is committed to respecting and protecting human rights, which means that we do not tolerate any form of modern slavery throughout our business and supply chains.

We are committed to upholding human rights by incorporating global industry practices enterprise-wide, including the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, and promoting a fair, diverse and inclusive work environment. We publicly report in accordance with applicable human rights legislation, including the United Kingdom’s Modern Slavery Act 2015, the Australian Modern Slavery Act 2018, and Canada’s Fighting Against Forced Labour and Child Labour in Supply Chains Act. We comply with all applicable human rights laws and standards in the jurisdictions in which we operate, including those addressing modern slavery, pay equity, employment equity, health and safety, discrimination, and harassment. We expect our team members, clients, suppliers, and other third parties with whom we have a business relationship to share our commitment to respect human rights and to mitigate modern slavery risks. More information can be found in the CIBC on Human Rights: Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking Statement, which is available on our website.

CIBC’s Code of Conduct (Code) is an important reference point in our culture and sets out an integrated framework of key principles, policies, guidelines and processes designed to empower team members to act in a manner consistent with the highest standards of ethical and professional conduct. Our Code is applicable to all team members of CIBC and its wholly owned subsidiaries, except for team members in CIBC Cayman Bank Limited and CIBC Cayman Reinsurance Limited, which have their own codes of conduct to comply with local requirements. Each year, all team members must attest that they have read, understood and continually abide by our Code. We also have mechanisms in place to detect and identify potential violations of our Code, which are reviewed through the appropriate channels, in accordance with applicable laws and CIBC policies, guidelines and processes, to determine outcomes and consequences.

More information on sustainability governance, policy, management and performance can be found in our Sustainability Report, which is available on our website.

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Regulatory compliance risk

Regulatory compliance risk is the risk of CIBC’s potential non-conformance with applicable regulatory requirements.

Our approach to managing and mitigating regulatory compliance risk aligns with CIBC’s Risk Appetite Statement and centers around fostering a robust risk culture. The foundation of this approach is a comprehensive Regulatory Compliance Management (RCM) Framework. The RCM Framework, owned by the Senior Vice-President, Chief Compliance and Privacy Officer and Global Regulatory Affairs, and approved by the RMC, maps regulatory requirements to our internal mitigants (such as policies, procedures, and at least one control) that evidence regulatory compliance.

Our Compliance department is responsible for developing and maintaining a comprehensive RCM Program, including oversight of the RCM Framework. This department operates independently from business management and regularly reports to the RMC.

The primary responsibility for complying with all applicable regulatory requirements rests with senior management of the business and functional groups, and extends to all employees. The Compliance department’s activities support these groups, with a particular focus on regulatory requirements that govern the relationship between CIBC and its clients.

See the “Regulatory developments” section for further details.

Insurance risk

Insurance risk is the risk of loss arising from the obligation to pay out b enef its and expenses on insurance policies in excess of expected amounts. Unfavourable actual experience could emerge due to adverse fluctuations in timing, size and frequency of actual claims (e.g., mortality, morbidity), policyholder behaviour (e.g., cancellation of coverage), or associated expenses.

Insurance contracts provide financial compensation to the beneficiary in the event of an insured risk occurring in exchange for premiums. We are exposed to insurance risk in our insurance business and in our reinsurance business within the respective subsidiaries.

Senior management of the insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries have primary responsibility for managing insurance risk with oversight by Risk Management. The insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries also have their own boards of directors, and an independent Appointed Actuary who provide additional input to risk management oversight. Processes and oversight are in place to manage the risk to our insurance business. Underwriting risk on business assumed is managed through risk policies that limit exposure to an individual life, to certain types of business and to regions.

Our risk governance practices ensure strong independent oversight and control of risk within the insurance businesses. The subsidiaries’ boards outline the internal risk and control structure to manage insurance risk, which includes risk, capital and control policies, processes as well as limits and governance. Senior management of the insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries and Risk Management attend the subsidiaries’ board meetings.

Reputation and legal risks

Our reputation and financial soundness are of fundamental importance to us and to our clients, shareholders, third parties, regulators, team members and communities.

Reputation risk is the risk of negative publicity regarding our business conduct or practices which, whether true or not, could significantly harm our reputation as a leading financial institution, or could materially and adversely affect our business, operations or financial condition.

Legal risk is the risk of financial loss arising from one or more of the following factors: (a) civil, criminal or regulatory enforcement proceedings against us; (b) our failure to correctly document, enforce or comply with contractual obligations; (c) failure to comply with our legal obligations to clients, investors, team members, counterparties or other stakeholders; (d) failure to take appropriate legal measures to protect our assets or security interests; or (e) misconduct by our team members or agents.

All team members at CIBC play an important role in protecting our reputation by ensuring that the highest ethical standards are followed in how we act and what we do. Not only must we act with integrity at all times, we must also ensure that activities being conducted do not pose undue risks to CIBC’s reputation for ethical, sound and responsible business practices. As a result, requirements for the management and oversight of potential reputation risk are integrated throughout our framework of policies and related procedures. These processes include the management of various risks as set out in CIBC’s Risk Appetite Statement, Risk Management Framework and Code of Conduct. Our Reputation Risk Management Framework, Global Reputation and Legal Risks Policy and business-specific procedures outline how we safeguard our reputation through identification, assessment, escalation and mitigation of potential reputation and legal risks. Proactive management of potential reputation and legal risks is a key responsibility of CIBC and all our team members.

Overall governance and oversight of reputation risk is provided by the Board, primarily through the RMC of the Board. Senior management oversight of reputation and legal risks is provided by the Reputation and Legal Risks Committee, which is a subcommittee of GRC and reports its activities regularly to the GRC. Additionally, there are specific senior management committees across the enterprise that provide further oversight to ensure required practices are followed and any material reputation and legal risks are identified, managed, and if required, escalated, effectively.

Conduct and culture risk

Conduct risk is the risk that the actions or omissions (i.e., behaviour) of CIBC, team members or third parties: do not align with our desired culture; deliver poor, inappropriate or unfair outcomes for clients, team members or shareholders; result in adverse market practices and outcomes; impact CIBC’s reputation as a leading financial institution; or materially and adversely affect our business, operations or financial condition.

Culture risk is the risk that the implicit or explicit beliefs, values and norms guiding team members’ behaviours and decision-making could adversely affect CIBC’s strategy, reputation, business or financial condition.

Our Conduct and Culture Risk Framework applies enterprise-wide and outlines the proactive management and oversight of potential conduct and culture risk. Every team member is accountable for the identification and management of conduct and culture risk. The overarching principles and requirements for maintaining appropriate conduct, addressing inappropriate conduct and embedding CIBC’s desired culture are covered in CIBC’s Code and other global, regional and business specific policies, frameworks, processes and procedures. All team members must continually abide by the Code, and CIBC policies, frameworks, processes and procedures in carrying out the accountabilities of their role. Overall governance of conduct and culture risk is provided by the Board and its committees, including the CGC, as well as senior management committees.

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Management’s discussion and analysis

Accounting and control matters

Critical accounting policies and estimates

The consolidated financial statements of CIBC have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). These consolidated financial statements also comply with Section 308(4) of the Bank Act (Canada) and the requirements of OSFI. A summary of material accounting policies is presented in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.

Certain accounting policies require us to make judgments and estimates, some of which relate to matters that are uncertain. In particular, changes in the judgments and estimates related to IFRS 9 can have a significant impact on the level of ECL allowance recognized and period-over-period volatility of the provision for credit losses. Changes in the judgments and estimates required in the critical accounting policies discussed below could have a material impact on our financial results. We have established control procedures to ensure accounting policies are applied consistently and processes for changing methodologies are well controlled.

Use and classification of financial instruments

As a financial institution, our assets and liabilities primarily comprise financial instruments, which include deposits, securities, loans, derivatives, repurchase agreements, and subordinated indebtedness.

We use these financial instruments for both trading and non-trading activities. Trading activities primarily include the purchase and sale of securities and commodities, transacting in foreign exchange and derivative instruments in the course of facilitating client trades and taking proprietary trading positions with the objective of income generation. Non-trading activities generally include the business of lending, investing, funding and ALM.

The use of financial instruments may either introduce or mitigate exposures to market, credit and/or liquidity risks. See the “Management of risk” section for details on how these risks are managed.

Financial instruments are accounted for according to their classification. Judgment is applied in determining the appropriate classification of financial instruments under IFRS 9, in particular as it relates to the assessment of whether debt financial assets meet the solely payment of principal and interest (SPPI) test, and the assessment of the business model used to manage financial assets. For details on the accounting for these instruments under IFRS 9, see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.

Determination of fair value of financial instruments

Under IFRS 9, debt, equity securities and business and government loans measured at FVTPL, obligations related to securities sold short, derivative contracts, FVOCI securities and FVO financial instruments are carried at fair value. FVO financial instruments include certain secured borrowings, obligations related to securities sold under repurchase agreements, structured deposits and business and government deposits. Certain retail mortgage interest rate commitments are also designated as FVO financial instruments.

IFRS 13 defines fair value to be the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability at the measurement date in an orderly arm’s-length transaction between market participants in the principal market under current market conditions (i.e., the exit price). Fair value measurements are categorized into levels within a fair value hierarchy based on the nature of the valuation inputs (Level 1, 2 or 3). We have an established and documented process for determining fair value. Fair value is based on unadjusted quoted prices in an active market for the same instrument, where available (Level 1). If active market prices or quotes are not available for an instrument, fair value is then based on valuation models in which the significant inputs are observable (Level 2) or in which one or more of the significant inputs are non-observable (Level 3). Estimating fair value requires the application of judgment. The type and level of judgment required is largely dependent on the amount of observable market information available. To ensure that valuations are appropriate, a number of policies and controls are in place, including independent validation of valuation inputs to external sources such as exchange quotes, broker quotes or other management-approved independent pricing sources.

For instruments valued using internally developed models that use significant non-observable market inputs and are therefore classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy, the judgment used to estimate fair value is more significant than when estimating the fair value of instruments classified within Levels 1 and 2.

The following table presents amounts, in each category of financial instruments, which are valued using valuation techniques based on Level 3 inputs. For further details on the valuation of and sensitivity associated with Level 3 financial assets and liabilities, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements.

millions, as at October 31		2025					2024
		Total<br><br>(1)			Level 3		Total<br>(1)
Assets
Securities and loans measured at FVTPL	1,099		0.8	%	$	612		0.6	%
Equity securities designated at FVOCI	534		0.6			203		0.3
Derivative instruments	166		0.4			101		0.3
Total	1,799		0.7	%	$	916		0.4	%
Liabilities
Deposits and other liabilities (2)	476		1.1	%	$	416		1.0	%
Derivative instruments	1,143		2.8			1,083		2.7
Total	1,619		1.4	%	$	1,499		1.3	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Represents the percentage of Level 3 assets and liabilities over total assets and liabilities for each reported category that are carried on the consolidated balance sheet at fair value.
(2)	Includes FVO deposits and bifurcated embedded derivatives.
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Management’s discussion and analysis

Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements presents the valuation methods used to determine fair value showing separately those financial instruments that are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet and those that are not.

In order to reflect the observed market practice of pricing collateralized and uncollateralized derivatives, our valuation approach uses overnight indexed swap curves as the discount rate in the valuation of collateralized derivatives and market cost of funding in the valuation of uncollateralized derivatives. The use of a market cost of funds curve reduces the fair value of uncollateralized derivative assets incremental to the reduction in fair value for credit risk already reflected through the CVA. In contrast, the use of a market cost of funds curve reduces the fair value of uncollateralized derivative liabilities in a manner that generally includes adjustments for our own credit. As market practices continue to evolve in regard to derivative valuation, further adjustments may be required in the future.

Fair value adjustments

We apply judgment in establishing valuation adjustments that take into account various factors that may have an impact on the valuation of financial instruments that are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the bid-offer spread, illiquidity due to lack of market depth and other market risks, parameter uncertainty, model risk and credit risk.

The establishment of fair value adjustments involves estimates that are based on accounting processes and judgments by management. We evaluate the adequacy of the fair value adjustments on an ongoing basis. The level of fair value adjustments could change as events warrant and may not reflect ultimate realizable amounts.

As at October 31, 2025, the total valuation adjustments related to financial instruments carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheet was $422 million (2024: $336 million), primarily related to credit risk, bid-offer spreads, and parameter uncertainty of our derivative assets and liabilities, as well as adjustments recognized for valuing our uncollateralized derivative assets and liabilities based on an estimated market cost of funds curve.

Impairment of financial assets

Under IFRS 9, we establish and maintain ECL allowances for all debt instrument financial assets classified as amortized cost or FVOCI. In addition, the ECL allowances apply to loan commitments and financial guarantees that are not measured at FVTPL.

ECL allowances represent credit losses that reflect an unbiased and probability-weighted amount that is determined by evaluating a range of possible outcomes, the time value of money and reasonable and supportable information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. One of the objectives of IFRS 9 is to record lifetime losses on all financial instruments that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since their initial recognition. As a result, ECL allowances are measured at amounts equal to either: (i) 12-month ECL; or (ii) lifetime ECL for those financial instruments that have experienced a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition or when there is objective evidence of impairment.

Key drivers of expected credit loss

The ECL impairment requirements of IFRS 9 require that we make judgments and estimates related to matters that are uncertain. In particular, the ECL requirements of IFRS 9 incorporate the following elements that are subject to a high level of judgment:

•	Determining when a significant increase in credit risk of a loan has occurred;
•	Measuring both <br>12-month<br> and lifetime credit losses; and
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•	Forecasting forward-looking information for multiple scenarios and determining the probability weighting of each scenario.
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In addition, the interrelationship between these elements is also subject to a high degree of judgment. Changes in the judgments and estimates related to IFRS 9 can have a significant impact on the level of ECL allowance recognized and the period-over-period volatility of the provision for credit losses. Changes in a particular period could have a material impact on our financial results. We continue to operate in an uncertain macroeconomic environment. As a result, a heightened level of judgment is required to estimate ECLs. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for more information concerning the high level of judgment inherent in the estimation of ECL allowance under IFRS 9.

Use of the regulatory framework

Our ECL models leverage the data, systems and processes that are used to calculate Basel expected loss regulatory adjustments for the portion of our retail and business and government portfolios under the IRB approach. Significant judgment is applied in leveraging the data and modelling techniques used to calculate Basel risk parameters to meet IFRS 9 requirements, including the conversion of through-the-cycle estimates to the point-in-time parameters used under IFRS 9 that consider forward-looking information. In addition, credit losses under IFRS 9 are 12 months for stage 1 financial instruments and lifetime for stage 2 and stage 3 financial instruments, compared to 12 months for IRB portfolios under Basel. The main differences between Basel risk parameters and IFRS 9 parameters are explained in the table below:

	Regulatory Capital	IFRS 9
PD	Through-the-cycle<br> PD represents <br>long-run<br> average PD throughout a full economic cycle	Point-in-time<br> <br>12-month<br> or lifetime PD based on current conditions and relevant forward-looking assumptions
LGD	Downturn LGD based on losses that would be expected in an economic downturn and subject to certain regulatory floors<br><br><br><br>Discounted using the cost of capital or opportunity cost	Unbiased probability-weighted LGD based on estimated LGD including impact of relevant forward-looking assumptions such as changes in collateral value<br><br><br><br>Discounted using the effective interest rate
EAD	Based on the drawn balance plus expected utilization of any undrawn portion prior to default, and cannot be lower than the drawn balance	Amortization and repayment of principal and interest from the balance sheet date to the default date is also captured
Other		ECL is discounted from the default date to the reporting date

Attribution of provision for credit losses

We recognize provision for credit losses on both impaired (stage 3) and performing (stages 1 and 2) loans in the respective SBUs. Provision for credit losses recognized directly on our consolidated statement of income is in respect to financial instruments classified as loans. Provision for credit losses for FVOCI debt securities and amortized cost securities are recognized in Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, net in the consolidated statement of income.

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Hedge accounting

The IFRS 9 hedge accounting guidance is intended to better align the accounting with risk management activities. However, IFRS 9 allows the existing hedge accounting requirements under IAS 39 to continue in place of the hedge accounting requirements under IFRS 9. As permitted, we previously elected to not adopt the IFRS 9 hedge accounting requirements and instead retained the IAS 39 hedge accounting requirements. As required, we have adopted the hedge accounting disclosure requirements under amendments to IFRS 7 that were effective in 2018.

Securitizations and structured entities

Securitization of our own assets

Under IFRS 10 “Consolidated Financial Statements” (IFRS 10), judgment is exercised in determining whether an investor controls an investee including assessing whether the investor has: (i) power over the investee; (ii) exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and (iii) the ability to affect those returns through its power over the investee. Power may be exercised through voting or similar rights or, in the case of SEs, through contractual arrangements that direct the relevant activities of the investee. When voting rights are not relevant in deciding whether CIBC has power over an entity, particularly for complex SEs, the assessment of control considers all facts and circumstances, including the purpose and design of the investee, its relationship with other parties and each party’s ability to make decisions over significant activities, and whether CIBC is acting as a principal or as an agent.

We sponsor several SEs that have purchased and securitized our own assets including Cards II Trust and HELOCS Trust, which we consolidate under IFRS 10.

We also securitize our own mortgage assets through a government-sponsored securitization program. We sell these securitized assets to a government-sponsored securitization vehicle that we do not consolidate, as well as to other third parties. IFRS 9 provides guidance on when to derecognize financial assets. A financial asset is derecognized when the contractual rights to receive cash flows from the asset have expired, or when we have transferred the rights to receive cash flows from the asset such that:

•	We have transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset; or
•	We have neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but have transferred control of the asset.
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We have determined that our securitization activities related to residential mortgages, cards receivables and HELOCs are accounted for as secured borrowing transactions because we have not met the aforementioned criteria.

Securities lending and repurchase transactions generally do not result in the transfer of substantially all the risks and rewards of the securities and as a result do not result in derecognition of the securities.

Securitization of third-party assets

We also sponsor several SEs that acquire direct or indirect ownership or security interests in pools of financial assets from our clients and finance the acquisitions by issuing ABCP to investors. We consider a number of factors in determining whether CIBC controls these SEs. We monitor the extent to which we support these SEs, through direct investment in the debt issued by the SEs and through the provision of liquidity protection to the other debtholders, to assess whether we should consolidate these entities.

IFRS 10 also requires that we reconsider our consolidation assessment if facts and circumstances relevant to the entities indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control described above. Factors that trigger reassessment include, but are not limited to, significant changes in ownership structure of the entities, changes in contractual or governance arrangements, provision of a liquidity facility beyond the original terms, transactions with the entities that were not contemplated originally and changes in the financing structure of the entities.

Specifically, in relation to our multi-seller conduits, we would reconsider our consolidation assessment if our level of interest in the ABCP issued by the conduits changes significantly, or in the rare event that the liquidity facility that we provide to the conduits is drawn or amended.

A significant increase in our holdings of the outstanding commercial paper issued by the conduits would become more likely in a scenario in which the market for bank-sponsored ABCP suffered a significant deterioration such that the conduits were unable to roll their ABCP.

For additional information on the securitizations of our own assets and third-party assets, see the “Financial condition – Off-balance sheet arrangements” section and Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements.

Leases

As a lessee, we recognize a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability based on the present value of future lease payments, less any lease incentives receivable, when the lessor makes the leased asset available for use to CIBC. We apply judgment in determining the appropriate lease term, which is based on the non-cancellable portion of the lease term, adjusted for any renewal or termination options that are reasonably certain to be exercised. In accounting for the lease, we also determine the appropriate discount rates based on the rate implicit in the lease, if determinable, or on CIBC’s incremental borrowing rate.

As an intermediate lessor for office space, we apply judgment to classify a sublease as an operating or finance sublease based on whether substantially all of the risks and rewards related to the underlying right-of-use asset are transferred to the sub-lessee. If classified as a finance sublease, the related right-of-use asset is derecognized and an investment in sublease is recognized based on the head lease discount rate unless the rate implicit in the sublease is determinable. Where a finance sublease includes lease and non-lease components, we allocate the total consideration in the contract to each component based on our estimation of the stand-alone prices for each of these components. The investment in sublease is subsequently measured using the effective interest rate method, with interest income recognized over the term of the sublease. Rental income from operating subleases is recognized on a systematic basis over the lease term. For finance subleases, we apply similar judgments as to when we are acting as a lessee to determine the appropriate lease term.

We are also lessors in both financing leases and operating leases related to equipment financing activities for our clients. Judgment is applied to classify these leases as a financing lease or as an operating lease based on whether substantially all the risks and rewards related to ownership of the leased asset are transferred to the lessee. In a financing lease, the leased asset is derecognized and a net investment in the lease is recognized, which is initially measured as the present value of the lease payments to be received from the lessee and any unguaranteed residual value we expect to recover at the end of the lease, discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease. The net investment in the financing lease is presented as part of Business and government loans on our consolidated balance sheet.

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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Asset impairment

Goodwill

As at October 31, 2025, we had goodwill of $5,475 million (2024: $5,443 million). Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested, at least annually, for impairment by comparing the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit (CGU) to which goodwill has been allocated, with the carrying amount of the CGU including goodwill. Any deficiency is recognized as impairment of goodwill. The recoverable amount of a CGU is defined as the higher of its estimated fair value less cost to sell and its value in use. Goodwill is also required to be tested for impairment whenever there are indicators that it may be impaired.

Estimation of the recoverable amount is an area of significant judgment. Recoverable amounts are estimated using internally developed models that require the use of significant assumptions including forecasted earnings, discount rates, growth rates, forecasted regulatory capital requirements, and price-earnings multiples. Reductions in the estimated recoverable amount could arise from various factors, such as reductions in forecasted cash flows, an increase in the assumed level of required capital, and any adverse changes to the discount rate or terminal growth rates either in isolation or in any combination thereof. Where our estimated recoverable amount is not significantly in excess of the carrying amount of the CGU, additional judgment is required, and reductions in the recoverable amount are more likely to result in an impairment charge.

In the fourth quarter of 2025, we performed our annual impairment test. We concluded that the recoverable amounts of our CGUs were in excess of their carrying amounts.

For additional information, see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements.

Other intangible assets and long-lived assets

As at October 31, 2025, we had other intangible assets with an indefinite life of $116 million (2024: $116 million) and with a definite life of $154 million (2024: $199 million). Acquired intangible assets are separately recognized if the benefits of the intangible assets are obtained through contractual or other legal rights, or if the intangible assets can be sold, transferred, licensed, rented or exchanged. Determining the useful lives of intangible assets requires judgment and fact-based analysis.

Intangible assets with an indefinite life are not amortized but are assessed for impairment by comparing the recoverable amount to the carrying amount. The recoverable amount is defined as the higher of the estimated fair value less cost to sell and value in use. An impairment test is required at least annually, or whenever there are indicators that these assets may be impaired.

Long-lived assets and other identifiable intangible assets with a definite life are amortized over their estimated useful lives. These assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount is higher than the recoverable amount.

Determining the recoverable amount of intangible assets and long-lived assets is an area of judgment as we estimate the future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and, where appropriate, cash flows arising from the asset’s eventual disposition.

For additional information, see Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements.

Income taxes

We are committed to responsible tax practices. We exercise active tax governance and tax compliance processes in accordance with the statutory obligations of all jurisdictions in which we operate. We seek to manage tax risk to ensure any financial exposure is well understood and remains consistent with our strategy and overall risk appetite.

We are subject to income tax laws in the various jurisdictions where we operate, and the complex tax laws are potentially subject to different interpretations by us and the relevant taxation authority. Management judgment is applied in the interpretation of the relevant tax laws and in estimating the expected timing and amount of the provision for current and deferred income taxes based on an assessment of the relevant factors.

Current tax is calculated using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted as at the reporting date. For Canadian income taxes, substantively enacted is generally interpreted to occur at the point of a third reading in a Canadian Parliament held by a minority government, or the first reading in a Canadian Parliament held by a majority government.

Deferred tax assets or liabilities are determined for each temporary difference based on the tax rates that are expected to be in effect in the period that the assets are realized or the liabilities are settled, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted as at the reporting date.

Deferred tax liabilities are not recognized on taxable temporary differences arising on our NIFOs if they are not expected to reverse in the foreseeable future and we expect to control the timing of reversal. Deferred tax assets are not recognized on deductible temporary differences arising on our NIFOs if they are not expected to reverse in the foreseeable future or it is not probable future taxable profits will be available against which these deductible temporary differences can be utilized.

We assess quarterly the probability that our deferred tax assets will be realized prior to their expiration and determine if any portion of our deferred tax assets should not be recognized.

For further details on our income taxes, see Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements.

Contingent liabilities and provisions

Legal proceedings and other contingencies

In the ordinary course of its business, CIBC is a party to a number of legal proceedings, including regulatory investigations, in which claims for substantial monetary damages are asserted against CIBC and its subsidiaries. Legal provisions are established if, in the opinion of management, it is both probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to resolve the matter, and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. If the reliable estimate of probable loss involves a range of potential outcomes within which a specific amount appears to be a better estimate, that amount is accrued. If no specific amount within the range of potential outcomes appears to be a better estimate than any other amount, the mid-point in the range is accrued. In some instances, however, it is not possible either to determine whether an obligation is probable or to reliably estimate the amount of loss, in which case no accrual can be made.

While there is inherent difficulty in predicting the outcome of legal proceedings, based on current knowledge and in consultation with legal counsel, we do not expect the outcome of these matters, individually or in aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements. However, the outcome of these matters, individually or in aggregate, may be material to our operating results for a particular reporting period. We regularly assess the adequacy of CIBC’s litigation accruals and make the necessary adjustments to incorporate new information as it becomes available.

A description of significant ongoing matters to which CIBC is a party can be found in Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements. The provisions disclosed in Note 21 include accruals for legal matters as at October 31, 2025, including amounts related to the significant legal proceedings described in that note and to other legal matters. Tax examinations and disputes are excluded. Income tax matters are addressed in Note 18 to the consolidated financial statements.

Note 21 also includes information on reasonably possible losses over and above amounts that have been accrued, which are losses that are neither probable, nor remote, for significant legal matters for which an estimate can be made.

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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Post-employment and other long-term benefit plan assumptions

We sponsor a number of benefit plans to eligible employees, including registered and supplemental pension plans, and post-retirement medical and dental plans (other post-employment benefit plans). We also continue to sponsor long-term disability medical and dental benefit plans (collectively, other long-term benefit plans).

The calculation of net defined benefit plan expense and obligations depends on various actuarial assumptions such as discount rates, health-care cost trend rates, turnover of employees, projected salary increases, retirement age and mortality rates. The actuarial assumptions used for determining the net defined benefit plan expense for a fiscal year are set at the beginning of the annual reporting period, are reviewed in accordance with accepted actuarial practice and are approved by management.

The discount rate assumption used in measuring the net defined benefit plan expense and obligations reflects market yields, as of the measurement date, on high-quality debt instruments with a currency and term to maturity that match the currency and expected timing of benefit payments. Our discount rate is estimated by developing a yield curve based on high-quality corporate bonds. While there is a deep market of high-quality corporate bonds denominated in Canadian dollars with short and medium terms to maturity, there is not a deep market in bonds with terms to maturity that match the timing of all the expected benefit payments for all of our Canadian plans. As a result, for our Canadian pension, other post-employment and other long-term benefit plans, we estimate the yields of high-quality corporate bonds with longer-term maturities by extrapolating current yields on bonds with short- and medium-term durations along the yield curve. Judgment is required in constructing the yield curve, and as a result, different methodologies applied in constructing the yield curve can give rise to different discount rates.

For further details of our annual pension and other post-employment expense and obligations, see Note 1 and Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements.

Self-managed loyalty points program

We sponsor certain self-managed credit card loyalty points programs for which we recognize credit card loyalty point liabilities that are subject to periodic remeasurement to reflect the expected cost of redemption as this expectation changes over time. The calculation of the expected cost of redemption requires the use of judgment and depends on various assumptions, including estimation of the cost per point and the long-term redemption rate.

For further details on our self-managed loyalty points programs, see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.

Accounting developments

For details on future accounting policy changes, refer to Note 30 to our consolidated financial statements.

Other regulatory developments

Interest rate benchmark reform

Various interest rate and other indices previously deemed to be “benchmarks”, including the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and Canadian Dollar Offered Rate (CDOR) were the subject of international regulatory guidance and reforms. Consistent with regulatory expectations, we completed the transition of our USD LIBOR referenced contracts to alternative rates as of June 30, 2023, redeemed subordinated debenture liabilities amounting to US$48 million that referenced USD LIBOR by February 28, 2025, and completed the transition of CDOR and bankers’ acceptance based contracts to alternative rates in the third quarter of 2024.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Special Assessment

On November 16, 2023, the FDIC Board of Directors approved the final ruling to implement a special assessment on certain insured U.S. depository institutions to recover the cost associated with protecting uninsured depositors following the closures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank. Our U.S. depository institution, CIBC Bank USA, is subject to this special assessment and recognized a cumulative net pre-tax charge of $103 million (US$77 million) in fiscal 2024 based on our expectations of the total payable amount. The special assessment remains subject to adjustment by the FDIC based on the revised estimated and actual losses incurred from the receivership process.

OSFI Guideline E-23 – Model Risk Management

On September 11, 2025, OSFI published the final Guideline E-23, which sets expectations for FRFIs to manage risks associated with the use of models, which includes traditional actuarial models as well as emerging technologies such as AI and ML. This guideline introduces a principles-based framework that applies to all types of models, regardless of the technology used. It does not prohibit any specific modelling approaches, allowing FRFIs to innovate while maintaining sound risk management practices. FRFIs are expected to implement this guideline from May 2027, following an 18-month transition period, which gives time to assess their current practices, make necessary adjustments, and implement the Guideline effectively.

Related-party transactions

We have various processes in place to ensure that the relevant related-party information is identified and reported to the CGC of the Board on a quarterly basis, as required by the Bank Act (Canada). The CGC has the responsibility for reviewing our policies and practices in identifying transactions with our related parties that may materially affect us, and reviewing the associated procedures for promoting compliance with the Bank Act (Canada).

In the ordinary course of business, we provide banking services and enter into transactions with related parties on terms similar to those offered to unrelated parties. Related parties include key management personnel (1) , their close family members, and entities that they or their close family members control or jointly control. Related parties also include associates and joint ventures accounted for under the equity method, and post-employment benefit plans for CIBC employees. Loans to these related parties are made in the ordinary course of business and on substantially the same terms as for comparable transactions with unrelated parties. We offer a subsidy on annual fees and preferential interest rates on credit card balances to senior officers, which is the same offer extended to all employees of CIBC. In addition, CIBC offers deferred share and other plans to non-employee directors, executives, and certain other key employees. Details of our compensation of key management personnel (1) and our investments in equity-accounted associates and joint ventures are disclosed in Notes 16, 17, 23 and 24 to the consolidated financial statements.

(1)	Key management personnel are defined as those persons having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of CIBC directly or indirectly and comprise the members of the Board (referred to as directors), Group ELT and certain named officers per the <br>Bank Act<br> (Canada) (collectively referred to as senior officers). Board members who are also Group ELT members are included as senior officers.
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Management’s discussion and analysis
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Policy on the Scope of Services of the Shareholders’ Auditor

The “Policy on the Scope of Services of the Shareholders’ Auditor” sets out the parameters for the engagement of the shareholders’ auditor by CIBC that are consistent with applicable law, including the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and SEC rules. The policy requires the Audit Committee’s pre-approval of all work performed by the shareholders’ auditor and prohibits CIBC from engaging the shareholders’ auditor for “prohibited” services. The Audit Committee is accountable for the oversight of the work of the shareholders’ auditor and for an annual assessment of the engagement team’s qualifications, performance and independence, including lead audit partner rotation. The Audit Committee is also responsible for conducting a periodic comprehensive review of the external auditor at least every five years. The Audit Committee’s oversight activities over the shareholders’ auditor are disclosed in our Management Proxy Circular.

Controls and procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures

CIBC’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that relevant information is accumulated and communicated to CIBC’s management, including the President and CEO and the Chief Financial Officer (CFO), to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

CIBC’s management, with the participation of the President and CEO and the CFO, has evaluated the effectiveness of CIBC’s disclosure controls and procedures as at October 31, 2025 (as defined in the rules of the SEC and the CSA). Based on that evaluation, the President and CEO and the CFO have concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting

CIBC’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for CIBC.

Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the President and CEO and the CFO and effected by the Board, management and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB. CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records, that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of CIBC; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB, and that receipts and expenditures of CIBC are being made only in accordance with authorizations of CIBC’s management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of CIBC’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations and may not prevent or detect misstatements on a timely basis. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

CIBC’s management has used the Internal Control – Integrated Framework that was published in 2013 by the COSO as the basis to evaluate the effectiveness of CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting.

As at October 31, 2025, management assessed the effectiveness of CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting and concluded that such internal control was effective.

Ernst & Young LLP, the shareholders’ auditor, has audited the consolidated financial statements of CIBC for the year ended October 31, 2025, and has also issued a report on internal control over financial reporting under standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).

Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There have been no changes in CIBC’s internal control over financial reporting during the year ended October 31, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control.

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Supplementary annual financial information

Average balance sheet, net interest income and margin

	Average balance<br>(1)						Interest						Average rate
millions, for the year ended October 31	2025		2024		2023		2025		2024		2023		2025			2024			2023
Domestic assets (2)
Cash and deposits with banks	$	12,308	$	12,159	$	23,261	$	465	$	774	$	1,265		3.78	%		6.37	%		5.44	%
Securities		130,315		114,317		99,012		5,428		5,473		4,629		4.17			4.79			4.68
Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements		40,434		30,394		30,377		1,827		1,691		1,646		4.52			5.56			5.42
Loans		277,571		269,759		265,871		11,204		12,454		11,236		4.04			4.62			4.23
		44,493		43,476		43,029		3,124		3,638		3,382		7.02			8.37			7.86
		19,912		18,687		16,335		2,804		2,480		2,080		14.08			13.27			12.73
		111,409		103,026		97,113		6,099		6,831		5,888		5.47			6.63			6.06
Total loans		453,385		434,948		422,348		23,231		25,403		22,586		5.12			5.84			5.35
Other interest-bearing assets		6,235		4,699		5,556		293		254		254		4.70			5.41			4.57
Derivative instruments		13,612		14,484		15,569		–		–		–		–			–			–
Customers’ liability under acceptances		11		5,907		11,497		–		–		–		–			–			–
Other non-interest-bearing assets		29,779		21,076		23,779		–		–		–		–			–			–
Total domestic assets		686,079		637,984		631,399		31,244		33,595		30,380		4.55			5.27			4.81
Foreign assets (2)
Cash and deposits with banks		47,411		43,717		36,817		1,917		2,115		1,612		4.04			4.84			4.38
Securities		144,682		125,979		97,449		3,617		4,087		2,712		2.50			3.24			2.78
Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements		70,266		67,679		53,527		3,433		4,120		2,920		4.89			6.09			5.46
Loans		5,850		5,569		5,294		273		267		251		4.67			4.79			4.74
		1,416		1,319		1,335		105		98		65		7.42			7.43			4.87
		169		151		143		36		32		30		21.30			21.19			20.98
		112,737		96,332		94,599		7,940		7,701		6,894		7.04			7.99			7.29
Total loans		120,172		103,371		101,371		8,354		8,098		7,240		6.95			7.83			7.14
Other interest-bearing assets		3,557		2,566		2,480		196		170		155		5.51			6.63			6.25
Derivative instruments		23,176		15,075		16,866		–		–		–		–			–			–
Other non-interest-bearing assets		8,942		8,762		8,212		–		–		–		–			–			–
Total foreign assets		418,206		367,149		316,722		17,517		18,590		14,639		4.19			5.06			4.62
Total assets	$	1,104,285	$	1,005,133	$	948,121	$	48,761	$	52,185	$	45,019		4.42	%		5.19	%		4.75	%
Domestic liabilities (2)
Deposits	$	230,685	$	224,154	$	214,833	$	4,374	$	5,759	$	4,474		1.90	%		2.57	%		2.08	%
		245,886		228,570		232,733		8,896		11,710		11,395		3.62			5.12			4.90
		2,727		1,990		1,219		65		71		35		2.38			3.57			2.87
		54,523		46,278		44,538		2,339		2,554		2,324		4.29			5.52			5.22
Total deposits		533,821		500,992		493,323		15,674		20,094		18,228		2.94			4.01			3.69
Derivative instruments		14,740		17,904		19,507		–		–		–		–			–			–
Acceptances		11		5,913		11,497		–		–		–		–			–			–
Obligations related to securities sold short		17,625		19,526		15,236		451		517		334		2.56			2.65			2.19
Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements		21,696		18,527		22,139		1,036		1,155		1,181		4.78			6.23			5.33
Other liabilities		23,945		17,963		19,159		172		263		292		0.72			1.46			1.52
Subordinated indebtedness		7,957		7,349		6,470		407		505		453		5.11			6.87			7.00
Total domestic liabilities		619,795		588,174		587,331		17,740		22,534		20,488		2.86			3.83			3.49
Foreign liabilities (2)
Deposits		24,497		22,420		19,891		589		635		419		2.40			2.83			2.11
		208,890		189,217		172,446		7,745		8,409		6,871		3.71			4.44			3.98
		24,155		23,951		23,110		833		1,113		932		3.45			4.65			4.03
		5,752		4,515		4,172		269		225		183		4.68			4.98			4.39
Total deposits		263,294		240,103		219,619		9,436		10,382		8,405		3.58			4.32			3.83
Derivative instruments		25,099		18,634		21,133		–		–		–		–			–			–
Obligations related to securities sold short		2,921		2,609		2,524		114		108		74		3.90			4.14			2.93
Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements		124,937		93,953		62,000		5,485		5,179		3,102		4.39			5.51			5.00
Other liabilities		5,657		5,230		4,146		217		282		120		3.84			5.39			2.89
Subordinated indebtedness		–		75		100		–		5		5		–			6.67			5.00
Total foreign liabilities		421,908		360,604		309,522		15,252		15,956		11,706		3.62			4.42			3.78
Total liabilities		1,041,703		948,778		896,853		32,992		38,490		32,194		3.17			4.06			3.59
Shareholders’ equity		62,299		56,116		51,055		–		–		–		–			–			–
Non-controlling interests		283		239		213		–		–		–		–			–			–
Total liabilities and equity	$	1,104,285	$	1,005,133	$	948,121	$	32,992	$	38,490	$	32,194		2.99	%		3.83	%		3.40	%
Net interest income and net interest margin (3)							$	15,769	$	13,695	$	12,825		1.43	%		1.36	%		1.35	%
Additional disclosures: Non-interest-bearing deposit liabilities
Domestic	$	83,597	$	78,749	$	83,530
Foreign		21,198		19,779		22,990

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.
(2)	Classification as domestic or foreign is based on domicile of debtor or customer.
---	---
(3)	Net interest income as a percentage of average assets.
---	---
CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	88
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Volume/rate analysis of changes in net interest income

millions	2025/2024									2024/2023
	Increase (decrease) due to change in:									Increase (decrease) due to change in:
	Average<br>balance			Average<br>rate			Total			Average<br>balance			Average<br>rate			Total
Domestic assets (1)
Cash and deposits with banks	$	9		$	(318	)	$	(309	)	$	(604	)	$	113		$	(491	)
Securities		766			(811	)		(45	)		716			128			844
Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements		559			(423	)		136			1			44			45
Loans		361			(1,611	)		(1,250	)		164			1,054			1,218
		85			(599	)		(514	)		35			221			256
		163			161			324			299			101			400
		556			(1,288	)		(732	)		359			584			943
Total loans		1,165			(3,337	)		(2,172	)		857			1,960			2,817
Other interest-bearing assets		83			(44	)		39			(39	)		39			–
Change in domestic interest income		2,582			(4,933	)		(2,351	)		931			2,284			3,215
Foreign assets (1)
Cash and deposits with banks		179			(377	)		(198	)		302			201			503
Securities		607			(1,077	)		(470	)		794			581			1,375
Securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements		157			(844	)		(687	)		772			428			1,200
Loans		13			(7	)		6			13			3			16
		7			–			7			(1	)		34			33
		4			–			4			2			–			2
		1,311			(1,072	)		239			126			681			807
Total loans		1,335			(1,079	)		256			140			718			858
Other interest-bearing assets		66			(40	)		26			5			10			15
Change in foreign interest income		2,344			(3,417	)		(1,073	)		2,013			1,938			3,951
Total change in interest income	$	4,926		$	(8,350	)	$	(3,424	)	$	2,944		$	4,222		$	7,166
Domestic liabilities (1)
Deposits	$	168		$	(1,553	)	$	(1,385	)	$	194		$	1,091		$	1,285
		887			(3,701	)		(2,814	)		(204	)		519			315
		26			(32	)		(6	)		22			14			36
		455			(670	)		(215	)		91			139			230
Total deposits		1,536			(5,956	)		(4,420	)		103			1,763			1,866
Obligations related to securities sold short		(50	)		(16	)		(66	)		94			89			183
Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements		198			(317	)		(119	)		(193	)		167			(26	)
Other liabilities		88			(179	)		(91	)		(18	)		(11	)		(29	)
Subordinated indebtedness		42			(140	)		(98	)		62			(10	)		52
Change in domestic interest expense		1,814			(6,608	)		(4,794	)		48			1,998			2,046
Foreign liabilities (1)
Deposits		59			(105	)		(46	)		53			163			216
		874			(1,538	)		(664	)		668			870			1,538
		9			(289	)		(280	)		34			147			181
		62			(18	)		44			15			27			42
Total deposits		1,004			(1,950	)		(946	)		770			1,207			1,977
Obligations related to securities sold short		13			(7	)		6			2			32			34
Obligations related to securities lent or sold under repurchase agreements		1,708			(1,402	)		306			1,599			478			2,077
Other liabilities		23			(88	)		(65	)		31			131			162
Subordinated indebtedness		(5	)		–			(5	)		(1	)		1			–
Change in foreign interest expense		2,743			(3,447	)		(704	)		2,401			1,849			4,250
Total change in interest expense	$	4,557		$	(10,055	)	$	(5,498	)	$	2,449		$	3,847		$	6,296
Change in total net interest income	$	369		$	1,705		$	2,074		$	495		$	375		$	870

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	Classification as domestic or foreign is based on domicile of debtor or customer.
89	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Analysis of net loans and acceptances

	Canada<br>(1)						U.S.<br>(1)						Other<br>(1)						Total
$ millions, as at October 31	2025			2024			2025			2024			2025			2024			2025			2024
Residential mortgages	$	280,521		$	274,371		$	2,862		$	2,810		$	3,076		$	3,042		$	286,459		$	280,223
Personal		45,288			44,412			621			522			801			805			46,710			45,739
Credit card		20,428			19,457			28			28			183			164			20,639			19,649
Total net consumer loans		346,237			338,240			3,511			3,360			4,060			4,011			353,808			345,611
Non-residential<br> mortgages		5,574			5,042			–			–			191			246			5,765			5,288
Financial institutions		17,637			15,019			36,161			25,382			6,798			6,124			60,596			46,525
Retail and wholesale		9,971			9,638			3,535			2,999			701			843			14,207			13,480
Business services		9,621			9,873			6,235			6,145			2,380			2,271			18,236			18,289
Manufacturing – capital goods		2,152			2,007			2,713			2,591			76			42			4,941			4,640
Manufacturing – consumer goods		5,770			5,646			1,686			1,618			246			239			7,702			7,503
Real estate and construction		32,483			31,070			22,997			22,504			1,364			1,367			56,844			54,941
Agriculture		8,987			8,206			155			122			49			41			9,191			8,369
Oil and gas		2,312			2,302			1,154			1,316			-			39			3,466			3,657
Mining		933			1,331			381			71			1,234			968			2,548			2,370
Forest products		663			506			205			151			-			–			868			657
Hardware and software		1,120			1,048			4,839			3,829			1,128			747			7,087			5,624
Telecommunications and cable		849			723			1,923			1,315			976			566			3,748			2,604
Publishing, printing and broadcasting		171			250			329			387			53			68			553			705
Transportation		3,165			3,160			2,659			2,329			2,270			2,173			8,094			7,662
Utilities		4,610			6,312			7,450			5,638			5,264			4,955			17,324			16,905
Education, health and social services		4,252			4,117			6,498			5,908			92			298			10,842			10,323
Governments		2,403			2,217			441			289			2,069			1,865			4,913			4,371
Stage 1 and 2 allowance for credit losses<br>(2)(3)		(362	)		(307	)		(797	)		(858	)		(70	)		(67	)		(1,229	)		(1,232	)
Total net business and government loans, including acceptances		112,311			108,160			98,564			81,736			24,821			22,785			235,696			212,681
Total net loans and acceptances	$	458,548		$	446,400		$	102,075		$	85,096		$	28,881		$	26,796		$	589,504		$	558,292
(1)	Classification by country is primarily based on domicile of debtor or customer.
---	---
(2)	Stage 3 allowance for credit losses is allocated to business and government loans, including acceptances, by category above.
---	---
(3)	Includes the allocation of Stage 1 and 2 allowance for credit losses based on the geographic location where they are recorded.
---	---

Summary of allowance for credit losses

$ millions, as at or for the year ended October 31	2025			2024
Balance at beginning of year	$	4,114		$	4,117
Provision for credit losses		2,342			2,001
Write-offs
Residential mortgages		12			18
Personal		571			545
Credit card		884			739
Business and government		409			874
Total write-offs		1,876			2,176
Recoveries
Residential mortgages		6			7
Personal		74			62
Credit card		152			126
Business and government		54			77
Total recoveries		286			272
Net write-offs		1,590			1,904
Interest income on impaired loans		(138	)		(121	)
Foreign exchange and other		11			21
Balance at end of year	$	4,739		$	4,114
Comprises:
Loans	$	4,392		$	3,917
Undrawn credit facilities and other <br>off-balance<br> sheet exposures		347			197
Ratio of net write-offs during the year to average loans outstanding during the year
Residential mortgages		–	%		–	%
Personal		1.08			1.08
Credit card		3.65			3.25
Business and government		0.16			0.40
CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	90
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Net loans and acceptances by geographic location

(1)

$ millions, as at October 31	2025			2024
Canada
Atlantic provinces	$	17,353		$	16,885
Quebec		50,017			45,892
Ontario		250,824			243,890
Prairie provinces		16,296			16,009
Alberta, Northwest Territories and Nunavut		48,495			49,068
British Columbia and Yukon		78,034			76,762
Stage 1 and 2 allowance for credit losses allocated to Canada<br>(2)(3)		(2,471	)		(2,106	)
Total Canada		458,548			446,400
U.S.<br>(2)(3)		102,075			85,096
Other countries<br>(2)(3)		28,881			26,796
Total net loans and acceptances	$	589,504		$	558,292
(1)	Classification by country is primarily based on domicile of debtor or customer.
---	---
(2)	Includes the allocation of Stage 1 and 2 allowance for credit losses based on the geographic location where they are recorded.
---	---
(3)	For Canada, Stage 3 allowance for credit losses is allocated to provinces above, including acceptances. For U.S. and Other countries, amounts are net of Stage 3 allowances for credit losses.
---	---

Loans and acceptances interest rate sensitivity

millions, as at October 31						2025									2024
		Fixed rate		Non-rate<br><br>sensitive		Total			Floating		Fixed rate		Non-rate<br><br>sensitive		Total
Loans
Residential mortgages	111,527	$	175,506	$	–	$	287,033		$	88,696	$	191,976	$	–	$	280,672
Personal	38,109		9,757		–		47,866			37,450		9,231		–		46,681
Credit card	–		–		21,581		21,581			–		–		20,551		20,551
Business and government	220,697		16,413		306		237,416			200,093		13,933		279		214,305
Gross loans	370,333		201,676		21,887		593,896			326,239		215,140		20,830		562,209
Allowance for credit losses							(4,392	)								(3,917	)
Net loans						$	589,504								$	558,292

All values are in US Dollars.

91	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Net impaired loans

	Canada<br>(1)				U.S.<br>(1)				Other<br>(1)					Total
$ millions, as at October 31	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025		2024			2025		2024
Gross impaired loans
Residential mortgages	$	1,080	$	770	$	17	$	20	$	218	$	204		$	1,315	$	994
Personal		242		247		10		11		38		34			290		292
Total gross impaired consumer loans		1,322		1,017		27		31		256		238			1,605		1,286
Non-residential<br> mortgages		12		32		–		–		5		14			17		46
Financial institutions		44		27		95		86		–		–			139		113
Retail, wholesale and business services		179		115		74		69		65		56			318		240
Manufacturing – consumer and capital goods		95		28		125		141		–		3			220		172
Real estate and construction		167		152		470		543		46		26			683		721
Agriculture		29		90		–		–		–		–			29		90
Resource-based industries		63		64		15		–		–		–			78		64
Telecommunications, media and technology		6		3		85		56		374		–			465		59
Transportation		10		9		–		2		1		2			11		13
Utilities		–		–		28		–		–		–			28		–
Other		13		18		30		92		–		–			43		110
Total gross impaired – business and government loans		618		538		922		989		491		101			2,031		1,628
Total gross impaired loans		1,940		1,555		949		1,020		747		339			3,636		2,914
Other past due loans<br>(2)		178		158		–		–		3		3			181		161
Total gross impaired and other past due loans		2,118		1,713		949		1,020		750		342			3,817		3,075
Allowance for credit losses
Residential mortgages		202		120		6		7		98		107			306		234
Personal		154		160		3		5		28		25			185		190
Total allowance – consumer loans		356		280		9		12		126		132			491		424
Non-residential<br> mortgages		4		–		–		–		1		7			5		7
Financial institutions		18		14		8		12		–		2			26		28
Retail, wholesale and business services		69		74		22		25		28		19			119		118
Manufacturing – consumer and capital goods		45		12		8		15		–		1			53		28
Real estate and construction		42		21		30		104		23		15			95		140
Agriculture		15		17		–		–		–		–			15		17
Resource-based industries		44		36		–		–		–		–			44		36
Telecommunications, media and technology		2		1		3		4		109		–			114		5
Transportation		1		2		–		–		1		1			2		3
Utilities		–		–		14		–		–		–			14		–
Other		4		6		–		4		–		–			4		10
Total allowance – business and government loans		244		183		85		164		162		45			491		392
Total allowance for credit losses		600		463		94		176		288		177			982		816
Net impaired loans
Residential mortgages		878		650		11		13		120		97			1,009		760
Personal		88		87		7		6		10		9			105		102
Total net impaired consumer loans		966		737		18		19		130		106			1,114		862
Non-residential<br> mortgages		8		32		–		–		4		7			12		39
Financial institutions		26		13		87		74		–		(2	)		113		85
Retail, wholesale and business services		110		41		52		44		37		37			199		122
Manufacturing – consumer and capital goods		50		16		117		126		–		2			167		144
Real estate and construction		125		131		440		439		23		11			588		581
Agriculture		14		73		–		–		–		–			14		73
Resource-based industries		19		28		15		–		–		–			34		28
Telecommunications, media and technology		4		2		82		52		265		–			351		54
Transportation		9		7		–		2		–		1			9		10
Utilities		–		–		14		–		–		–			14		–
Other		9		12		30		88		–		–			39		100
Total net impaired – business and government loans		374		355		837		825		329		56			1,540		1,236
Total net impaired loans	$	1,340	$	1,092	$	855	$	844	$	459	$	162		$	2,654	$	2,098
(1)	Classification by country is primarily based on domicile of debtor or customer.
---	---
(2)	Represents loans where repayment of principal or payment of interest is contractually in arrears between 90 and 180 days.
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CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT	92
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Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Deposits

	Average balance<br>(1)				Interest				Rate
$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025		2024		2025		2024		2025			2024
Deposits in domestic bank offices<br><br>(2)
Payable on demand
Personal	$	11,904	$	11,132	$	9	$	8		0.08	%		0.07	%
Business and government		71,550		68,152		1,765		2,131		2.47			3.13
Bank		14,425		12,658		399		475		2.77			3.75
Payable after notice
Personal		130,095		117,556		1,114		1,328		0.86			1.13
Business and government		91,536		79,210		2,974		4,006		3.25			5.06
Bank		942		447		31		22		3.29			4.92
Payable on a fixed date
Personal		95,142		101,461		3,414		4,616		3.59			4.55
Business and government		157,591		150,813		6,795		8,551		4.31			5.67
Bank		3,298		3,640		127		186		3.85			5.11
Secured borrowings		54,523		46,278		2,339		2,554		4.29			5.52
Total domestic		631,006		591,347		18,967		23,877		3.01			4.04
Deposits in foreign bank offices
Payable on demand
Personal		2,497		2,342		2		2		0.08			0.09
Business and government		33,693		28,842		620		575		1.84			1.99
Bank		14		38		1		3		7.14			7.89
Payable after notice
Personal		10,288		9,421		215		240		2.09			2.55
Business and government		25,735		22,926		1,050		1,114		4.08			4.86
Payable on a fixed date
Personal		5,256		4,662		209		200		3.98			4.29
Business and government		74,671		67,844		3,437		3,742		4.60			5.52
Bank		8,203		9,158		340		498		4.14			5.44
Secured borrowings		5,752		4,515		269		225		4.68			4.98
Total foreign		166,109		149,748		6,143		6,599		3.70			4.41
Total deposits	$	797,115	$	741,095	$	25,110	$	30,476		3.15	%		4.11 %
(1)	Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.
---	---
(2)	Deposits by foreign depositors in our domestic bank offices amounted to $97.8 billion (2024: $90.7 billion).
---	---

Fees paid to the shareholders’ auditor

$ millions, for the year ended October 31	2025		2024
Audit fees<br>(1)	$	31.7	$	28.8
Audit-related fees<br>(2)		4.5		3.3
Tax fees<br>(3)		2.8		2.1
All other fees<br>(4)		0.2		0.7
Total	$	39.2	$	34.9
(1)	For the audit of CIBC’s annual financial statements and the audit of certain of our subsidiaries, as well as other services normally provided by the principal auditor in connection with CIBC’s statutory and regulatory filings. Audit fees also include the audit of internal control over financial reporting under the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).
---	---
(2)	For the assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the performance of the audit or review of CIBC’s consolidated financial statements, including accounting consultation, various agreed upon procedures and assurance reports and translation of financial reports.
---	---
(3)	For tax compliance and advisory services.
---	---
(4)	Includes fees for <br>non-audit<br> services.
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93	CIBC <br>2025<br> ANNUAL REPORT
---	---
Management’s discussion and analysis
---

Glossary

Allowance for credit losses

Under International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 9, allowance for credit losses represents 12 months of expected credit losses (ECL) for instruments that have not been subject to a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, while allowance for credit losses represents lifetime ECL for instruments that have been subject to a significant increase in credit risk, including impaired instruments. ECL allowances for loans and acceptances are included in Allowance for credit losses on the consolidated balance sheet. ECL allowances for fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) debt securities are included as a component of the carrying value of the securities, which are measured at fair value. ECL allowances for other financial assets are included in the carrying value of the instrument. ECL allowances for guarantees and loan commitments are included in Other liabilities.

Allowance for credit losses are adjusted for provisions for (reversals of) credit losses and are reduced by write-offs, net of recoveries.

Amortized cost

The amount at which a financial asset or financial liability is measured at initial recognition minus repayments, plus or minus any unamortized origination date premiums or discounts, plus or minus any basis adjustments resulting from a fair value hedge, and minus any reduction for impairment (directly or through the use of an allowance account). The amount of a financial asset or liability measured at initial recognition is the cost of the financial asset or liability including capitalized transaction costs and deferred fees.

Assets under administration (AUA)

Assets administered by CIBC that are beneficially owned by clients and are, therefore, not reported on the consolidated balance sheet. The services provided by CIBC are of an administrative nature, such as safekeeping of securities, client reporting and record keeping, collection of investment income, and the settlement of purchase and sale transactions. In addition, assets under management (AUM) amounts are included in the amounts reported under AUA.

Assets under management (AUM)

Assets managed by CIBC that are beneficially owned by clients and are, therefore, not reported on the consolidated balance sheet. The service provided in respect of these assets is discretionary portfolio management on behalf of the clients.

Average balances

Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.

Average interest-earning assets

Average interest-earning assets include interest-bearing deposits with banks, interest-bearing demand deposits with the Bank of Canada, securities, cash collateral on securities borrowed or securities purchased under resale agreements, loans net of allowance for credit losses, and certain sublease-related assets. Average balances are calculated as a weighted average of daily closing balances.

Average trading interest-earning assets

Average trading interest-earning assets are average interest-earning assets related to trading activities.

Basis point

One-hundredth of a percentage point (0.01%).

Collateral

Assets pledged to secure loans or other obligations, which are forfeited if the obligations are not repaid.

Common share book value

Common shareholders’ equity divided by the number of common shares issued and outstanding at end of period.

Common shareholders’ equity

Common shareholders’ equity includes common shares, contributed surplus, retained earnings and accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI).

Credit derivatives

A category of financial instruments that allow one party (the beneficiary) to separate and transfer the credit risk of nonpayment or partial payment of an underlying financial instrument to another party (the guarantor).

Credit valuation adjustment (CVA)

A valuation adjustment that is required to be considered in measuring fair value of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives to recognize the risk that any given derivative counterparty may not ultimately be able to fulfill its obligations. In assessing the net counterparty credit risk (CCR) exposure, we take into account credit mitigants such as collateral, master netting arrangements, and settlements through clearing houses.

Current replacement cost

The estimated cost of replacing an asset at the present time according to its current worth.

Derivatives

A financial contract that derives its value from the performance of an underlying instrument, index or financial rate.

Dividend payout ratio

Common share dividends paid as a percentage of net income after preferred share dividends, premium on preferred share redemptions, and distributions on other equity instruments.

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Dividend yield

Dividends per common share divided by the closing common share price.

Effective interest rate method

A method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset or financial liability and of allocating the interest income or interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument or, when appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or financial liability.

Efficiency ratio

Non-interest expenses as a percentage of total revenue (net interest income and non-interest income).

Exchange-traded derivative contracts

Standardized derivative contracts (e.g., futures contracts and options) that are transacted on an organized exchange and cleared through a central clearing house, and are generally subject to standard margin requirements.

Fair value

The price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, between market participants in an orderly transaction in the principal market at the measurement date under current market conditions.

Forward contracts

A non-standardized contract to buy or sell a specified asset at a specified price and specified date in the future.

Forward rate agreement

An OTC forward contract that determines an interest rate to be paid or received commencing on a specified date in the future for a specified period.

Full-time equivalent employees

A measure that normalizes the number of full-time and part-time employees, base salary plus commissioned employees, and 100% commissioned employees into equivalent full-time units based on actual hours of paid work during a given period, for individuals whose compensation is included in the Employee compensation and benefits line on the consolidated statement of income.

Futures

A standardized contract to buy or sell a specified commodity, currency or financial instrument of standardized quantity and quality at a specific price and date in the future. Futures contracts are traded on an exchange.

Guarantees and standby letters of credit

Primarily represent CIBC’s obligation, subject to certain conditions, to make payments to third parties on behalf of clients, if these clients cannot make those payments, or are unable to meet other specified contractual obligations.

Hedge

A transaction intended to offset potential losses/gains that may be incurred in a transaction or portfolio.

Loan loss ratio

The ratio is calculated as the provision for credit losses on impaired loans to average loans and acceptances, net of allowance for credit losses.

Mark-to-market

The fair value (as defined above) at which an asset can be sold or a liability can be transferred.

Net interest income

The difference between interest earned on assets (such as loans and securities) and interest incurred on liabilities (such as deposits and subordinated indebtedness).

Net interest margin

Net interest income as a percentage of average assets.

Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets

Net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.

Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets (excluding trading)

Net interest margin on average interest-earning assets (excluding trading) is computed using total net interest income minus trading net interest income, excluding the taxable equivalent basis (TEB) adjustment included therein, divided by total average interest-earning assets excluding average trading interest-earning assets.

Normal course issuer bid (NCIB)

Involves a listed company buying its own shares for cancellation through a stock exchange or other published market, from time to time, and is subject to the various rules of the exchanges and securities commissions.

Notional amount

Principal amount or face amount of a financial contract used for the calculation of payments made on that contract.

Off-balance sheet financial instruments

A financial contract that is based mainly on a notional amount and represents a contingent asset or liability of an institution. Such instruments include credit-related arrangements.

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Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI)

OSFI supervises and regulates all banks, all federally incorporated or registered trust and loan companies, insurance companies, cooperative credit associations, fraternal benefit societies, and federal pension plans in Canada.

Operating leverage

Operating leverage is the difference between the year-over-year percentage change in revenue and year-over-year percentage change in non-interest expenses.

Options

A financial contract under which the writer (seller) confers the right, but not the obligation, to the purchaser to either buy (call option) or sell (put option) a specified amount of an underlying asset or instrument at a specified price either at or by a specified date.

Provision for (reversal of) credit losses

An amount charged or credited to income to adjust the allowance for credit losses to the appropriate level, for both performing and impaired financial assets. Provision for (reversal of) credit losses for loans and acceptances and related off-balance sheet loan commitments is included in the Provision for (reversal of) credit losses line on the consolidated statement of income. Provision for (reversal of) credit losses for debt securities measured at FVOCI or amortized cost is included in Gains (losses) from debt securities measured at FVOCI and amortized cost, net.

Return on average assets or average interest-earning assets

Net income expressed as a percentage of average assets or average interest-earning assets.

Return on common shareholders’ equity

Net income attributable to common equity shareholders expressed as a percentage of average common shareholders’ equity.

Securities borrowed

Securities are typically borrowed to cover short positions. Borrowing requires the pledging of collateral by the borrower to the lender. The collateral may be cash or a highly rated security.

Securities lent

Securities are typically lent to a borrower to cover their short positions. Borrowing requires the pledging of collateral by the borrower to the lender. The collateral provided may be cash or a highly rated security.

Securities purchased under resale agreements

A transaction where a security is purchased by the buyer and, at the same time, the buyer commits to resell the security to the original seller at a specific price and date in the future.

Securities sold short

A transaction in which the seller sells securities that it does not own. Initially the seller typically borrows the securities in order to deliver them to the purchaser. At a later date, the seller buys identical securities in the market to replace the borrowed securities.

Securities sold under repurchase agreements

A transaction where a security is sold by the seller and, at the same time, the seller commits to repurchase the security from the original purchaser at a specific price and date in the future.

Structured entities (SEs)

Entities that have been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when any voting rights relate to administrative tasks only and the relevant activities are directed by means of contractual arrangements.

Swap contracts

A financial contract in which counterparties exchange a series of cash flows based on a specified notional amount over a specified period.

Taxable equivalent basis (TEB)

The gross-up of tax-exempt revenue on certain securities to a TEB. There is an equivalent offsetting adjustment to the income tax expense. Commencing in the third quarter of 2024, TEB reporting was no longer applicable to certain dividends received on or after January 1, 2024.

Total shareholder return (TSR)

The total return earned on an investment in CIBC’s common shares. The return measures the change in shareholder value, assuming dividends paid are reinvested in additional shares.

Trading activities and trading net interest income

Trading activities include those that meet the risk definition of trading for regulatory capital and trading market risk management purposes as defined in the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book (FRTB) rules under the Basel III reforms for market risk that became effective on November 1, 2023 and in accordance with OSFI’s Capital Adequacy Requirements (CAR) Guideline. Trading net interest income is net interest income related to trading activities.

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Risk and capital glossary

Advanced internal ratings-based (AIRB) approach for credit risk

Version of the internal ratings-based (IRB) approach to credit risk where institutions provide their own estimates of probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD) and exposure at default (EAD), and their own calculation of effective maturity, subject to meeting minimum standards. AIRB is not permitted for some exposure categories.

Asset/liability management (ALM)

The practice of managing risks that arise from mismatches between the repricing of assets and liabilities, mainly in the non-trading areas of the bank. Techniques are used to manage the relative duration of CIBC’s assets (such as loans) and liabilities (such as deposits), in order to minimize the adverse impact of changes in interest rates.

Bail-in eligible liabilities

Bail-in eligible liabilities include long-term (i.e., original maturity over 400 days), unsecured senior debt issued on or after September 23, 2018 that is tradable and transferrable, and any preferred shares and subordinated debt that are not considered non-viability contingent capital (NVCC). Consumer deposits, secured liabilities (including covered bonds), certain financial contracts (including derivatives) and certain structured notes are not bail-in eligible.

Bank exposures

All direct credit risk exposures to deposit-taking institutions and regulated securities firms, and exposures guaranteed by those entities.

Business and government portfolio

A category of exposures that includes lending to businesses and governments, where the primary basis of adjudication relies on the determination and assignment of an appropriate risk rating that reflects the credit risk of the exposure.

Central counterparty (CCP)

A clearing house that interposes itself between counterparties to clear contracts traded in one or more financial markets, becoming the buyer to every seller and the seller to every buyer and thereby ensuring the future performance of open contracts.

Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1), Tier 1 and Total capital ratios

CET1, Tier 1 and total regulatory capital, divided by RWA, as defined by OSFI’s CAR Guideline, which is based on Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) standards.

Comprehensive approach for securities financing transactions

A framework for the measurement of CCR with respect to securities financing transactions, which utilizes a volatility-adjusted collateral value to reduce the amount of the exposure.

Corporate exposures

All direct credit risk exposures to corporations, partnerships and proprietorships, and exposures guaranteed by those entities.

Credit risk

The risk of financial loss due to a borrower or counterparty failing to meet its obligations in accordance with contractual terms.

Drawn exposure

The amount of credit risk exposure resulting from loans and other receivables advanced to the customer.

Economic capital

Economic capital is a non-GAAP risk measure based upon an internal estimate of equity capital required by the businesses to absorb unexpected losses consistent with our targeted risk rating over a one-year horizon. Economic capital comprises primarily credit, market, operational and strategic risk capital.

Exposure at default (EAD)

An estimate of the amount of exposure to a customer at the event of, and at the time of, default.

Foundation internal ratings-based (FIRB) approach for credit risk

Version of the IRB approach to credit risk where institutions provide their own estimates of PD and their own calculation of effective maturity and rely on prescribed supervisory estimates for other risk components such as LGD and EAD. FIRB methodology must be used for some exposure categories.

Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process (ICAAP)

A framework and process, as defined by Pillar II of the Basel Accord, designed to provide a comprehensive and ongoing assessment of capital adequacy. Through ICAAP, CIBC identifies, measures, and manages all material risks to ensure that sufficient capital is available to support its risk profile and business strategy.

Internal model method (IMM) for counterparty credit risk (CCR)

Models, which have been developed by CIBC and approved by OSFI, for the measurement of CCR with respect to OTC derivatives.

Internal models approach (IMA) for market risk

Models, which have been developed by CIBC and approved by OSFI, for the measurement of risk and regulatory capital in the trading portfolio for general market risk, debt specific risk and equity specific risk.

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Internal ratings-based (IRB) approach for credit risk

Approach to determining credit risk capital requirements based on risk components such as PD, LGD, EAD and effective maturity.

Internal ratings-based approach for securitization exposures

This approach comprises two calculation methods available for securitization exposures that require OSFI approval: the Internal Ratings-Based Approach (SEC-IRBA) is available to the banks approved to use the IRB approach for underlying exposures securitized and the Internal Assessment Approach (SEC-IAA) is available for certain securitization exposures extended to asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) programs.

Leverage ratio

Defined as Tier 1 capital divided by the leverage ratio exposure determined in accordance with guidelines issued by OSFI, which are based on BCBS standards.

Leverage ratio exposure

The leverage ratio exposure is defined under the OSFI rules as on-balance sheet assets (unweighted) less Tier 1 capital regulatory adjustments plus derivative exposures, securities financing transaction exposures with a limited form of netting under certain conditions, and other off-balance sheet exposures (such as commitments, direct credit substitutes, undrawn credit card exposures, securitization exposures and unsettled trades).

Liquidity coverage ratio (LCR)

Derived from the BCBS’s Basel III framework and incorporated into OSFI’s Liquidity Adequacy Requirements (LAR) Guideline, the LCR is a liquidity standard that aims to ensure that an institution has an adequate stock of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) that consists of cash or assets that can be converted into cash at little or no loss of value in private markets, to meet its liquidity needs for a 30-calendar-day liquidity stress scenario.

Liquidity risk

The risk of having insufficient cash or its equivalent in a timely and cost-effective manner to meet financial obligations as they come due.

Loss given default (LGD)

An estimate of the amount of exposure to a customer that will not be recovered following a default by that customer, expressed as a percentage of the EAD. LGD is generally based on downturn assumptions for regulatory capital purposes, and generally based on point-in-time assumptions reflecting forward-looking information for IFRS 9 ECL purposes.

Market risk

The risk of economic and/or financial loss in our trading and non-trading portfolios from adverse changes in underlying market factors, including interest rates, foreign exchange rates, equity market prices, commodity prices, credit spreads and customer behaviour for retail products.

Master netting agreement

An industry standard agreement designed to reduce the credit risk of multiple transactions with a counterparty through the creation of a legal right of offset of exposures in the event of a default by that counterparty and through the provision for net settlement of all contracts through a single payment.

Net cumulative cash flow (NCCF)

The NCCF is a liquidity horizon metric defined under OSFI’s LAR Guideline as a monitoring and supervision tool for liquidity risk that measures an institution’s detailed cash flows in order to capture the risk posed by funding mismatches between assets and liabilities.

Net stable funding ratio (NSFR)

Derived from the BCBS’s Basel III framework and incorporated into OSFI’s LAR Guideline, the NSFR standard aims to promote long-term resilience of the financial sector by requiring banks to maintain a sustainable stable funding profile in relation to the composition of their assets and off-balance sheet activities.

Non-viability contingent capital (NVCC)

Effective January 1, 2013, in order to qualify for inclusion in regulatory capital, all non-common Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital instruments must be capable of absorbing losses at the point of non-viability of a financial institution. This will ensure that investors in such instruments bear losses before taxpayers where the government determines that it is in the public interest to rescue a non-viable bank.

Operational risk

The risk of loss resulting from people, inadequate or failed internal processes and systems, or from external events.

Other off-balance sheet exposure

The amount of credit risk exposure resulting from the issuance of guarantees and letters of credit.

Other retail

This exposure class includes all loans other than qualifying revolving retail and real estate secured personal lending that are extended to individuals under the regulatory capital reporting framework.

Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives exposure

The amount of credit risk exposure resulting from derivatives that trade directly between two counterparties, rather than through exchanges.

Probability of default (PD)

An estimate of the likelihood of default for any particular customer which occurs when that customer is not able to repay its obligations as they become contractually due. PD is based on through-the-cycle assumptions for regulatory capital purposes, and based on point-in-time assumptions reflecting forward-looking information for IFRS 9 ECL purposes.

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Qualifying central counterparty (QCCP)

An entity that is licensed to operate as a CCP and is permitted by the appropriate regulator or oversight body to operate as such with respect to the products offered by that CCP.

Qualifying revolving retail

This exposure class includes credit cards, unsecured lines of credit and overdraft protection products extended to individuals.

Real estate secured personal lending

This exposure class includes residential mortgages and home equity loans and lines of credit extended to individuals.

Regulatory capital

Regulatory capital, as defined by OSFI’s CAR Guideline, is comprised of CET1, Additional Tier 1 (AT1) and Tier 2 capital. CET1 capital includes common shares, retained earnings, AOCI (excluding AOCI relating to cash flow hedges and changes in fair value option liabilities attributable to changes in own credit risk) and qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated banking subsidiary to third parties, less regulatory adjustments for items such as goodwill and other intangible assets, certain deferred tax assets, net assets related to defined benefit pension plans, and certain investments. AT1 capital primarily includes NVCC preferred shares, Limited Recourse Capital Notes, and qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated subsidiary to third parties. Tier 1 capital is comprised of CET1 plus AT1. Tier 2 capital includes NVCC subordinated indebtedness, eligible general allowances, and qualifying instruments issued by a consolidated subsidiary to third parties. Total capital is comprised of Tier 1 capital plus Tier 2 capital. Qualifying regulatory capital instruments must be capable of absorbing loss at the point of non-viability of the financial institution.

Repo-style transactions exposure

The amount of credit risk exposure resulting from our securities bought or sold under resale agreements, as well as securities borrowing and lending activities.

Reputation risk

The risk of negative publicity regarding CIBC’s business conduct or practices which, whether true or not, could significantly harm CIBC’s reputation as a leading financial institution, or could materially and adversely affect CIBC’s business, operations, or financial condition.

Resecuritization

A securitization exposure in which the risk associated with an underlying pool of exposures is tranched and at least one of the underlying exposures is a securitization exposure.

Retail portfolios

A category of exposures that primarily includes consumer but also small business lending, where the primary basis of adjudication and account management relies on credit-scoring models.

Risk-weighted assets (RWA)

RWA consist of three components: (i) RWA for credit risk, which are calculated using the IRB and standardized approaches, (ii) RWA for market risk, and (iii) RWA for operational risk. The IRB RWA are calculated using PDs, LGDs, EADs, and in some cases maturity adjustments, while the standardized approach applies risk weighting factors specified in the OSFI guidelines to on- and off-balance sheet exposures. RWA for market risk in the trading portfolio is based on standardized capital requirements defined by OSFI. The RWA for operational risk, which relate to the risk of losses resulting from people, inadequate or failed internal processes, and systems or from external events, are calculated under a standardized approach.

Since the introduction of Basel II in 2008, OSFI has prescribed a capital floor requirement for institutions that use the IRB approach for credit risk. The capital floor is determined by applying an adjustment factor specified by OSFI to the capital requirement calculated by reference to the standardized approach. Any shortfall in the IRB capital requirement is added to RWA.

Securitization

The process of selling assets (normally financial assets such as loans, leases, trade receivables, credit card receivables or mortgages) to trusts or other SEs. A SE normally issues securities or other forms of interests to investors and/or the asset transferor, and the SE uses the proceeds from the issue of securities or other forms of interest to purchase the transferred assets. The SE will generally use the cash flows generated by the assets to meet the obligations under the securities or other interests issued by the SE, which may carry a number of different risk profiles.

Simple, transparent and comparable (STC) securitizations

Securitization exposures satisfying a set of regulatory STC criteria. Such exposures qualify for a preferential capital treatment under the securitization framework.

Small and medium enterprises (SME) retail

This exposure class includes all loans extended to scored small businesses under the regulatory capital reporting framework.

Sovereign exposures

All direct credit risk exposures to governments, central banks and certain public sector entities, and exposures guaranteed by those entities.

Specialized lending (SL)

A subset of Corporate exposures falling into one of the following sub-classes: project finance (PF), object finance (OF), commodities finance (CF), income-producing real estate (IPRE), and high-volatility commercial real estate (HVCRE). Primary source of repayment for such credits is the income generated by the asset(s), rather than the independent capacity of a broader commercial enterprise.

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Standardized approach for credit risk

Applied to exposures when there is not sufficient information to allow for the use of the AIRB approach for credit risk. Credit risk capital requirements are calculated based on a standardized set of risk weights as prescribed in the CAR Guideline. The standardized risk weights are based on external credit assessments, where available, and other risk-related factors, including export credit agencies, exposure asset class, collateral, etc.

Standardized approach for operational risk

This approach is based on a prescribed formula made up of three components: (i) the Business Indicator (BI) which is a financial-statement-based proxy for operational risk, (ii) the Business Indicator Component (BIC) which is calculated by multiplying the BI by a set of regulatory determined marginal coefficients, and (iii) the Internal Loss Multiplier which is a scaling factor that is based on the average historical operational losses and the BIC.

Standardized approach for securitization exposures

This approach comprises the calculation methods available for securitization exposures that do not require OSFI approval: the external ratings-based approach (SEC-ERBA) and the standardized approach (SEC-SA).

Strategic risk

The risk of ineffective or improper implementation of organic and inorganic business strategies. It includes the potential financial loss and impact to resiliency due to the failure of growth initiatives or failure to respond appropriately to changes in the business or industry environments.

Stressed Value-at-Risk

A VaR calculation using a one-year observation period related to significant losses for the given portfolio at a specified level of confidence and time horizon.

Structural foreign exchange risk

Structural foreign exchange risk is the risk primarily inherent in net investments in foreign operations due to changes in foreign exchange rates, and foreign currency denominated RWA and foreign currency denominated capital deductions.

Structural interest rate risk

Structural interest rate risk primarily consists of the risk arising due to mismatches in the repricing of assets and liabilities, which do not arise from trading and trading-related businesses.

Total loss absorbing capacity (TLAC) leverage ratio

Defined as TLAC measure divided by leverage ratio exposure determined in accordance with guidelines issued by OSFI.

Total loss absorbing capacity measure

The sum of Total capital and bail-in eligible liabilities (as defined above) that have a residual maturity greater than one year.

Total loss absorbing capacity ratio

Defined as TLAC measure divided by RWA determined in accordance with guidelines issued by OSFI.

Undrawn exposures

The amount of credit risk exposure resulting from loans that have not been advanced to a customer, but which a customer may be entitled to draw in the future.

Value-at-Risk (VaR)

Generally accepted risk measure that uses statistical models to estimate the distribution of possible returns on a given portfolio at a specified level of confidence and time horizon.

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OTHER PAGES OF CIBC'S 2025 ANNUAL REPORT INCORPORATED IN ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM

Exhibit B.3(d): Other Pages of CIBC’s 2025 Annual Report incorporated in Annual Information Form

●	“Transfer Agent and Registrar” page 186
●	“Directors and Board Committees” page 187
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Shareholder information

Fiscal Year

November 1st to October 31st

Key Dates

Reportingdates 2026

First quarter results – Thursday, February 26, 2026

Second quarter results – Thursday, May 28, 2026

Third quarter results – Thursday, August 27, 2026

Fourth quarter results – Thursday, December 3, 2026

Annual Meeting of Shareholders 2026

CIBC’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders will be held on April 16, 2026. For more details, please visit our Annual Meeting webpage at https://www.cibc.com/en/about-cibc/investor-relations/annual-meeting.html.

Common shares of CIBC (CM) are listed on the Toronto StockExchange and the New York Stock Exchange. Preferred shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

Dividends

Quarterly dividends were paid on CIBC common and preferred shares in 2025:

Common shares

Record date	Payment date	Dividends per share	Number of common shares<br>on record date
Sep 29/25	Oct 28/25	$0.97	928,768,222
Jun 27/25	Jul 28/25	$0.97	931,638,836
Mar 28/25	Apr 28/25	$0.97	938,188,664
Dec 27/24	Jan 28/25	$0.97	942,347,049

Preferred shares

Stock	Series 47	Series 56	Series 57	Series 61
Ticker symbol	CM.PR.S	n/a	n/a	n/a
Quarterly dividend	$0.367375	n/a	n/a	n/a
Semi-annual dividend	n/a	$36.825000	$36.685000	$31.845000

2026 dividend payment dates

(Subject to approval by the CIBC Board of Directors)

Record dates	Payment dates
December 29, 2025	January 28, 2026
March 27, 2026	April 28, 2026
June 29, 2026	July 28, 2026
September 28, 2026	October 28, 2026

Eligible dividends

CIBC designates any and all dividends paid or deemed for Canadian federal, provincial or territorial income tax purposes to be paid on or after January 1, 2006 to be “eligible dividends”, unless otherwise indicated in respect of dividends paid subsequent to this notification, and hereby notifies all recipients of such dividends of this designation.

Normal course issuer bid

CIBC is conducting a normal course issuer bid to purchase common shares for cancellation in the open market at market price until the earlier of: (i) CIBC purchasing 20 million common shares: (ii) CIBC providing a notice of termination, or (iii) September 9, 2026. A copy of the Notice of Intention to Make a Normal Course Issuer Bid that CIBC filed with the Toronto Stock Exchange may be obtained without charge by contacting the Corporate Secretary.

Regulatory capital

Information on CIBC’s regulatory capital instruments and regulatory capital position may be found at https://www.cibc.com/en/about-cibc/investor-relations/regulatory-capital-instruments.html.

Credit ratings

Credit rating information can be found on pages 75–76 in this Annual Report.

Shareholder investment plan

All Canadian and U.S. resident registered holders of CIBC common shares and designated Class A preferred shares may participate in one or more of the following options and pay no brokerage commissions or service charges:

Dividend reinvestmentoption – Canadian residents may have dividends reinvested in additional CIBC common shares.

Share purchase option – Canadian residents may purchase up to $50,000 of additional CIBC common shares during the fiscal year.

Stockdividend option – U.S. residents may elect to receive stock dividends on CIBC common shares.

Further information is available through TSX Trust Company and on the CIBC website at www.cibc.com.

185	CIBC 2025 ANNUAL REPORT

Transfer agent and registrar

For information relating to shareholdings, shareholder investment plan, dividends, direct dividend deposit, dividend reinvestment accounts and lost certificates, or to eliminate duplicate mailings of shareholder material, please contact:

TSX Trust Company, 301-100 Adelaide St. West, Toronto, ON M5H 4H1,

416 682-3860 or 1 800 387-0825 (Canada and the U.S. only), fax 416-361-0470, Email: shareholderinquiries@tmx.com,

website: www.tsxtrust.com.

Common and preferred shares are transferable in Canada at the offices of our agent, TSX Trust Company, in Toronto, Montreal, Calgary and Vancouver.

In the U.S., common shares are transferable at:

Computershare Inc., By Mail: P.O. Box 43078 Providence, RI 02940; By Overnight Delivery: 150 Royall St., Canton, MA 02021, 1 800-522-6645, website: www.computershare.com/investor.

Registered shareholders can opt to have their shares recorded electronically in the Direct Registration System (DRS). Please contact our transfer agent for details.

How to reach us:

CIBC Head Office<br><br><br>81 Bay Street, CIBC SQUARE,<br> <br>Toronto, Ontario,<br>Canada<br> <br>M5J 0E7<br> <br>SWIFT code: CIBCCATT<br><br><br>Website: www.cibc.com	Investor Relations<br> <br>Email:<br>Mailbox.InvestorRelations@cibc.com	Corporate Secretary<br> <br>Email:<br>corporate.secretary@cibc.com	Client Complaint Appeals Office (CCAO)<br><br><br>Toll-free across Canada: 1-888-947-5207<br> <br>Email:<br>mailbox.clientcomplaintappeals@cibc.com
CIBC Telephone Banking<br><br><br>Toll-free across Canada: 1 800 465-2422	Communications and Public Affairs<br><br><br>Email: Mailbox.Communications@cibc.com	Client Care<br> <br>Toll-free across<br>Canada: 1 800 465-2255<br> <br>Email: client.care@cibc.com
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Where to find more information

CIBC Annual Report 2025

Additional print copies of the Annual Report will be available in March 2026 and may be obtained by emailing Mailbox.InvestorRelations@cibc.com. The Annual Report is also available online at www.cibc.com/ca/investor-relations/annual-reports.html.

Des exemplaires supplémentaires du Rapport annuel seront disponibles en mars 2026 et peuvent être commandés par courriel à relationsinvestisseurs@cibc.com. Le Rapport annuel est aussi disponible à l’adresse www.cibc.com/ca/investor-relations/annual-reports-fr.html.

CIBC Sustainability Report and Public Accountability Statement 2025

This report reviews our economic, environmental, social and governance activities over the past year and will be available in March 2026 at https://www.cibc.com/en/about-cibc/corporate-responsibility.html.

Management Proxy Circular 2026

The Management Proxy Circular contains information for shareholders about CIBC’s annual meeting, including information relating to the election of CIBC’s directors, appointment of auditors and shareholder proposals, as well as other matters. The 2026 Proxy Circular will be available in March 2026 at www.cibc.com.

Corporate Governance

CIBC’s Statement of Corporate Governance Practices describes the governance framework that guides the Board and management in fulfilling their obligations to CIBC and our shareholders. This statement and other information on Corporate Governance at CIBC, including our CIBC Code of Conduct for all employees and Directors, can be found on our corporate website at www.cibc.com/ca/inside-cibc/governance/governance-practices.html.

Regulatory Filings

In Canada with the Canadian Securities Administrators at www.sedarplus.com.

In the U.S. with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission at www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml.

Incorporation

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) is a diversified financial institution governed by the Bank Act (Canada). CIBC was formed through the amalgamation of The Canadian Bank of Commerce and Imperial Bank of Canada in 1961.

The Canadian Bank of Commerce was originally incorporated as Bank of Canada by special act of the legislature of the Province of Canada in 1858. Subsequently, the name was changed to The Canadian Bank of Commerce and it opened for business under that name in 1867. Imperial Bank of Canada was incorporated in 1875 by special act of the Parliament of Canada and commenced operations in that year.

Trademarks

Trademarks used in this Annual Report which are owned by Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, or its subsidiaries in Canada and/or other countries include, “Adapta”, “Ambition”, “Ambitions Made Real”, “Aventura”, “CIBC Agility”, “CIBC Bank USA Smart Account”, the CIBC logo, “CIBC CRTeX”, “CIBC eAdvantage”, “CIBC ForeignCash Online”, “CIBC Global Money Transfer”, “CIBC GoalPlanner”, “CIBC Investor’s Edge”, “CIBC Miracle Day”, “CIBC Mobile Banking”, “CIBC Private Wealth”, “CIBC Smart”, “CIBC Smart Planner”, “CIBC SmartBanking”, “Simplii Financial” and “Wood Gundy”. All other trademarks mentioned in this annual report which are not owned by Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce or its subsidiaries are the property of their respective owners.

CIBC 2025 ANNUAL REPORT	186

Board of Directors:

Katharine B. Stevenson<br> <br>Chair of the Board<br><br><br>CIBC<br> <br>Corporate Director<br><br><br>Toronto, Ontario, Canada<br> <br>Joined in 2011	Ammar Aljoundi<br> <br>(RMC)<br><br><br>President and Chief Executive Officer<br> <br>Agnico Eagle Mines<br>Limited<br> <br>Toronto, Ontario, Canada<br> <br>Joined in 2022	Nanci E. Caldwell<br> <br>(CGC – Chair, MRCC, TC)<br><br><br>Corporate Director<br> <br>Woodside, California, U.S.A.<br><br><br>Joined in 2015	Michelle L. Collins<br> <br>(AC)<br><br><br>President<br> <br>Cambium LLC<br><br><br>Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.<br> <br>Joined in 2017
Harry Culham<br> <br>President and Chief Executive Officer<br>CIBC<br><br><br>Toronto, Ontario, Canada<br> <br>Joined in 2025	Marianne Harrison<br> <br>(AC, RMC)<br><br><br>Corporate Director<br> <br>Dover, New Hampshire, U.S.A.<br><br><br>Joined in 2025	Kevin J. Kelly<br> <br>(MRCC – Chair, CGC)<br><br><br>Corporate Director<br> <br>Toronto, Ontario, Canada<br><br><br>Joined in 2013	Christine E. Larsen<br> <br>(MRCC, TC)<br><br><br>Corporate Director<br> <br>Montclair, New Jersey, U.S.A.<br><br><br>Joined in 2016
Mary Lou Maher<br> <br>(AC – Chair, CGC)<br><br><br>Corporate Director<br> <br>Toronto, Ontario, Canada<br><br><br>Joined in 2021	William F. Morneau<br> <br>(TC – Chair, CGC, RMC)<br><br><br>Corporate Director<br> <br>Toronto, Ontario, Canada<br><br><br>Joined in 2022	Mark W. Podlasly<br> <br>(AC, RMC)<br><br><br>Chief Executive Officer<br> <br>First Nations Major Projects<br><br><br>Coalition<br> <br>Vancouver, B.C., Canada<br><br><br>Joined in 2023	François L. Poirier<br> <br>(RMC)<br><br><br>President and Chief Executive<br> <br>Officer<br><br><br>TC Energy Corporation<br>Calgary, Alberta, Canada<br> <br>Joined in<br>2024
Martine Turcotte<br> <br>(AC, MRCC)<br><br><br>Corporate Director<br> <br>Verdun, Québec, Canada<br><br><br>Joined in 2014	Barry L. Zubrow<br> <br>(RMC – Chair, CGC, TC)<br><br><br>Chief Executive Officer<br> <br>ITB LLC<br><br><br>West Palm Beach, Florida, U.S.A.<br> <br>Joined in 2015

AC – Audit Committee

CGC – Corporate Governance Committee

MRCC – Management Resources and Compensation Committee

RMC – Risk Management Committee

TC – Technology Committee

187	CIBC 2025 ANNUAL REPORT

CERTIFICATIONS REQUIRED BY RULE 13A-14(A)

Exhibit B.6(a)(1) Certifications required by Rule 13a-14(a)

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Harry Culham, certify that:

1.  I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce;

2.  Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.  Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the issuer as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.  The issuer’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the issuer and have:

(a)  Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the issuer, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)  Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)  Evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)  Disclosed in this report any change in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.  The issuer’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the issuer’s auditors and the audit committee of the issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)  All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the issuer’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)  Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: December 4, 2025	/s/ Harry Culham
	Harry Culham
	President and Chief Executive Officer

I, Robert Sedran, certify that:

1.  I have reviewed this annual report on Form 40-F of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce;

2.  Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.  Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the issuer as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.  The issuer’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the issuer and have:

(a)  Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the issuer, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)  Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)  Evaluated the effectiveness of the issuer’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)  Disclosed in this report any change in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.  The issuer’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the issuer’s auditors and the audit committee of the issuer’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)  All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the issuer’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)  Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: December 4, 2025	/s/ Robert Sedran
	Robert Sedran
	Senior Executive Vice-President and
	Chief Financial Officer

CERTIFICATIONS REQUIRED BY RULE 13A-14(B)

Exhibit B.6(a)(2): Certifications required by Rule 13a-14(b) andSection 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code

Certification pursuant to Section 906 of theSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

In connection with the annual report of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) filed under cover of a Form 40-F for the period ended October 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Harry Culham, President and Chief Executive Officer of CIBC, certify that:

(1)	the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of<br>1934; and
(2)	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and<br>results of operations of CIBC.
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/s/ Harry Culham
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Harry Culham
President and Chief Executive Officer

Date: December 4, 2025

In connection with the annual report of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) filed under cover of a Form 40-F for the period ended October 31, 2025 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Robert Sedran, Senior Executive Vice-President and Chief Financial Officer of CIBC, certify that:

(1)	the Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of<br>1934; and
(2)	the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and<br>results of operations of CIBC.
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/s/ Robert Sedran
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Robert Sedran
Senior Executive Vice-President and
Chief Financial Officer

Date: December 4, 2025

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Exhibit D.9: Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:

(1) Form F-3 nos. 333-219550; 333-220284; 333-272447; and 333-282307

(2) Form S-8 nos. 333-09874; 333-130283; and 333-218913

of Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) and the use herein of our reports of independent registered public accounting firm dated December 3, 2025, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of CIBC, which comprise the consolidated balance sheets of CIBC as at October 31, 2025 and 2024, and the consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for the years then ended and CIBC’s effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of October 31, 2025, each of which is included in Exhibit B.3(b) incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 40-F.

We also consent to the reference to us under the caption “Experts”, which appears in the Annual Information Form included in Exhibit B.3(a) incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 40-F, which is incorporated by reference in such Registration Statements.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Chartered Professional Accountants<br> <br>Licensed Public<br>Accountants<br> <br>Toronto, Canada<br> <br>December 3, 2025

CLAWBACK POLICY

Exhibit 97

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

SEC Clawback Policy

Current issue:	November 2025
Approved:	Management Resources and Compensation Committee (“MRCC”)
Approval date:	October 22, 2025
Next review:	October 2027
1.0	Summary
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This clawback policy (“Policy”) applies to Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) with common shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). This Policy requires the recovery of erroneously awarded compensation in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 303A.14 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual (the “Clawback Listing Standards”) and to satisfy the requirements of Rule 10D-1 (“Rule 10D-1”), as adopted by the US Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) to implement Section 954 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“Dodd-Frank Act”).

This Policy was adopted by the CIBC Board of Directors (“Board”) on **** November 29, 2023 (the “Adoption Date”). **** The terms of this Policy will apply to any Erroneously Awarded Compensation that a current or former Executive Officer (as such terms are defined in Section 4.0 of this Policy) received on or after October 2, 2023 (the**“**Effective Date”), even if such compensation was approved, awarded, or granted to the Executive Officer prior to the Effective Date. Subject to applicable law, CIBC’s Management Resources and Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) may effect forfeiture or recoupment under this Policy from any amount of compensation approved, awarded, granted, payable or paid to the Executive Officer prior to, on or after the Adoption Date.

2.0	Intent

The purpose of this Policy is to establish a framework through which CIBC can ensure compliance with Section 10D of the Exchange Act and the Clawback Listing Standards for the recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation that a current or former Executive Officer received on or after the Effective Date and should not have received had CIBC’s financial statements been accurately presented.

Failure to adhere to these requirements may result in CIBC being subject to delisting from the NYSE where it does not adopt and comply with the Policy, regulatory criticism, legal and reputational risks, enforcement actions and/or financial fines and penalties.

3.0	Audience and Scope

This Policy applies to CIBC’s Executive Officers.

4.0	Guiding Principles

This Policy is based on key guiding principles that enable a robust approach for effective management and governance of Dodd-Frank Act compliance and risk related to CIBC’s Executive Officers. The guiding principles are the following:

•	In the event that CIBC is required to prepare a Restatement that corrects an error in<br>
<br>previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current<br>period or left uncorrected in the current period, CIBC must recover, reasonably promptly, from any of its current or former Executive Officers Erroneously Awarded Compensation that was received on or after the Effective Date during Recovery Period,<br>based on the erroneous data, in excess of what would have been received by the Executive Officer under the Restatement.
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•	For the purposes of this Policy:
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“Erroneously Awarded Compensation” means the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation received by an Executive Officer that exceeds the amount of Incentive-Based Compensation that otherwise would have been received had it been determined based on the restated financial statements and will not be reduced, based on or otherwise calculated with regard to taxes paid with respect to such amounts.

“Executive Officer” includes all of CIBC’s current or former executive officers, as determined by the Committee, in accordance with the Clawback Listing Standards and Rule 10D-1 and the definition of executive officer as defined in Rule 10D-1(d).

“Financial Reporting Measures” are measures that are determined and presented in accordance with the accounting principles used in preparing CIBC’s financial statements, and any measures that are derived wholly or in part from such measures, including stock price and total shareholder return.

“Incentive-Based Compensation” means any compensation that is granted, earned, or vested based wholly or in part upon the attainment of any Financial Reporting Measure. An Executive Officer’s outstanding Incentive-Based Compensation, whether vested or unvested, will be subject to forfeiture, and the payment an Executive Officer receives in respect of any Incentive-Based Compensation will be subject to recoupment. Incentive-Based Compensation includes, but is not limited to:

-	Non-equity incentive plan awards that are earned based wholly or in part on<br>satisfying a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal;
-	Bonuses received from a bonus pool, the size of which is determined based wholly or in part on satisfying a Financial<br>Reporting Measure performance goal;
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-	Other cash awards based on satisfaction of a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal;
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-	Restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance share units, performance stock awards, stock options, and stock<br>appreciation rights (“SARS”) that are granted or become vested based wholly or in part on satisfying a financial reporting measure performance goal; and
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-	Proceeds received upon the sale of shares acquired through an incentive plan that were granted or vested based wholly or<br>in part on satisfying a Financial Reporting Measure performance goal.
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“Restatement” means an accounting restatement of CIBC’s financial statements due to material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under the federal securities laws, including any required accounting restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period.

•	This Policy requires the recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation received on or after the Effective Date by a person:<br>
-	After beginning service as an Executive Officer;
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-	Who served as an Executive Officer at any time during the Recovery Period (and any subsequent changes in an Executive<br>Officer’s employment status, including retirement or termination of employment, do not affect CIBC’s rights to recover Incentive-Based Compensation pursuant to this Policy);
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-	While CIBC has a class of securities listed on a national securities exchange such as the NYSE; and<br>
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-	During the Recovery Period.
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•	This Policy applies to all Incentive-Based Compensation that is received on or after the Effective Date in excess of what<br>would have been received by the Executive Officer under the Restatement. CIBC’s obligation to recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation is not dependent on if or when the restated financial statements are filed.
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•	For the avoidance of doubt, Incentive-Based Compensation does not include annual salary, compensation awarded based on<br>completion of a specified period of service, or compensation awarded based on subjective standards, strategic measures, or operational measures, unless also based on attainment of a Financial Reporting Measure.
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•	The Policy applies to Erroneously Awarded Compensation received on or after the Effective Date during the Recovery Period.<br>For purposes of this Policy:
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-	Incentive-Based Compensation will be deemed to be received (or would have been received in the absence of an elective<br>deferral of payment by the individual) during, or in respect of the fiscal period during which the Financial Reporting Measure specified in the Incentive-Based Compensation award is attained, even if the payment or grant occurs (or would have been<br>received in the absence of an elective deferral of payment by the individual) after the end of the period in question.
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-	For Incentive-Based Compensation based on stock price or total shareholder return, where the amount of the Erroneously<br>Awarded Compensation is not subject to mathematical recalculation directly from the information in Restatement:
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◾	The amount will be based on a reasonable estimate of the effect of the Restatement on the stock price or total<br>shareholder return upon which the Incentive-Based Compensation was received; and
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◾	CIBC will maintain documentation of the determination of that reasonable estimate and provide such documentation to the<br>NYSE.
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•	For purposes of this Policy “Recovery Period” means the three completed fiscal years immediately preceding the<br>date that CIBC is required to prepare the Restatement. In determining the relevant Recovery Period, the date that CIBC is required to prepare the Restatement (as described above) will be the earlier of:
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-	The date CIBC’s Board, a committee of the Board, or officer(s) authorized to take such action if Board action is<br>not required, concludes, or reasonably should have concluded, that CIBC is required to prepare a Restatement due to the material noncompliance of CIBC with any financial reporting requirement under applicable securities laws, including any required<br>Restatement to correct an error in previously issued financial statements that is material to the previously issued financial statements, or that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left<br>uncorrected in the current period; or
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-	The date a court, regulator, or other legally authorized body directs CIBC to prepare a Restatement.<br>
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•	The relevant Recovery Period will include any transition period (that results from a change in CIBC’s fiscal year)<br>within or immediately following those three completed fiscal years; provided, however, a transition period between the last day of CIBC’s previous fiscal year end and the first day of its new fiscal year that comprises a period of nine to 12<br>months would be deemed a completed fiscal year for purposes of the Recovery Period.
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•	The Committee will take actions necessary to cause CIBC to recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation reasonably promptly, in<br>compliance with this Policy except to the extent that the Committee has determined that pursuing recovery would be impracticable, as determined by the Committee in accordance with Rule 10D-1 and the Clawback<br>Listing Standards.
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•	The exceptions to recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation are as follows:
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-	The direct expense paid to a third party to assist in enforcing this Policy would exceed the amount to be recovered<br>provided that before concluding that it would be impractical to recover any amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation based on this exception, CIBC will make a reasonable attempt to recover such Erroneously Awarded Compensation, document<br>such reasonable attempt(s) and provide such documentation to the NYSE;
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-	The recovery would violate applicable Canadian law where such law was adopted prior to November 28, 2022<br>provided that before concluding that it would be impracticable to recover any amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation based on this exception, CIBC must obtain an opinion of Canadian counsel, acceptable to the NYSE, that recovery would<br>result in such a violation, and must provide such opinion to the NYSE; or
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-	Recovery would likely cause an otherwise tax-qualified retirement plan, under<br>which benefits are broadly available to employees of CIBC or a subsidiary, to fail to meet the requirements of 26 U.S.C. 401(a(13) or 26 U.S.C. 411(a) and regulations thereunder.
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•	CIBC will not indemnify any Executive Officer against the loss of Erroneously Awarded
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<br>Compensation and will not pay or reimburse any Executive Officer for premiums, for any insurance policy to fund such executive’s potential repayment obligations.
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5.0	Method of Clawback
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The Committee will determine, in its sole discretion, the method of recovering any Erroneously Awarded Compensation pursuant to this Policy, which may include, without limitation:

-	requiring reimbursement of cash Erroneously Awarded Compensation previously paid;
-	seeking recovery of any gain realized on the vesting, exercise, settlement, sale, transfer, or other disposition of any<br>equity-based awards;
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-	offsetting the recouped amount from any compensation otherwise owed by CIBC or any subsidiary to the Executive Officer;<br>
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-	cancelling outstanding vested or unvested equity awards; and/or
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-	taking any other remedial and recovery action, as determined by the Committee; provided, however, that any such action<br>under this Section 5.0 will be subject to applicable law and will be subject to compliance with Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code.
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6.0	Monitoring, Oversight and Suspension of Outstanding Incentive-Based Compensation
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The Committee is responsible for oversight and management of compliance with the requirements of Section 10D of the Exchange Act and the Clawback Listing Standards. This authority includes the obligation to determine (i) whether a Restatement has occurred for the purposes of this Policy, Rule 10D-1 and the Clawback Listing Standards and (ii) the amount of Erroneously Awarded Compensation. The Committee may retain and rely upon the advice and determinations of legal counsel, accountants and other relevant experts to operate and administer this Policy. Any interpretation of this Policy by the Committee and any decision made by it with respect to this Policy will be final, binding and conclusive on all persons.

After a determination by the Committee that a Restatement may have occurred, the Committee may suspend the vesting or settlement of all Incentive-Based Compensation that the Committee determines may be forfeited under this Policy or otherwise subject to offset pursuant to Section 5.0, in which case and subject to the terms of this Section 6.0, Incentive-Based Compensation subject to the suspension: (i) if unvested, will not continue to vest, and (ii) otherwise will not be distributed or permitted to be exercised or otherwise vested. In the event the term of an option award will expire during a period of suspension, the executive Officer will be permitted to exercise the option before it expires; however settlement of the option award following such exercise will remain suspended and the securities otherwise deliverable upon settlement shall remain subject to forfeiture under the terms of this Policy.

Following suspension of Incentive-Based Compensation as outlined above, the Committee will determine as promptly as practicable whether the suspended Incentive-Based Compensation is to be forfeited or whether the suspension of the Incentive-Based Compensation is to be ended. For Incentive-Based Compensation that are ultimately not forfeited, the following provisions will apply upon the Committee’s determination to lift the suspension:

-	Unvested awards that would have continued to vest by their original terms during the suspension will thereafter continue<br>to vest in accordance with their original terms;
-	Unvested awards that otherwise would have vested during the suspension will vest as soon as practicable and otherwise<br>consistent with their original terms;
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-	Cash awards such as annual bonus withheld during the suspension will be immediately payable;
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-	In no event will distribution of cash or shares be made to an Executive Officer with respect to Incentive-Based<br>Compensation if, by reason of termination of employment or otherwise, the Executive Officer would have forfeited the Incentive-Based Compensation if the Incentive-Based Compensation had not been suspended; and
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-	Distribution or settlement of Incentive-Based Compensation will be made no later than the latest date on which such<br>distribution or settlement would be required to avoid additional tax by reason of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code; provided, however, that if such distribution or settlement occurs during a period when such Incentive-Based<br>Compensation remains suspended pursuant to this section, then the after-tax proceeds of such distribution or settlement shall be held in escrow until such time as such Incentive-Based Compensation is no longer<br>subject to a suspension or such amounts are determined to have been forfeited by the Committee.
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7.0	Notice
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Before the Committee determines to seek recovery pursuant to this Policy, it shall provide the Executive Officer with written notice and the opportunity to be heard at a Committee or Board meeting (either in person or via telephone).

8.0  Amendment and Interpretation

The Committee may amend this Policy from time to time in its discretion, and will amend this Policy as it deems necessary, appropriate or advisable to reflect the regulations adopted by the SEC and to comply with any rules or standards adopted by a national securities exchange on which CIBC’s securities are then listed. The Committee is authorized to interpret and construe this Policy and to make all determinations necessary, appropriate, or advisable for the administration of this Policy. It is intended that this Policy be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the requirements of Rule 10D-1 and any applicable rules or standards adopted by the SEC and any national securities exchange on which CIBC’s securities are then listed.

9.0  Other Recoupment Rights

The Committee intends that this Policy will be applied to the fullest extent of the law. The Committee may require that any employment agreement, equity award agreement, or similar agreement entered into, amended or restated on or after the Adoption Date shall, as a condition to the grant of any benefit thereunder, require an Executive Officer to agree to abide by the terms of this Policy and the application of this Policy to any Incentive-Based Compensation award made prior to the Effective Date. Any right of recoupment under this Policy is in addition to, and not in lieu of, any other remedies or rights of recoupment that may be available to CIBC

pursuant to the terms of any other recoupment or recoupment policy, any similar policy in any employment agreement, equity award agreement, or similar agreement and any other legal remedies available to CIBC.

10.0  Successors

This Policy shall be binding and enforceable against all Executive Officers and their beneficiaries, heirs, executors, administrators or other legal representatives.

11.0  Disclosure Obligations

CIBC will file all disclosures with respect to this Policy required by applicable SEC filings and rules.

12.0  Entire Agreement

To the extent inconsistent with this Policy, this Policy supersedes all prior contracts, agreements and understandings, written or oral, with any Executive Officer. In the event any contract, agreement or understanding with any executive officer is inconsistent with the terms of this Policy, the terms of this Policy shall govern.

13.0  Maintenance and Review

The Committee will review and approve this Policy at least every two years, or earlier, if substantive changes are required to reflect new regulations adopted by the SEC or any new rules or standards adopted by the NYSE. Substantive changes require the approval of the Committee and non-substantive changes may be approved by CIBC’s Senior Vice-President, Rewards, Recognition and Performance, Human Resources. This Policy was last reviewed and approved by the Committee on October 22, 2025. The next full review will be in October 2027.