Equibles

10-Q

GBank Financial Holdings Inc. (GBFH)

10-Q 2025-11-12 For: 2025-09-30
View Original
Added on April 07, 2026

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-42621

GBANK FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Nevada 82-3869786
( State or other jurisdiction of<br><br>incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer<br>Identification No.)
9115 W. Russell Rd., Ste. 110<br><br>Las Vegas, Nevada 89148
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (702) 851-4200

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class Trading<br><br>Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value GBFH The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒
Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 6, 2025, the registrant had 14,376,113 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION 1
Item 1. Financial Statements 1
Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) 1
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) 2
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) 3
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) 4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) 5
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) 6
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 28
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 42
Item 4. Controls and Procedures 42
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION 44
Item 1. Legal Proceedings 44
Item 1A. Risk Factors 44
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 44
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities 44
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 44
Item 5. Other Information 44
Item 6. Exhibits 45
Signatures 46

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 (this “Form 10-Q”) may contain certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which may be identified by the use of such words as “may,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “consider,” “should,” “plan,” “estimate,” “predict,” “continue,” “probable,” and “potential” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, estimates with respect to the financial condition, results of operations and business of GBank Financial Holdings Inc. (the “Company”) and its wholly-owned subsidiary GBank (the “Bank”), and the Company’s strategies, plans, objectives, expectations and intentions, and other statements contained in this Form 10-Q that are not historical facts. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that are difficult to predict and are generally beyond our control and that may cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ from those results expressed or implied include those factors listed under the heading “Risk Factors” in the Company’s prospectus dated April 24, 2025, filed by the Company with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on April 25, 2025, pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (File No. 333-285750) and in this Form 10-Q. In addition, these factors include but are not limited to:

  • a failure to successfully manage our credit risk and the sufficiency of our allowance for credit losses;

  • changes in loan demand and declines in real estate values in the Company’s market area, which may adversely affect our loan production;

  • increased competition for deposits and related changes in deposit customer behavior;

  • borrower and depositor concentrations (e.g., by geographic area and by industry);

  • our ability to navigate the uncertain impacts of the current and future governmental monetary and fiscal policies, including the current and future interest rate policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”) and other regulatory bodies as a result of initiatives of the current U.S. presidential administration;

  • general economic conditions, including changes in unemployment rates, and potential recession, either nationally or locally, including the related effects on our borrowers and other clients, such as adverse changes to credit quality, and on our financial condition and results of operations;

  • the lingering inflationary pressures, and the risk of the resurgence of elevated levels of inflation, in the U.S. and our market areas, and its impact on market interest rates, the economy and credit quality;

  • an unanticipated loss of key personnel or existing clients, or an inability to attract key employees;

  • cybersecurity risk, including the risk of system failures or cybersecurity breaches of our information technology infrastructure and/or confidential information, or those of the Company’s third-party vendors and other service providers or those of our non-bank financial service clients for which we provide global payments infrastructure, including as a result of a cyber-attack, which could impact the Company’s reputation, increase regulatory oversight, and impact the financial results of the Company;

  • failure to maintain current technologies or technological changes and enhancements that may be more difficult or expensive to implement than anticipated, and failure to successfully implement future information technology enhancements;

  • emerging issues related to the development and use of artificial intelligence that could give rise to legal or regulatory action, damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business or clients;

  • the timely and efficient development of new products and services offered by the Company, as well as risks (including reputational and litigation) attendant thereto, and the perceived overall value and acceptance of these products and services by clients;

  • the successful implementation or consummation of new business initiatives, which may be more difficult or expensive than anticipated;

  • an unexpected adverse financial, regulatory, legal or bankruptcy event experienced by our financial service clients;

  • unexpected increases in our expenses;

  • changes in liquidity, including funding sources, deposit flows and the size and composition of our deposit portfolio, and the percentage of uninsured deposits in the portfolio;

    i

  • an unexpected deterioration in the performance of our loan or securities portfolios and our inability to absorb the amount of actual losses inherent in the portfolio;

  • increased capital requirements imposed by banking regulators, which may require us to raise capital at a time when capital is not available on favorable terms or at all;

  • our ability to maintain adequate liquidity and to raise necessary capital to fund our acquisition strategy and operations or to meet increased minimum regulatory capital levels;

  • difficulties associated with achieving or predicting expected future financial results;

  • different than anticipated growth and our ability to manage our growth;

  • increases in competitive pressures among financial institutions or from non-financial institutions which may result in unanticipated changes in our loan or deposit rates;

  • unexpected adverse impact of future acquisitions or divestitures;

  • impacts related to or resulting from regional and community bank failures and stresses to regional banks, or conditions in the securities markets or the banking industry being less favorable than currently anticipated;

  • changes in accounting principles, policies or guidelines may cause the Company’s financial condition or results of operation to be reported or perceived differently;

  • employee error, fraudulent activity by employees or customers and inaccurate or incomplete information about our customers and counterparties;

  • a deterioration of the credit rating for U.S. long-term sovereign debt or uncertainty regarding U.S. fiscal debt, deficit and budget matters;

  • the impacts of tariffs, sanctions and other trade policies of the U.S. and its global trading counterparts and the resulting impact on the Company and its customers;

  • delays in origination and sales of U.S. Small Business Administration loans due to U.S. federal government temporary shutdowns;

  • legislative, tax or regulatory changes or actions, including changes and the potential for changes to regulatory policy and the promulgation of new laws and regulations may adversely affect the Company’s business;

  • unanticipated increases in FDIC insurance premiums or future assessments;

  • the costs, including the possible incurrence of fines, penalties, or other negative effects (including reputational harm) of any adverse judicial, administrative, or arbitral rulings or proceedings, regulatory enforcement actions, or other legal actions to which we or any of our subsidiaries are a party, and which may adversely affect our results; and

  • the current or the potential impact on the Company’s operations, financial condition, and clients resulting from natural or man-made disasters, severe weather, acts of god, wars, military conflict, acts of terrorism, geopolitical instability, cyberattacks, public health outbreaks (such as coronavirus), other international or domestic calamities, and other events beyond our control, including as a result of in the policies of the current U.S. presidential administration or Congress.

The Company’s ability to predict results or the actual effects of its plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. As such, forward-looking statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions made, or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Because of these risks and other uncertainties, our actual future results, performance or achievements, or industry results, may be materially different from the results indicated by the forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q. In addition, our past results of operations are not necessarily indicative of our future results. Consequently, no forward-looking statement can be guaranteed. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect conditions only as of the date of this filing. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this document. The Company undertakes no obligation (and expressly disclaims any obligation) to publicly release the results of any revisions which may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances occurring after the date of such statements, except as required by applicable law.

ii

GBank Financial Holdings Inc. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
INTEREST INCOME 2025 2024 2025 2024
Interest and fees on loans $ 18,919 $ 17,347 $ 53,413 $ 49,036
Interest on deposits with other financial institutions 1,160 1,367 3,718 3,505
Taxable interest on investment securities 1,421 924 4,117 2,806
Other interest bearing balances 122 102 338 272
Total interest income 21,622 19,740 61,586 55,619
INTEREST EXPENSE
Interest on deposits 8,339 7,194 23,473 20,240
Interest on short-term borrowings - 2 - 112
Interest on subordinated debt 285 285 833 857
Total interest expense 8,624 7,481 24,306 21,209
Net interest income 12,998 12,259 37,280 34,410
PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES 2,219 578 4,032 893
Net interest income after provision for credit losses 10,779 11,681 33,248 33,517
NONINTEREST INCOME
Gain on sale of loans 3,592 2,838 8,722 8,084
Loan servicing income 762 566 2,215 1,160
Service charges and fees 60 48 171 130
Net interchange fees 2,406 284 5,944 451
Other income 357 166 971 649
Total noninterest income 7,177 3,902 18,023 10,474
NONINTEREST EXPENSE
Salaries and employee benefits 6,589 5,495 19,224 16,537
Data processing 1,637 930 4,375 2,470
Occupancy expense 418 404 1,210 1,269
Legal and professional fees 644 424 1,915 1,571
Loan related costs 576 443 1,290 1,278
Audits and exams 262 224 1,157 462
Advertising and marketing 1,141 135 1,876 391
FDIC insurance 134 111 385 336
Other 916 889 2,187 2,251
Total noninterest expense 12,317 9,055 33,619 26,564
INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES 5,639 6,528 17,652 17,427
Provision for income taxes 1,282 1,513 3,992 4,035
NET INCOME BEFORE EQUITY INVESTMENT LOSS 4,357 5,015 13,660 13,392
Net loss attributable to equity investment (49 ) - (127 ) -
NET INCOME $ 4,308 $ 5,015 $ 13,533 $ 13,392
PER COMMON SHARE DATA
Basic earnings per common share $ 0.30 $ 0.38 $ 0.95 $ 1.04
Diluted earnings per common share $ 0.30 $ 0.38 $ 0.93 $ 1.02
Weighted-average basic shares outstanding 14,280,165 13,066,656 14,269,955 12,896,611
Weighted-average diluted shares outstanding 14,525,422 13,235,935 14,509,956 13,074,782

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

GBank Financial Holdings Inc. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 2025 2024
Net income $ 4,308 $ 5,015 $ 13,533 $ 13,392
Other comprehensive income, before tax:
Unrealized gains on securities available for sale 1,832 132 1,967 201
Income tax expense related to unrealized
gains on securities available for sale (421 ) (30 ) (452 ) (46 )
Total other comprehensive income, net of tax 1,411 102 1,515 155
Comprehensive income $ 5,719 $ 5,117 $ 15,048 $ 13,547

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

GBank Financial Holdings Inc. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

Accumulated
Additional Other
Common Stock Paid-In Retained Comprehensive
(Dollars in thousands) Shares Amount Capital Earnings Income (Loss) Total
Balance, December 31, 2023 12,746,649 $ 1 $ 52,877 $ 45,801 $ (252 ) $ 98,427
Net income - - - 3,701 - 3,701
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax - - - - (6 ) (6 )
Exercise of stock options 70,375 - 106 - - 106
Director Compensation Plan 6,526 - 98 - - 98
Other stock-based compensation - - 240 - - 240
Balance, March 31, 2024 12,823,550 $ 1 $ 53,321 $ 49,502 $ (258 ) $ 102,566
Net income - - - 4,676 - 4,676
Other comprehensive income, net of tax - - - - 59 59
Common stock issued to BCS 231,508 - 3,299 - - 3,299
Director Compensation Plan 6,185 - 103 - - 103
Other stock-based compensation - - 242 - - 242
Balance, June 30, 2024 13,061,243 $ 1 $ 56,965 $ 54,178 $ (199 ) $ 110,945
Net income - - - 5,015 - 5,015
Other comprehensive income, net of tax - - - - 102 102
Director Compensation Plan 5,472 - 80 - - 80
Other stock-based compensation - - 241 - - 241
Balance, September 30, 2024 13,066,715 $ 1 $ 57,286 $ 59,193 $ (97 ) $ 116,383
Accumulated
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Additional Other
Common Stock Paid-In Retained Comprehensive
(Dollars in thousands) Shares Amount Capital Earnings Income (Loss) Total
Balance, December 31, 2024 14,252,435 $ 1 $ 77,571 $ 64,437 $ (1,309 ) $ 140,700
Net income - - - 4,470 - 4,470
Other comprehensive income, net of tax - - - - 300 300
Exercise of stock options 16,000 - 24 - - 24
Director Compensation Plan 2,477 - 91 - - 91
Other stock-based compensation - - 483 - - 483
Stock option loan activity - - 548 - - 548
Balance, March 31, 2025 14,270,912 $ 1 $ 78,717 $ 68,907 $ (1,009 ) $ 146,616
Net income - - - 4,755 - 4,755
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax - - - - (196 ) (196 )
Director Compensation Plan 2,607 - 84 - - 84
Other stock-based compensation - - 490 - - 490
Balance, June 30, 2025 14,273,519 $ 1 $ 79,291 $ 73,662 $ (1,205 ) $ 151,749
Net income - - - 4,308 - 4,308
Other comprehensive income, net of tax - - - - 1,411 1,411
Exercise of stock options 11,234 - 202 - - 202
Director Compensation Plan 3,023 - 128 - - 128
Other stock-based compensation - - 395 - - 395
Balance, September 30, 2025 14,287,776 $ 1 $ 80,016 $ 77,970 $ 206 $ 158,193

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

GBank Financial Holdings Inc. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income $ 13,533 $ 13,392
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Provision for credit losses 4,032 893
Depreciation 175 188
Amortization and writeoff of loan servicing assets 4,150 3,647
Amortization of operating lease right of use assets 656 600
Amortization of subordinated debt issuance costs 56 57
Investment securities amortization and accretion, net (573 ) (243 )
Stock compensation expense 1,671 1,005
Gain on sale of loans (8,722 ) (8,084 )
Gross originations of loans held for sale (309,916 ) (260,003 )
Proceeds from sale of loans held for sale 278,701 233,414
Income from bank owned life insurance (464 ) (300 )
Net change in deferred income taxes (536 ) -
Decrease (increase) in accrued interest receivable 89 (1,510 )
(Decrease) increase in other assets (2,593 ) 60
Net change in operating lease liability (551 ) (465 )
Increase in accrued interest payable and other liabilities 3,265 4,253
Net cash used in operating activities (17,027 ) (13,096 )
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of premises and equipment (195 ) (172 )
Purchase of bank owned life insurance (15,000 ) -
Purchase of securities available for sale (28,832 ) (37,227 )
Maturities and repayments of investment securities available for sale 11,252 752
Maturities and repayments of investment securities held to maturity 1,946 51,879
Purchase of FHLB stock (861 ) (1,429 )
Purchased loans - (44,184 )
Net change in loans (129,886 ) (91,424 )
Net cash used in investing activities (161,576 ) (121,805 )
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net increase in deposits 157,097 137,820
Net change in short-term borrowings - (30,000 )
Proceeds from repayment of stock option loans 548 -
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock 226 106
Net cash provided by financing activities 157,871 107,926
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (20,732 ) (26,975 )
Cash and cash equivalents beginning of period 124,122 97,933
Cash and cash equivalents end of period $ 103,390 $ 70,958
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash payments for interest $ 24,268 $ 25,859
Cash payments for income tax 3,236 3,895
Supplemental schedule of noncash investing and financing activities
Right of use asset and lease liabilities $ 1,654 $ -
Capitalized mortgage servicing rights 5,795 4,640
Loans transferred to other real estate owned 2,684 -
Loans held for sale transferred to held for investment - 53,292
Investment in BankCard Services LLC - 3,299

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

GBank Financial Holdings Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1 - Nature of Business

Basis of Presentation

These unaudited interim financial statements are prepared on a consolidated basis for GBank Financial Holdings Inc. (“GBFH”) and its wholly owned subsidiary, GBank (the “Bank”). References herein to the “Company” refer to the consolidated entity and its financial statements. The Company has prepared these unaudited consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information, SEC rules that permit reduced disclosure for interim periods, and Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (all of which are of a normal recurring nature) that are necessary for a fair statement are reflected in the unaudited consolidated financial statements. There have been no material changes to the Company's significant accounting policies for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025. The December 31, 2024 consolidated balance sheet information contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q was derived from the Company's 2024 audited consolidated financial statements. The unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, including the notes thereto, included in the Company’s Registration Statement on Forms S-1 and S-1/A. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated.

The Company has one reportable segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) evaluates the operations of the Company using consolidated information for purposes of allocating resources and assessing performance. See Note 12 - Segment Reporting for more information.

In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 855, “Subsequent Events,” the Company’s management has evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition or disclosure through the date of the issuance of these consolidated financial statements. No subsequent events were identified that would have required a change to the consolidated financial statements or disclosure in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

To prepare financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ.

Nature of Operations

GBFH is a registered bank holding company whose wholly-owned banking subsidiary, GBank, provides banking services to commercial and consumer customers. GBank’s business is concentrated in the Las Vegas, Nevada area and is subject to the general economic conditions of that area. GBank’s primary market for deposit customers is in Las Vegas and Clark County, Nevada, although GBank accepts deposits from deposit listing services as needed to support its funding needs. GBank’s lending operations are carried out in both (i) its local market area, comprised of Nevada, California, Utah, and Arizona, and (ii) across the United States primarily through the origination, sale, and servicing of U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”) and U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) loans.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted

The following reflect accounting pronouncements adopted by the Company:

ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), was issued in December 2023 to enhance income tax disclosures primarily through the disaggregation of the rate reconciliation and disclosure of income taxes paid to each federal and state jurisdiction (net of refunds). The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, and may be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis. As the amendments in this update relate entirely to enhanced disclosure requirements, adoption of this guidance will not have an impact on the Company's financial position or results of operations. The Company expects to provide these enhanced income tax disclosures beginning with its annual report on Form 10-K filing for the year ending December 31, 2025.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption

The following reflect accounting pronouncements pending adoption by the Company:

ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) – Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”) was issued in November 2024 and requires additional disclosure about specified categories of expenses included in relevant expense captions presented on the face of the consolidated statements of income. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied either prospectively to consolidated financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of ASU 2024-03, or retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that ASU 2024-03 will have on its disclosures.

Other Recent Legislation

On July 4, 2025, new federal tax legislation was signed into law. The legislation includes a range of tax reform measures, including the extension and modification of certain provisions originally enacted under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Key changes include the restoration of 100% bonus depreciation, immediate expensing for domestic research and development expenditures, and modifications to international tax rules. The impact of this legislation is not expected to be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations for the year ending December 31, 2025.

Note 2. Investment Securities

The amortized cost, unrealized gains and losses, allowance for credit losses, and estimated fair values of investment securities are summarized as follows as of the dates indicated:

September 30, 2025
(Dollars in thousands) Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Allowance for Fair
Cost Gains Losses Credit Losses Value
Available for sale securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 85,506 $ 836 $ (568 ) $ - $ 85,774
Held to maturity securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 38,578 $ 281 $ (3 ) $ - $ 38,856
December 31, 2024
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
(Dollars in thousands) Amortized Unrealized Unrealized Allowance for Fair
Cost Gains Losses Credit Losses Value
Available for sale securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 67,308 $ - $ (1,699 ) $ - $ 65,609
Held to maturity securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 40,569 $ 46 $ (223 ) $ - $ 40,392

Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses for available for sale and held to maturity securities. At September 30, 2025, accrued interest receivable totaled $246 thousand for available for sale securities and $161 thousand for held to maturity securities, and was reported in other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2024, accrued interest receivable totaled $194 thousand for available for sale securities and $170 thousand for held to maturity securities, and was reported in accrued interest receivable on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

There were no gross realized gains or losses from the sale of available for sale securities during each of the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.

The fair value of investment securities pledged as collateral for potential borrowing purposes (see Note 7) totaled $112.5 million at September 30, 2025 and $79.7 million at December 31, 2024.

The table below illustrates the maturity distribution of investment securities at amortized cost and fair value as of September 30, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025
Available for Sale Held to Maturity
Amortized Cost Fair Value Amortized Cost Fair Value
Due in one year or less $ - $ - $ - $ -
Due after one but within five years - - - -
Due after five years but within ten years - - - -
Due after ten years - - - -
Residential mortgage-backed securities 85,506 85,774 38,578 38,856
Total $ 85,506 $ 85,774 $ 38,578 $ 38,856

The actual maturities of mortgage-backed securities may differ from their contractual maturities because the loans underlying the securities may be repaid without any penalties. Therefore, maturity schedules are not presented for mortgage-backed securities.

The following tables present gross unrealized losses and fair value of debt security investments aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated.

September 30, 2025
Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total
(Dollars in thousands) Number of Securities Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses
Available for sale securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities 2 $ 2,126 $ 6 14 $ 30,729 $ 562 16 $ 32,855 $ 568
Available for sale securities with gross unrealized losses 2 2,126 6 14 30,729 562 16 32,855 568
Held to maturity securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1 $ - $ - 0 $ 4,827 $ 3 1 $ 4,827 $ 3
Held to maturity securities with gross unrealized losses 1 - - 0 4,827 3 1 4,827 3
December 31, 2024
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or More Total
Number of Securities Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses Number of Securities Fair Value Gross Unrealized Losses
Available for sale securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities 16 $ 63,474 $ 1,445 6 $ 2,135 $ 254 22 $ 65,609 $ 1,699
Available for sale securities with gross unrealized losses 16 63,474 1,445 6 2,135 254 22 65,609 1,699
Held to maturity securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities 1 $ 4,353 $ 15 6 $ 32,026 $ 208 7 $ 36,379 $ 223
Held to maturity securities with gross unrealized losses 1 4,353 15 6 32,026 208 7 36,379 223

Management believes the unrealized losses related to available for sale securities as of September 30, 2025 relate primarily to a continuation of the elevated market interest rate environment. In analyzing an issuer’s financial condition, Management considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies and whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and various industry analysis reports. There were no Company securities downgraded during each of the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 or 2024. Management currently has no near-term intentions to sell the available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position, and management believes the unrealized losses are due to non-credit-related factors, including changes in market interest rates and other market factors, and therefore no allowance for credit losses was recorded related to available for sale securities as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Held to maturity Investment Grade CMO securities are evaluated for credit losses using the probability of default/loss model, and as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, no credit loss allowance was warranted related to these securities.

Note 3. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale consisted of commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans as of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The balance of unguaranteed held for sale loans to be retained are reported as held for investment. The principal balances of loans held for sale are listed below as of the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Gross loan balances $ 88,734 $ 41,752
Less: Unguaranteed portions to be retained 21,943 9,103
Amounts held for sale, net $ 66,791 $ 32,649

Loans Held for Investment

The amortized cost of loans held for investment are listed below. In accordance with ASC 326, GBank has segregated its held for investment loan portfolio into segments characterized by similar risk characteristics, primarily the collateral supporting the loan, as reflected in the table below as of the dates indicated.

(Dollars in thousands)
September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Commercial and industrial $ 66,226 $ 64,000
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 743,084 630,551
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 97,396 88,802
Construction and land development 2,115 2,934
Multifamily 18,979 17,374
Single Family Sr. Lien 731 5,992
Single Family Jr. Lien 2,664 3,203
Single Family HELOC 433 1,389
Consumer 8,963 1,713
Loans, net 940,591 815,958
Allowance for credit losses (10,577 ) (9,114 )
Loans, net of allowance $ 930,014 $ 806,844

Accrued interest receivable is not included in the amortized cost basis of the Company’s loans. Accrued interest receivable for loans totaled $6.9 million and $6.7 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and was reported in other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Beginning in the third quarter of 2023, and continuing into the first quarter 2024, the Company repurchased previously sold guaranteed SBA loans by initiating a change in loan terms with certain borrowers, at the borrowers’ option, to convert variable loans to five-year fixed loans at lower then-current interest rates. This activity resulted in the repurchase of $44.2 million of government guaranteed loan balances within the commercial and industrial and commercial real estate segments during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Deferred loan costs of $10.5 million and $8.2 million are included in the balance of net loans as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Loan costs represent the costs incurred to originate the loans, net of fees paid by the borrower, which are measured and recorded at the date the loan is originated. Loan discount of $10.4 million and $8.9 million are included in the balance of net loans as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The discount represents the discount on the retained portion of the government guaranteed loans and is measured at the date the guaranteed portion of the loan is sold, based on the relative fair value of the retained loan as calculated by an independent consulting firm. Loan costs and discount are amortized over the life of the loan and are recorded as an adjustment to interest income on the loan.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, Company loans with a carrying value of $648.7 million and $598.3 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral for potential borrowing purposes (see Note 7).

The portion of loans guaranteed by the U.S. government and held for investment totaled $193.7 million and $201.3 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and are included in the commercial and industrial, commercial real estate - non-owner occupied, and commercial real estate - owner occupied loan segments.

Past Due and Non-accrual Loans

The performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio is monitored by analyzing the age of the loans receivable as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. A loan’s past due or delinquent status is based on the contractual term specified in each loan agreement. The segments of the loan portfolio summarized by the past due status are summarized as follows as of the dates indicated:

September 30, 2025
(Dollars in thousands) Past Due 90 Total
30-59 Days 60-89 Days Days or More Past Due and
Past Due Past Due and Accruing Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Current Total
Commercial and industrial $ - $ - $ - $ 373 $ 373 $ 65,853 $ 66,226
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 3,372 - - 32,174 35,546 707,538 743,084
Commercial real estate - owner occupied - - - 2,061 2,061 95,335 97,396
Construction and land development - - - - - 2,115 2,115
Multifamily - - - - - 18,979 18,979
Single Family Sr. Lien - - - - - 731 731
Single Family Jr. Lien - - - - - 2,664 2,664
Single Family HELOC - - - - - 433 433
Consumer 174 49 184 - 407 8,556 8,963
Total $ 3,546 $ 49 $ 184 $ 34,608 $ 38,387 $ 902,204 $ 940,591
December 31, 2024
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
(Dollars in thousands) Past Due 90 Total
30-59 Days 60-89 Days Days or More Past Due and
Past Due Past Due and Accruing Nonaccrual Nonaccrual Current Total
Commercial and industrial $ - $ - $ - $ 787 $ 787 $ 63,213 $ 64,000
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 11,795 - - 13,341 25,136 605,415 630,551
Commercial real estate - owner occupied - - - - - 88,802 88,802
Construction and land development - - - - - 2,934 2,934
Multifamily - - - - - 17,374 17,374
Single Family Sr. Lien - - - - - 5,992 5,992
Single Family Jr. Lien - - - - - 3,203 3,203
Single Family HELOC - - - - - 1,389 1,389
Consumer 18 15 40 - 73 1,640 1,713
Total $ 11,813 $ 15 $ 40 $ 14,128 $ 25,996 $ 789,962 $ 815,958

There were no residential loans for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in place at September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when management determines that the full repayment of principal and collection of interest according to contractual terms is no longer likely, generally when the loan becomes 90 days or more past due. No interest income was recognized on nonaccrual loans during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.

Credit Quality Indicators

Management reviews the Company’s loan portfolio at least monthly to determine whether any assets require classification in accordance with the Company’s policy and applicable regulations. The grading analysis estimates the capability of the borrower to repay the contractual obligations of the loan agreements. The Company’s internal credit risk-grading system is based on experiences with similarly graded loans.

The Company’s internally assigned grades are as follows:

  • Pass: Loans that are protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or by the value of the underlying collateral. Loans in this grade are further broken down into sub-grades ranging from A to E in order to provide for additional granularity in the analyses that are performed.
  • Special Mention: Loans where a potential weakness or risk exists that could cause a more serious problem if not corrected.
  • Substandard: Loans that have a well-defined weakness based on objective evidence and can be characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
  • Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in a substandard asset. In addition, these weaknesses make full collection or liquidation highly questionable and improbable, based upon the existing circumstances.
  • Loss: Loans classified as a loss are considered uncollectible, or of such value that continuance as an asset is not warranted.

The following tables present the amortized cost of loans receivable, by year of origination (for term loans) and by risk grade within each portfolio segment as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Current period originations may include modifications, extensions and renewals.

As of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Revolving Loans
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 Prior Amortized Cost Basis Total
Commercial and industrial
Risk rating
Pass $ 16,937 $ 10,155 $ 7,000 $ 5,669 $ 429 $ 2,021 $ 23,642 $ 65,853
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - 24 349 - - - - 373
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ 16,937 $ 10,179 $ 7,349 $ 5,669 $ 429 $ 2,021 $ 23,642 $ 66,226
Current period gross charge offs $ 124 $ 241 $ 116 $ 46 $ - $ - $ - $ 527
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied
Risk rating
Pass $ 137,288 $ 171,310 $ 148,868 $ 82,679 $ 57,392 $ 102,080 $ - $ 699,617
Special mention - 766 - 387 238 6,607 - 7,998
Substandard - - 3,069 13,985 9,945 8,470 - 35,469
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ 137,288 $ 172,076 $ 151,937 $ 97,051 $ 67,575 $ 117,157 $ - $ 743,084
Current period gross charge offs $ - $ - $ 474 $ 642 $ 619 $ - $ 1,735
Commercial real estate - owner occupied
Risk rating
Pass $ 29,134 $ 3,123 $ 9,467 $ 13,318 $ 18,585 $ 18,574 $ - $ 92,201
Special mention - - 3,134 - - - - 3,134
Substandard - 1,252 505 - 304 - - 2,061
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ 29,134 $ 4,375 $ 13,106 $ 13,318 $ 18,889 $ 18,574 $ - $ 97,396
Current period gross charge offs $ - $ 138 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 138
Construction and land development
Risk rating
Pass $ 1,725 $ - $ - $ 390 $ - $ - $ - $ 2,115
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ 1,725 $ - $ - $ 390 $ - $ - $ - $ 2,115
Multifamily
Risk rating
Pass $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 18,979 $ - $ 18,979
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 18,979 $ - $ 18,979
Single family Sr. Lien
Risk rating
Pass $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 167 $ 564 $ 731
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 167 $ 564 $ 731
Single family Jr. Lien
Risk rating
Pass $ - $ - $ - $ 2,500 $ - $ - $ 164 $ 2,664
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ - $ - $ - $ 2,500 $ - $ - $ 164 $ 2,664
Single family HELOC
Risk rating
Pass $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 433 $ 433
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 433 $ 433
Consumer
Risk rating
Pass $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 8,963 $ 8,963
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 8,963 $ 8,963
Current period gross charge offs $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 216 $ 216
Total Loans
Risk rating
Pass $ 185,084 $ 184,588 $ 165,335 $ 104,556 $ 76,406 $ 141,821 $ 33,766 $ 891,556
Special mention - 766 3,134 387 238 6,607 - 11,132
Substandard - 1,276 3,923 13,985 9,945 8,470 - 37,903
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ 185,084 $ 186,630 $ 172,392 $ 118,928 $ 86,589 $ 156,898 $ 33,766 $ 940,591
As of December 31, 2024 Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year Revolving Loans
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
(Dollars in thousands) 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 Prior Amortized Cost Basis Total
Commercial and industrial
Risk rating
Pass $ 12,799 $ 7,856 $ 8,098 $ 653 $ 2,378 $ 297 $ 31,132 $ 63,213
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - 465 322 - - - - 787
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ 12,799 $ 8,321 $ 8,420 $ 653 $ 2,378 $ 297 $ 31,132 $ 64,000
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied
Risk rating
Pass $ 169,036 $ 156,213 $ 92,786 $ 68,676 $ 39,739 $ 80,413 $ - $ 606,863
Special mention - - - 4,256 - 3,904 - 8,160
Substandard - - 3,220 7,486 - 4,822 - 15,528
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ 169,036 $ 156,213 $ 96,006 $ 80,418 $ 39,739 $ 89,139 $ - $ 630,551
Commercial real estate - owner occupied
Risk rating
Pass $ 5,985 $ 13,526 $ 20,585 $ 27,111 $ 3,883 $ 17,712 $ - $ 88,802
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ 5,985 $ 13,526 $ 20,585 $ 27,111 $ 3,883 $ 17,712 $ - $ 88,802
Construction and land development
Risk rating
Pass $ 2,545 $ 389 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 2,934
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ 2,545 $ 389 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 2,934
Multifamily
Risk rating
Pass $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 7,266 $ 10,108 $ - $ 17,374
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 7,266 $ 10,108 $ - $ 17,374
Single family Sr. Lien
Risk rating
Pass $ - $ 828 $ - $ 1,820 $ - $ 2,879 $ 465 $ 5,992
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ - $ 828 $ - $ 1,820 $ - $ 2,879 $ 465 $ 5,992
Single family Jr. Lien
Risk rating
Pass $ - $ - $ 2,499 $ - $ - $ 700 $ 4 $ 3,203
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ - $ - $ 2,499 $ - $ - $ 700 $ 4 $ 3,203
Single family HELOC
Risk rating
Pass $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 1,389 $ 1,389
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 1,389 $ 1,389
Consumer
Risk rating
Pass $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 1,713 $ 1,713
Special mention - - - - - - - -
Substandard - - - - - - - -
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ 1,713 $ 1,713
Total Loans
Risk rating
Pass $ 190,365 $ 178,812 $ 123,968 $ 98,260 $ 53,266 $ 112,109 $ 34,703 $ 791,483
Special mention - - - 4,256 - 3,904 - 8,160
Substandard - 465 3,542 7,486 - 4,822 - 16,315
Doubtful - - - - - - - -
Loss - - - - - - - -
Total $ 190,365 $ 179,277 $ 127,510 $ 110,002 $ 53,266 $ 120,835 $ 34,703 $ 815,958

Collateral Dependent Loans

The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient under ASC 326 which permits an entity to estimate credit losses based on the fair value of collateral when either applies: (i) the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, or (ii) repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operating of the collateral. Fair value estimates for collateral dependent loans are generally based on the current market value or the “as is” value of the collateral derived from recently received and reviewed appraisals from third-party providers. If repayment is dependent on the sale of the collateral, then the fair value used to measure the allowance for credit losses is adjusted for the costs to sell.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by collateral type as of the dates indicated:

Types of Collateral
September 30, 2025 Retail
(Dollars in thousands) Shopping Business
Hotel / Motel Center Assets Other Total
Commercial and industrial $ 24 $ - $ - $ 349 $ 373
Commercial real estate - non-owner<br>   occupied 28,510 75 3,589 - 32,174
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 809 - - 1,252 2,061
$ 29,343 $ 75 $ 3,589 $ 1,601 $ 34,608
Types of Collateral
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
December 31, 2024 Retail
(Dollars in thousands) Shopping Business
Hotel / Motel Center Assets Other Total
Commercial and industrial $ - $ - $ 322 $ 465 $ 787
Commercial real estate - non-owner<br>   occupied 12,955 386 - - 13,341
$ 12,955 $ 386 $ 322 $ 465 $ 14,128

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by loan portfolio segment and the related allowance assigned as of the dates indicated:

September 30, 2025 Collateral Dependent Loans
(Dollars in thousands) With a Related Without a Related Related
Allowance Allowance Allowance
Commercial and industrial $ - $ 373 $ -
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 23,434 8,740 1,504
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 809 1,252 167
December 31, 2024 Collateral Dependent Loans
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
(Dollars in thousands) With a Related Without a Related Related
Allowance Allowance Allowance
Commercial and industrial $ 787 $ - $ 153
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 11,752 1,589 1,283

Allowance for Credit Losses

The level of the allowance for credit losses reflects management’s continuing evaluation of product and industry concentrations, specific credit risks, loan loss experience, current loan portfolio quality, present economic, political and regulatory conditions, and unidentified losses expected in the current loan portfolio. Portions of the allowance for credit losses may be allocated for specific credits; however, the entire allowance for credit losses is available for any credit that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off.

The following tables present, by portfolio segment, the changes in the allowance for credit losses for the three- and six-month periods indicated:

Allowance for Credit Losses
Balance, Balance,
(Dollars in thousands) July 1, Provision for Amounts Amounts September 30,
2025 Credit Losses Charged Off Recovered 2025
Commercial and industrial $ 365 $ 381 $ (365 ) $ - $ 381
Commercial real estate - non-owner<br>   occupied 7,701 779 (199 ) - 8,281
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 678 80 (137 ) - 621
Construction and land development 100 56 - - 156
Multifamily 60 (10 ) - - 50
Single Family Sr. Lien 4 (1 ) - - 3
Single Family Jr. Lien 7 (4 ) - - 3
Single Family HELOC 4 - - - 4
Consumer 286 926 (137 ) 3 1,078
$ 9,205 $ 2,207 $ (838 ) $ 3 $ 10,577
Allowance for Credit Losses
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Balance, Balance,
(Dollars in thousands) January 1, Provision for Amounts Amounts September 30,
2025 Credit Losses Charged Off Recovered 2025
Commercial and industrial $ 496 $ 412 $ (527 ) $ - $ 381
Commercial real estate - non-owner<br>   occupied 7,837 2,100 (1,735 ) 79 8,281
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 537 222 (138 ) - 621
Construction and land development 49 107 - - 156
Multifamily 39 11 - - 50
Single Family Sr. Lien 33 (30 ) - - 3
Single Family Jr. Lien 14 (11 ) - - 3
Single Family HELOC 11 (7 ) - - 4
Consumer 98 1,192 (216 ) 4 1,078
$ 9,114 $ 3,996 $ (2,616 ) $ 83 $ 10,577
Allowance for Credit Losses
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Balance, Balance,
(Dollars in thousands) July 1, Provision for Amounts Amounts September 30,
2024 Credit Losses Charged Off Recovered 2024
Commercial and industrial $ 293 $ 166 $ - $ - $ 459
Commercial real estate - non-owner<br>   occupied 6,018 541 - 76 6,635
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 785 (198 ) - - 587
Construction and land development 49 8 - - 57
Multifamily 55 (4 ) - - 51
Single Family Sr. Lien 41 (3 ) - - 38
Single Family Jr. Lien 21 (3 ) - - 18
Single Family HELOC 4 8 - - 12
Consumer 76 55 (54 ) - 77
$ 7,342 $ 570 $ (54 ) $ 76 $ 7,934
Allowance for Credit Losses
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Balance, Balance,
(Dollars in thousands) January 1, Provision for Amounts Amounts September 30,
2024 Credit Losses Charged Off Recovered 2024
Commercial and industrial $ 295 $ 164 $ - $ - $ 459
Commercial real estate - non-owner<br>   occupied 5,681 878 - 76 6,635
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 877 (290 ) - - 587
Construction and land development 13 44 - - 57
Multifamily 102 (51 ) - - 51
Single Family Sr. Lien 41 (3 ) - - 38
Single Family Jr. Lien 33 (15 ) - - 18
Single Family HELOC 6 6 - - 12
Consumer 40 120 (83 ) - 77
$ 7,088 $ 853 $ (83 ) $ 76 $ 7,934

The Company had gross loan charge offs of $2.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, comprised of (i) $527 thousand of commercial and industrial loans charged off, (ii) $1.7 million of commercial real estate - non-owner occupied loans charged off, (iii) $138 thousand of commercial real estate - owner occupied loans charged off, and (iv) $216 thousand of revolving consumer loans charged off. The Company had gross loan charge offs of $83 thousand attributable to revolving consumer loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Modifications to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The Company may modify certain loans when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and the Company grants concessions to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. These concessions may include rate reductions, principal forgiveness, extension of maturity date and other actions intended to minimize potential losses.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans held for investment that were modified during the period for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty by loan portfolio segment:

Amortized Cost Basis at June 30, 2025
(Dollars in thousands) % of Total Class
Term Interest Rate Payment of Financing
Extension Reduction Delay Total Receivable
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied $ 3,287 - $ - $ - $ 3,287 0.4 %

There were no modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for each of the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2024.

The performance of these modified loans is monitored for twelve months following the modification. As of September 30, 2025, all modified loans were on nonaccrual status. No modified loans were outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

Note 4. Operating Leases

The Company leases real estate for its main office and two branch offices, as well as office space for operations departments under various operating lease agreements. The lease agreements have maturity dates ranging from September 2030 to October 2032, some of which include options to renew at the Company's discretion. At lease inception, if the Company considers the exercising of a renewal option to be reasonably certain, the Company will include the extended term in the measurement of the right-of-use asset and lease liability.

The lease liability is equal to the present value of the future lease payments, discounted using the rate implicit in the lease (or if that rate cannot be readily determined, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate). Given that the rate implicit in the lease is rarely available, lease liability amounts were calculated using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, on a collateralized basis, for a similar term.

Operating lease right-of-use assets, as well as operating lease liabilities, are presented as separate line items on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company has elected not to report short-term leases (i.e., leases with initial terms of twelve months or less) on the consolidated balance sheets.

There were no sale and leaseback transactions or leveraged leases as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024. There were no leases that had not commenced as of September 30, 2025. The Company entered into amendments for two leased locations during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 to extend the lease terms by five years.

Below is a summary of the operating lease right-of-use asset and related lease liability, as well as the weighted average lease term (in years), weighted average discount rate and total rent expense as of the dates and periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Right-of-use asset $ 5,516 $ 4,518
Lease liability $ 5,942 $ 4,839
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) 6.4 7.4
Weighted average discount rate (annualized) 6.94 % 4.40 %
Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024 September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
Rent expense $ 220 $ 216 $ 656 $ 600
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities $ 263 $ 260 $ 787 $ 780

At September 30, 2025, future minimum payments for operating leases are payable as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
Years ending December 31:
2025 $ 251
2026 1,007
2027 1,037
2028 1,118
2029 1,129
2030 1,038
Thereafter 1,318
Total lease payments $ 6,898
Less: imputed interest (956 )
Present value of lease liability $ 5,942

Note 5. Loan Servicing Assets

The Company’s servicing assets consist primarily of the right to service the guaranteed portion of government guaranteed loans sold to others. The fair value of the servicing asset is essentially a valuation of the net future income stream, which is based on the rate of the fee, the estimated repayment speed of the loan and the estimated cost to service the loan.

The amount allocated to the loan servicing rights is recorded at fair value at the time of sale, as calculated by a third-party consulting firm specializing in government guaranteed loan matters. The loan servicing asset is being amortized over the period of estimated servicing income, generally five to seven years, with the amortization recorded against loan servicing fee income.

The balance of loans owned by third parties that are being serviced by the Company was $969.5 million and $779.1 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The following table presents a reconciliation of loan servicing rights as of the periods indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) Nine Months Ended <br>September 30, 2025 Year Ended <br>December 31, 2024
Balance, beginning of period $ 8,976 $ 7,053
Additions - servicing rights related to loans sold 5,795 6,771
Reductions - write-off of servicing assets - (401 )
Reductions - amortization and early payoff (4,150 ) (4,447 )
Balance, end of period $ 10,621 $ 8,976

In the event of an early repayment of a serviced loan, the unamortized balance of the loan servicing asset for that loan is charged off against loan servicing fee income.

The loan servicing asset was impacted by the write-off of certain servicing assets totaling $401 thousand relating to the repurchase of the guaranteed portions of previously sold SBA loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The aggregate balance of loan servicing rights is evaluated for impairment to ensure that the recorded balance is at the lower of amortized cost or fair value. There was no allowance for impairment recorded as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Note 6. Deposits

At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, time deposits amounted to $519.1 million and $370.6 million, respectively. Interest expense on time deposits amounted to $5.1 million and $4.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Interest expense on time deposit amounted to $14.2 million and $12.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The scheduled maturities of time deposits at September 30, 2025, are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) Time Deposit Maturities
Less Than250,000 250,000or more
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
Maturing thereafter
Total time deposits

All values are in US Dollars.

GBank had $117.0 million of brokered certificates of deposit as of September 30, 2025, having terms between six months and five years. Comparatively, GBank had $79.3 million of brokered certificates of deposit as of December 31, 2024, having terms between thirteen months and five years.

The aggregate amount of demand deposit overdrafts that were reclassified as loans was $7 thousand at September 30, 2025, compared to $34 thousand as of December 31, 2024.

Note 7. Subordinated Debt, Other Borrowings, and Available Lines of Credit

Subordinated Debt Issued 2021

On December 15, 2021, the Company completed a $20.0 million private placement of 3.875% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2031 (the “2021 Notes”). The 2021 Notes are subordinate and junior in right of payment to the prior payment in full of all existing claims of creditors of the Company whether now outstanding or subsequently created, assumed, guaranteed, or incurred (collectively, “Senior Indebtedness”). The 2021 Notes are not secured by any assets of the Company or its sole subsidiary, GBank.

The 2021 Notes have a maturity date of December 15, 2031 and carry a fixed interest rate of 3.875% for the first five years through December 15, 2026, and thereafter is payable in arrears quarterly. Thereafter, the 2021 Notes will pay interest at a quarterly adjustable rate equal to the then-current three-month term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, plus two hundred and eighty-nine (289) basis points.

Interest on the 2021 Notes is payable in arrears semiannually on December 15 and June 15 through December 15, 2026. The 2021 Notes are redeemable by the Company in whole or in part on any interest payment date beginning with the interest payment date of December 15, 2026. The net proceeds of the 2021 Notes were $19.6 million which includes $558 thousand of debt issuance costs that are being amortized over the expected life of the 2021 Notes.

The 2021 Notes are intended to qualify as Tier 2 capital for the Company for regulatory capital purposes. At the closing of the private placement, the Company invested $18.0 million into the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, GBank. The funds invested into GBank are intended to qualify as Tier 1 capital of GBank.

Subordinated Debt Issued 2020

On December 30, 2020, the Company completed a $6.5 million private placement of 4.50% fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes due 2031 (the “2020 Notes”). The 2020 Notes are subordinate and junior in right of payment to the prior payment in full of all existing claims of creditors of the Company whether now outstanding or subsequently created, assumed, guaranteed, or incurred (collectively, “Senior Indebtedness”). The 2020 Notes are not secured by any assets of the Company or its sole subsidiary, GBank.

The 2020 Notes have a maturity date of January 15, 2031 and carry a fixed interest rate of 4.50% for the first five years through January 14, 2026. Thereafter, the 2021 Notes will pay interest at a quarterly adjustable rate equal to the then-current three-month term SOFR as published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, plus four hundred twenty-three (423) basis points.

Interest on the 2020 Notes is payable in arrears semiannually on January and July 15 until January 15, 2026, and thereafter is payable in arrears quarterly. The 2020 Notes are redeemable by the Company in whole or in part on any interest payment date beginning with the interest payment date of January 15, 2026. The net proceeds of the 2020 Notes were $6.3 million which includes $207 thousand of debt issuance costs that are being amortized over the expected life of the 2020 Notes.

The 2020 Notes are intended to qualify as Tier 2 capital for the Company for regulatory capital purposes. At the closing of the private placement, the Company invested $6.0 million into the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, GBank. The funds invested into GBank are intended to qualify as Tier 1 capital of GBank.

The Company recorded interest expense on subordinated debt issuances totaling $285 thousand for each of the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, of which $287 thousand was accrued as of September 30, 2025, compared to $192 thousand accrued as of December 31, 2024. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 the Company recorded interest expense on subordinated debt issuances totaling $833 thousand and $857 thousand, respectively.

Lines of Credit

The Company has a line of credit available from the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (the “FHLB”). Pursuant to collateral agreements with the FHLB, the arrangement is collateralized by qualifying securities having a fair value of $79.1 million and pledged loans having a carrying value of $38.2 million at September 30, 2025. Comparatively, the arrangement was collateralized by qualifying securities having a fair value of $42.5 million and pledged loans having a carrying value of $41.0 million at December 31, 2024.

The unused borrowing capacity at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 with the FHLB, as collateralized by qualifying securities and pledged loans, was $101.9 million and $85.0 million, respectively. No draws have been made on the line, and the balance was zero at each of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The Company also has unsecured lines of credit with other correspondent banks totaling $40.0 million at September 30, 2025. No draws have been made on these lines of credit and no balances were outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Other Borrowing Arrangements

GBank is approved to pledge loans as collateral under the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco’s Borrower-In-Custody (“BIC”) Program. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had pledged loans and investment securities with an approximate carrying value of $642.8 million to the BIC Program and had unused borrowing capacity of $361.9 million. Comparatively, the Company had pledged loans and investment securities with an approximate carrying value of $590.5 million to the BIC Program and had unused borrowing capacity of $362.6 million at December 31, 2024.

The Company had no short-term borrowings outstanding at each of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Note 8. Stockholders' Equity and Earnings Per Share

Authorized Shares

The Company is authorized to issue three classes of shares: preferred stock, voting common stock, and nonvoting common stock. The Company had no preferred shares outstanding as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024. The Company’s non-voting common stock and voting common stock share equally in dividends and residual net assets on a per share basis, and have identical rights and privileges, with the exception of voting rights. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had 231,508 shares of nonvoting common stock issued and outstanding relating to the acquisition of a nonvoting equity interest in BankCard Services LLC ("BCS") during the second quarter of 2024. Earnings per share amounts, as well as the balance of common stock issued and outstanding on the consolidated balance sheets, reflect both voting and nonvoting common shares.

Stock Option Loans

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company approved a stock option loan program (the "Program") under which the Company made secured loans to option holders with proceeds used to pay the exercise price of the stock options. The collateral for the loans was the shares obtained upon exercise of the option using the loan proceeds. All loans under the Program were repaid in full during the first quarter of 2025.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each of the years presented. Diluted earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding plus common shares that would have been outstanding if dilutive potential common shares, consisting of unvested restricted stock and outstanding stock options, had been issued.

The computation of earnings per share is provided in the table below for the three- and nine-month periods indicated.

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024 September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
Net income available to common shareholders $ 4,308 $ 5,015 $ 13,533 $ 13,392
Weighted average shares outstanding (basic) 14,280,165 13,066,656 14,269,955 12,896,611
Effect of dilutive stock options 118,394 59,093 115,667 94,507
Effect of dilutive restricted stock 126,863 110,186 124,334 83,664
Weighted average shares outstanding (diluted) 14,525,422 13,235,935 14,509,956 13,074,782
Basic earnings per share $ 0.30 $ 0.38 $ 0.95 $ 1.04
Diluted earnings per share $ 0.30 $ 0.38 $ 0.93 $ 1.02
Anti-dilutive stock options excluded from
the computation of earnings per share 40,000 - 40,000 -

Note 9. Regulatory Capital Requirements

The Company is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal and state banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s financial statements.

On September 17, 2019, the federal banking agencies jointly finalized a rule that became effective July 1, 2020 and was intended to provide for an optional, simplified measure of capital adequacy, the community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) framework, for qualifying community banking organizations, consistent with Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act. The final rule was effective on January 1, 2020 and allows qualifying community banking organizations to calculate a leverage ratio to measure capital adequacy beginning with their March 31, 2020 Call Reports. . The Company opted into the CBLR framework with its Call Report filed with the federal banking agencies for the quarter ended September 30, 2020.

Under the final rule, if a qualifying community banking organization opts into the CBLR framework and meets all requirements under the framework, it will be considered to have met the well-capitalized ratio requirements under the “prompt corrective action” regulations described above and will not be required to report or calculate risk-based capital.

The main components and requirements of the community bank leverage ratio framework are as follows:

  • Tier 1 Capital Leverage ratio greater than 9.00%;
  • Less than $10.0 billion in average total consolidated assets;
  • Off-balance-sheet exposures of 25% or less of total consolidated assets;
  • Trading assets plus trading liabilities of 5% or less of total consolidated assets; and
  • Not an advanced approaches banking organization.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company and GBank were in compliance with the CBLR requirements. The table below presents a summary of the main components and requirements of the CBLR:

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Bank Tier 1 Capital Leverage Ratio 13.72 % 12.90 %
Average Total Consolidated Assets $ 1,244,916 $ 1,076,785
Off-Balance-Sheet Exposures $ 99,593 $ 58,210
Ratio of Off-Balance-Sheet Exposures to Total Assets 7.68 % 5.20 %
Trading Assets None None
Advances Approaching Banking Organization No No

Actual and required capital amounts and ratios for GBank, on a bank-only basis, are presented in the table below as of the dates indicated.

Actual Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes
(Dollars in thousands) Amount Ratio Amount Ratio
September 30, 2025
Community Bank Leverage Ratio $ 170,851 13.72 % $ 112,042 9.00 %
December 31, 2024
Community Bank Leverage Ratio $ 138,941 12.90 % $ 96,911 9.00 %

Additionally, State of Nevada banking regulations restrict distribution of the net assets of the Company. These regulations require the sum of the Company’s stockholders’ equity and allowance for credit losses to be at least six percent of the average of the Company’s total daily deposit liabilities for the preceding sixty days. As a result of these regulations, $62.8 million and $53.9 million of the Company’s stockholders’ equity was restricted as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance-Sheet Risk

The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments consist of commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. They involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other parties to the financial instruments for these commitments is represented by the contractual amounts of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments.

A summary of the contractual amounts of the Company’s exposure to off-balance-sheet risk is as follows as of the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Commitments to extend credit (1) $ 98,796 $ 57,413
Standby letters of credit (2) 797 797
$ 99,593 $ 58,210
  • Includes unsecured commitments of $1.4 million and $3.0 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
  • Includes cash secured standby letters of credit of $797 thousand as of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer provided there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon. The total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based upon management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable; inventory; property, plant and equipment; income-producing commercial properties; and land loans.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. Collateral held varies as specified above and is required as the Company deems necessary.

GBank calculates estimated credit losses for off-balance-sheet credit exposures which are not unconditionally cancellable on a collective (pool) basis, with these pools mirroring the segments used for the calculation of the allowance for credit losses for loans, as these unfunded commitments share similar risk characteristics with the loan portfolio segments. The allowance for credit losses related to off-balance-sheet commitments was $109 thousand and $73 thousand as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The provision for credit losses related to off-balance-sheet commitments was $12 thousand and $8 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the provision for credit losses related to off-balance-sheet commitments was $36 and $40 thousand, respectively. The provision for credit losses related to off-balance-sheet commitments is recorded within the provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income.

Financial Instruments with Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Company’s loan portfolio is concentrated in commercial real estate loans. Substantially all of these loans are secured by first liens with an initial loan to value ratio of generally not more than 80%. Commercial real estate loans accounted for 89% and 88% of total loans at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. No other loan classification exceeded 10% of the loan portfolio at September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

The Company makes commercial, commercial real estate, residential real estate and consumer loans to customers in its local market area of Nevada, California, Utah, and Arizona, and to customers located throughout the United States through the Company’s nationwide government guaranteed loan programs.

Loans secured by commercial real estate, residential real estate, or other property are expected to be repaid from cash flow or from proceeds from the sale of selected assets of the borrowers. Unsecured loans accounted for less than 1% of total gross loans at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

At September 30, 2025, the Company’s loan portfolio included loans and loan commitments in forty states. The following table sets forth the dispersion of loan principal balances and related commitments (undisbursed loan proceeds) for the states having at least five percent of the total loan principal balances and commitments outstanding:

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025
Amounts Percentage
Nevada $ 245,545 22.40 %
North Carolina 159,718 14.57 %
Ohio 79,191 7.22 %
California 57,502 5.24 %
Illinois 72,693 6.63 %
Indiana 60,870 5.55 %
Other 420,884 38.39 %
Total Loan Commitments $ 1,096,403 100.00 %

Legal Contingencies

The Company is a party to various legal actions normally associated with collections of loans and other business activities of financial institutions, the aggregate effect of which, in management’s opinion, would not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial statements. In the opinion of management, such proceedings are substantially covered by insurance, and the ultimate disposition of such proceedings are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Executive Agreements

The Company has entered into agreements with its key employees stating that, in the event the Company terminates the employment of these officers without cause or upon change in control of the Company, the Company may be liable for the employees’ salary for a period of time as outlined in the agreements.

Other Commitments

During the second quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a Limited Partnership Agreement with a venture capital fund under which the Company has committed up to $2.0 million in capital contributions to the partnership. The Company is a limited partner of the partnership with no controlling financial interests. Capital contributions are expected to be made through 2027. The Company had made capital contributions to the venture capital fund totaling $1.1 million and $660 thousand as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, with this balance included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Note 11. Fair Value Measurements

The Company uses a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

Level 1: Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in active exchange markets. Valuations are obtained from readily available pricing sources for market transactions involving identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Valuations for assets and liabilities traded in less active dealer or broker markets. Valuations are obtained from third-party pricing services for identical or similar assets or liabilities.

Level 3: Valuations for assets and liabilities that are derived from other valuation methodologies, including option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques, and not based on market exchange, dealer or broker-traded transactions. Level 3 valuations incorporate certain unobservable assumptions and projections in determining the fair value assigned to such assets.

There were no transfers between Levels 1, 2, and 3 during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 or the year ended December 31, 2024.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Securities Available for Sale - The fair value of investment securities classified as available for sale is measured using information from a third-party pricing service. The pricing service uses quoted market prices on nationally recognized securities exchanges (Level 1), or matrix pricing (Level 2), which is a mathematical technique, used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted market prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices.

The table below presents the balance of financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of the dates indicated:

Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2025 Using:
Quoted Prices In Significant Other Significant
(Dollars in thousands) Carrying<br>Value at Active<br>Markets Observable<br>Inputs Unobservable<br>Inputs
September 30, 2025 (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3)
Assets:
Available for sale debt securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 85,774 $ - $ 85,774 $ -
Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using:
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Quoted Prices In Significant Other Significant
(Dollars in thousands) Carrying<br>Value at Active<br>Markets Observable<br>Inputs Unobservable<br>Inputs
December 31, 2024 (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3)
Assets:
Available for sale debt securities:
Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 65,609 $ - $ 65,609 $ -

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, the instruments are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment).

Individually Evaluated Loans, Net of Allowance for Credit Losses - Individually evaluated loans, net of allowance for credit losses, are valued based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral, generally determined based upon independent third-party appraisals of the properties. These loans are included as Level 3 fair values, based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements. As of September 30, 2025, the balance of individually evaluated loans, net of allowance for credit losses of $22.6 million was comprised of commercial real estate - non-owner occupied and commercial real estate - owner occupied loans. As of December 31, 2024, the balance of individually evaluated loans, net of allowance for credit losses of $11.1 million was comprised of commercial and industrial loans and commercial real estate - non-owner occupied loans.

Other real estate owned - The fair value of other real estate owned is determined using independent appraisal values less estimated cost to sell.

The table below presents the balance of financial assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of the dates indicated:

Fair Value Measurements at September 30, 2025 Using:
Quoted Prices In Significant Other Significant
(Dollars in thousands) Carrying<br>Value at Active<br>Markets Observable<br>Inputs Unobservable<br>Inputs
September 30, 2025 (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3)
Assets:
Individually evaluated loans:
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied $ 21,931 $ - $ - $ 21,931
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 641 - - 641
Other real estate owned 2,684 - - 2,684
Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using:
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Quoted Prices In Significant Other Significant
(Dollars in thousands) Carrying<br>Value at Active<br>Markets Observable<br>Inputs Unobservable<br>Inputs
December 31, 2024 (Level 1) (Level 2) (Level 3)
Assets:
Individually evaluated loans:
Commercial and industrial $ 634 $ - $ - $ 634
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 10,468 - - 10,468

The following tables present additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which the Company has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine the fair value as of the dates indicated.

(Dollars in thousands) Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Valuation Unobservable Weighted
September 30, 2025 Estimate Technique Input Range Average
Assets:
Individually evaluated loans:
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied $ 21,931 Appraisal (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) 28%-54% 43%
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 641 Appraisal (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) 36%-67% 40%
Other real estate owned 2,684 Appraisal (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) 11%-21% 13%
(Dollars in thousands) Quantitative Information About Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Fair Value Valuation Unobservable Weighted
December 31, 2024 Estimate Technique Input Range Average
Assets:
Individually evaluated loans:
Commercial and industrial $ 634 Appraisal (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) 43%-43% 43%
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 10,468 Appraisal (1) Appraisal adjustments (2) 21%-59% 43%
  • Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals which generally include various level 3 inputs that are not identifiable.
  • Appraisal amounts may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. The range of liquidation expenses and other adjustments are presented as a percent of the appraisal or financial statement book value.

Carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments were as follows as of the dates indicated:

September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Fair Value<br>Hierarchy Carrying Estimated Carrying Estimated
(Dollars in thousands) Level Amount Fair Value Amount Fair Value
Financial instruments - assets
Cash and due from banks 1 $ 4,988 $ 4,988 $ 9,262 $ 9,262
Interest-bearing deposits with other financial<br>   institutions 1 98,402 98,402 114,860 114,860
Investment securities available for sale 2 85,774 85,774 65,609 65,609
Investment securities held to maturity 2 38,578 38,856 40,569 40,392
Loans held for sale 3 66,791 68,955 32,649 33,930
Loans, net 3 930,014 936,449 806,844 812,674
Loan servicing assets 3 10,621 18,395 8,976 15,546
Federal Home Loan Bank stock 2 5,513 5,513 4,652 4,652
Accrued interest receivable 2 7,606 7,606 7,184 7,184
Financial instruments - liabilities
Deposits 2 1,092,177 1,057,184 935,080 899,360
Subordinated debt 2 26,144 25,604 26,088 24,830
Accrued interest payable 2 2,361 2,361 3,063 3,063

Note 12. Segment Reporting

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the Company’s CODM in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. GBank’s CODM is Edward M. Nigro, CEO and Executive Chairman. The Company’s CODM monitors the revenue streams and significant expenses of its various products and services, as well as budget to actual results, in assessing the Company’s segments. The evaluation of significant expenses include salaries and employee benefits, data processing, occupancy, and legal and professional fees. Overall, operations are managed, and financial performance is evaluated, on a Company-wide basis using the Company’s consolidated net income to monitor actual results versus budget, in competitive analyses by benchmarking to the Company’s peers, and in decision making pertaining to executive compensation levels, new product decisions, expansion plans, and capital expenditure spending. Accordingly, all of the Company’s operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable segment.

The following table presents certain information reviewed by management for the three- and nine-month periods presented:

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024 September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
Net interest income $ 12,998 $ 12,259 $ 37,280 $ 34,410
Provision for credit losses 2,219 578 4,032 893
Noninterest income 7,177 3,902 18,023 10,474
Noninterest expense 12,317 9,055 33,619 26,564
Provision for income taxes 1,282 1,513 3,992 4,035
Net loss attributable to equity investment (49 ) - (127 ) -
Net income 4,308 5,015 13,533 13,392
Total Assets $ 1,301,378 $ 1,048,002 $ 1,301,378 $ 1,048,002

Other Segment Information

Revenue Composition: GBFH generates revenue primarily from net interest income and non-interest income, including gain on sales of loans, net interchange income, and loan servicing income.

Capital Allocation & Performance Metrics: The CODM assesses performance based on key financial metrics, including net interest margin, return on average assets, return on average equity and the Company's efficiency ratio.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following presents management’s discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of GBank Financial Holdings Inc. (individually, “GBFH” and collectively with its subsidiaries including GBank, the “Company”). This discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q and with the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 and S-1/A. Results of operations for the periods included in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q are not necessarily indicative of results to be obtained during any future period.

General

GBank Financial Holdings Inc. is a bank holding company headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada and registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHC Act”). Through our wholly owned bank subsidiary, GBank, we operate two full-service commercial branches in Las Vegas, Nevada to provide a broad range of business, commercial and retail banking products and services to small businesses, middle-market enterprises, public entities and affluent individuals in Nevada, California, Utah, and Arizona. Our founding members, including our Executive Chairman of the Board, Edward M. Nigro, recognized a need in the greater Las Vegas area for a solutions-oriented, relationship bank focused on middle market companies and real estate entrepreneurs who generally require loans of $200 thousand to $20 million, a size often overlooked or deprioritized by larger financial institutions. GBank was established in 2007 with the goal of helping these underserved clients build and sustain wealth. By combining the relationship-based focus of a community bank with the extensive suite of financial products and services offered by our largest competitors, we believe that we are well-positioned to continue to capitalize on the significant growth opportunities available not only in the greater Las Vegas and Clark County area, but regionally and nationally through our SBA lending, Gaming Fintech, and credit card initiatives. These activities, together with our two strategically located banking centers, generate a stable source of low-cost core deposits and a diverse loan portfolio with attractive risk-adjusted yields.

Recent Events

On July 4, 2025, new federal tax legislation was signed into law. The legislation includes a range of tax reform measures, including the extension and modification of certain provisions originally enacted under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Key changes include the restoration of 100% bonus depreciation, immediate expensing for domestic research and development expenditures, and modifications to international tax rules. The impact of this legislation is not expected to be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations for the year ending December 31, 2025.

Available Information

The Company maintains an Internet web site at www.gbankfinancialholdings.com. The Company makes available, free of charge, on its web site (under www.gbankfinancialholdings.com/secfilings) the Company’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. The Company also makes available, free of charge, through its web site (under www.gbankfinancialholdings.com/corporate-governance) links to the Company’s Code of Ethics Policy and the charters for its board committees. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site (at www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

The Company routinely posts important information for investors on its web site (at www.gbankfinancialholdings.com and, more specifically, under the News & Media tab at www.gbankfinancialholdings.com/press-releases). The Company intends to use its web site as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with its disclosure obligations under SEC Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Company’s web site, in addition to following the Company’s press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, presentations and webcasts.

The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, the Company’s web site is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this Form 10-Q.

Nature of Operations

The Company generates the majority of its revenue through net interest income, calculated as the difference between interest earned on loans and investments and interest paid on deposits and borrowings. Growth in net interest income is dependent upon balance sheet growth and maintaining or increasing the net interest margin, which is calculated as net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. The Company also generates revenue through gains on sales of assets, generally the guaranteed portion of SBA and USDA loans, net interchange fees earned on its credit card product, and fees earned on the various services and products offered to its customers. Offsetting these revenue sources are provisions for credit losses, non-interest expenses and income taxes.

The following table presents a summary of the Company's earnings and selected performance ratios for the three- and nine-month periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data) 2025 2024 2025 2024
Net Income $ 4,308 $ 5,015 $ 13,533 $ 13,392
Diluted Earnings Per Share $ 0.30 $ 0.38 $ 0.93 $ 1.02
Return on Average Assets 1.37 % 1.96 % 1.52 % 1.82 %
Return on Average Equity 10.89 % 17.29 % 12.00 % 16.58 %
Net Interest Margin (annualized) 4.35 % 5.00 % 4.37 % 4.89 %
Non-Performing Assets to Total Assets 2.88 % 0.52 % 2.88 % 0.52 %
Net Charge-Off (Recoveries) to Average Loans (annualized) 0.35 % -0.01 % 0.37 % 0.00 %

Financial highlights for the three months ended September 30, 2025 are presented below:

  • Net income of $4.3 million and diluted earnings per share of $0.30, compared to $5.0 million and diluted earnings per share of $0.38 for the third quarter of 2024.
  • Loan growth of 15% since December 31, 2024.
  • Principal balances of loans sold of $110.8 million compared to principal balances of loans sold of $71.4 million of during the three months ended September 30, 2024.
  • Net interchange fees of $2.4 million compared to $284 thousand during the third quarter of 2024.
  • On-balance sheet guaranteed loans totaled $260.5 million as of September 30, 2025 compared to $233.9 million at December 31, 2024.
  • Non-performing assets of $37.5 million at September 30, 2025 representing 2.88% of total assets compared to $14.2 million of non-performing assets at December 31, 2024, representing 1.26% of total assets.

Critical Accounting Policies

In preparing the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements, accounting policies are applied that require significant judgment and estimates, which can materially impact the Company’s financial position and results of operations. The following are the critical accounting policies that have the most significant impact on the Company’s financial statements because they require significant judgments and assumptions about highly complex and inherently uncertain matters. The use of reasonably different estimates and assumptions could have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The allowance for credit losses reflects management’s best estimate of credit losses over the remaining life of the loan portfolio and is presented as a valuation account deducted from the loan portfolio’s amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans.

The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. GBank has segregated its held-for-investment loan portfolio into segments based on federal call report codes which classify loans based on the primary collateral supporting the loan. The segments are reviewed by management no less than annually to ensure instruments are properly segregated into groups having similar risk characteristics and new segments may be required as the Company offers new loan products.

The Company’s loan portfolio includes certain loans which are partially guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration. The Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”) model does not require an entity to measure expected credit losses on an instrument, or pool of instruments, if historical information adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts result in zero expected credit losses in all scenarios. The guaranteed portion of the loan pools range from 75 percent to 90 percent. For purposes of the assessment of credit losses, Company management ascertains the guaranteed portion of these loans has zero repayment risk due to the full guarantee of the U.S. government.

The Company measures the allowance for credit losses using the average charge-off method and calculates an estimate of expected credit losses based on actual losses incurred during a historic look-back period. The Company has chosen to use the historic losses of

similarly insured institutions for each of its loan segments with the exception of commercial real estate loans for which Company management has defined a custom peer group of institutions having a large focus on government guaranteed lending.

To account for the model’s quantitative limitations when estimating credit losses, management also considers certain qualitative adjustments, including considerations of:

  • changes in lending policies, underwriting standards, and collection practices
  • changes in economic and business conditions
  • changes in volume and severity of past due and adversely classified loans, including nonaccrual volume
  • changes in nature, volume, and terms of loans
  • changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and staff
  • changes in underlying collateral values
  • effect of concentrations (loan types) as a percentage of capital
  • changes in the quality of the loan review system
  • effects of other factors (unemployment, loss of benefits, depreciation, loss of net worth, etc.)

GBank considers financial assets on an individual basis when the financial asset has unusual risk characteristics not matching an existing segment and may assign a specific reserve to the financial asset having unusual risk characteristics. The specific reserve component is calculated as the Company's evaluation of credit loss on individually evaluated loans based on the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs if collateral dependent or based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's initial effective interest rate if not collateral dependent. The majority of the Company's loans subject to individual evaluation are considered collateral dependent. The Company uses the practical expedient as permitted under ASC 326 to measure individually evaluated loans as collateral dependent and/or when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. Expected credit losses are based on the fair value at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. For collateral dependent loans, credit loss is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis in the loan and the fair value of the underlying collateral. The fair value of the collateral is adjusted for the estimated cost to sell if repayment or satisfaction of a loan is dependent on the sale (rather than only on the operation) of the collateral.

Emerging Growth Company

Pursuant to the JOBS Act, an emerging growth company is provided the option to adopt new or revised accounting standards that may be issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or the SEC either (i) within the same periods as those otherwise applicable to non-emerging growth companies or (ii) within the same time periods as private companies. We have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards affecting public companies, which means that our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of public companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards on a non-delayed basis.

We may take advantage of some of the reduced regulatory and reporting requirements that are available to it so long as we qualify as an emerging growth company, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation, and exemptions from the requirements of holding non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation and golden parachute payments.

Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin

Net interest income is calculated as the excess of interest earned from the Company’s interest-bearing assets, such as loans and investments, and the interest expense incurred on interest-bearing liabilities, like deposits and borrowed funds. Net interest income represents the core earnings of the Company’s primary activities of lending and investing, less the costs of obtaining funds.

Net interest margin is expressed as net interest income as a percentage of average earning assets and reflects the Company's ability to generate income from its interest-earning assets relative to the costs of funding those assets. Net interest income is affected by changes in interest rates, as well as composition and volume fluctuations in the average balances of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.

Average balances, interest income or expense, and the interest yield or rate for the Company’s interest-sensitive assets and liabilities are presented in the tables below for the three- and nine-month periods presented. Average balances are calculated on a daily basis. The Company had no tax equivalent adjustments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

For the Three Months Ended
September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
Average Yield/ Average Yield/
(Dollars in thousands) Balance Interest Rate(2) Balance Interest Rate(2)
ASSETS:
Interest Bearing Deposits With Banks $ 97,822 $ 1,160 4.70 % $ 94,147 $ 1,367 5.78 %
Investment Securities:
Taxable 122,158 1,421 4.62 % 72,705 924 5.06 %
Loans, Net (1) 960,679 18,919 7.81 % 804,824 17,347 8.57 %
Federal Home Loan Bank Stock 5,513 122 8.78 % 4,652 102 8.72 %
Total Earning Assets 1,186,172 21,622 7.23 % 976,328 19,740 8.04 %
Cash and Due From Banks 7,050 5,997
Other Assets 54,801 37,330
Total Assets 1,248,023 1,019,655
LIABILITIES & SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:
Deposits:
Interest-bearing Demand $ 60,404 320 2.10 % $ 66,317 420 2.52 %
Money Market and Savings 307,322 2,938 3.79 % 237,142 2,405 4.03 %
Certificates of Deposit 456,611 5,081 4.41 % 332,204 4,369 5.23 %
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits 824,337 8,339 4.01 % 635,663 7,194 4.50 %
Short-Term Borrowings - - 0.00 % 125 2 6.37 %
Subordinated Debt 26,132 285 4.33 % 26,057 285 4.35 %
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities 850,469 8,624 4.02 % 661,845 7,481 4.50 %
Noninterest-bearing Deposits 217,547 221,121
Other Liabilities 23,115 21,270
Shareholders' Equity 156,892 115,419
Total Liabilities & Shareholders' Equity $ 1,248,023 $ 1,019,655
Net Interest Income $ 12,998 $ 12,259
Total Yield on Earning Assets 7.23 % 8.04 %
Cost on Interest-Bearing Liabilities 4.02 % 4.50 %
Average Interest Spread 3.21 % 3.54 %
Net Interest Margin 4.35 % 5.00 %
  • For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the average balance of loans, net includes average non-accrual loan balances of $30.5 million and $5.6 million, respectively.
  • Annualized on an actual/actual basis.
For the Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
Average Yield/ Average Yield/
(Dollars in thousands) Balance Interest Rate(2) Balance Interest Rate(2)
ASSETS:
Interest Bearing Deposits With Banks $ 105,457 $ 3,718 4.71 % $ 80,155 $ 3,505 5.84 %
Investment Securities:
Taxable 115,815 4,117 4.75 % 81,463 2,806 4.60 %
Loans, Net(1) 913,143 53,413 7.82 % 774,154 49,036 8.46 %
Federal Home Loan Bank Stock 5,179 338 8.73 % 4,094 272 8.87 %
Total Earning Assets 1,139,594 61,586 7.23 % 939,866 55,619 7.90 %
Cash and Due From Banks 6,686 6,078
Other Assets 45,348 34,854
Total Assets 1,191,628 980,798
LIABILITIES & SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:
Deposits:
Interest-bearing Demand $ 62,120 991 2.13 % $ 66,219 1,208 2.44 %
Money Market and Savings 291,899 8,279 3.79 % 213,618 6,302 3.94 %
Certificates of Deposit 419,011 14,203 4.53 % 323,929 12,730 5.25 %
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits 773,030 23,473 4.06 % 603,766 20,240 4.48 %
Short-Term Borrowings - - 0.00 % 2,732 112 5.48 %
Subordinated Debt 26,113 833 4.26 % 26,040 857 4.40 %
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities 799,143 24,306 4.07 % 632,538 21,209 4.48 %
Noninterest-bearing Deposits 219,869 220,911
Other Liabilities 21,897 19,380
Shareholders' Equity 150,719 107,969
Total Liabilities & Shareholders' Equity $ 1,191,628 $ 980,798
Net Interest Income $ 37,280 $ 34,410
Total Yield on Earning Assets 7.23 % 7.90 %
Cost on Interest-Bearing Liabilities 4.07 % 4.48 %
Average Interest Spread 3.16 % 3.42 %
Net Interest Margin 4.37 % 4.89 %
  • For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the average balance of loans, net includes average non-accrual loan balances of $22.9 million and $5.2 million, respectively.
  • Annualized on an actual/actual basis.

The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on net interest income for the three- and nine-month periods indicated. The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The net column represents the sum of the prior columns. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated to volume.

Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2025 vs. September 30, 2024 September 30, 2025 vs. September 30, 2024
Increase (Decrease) Increase (Decrease)
(Dollars in thousands) Volume Rate Net Volume Rate Net
INTEREST INCOME:
Interest Bearing Deposits With Banks $ 53 $ (260 ) $ (207 ) $ 1,106 $ (893 ) $ 213
Investment Securities:
Taxable 628 (131 ) 497 1,183 128 1,311
Loans, Net 3,359 (1,787 ) 1,572 8,804 (4,427 ) 4,377
Federal Home Loan Bank Stock 19 1 20 72 (6 ) 66
Total Interest Income 4,059 (2,177 ) 1,882 11,165 (5,198 ) 5,967
INTEREST EXPENSE:
Interest Bearing Deposits:
Interest-bearing Demand (37 ) (63 ) (100 ) (75 ) (142 ) (217 )
Money Market and Savings 712 (179 ) 533 2,309 (332 ) 1,977
Certificates of Deposit 1,636 (924 ) 712 3,737 (2,264 ) 1,473
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits 2,311 (1,166 ) 1,145 5,971 (2,738 ) 3,233
Short-Term Borrowings (2 ) - (2 ) (112 ) - (112 )
Subordinated Debt 1 (1 ) - 2 (26 ) (24 )
Total Interest Expense 2,310 (1,167 ) 1,143 5,861 (2,764 ) 3,097
NET INTEREST INCOME $ 1,749 $ (1,010 ) $ 739 $ 5,304 $ (2,434 ) $ 2,870

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, interest income was $61.6 million, an increase of $6.0 million compared to $55.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, interest income was $21.6 million, an increase of $1.9 million compared to $19.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increases in interest income when comparing the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 to the same periods in 2024 are primarily due to increases in average interest-earning assets, partially offset by yield reductions on adjustable-rate loans, securities, and other liquid assets as a result of the 100 basis point decrease in the target federal funds rate by the Federal Reserve during the second half of 2024.

Interest expense was $24.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $3.1 million compared to $21.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Interest expense was $8.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $1.1 million compared to $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase in interest expense when comparing the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 to the same periods in 2024 was driven by increases in average interest-bearing liabilities to fund asset growth.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company's net interest margin decreased to 4.37%, compared to 4.89% for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. For the third quarter of 2025, the Company’s net interest margin decreased to 4.35%, compared to 5.00% for the third quarter of 2024. The decrease in net interest margin for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the same periods in 2024 is reflective of the lower market interest rate environment as explained in the above paragraphs.

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses in each period is reflected as a reduction in earnings for that period and includes amounts related to funded loans and unfunded loan commitments. The provision is equal to the amount required to maintain the ACL at a level that is adequate to absorb estimated lifetime credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio based on remaining contractual maturity, adjusted for estimated prepayments as of each period end. The Company's CECL models incorporate historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts in measuring expected credit losses. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $2.2 million and $4.0 million, respectively, compared to $570 thousand and $853 thousand for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The provision for credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 is primarily reflective of net charge-offs of $836 thousand and $2.5 million, respectively, and non-guaranteed loan growth.

Noninterest Income

The following table presents the components of total noninterest income.

Three Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 Change % Change
Gain on sale of loans $ 3,592 $ 2,838 26.6
Loan servicing income 762 566 34.6
Service charges and fees 60 48 25.0
Net interchange fees 2,406 284 747.2
Other income 357 166 115.1
Total Noninterest Income $ 7,177 $ 3,902 83.9

All values are in US Dollars.

Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 Change % Change
Gain on sale of loans $ 8,722 $ 8,084 7.9
Loan servicing income 2,215 1,160 90.9
Service charges and fees 171 130 31.5
Net interchange fees 5,944 451 1,218.0
Other income 971 649 49.6
Total Noninterest Income $ 18,023 $ 10,474 72.1

All values are in US Dollars.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, noninterest income totaled $7.2 million compared to noninterest income $3.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, noninterest income totaled $18.0 million compared to noninterest income $10.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Gain on sale of loans totaled $3.6 million for the third quarter of 2025 compared to $2.8 million for the third quarter of 2024. Gain on sale of loans totaled $8.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $8.1 million for the same period in 2024. The increase in gain on sale of loans for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 was due to higher volumes of loans sold, partially offset by less favorable secondary market pricing, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 when compared to the same period of 2024.

Net interchange fees totaled $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $284 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Net interchange fees totaled $5.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $451 thousand for the same period in 2024. The increase in net interchange fees when comparing the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025 to the same periods in 2024 was attributable to transaction volume growth within GBank’s Visa Signature® Card product.

Loan servicing income increased $196 thousand from $566 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2024 to $762 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2025. Loan servicing income increased $1.1 million from $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 to $2.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The increase in loan servicing income when comparing the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 to the same periods in 2024 was the result of both (i) higher average balances of loans serviced by GBank during 2025, and (ii) the first quarter of 2024 reflecting loan servicing asset writeoffs of $401 thousand due to the repurchase of the guaranteed portion of previously sold SBA loans.

Noninterest Expense

The following tables present the components of total noninterest expense.

Three Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 Change % Change
Salaries and employee benefits $ 6,589 $ 5,495 19.9
Data processing 1,637 930 76.0
Occupancy expense 418 404 3.5
Legal and professional fees 644 424 51.9
Loan related costs 576 443 30.0
Audits and exams 262 224 17.0
Advertising and marketing 1,141 135 745.2
FDIC insurance 134 111 20.7
Other 916 889 3.0
Total Noninterest Expense $ 12,317 $ 9,055 36.0

All values are in US Dollars.

Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands) 2025 2024 Change % Change
Salaries and employee benefits $ 19,224 $ 16,537 16.2
Data processing 4,375 2,470 77.1
Occupancy expense 1,210 1,269 ) (4.6 )
Legal and professional fees 1,915 1,571 21.9
Loan related costs 1,290 1,278 0.9
Audits and exams 1,157 462 150.4
Advertising and marketing 1,876 391 379.8
FDIC insurance 385 336 14.6
Other 2,187 2,251 ) (2.8 )
Total Noninterest Expense $ 33,619 $ 26,565 26.6

All values are in US Dollars.

For the three months ended September 30, 2025, noninterest expense increased 36% to $12.3 million, compared to $9.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, noninterest expense increased 27% to $33.6 million, compared to $26.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Salaries and employee benefits expense totaled $6.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $1.1 million or 20% when compared to $5.5 million for the third quarter of 2024. Salaries and benefits expense totaled $19.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $2.7 million or 16% when compared to $16.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. These increases are attributable to both (i) increases in employee salaries and benefits expenses resulting from an increase in full-time equivalent employees from 159 at September 30, 2024 to 187 at September 30, 2025, (ii) non-recurring severance, benefits, and stock compensation expenses totaling $900 thousand associated with the resignation of the Company's CEO during the third quarter of 2025 as previously reported on Form 8-K with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 3, 2025, and (iii) higher stock-based compensation expense due to increases in grant date fair value of recent stock awards.

Data processing expense increased $707 thousand, or 76%, from $930 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2024 to $1.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. Data processing expense increased $1.9 million, or 77%, from $2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 to $4.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. The year over year increases were due to both (i) higher costs from transactional-based charges given the volume increases in loans and deposits over the last twelve months, and (ii) investments to enhance data management and security capabilities responsive to both the larger company profile and the increasing complexity of information technology management.

Audits and exams expense totaled $262 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $38 thousand when compared to $224 thousand for the third quarter of 2024. Audits and exams expense totaled $1.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of $695 thousand when compared to $462 thousand during the same period of 2024. The increases in audits and exams expense reflects certain non-recurring professional, legal and audit fees associated with the preparation of filings made with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for the registration of its shares of common stock and listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, which totaled $30 thousand and $1.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively.

Advertising and marketing expense increased $1.0 million to $1.1 million during the third quarter of 2025, compared to $135 thousand during the third quarter of 2025. Advertising and marketing expense increased $1.5 million to $1.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $391 thousand during the same period in 2024. The increase in advertising and marketing expense was largely attributable to one-time promotional expenses totaling $728 thousand related to an early generation third party non-gaming credit card marketing agreement that was terminated during the third quarter of 2025.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense was $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, a decrease of 15% or $231 thousand compared to $1.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Income tax expense was $4.0 million for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The decrease in income tax expense during the three months ended September 30, 2025 was primarily due to lower pre-tax earnings.

The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 22.7% and 22.6%, respectively compared to 23.2% for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The fluctuations in the effective tax rate are largely driven by the timing and volume of certain stock-based compensation transactions resulting in tax benefits to the Company, as well as the timing and volume of state tax adjustments.

Comparison of Financial Condition – September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024

Total Assets

Total assets increased 16% to $1.3 billion at September 30, 2025 compared to $1.1 billion at December 31, 2024, primarily due to increases in net loans of $124.6 million, $34.1 million in loans held for sale, and $15.5 million in bank owned life insurance related to a bank owned life insurance investment of $15 million during the third quarter of 2025.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents decreased 17% from $124.1 million at December 31, 2024 to $103.4 million at September 30, 2025 as cash outflows to fund loan growth more than offset cash inflows from deposit growth during the first nine months of 2025.

Investments

The Company maintains an investment security portfolio to generate income through interest and potential sales, manage liquidity for funding needs, support interest rate risk management, and meet regulatory requirements for high-quality liquid assets.

The investment security portfolio is comprised of held to maturity securities recorded at amortized cost and available for sale securities recorded at fair value. Held to maturity securities decreased $2.0 million to $38.6 million as of September 30, 2025, compared to $40.6 million as of December 31, 2024. Available for sale securities increased $20.2 million from $65.6 million at December 31, 2024 to $85.8 million at September 30, 2025.

The following table presents the maturity composition and the weighted average yields of the investment portfolio as of September 30, 2025. Mortgage-backed security maturities are based on paydown trends in the most recent three-month period. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Weighted-average yield is calculated based on the amortized cost of each security.

Maturing
(Dollars in thousands) One Year After One Year After Five Years After
or Less Through Five Years Through Ten Years Ten Years
Weighted Weighted Weighted Weighted
Average Average Average Average
As of September 30, 2025 Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield
Available for sale securities, at fair value:
Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 2,047 -2.74 % $ 28,859 5.10 % $ 42,234 4.48 % $ 12,634 4.50 %
Held to maturity securities, at amortized cost:
Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 872 7.35 % $ 2,258 5.54 % $ 35,448 5.00 % $ - 0.00 %

Loans

Total loans, net of deferred loan costs and unamortized discounts, increased 15% to $940.6 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $816.0 million at December 31, 2024. Loan originations, including government guaranteed and non-guaranteed commercial loans, totaled $535.7 million during the first nine months of 2025, compared to $419.9 million for the same period in 2024.

The following table presents the ending balance of loans outstanding, by type, as of the dates indicated.

September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) Percent of Percent of
Balance Total Loans Balance Total Loans
Commercial and industrial $ 66,226 7.0 % $ 64,000 7.8 %
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 743,084 79.0 630,551 77.3
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 97,396 10.4 88,802 10.9
Construction and land development 2,115 0.2 2,934 0.4
Multifamily 18,979 2.0 17,374 2.1
Single Family Sr. Lien 731 0.1 5,992 0.7
Single Family Jr. Lien 2,664 0.3 3,203 0.4
Single Family HELOC 433 0.0 1,389 0.2
Consumer 8,963 1.1 1,713 0.2
Loans, net 940,591 100.1 % 815,958 100.0 %
Allowance for credit losses (10,577 ) (9,114 )
Loans, net of allowance $ 930,014 $ 806,844

Beginning in the third quarter of 2023, and continuing into the first quarter 2024, the Company repurchased previously sold guaranteed SBA loans by initiating a change in loan terms with certain borrowers, at the borrowers’ option, to convert variable loans to five-year fixed rate loans at lower current interest rates. The repurchase program was initiated in response to a rapid rise in the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate which has the potential to significantly impact our borrowers, the majority of whom are in variable rate loans. The Prime Rate increased from 3.25% to 8.50% between March 2022 and July 2023, an increase of 525 basis points. The Company received requests from borrowers due to the higher payments affecting borrowers’ cash flow and operations. Given the predicted economic outlook and anticipated interest rate reductions likely being delayed until late 2024, the Company decided to evaluate converting the variable rate structure to a fixed-rate based on a current credit evaluation. In response, GBank reached out to request annual tax returns and updated financial information from borrowers. The Company began to repurchase previously sold guaranteed SBA loans by initiating a change in loan terms with certain borrowers, at the borrowers’ option, to convert variable loans to five-year fixed rate loans at the current market terms.

The process for evaluating, approving, and submitting repurchase packages to the SBA was consistent with SOP 50 57 (3) and Section 7.6 of the Secondary Participation Guaranty Agreement. Updated financials from each borrower were reviewed to assess the viability of the business before preparing an interest rate modification document. Once the interest rate modification was approved internally, GBank sought approval for modifications, and submitted requests to the SBA to repurchase these SBA loans. According to the SOP, SBA shall review the repurchase request package, and based on the financial and other information provided determine whether an emergency repurchase of the SBA loan is appropriate for that specific borrower. This activity resulted in the repurchase of $106.1 million of United States government guaranteed loan balances within the commercial and industrial and commercial real estate segments during the year ended December 31, 2023. This program continued through the end of the first quarter of 2024, during which $44.2 million of the guaranteed portion of previously sold loans were repurchased. The balance of guaranteed loans at September 30, 2025 was $260.5 million, representing 20.6% of loans. Comparatively, at December 31, 2024, the Company had $233.9 million of guaranteed loan balances representing 24.7% of loans. Given the stabilization of the interest rate environment the Company is not anticipating any material repurchases in the foreseeable future.

Net deferred loan costs totaled $10.5 million at September 30, 2025 and $8.2 million at December 31, 2024. Net deferred loan costs represent the costs incurred to originate loans, net of fees paid by the borrower, which are measured and recorded at the date the loan is originated. Unamortized discount totaled $10.4 million at September 30, 2025 and $8.9 million at December 31, 2024. The unamortized discount relates to the retained portion of government guaranteed loans and is based on the relative fair value of the retained loan as calculated by an independent consulting firm. Loan costs and discount are amortized over the life of the loan and are recorded as an adjustment to interest income on the loan.

Loans held for sale totaled $66.8 million at September 30, 2025 and consisted of commercial real estate – non-owner occupied, commercial real estate – owner occupied, and commercial and industrial loans. Loans held for sale totaled $32.6 million at December 31, 2024 and consisted of commercial real estate – non-owner occupied, commercial real estate – owner occupied, and commercial and industrial loans. The balance of unguaranteed portions to be retained are reported as held for investment.

The following table sets forth the dispersion of loan principal balances with amounts and the percentage of the total balances in the states with five percent of total loans as of September 30, 2025:

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025
Amounts Percentage
Nevada $ 182,670 19.42 %
North Carolina 149,321 15.88 %
Ohio 61,536 6.54 %
Illinois 61,100 6.50 %
Indiana 52,108 5.54 %
Texas 48,390 5.14 %
Other 385,466 40.98 %
$ 940,591 100.00 %

Credit Quality, Credit Risk, and Allowance for Credit Losses

In accordance with CECL guidance, the Company has grouped its loan portfolio into segments with similar risk characteristics based on factors such as loan type, credit risk profile, borrower characteristics, and other relevant attributes that influence the risk of default. By dividing loans into these segments, the Company can apply more tailored loss estimation techniques that reflect the specific credit risks associated with each segment.

Evaluations of the Company’s loan portfolio, its segments, and individual credits are inherently subjective and require significant judgments dependent on the circumstances at the time of the evaluation. As such, current period results are not an indication of future performance, and future evaluations may result in substantial changes to the allowance for credit losses and related provision expense as a result of changing economic conditions, asset quality, or loan portfolio composition in future periods.

For more information on the Company’s allowance for credit losses methodology, including the quantitative and qualitative factors used in the calculation, please see "Note 3 – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans" within Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

The following table presents the allowance for credit loss as a percentage of total loans as of the dates indicated:

(In Thousands)
As of September 30, 2025 Total ACL - Loans Total Loans % of Total Loans Outstanding Allowance as a %<br>of Loan Category
Commercial and industrial $ 381 $ 66,226 7.0 % 0.6 %
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 8,281 743,084 79.0 1.1
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 621 97,396 10.4 0.6
Construction and land development 156 2,115 0.2 7.4
Multifamily 50 18,979 2.0 0.3
Single Family Sr Lien 3 731 0.1 0.4
Single Family Jr Lien 3 2,664 0.3 0.1
Single Family HELOC 4 433 0.0 0.9
Consumer 1,078 8,963 1.0 12.0
Total $ 10,577 $ 940,591 100.0 % 1.1 %
(In Thousands)
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
As of December 31, 2024 Total ACL - Loans Total Loans % of Total Loans Outstanding Allowance as a %<br>of Loan Category
Commercial and industrial $ 496 $ 64,000 7.8 % 0.8 %
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied 7,837 630,551 77.3 1.2
Commercial real estate - owner occupied 537 88,802 10.9 0.6
Construction and land development 49 2,934 0.4 1.7
Multifamily 39 17,374 2.1 0.2
Single Family Sr Lien 33 5,992 0.7 0.6
Single Family Jr Lien 14 3,203 0.4 0.4
Single Family HELOC 11 1,389 0.2 0.8
Consumer 98 1,713 0.2 5.7
Total $ 9,114 $ 815,958 100.0 % 1.1 %

The allowance for credit losses increased from $9.1 million at December 31, 2024 to $10.6 million at September 30, 2025. The allowance as a percentage of loan balances remained unchanged at 1.12% at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company continues to closely monitor credit quality in light of the ongoing economic uncertainty caused by, among other factors, continued uncertainty regarding U.S. trade and tariff policy and the lingering inflationary pressures and the risk of the resurgence of elevated levels of inflation in the United States and our market areas. Accordingly, additional provisions for credit losses may be necessary in future periods.

The following table presents non-performing assets and related ratios as of the periods presented.

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Non-performing assets:
Total nonaccrual loans $ 34,608 $ 14,128
Loans 90 days past due and accruing 184 40
Total non-performing loans 34,792 14,168
Other real estate owned 2,684 -
Total non-performing assets $ 37,476 $ 14,168
Non-performing loans to net loans 3.98 % 1.74 %
Nonaccrual loans to net loans 3.68 % 1.73 %
ACL to nonaccrual loans 30.56 % 64.51 %
ACL to gross loans 1.12 % 1.12 %

The Company had $34.8 million of non-performing loans as of September 30, 2025, compared to $14.2 million of non-performing loans as of December 31, 2024. As of September 30, 2025, the balance of non-performing loans was comprised of certain commercial real estate – non-owner occupied, commercial real estate – owner occupied, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer loans, of which $27.1 million is guaranteed by the SBA. Included in the balance of non-performing loans as of September 30, 2025 are $24.2 million of individually evaluated loans with specific credit loss reserves of $1.7 million assigned. As of December 31, 2024, the balance of non-performing loans was comprised of certain commercial real estate – non-owner occupied, commercial real estate – owner occupied, commercial and industrial loans, and consumer loans totaling $14.2 million, of which $9.3 million is guaranteed by the SBA. Included in the balance of non-performing assets as of December 31, 2024 are $12.5 million of individually evaluated loans with specific credit loss reserves of $1.4 million assigned.

The Company held $2.7 million of other real estate owned as of September 30, 2025. The Company held no other real estate owned as of December 31, 2024.

Operating Lease Right of Use Asset

The operating lease right of use asset increased $1.0 million from $4.5 million at December 31, 2024 to $5.5 million at September 30, 2025, due to the modification of two leased locations during the first quarter of 2025 resulting in a five year extensions of the lease terms.

Loan Servicing Assets

Loan servicing assets increased $1.6 from $9.0 million at December 31, 2024 to $10.6 million at September 30, 2025, primarily due the addition of servicing rights of $5.8 million relating to loans sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This increase was partially offset by loan servicing asset amortization of $4.2 million during the quarter.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock, At Cost

FHLB stock increased $861 thousand from $4.7 million at December 31, 2024 to $5.5 million at September 30, 2025. As a member of the FHLB, GBank is required to hold capital stock with this balance dependent upon GBank’s borrowing capacity with the FHLB.

Other Assets

Other assets totaled $21.9 million at September 30, 2025, an increase of $2.6 million, or 13%, when compared to $19.4 million at December 31, 2024, with this increase largely attributable to growth of the organization driving increases in other miscellaneous receivables.

Total Liabilities

The Company’s total liabilities increased $161.5 million, or 16%, to $1.1 billion at September 30, 2025 compared to $981.7 million at December 31, 2024. The increase in total liabilities was primarily attributable to an increase in total deposits of $157.1 million with the largest increases within time deposits and savings accounts.

Deposits and Other Funding Sources

Total deposits increased 17% to $1.1 billion at September 30, 2025, compared to $935.1 million at December 31, 2024. The year-to-date decreases in non-interest bearing and interest bearing demand deposits were offset by increases in time deposits and savings deposits. Contributing to the increase in time deposits was a net increase of $37.7 million of brokered deposits since December 31, 2024.

The following table presents the average balances of deposits by type and the related average interest rates for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024
(Dollars in thousands) Balance Rate Balance Rate
Noninterest-bearing Deposits $ 217,547 - % $ 221,121 - %
Interest-bearing Demand 60,404 2.10 66,317 2.52
Money Market and Savings 307,322 3.79 237,142 4.03
Certificates of Deposit 456,611 4.41 332,204 5.23
$ 1,041,884 0.80 % $ 856,784 0.84 %

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) deposit insurance covers $250 thousand per depositor, per FDIC-insured bank, for each account ownership category. As of September 30, 2025, uninsured deposits were approximately $375.8 million, or 34.1% of total deposits, compared to $385.7 million, or 41.2% of total deposits, as of December 31, 2024.

As of September 30, 2025 the maturities of time deposits having balances over $250 thousand were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)
2025 $ 20,604
2026 20,261
2027 3,955
2028 -
2029 -
Maturing thereafter 251
$ 45,071

Short-term Borrowings and Subordinated Debt

The Company had no short-term borrowings as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Subordinated debt totaled $26.1 million as of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. See "Note 7 - Subordinated Debt, Other Borrowings, and Available Lines of Credit", within Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Operating Lease Liability

Operating lease liability increased $1.1 million, from $4.8 million at December 31, 2024 to $5.9 million at September 30, 2025 reflecting the modification of two leased locations during the first quarter of 2025 resulting in five year extensions of the lease terms.

Other Liabilities

Other liabilities totaled $18.9 million at September 30, 2025, an increase of $3.3 million, or 21%, when compared to $15.7 million at December 31, 2024. This increase was driven by growth of the organization driving increases in other miscellaneous liabilities.

Stockholders’ Equity and Capital

Stockholders' equity increased 12% to $158.2 million at September 30, 2025 compared to $140.7 million at December 31, 2024 with this increase driven primarily by the net income generated during the first nine months of 2025.

The sufficiency of a bank's capital to cover its risk exposures and absorb potential losses, and thus ensuring stability and solvency, is a key element of capital adequacy. Regulatory frameworks set minimum capital requirements that are typically expressed as a percentage of the bank's risk-weighted assets and include common equity tier 1, tier 1, and total capital ratios. These minimum capital requirements have been established so that banks maintain a buffer of capital to protect against financial shocks, sustain operations during economic downturns, and safeguard depositors and the financial system as a whole.

On September 17, 2019, the federal banking agencies jointly finalized a rule that became effective July 1, 2020 and was intended to provide for an optional, simplified measure of capital adequacy, the community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) framework, for qualifying community banking organizations, consistent with Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act. The final rule was effective on January 1, 2020 and allows qualifying community banking organizations to calculate a leverage ratio to measure capital adequacy beginning with their March 31, 2020 Call Reports. . The Company opted into the CBLR framework with its Call Report filed with the federal banking agencies for the quarter ended September 30, 2020.

Under the final rule, if a qualifying community banking organization opts into the CBLR framework and meets all requirements under the framework, it will be considered to have met the well-capitalized ratio requirements under the “prompt corrective action” regulations described above and will not be required to report or calculate risk-based capital.

The main components and requirements of the community bank leverage ratio framework are as follows:

  • Tier 1 Capital Leverage ratio greater than 9.00%;
  • Less than $10.0 billion in average total consolidated assets;
  • Off-balance-sheet exposures of 25% or less of total consolidated assets;
  • Trading assets plus trading liabilities of 5% or less of total consolidated assets; and
  • Not an advanced approaches banking organization.

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company and GBank were in compliance with the CBLR requirements.

The table below presents a summary of the main components and requirements of the CBLR as of the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Bank Tier 1 Capital Leverage Ratio 13.72 % 12.90 %
Average Total Consolidated Assets $ 1,244,916 $ 1,076,785
Off-Balance-Sheet Exposures $ 99,593 $ 58,210
Ratio of Off-Balance-Sheet Exposures to Total Assets 7.68 % 5.20 %
Trading Assets None None
Advances Approaching Banking Organization No No

The Company's common equity to assets ratio was 12.2% as of September 30, 2025, compared to 12.5% as of December 31, 2024. The Company's book value per share was $11.07 as of September 30, 2025, an increase of 12% from $9.87 as of December 31, 2024.

Liquidity

Liquidity management encompasses the Company’s ability to meet its funding obligations at a reasonable cost. Maintaining an adequate level of liquidity depends on the Company’s ability to efficiently meet both expected and unexpected funding events without adversely affecting the daily operations or the financial condition of the Company.

The Company’s primary sources of funding are deposits, proceeds from the sale or maturity of investment securities, payments received on loans and mortgage-backed securities, loan sales, and borrowing capacity available from various correspondent banks.

A summary of the Company's on-balance-sheet primary liquidity sources is presented in the table below as of the dates indicated:

(Dollars in thousands) September 30, 2025 December 31, 2024
Cash and due from banks $ 4,988 $ 9,262
Interest-bearing deposits with other financial institutions 98,402 114,860
Investment securities, available for sale 85,774 65,609
Loans held for sale 66,791 32,649
Total primary liquidity sources $ 255,955 $ 222,380

The Company has a line of credit available from the FHLB. The unused borrowing capacity with the FHLB, as collateralized by qualifying securities and pledged loans, was approximately $101.9 million and $85.0 million, at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. No draws have been made on the line and no balances were outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

GBank participates in the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco’s BIC Program and, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had pledged loans and investment securities with an approximate carrying value of $642.8 million and $590.5 million, respectively, to the BIC Program. Unused borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco totaled $361.9 million and $362.6 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The Company also has unsecured lines of credit with other correspondent banks totaling $40.0 million at September 30, 2025. No draws have been made on these lines of credit and no balances were outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The Company’s Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows presents additional information regarding the sources and uses of cash for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Operating activities resulted in a net decrease in cash of $17.0 million, as cash inflows from loan sales were more than offset cash outflows for the origination of loans held for sale. Investing activities resulted in a net decrease in cash of $161.6 million primarily due to loans originated and held for investment, as well as purchases of available for sale securities, and a $15 million investment in bank owned life insurance. Financing activities resulted in a net increase to cash of $103.4 million, primarily due to a net increase in deposits during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

As a smaller reporting company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), we are not required to provide the information called for by this Item 3.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of its management, including its Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management was required to apply judgment in evaluating its controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the Company’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act) were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q.

Changes in Internal Controls

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and

15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit<br><br>Number Description
3.1 Articles of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025) (File No. 333-285750).
3.2.1 Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2.1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025) (File No. 333-285750).
3.2.2 First Amendment to Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2.2 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025) (File No. 333-285750).
3.2.3 Second Amendment to Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2.3 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on March 12, 2025) (File No. 333-285750).
31.1* Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32† Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents
104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

†The certifications attached as Exhibit 32 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are not deemed filed with the SEC and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

GBank Financial Holdings Inc.
Date: November 12, 2025 By: /s/ Edward M. Nigro
Edward M. Nigro
Executive Chairman
Date: November 12, 2025 By: /s/ Jeffery E. Whicker
Jeffery E. Whicker
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Edward M. Nigro, certify that:

  • I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of GBANK FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 (this “report”);

  • Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

  • Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

  • The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:

  • Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

  • Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

  • Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

  • The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

  • All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

  • Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 12, 2025 /s/ Edward M. Nigro
Edward M. Nigro
Executive Chairman
(Principal Executive Officer)



EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

RULES 13a-14(a) AND 15d-14(a) UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 302 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

I, Jeffery E. Whicker, certify that:

  • I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of GBANK FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 (this “report”);

  • Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

  • Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

  • The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) for the registrant and have:

  • Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

  • Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

  • Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

  • The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

  • All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

  • Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: November 12, 2025 /s/ Jeffery E. Whicker
Jeffery E. Whicker
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
(Principal Financial Officer)



EX-32

EXHIBIT 32

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND

PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, the undersigned officers of GBANK FINANCIAL HOLDINGS INC. (the “Company”) hereby certify that, to the best of their knowledge, the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 (the “Report”) (1) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and (2) the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 12, 2025 /s/ Edward M. Nigro
Edward M. Nigro
Executive Chairman
(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Jeffery E. Whicker
Jeffery E. Whicker
Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
(Principal Financial Officer)



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