UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

x Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 or

o Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from _____________to_____________

| Commission file number | 0-7818 | | --- | --- || INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION | | --- | | (Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter) || Michigan | 38-2032782 | | --- | --- | | (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. employer identification no.) || 4200 East Beltline, Grand Rapids, Michigan | 49525 | | --- | --- | | (Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) || Registrant's telephone number, including area code | (616) 527-5820 | | --- | --- |

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, No Par Value	IBCP	NASDAQ

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o Accelerated Filer x Non-accelerated filer o Smaller reporting company o

Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes x No o

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b of the Act).

Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2024, was $551,434,347.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock as of March 6, 2025 was 20,972,763.

Documents incorporated by reference: Portions of our definitive proxy statement and annual report, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, are incorporated by reference into Part I, Part II, Part III, and Part IV of this Form 10-K.

The Exhibit Index appears on Pages 23-24

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not statements of historical fact, including statements that include terms such as "will," "may," "should," "believe," "expect," "forecast," "anticipate," "estimate," "project," "intend," "likely," "optimistic" and "plan" and statements about future or projected financial and operating results, plans, projections, objectives, expectations, and intentions, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, descriptions of plans and objectives for future operations, products or services; projections of our future revenue, earnings or other measures of economic performance; forecasts of credit losses and other asset quality trends; statements about our business and growth strategies; and expectations about economic and market conditions and trends. These forward-looking statements express our current expectations, forecasts of future events, or long-term goals. They are based on assumptions, estimates, and forecasts that, although believed to be reasonable, may turn out to be incorrect. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements for a variety of reasons, including:

•economic, market, operational, liquidity, credit, and interest rate risks associated with our business;

•economic conditions generally and in the financial services industry, particularly economic conditions within Michigan and the regional and local real estate markets in which our bank operates;

•the failure of assumptions underlying the establishment of, and provisions made to, our allowance for credit losses;

•increased competition in the financial services industry, either nationally or regionally;

•our ability to achieve loan and deposit growth;

•volatility and direction of market interest rates;

•the continued services of our management team; and

•implementation of new legislation, which may have significant effects on us and the financial services industry.

This list provides examples of factors that could affect the results described by forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, but the list is not intended to be all-inclusive. The risk factors disclosed in Part I – Item 1A below include those risks our management believes could materially affect the results described by forward-looking statements in this report. However, those risks are not the only risks we face. Our results of operations, cash flows, financial position, and prospects could also be materially and adversely affected by additional factors that are not presently known to us, that we currently consider to be immaterial, or that develop after the date of this report. We cannot assure you that our future results will meet our current expectations. While we believe the forward-looking statements in this report are reasonable, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement. In addition, these statements speak only as of the date made. We do not undertake, and expressly disclaim, any obligation to update or alter any statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

ITEM 1.    BUSINESS

Independent Bank Corporation was incorporated under the laws of the State of Michigan on September 17, 1973, for the purpose of becoming a bank holding company. We are registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and own all of the outstanding stock of Independent Bank (the "bank"), which is also organized under the laws of the State of Michigan. The bank was founded as First National Bank in Ionia in 1864. Over the years, we have grown both organically and as the result of acquisitions of community banks, bank branches, and other organizations within the financial services industry. Our most recent acquisition was our acquisition of Traverse City State Bank in April 2018.

Aside from the stock of our bank, we have no other substantial assets. We conduct no business except for the collection of dividends or returns of capital from our bank and the payment of dividends to our shareholders and the payment of interest on subordinated debt and debentures. We have established certain employee retirement plans, including an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) and deferred compensation plans, as well as health and other insurance programs, the cost of which is borne by our subsidiaries. We have no material patents, trademarks, licenses or franchises except the corporate charter of our bank, which permits it to engage in commercial banking pursuant to Michigan law.

Our bank transacts business in the single industry of commercial banking. It offers a broad range of banking services to individuals and businesses, including checking and savings accounts, commercial lending, direct and indirect consumer financing, mortgage lending, and safe deposit box services. Our bank does not offer trust services. Our principal markets are the rural and suburban communities across Lower Michigan, which are served by the bank's main office in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and a total of 56 branches, one drive-thru facility, and four Michigan based loan production offices. We also have one loan production facility in Ohio (Fairlawn). Most of our bank's branches provide full-service lobby and drive-thru services, as well as automatic teller machines (ATMs). In addition, we provide internet and mobile banking capabilities to our customers. We continue to see customer transaction volume declining at our bank offices and increasing through our electronic channels.

Our bank competes with other commercial banks, savings banks, credit unions, mortgage banking companies, fintech companies, securities brokerage companies, insurance companies, and money market mutual funds. Many of these competitors have substantially greater resources than we do and offer certain services that we do not currently provide. Such competitors may also have greater lending limits than our bank. In addition, non-bank competitors are generally not subject to the extensive regulations applicable to us. Price (the interest charged on loans and paid on deposits) remains a principal means of competition within the financial services industry. Our bank also competes on the basis of service and convenience in providing financial services.

As of December 31, 2024, our bank had total loans (excluding loans held for sale) of $4.039 billion and total deposits of $4.654 billion.

As of December 31, 2024, we had 732 full-time employees and 102 part-time employees. We compete for talent and human resources with other financial services organizations within our geographic market, which is largely the lower peninsula of Michigan. The market for residential mortgage loan officers and support staff is particularly competitive given the competitive nature of those products. We strive to be an employer of choice by offering competitive compensation and benefits as well as fostering strong employee relations through our culture, training and growth opportunities, and similar measures. As a community-oriented bank, we believe it is especially important for our employees to engage with the communities in our market areas, and we encourage and provide opportunities for our employees to volunteer with local organizations in the markets served by our bank branches.

In addition to general banking services, we also offer investment services through a third party agreement with Cetera Investment Services LLC and title insurance services.

ITEM 1.    BUSINESS (continued)

On a consolidated basis, our principal sources of revenue are interest and fees on loans, other interest income, and non-interest income. The sources of revenue for the three most recent years are as follows:

	2024		2023		2022
Interest and fees on loans	70.7	%	68.1	%	60.2	%
Other interest income	11.8		14.4		13.0
Non-interest income	17.4		17.5		26.8
	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

Supervision and Regulation

The following is a summary of certain statutes and regulations affecting us. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutes and regulations. A change in applicable laws or regulations may have a material effect on us and our bank.

General

Financial institutions and their holding companies are extensively regulated under federal and state law. Consequently, our growth and earnings performance can be affected not only by management decisions and general and local economic conditions, but also by the statutes administered by, and the regulations and policies of, various governmental regulatory authorities. Those authorities include, but are not limited to, the Federal Reserve, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"), the Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services ("Michigan DIFS"), the Internal Revenue Service, and state taxing authorities. The effect of such statutes, regulations and policies and any changes thereto can be significant and cannot necessarily be predicted.

Federal and state laws and regulations generally applicable to financial institutions and their holding companies regulate, among other things, the scope of business, investments, reserves against deposits, capital levels, lending activities and practices, the nature and amount of collateral for loans, the establishment of branches, mergers, consolidations and dividends. The system of supervision and regulation applicable to us establishes a comprehensive framework for our operations and is intended primarily for the protection of the FDIC's deposit insurance fund, our depositors, and the public, rather than our shareholders.

Independent Bank Corporation

We are a bank holding company and, as such, are registered with, and subject to regulation by, the Federal Reserve under the Bank Holding Company Act, as amended (the "BHCA"). Under the BHCA, we are subject to periodic examination by the Federal Reserve and are required to file periodic reports of operations and such additional information as the Federal Reserve may require.

Federal law requires bank holding companies to act as a source of strength to their bank subsidiaries and to commit capital and financial resources to support those subsidiaries. Such support may be required by the Federal Reserve at times when we might otherwise determine not to provide it.

In addition, if the Michigan DIFS deems a bank's capital to be impaired, it may require a bank to restore its capital by special assessment upon the bank holding company, as the bank's sole shareholder. If the bank holding company failed to pay such assessment, the directors of that bank would be required, under Michigan law, to sell the shares of bank stock owned by the bank holding company to the highest bidder at either public or private auction and use the proceeds of the sale to restore the bank's capital.

Any capital loans by a bank holding company to a subsidiary bank are subordinate in right of payment to deposits and to certain other indebtedness of such subsidiary bank. In the event of a bank holding company's bankruptcy, any commitment by the bank holding company to a federal bank regulatory agency to maintain the capital of a subsidiary bank will be assumed by the bankruptcy trustee and entitled to a priority of payment.

Investments and Activities. Federal law places restrictions on the ability of our holding company to engage in certain transactions, make investments, and participate (directly or indirectly through a subsidiary) in various activities.

ITEM 1.    BUSINESS (continued)

In general, any direct or indirect acquisition by a bank holding company of any voting shares of any bank which would result in the bank holding company's direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of any class of voting shares of such bank, and any merger or consolidation of the bank holding company with another bank holding company, will require the prior written approval of the Federal Reserve under the BHCA. In acting on such applications, the Federal Reserve must consider various statutory factors including the effect of the proposed transaction on competition in relevant geographic and product markets and each party's financial condition, managerial resources, and record of performance under the Community Reinvestment Act.

The merger or consolidation of an existing bank subsidiary of a bank holding company with another bank, or the acquisition by such a subsidiary of the assets of another bank, or the assumption of the deposit and other liabilities by such a subsidiary requires the prior written approval of the responsible federal regulatory agency under the Bank Merger Act, based upon a consideration of statutory factors similar to those outlined above with respect to the BHCA. In addition, in certain cases, an application to, and the prior approval of, the Federal Reserve under the BHCA and/or Michigan DIFS under Michigan banking laws, may be required.

With certain limited exceptions, the BHCA prohibits any bank holding company from engaging, either directly or indirectly through a subsidiary, in any activity other than managing or controlling banks unless the proposed non-banking activity is one the Federal Reserve has determined to be so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto. Under current Federal Reserve regulations, such permissible non-banking activities include such things as mortgage banking, equipment leasing, securities brokerage, and consumer and commercial finance company operations. Well-capitalized and well-managed bank holding companies may, however, engage de novo in certain types of non-banking activities without prior notice to, or approval of, the Federal Reserve, provided that written notice of the new activity is given to the Federal Reserve within 10 business days after the activity is commenced. If a bank holding company wishes to engage in a non-banking activity by acquiring a going concern, prior notice and/or prior approval will be required, depending upon the activities in which the company to be acquired is engaged, the size of the company to be acquired and the financial and managerial condition of the acquiring bank holding company.

Eligible bank holding companies that elect to operate as financial holding companies may engage in, or own shares in companies engaged in, a wider range of non-banking activities, including securities and insurance activities and any other activity the Federal Reserve, in consultation with the U.S. Department of Treasury, (the "Treasury") determines by regulation or order is financial in nature, incidental to any such financial activity or complementary to any such financial activity and does not pose a substantial risk to the safety or soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally. The BHCA generally does not place territorial restrictions on the domestic activities of non-bank subsidiaries of bank or financial holding companies. We have not applied for approval to operate as a financial holding company and have no current intention of doing so.

Capital Requirements. The Federal Reserve uses capital adequacy guidelines in its examination and regulation of bank holding companies. If capital falls below minimum guidelines, a bank holding company may, among other things, be denied approval to acquire or establish additional banks or non-bank businesses.

Under current federal regulations, our holding company is required to maintain the following minimum capital ratios: (1) a minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 4.5%, (2) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 6%, (3) a minimum ratio of total capital to total risk-weighted assets of 8%, and (4) a minimum leverage ratio of 4%. A 2.5% common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer is also required. As of December 31, 2024, our holding company's capital ratios exceeded minimum requirements for the well-capitalized category.

It is important to note that these regulatory capital rules provide minimum requirements, and higher capital levels may be required if warranted by the particular circumstances or risk profiles of individual banking organizations. In addition, the federal bank regulatory agencies are required biennially to review risk-based capital standards to ensure that they adequately address interest rate risk, concentration of credit risk and risks from non-traditional activities.

Our Tier 1 capital as of December 31, 2024 includes $39.6 million of trust preferred securities (classified on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as "Subordinated debentures"). The Federal Reserve has issued rules regarding trust preferred securities as a component of the Tier 1 capital of bank holding companies. The aggregate amount of trust preferred securities and certain other capital elements is limited to 25 percent of Tier 1 capital elements, net of goodwill (net of any associated deferred tax liability). The amount of trust preferred securities and certain other elements in excess of the limit could be included in the Tier 2 capital, subject to restrictions. The provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act adopted in 2010 (the "Dodd-Frank Act") imposed additional limitations on the

ITEM 1.    BUSINESS (continued)

ability to include trust preferred securities as Tier 1 capital; however, these additional limitations do not apply to our outstanding trust preferred securities.

Our Tier 2 capital as of December 31, 2024 includes $40.0 million of subordinated notes that were issued during 2020 and mature May, 2030. Generally, for subordinated debt with a minimum maturity of five years, there is no limit on the amount of subordinated debt that can be included in Tier 2 capital.

Dividends. Historically, most of our revenues have been received in the form of dividends paid by our bank. We can also make requests for returns of capital from our bank; however, such requests require the approval of the Michigan DIFS. Thus, our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders is indirectly limited by restrictions on the ability of our bank to pay dividends or return capital to us, as described below. Further, in a policy statement, the Federal Reserve has expressed its view that a bank holding company experiencing earnings weaknesses should not pay cash dividends exceeding its net income or that can only be funded in ways that weaken the bank holding company's financial health, such as by borrowing. The Federal Reserve possesses enforcement powers over bank holding companies and their non-bank subsidiaries to prevent or remedy actions that represent unsafe or unsound practices or violations of applicable statutes and regulations. Among these powers is the ability to proscribe the payment of dividends by banks and bank holding companies. The "prompt corrective action" provisions of federal law and regulation authorize the Federal Reserve to restrict the amount of dividends that can be paid by an insured bank that fails to meet specified capital levels.

In addition to the restrictions on dividends imposed by the Federal Reserve, the Michigan Business Corporation Act provides that dividends may be legally declared or paid only if, after the distribution, the corporation can pay its debts as they come due in the usual course of business and its total assets equal or exceed the sum of its liabilities plus the amount that would be needed to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of any holders of preferred stock whose preferential rights are superior to those receiving the distribution.

Change in Control Limitations. Subject to certain exceptions, the Change in Bank Control Act ("Control Act") and regulations promulgated thereunder by the Federal Reserve, require any person acting directly or indirectly, or through or in concert with one or more persons, to give the Federal Reserve 60 days' written notice before acquiring control of a bank holding company. Pursuant to the Control Act, the Federal Reserve has the authority to prevent any such acquisition. Transactions that are presumed to constitute the acquisition of control include the acquisition of any voting securities of a bank holding company having securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, if, after the transaction, the acquiring person (or persons acting in concert) owns, controls or holds with power to vote 10% or more of any class of voting securities of the institution.

Federal Securities Regulation. Our common stock is registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). We are therefore subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading and other restrictions and requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") under the Exchange Act.

Independent Bank

Independent Bank is a Michigan banking corporation and a member of the Federal Reserve System, and its deposit accounts are insured by the FDIC's Deposit Insurance Fund ("DIF"). As a member of the Federal Reserve System and a Michigan-chartered bank, our bank is subject to the examination, supervision, reporting and enforcement requirements of the Federal Reserve as its primary federal regulator and the Michigan DIFS as the chartering authority for Michigan banks. These agencies and the federal and state laws applicable to our bank and its operations extensively regulate various aspects of the banking business including, among other things, permissible types and amounts of loans, investments and other activities, capital adequacy, branching, interest rates on loans and on deposits, the maintenance of non-interest bearing reserves on deposit accounts, and the safety and soundness of banking practices.

Deposit Insurance. As an FDIC-insured institution, our bank is required to pay deposit insurance premium assessments to the FDIC. Under the FDIC’s current risk-based assessment system for deposit insurance premiums, our bank’s assessment rate is based on a formula using financial data and supervisory ratings.

Michigan DIFS Assessments. Michigan banks are required to pay supervisory fees to the Michigan DIFS to fund their operations. The amount of supervisory fees paid by a bank is based upon the bank's total assets, with surcharges imposed for certain banks with lower supervisory ratings.

Capital Requirements. The Federal Reserve has established the following minimum capital standards for state-chartered, FDIC-insured member banks, such as our bank: (1) a minimum ratio of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted

ITEM 1.    BUSINESS (continued)

assets of 4.5%, (2) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of 6%, (3) a minimum ratio of total capital to total risk-weighted assets of 8%, and (4) a minimum leverage ratio of 4%. A 2.5% common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer is also required. It is important to note that these regulatory capital rules provide minimum requirements, and higher capital levels may be required if warranted by the particular circumstances or risk profiles of individual banking organizations. In addition, the federal bank regulatory agencies are required biennially to review risk-based capital standards to ensure that they adequately address interest rate risk, concentration of credit risk and risks from non-traditional activities.

Federal law provides the federal banking regulators with broad power to take prompt corrective action to resolve the problems of undercapitalized institutions. The extent of the regulators' powers depends on whether the institution in question is "well capitalized," "adequately capitalized," "undercapitalized," "significantly undercapitalized," or "critically undercapitalized." Federal regulations define these capital categories as follows:

	Total<br>Risk-Based<br>Capital Ratio	Tier 1<br>Risk-Based<br>Capital Ratio	Common<br>Equity Tier 1<br>Risk-Based<br>Capital Ratio	Leverage<br>Ratio
Well capitalized	10% or above	8% or above	6.5% or above	5% or above
Adequately capitalized	8% or above	6% or above	4.5% or above	4% or above
Undercapitalized	Less than 8%	Less than 6%	Less than 4.5%	Less than 4%
Significantly undercapitalized	Less than 6%	Less than 4%	Less than 3%	Less than 3%
Critically undercapitalized	Tangible equity to total assets of 2% or less

As of December 31, 2024, our bank's ratios exceeded minimum requirements for the well-capitalized category.

Depending upon the capital category to which an institution is assigned, the regulators' corrective powers include: requiring the submission of a capital restoration plan; placing limits on asset growth and restrictions on activities; requiring the institution to issue additional capital stock (including additional voting stock) or to be acquired; restricting transactions with affiliates; restricting the interest rates the institution may pay on deposits; ordering a new election of directors of the institution; requiring that senior executive officers or directors be dismissed; prohibiting the institution from accepting deposits from correspondent banks; requiring the institution to divest certain subsidiaries; prohibiting the payment of principal or interest on subordinated debt and debentures; and ultimately, appointing a receiver for the institution.

In general, a depository institution may be reclassified to a lower category than is indicated by its capital levels if the appropriate federal depository institution regulatory agency determines the institution to be otherwise in an unsafe or unsound condition or to be engaged in an unsafe or unsound practice. This could include a failure by the institution to correct the deficiency following receipt of a less-than-satisfactory rating on its most recent examination report.

Dividends. Under Michigan law, banks are restricted as to the maximum amount of dividends they may pay on their common stock. Our bank may not pay dividends except out of its net income after deducting its losses and provision for credit losses. In addition, a Michigan bank may not declare or pay a dividend unless the bank will have a surplus amounting to at least 20 percent of its capital after the payment of the dividend.

In addition, as a member of the Federal Reserve System, our bank is required to obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve for the declaration or payment of a dividend if the total of all dividends declared in any year will exceed the total of (a) the bank's retained net income (as defined by federal regulation) for that year, plus (b) the bank's retained net income for the preceding two years.

Federal law also generally prohibits a depository institution from making any capital distribution (including payment of a dividend) or paying any management fee to its holding company if the depository institution would thereafter be undercapitalized. In addition, the Federal Reserve may prohibit the payment of dividends by a bank if such payment is determined, by reason of the financial condition of the bank, to be an unsafe and unsound banking practice or if the bank is in default of payment of any assessment due to the FDIC.

Insider Transactions. Our bank is subject to certain restrictions imposed by the Federal Reserve Act on "covered transactions" with us or our subsidiaries, which include investments in our stock or other securities issued by us or our

ITEM 1.    BUSINESS (continued)

subsidiaries, the acceptance of our stock or other securities issued by us or our subsidiaries as collateral for loans, and extensions of credit to us or our subsidiaries. Certain limitations and reporting requirements are also placed on the deposit rates paid, and the amounts and terms of extensions of credit, by our bank to the directors and officers of the holding company, the bank, and the subsidiaries of the bank; to the principal shareholders of the holding company; and to "related interests" of such directors, officers, and principal shareholders. In addition, federal law and regulations may affect the terms upon which any person becoming one of our directors or officers or a principal shareholder may obtain credit from banks with which our bank maintains a correspondent relationship.

Safety and Soundness Standards. Pursuant to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 ("FDICIA"), the FDIC adopted guidelines to establish operational and managerial standards to promote the safety and soundness of federally-insured depository institutions. The guidelines establish standards for internal controls, information systems, internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees and benefits, asset quality, and earnings.

Investment and Other Activities. Under federal law and regulations, FDIC-insured state banks are prohibited, subject to certain exceptions, from making or retaining equity investments of a type, or in an amount, that are not permissible for a national bank. FDICIA, as implemented by FDIC regulations, also prohibits FDIC-insured state banks and their subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions, from engaging as a principal in any activity that is not permitted for a national bank or its subsidiary, respectively, unless the bank meets, and continues to meet, its minimum regulatory capital requirements and the bank's primary federal regulator determines the activity would not pose a significant risk to the DIF. Impermissible investments and activities must be otherwise divested or discontinued within certain time frames set by the bank's primary federal regulator in accordance with federal law. These restrictions are not currently expected to have a material impact on the operations of our bank.

Consumer Banking. Our bank's business includes making a variety of types of loans to individuals. In making these loans, our bank is subject to state usury and other consumer protection laws and to various federal statutes, including provisions of the Gramm Leach-Bliley Act aimed at protecting the privacy of consumer financial information, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA), the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, and the regulations promulgated under these statutes, which (among other things) prohibit discrimination, specify disclosures to be made to borrowers regarding credit and settlement costs, and regulate the mortgage loan servicing activities of our bank, including the maintenance and operation of escrow accounts and the transfer of mortgage loan servicing. In receiving deposits, our bank is subject to extensive regulation under state and federal law and regulations, including the Truth in Savings Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. Violation of these laws could result in the imposition of significant damages and fines upon our bank and its directors and officers.

A number of consumer protection laws were implemented following the 2008 recession, including the Dodd-Frank Act, adopted in 2010. The Dodd-Frank Act created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ("CFPB"), which was given the power to issue and enforce certain consumer protection laws. The CFPB has issued a number of consumer protection regulations, including regulations that impact residential mortgage lending and servicing.

We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, increased costs and expenses related to compliance with these consumer protection regulations as well as new regulations that may be implemented in the future.

Anti-Money Laundering and the USA PATRIOT Act. The bank is subject to a number of financial recordkeeping and anti-money laundering laws and regulations including the Bank Secrecy Act and the USA PATRIOT Act, as well as similar rules and guidelines implemented and enforced by the Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ("FinCEN") and the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council ("FFIEC"). These laws and regulations require the bank to take certain steps to prevent the use of the bank or its systems from facilitating the flow of illegal or illicit money or terrorist funds. These regulations include FinCEN's Customer Due Diligence Requirements for Financial Institutions, which is designed to identify and verify the identity of natural persons (known as beneficial owners) of legal entity customers who own, control and profit from companies when those companies open accounts.

2018 Regulatory Reform. In May 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (the "2018 Act") was enacted to modify or remove certain financial reform rules and regulations, including some of those implemented under the Dodd-Frank Act. While the 2018 Act maintained most of the regulatory structure established by the Dodd-Frank Act, it amended certain aspects of the regulatory framework for small depository institutions with assets of less than $10 billion and for large banks with assets of more than $50 billion.

ITEM 1.    BUSINESS (continued)

The 2018 Act also included regulatory relief for community banks regarding regulatory examination cycles, call reports, the Volcker Rule (proprietary trading prohibitions), mortgage disclosures, and risk weights for certain high-risk commercial real estate loans.

Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020. The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (the "NDAA") enacted January 1, 2021 over a presidential veto, includes a number of significant new requirements intended to enhance U.S. anti-money laundering efforts. These provisions, many of which are contained within a section of the NDAA known as the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (the "AMLA"), include establishment of a beneficial ownership registration database, the creation of two new criminal offenses regarding money laundering, new penalties for Bank Secrecy Act violations, and increased whistleblower rewards and protections. Under these new laws, various government agencies will also be tasked with identification of policy priorities, establishment of streamlined processes, creation of information sharing programs, and regular reporting to Congress in an effort to modernize anti-money laundering enforcement.

Branching Authority. Michigan banks, such as our bank, have the authority under Michigan law to establish branches anywhere in the State of Michigan, subject to receipt of all required regulatory approvals. Banks may establish interstate branch networks through acquisitions of other banks. The establishment of de novo interstate branches or the acquisition of individual branches of a bank in another state (rather than the acquisition of an out-of-state bank in its entirety) is allowed only if specifically authorized by state law.

Michigan permits both U.S. and non-U.S. banks to establish branch offices in Michigan. The Michigan Banking Code permits, in appropriate circumstances and with the approval of the Michigan DIFS, (1) the acquisition of Michigan banks by FDIC-insured banks or savings banks located in other states, (2) the sale by a Michigan bank of branches to an FDIC-insured bank or savings bank located in a state in which a Michigan bank could purchase branches of the purchasing entity, (3) the consolidation of Michigan banks and FDIC-insured banks or savings banks located in other states having laws permitting such consolidation, (4) the establishment of branches in Michigan by FDIC-insured banks located in other states, the District of Columbia or U.S. territories or protectorates having laws permitting a Michigan bank to establish a branch in such jurisdiction, and (5) the establishment by foreign banks of branches located in Michigan.

Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was signed into law. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 includes a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases, effective January 1, 2023. We do not expect that this new excise tax will have a material impact on our operations or results.

Future Legislation

Various other legislative and regulatory initiatives, including proposals to overhaul the bank regulatory system, are from time to time introduced in Congress and state legislatures, as well as regulatory agencies. Such future legislation regarding financial institutions may change banking statutes and our operating environment in substantial and unpredictable ways and could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities, or affect the competitive balance among organizations within the industry. The nature and extent of future legislative and regulatory changes affecting financial institutions is very unpredictable. We cannot determine the ultimate effect that any such potential legislation, if enacted, would have upon our financial condition or results of operations.

Available Information

Our annual reports on Forms 10-K, quarterly reports on Forms 10-Q, current reports on Forms 8-K, and all amendments to those reports are available free of charge through our website at www.IndependentBank.com as soon as reasonably practicable after filing with the SEC.

ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves risks, including (among others) the following factors:

Risk Factors Relating to the Financial Services Industry

Pressures from various global and national macroeconomic events, including heightened inflation, uncertainty regarding future interest rates, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, recent adverse weather conditions and natural disasters, ongoing conflict in the Middle East, the continuation of the Russia-Ukraine war, and potential governmental responses to these events have created, and continue to create, significant economic uncertainty and

could materially and adversely impact our financial condition and performance. In addition, pursuit of various initiatives announced by the new Trump administration may create some degree of volatility in our customers’ businesses, regulation of the financial services industry, and the markets in which we operate.

The extent to which these macroeconomic pressures may impact our business, results of operations, asset valuations, financial condition, and customers will depend on future developments, which continue to be highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Material adverse impacts may include all or a combination of valuation impairments on our intangible assets, securities available for sale, securities held to maturity, loans, capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights or deferred tax assets.

In particular, economic downturns and other adverse impacts from these macroeconomic factors could result in the delinquency of outstanding loans, which could have a material adverse impact on our earnings. We continue to closely monitor and analyze the higher risk segments within our portfolio in light of the high degree of uncertainty that exists with respect to the impact of the fluid global economic conditions on the future performance of our loan portfolio.

Governmental monetary and fiscal policies may adversely affect the financial services industry and therefore impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Monetary and fiscal policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies, particularly the Federal Reserve, affect the financial services industry, directly and indirectly. The Federal Reserve regulates the supply of money and credit in the U.S., and its monetary and fiscal policies determine in a large part our cost of funds for lending and investing and the return that can be earned on such loans and investments. Changes in such policies, including changes in interest rates, will influence the origination of loans, the value of investments, the value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights, the generation of deposits, and the rates received on loans and investment securities and paid on deposits. Changes in monetary and fiscal policies are beyond our control and difficult to predict. Our financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely impacted by changes in governmental monetary and fiscal policies.

Volatility and disruptions in global capital and credit markets may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Even though we operate in a distinct geographic region in the U.S., we are impacted by global capital and credit markets, which are sometimes subject to periods of extreme volatility and disruption. Disruptions, uncertainty or volatility in the capital and credit markets may limit our ability to access capital and manage liquidity, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, our customers may be adversely impacted by such conditions, which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, including bank failures and the resulting liquidity concerns, may have a material effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

Events within the financial services industry within recent years, including the closures of several banks in 2023 due to large-scale deposit withdrawals over a short period of time, created liquidity risks and concerns within the industry, as well as decreased confidence in banks among depositors, investors, and other counterparties. In general, these events caused some degree of volatility and disruption in the capital markets, as well as reduced valuations of equity and other securities of banks. These failures also highlighted the importance of maintaining diversified funding sources. These market conditions and related factors may impact the competitive landscape for deposits in the financial services industry in an unpredictable manner.

Specifically, these events may materially adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, and/or cash flows, including through potential liquidity pressures, reduced net interest margins, and potential increased credit losses. They may also adversely impact the market price and volatility of our common stock. Government responses to these events may also adversely impact us. Our deposits are insured up to applicable limits by FDIC and are subject to deposit insurance premiums and assessments. The FDIC may increase premiums or impose special assessments on all banks to replenish the Deposit Insurance Fund to ensure that all depositors in failed banks are made whole at no cost to taxpayers. The 2023 bank failures may also prompt changes to laws or regulations governing banks, which could impact our profitability and business.

The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us.

Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty and other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and we routinely execute

transactions with counterparties in the financial industry. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, can lead to market-wide liquidity problems and losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. Many of these transactions could expose us to credit risk in the event of default by a counterparty. In addition, our credit risk may be impacted when the collateral held by us cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the financial instrument exposure due to us. There is no assurance that any such losses would not adversely affect us and possibly be material in nature.

Changes in regulation or oversight may have a material adverse impact on our operations.

We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve, the FDIC, the Michigan DIFS, the SEC and other regulatory bodies. Such regulation and supervision govern the activities in which we may engage. Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the imposition of restrictions on our operations, limitations related to our securities, the classification of our assets, and the determination of the level of our allowance for credit losses. Any change in such regulation and oversight, whether in the form of regulatory policy, regulations, legislation or supervisory action, may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Additional regulatory focus on the financial services industry is common in connection with an economic downturn, as the industry experienced following the most recent financial crisis. As a result, the adverse effects on our business relating to any future economic downturn could be exacerbated by additional regulations and regulatory scrutiny that accompanied or followed any such downturn. We can neither predict when or whether future regulatory or legislative reforms will be enacted nor what their contents will be. The impact of any future legislation or regulatory actions on our businesses or operations cannot be determined at this time, and such impact may adversely affect us. It is difficult to predict what impact the new Trump administration will have on these risks. Any actions by the new administration to scale back regulations or regulatory oversight may become subject to judicial or other challenges, which may increase the degree of uncertainty associated with this risk factor.

We are subject to liquidity risk in our operations, which could adversely impact our ability to fund various obligations.

Liquidity risk is the possibility of being unable to meet obligations as they come due or capitalize on growth opportunities as they arise because of an inability to liquidate assets or obtain adequate funding on a timely basis, at a reasonable cost and within acceptable risk tolerances. Liquidity is required to fund various obligations, including credit obligations to borrowers, loan originations, withdrawals by depositors, repayment of debt, dividends to shareholders, operating expenses and capital expenditures. Liquidity is derived primarily from retail deposit growth and earnings retention, principal and interest payments on loans and investment securities, net cash provided from operations and access to other funding. If we are unable to maintain adequate liquidity, then our business, financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted.

We face cybersecurity risks, including attacks targeting our systems and customers' systems.

Our business involves the collection, transmission, and storage of large amounts of sensitive data, including personally identifiable information of our customers and employees. The cybersecurity risks our business face include cyberattacks, other unauthorized access to data, loss or destruction of data, unavailability of service, and similar events. We are also susceptible to cybersecurity risks faced by third party vendors on which we rely for components of our business infrastructure and data processing and which often have access to the sensitive data of our customers.

While we have not to date experienced a security breach that has had a material impact on us, our business is very susceptible to cybersecurity risks, and it is possible we could experience a significant breach in the future that could materially impact our financial condition or results of operations. A material data breach or other cybersecurity incident affecting our business could result in significant reputational risk, loss of customers, legal claims, additional costs, financial loss, regulatory penalties, and similar damages. Risks and exposures related to cybersecurity attacks are expected to remain high for the foreseeable future due to the rapidly evolving nature and sophistication of these threats, the continuing expansion of internet and mobile banking, and similar factors.

Operational difficulties, including failure of technology infrastructure, could adversely affect our business and operations.

We are exposed to many types of operational risk, including reputational risk, legal and compliance risk, the risk of fraud or theft by employees or outsiders, failure of our controls and procedures and unauthorized transactions by employees or

operational errors, including clerical or recordkeeping errors or those resulting from computer or telecommunications systems malfunctions. Given the high volume of transactions we process, certain errors may be repeated or compounded before they are identified and resolved. In particular, our operations rely on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information on our technology systems and networks. Any failure, interruption or breach in security of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in our customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems.

We also face the risk of operational disruption, failure or capacity constraints due to our dependency on third party vendors for components of our business infrastructure, including our core data processing systems which are largely outsourced. While we have selected these third party vendors carefully, we do not control their operations. As such, any failure on the part of these business partners to perform their various responsibilities could also adversely affect our business and operations.

We may also be subject to disruptions of our operating systems arising from events that are wholly or partially beyond our control, which may include, for example, computer viruses, cyberattacks, spikes in transaction volume and/or customer activity, electrical or telecommunications outages, or natural disasters. Although we have programs in place related to business continuity, disaster recovery and information security to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our systems, business applications and customer information, such disruptions may give rise to interruptions in service to customers and loss or liability to us.

The occurrence of any failure or interruption in our operations or information systems could cause reputational damage, jeopardize the confidentiality of customer information, result in a loss of customer business, subject us to regulatory intervention or expose us to civil litigation and financial loss or liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Changes in the financial markets, including fluctuations in interest rates and their impact on deposit pricing, could adversely affect our net interest income and financial condition.

The operations of financial institutions such as us are dependent to a large degree on net interest income, which is the difference between interest income from loans and investments and interest expense on deposits and borrowings. Prevailing economic conditions; the trade, fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government, which have the potential to change significantly with the new Trump administration; and the policies of various regulatory agencies all affect market rates of interest and the availability and cost of credit, which in turn significantly affect financial institutions' net interest income. Volatility in interest rates can also result in disintermediation, which is the flow of funds away from financial institutions into direct investments, such as federal government and corporate securities and other investment vehicles, which, because of the absence of federal insurance premiums and reserve requirements, generally pay higher rates of return than financial institutions. Our financial results could be materially adversely impacted by changes in financial market conditions.

Legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters with respect to the financial services industry, including those directly involving us, could adversely affect us or the financial services industry in general.

We have been, and may in the future be, subject to various legal and regulatory proceedings. It is inherently difficult to assess the outcome of these matters, and there can be no assurance that we will prevail in any proceeding or litigation. Any such matter could result in substantial cost and diversion of our efforts, which by itself could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results. Further, adverse determinations in such matters could result in actions by our regulators that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Methods of reducing risk exposures might not be effective.

Instruments, systems and strategies used to hedge or otherwise manage exposure to various types of credit, market and liquidity, operational, compliance, business risks and enterprise-wide risk could be less effective than anticipated. As a result, we may not be able to effectively mitigate our risk exposures in particular market environments or against particular types of risk, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risk Factors More Specific to Our Business

We have credit risk inherent in our loan portfolios, and our allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover actual credit losses.

Our loan customers may not repay their loans according to their respective terms, and the collateral securing the payment of these loans may be insufficient to cover any losses we may incur. We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of many of our loans. Non-performing loans amounted to $6.0 million and $5.2 million at December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. Our allowance for credit losses coverage ratio of non-performing loans was 989.32% and 1,044.69% at December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. The decrease in this coverage ratio in 2024 was primarily due to an increase in non-performing loans that was partially offset by an increase in the allowance for credit losses. In determining the size of the allowance for credit losses, we rely on our experience and our evaluation of current economic conditions. If our assumptions or judgments prove to be incorrect, our current allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover certain credit losses inherent in our loan portfolio, and adjustments may be necessary to account for different economic conditions or adverse developments in our loan portfolio. Material additions to our allowance for credit losses would adversely impact our operating results.

In addition, federal and state regulators periodically review our allowance for credit losses and may require us to increase our provision for credit losses or recognize additional loan charge-offs, notwithstanding any internal analysis that has been performed. Any increase in our allowance for credit losses or loan charge-offs required by these regulatory agencies could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We have credit risk in our securities portfolio.

We maintain diversified securities portfolios, which include obligations of the Treasury and government-sponsored agencies as well as securities issued by states and political subdivisions, mortgage-backed securities, corporate securities and asset-backed securities. We seek to limit credit losses in our securities portfolios by principally purchasing highly rated securities (generally rated "AA" or higher by a major debt rating agency) and by conducting due diligence on the issuer. However, gross unrealized losses on securities available for sale and securities held to maturity in our portfolio totaled approximately $62.7 million and $53.9 million, respectively as of December 31, 2024 (compared to approximately $65.2 million and $55.9, respectively as of December 31, 2023). We believe these unrealized losses are temporary in nature and are expected to be recovered within a reasonable time period as we believe we have the ability to hold the securities to maturity or until such time as the unrealized losses reverse. We evaluate securities available for sale for other impairment related to credit at least quarterly and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation. Those evaluations may result in a provision for credit losses recorded in our earnings. We measure expected credit losses on securities held to maturity ("HTM") on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics, and we consider historical credit loss information. We may, in the future, experience losses in our securities portfolios which may result in credit losses that could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Our mortgage-banking revenues are susceptible to substantial variations, due in part to factors we do not control, such as market interest rates.

A portion of our revenues are derived from net gains on mortgage loans. These net gains primarily depend on the volume of loans we sell, which in turn depends on our ability to originate real estate mortgage loans and the demand for fixed-rate obligations and other loans that are outside of our established interest-rate risk parameters. Net gains on mortgage loans are also dependent upon economic and competitive factors as well as our ability to effectively manage exposure to changes in interest rates. Consequently, they can often be a volatile part of our overall revenues. We realized net gains of $6.6 million on mortgage loans during 2024 compared to $7.4 million during 2023 and $6.4 million during 2022.

Our parent company must rely on dividends or returns of capital from our bank for most of its cash flow.

Our parent company is a separate and distinct legal entity from our bank. Generally, our parent company receives substantially all of its cash flow from dividends or returns of capital from our subsidiary bank. These dividends or returns of capital are the principal source of funds to pay our parent company’s operating expenses and for cash dividends on our common stock. Various federal and/or state laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends that the bank may pay to the parent company.

Any future strategic acquisitions or divestitures may present additional risks to our business and operations.

Difficulties in capitalizing on the opportunities presented by a future acquisition may prevent us from fully achieving the expected benefits from the acquisition or may cause the achievement of such expectations to take longer to realize than expected. Further, the assimilation of the acquired entity's customers and markets could result in higher than expected deposit attrition, loss of key employees, disruption of our businesses or the businesses of the acquired entity or otherwise adversely affect our ability to maintain relationships with customers and employees or achieve the anticipated benefits of the acquisition. These matters could have an adverse effect on us for an undetermined period. We will be subject to similar risks and difficulties in connection with any future decisions to downsize, sell or close units or otherwise change our business mix.

Compliance with capital requirements may adversely affect us.

The capital requirements applicable to banks and bank holding companies have been substantially revised in recent years. These more stringent capital requirements, and any other new regulations, could adversely affect our ability to pay dividends in the future, or could require us to reduce business levels or to raise capital, including in ways that may adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition and/or existing shareholders. Maintaining higher levels of capital may reduce our profitability and otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Declines in the businesses or industries of our customers could cause increased credit losses, which could adversely affect us.

Our business customer base consists, in part, of customers in businesses and industries that are sensitive to global economic conditions and supply chain factors, including businesses that operate within the automotive, real estate, retail, commercial and industrial (C&I), hotel, entertainment, and food service industries. Any decline in any of these industries or business sectors could cause increased credit losses, which in turn could adversely affect us.

The introduction, implementation, withdrawal, success and timing of business initiatives and strategies may be less successful or may be different than anticipated, which could adversely affect our business.

We make certain projections and develop plans and strategies for our banking and financial products. If we do not accurately determine demand for or changes in our banking and financial product needs, it could result in us incurring significant expenses without the anticipated increases in revenue, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business.

We may not be able to utilize technology to efficiently and effectively develop, market, and deliver new products and services to our customers.

The financial services industry experiences rapid technological change with regular introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The efficient and effective utilization of technology enables financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to market and deliver products and services that will satisfy customer demands, meet regulatory requirements, and create additional efficiencies in our operations. We may not be able to effectively develop or offer new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing or supporting these products and services to our customers, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Competitive product and pricing pressures among financial institutions within our markets may change.

We operate in a very competitive environment, which is characterized by competition from a number of other financial institutions in each market in which we operate. We compete with large national and regional financial institutions and with smaller financial institutions, including credit unions, in terms of products and pricing. We also compete with fintech companies, securities brokerage firms, insurance companies, and other non-depository institutions with respect to some of the products and services we offer. If we are unable to compete effectively in products and pricing in our markets, business could decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Changes in customer behavior may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We use a variety of methods to anticipate customer behavior as a part of our strategic planning and to meet certain regulatory requirements. Individual, economic, political, industry-specific conditions and other factors outside of our control, such as fuel prices, energy costs, real estate values or other factors that affect customer income levels, could alter predicted customer borrowing, repayment, investment and deposit practices. Such a change in these practices could materially adversely affect our ability to anticipate business needs and meet regulatory requirements.

Further, difficult economic conditions may negatively affect consumer confidence levels. A decrease in consumer confidence levels would likely aggravate the adverse effects of these difficult market conditions on us, our customers and others in the financial institutions industry.

Our ability to maintain and expand customer relationships may differ from expectations.

The financial services industry is very competitive. We not only vie for business opportunities with new customers, but also compete to maintain and expand the relationships we have with our existing customers. While we believe that we can continue to grow many of these relationships, we will continue to experience pressures to maintain these relationships as our competitors attempt to capture our customers, particularly as financial products and services similar to those we offer become more widely available and accessible via the internet and other technology. Failure to create new customer relationships and to maintain and expand existing customer relationships to the extent anticipated may adversely impact our earnings.

Our ability to retain key officers and employees may change.

Our future operating results depend substantially upon the continued service of our executive officers and key personnel. Our future operating results also depend in significant part upon our ability to attract and retain qualified management, financial, technical, marketing, sales and support personnel. Competition for qualified personnel is intense, and we cannot ensure success in attracting or retaining qualified personnel. There may be only a limited number of persons with the requisite skills to serve in these positions, and it may be increasingly difficult for us to hire personnel over time.

Further, our ability to retain key officers and employees may be impacted by legislation and regulation affecting the financial services industry. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by the loss of any key employees, or our inability to attract and retain skilled employees.

Catastrophic events, including, but not limited to, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, fires, floods, and pandemic outbreaks may adversely affect the general economy, financial and capital markets, specific industries, and us.

We have significant operations and a significant customer base in Michigan where natural and other disasters may occur, such as tornadoes and floods. These types of natural catastrophic events at times have disrupted the local economy, our business, and our customers and have posed physical risks to our property. In addition, catastrophic events occurring in other regions of the world may have an impact on our customers and in turn, on us. A significant catastrophic event could materially adversely affect our operating results.

Our failure to appropriately apply certain critical accounting policies could result in our misstatement of our financial results and condition.

Accounting policies and processes are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. We must exercise judgment in selecting and applying many of these accounting policies and processes so they comply with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). In some cases, we must select the accounting policy or method to apply from two or more alternatives, any of which may be reasonable under the circumstances, yet may result in our reporting materially different results than would have been reported under a different alternative.

We have identified certain accounting policies as being critical because they require us to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments about matters that are uncertain. Materially different amounts could be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions or estimates. We have established detailed policies and control procedures that are intended to ensure these critical accounting estimates and judgments are subject to internal controls and applied consistently. In addition, the policies and procedures are intended to ensure that the process for changing methodologies occurs in an appropriate manner. Because of the uncertainty surrounding management's judgments and the estimates pertaining to these matters, we cannot guarantee that we will not be required to adjust accounting policies or restate prior

period financial statements. See note #1, "Accounting Policies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our annual report, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (filed as exhibit 13 to this report on Form 10-K).

ITEM 1B.    UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C.    CYBERSECURITY

Cybersecurity Risk Assessment, Identification, and Management Processes

Our cybersecurity processes have been integrated into our risk management system.

We employ a comprehensive cybersecurity risk assessment program designed to evaluate threats, vulnerabilities, and the potential impact on our operations, data, and financial condition. This program is regularly reviewed and updated to address emerging risks. Our process for addressing risk is based on banking industry best practices outlined in FFIEC and National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) frameworks.

We engage various third-party service providers in connection with our cybersecurity processes.

We routinely engage consultants and other third parties to assist in the continued improvement and maintenance of our cybersecurity risk assessment program. These engagements are designed to enhance our cybersecurity posture, and we work closely with these experts to help us identify and address risks and vulnerabilities. Examples of these engagements include third party security assessments, security monitoring, and program review.

We closely oversee and monitor third-party cybersecurity service providers.

We maintain policies and procedures to oversee and identify cybersecurity risks associated with our third-party service providers, especially those with access to customer and employee data. Our selection and oversight of these providers incorporate cybersecurity considerations, including contractual and other mechanisms to mitigate risks. Our third-party oversight process follows published frameworks from NIST and FFIEC to account for risks throughout the entire engagement with our third-party vendors.

We consistently engage in proactive measures aimed at preventing, detecting, and effectively minimizing the impact of cybersecurity incidents. We maintain an incident response plan to swiftly respond to breaches, protect customer data, and minimize disruption to our operations. The incident response process is consistently tested and reviewed through simulated incidents and tabletop exercises with key stakeholders. To bolster our incident response process, we have robust business continuity, contingency, and recovery plans to ensure operational resilience during a cybersecurity incident.

We have not experienced a material cybersecurity breach, but risks from cybersecurity threats may impact our business strategy, results of operations, and financial condition.

No risks from any current or previous cybersecurity threats have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, except to the extent that such strategy, operations, and conditions are affected by our employment of the cybersecurity risk assessment programs and procedures discussed in this Item. We have not, as of the date of this filing, experienced a cybersecurity breach that has materially affected our business or financial condition. However, because our business involves the collection, transmission, and storage of sensitive customer and employee data, we are susceptible to various cybersecurity threats, including cyberattacks, unauthorized access, and similar events. We employ ongoing processes and strategies to guard against those threats, as discussed in this Item.

Cybersecurity Governance

We recognize the value and importance of cybersecurity and data protection and understand the potential harm to our business from cybersecurity incidents. Accordingly, we place a high priority on mitigating risks associated with cybersecurity threats and any cybersecurity incidents.

Our Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer, in collaboration with our Chief Information Officer and Chief Risk Officer, oversee cybersecurity processes, risks, and threats.

Rather than designate one specific board committee to cybersecurity risk management, our entire Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing our risk management. Our Chief Risk Officer is responsible for overseeing our risk management

generally, working closely with our internal audit department. Our Chief Risk Officer regularly reports directly to the Board of Directors with respect to all areas of risk management.

With regard to cybersecurity specifically, we have a Chief Information Security Officer who reports to our Chief Information Officer, with a dotted-line reporting relationship to our Chief Executive Officer, and collaborates regularly with our Chief Risk Officer and Risk Team. Our Chief Information Security Officer meets with the Chief Executive Officer on a standard cadence and chairs a committee focused on cybersecurity with monthly reports made to our Risk Committee. Minutes from these meetings as well as select materials are shared with the full Board of Directors, and our Chief Information Security Officer delivers an annual report to our Board of Directors.

In addition, our entire management team is actively engaged in assessing and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. We have established a robust framework for identifying, preventing, mitigating, and remediating such risks.

We have an extensive and experienced team responsible for cybersecurity risk management.

Our current Chief Information Security Officer has a comprehensive information security background with over 20 years of experience in managing or assisting in managing cybersecurity risks across multiple industries with the majority of that experience at community banking institutions. Our Chief Information Security Officer holds multiple industry certifications from groups such as ISC2 and GIAC.

To support the Chief Information Security Officer in managing cybersecurity and our Chief Risk Officer in managing cybersecurity risks, we have established a cross-functional cybersecurity team that includes experts in various aspects of information security. This team of employees includes individuals with many years of prior combined work experience in cybersecurity and data protection. These individuals are responsible for the day-to-day implementation of our cybersecurity program, including providing immediate notice to our Chief Information Security Officer and our Chief Risk Officer of any potential cybersecurity incidents.

We employ robust and comprehensive processes to respond to cybersecurity risks.

We employ a comprehensive set of processes to monitor and mitigate cybersecurity risks. These processes include:

a.24x7x365 Security Alert Monitoring

b.Network Monitoring

c.Firewalls

d.Vulnerability Assessment

e.Internal and External Security Assessments

f.Security Awareness Training Programs

g.Identity Management

h.Incident Response Plans

i.Data Encryption

These processes are regularly reviewed and updated to adapt to evolving cybersecurity threats.

Our cybersecurity personnel provide regular reports to the Board of Directors.

As noted above, our Chief Risk Officer, Chief Information Security Officer, and cybersecurity team provide regular reports to the Board regarding cybersecurity risks, as well as a review of the processes described above. In particular, our Chief Risk Officer provides reports at every regularly scheduled Board meeting regarding our most material risks and the degree of exposure to these risks. Our management personnel are also required to provide more frequent updates to the Enterprise Risk Committee on major developments regarding cybersecurity matters. The Committee, in turn, provides regular updates to the Board on these matters.

ITEM 2.    PROPERTIES

We and our bank operate a total of 80 facilities in Michigan and one leased facility in Ohio. We own 56 and lease 24 of the facilities in Michigan.

With the exception of the potential remodeling of certain facilities to provide for the efficient use of workspace or to maintain an appropriate appearance, each property is considered reasonably adequate for current and anticipated needs.

ITEM 3.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are involved in various litigation matters in the ordinary course of business. At the present time, we do not believe any of these matters will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. The aggregate

amount we have accrued for losses we consider probable as a result of these litigation matters is immaterial. However, because of the inherent uncertainty of outcomes from any litigation matter, we believe it is reasonably possible we may incur losses in addition to the amounts we have accrued. At this time, we estimate the maximum amount of additional losses that are reasonably possible is insignificant. However, because of a number of factors, including the fact that certain of these litigation matters are still in their early stages, this maximum amount may change in the future.

The litigation matters described in the preceding paragraph primarily include claims that have been brought against us for damages, but do not include litigation matters where we seek to collect amounts owed to us by third parties (such as litigation initiated to collect delinquent loans). These excluded, collection-related matters may involve claims or counterclaims by the opposing party or parties, but we have excluded such matters from the disclosure contained in the preceding paragraph in all cases where we believe the possibility of us paying damages to any opposing party is remote.

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ADDITIONAL ITEM - EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Our executive officers are appointed annually by our Board of Directors at the meeting of directors preceding the Annual Meeting of Shareholders. There are no family relationships among these officers and/or our directors nor any arrangement or understanding between any of these officers and any other person pursuant to which the officer was appointed.

The following sets forth certain information with respect to our executive officers at March 7, 2025.

Name (Age)	Position	First elected<br>as an executive<br>officer
William B. Kessel (60)	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director	2004
Gavin A. Mohr (41)	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer(1)	2020
Stefanie M. Kimball (65)	Executive Vice President and Chief Risk Officer	2007
Joel Rahn (58)	Executive Vice President, Commercial Banking(2)	2021
Larry R. Daniel (61)	Executive Vice President, Operations and Retail Banking	2017
Patrick J. Ervin (59)	Executive Vice President, Mortgage Banking	2017
Christopher S. Michaels (58)	Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer(3)	2025
James J. Twarozynski (59)	Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer	2002

(1)Mr. Mohr joined Independent Bank in September 2020, as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. Prior to joining Independent Bank, Mr. Mohr served as the Chief Financial Officer of STAR Financial Bank, ("STAR"), a $2.1 billion bank, located in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Prior to joining STAR, Mr. Mohr served as Treasurer of Yadkin Bank and Trust (Statesville, North Carolina) from 2013 to 2014.

(2)Mr. Rahn joined Independent Bank in April of 2018 as Senior Vice President Commercial Lending. He was promoted to Executive Vice President Commercial Banking in January, 2021. He has 34 years of commercial banking experience and has served in senior leadership positions for the past 17 years.

(3)Mr. Michaels joined Independent Bank in February of 2012 as a part of our information and technology team and was promoted to Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer in January, 2020. He was promoted to Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer in January, 2025.

ITEM 5.    MARKET FOR OUR COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

The information set forth under the caption "Quarterly Summary" in our annual report, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (filed as exhibit 13 to this report on Form 10-K), is incorporated herein by reference.

We maintain a Deferred Compensation and Stock Purchase Plan for Non-Employee Directors (the "Plan") pursuant to which non-employee directors can elect to receive shares of our common stock in lieu of fees otherwise payable to the director for his or her service as a director. A director can elect to receive shares on a current basis or to defer receipt of the shares, in which case the shares are issued to a trust to be held for the account of the director and then generally distributed to the director after his or her retirement from the Board. Pursuant to this Plan, during the fourth quarter of 2024, we issued 278 shares of common stock to non-employee directors on a current basis and 1,459 shares of common stock to the trust for distribution to directors on a deferred basis. These shares were issued on October 1, 2024, representing aggregate fees of $0.05 million. The shares issued on a current basis were issued at a price of $33.35 per share and the shares to be issued on a deferred basis were issued at a price of $30.02 per share, representing 90% of the fair value of the shares on the credit date. The per-share value used was the consolidated closing bid price per share of our common stock as of the date of issuance, as determined in accordance with NASDAQ Marketplace Rules. We issued the shares pursuant to an exemption from registration under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933 due to the fact that the issuance of the shares was made on a private basis pursuant to the Plan.

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

The following table shows certain information relating to purchases of common stock for the three- months ended December 31, 2024:

Period	Total Number of<br><br>Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price<br>Paid Per Share		Total Number of<br>Shares Purchased<br>as Part of a<br>Publicly<br>Announced Plan	Remaining<br><br>Number of<br><br>Shares Authorized<br><br>for Purchase<br><br>Under the Plan(2)
October 2024	—	$	—	—	1,100,000
November 2024	—	—		—	1,100,000
December 2024	1,040	37.37		—	—
Total	1,040	$	37.37	—	—

(1) December represents shares withheld from the shares that would otherwise have been issued to certain officers in order to satisfy the tax withholding obligations resulting from the vesting of restricted stock.

(2) The share repurchase plan we had in place for 2024 was announced on December 19, 2023, and expired on December 31, 2024. It authorized the repurchase during 2024 of up to 1,100,000 shares of our outstanding common stock.

ITEM 6.    [RESERVED]

ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The information set forth under the caption "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our annual report, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (filed as exhibit 13 to this report on Form 10-K), is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 7A.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The information set forth in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" under the caption "Asset/liability management" in our annual report, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (filed as exhibit 13 to this report on Form 10-K), is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 8.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The following consolidated financial statements and the independent auditor's report are set forth in our annual report, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (filed as exhibit 13 to this report on Form 10-K), and are incorporated herein by reference.

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at December 31, 2024 and 2023
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The supplementary data required by this item set forth under the caption "Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)" in our annual report, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (filed as exhibit 13 to this report on Form 10-K), is incorporated herein by reference.

The portions of our annual report, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (filed as exhibit 13 to this report on Form 10-K), which are not specifically incorporated by reference as part of this Form 10-K are not deemed to be a part of this report.

ITEM 9.    CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

1.Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. With the participation of management, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, after evaluating the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a – 15e and 15d – 15e) as of the year ended December 31, 2024 (the "Evaluation Date"), have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

2.Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. "Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting" and our independent registered public accounting firm's audit of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 included within the "Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm," each as set forth in our annual report, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (filed as exhibit 13 to this report on Form 10-K) are incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 9B.    OTHER INFORMATION

During the fourth quarter of 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangement" or "Non-Rule 10b5‑1 Trading Arrangement," as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

ITEM 9C.    DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

PART III.

ITEM 10.    DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

DIRECTORS - The information with respect to our directors set forth under the caption "Proposal I Submitted for Your Vote -- Election of Directors" in our definitive proxy statement, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, is incorporated herein by reference.

BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP REPORTING – The information set forth under the caption "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" in our definitive proxy statement, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, is incorporated herein by reference.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS - Reference is made to the additional item under Part I of this report on Form 10-K.

CODE OF ETHICS - We have adopted a "Code of Ethics for Chief Executive Officer and Senior Financial Officers" that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer and Controller. A copy of our Code of Ethics is posted on our website at www.IndependentBank.com, under Investor Relations, and a printed copy is available upon request by writing to our Chief Financial Officer, Independent Bank Corporation, 4200 East Beltline, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49525.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE – Information relating to our audit committee, set forth under the captions "Board Committees and Functions" and "Determination of Independence of Board Members" in our definitive proxy statement, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, is incorporated herein by reference.

INSIDER TRADING POLICY - Information relating to our insider trading policy, set forth under the caption “Insider Trading Policy” in our definitive proxy statement, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, is incorporated herein by reference. A copy of our insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 11.    EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information set forth under the captions "Executive Compensation," "Director Compensation," "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation," and "Compensation Committee Report" in our definitive proxy statement, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12.    SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information set forth under the captions "Voting Securities and Record Date", "Proposal I Submitted for Your Vote -- Election of Directors" and "Securities Ownership of Management" in our definitive proxy statement, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, is incorporated herein by reference.

We maintain certain equity compensation plans under which our common stock is authorized for issuance to employees and directors, including our Deferred Compensation and Stock Purchase Plan for Non-employee Directors and our Long-Term Incentive Plan.

The following sets forth certain information regarding our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2024.

Plan Category	(a)<br>Number of securities<br>to be issued upon<br>exercise of outstanding<br>options, warrants<br>and rights	(b)<br>Weighted-average<br>exercise price of<br>outstanding options,<br>warrants and rights		(c)<br>Number of securities<br>remaining available for<br>future issuance under<br>equity compensation<br>plans (excluding<br>securities reflected<br>in column (a))
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders	5,583	$	13.43	375,171
Equity compensation plan not approved by security holders	None	N/A		60,311

The equity compensation plan not approved by security holders referenced above is our Deferred Compensation and Stock Purchase Plan for Non-employee Directors. This plan allows our non-employee directors to defer payment of all or a part of their director fees and to receive shares of common stock in lieu of cash for these fees. Under the plan, each non-employee director may elect to participate in a Current Stock Purchase Account, a Deferred Cash Investment Account, or a Deferred Stock Account. A Current Stock Purchase Account is credited with shares of our common stock having a fair market value equal to the fees otherwise payable. A Deferred Cash Investment Account is credited with an amount equal to the fees deferred and on each quarterly credit date with an appreciation factor that may not exceed the prime rate of interest charged by our bank. A Deferred Stock Account is credited with the amount of fees deferred and converted into stock units based on 90% of the fair market value of our common stock at the time of the deferral. Amounts in the Deferred Stock Account are credited with cash dividends and other distributions on our common stock. Fees credited to a Deferred Cash Investment Account or a Deferred Stock Account are deferred for income tax purposes. This plan does not provide for distributions of amounts deferred prior to a participant's termination as a non-employee director. Participants may generally elect either a lump sum or installment distribution.

ITEM 13.    CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information set forth under the captions "Transactions Involving Management" and "Determination of Independence of Board Members" in our definitive proxy statement, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14.    PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information set forth under the caption "Disclosure of Fees Paid to our Independent Auditors" in our definitive proxy statement, to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 15.    EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)	1.	Financial Statements<br><br>All of our financial statements are incorporated herein by reference as set forth in the annual report to be delivered to shareholders in connection with the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (filed as exhibit 13 to this report on Form 10-K.)
	2.	Exhibits (Numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K) <br>The Exhibit Index is located below.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit number and description

EXHIBITS FILED HEREWITH

10.9*	Form of Restricted Share Agreement as executed with certain executive officers.
10.10*	Form of Performance Share Award Agreement as executed with certain executive officers.
10.11*	Executive Nonqualified Excess Plan, effective July 1, 2016.
13	Annual report, relating to the April 22, 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders. This annual report will be delivered to our shareholders in compliance with Rule 14(a)-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
19	Insider Trading Policy.
21	List of Subsidiaries.
23	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Crowe LLP).
24	Power of Attorney (included on page 25).
31.1	Certificate of the Chief Executive Officer of Independent Bank Corporation pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2	Certificate of the Chief Financial Officer of Independent Bank Corporation pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1	Certificate of the Chief Executive Officer of Independent Bank Corporation pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2	Certificate of the Chief Financial Officer of Independent Bank Corporation pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104 Cover page interactive data file (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

EXHIBITS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

3.1	Restated Articles of Incorporation (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to our quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed November 3, 2017).
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated here by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to our annual report on Form 10-K filed March 7, 2017).
4.1	Description of Registrant’s Common Stock (incorporated here by reference to Exhibit 4 to our annual report on Form 10-K filed March 6, 2020).
4.2	Form of 5.95% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Note due 2030 (included as Exhibit A to the Form of Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement filed as Exhibit 10.7 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K).
10.1*	The form of Indemnity Agreement, as executed with all of the directors of the registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Form S-4 we filed on December 29, 2017).
10.2*	The form of Management Continuity Agreement as executed with executive officers and certain senior managers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Form S-4 we filed on December 29, 2017).
10.3*	2021 Independent Bank Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan, effective April 20, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Appendix A to our proxy statement filed on Schedule 14A on March 5, 2021).
10.4*	Amended and Restated Deferred Compensation and Stock Purchase Plan for Nonemployee Directors, as amended through March 19, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our quarterly report on Form 10-Q filed May 3, 2019).
10.5*	Form of TSR Performance Share Award Agreement as executed with certain executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to our annual report on Form 10-K filed March 7, 2014).
10.6*	Summary of Independent Bank Corporation Management Incentive Compensation Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to our annual report on Form 10-K filed March 6, 2015).
10.7	Form of Subordinated Note Purchase Agreement dated May 27, 2020, by and among Independent Bank Corporation and the Purchasers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 27, 2020).
10.8*	Form of Long-Term Incentive Plan Performance Share Award Agreement as executed with certain executive officers (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to our annual report on Form 10-K filed March 3, 2023).
97	Independent Bank Corporation Clawback Policy (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 97 to our annual report on Form 10-K filed March 8, 2024).

*Represents a compensation plan.

ITEM 16.    FORM 10-K SUMMARY

Not applicable.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION

s/Gavin A. Mohr	By: Gavin A. Mohr, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial<br><br>Officer (Principal Financial Officer)	March 7, 2025

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated. Each director whose signature appears below hereby appoints William B. Kessel and Gavin A. Mohr and each of them severally, as his or her attorney-in-fact, to sign in his or her name and on his or her behalf, as a director, and to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

William B. Kessel, President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director (Principal Executive Officer)	s/William B. Kessel	March 7, 2025
Gavin A. Mohr, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)	s/Gavin A. Mohr	March 7, 2025
James J. Twarozynski, Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)	s/James J. Twarozynski	March 7, 2025
Stephen L. Gulis, Jr. Chairperson and Director	s/Stephen L. Gulis, Jr.	March 7, 2025
Dennis W. Archer, Jr., Director	s/Dennis W. Archer, Jr.	March 7, 2025
Terance L. Beia, Director	s/Terance L. Beia	March 7, 2025
William J. Boer, Director	s/William J. Boer	March 7, 2025
Joan A. Budden, Director	s/Joan A. Budden	March 7, 2025
Michael J. Cok, Director	s/Michael J. Cok	March 7, 2025
Christina L. Keller, Director	s/Christina L. Keller	March 7, 2025
William B. Kessel, Director	s/William B. Kessel	March 7, 2025
Ronia F. Kruse, Director	s/Ronia F. Kruse	March 7, 2025
Michael M. Magee, Jr.	s/Michael M. Magee, Jr.	March 7, 2025

25

Document

EXHIBIT 10.9*

Independent Bank Corporation

Restricted Share Grant Agreement

AGREEMENT made effective as of the 6th day of _______, 20__, by INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION, a Michigan corporation (the "Company"), and _________ (the "Employee").

RECITALS

The Independent Bank Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan authorizes the award of shares of restricted stock to employees of the Company upon such terms and conditions as may be determined by the Committee.

The Committee has approved a grant of restricted shares to the Employee upon the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement. The Company and the Employee desire to confirm in this Agreement the terms, conditions and restrictions applicable to the grant of restricted stock.

NOW, THEREFORE, intending to be bound, the parties agree as follows:

1.    DEFINITIONS

1.1    "Grant Date" means _________.

1.2    "Plan" means the Independent Bank Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan.

1.3    "Restricted Share" means a Share which is subject to the restrictions on sale, pledge or other transfer imposed by Section 3.

1.4    "Reverted Shares" means Shares which have reverted to the Company pursuant to Section 5.4.

1.5    "Vested Share" means a Share which is no longer a Restricted Share.

Other terms not specifically defined in this Agreement shall have the same meanings as defined in the Plan.

2.    GRANT AND ACCEPTANCE OF AWARD; TAX ELECTION

2.1    Grant. The Company confirms the award to the Employee of ______ shares of Common Stock (the "Shares") as restricted stock, upon the terms, restrictions and conditions of this Agreement and the Plan. The award of Shares shall be effective as of the Grant Date.

2.2    Acceptance. The Employee accepts this award of Shares and agrees to hold them subject to the terms, restrictions and conditions of this Agreement.

2.3    Tax Election. The Employee may elect to be taxed in _____ on the fair market value of the Shares awarded by signing an election (a copy of which is attached as Appendix A) to be so taxed under Section 83(b) of the Internal Revenue Code, and filing such election with the Internal Revenue Service within thirty (30) days after the Grant Date. If the Employee chooses not to make such an election, the Employee will be taxed on the fair market value of the Shares in the year in which the Shares become Vested Shares.

2.4    Withholding. The parties agree that vesting of the Shares in accordance with this Agreement is subject to the satisfaction of applicable withholding tax or other withholding liabilities under federal, state, and local laws. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, the vesting of Shares shall not be effective unless applicable withholding shall have been effected or obtained. The Employee shall have the right to elect, subject to the Company's approval, how such withholding tax obligations are satisfied, from the following options: (a) requiring a cash payment to the Company by the Employee; (b) withholding appropriate amounts from any amount owed to the Employee by the Company, including wages; (c) making a net delivery of certificates of Vested Shares; or (d) any other means elected by the Company.

3.    RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSFER OF SHARES; LAPSE OF RESTRICTIONS

3.1    Transfer Prohibitions. The Employee shall not sell, pledge or otherwise assign or transfer any Share or any interest in any Share while such Share is a Restricted Share.

3.2    Restricted Shares. Every Share shall be a Restricted Share until the restrictions lapse as provided in Section 5.

3.3    Securities Law Compliance. The Employee shall not sell or transfer any Share or any interest in any Share, whether such Share is or is not a Restricted Share, unless either (a) the Company shall consent in writing to such transfer, or (b) the Company shall have received an opinion of counsel satisfactory to the Company to the effect that such transfer will not violate the registration requirements imposed by the Securities Act of 1933 or any other provision of law which the Company shall desire such opinion to cover.

3.4    Stop Transfer Instructions. The Company shall have the right to issue instructions to the transfer agent for the shares of the Company, prohibiting transfer of any Shares except in accordance with the requirements of this Agreement.

3.5    Certificate for Vested Shares. At the time a Restricted Share becomes a Vested Share, the Company will, within sixty (60) days thereafter, cause to be issued to Employee or Employee's legal representatives, beneficiaries, or heirs, as the case may be, a stock certificate or book entry representing the number of shares of Common Stock equal to the number of Vested Shares. Unless and until the Restricted Shares become Vested Shares, the Shares shall be held by the Company, in custody or in book entry form, unless otherwise directed by the Committee.

If the Company issues a certificate representing any Restricted Share, that certificate shall bear the following Legend:

"The transferability of this certificate and the shares of stock represented hereby are subject to the terms and conditions (including forfeiture) of the Independent Bank Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan and related Restricted Share Grant Agreement entered into between the registered owner and the Company, dated ________, 20__. Copies of such Plan and Agreement are on file in the offices of the Company, 4200 East Beltline, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49525."

3.6    Rights as a Shareholder. Except for the restrictions imposed in this Section 3 and unless the Shares have reverted to the Company pursuant to Section 5.4, the Employee shall have all the rights of a shareholder with respect to the Restricted Shares, including the right to vote and to receive any dividends declared and paid thereon.

4.    ACQUISITION WARRANTIES BY EMPLOYEE

In order to induce the Company to issue and deliver the Shares on the terms of this Agreement, the Employee warrants to and agrees with the Company as follows:

4.1    No Participating Interest. The Employee is acquiring the Shares for the Employee’s own account, and has not made any arrangement to convey any interest in the Shares to any person, other than to transfer Reverted Shares to the Company pursuant to Section 5.4.

4.2    Ability to Evaluate. Because of the Employee’s knowledge of and experience in financial and business matters, the Employee is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of acquiring the Shares under the conditions set forth in this Agreement.

4.3    Familiarity with Company. The Employee is familiar with the business, financial condition, earnings and prospects of the Company, and confirms that the Company has not made any representation regarding the foregoing matters or the merits of entering into this Agreement or as to the prospective value of the Shares.

4.4    All Questions Answered. The Employee understands all of the terms of this Agreement and the consequences to the Employee of any actions which may be taken under this Agreement. The Employee confirms there are no questions relating to any such matters which have not been answered to the Employee’s complete satisfaction.

4.5    Confidentiality/Non-Disclosure. Employee agrees that Employee will not, during Employee's employment with the Company, or thereafter at any time, disclose to others or use for Employee's own benefit any Company confidential information and/or trade secrets, except to the extent as may be necessary in the ordinary course of performing Employee's duties as an employee of the Company. By way of example, and without limitation, confidential and/or trade secret information may include information concerning the Company's customers, clients,

dealers, suppliers, income, expenses, profit, loss, financial status, personnel policies, benefits, wages, salaries, services, technological developments, confidential and proprietary programs, purchasing, accounting, merchandising or licensing, bidding processes, margins, methods of operation, sales plans or methods, customer promotions, advertising plans and techniques, business plans, personnel plans, purchasing plans, investment plans, acquisition plans, marketing plans, and business transactions of a technical, commercial or financial nature pertaining to the business of the Company, or any of its customers, consultants, or affiliates. Employee understands and agrees that Employee's obligations of confidentiality under this Agreement continue beyond the termination of Employee's employment with the Company.

Upon termination of Employee's employment, Employee agrees to return to the Company all of its property in Employee's possession or control at the time of Employee's termination, including all notes, memoranda, notebooks, drawings, records, computer software, computer hardware, documents, phones, electronics, customer or dealer contact lists or information compilations, including reproductions in any form, kept by Employee or in Employee's possession, custody or control, whether prepared by Employee, or by others, which pertain to the Company or its customers, suppliers, or dealers.

In addition, notwithstanding this provision or any other provision of this Agreement, Employee understands that, pursuant to the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016, Employee shall not have criminal or civil liability under any federal or state trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that: (a) is made (i) in confidence to a federal, state, or local government official, either directly or indirectly, or to an attorney, and (ii) is made solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or (b) is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal. In addition and without limiting the preceding sentence, Employee understands that if Employee files a lawsuit for retaliation for reporting a suspected violation of law, Employee may disclose the trade secret to Employee's attorney and may use the trade secret information in the court proceeding, if Employee: (1) files any document containing the trade secret under seal; and (2) does not disclose the trade secret, except pursuant to court order.

4.6    Non-Solicitation. Employee agrees that during the term of Employee's employment with the Company and for a period of 12 months immediately following Employee's separation from employment with the Company, regardless of the reason, Employee will not (1) directly or indirectly contact any Company customer, dealer, or client (which, for purposes of this Agreement, includes any client, account, dealer or customer of the Company during the twelve month period prior to the date of my separation from employment) for the purpose of soliciting business competitive to the products and services provided by the Company to the customer, client, or dealer, or for the purpose of inducing the customer, client, or dealer to reduce, terminate or otherwise adversely alter its business relationship with the Company; and/or (2) directly or indirectly contact any of the Company's targeted prospective customers, clients, accounts, or dealers that are the Company targeted prospective customers, clients, or dealers at the time of Employee's separation, or had been targeted prospective customers, clients, or dealers during the twelve months preceding Employee's separation, for any reason.

Employee further agrees that Employee will not either directly or indirectly induce any employee to leave the employ of the Company, or solicit the services of the Company's employees for non-Company matters, for a period of 12 months immediately following Employee's separation from employment with the Company, regardless of the reason.

4.7    Remedies. Employee acknowledges that any violation of this Agreement will cause substantial and irreparable injury to the Company. Employee agrees that the Company is entitled, in addition to any other remedies, to preliminary and permanent injunctive relief to secure specific performance and to prevent a breach or contemplated breach of the Agreement. Any injunctive order or decree of specific performance entered by a court with competent jurisdiction shall be fully enforceable and enforceable by the court of any other state in which I may then be located. In the event I breach any provision of this Agreement, I will be responsible to the Company for its costs and expenses incurred to enforce the terms of the Agreement, including the Company's actual attorney's fees.1

5.    VESTING AND REVERSION

5.1    Vesting. All Shares issued hereunder which have not previously reverted to the Company shall become Vested Shares upon the third anniversary of the Grant Date.

5.2     Vesting upon Retirement. If the Employee is age 60 or older and retires during the vesting period, shares issued hereunder which have not previously reverted to the Company shall become Vested Shares based on a percentage, the numerator of which is the number of full years of the Employee’s employment during the vesting period prior to retirement and the denominator of which is the total number of years in the vesting period.

5.3    Vesting Upon a Change in Control. Upon a Change in Control, as defined in the Plan, all of the Shares issued hereunder, which have not previously reverted to the Company, shall become Vested Shares.

5.4    Reversion. All Shares that have not become Vested Shares shall automatically revert to the Company at any time the Employee shall no longer be employed by the Company or a Subsidiary for any reason. No compensation shall be payable to the Employee for Shares which revert to the Company.

5.5    Effect of Reversion. Upon reversion of any Shares (a) absolute ownership thereof shall automatically revert to the Company at that time, (b) such Shares shall be deemed to be "Reverted Shares" for purposes of this Agreement, and (c) all the Employee’s rights and interests in the Reverted Shares shall cease at that time.

6.    GENERAL PROVISIONS

1 Sections 4.5, 4.6, and 4.7 added to agreement starting in 2025.

6.1    No Right to Employment. This Agreement is not an employment contract. Neither the Plan nor this Agreement or anything else changes the employment status of the Employee.

6.2    Severability. Whenever possible, each provision of this Agreement shall be interpreted in such manner as to be valid and enforceable, but if any provision of this Agreement shall be held to be prohibited or unenforceable under applicable law (a) such provision shall be deemed amended to accomplish the objectives of the provision as originally written to the fullest extent permitted by law, and (b) all other provisions of this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect. In addition, Any Agreement provision held by a Court to be overly broad shall not be deemed invalid or unenforceable, but shall be interpreted to create that obligation to the fullest extent permitted by law.

6.3    Captions. The captions used in this Agreement are for convenience only, do not constitute a part of this Agreement and all of the provisions of this Agreement shall be enforced and construed as if no captions had been used.

6.4    Complete Agreement. This Agreement contains the complete agreement between the parties relating in any way to the subject matter of this Agreement and supersedes any prior understandings, agreements or representations, written or oral, which may have related to such subject matter in any way.

6.5    Notices.

(a)    Procedures Required. Each communication given or delivered under this Agreement must be in writing and may be given by personal delivery or by certified mail. A written communication shall be deemed to have been given on the date it shall be delivered to the address required by this Agreement.

(b)    Communications to the Company. Communications to the Company shall be addressed to it at the principal corporate headquarters and marked to the attention of the Company’s president.

(c)    Communications to the Employee. Every communication to the Employee shall be addressed to the Employee at the address given immediately below the Employee’s signature to this Agreement, or to such other address as the Employee shall specify to the Company.

6.6    Assignment. This Agreement is not assignable by the Employee during the Employee’s lifetime. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of (a) the successors and assigns of the Company, and (b) any person to whom the Employee’s rights under this Agreement may pass by reason of the Employee’s death.

6.7    Amendment. This Agreement may be amended, modified or terminated only by written agreement between the Company and the Employee.

6.8    Waiver. No delay or omission in exercising any right hereunder shall operate as a waiver of such right or of any other right hereunder. A waiver upon any one occasion shall not be construed as a bar or waiver of any right or remedy on any other occasion. All of the rights and remedies of the parties hereto, whether evidenced hereby or granted by law, shall be cumulative.

6.9    Choice of Law/Venue and Jurisdiction. This Agreement shall be deemed to be a contract made under the laws of the State of Michigan and for all purposes shall be construed in accordance with and governed by the laws of the State of Michigan. Any lawsuit that is filed pertaining to this Agreement shall be filed in the Kent County Circuit Court, State of Michigan, or the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan, which shall have exclusive jurisdiction over any dispute that in any way concerns this Agreement.

6.10    Code Section 409A. Notwithstanding any other provision in this Agreement, the Shares awarded under this Agreement are intended to be exempt from Section 409A of the Code as "short-term deferrals" (as such term is defined under applicable regulations thereunder), and shall be interpreted consistently with such intent.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the Effective Date of this Agreement.

EMPLOYEE:                        INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION

By

Its Executive Vice President and Chief

Financial Officer

ADDRESS:

APPENDIX A

ELECTION TO INCLUDE STOCK IN GROSS

INCOME PURSUANT TO SECTION 83(B) OF THE

INTERNAL REVENUE CODE

The undersigned was granted _________ shares of Common Stock, no par value per share (the "Common Stock") of Independent Bank Corporation (the "Company") pursuant to a Restricted Share Grant Agreement (the "Agreement") dated as of _____, 20__ (the "Effective Date") between the Company and the undersigned. The Common Stock is subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture and is nontransferable (within the meaning of Treasury Regulation §1.83-3(d)). The undersigned desires to make an election under Section 83(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended ("Code") to have the Common Stock taxed at the time the undersigned acquired the Common Stock.

Therefore, pursuant to Code §83(b) and Treasury Regulation §1.83-2 promulgated thereunder, the undersigned hereby makes an election, with respect to the Common Stock, to report as taxable income for the undersigned's taxable year ending December 31, 20__, the fair market value of the Common Stock on the Effective Date.

The following information is supplied in accordance with Treasury Regulation §1.83-2(e).

1.    The name, address and social security number of the undersigned:

Name:

Address:

Social Security Number:     -    -

2.    A description of the property with respect to which the election is being made: [____] ([____]) shares of Common Stock, no par value per share, of Independent Bank Corporation.

3.    The date on which the property was transferred: ________, 20__. The taxable year for which such election is made: the undersigned's taxable year ending December 31, 20__.

4.    The restrictions to which the property is subject:

The Common Stock may not be transferred until vested and is subject to time based vesting.

5.    The fair market value on ________, 20__ of the property with respect to which the election is being made, determined without regard to any lapse restrictions is $[____].

6.    The amount paid for such property is $[0].

7.    The amount to include in gross income is $[____].

8.    A copy of this election has been furnished to the person for whom the services are performed: Secretary of the Company pursuant to Treasury Regulation §1.83-2(e)(7).

This election is being sent to the Internal Revenue Service office with which the undersigned files his return. In addition, a copy of this election will be submitted with the income tax return of the undersigned for the taxable year in which the Common Stock was purchased. The undersigned is the person performing the services in connection with which the property was transferred.

Dated:

[    ]

9

Document

EXHIBIT 10.10*

INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN

PERFORMANCE SHARE AWARD AGREEMENT

This certifies that Independent Bank Corporation (the "Company") has on___________, 20xx (the "Award Date"), granted to ________________ (the "Participant") an award (the "Award") of _________ Performance Shares (the "Target Performance Shares") pursuant to and under the Independent Bank Corporation Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "Plan") and subject to the terms set forth in this agreement (the "Agreement"). A copy of the Plan has been delivered to the Participant. The Plan is incorporated into this Agreement by reference, and in the event of any conflict between the terms of the Plan and this Agreement, the terms of the Plan will govern. Any terms not defined herein will have the meaning set forth in the Plan.

1.    Definitions.

(a)    "Actual Performance Shares" means the number of Performance Shares earned and vested in accordance with Section 2 and payable to the Participant under Section 5 of this Agreement.

(b)    "Cause" means:

(i)    A material breach by the Participant of those duties and responsibilities of the Participant which do not differ in any material respect from the duties and responsibilities of the Participant during the 90-day period immediately prior to such breach (other than as a result of incapacity due to physical or mental illness) which is demonstrably willful and deliberate on the Participant's part, which is committed in bad faith or without reasonable belief that such breach is in the best interests of the Company and which is not remedied in a reasonable period of time after receipt of written notice from the Company specifying such breach; or

(ii)    The commission by the Participant of a felony involving moral turpitude.

(c)    "Common Stock" means the Company's no par value per share common stock.

(d)    "Peer Group " means financial institutions chartered as state or federal banking institutions or bank holding companies domiciled in the United States and with total year-end assets between $1 billion and $10 billion, whose securities are publicly traded on the major United States exchanges, as published by S&P Global, or any successor peer group approved by the Committee, determined as of each Award Date.

(e)    “Peer Group ROAA” means the ROAA of the Peer Group during the applicable Performance Period, as determined from the information published by S&P Global, or as may be determined by the Committee, in a manner consistent with determining Company ROAA.

(f)    "Peer Group TSR" means total shareholder return of the Peer Group during the applicable Performance Period, as determined from the information published by S&P Global for such Peer Group, or as may be determined by the Committee in a manner consistent with determining TSR for the Company.

(g)    "Performance Period" means the period of three (3) consecutive years commencing on the Award Date.

(h)    "Performance Share" means the right to receive one (1) share of Common Stock subject to certain restrictions and on the terms and conditions contained in this Agreement and the Plan.

(i)    “Return on Average Assets or ROAA” with respect to the Company shall mean the average of the Company's annual income during the Performance Period, divided by its annual average assets, during the Performance Period.

(j)    “Total Shareholder Return” or “TSR” with respect to the Company shall mean the quotient of (a) the Average Fair Market Value of the Company's Common Stock on the last day of the Performance Period divided by (b) the Average Fair Market Value of the Company's Common Stock on the Award Date. For purposes of calculating the Company's TSR, the Average Fair Market Value on the last date of the Performance Period shall be adjusted to reflect any and all cash, stock or in-kind dividends paid on the Company's Common Stock during the Performance Period. Average Fair Market Value shall mean the average of the Fair Market Value (as defined in the Plan) of the Company's Common Stock during the ten (10) trading day period immediately prior to the Award Date and the last day of the Performance Period, as applicable.

2.    Determination of Actual Performance Shares. The Actual Performance Shares which may be earned and vested by Participant shall equal (a) the number of Target Performance Shares, multiplied by (b) the Earnout Percentage, as determined under this Section 2.

(a)    Determination of TSR and ROAA.

(i)    Determination of Company TSR and ROAA. Within sixty (60) days after the end of each Performance Period, the Committee will determine the Company’s TSR and ROAA during the Performance Period.

(ii)    Determination of Peer Group TSR and ROAA. Within sixty (60) days after the end of each Performance Period, the Committee will determine the Peer Group TSR and Peer Group ROAA during the Performance Period.

-2-

(b)    Calculation of Earnout Percentage. The Earnout Percentage shall equal the sum of the Earnout Percentages under Section 2(b)(i) and (ii), determined in accordance with the following:

The Earnout

(i)    If the Company's TSR is:        TSR Percentage is:

<25th Percentile     0%

25th Percentile     25%

50th Percentile     50%

75th Percentile     75%

≥90th Percentile    100%

The ROAA Earnout

(ii)    If the Company's ROAA is:            Percentage is:

<25th Percentile     0%

25th Percentile     25%

50th Percentile     50%

75th Percentile     75%

≥90th Percentile    100%

The Earnout Percentages between the above performance levels set forth in Section 2(b)(i) and (ii) shall be determined based on straight line interpolation.

(c)    Calculation of Actual Performance Shares after a Change in Control. If a Change in Control occurs during the Performance Period, the Committee will determine the Participant's Actual Performance Shares in accordance with the following:

(i)    The Committee will determine the TSR and ROAA for the Company and the Peer Group TSR and ROAA for the period beginning on the first day of the Performance Period and ending on the date immediately prior to the effective date of the Change in Control (the "Adjusted Performance Period").

(ii)    The Committee shall determine the Earnout Percentage under the formula set forth in Section 2(b) above during the Adjusted Performance Period (the "Adjusted Earnout Percentage").

(iii)    The Actual Performance Shares shall equal the product of (a) the number of Target Performance Shares, and (b) the Adjusted Earnout Percentage, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of days in the Adjusted Performance Period and the denominator of which is 1,095.

-3-

(d)    Certification. Not later than ninety (90) days after the end of the Performance Period or five (5) days after the Adjusted Performance Period, as applicable, the Committee shall determine the Actual Performance Shares and shall certify such finding to the Company and the Participant.

3.    Adjustments to Actual Performance Shares Following Termination of Employment.

(a)    Termination Due to Death, Disability or Termination Without Cause. In the event that the Participant's employment with the Company or a Subsidiary terminates prior to the end of the Performance Period due to:

(i)    Death;

(ii)    Disability; or

(iii)    Termination by the Company or a Subsidiary without Cause,

the Participant's Actual Performance Shares will equal the Actual Performance Shares determined under Section 2 multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of full calendar months, beginning on the first day of the Performance Period and ending on the date of the Participant's termination of employment, and the denominator of which is 36.

(b)    Termination Due to Retirement Prior to the Last Year of Performance Period. If the Employee is age 60 or older and retires from the Company or a Subsidiary prior to the end of the Second Year of the Performance Period, the Participant's Actual Performance Shares will be equal to the Actual Performance Shares determined under Section 2, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of full calendar months, beginning on the first day of the Performance Period and ending on the date of the Participant's Retirement, and the denominator of which is 36.

(c)    Termination Due to Retirement After the Second Year of the Performance Period. If the Employee is age 60 or older and retires from the Company or a Subsidiary during the Performance Period on or after the last date of the Second Year of the Performance Period, no adjustment to the Actual Performance Shares shall be made.

(d)    Termination of Employment for Other Reasons. In the event that the Participant's employment with the Company or a Subsidiary terminates prior to the end of the Performance Period for any reason other than Death, Disability, Retirement, or Termination by the Company or a Subsidiary without Cause, then Participant's rights to all of the Target Performance Shares granted in this Award will be immediately and irrevocably forfeited upon such termination of employment.

4.    Rights of the Participant with Respect to Performance Shares.

-4-

(a)    No Shareholder Rights. The Performance Shares granted pursuant to this Award do not and will not entitle Participant to any rights of a shareholder of Common Stock, including the right to receive dividends. The rights of the Participant with respect to the Performance Shares will remain forfeitable at all times prior to the end of the Performance Period and as otherwise provided in the Plan. Prior to conversion of Performance Shares into Common Stock, such Performance Shares will represent only an unsecured obligation of the Company.

(b)    Conversion of Performance Shares; Issuance of Common Stock. No shares of Common Stock will be issued to Participant prior to the date on which the Performance Shares vest and become Actual Performance Shares under the provisions of Section 2 of this Agreement. Neither this subsection (b) nor any action taken pursuant to or in accordance with this subsection (b) will be construed to create a trust of any kind. After any Performance Shares vest and become Actual Performance Shares and any tax withholding obligations related to such Actual Performance Shares have been satisfied pursuant to Section 7, the Company will, within 60 days thereafter, cause to be issued to the Participant or the Participant's legal representatives, beneficiaries or heirs, as the case may be, a stock certificate or book entry representing the number of shares of Common Stock in payment of such vested whole Actual Performance Shares. The value of any fractional Performance Share will be paid in cash at the time certificates are delivered to Participant in payment of the Actual Performance Shares based on the Fair Market Value of a share of Common Stock on the day preceding the date of distribution.

5.    Restriction on Transfer.

(a)    The Performance Shares and any rights under this Award may not be sold, assigned, transferred, pledged, hypothecated or otherwise disposed of by Participant otherwise than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, and any such purported sale, assignment, transfer, pledge, hypothecation or other disposition will be void and unenforceable against the Company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Participant may, in the manner established by the Committee, designate a beneficiary or beneficiaries to exercise the rights of Participant and receive any property distributable with respect to the Performance Shares upon the death of Participant.

(b)    No transfer by will or the applicable laws of descent and distribution of any Performance Shares that vest by reason of Participant's death will be effective to bind the Company unless the Committee will have been furnished with written notice of such transfer and a copy of the will or such other evidence as the Committee may deem necessary to establish the validity of the transfer.

6.    Adjustments to Performance Shares for Certain Corporate Transactions. Adjustments to Performance Shares will be determined in accordance with this Section 6.

-5-

(a)    The Committee will make an appropriate and proportionate adjustment to the number of Target Performance Shares granted under this Award if:

(i)    The outstanding shares of Common Stock are increased or decreased, as a result of merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, reclassification, stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split with respect to such shares of Common Stock or other securities, or

(ii)    Additional shares or new or different shares or other securities are distributed with respect to such shares of Common Stock or other securities or exchanged for a different number or kind of shares or other securities through merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other distribution with respect to such shares of Common Stock or other securities.

(b)    The Committee may make an appropriate and proportionate adjustment in the number of Target Performance Shares granted under this Award if the outstanding shares of Common Stock are increased or decreased as a result of a recapitalization or reorganization not included within subsection (a) above.

7.    Tax Withholding.

(a)    In order to comply with all applicable federal, state, and local tax withholding laws or regulations, the Company may take such action as it deems appropriate to ensure that all applicable federal, state, and local payroll, withholding, income or other taxes, which are the sole and absolute responsibility of Participant, are withheld or collected from Participant.

(b)    In accordance with the terms of the Plan, and such rules as may be adopted by the Committee under the Plan, Participant may elect to satisfy Participant's federal, state, and local tax obligations arising from the receipt of, or the lapse of restrictions relating to, the Performance Shares, by any of the following means or by a combination of such means set forth below. If the Participant fails to notify the Company of his or her election, the Company will withhold shares of Common Stock as described in paragraph (ii), below.

(i)    Tendering a payment to the Company in the form of cash, check (bank check, certified check or personal check) or money order payable to the Company;

(ii)    Authorizing the Company to withhold from the shares of Common Stock otherwise to be delivered to the Participant a number of such shares having a Fair Market Value as of the date that the amount of the tax to be withheld is to be determined (the "Tax Date) less than or equal to the minimum amount of the Company's withholding tax obligation; or

-6-

(iii)    Delivering to the Company unencumbered shares of Common Stock already owned by Participant having a Fair Market Value, as of the Tax Date, less than or equal to the minimum amount of the Company's withholding tax obligation. Any shares of Common Stock already owned by Participant referred to in this paragraph (iii) must have been owned by Participant for no less than six (6) months prior to the date delivered to the Company if such shares of Common Stock were acquired upon the exercise of an Option or upon the vesting of Restricted Stock or other Restricted Stock Units.

The Company will not deliver any fractional share of Common Stock but will pay, in lieu thereof, will round the number of shares up or down to the nearest number of full shares. Participant's election must be made on or before the Tax Date.

8.    Acquisition Warranties By Participant1

In order to induce the Company to issue and deliver the Shares on the terms of this Agreement, the Participant warrants to and agrees with the Company as follows:

(a)    Confidentiality/Non-Disclosure. Participant agrees that Participant will not, during Participant's employment with the Company, or thereafter at any time, disclose to others or use for Participant's own benefit any Company confidential information and/or trade secrets, except to the extent as may be necessary in the ordinary course of performing Participant's duties as an Participant of the Company. By way of example, and without limitation, confidential and/or trade secret information may include information concerning the Company's customers, clients, dealers, suppliers, income, expenses, profit, loss, financial status, personnel policies, benefits, wages, salaries, services, technological developments, confidential and proprietary programs, purchasing, accounting, merchandising or licensing, bidding processes, margins, methods of operation, sales plans or methods, customer promotions, advertising plans and techniques, business plans, personnel plans, purchasing plans, investment plans, acquisition plans, marketing plans, and business transactions of a technical, commercial or financial nature pertaining to the business of the Company, or any of its customers, consultants, or affiliates. Participant understands and agrees that Participant's obligations of confidentiality under this Agreement continue beyond the termination of Participant's employment with the Company.

Upon termination of Participant's employment, Participant agrees to return to the Company all of its property in Participant's possession or control at the time of Participant's termination, including all notes, memoranda, notebooks, drawings, records, computer software, computer hardware, documents, phones, electronics, customer or dealer contact lists or information compilations, including reproductions in any form, kept by Participant or in Participant's possession, custody or control, whether prepared by Participant, or by others, which pertain to the Company or its customers, suppliers, or dealers.

1 Section 8 added to agreement starting in 2025.

-7-

In addition, notwithstanding this provision or any other provision of this Agreement, Participant understands that, pursuant to the Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016, Participant shall not have criminal or civil liability under any federal or state trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that: (i) is made (1) in confidence to a federal, state, or local government official, either directly or indirectly, or to an attorney, and (2) is made solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law; or (ii) is made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal. In addition and without limiting the preceding sentence, Participant understands that if Participant files a lawsuit for retaliation for reporting a suspected violation of law, Participant may disclose the trade secret to Participant's attorney and may use the trade secret information in the court proceeding, if Participant: (1) files any document containing the trade secret under seal; and (2) does not disclose the trade secret, except pursuant to court order.

(b)    Non-Solicitation. Participant agrees that during the term of Participant's employment with the Company and for a period of 12 months immediately following Participant's separation from employment with the Company, regardless of the reason, Participant will not (1) directly or indirectly contact any Company customer, dealer, or client (which, for purposes of this Agreement, includes any client, account, dealer or customer of the Company during the twelve month period prior to the date of my separation from employment) for the purpose of soliciting business competitive to the products and services provided by the Company to the customer, client, or dealer, or for the purpose of inducing the customer, client, or dealer to reduce, terminate or otherwise adversely alter its business relationship with the Company; and/or (2) directly or indirectly contact any of the Company's targeted prospective customers, clients, accounts, or dealers that are the Company targeted prospective customers, clients, or dealers at the time of Participant's separation, or had been targeted prospective customers, clients, or dealers during the twelve months preceding Participant's separation, for any reason.

Participant further agrees that Participant will not either directly or indirectly induce any employees to leave the employ of the Company, or solicit the services of the Company's Participants for non-Company matters, for a period of 12 months immediately following Participant's separation from employment with the Company, regardless of the reason.

(c)    Remedies. Participant acknowledges that any violation of this Agreement will cause substantial and irreparable injury to the Company. Participant agrees that the Company is entitled, in addition to any other remedies, to preliminary and permanent injunctive relief to secure specific performance and to prevent a breach or contemplated breach of the Agreement. Any injunctive order or decree of specific performance entered by a court with competent jurisdiction shall be fully enforceable and enforceable by the court of any other state in which I may then be located. In the event I breach any provision of this Agreement, I will be responsible to the Company for its costs and expenses incurred to enforce the terms of the Agreement, including the Company's actual attorney's fees.

-8-

9.    Miscellaneous.

(a)    Neither this Award Agreement nor the Plan confers on Participant any right with respect to the continuance of employment by the Company or any Subsidiary, nor will there be a limitation in any way on the right of the Company or any Subsidiary by which Participant is employed to terminate his or her employment at any time.

(b)    In the event of a restatement of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for any interim or annual period (“Restatement”), the Committee may determine that the Award exceeds the amount that would have been awarded or received had the Restatement been known at the time of the original Award or at the time of vesting of any Actual Performance Shares. In the event that the Committee makes such a determination, the Company shall have the right: (i) in the instance of a Participant whose misconduct or violation of a Company policy causes such Restatement (“Cause”), to terminate, require forfeiture of, or adjust any Awards made to Participant and to require the repayment of any gain on any Award or on any Actual Performance Shares, realized within twelve (12) months of the Restatement and; (ii) in the instance where a Participant is an officer subject to Section 16 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, and without regard to whether such Participant caused the Restatement, to adjust any vested or unvested Award made during the period covered by the Restatement to reflect the impact of the Restatement. Both cause and the amount of adjustment and/or repayment shall be determined by the Committee in its sole discretion and its decision shall be final and binding upon the Participant(s).

(c)    The Company will not be required to deliver any shares of Common Stock upon vesting of any Actual Performance Shares until the requirements of any federal or state securities laws, rules or regulations or other laws or rules (including the rules of any securities exchange) as may be determined by the Company to be applicable are satisfied.

(d)    An original record of this Award and of the Participant’s acceptance and acknowledgement will be held on file by the Company. This Agreement and the Participant’s acknowledgement may be made by either paper or electronic format as specified by the Company. To the extent there is any conflict between the terms contained in this Agreement and the terms contained in the original held by the Company, the terms of the original held by the Company will control.

INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION

By:        ________________________

Its Executive Vice President and Chief

Financial Officer

-9-

ACCEPTANCE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I accept the Award described herein and in the Plan, acknowledge receipt of a copy of this Agreement and the Plan, and acknowledge that I have read them carefully and that I fully understand their contents.

PARTICIPANT

Dated

19018373

-10-

Document

Exhibit 10.11*

NOTE: Execution of this Adoption Agreement creates a legal liability of the Employer with significant tax consequences to the Employer and Participants. Principal Life Insurance Company disclaims all liability for the legal and tax consequences which result from the elections made by the Employer in this Adoption Agreement.

Principal Life Insurance Company, Raleigh, NC 27612

A member of the Principal Financial Group®

THE EXECUTIVE NONQUALIFIED EXCESS PLAN ADOPTION AGREEMENT

THIS AGREEMENT is the adoption by Independent Bank Corporation (the "Company") of the Executive Nonqualified Excess Plan ("Plan").

W I T N E S S E T H:

WHEREAS, the Company desires to adopt the Plan as an unfunded, nonqualified deferred compensation plan; and

WHEREAS, the provisions of the Plan are intended to comply with the requirements of Section 409A of the Code and the regulations thereunder and shall apply to amounts subject to section 409A; and

WHEREAS, the Company has been advised by Principal Life Insurance Company to obtain legal and tax advice from its professional advisors before adopting the Plan,

NOW, THEREFORE, the Company hereby adopts the Plan in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Adoption Agreement:

ARTICLE I

Terms used in this Adoption Agreement shall have the same meaning as in the Plan, unless some other meaning is expressly herein set forth. The Employer hereby represents and warrants that the Plan has been adopted by the Employer upon proper authorization and the Employer hereby elects to adopt the Plan for the benefit of its Participants as referred to in the Plan. By the execution of this Adoption Agreement, the Employer hereby agrees to be bound by the terms of the Plan.

ARTICLE II

The Employer hereby makes the following designations or elections for the purpose of the Plan:

2.6    Committee:    The duties of the Committee set forth in the Plan shall be satisfied by:

XX    (a)    Company

(b)__The administrative committee appointed by the Board to serve at the pleasure of the Board.

(c)Board.

__

(d)Other (specify):

__

DD2320-9

Classification: Customer Confidential

Exhibit 10.11*

2.8Compensation: The "Compensation" of a Participant shall mean all of a Participant's:

XX    (a)    Base salary.

XX    (b)    Service Bonus.

XX Service Bonus earned from 1/1 – 12/31, paid on or around first quarter of the following Plan Year.

Service Bonus earned each calendar quarter, paid on or around the following calendar quarter.

Service Bonus with no defined earnings period (e.g.: a “spot bonus”)

XX    (c)    Performance-Based Compensation earned in a period of 12 months or more.

XX Performance Based Bonus earned from 1/1 – 12/31, paid on or around first quarter the following Plan Year and whose elections must be made no later than 6/30 of the Plan Year it is earned.

__    Performance Based Bonus earned from     , paid on or around

the following Plan Year and whose elections must be made no later than     of the Plan Year it is earned.

XX    (d)    Commissions.

(e)Compensation received as an Independent Contractor reportable on Form 1099.

__

(f)Other:

__

2.9Crediting Date: The Deferred Compensation Account of a Participant shall be credited as follows:

Participant Deferral Credits at the time designated below:

XX    (a)    On any business day as specified by the Employer.

(b)Each pay day as reported by the Employer.

__

(c)The last business day of each payroll period during the Plan Year.

__

Employer Credits at the time designated below:

XX    (a)    On any business day as specified by the Employer.

DD2320-9
2
---

Classification: Customer Confidential

Exhibit 10.11*

2.13    Effective Date:

(a)This is a newly-established Plan, and the Effective Date of the Plan is

__

.

XX (b) This is an amendment of a plan named Independent Bank Restoration Plan dated July 1, 2016, and governing all contributions to the plan. The Effective Date of this amended Plan is July 1, 2016.

2.20    Normal Retirement Age: The Normal Retirement Age of a Participant shall be:

XX    (a)    Age 65.

(b)__The later of age or the      anniversary of the participation commencement date. The participation commencement date is the first day of the first Plan Year in which the Participant commenced participation in the Plan.

(c)Other:     .

__

2.23    Participating Employer(s): As of the Effective Date, the following Participating Employer(s) are parties to the Plan:

Name of Employer	EIN
Independent Bank Corporation	38-2032782
Independent Bank	38-0861665

2.26    Plan: The name of the Plan is

Independent Bank Restoration Plan

2.28    Plan Year: The Plan Year shall end each year on the last day of the month of December.

2.30    Seniority Date: The date on which a Participant has:

(a)Attained age .

__

(b)Completed Years of Service from First Date of Service.

__

(c)Attained age and completed Years of Service from First Date of Service.

__

XX    (d)    Not applicable – distribution elections for Separation from Service are not based on Seniority Date.

DD2320-9
3
---

Classification: Customer Confidential

Exhibit 10.11*

4.1Participant Deferral Credits: Subject to the limitations in Section 4.1 of the Plan, a Participant may elect to have his Compensation (as selected in Section 2.8 of this Adoption Agreement) deferred within the annual limits below by the following percentage or amount as designated in writing to the Committee:

XX    (a)    Base salary:

minimum deferral:	________	%
maximum deferral:	80	%

XX    (b)    Service Bonus:

XX    Service Bonus

minimum deferral:	________	%
maximum deferral:	80	%

XX    (c)    Performance-Based Compensation:

XX    Performance Based Bonus

minimum deferral:	________	%
maximum deferral:	80	%

XX    (d)    Commissions:

minimum deferral:	________	%
maximum deferral:	80	%

(e)Form 1099 Compensation:

__

minimum deferral:	%
maximum deferral:	%

(f)Other:

__

minimum deferral:	%
maximum deferral:	%

(g)Participant deferrals not allowed.

__

DD2320-9
4
---

Classification: Customer Confidential

Exhibit 10.11*

4.1.2    Participant Deferral Credits and Employer Credits – Election Period: Participant elections regarding Participant Deferral Credits and Employer Credits shall be subject to the following effective periods (one must be selected):

XX (a) Evergreen election. An election made by the Participant shall continue in effect for subsequent years until modified by the Participant as permitted in Section 4.1 and Section 4.2. (This option is not permitted if source year accounts are elected in Section 4.3)

(b) __Non-Evergreen election. Any election made by the Participant shall only remain in effect for the current election period and will then expire. An election for each subsequent year will be required as permitted in Sections 4.1 and 4.2.

4.2Employer Credits: Employer Credits will be made in the following manner:

XX    (a)    Employer Credits 1 (Employer Discretionary Credits): The Employer may make discretionary credits to the Deferred Compensation Account of each Active Participant in an amount determined as follows:

XX    (i)    An amount determined each Plan Year by the Employer.

(ii)    Other:     .

__

(b)__Employer Credits 2 (Other Employer Credits): The Employer may make other credits to the Deferred Compensation Account of each Active Participant in an amount determined as follows:

(i)An amount determined each Plan Year by the Employer.

__

(ii)Other:     .

__

(c)Employer Credits not allowed.

__

DD2320-9
5
---

Classification: Customer Confidential

Exhibit 10.11*

4.3Deferred Compensation Account: The Participant is permitted to establish the following accounts:

XX    (a)    Non-source year account(s). Deferred Compensation Account(s) will not be established on a source year basis:

(i)__A Participant may establish only one account to be distributed upon Separation from Service. One set of payment options for that account is allowed as permitted in Section 7.1. Additional In-Service or Education accounts may be established as permitted in Section 5.4.

XX (ii) A Participant may establish multiple accounts to be distributed upon Separation from Service. Each account may have one set of payment options as permitted in Section 7.1 Additional In-Service or Education accounts may be established as permitted in Section 5.4. If this multiple account option is elected, the Participant will also be required to elect Separation from Service payment options for each In-Service or Education account established.

__(b) Source year account(s): Annual Deferred Compensation Account(s) will be established each year in which Participant Deferral Credits or Employer Credits are credited to the Participant. Only one account may be established each year for distribution upon Separation from Service. One set of payment options for that account is allowed as permitted in Section 7.1. Additional In-Service or Education accounts may be established for each source year as permitted in Section 5.4. If this option is selected, Evergreen elections as described in Section 4.1.2 are not permitted.

5.2Disability of a Participant:

XX (a) A Participant's becoming Disabled shall be a Qualifying Distribution Event and the Deferred Compensation Account shall be paid by the Employer as provided in Section 7.1.

(b)    A Participant becoming Disabled shall not be a Qualifying Distribution Event.

__

5.3Death of a Participant: If the Participant dies while in Service, the Employer shall pay a benefit to the Beneficiary in an amount equal to the vested balance in the Deferred Compensation Account of the Participant determined as of the date payments to the Beneficiary commence, plus:

(a)An amount to be determined by the Committee.

__

XX    (b)    No additional benefits.

DD2320-9
6
---

Classification: Customer Confidential

Exhibit 10.11*

5.4In-Service or Education Distributions: In-Service and Education Accounts are permitted under the Plan:

XX	(a)	In-Service Accounts are allowed with respect to:<br><br>XX    Participant Deferral Credits only.
		__ Employer Credits only.
		__ Participant Deferral and Employer Credits.

In-service distributions may be made in the following manner:

XX    Single lump sum payment.

XX    Annual installments over a term certain not to exceed 5 years.

Education Accounts are allowed with respect to:

__    Participant Deferral Credits only.

__    Employer Credits only.

__ Participant Deferral and Employer Credits.

Education Accounts distributions may be made in the following manner: __Single lump sum payment.

__    Annual installments over a term certain not to exceed years.

If applicable, amounts not vested at the time payments due under this Section cease will be:

__    Forfeited

__

Distributed at Separation from Service if vested at that time

(b)    No In-Service or Education Distributions permitted.

__

5.5Change in Control Event:

(a)__Participants may elect upon initial enrollment to have accounts distributed upon a Change in Control Event.

XX    (b)    A Change in Control shall not be a Qualifying Distribution Event.

5.6Unforeseeable Emergency Event:

XX    (a)    Participants may apply to have accounts distributed upon an Unforeseeable Emergency event.

(b)    An Unforeseeable Emergency shall not be a Qualifying Distribution Event.

__

DD2320-9
7
---

Classification: Customer Confidential

Exhibit 10.11*

6.Vesting: An Active Participant shall be fully vested in the Employer Credits made to the Deferred Compensation Account upon the first to occur of the following events:

(a)Normal Retirement Age.

__

(b)Death.

__

(c)Disability.

__

(d)Change in Control Event

__

XX    (e)    Satisfaction of the vesting requirement as specified below:

XX    Employer Credits 1 (Employer Discretionary Credits):

XX    (i)    Immediate 100% vesting.

(ii)100% vesting after Years of Service.

__

(iii)100% vesting at age .

__

(iv)Number of Years    Vested

__

of Service    Percentage

Less than	1	______	%
	1	______	%
	2	______	%
	3	______	%
	4	______	%
	5	______	%
	6	______	%

For this purpose, Years of Service of a Participant shall be calculated from the date designated below:

(1)First day of Service.

__

(2)Effective date of Plan participation.

__

(3)__Each Crediting Date. Under this option (3), each Employer Credit shall vest based on the Years of Service of a Participant from the Crediting Date on which each Employer Discretionary Credit is made to his or her Deferred Compensation Account.

DD2320-9
8
---

Classification: Customer Confidential

Exhibit 10.11*

Employer Credits 2 (Other Employer Credits):

__

(i)Immediate 100% vesting.

__

(ii)100% vesting after Years of Service.

__

(iii)100% vesting at age .

__

(iv)Number of Years    Vested

__

of Service    Percentage

Less than	1	%
	1	%
	2	%
	3	%
	4	%
	5	%
	6	%

For this purpose, Years of Service of a Participant shall be calculated from the date designated below:

(1)First day of Service.

__

(2)Effective date of Plan participation.

__

(3)__Each Crediting Date. Under this option (3), each Employer Credit shall vest based on the Years of Service of a Participant from the Crediting Date on which each Employer Discretionary Credit is made to his or her Deferred Compensation Account.

DD2320-9
9
---

Classification: Customer Confidential

Exhibit 10.11*

7.1Payment Options: Any benefit payable under the Plan upon a permitted Qualifying Distribution Event may be made to the Participant or his Beneficiary (as applicable) in any of the following payment forms, as selected by the Participant in the Participation Agreement:

(a)Separation from Service (Seniority Date is Not Applicable)

XX    (i)    A lump sum.

XX    (ii)    Annual installments over a term certain as elected by the Participant not to exceed 10 years.

(b)Separation from Service prior to Seniority Date (If Applicable)

(i)A lump sum.

__

XX    (ii)    Not Applicable

(c)Separation from Service on or After Seniority Date (If Applicable)

(i)A lump sum.

__

(ii)__Annual installments over a term certain as elected by the Participant not to exceed years.

XX    (iii)    Not Applicable

(d)Separation from Service Upon a Change in Control Event

XX    (i)    A lump sum.

(e)Death

XX    (i)    A lump sum.

(ii)__Annual installments over a term certain as elected by the Participant not to exceed years.

(f)Disability

XX    (i)    A lump sum.

XX    (ii)    Annual installments over a term certain as elected by the Participant not to exceed 10 years.

(iii)Not applicable.

__

If applicable, amounts not vested at the time payments due under this Section cease will be:

__    Forfeited

__    Distributed at Separation from Service if vested at that time

DD2320-9
10
---

Classification: Customer Confidential

Exhibit 10.11*

(g)Change in Control Event

(i)A lump sum.

__

XX    (ii)    Not Applicable

If applicable, amounts not vested at the time payments due under this Section cease will be:

__    Forfeited

__    Distributed at Separation from Service if vested at that time

7.4De Minimis Amounts.

(a)__Notwithstanding any payment election made by the Participant, the vested balance in all Deferred Compensation Account(s) of the Participant will be distributed in a single lump sum payment at the time designated under the Plan if at the time of a permitted Qualifying Distribution Event that is either a Separation from Service, death, Disability (if applicable) or Change in Control Event (if applicable) the vested balance does not exceed $ . In addition, the Employer may distribute a Participant's vested balance in all Deferred Compensation Account(s) of the Participant at any time if the balance does not exceed the limit in Section 402(g)(1)(B) of the Code and results in the termination of the Participant's entire interest in the Plan and any other Employer plan subject to aggregation under Section 409A of the Code.

XX (b)     There shall be no pre-determined de minimis amount under the Plan; however, the Employer may distribute a Participant's vested balance at any time if the balance does not exceed the limit in Section 402(g)(1)(B) of the Code and results in the termination of the Participant's entire interest in the Plan and any other Employer plan subject to aggregation under Section 409A of the Code.

10.1Contractual Liability: Liability for payments under the Plan shall be the responsibility of the:

(a)Company.

__

XX    (b)    Employer or Participating Employer who employed the Participant when amounts were deferred.

14. Amendment and Termination of Plan: Notwithstanding any provision in this Adoption Agreement or the Plan to the contrary, Section     of the Plan shall be amended to read as provided in attached Exhibit

XX    There are no amendments to the Plan.

17.8 Construction: The provisions of the Plan shall be construed and enforced according to the laws of the State of Michigan, except to the extent that such laws are superseded by ERISA and the applicable provisions of the Code.

DD2320-9
11
---

Classification: Customer Confidential

Exhibit 10.11*

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Agreement has been executed as of the day and year stated below.

Independent Bank Corporation

Name of Employer

By:      Authorized Person

Date: 12.31.24

The Plan is adopted by the following Participating Employers:

Independent Bank

Name of Employer

By:      Authorized Person

Date: 12.31.24

DD2320-9
12
---

Classification: Customer Confidential

ibcp-20241231

Table of Contents

Performance Graph	32
Selected Consolidated Financial Data	33
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	34
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting (PCAOB ID173)	56
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	57
Consolidated Financial Statements	60
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	65
Quarterly Data	138

Table of Contents

PERFORMANCE GRAPH

The graph below compares the total returns (assuming reinvestment of dividends) of Independent Bank Corporation common stock, the NASDAQ Composite Index and the NASDAQ Bank Stock Index. The graph assumes $100 invested in Independent Bank Corporation common stock (returns based on stock prices per the NASDAQ) and each of the indices on December 31, 2019, and the reinvestment of all dividends during the periods presented. The performance shown on the graph is not necessarily indicative of future performance.

Independent Bank Corporation

	Period Ending
Index	12/31/19		12/31/20		12/31/21		12/31/22		12/31/23		12/31/24
Independent Bank Corporation	$	100.00	$	85.72	$	115.03	$	119.91	$	136.67	$	188.95
NASDAQ Composite	100.00		144.92		177.06		119.45		172.77		223.87
NASDAQ Bank	100.00		87.20		119.74		99.06		109.02		146.80

Table of Contents

SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022			2021			2020
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS
Interest income	$	266,776		$	239,677		$	169,008		$	138,080		$	139,829
Interest expense	100,528			83,348			19,447			8,315			16,217
Net interest income	166,248			156,329			149,561			129,765			123,612
Provision for credit losses(1)	4,468			6,210			5,341			(1,928)			12,463
Net gains (losses) on securities available for sale	(428)			(222)			(275)			1,411			267
Other non-interest income	56,790			50,898			62,184			75,232			80,478
Non-interest expense	135,096			127,119			128,341			131,023			122,413
Income before income tax	83,046			73,676			77,788			77,313			69,481
Income tax expense	16,256			14,609			14,437			14,418			13,329
Net income	$	66,790		$	59,067		$	63,351		$	62,895		$	56,152
PER COMMON SHARE DATA
Net income per common share
Basic	$	3.20		$	2.82		$	3.00		$	2.91		$	2.56
Diluted	3.16			2.79			2.97			2.88			2.53
Cash dividends declared and paid	0.96			0.92			0.88			0.84			0.80
Book value	21.76			19.41			16.50			18.82			17.82
SELECTED BALANCES
Assets	$	5,338,104		$	5,263,726		$	4,999,787		$	4,704,740		$	4,204,013
Loans	4,038,825			3,790,901			3,465,352			2,905,045			2,733,678
Allowance for credit losses(1)	59,379			54,658			52,435			47,252			35,429
Deposits	4,654,088			4,622,879			4,379,069			4,117,090			3,637,355
Shareholders’ equity	454,686			404,449			347,596			398,484			389,522
Other borrowings	45,009			50,026			86,006			30,009			30,012
Subordinated debt	39,586			39,510			39,433			39,357			39,281
Subordinated debentures	39,796			39,728			39,660			39,592			39,524
SELECTED RATIOS
Net interest income to average interest earning assets	3.38		%	3.26		%	3.32		%	3.10		%	3.34		%
Net income to
Average shareholders' equity	15.66			16.04			18.41			16.13			15.68
Average assets	1.27			1.15			1.31			1.41			1.43
Average shareholders’ equity to average assets	8.14			7.20			7.13			8.73			9.10
Tier 1 capital to average assets	9.85			9.03			8.86			8.79			9.15
Non-performing loans to Portfolio Loans	0.15			0.14			0.11			0.18			0.29

___________________________

(1)Beginning January 1, 2021, calculation is based on CECL methodology. Prior to January 1, 2021, calculation was based on the probable incurred loss methodology.

Table of Contents

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Disclaimer Regarding Forward-Looking Statements. Statements in this report that are not statements of historical fact, including statements that include terms such as “will,” “may,” “should,” “believe,” “expect,” “forecast,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “project,” “intend,” “likely,” “optimistic” and “plan” and statements about future or projected financial and operating results, plans, projections, objectives, expectations, and intentions, are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, descriptions of plans and objectives for future operations, products or services; projections of our future revenue, earnings or other measures of economic performance; forecasts of credit losses and other asset quality trends; statements about our business and growth strategies; and expectations about economic and market conditions and trends. These forward-looking statements express our current expectations, forecasts of future events, or long-term goals. They are based on assumptions, estimates, and forecasts that, although believed to be reasonable, may turn out to be incorrect. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements for a variety of reasons, including:

•economic, market, operational, liquidity, credit, and interest rate risks associated with our business;

•economic conditions generally and in the financial services industry, particularly economic conditions within Michigan and the regional and local real estate markets in which our bank operates;

•the failure of assumptions underlying the establishment of, and provisions made to, our allowance for credit losses;

•increased competition in the financial services industry, either nationally or regionally;

•our ability to achieve loan and deposit growth;

•volatility and direction of market interest rates;

•the continued services of our management team; and

•implementation of new legislation, which may have significant effects on us and the financial services industry.

This list provides examples of factors that could affect the results described by forward-looking statements contained in this report, but the list is not intended to be all-inclusive. The risk factors disclosed in Part I – Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as updated by any new or modified risk factors disclosed in Part II – Item 1A of any subsequently filed Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, include the primary risks our management believes could materially affect the results described by forward-looking statements in this report. However, those risks are not the only risks we face. Our results of operations, cash flows, financial position, and prospects could also be materially and adversely affected by additional factors that are not presently known to us, that we currently consider to be immaterial, or that develop after the date of this report. We cannot assure you that our future results will meet expectations. While we believe the forward-looking statements in this report are reasonable, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement. In addition, these statements speak only as of the date made. We do not undertake, and expressly disclaim, any obligation to update or alter any statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

Introduction. The following section presents additional information to assess the financial condition and results of operations of Independent Bank Corporation (“IBCP”), its wholly-owned bank, Independent Bank (the “Bank”), and their subsidiaries. This section should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the supplemental financial data contained elsewhere in this annual report. We also encourage you to read our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). That report includes a list of risk factors that you should consider in connection with any decision to buy or sell our securities.

Overview. We provide banking services to customers located primarily in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula and also have one mortgage loan production facility in Ohio (Fairlawn). As a result, our success depends to a great extent upon the economic conditions in Michigan’s Lower Peninsula.

Table of Contents

Recent Developments. Pressures from various global and national macroeconomic conditions, including heightened inflation, uncertainty regarding future interest rates, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, recent adverse weather conditions, the continuation of the Russia-Ukraine war, ongoing conflict in the Middle East, and potential governmental responses to these events, continue to create significant economic uncertainty. In addition, pursuit of various initiatives announced by the new Trump administration may create some degree of volatility in our customers’ businesses, regulation of the financial services industry, and the markets in which we operate.

The extent to which these pressures and other factors may impact our business, results of operations, asset valuations, financial condition, and customers will depend on future developments, which continue to be highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Material adverse impacts may include all or a combination of valuation impairments on our intangible assets, securities available for sale, securities held to maturity, loans, capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights or deferred tax assets.

It is against this backdrop that we discuss our results of operations and financial condition in 2024 as compared to earlier periods.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Summary. We recorded net income of $66.8 million, or $3.16 per diluted share, in 2024, net income of $59.1 million, or $2.79 per diluted share, in 2023, and net income of $63.4 million, or $2.97 per diluted share, in 2022.

KEY PERFORMANCE RATIOS

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
Net income to
Average shareholders' equity	15.66		%	16.04		%	18.41		%
Average assets	1.27			1.15			1.31
Net income per common share
Basic	$	3.20		$	2.82		$	3.00
Diluted	3.16			2.79			2.97

Net interest income. Net interest income is the most important source of our earnings and thus is critical in evaluating our results of operations. Changes in our net interest income are primarily influenced by our level of interest-earning assets and the income or yield that we earn on those assets and the manner and cost of funding our interest-earning assets. Certain macro-economic factors can also influence our net interest income such as the level and direction of interest rates, the difference between short-term and long-term interest rates (the steepness of the yield curve) and the general strength of the economies in which we are doing business. Finally, risk management plays an important role in our level of net interest income. The ineffective management of credit risk and interest-rate risk in particular can adversely impact our net interest income.

Net interest income totaled $166.2 million during 2024, compared to $156.3 million and $149.6 million during 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in net interest income in 2024 compared to 2023 primarily reflects a $128.5 million increase in average interest-earning assets and a 12 basis point increase in our tax equivalent net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets (the “net interest margin”).

The increase in net interest income in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily reflects a $262.0 million increase in average interest-earning assets that was partially offset by a six basis point decrease in our tax equivalent net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets (the “net interest margin”).

The increase in average interest-earning assets during 2024 primarily reflects growth in commercial and mortgage loans while the increase in average interest-earning assets during 2023 primarily reflects growth in commercial, mortgage and installment loans. The growth in both years was funded primarily by an increase in deposits and a decrease in securities AFS and securities HTM as well as a decrease in interest bearing cash deposits during 2024.

The 12 basis point increase in the net interest margin during 2024 as compared to 2023 primarily reflects a 42 basis point increase in interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets which was partially offset by a 30 basis

Table of Contents

point increase in interest expense as a percent of average interest-earning assets. These increases are primarily attributed to the impact of federal funds rate increases during this period as well as a change in the mix of earnings assets and funding liabilities. We have seen a shift in earning assets from securities AFS and HTM and overnight cash balances to commercial and mortgage loans. In addition our funding mix has seen additional shifting from non-interest bearing deposits to interest-bearing deposits and an increase in time deposits. See Asset/liability management.

The six basis point decrease in the net interest margin during 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily reflected a 130 basis point increase in interest expense as a percent of average interest-earning assets which was partially offset by a 124 basis point increase in interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets. Those increases were primarily attributed to an increase in the federal funds rate during this period. During this period our net interest margin had been negatively impacted by changes in funding mix (such as shifting from non-interest bearing deposits to interest-bearing deposits and an increase in time deposits) as well as higher deposit pricing sensitivity to the increases in interest rates discussed above.

Interest and fees on loans include zero in 2024 and 2023, and $0.8 million in 2022, of accretion of net loan fees on Payroll Protection Program ("PPP") loans. Unaccreted net loan fees on PPP loans remaining were zero at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Our net interest income is also impacted by our level of non-accrual loans. Average non-accrual loans totaled $4.6 million, $4.8 million and $4.4 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

AVERAGE BALANCES AND RATES

	2024						2023						2022
	Average<br>Balance		Interest		Rate		Average<br>Balance		Interest		Rate		Average<br>Balance		Interest		Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
ASSETS
Taxable loans	$	3,882,822	$	228,229	5.88	%	$	3,624,406	$	197,462	5.45	%	$	3,227,803	$	138,765	4.30	%
Tax-exempt loans(1)	8,597		451		5.25		6,855		333		4.86		7,771		370		4.76
Taxable securities	652,772		18,883		2.89		771,121		23,314		3.02		945,665		20,676		2.19
Tax-exempt securities(1)	294,443		13,907		4.72		317,553		14,039		4.42		331,322		10,191		3.08
Interest bearing cash	94,621		5,013		5.30		83,587		4,416		5.28		28,773		142		0.49
Other investments	16,363		1,195		7.30		17,557		1,013		5.77		17,768		742		4.18
Interest earning assets	4,949,618		267,678		5.41		4,821,079		240,577		4.99		4,559,102		170,886		3.75
Cash and due from banks	55,309						58,473						59,507
Other assets, net	235,025						236,072						207,114
Total assets	$	5,239,952					$	5,115,624					$	4,825,723
LIABILITIES
Savings and interest-bearing checking	$	2,727,778	57,571		2.11		$	2,564,097	44,728		1.74		$	2,526,296	10,278		0.41
Time deposits	815,815		35,123		4.31		785,684		30,347		3.86		399,987		3,873		0.97
Other borrowings	118,282		7,834		6.62		128,945		8,273		6.42		121,871		5,296		4.35
Interest bearing liabilities	3,661,875		100,528		2.75		3,478,726		83,348		2.40		3,048,154		19,447		0.64
Non-interest bearing deposits	1,047,843						1,164,816						1,338,736
Other liabilities	103,622						103,721						94,638
Shareholders’ equity	426,612						368,361						344,195
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	5,239,952					$	5,115,624					$	4,825,723
Net interest income			$	167,150					$	157,229					$	151,439
Net interest income as a percent of average interest earning assets					3.38	%					3.26	%					3.32	%

__________________________

(1)Interest on tax-exempt loans and securities is presented on a fully tax equivalent basis assuming a marginal tax rate of 21%.

Table of Contents

RECONCILIATION OF NET INTEREST MARGIN, FULLY TAXABLE EQUIVALENT ("FTE")

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Net interest income	$	166,248		$	156,329		$	149,561
Add: taxable equivalent adjustment	902			900			1,878
Net interest income - taxable equivalent	$	167,150		$	157,229		$	151,439
Net interest margin (GAAP)	3.36		%	3.24		%	3.28		%
Net interest margin (FTE)	3.38		%	3.26		%	3.32		%

CHANGE IN NET INTEREST INCOME

	2024 compared to 2023						2023 compared to 2022
	Volume		Rate		Net		Volume		Rate		Net
	(In thousands)
Increase (decrease) in interest income(1)
Taxable loans	$	14,606	$	16,161	$	30,767	$	18,485	$	40,212	$	58,697
Tax-exempt loans(2)	90		28		118		(44)		7		(37)
Taxable securities	(3,458)		(973)		(4,431)		(4,291)		6,929		2,638
Tax-exempt securities(2)	(1,058)		926		(132)		(440)		4,288		3,848
Interest bearing cash	585		12		597		702		3,572		4,274
Other investments	(73)		255		182		(9)		280		271
Total interest income	10,692		16,409		27,101		14,403		55,288		69,691
Increase (decrease) in interest expense(1)
Savings and interest bearing checking	2,995		9,848		12,843		156		34,294		34,450
Time deposits	1,197		3,579		4,776		6,458		20,016		26,474
Other borrowings	(700)		261		(439)		323		2,654		2,977
Total interest expense	3,492		13,688		17,180		6,937		56,964		63,901
Net interest income	$	7,200	$	2,721	$	9,921	$	7,466	$	(1,676)	$	5,790

__________________________

(1)The change in interest due to changes in both balance and rate has been allocated to change due to balance and change due to rate in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of change in each.

(2)Interest on tax-exempt loans and securities is presented on a fully tax equivalent basis assuming a marginal tax rate of 21%.

Table of Contents

COMPOSITION OF AVERAGE INTEREST EARNING ASSETS AND INTEREST BEARING LIABILITIES

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
As a percent of average interest earning assets
Loans	78.6	%	75.3	%	71.0	%
Other interest earning assets	21.4		24.7		29.0
Average interest earning assets	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%
Savings and interest-bearing checking	55.1	%	53.2	%	55.4	%
Time deposits	16.5		16.3		8.8
Other borrowings	2.4		2.7		2.7
Average interest bearing liabilities	74.0	%	72.2	%	66.9	%
Earning asset ratio	94.5	%	94.2	%	94.5	%
Free-funds ratio(1)	26.0		27.8		33.1

__________________________

(1)Average interest earning assets less average interest bearing liabilities.

Provision for credit losses. The provision for credit losses was an expense of $4.5 million, $6.2 million and $5.3 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The provision reflects our assessment of the allowance for credit losses (the “ACL”) taking into consideration factors such as loan growth, loan mix, levels of non-performing and classified loans, economic conditions and loan net charge-offs. While we use relevant information to recognize losses on loans and securities HTM, additional provisions for related losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, customer circumstances and other credit risk factors. The decrease in the provision for credit losses in 2024 compared to 2023 was primarily due to a loss incurred on a $3.0 million corporate security HTM (Signature Bank) that defaulted and was fully charged off during the first quarter of 2023 and a recovery on that same security HTM during the first quarter of 2024 that was partially offset by an increase in provision in the commercial and mortgage loan portfolios. The increase in the provision for credit losses in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily due to a loss incurred on a $3.0 million corporate security HTM (Signature Bank) that defaulted and was fully charged off during the first quarter that was partially offset by a decline in loan growth rate. See “Portfolio Loans and asset quality” for a discussion of the various components of the ACL and their impact on the provision for credit losses in 2024 and note #19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for a discussion on industry concentrations.

Non-interest income. Non-interest income is a significant element in assessing our results of operations. Non-interest income totaled $56.4 million during 2024 compared to $50.7 million and $61.9 million during 2023 and 2022, respectively.

NON-INTEREST INCOME

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Interchange income	$	13,992	$	13,996	$	13,955
Service charges on deposit accounts	11,870		12,361		12,288
Net gains (losses) on assets
Mortgage loans	6,579		7,436		6,431
Equity securities at fair value	2,685		—		—
Securities available for sale	(428)		(222)		(275)
Mortgage loan servicing, net	9,447		4,626		18,773
Investment and insurance commissions	3,268		3,456		2,898
Bank owned life insurance	834		474		360
Other	8,115		8,549		7,479
Total non-interest income	$	56,362	$	50,676	$	61,909

Table of Contents

Service charges on deposit accounts totaled $11.9 million in 2024, as compared to $12.4 million in 2023 and $12.3 million during 2022. The decrease in 2024 relative to the prior year was primarily due to a decrease in non-sufficient funds occurrences (and related fees).

We realized net gains of $6.6 million on mortgage loans during 2024, compared to $7.4 million and $6.4 million during 2023 and 2022, respectively. As reflected in the table below, the sale of mortgage loans decreased from both 2023 and 2022. Mortgage loan activity is summarized as follows:

MORTGAGE LOAN ACTIVITY

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Mortgage loans originated	$	518,256		$	554,461		$	935,807
Mortgage loans sold(1)	395,617			407,613			602,797
Net gains on mortgage loans	6,579			7,436			6,431
Net gains as a percent of mortgage loans sold (“Loan Sales Margin”)	1.66		%	1.82		%	1.07		%
Fair value adjustments included in the Loan Sales Margin	0.13			0.62			(1.12)

__________________________

(1)2024 includes the sale of $20.8 million of portfolio residential fixed rate mortgage loans. 2023 includes the sale of $56.7 million of portfolio residential fixed rate and adjustable rate mortgage loans. 2022 includes the sale of $63.0 million of portfolio residential fixed rate mortgage loans and adjustable rate mortgage loans.

Mortgage loans originated decreased in both 2024 as compared to 2023 and 2023 as compared to 2022 as higher mortgage loan interest rates negatively impacted mortgage loan demand. Mortgage loans sold decreased in each of these years due primarily to lower loan origination volume.

The volume of loans sold is dependent upon our ability to originate mortgage loans as well as the demand for fixed-rate obligations and other loans that we choose to not put into portfolio because of our established interest-rate risk parameters. (See “Portfolio Loans and asset quality.”) Net gains on mortgage loans are also dependent upon economic and competitive factors as well as our ability to effectively manage exposure to changes in interest rates and thus can often be a volatile part of our overall revenues.

Net gains on mortgage loans decreased in 2024 as compared to 2023 primarily due to the decrease in the Loan Sales Margin which was favorably impacted by fair value adjustments on certain unhedged construction loans during 2023 as a result of the significant increase in interest rates during that period. These favorable adjustments were much less during 2024. Net gains on mortgage loans increased in 2023 as compared to 2022 primarily due to the increase in the Loan Sales Margin due to the impact of the fair value adjustments on certain unhedged construction loans during 2023.

Gain on equity securities at fair value totaled $2.7 million during 2024. This gain is the consequence of the exchange of our shares of Visa Class B-1 common stock on May 6, 2024 into a combination of Visa Class C common stock and Visa Class B-2 common stock. With the completion of this exchange, we were able to sell our Visa Class C common stock (as it was convertible into publicly traded Visa Class A common stock) while the Visa Class B-2 common stock continues to be held and carried at zero. See note #11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

We generated net losses on securities of $(0.43) million, $(0.22) million and $(0.28) million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These net losses were due to the sales of securities as outlined in the table below. We recorded no credit related charges in 2024, 2023 or 2022 for securities AFS. See “Securities” below and note #3 to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

GAINS AND LOSSES ON SECURITIES

	Year Ended December 31,
	Proceeds		Gains		Losses		Net
	(In thousands)
2024	$	39,517	$	14	$	442	$	(428)
2023	278		—		222		(222)
2022	70,523		164		439		(275)

Mortgage loan servicing, net, generated income of $9.4 million in 2024 compared to income of $4.6 million and $18.8 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The significant variances in mortgage loan servicing, net are primarily due to changes in the fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights associated with changes in mortgage loan interest rates and expected future prepayment levels and expected float rates. Mortgage loan servicing, net activity is summarized in the following table:

MORTGAGE LOAN SERVICING ACTIVITY

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Mortgage loan servicing:
Revenue, net	$	8,914	$	8,828	$	8,577
Fair value change due to price	4,540		(280)		14,272
Fair value change due to pay-downs	(4,007)		(3,922)		(4,076)
Total	$	9,447	$	4,626	$	18,773

Activity related to capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights is as follows:

CAPITALIZED MORTGAGE LOAN SERVICING RIGHTS

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Balance at January 1,	$	42,243	$	42,489	$	26,232
Originated servicing rights capitalized	4,020		3,956		6,061
Change in fair value	533		(4,202)		10,196
Balance at December 31,	$	46,796	$	42,243	$	42,489

At December 31, 2024, we were servicing approximately $3.5 billion in mortgage loans for others on which servicing rights have been capitalized. This servicing portfolio had a weighted average coupon rate of 4.13% and a weighted average service fee of approximately 25.5 basis points. Remaining capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights at December 31, 2024 totaled $46.8 million, representing approximately 132 basis points on the related amount of mortgage loans serviced for others.

On December 5, 2024 we executed a letter of intent to sell a portion of our mortgage loan servicing rights to a third party. This sale closed on January 31, 2025 with the sale of approximately $935.3 million of mortgage loan servicing rights (26.4% of total servicing portfolio). This sale represents approximately $13.2 million (28.2%) of the total capitalized mortgage loan servicing right asset. While this transaction closed on January 31, 2025, we continued to service these loans under a sub-servicing arrangement through March 3, 2025, at which time servicing was transferred to the buyer. While there remains a customary hold back of final settlement funds of approximately $0.66 million relating to this transaction, we are not aware of any issues that will have a material impact on this final payment. Transaction expenses relating to this sale were approximately $0.5 million and will be expensed during the first quarter of 2025. This transaction was executed in part to reduce the amount of exposure the bank had to rate variances that may impact the mortgage servicing right asset valuation in future periods. With this sale, it is expected mortgage servicing revenue, net will decrease commensurate with

Table of Contents

amount of servicing sold. While the magnitude of fair value adjustments would also be expected to decrease, those adjustments are dependent upon factors that are harder to predict.

Investment and insurance commissions totaled $3.3 million in 2024 as compared to $3.5 million and $2.9 million in 2023 and 2022. The decrease in revenue in 2024 as compared to 2023 was due to lower sales volume and a decrease in fee based revenue while the increase in revenue in 2023 as compared to 2022 was primarily due to higher sales volume and an increase in fee based revenue.

We earned $0.8 million, $0.5 million and $0.4 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, on our separate account bank owned life insurance principally as a result of increases in the cash surrender value. Our separate account is primarily invested in agency mortgage-backed securities and managed by a fixed income investment manager. The crediting rate (on which the earnings are based) reflects the performance of the separate account. The total cash surrender value of our bank owned life insurance was $53.9 million and $54.3 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The changes in earnings in each year is due to changes in the crediting rate.

Other non-interest income totaled $8.1 million, $8.5 million and $7.5 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Other non-interest income decreased in 2024 as compared to 2023 due primarily to a decrease in certain electronic banking fees we discontinued during 2024 and lower gains on the sale of bank owned properties. The increase in 2023 as compared to 2022 is due to an increase in fees related to interest rate swaps for commercial loan customers (due to a higher level of these transactions during 2023), an increase in ATM fees and an increase in merchant credit card related income that were partially offset by lower gains on the sale of bank owned properties.

Non-interest expense. Non-interest expense is an important component of our results of operations. We strive to efficiently manage our cost structure.

Non-interest expense totaled $135.1 million in 2024, $127.1 million in 2023, and $128.3 million in 2022. Increases in performance-based compensation, compensation, data processing, advertising, legal and professional and loan and collection that were partially offset by decreases in communications and costs (recoveries) related to unfunded lending commitments are primarily responsible for the increase in 2024 compared to 2023. Decreases in performance-based compensation, occupancy, net, communications and loan and collection that were partially offset by increases in

Table of Contents

compensation, payroll taxes and employee benefits, data processing and FDIC deposit insurance are primarily responsible for the decrease in 2023 compared to 2022. The components of non-interest expense are as follows:

NON-INTEREST EXPENSE

	Year ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Compensation	$	53,389	$	52,502	$	50,535
Performance-based compensation	16,138		11,064		15,875
Payroll taxes and employee benefits	15,428		15,399		14,597
Compensation and employee benefits	84,955		78,965		81,007
Data processing	13,579		11,862		10,183
Occupancy, net	7,806		7,908		8,907
Interchange expense	4,504		4,332		4,242
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	3,762		3,756		4,007
Advertising	3,058		2,165		2,074
FDIC deposit insurance	2,870		3,005		2,142
Legal and professional	2,566		2,208		2,133
Loan and collection	2,474		2,174		2,657
Communications	2,095		2,406		2,871
Taxes, licenses and fees	1,202		979		770
Director fees	949		951		868
Amortization of intangible assets	516		547		785
Provision for loss reimbursement on sold loans	28		20		57
Conversion related expenses	—		—		50
Net (gains) losses on other real estate and repossessed assets	(170)		19		(214)
Costs (recoveries) related to unfunded lending commitments	(373)		424		599
Other	5,275		5,398		5,203
Total non-interest expense	$	135,096	$	127,119	$	128,341

Compensation expense, which is primarily salaries, totaled $53.4 million, $52.5 million and $50.5 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The comparative increase in 2024 to 2023 is primarily due to salary increases that were predominantly effective on January 1, 2024 and additions to our commercial lending team were partially offset by staffing efficiency initiatives in our retail lending and branch network as well as an increase in deferred loan origination costs due in part to higher mortgage loan volume. The comparative increase in 2023 to 2022 is primarily due to salary increases that were predominantly effective on January 1, 2023.

Performance-based compensation expense totaled $16.1 million, $11.1 million and $15.9 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The variances between each respective period were primarily due to actual performance relative to the established incentive plan targets in our annual cash incentive award plans.

In addition to commissions and cash incentive awards, we also maintain stock based performance-based compensation plans. Such plans include an ESOP and a long-term equity based incentive plan. Total compensation expense recognized for grants pursuant to our long-term incentive plan was $2.1 million, $1.9 million and $1.8 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In each of those three years, we granted both restricted stock and performance share awards under the plan.

Payroll taxes and employee benefits expense totaled $15.4 million, $15.4 million and $14.6 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in 2023 compared to 2022 is due to higher employee medical insurance costs that were partially offset by a decrease in payroll taxes (reflecting lower performance-based compensation costs).

Table of Contents

Data processing expenses totaled $13.6 million, $11.9 million, and $10.2 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in 2024 compared to 2023 is primarily due to annual asset based and consumer price index based cost increases and new solutions implemented during this time frame. The increase in 2023 compared to 2022 is primarily due to annual asset based and consumer price index based cost increases.

Occupancy, net totaled $7.8 million, $7.9 million, and $8.9 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in 2023 compared to 2022 is due in part to lower seasonal related maintenance costs and Covid-19 related protocol expenses.

Advertising totaled $3.1 million, $2.2 million, and $2.1 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in 2024 compared to 2023 is due primarily to modifications in strategic marketing spend as well as costs related to certain website redesign initiatives.

FDIC deposit insurance expense totaled $2.9 million, $3.0 million, and $2.1 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. FDIC deposit insurance expense increased in 2023 compared to 2022 due primarily to a two basis point increase in the assessment rate beginning in the first quarter of 2023 charged to all banks to increase the likelihood that the reserve ratio of the deposit insurance fund reaches its statutory minimum.

Legal and professional totaled $2.6 million, $2.2 million, and $2.1 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in 2024 compared to 2023 is due in part to fees relating to strategic location additions, higher bank exam fees due to asset growth as well as general corporate projects and initiatives.

Loan and collection expenses reflect costs related to new lending activity as well as the management and collection of non-performing loans and other problem credits. These expenses totaled $2.5 million, $2.2 million and $2.7 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These costs increased in 2024 from 2023 due in part to lower recoveries of previously expensed amounts. These costs decreased in 2023 compared to 2022 due in part to recoveries of previously expensed amounts.

Communications totaled $2.1 million, $2.4 million, and $2.9 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in 2024 compared to 2023 is primarily due to lower telephony and networking related costs. The decrease in 2023 compared to 2022 is primarily due to lower telephony and networking related costs as well as lower customer statement mailing costs.

The changes in costs related to unfunded lending commitments are primarily impacted by changes in the amounts of such commitments to originate Portfolio Loans as well as (for commercial loan commitments) the grade (pursuant to our loan rating system) of such commitments. Costs (recoveries) related to unfunded lending commitments totaled $(0.4) million, $0.4 million, and $0.6 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decreases in each comparative year are due primarily to decreases in the amount of unfunded lending commitments.

Income tax expense. We recorded an income tax expense of $16.3 million, $14.6 million and $14.4 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our actual federal income tax expense is different than the amount computed by applying our statutory federal income tax rate to our pre-tax income primarily due to tax-exempt interest income, share based compensation and tax-exempt income from the increase in the cash surrender value on life insurance.

We assess whether a valuation allowance should be established against our deferred tax asset, net (“DTA”) based on the consideration of all available evidence using a “more likely than not” standard. The ultimate realization of this asset is primarily based on generating future income. We concluded at December 31, 2024 and 2023 that the realization of substantially all of our DTA continues to be more likely than not. See note #13 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for more information.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

Summary. Our total assets increased to $5.34 billion at December 31, 2024, compared to $5.26 billion at December 31, 2023, primarily due to growth in commercial loans and mortgage loans. Loans, excluding loans held for sale (“Portfolio Loans”), totaled $4.04 billion and $3.79 billion at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Commercial and mortgage loans increased by $257.6 million and $30.9 million, respectively.

Table of Contents

Deposits totaled $4.65 billion at December 31, 2024, compared to $4.62 billion at December 31, 2023. The $31.2 million increase in deposits is primarily due to growth in savings and interest bearing checking deposits, reciprocal deposits and time deposits and brokered time deposits that was partially offset by a decline in non-interest bearing deposits and brokered time deposits.

Securities. We maintain diversified securities portfolios, which include obligations of U.S. government-sponsored agencies, securities issued by states and political subdivisions, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities, corporate securities and trust preferred securities. We regularly evaluate asset/liability management needs and attempt to maintain a portfolio structure that provides sufficient liquidity and cash flow.

We believe that the unrealized losses on securities AFS are temporary in nature and are expected to be recovered within a reasonable time period. We believe that we have the ability to hold securities with unrealized losses to maturity or until such time as the unrealized losses reverse. (See “Asset/liability management”).

On April 1, 2022, we transferred certain securities AFS with an amortized cost and unrealized loss at the date of transfer of $418.1 million and $26.5 million, respectively to securities held to maturity ("HTM"). The transfer was made at fair value, with the unrealized loss becoming part of the purchase discount which will be accreted over the remaining life of the securities. The other comprehensive loss component is separated from the remaining securities AFS and is accreted over the remaining life of the securities transferred. Based upon our liquidity and capital resources (as explained in more detail below under "Liquidity and capital resources"), we believe that we have the ability and intent to hold these securities until they mature, at which time we would receive full value for these securities.

SECURITIES AFS

	Amortized <br>Cost			Unrealized					Fair<br>Value
			Gains			Losses
	(In thousands)
Securities AFS
December 31, 2024	$	621,588		$	343		$	62,749	$	559,182
December 31, 2023	744,050			464			65,164		679,350

SECURITIES HTM

	Carrying<br>Value		Transferred<br><br>Unrealized<br><br>Loss (1)		ACL			Amortized<br>Cost			Unrealized				Fair Value
							Gains			Losses
	(In thousands)
Securities HTM
December 31, 2024	$	339,436	$	16,171	$	132		$	355,739		$	28	$	53,907	$	301,860
December 31, 2023	353,988		19,503		157			373,648			868		55,910		318,606

(1)Represents the remaining unrealized loss to be accreted on securities that were transferred from AFS to HTM on April 1, 2022.

Securities AFS in unrealized loss positions are evaluated quarterly for impairment related to credit losses. For securities AFS in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities AFS that do not meet this criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, adverse conditions specifically related to the security and the issuer and the impact of changes in market interest rates on the market value of the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, we compare the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis for the security, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded, limited to the amount that the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis. Any

Table of Contents

impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable taxes. No ACL for securities AFS was needed at December 31, 2024. See note #3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for further discussion.

For securities HTM an ACL is maintained at a level which represents our best estimate of expected credit losses. This ACL is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of securities HTM to present the net amount expected to be collected. Securities HTM are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in provision for credit loss. We measure expected credit losses on securities HTM on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics. With regard to U.S. Government-sponsored agency and mortgage-backed securities (residential and commercial), all these securities are issued by a U.S. government-sponsored entity and have an implicit or explicit government guarantee; therefore, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions, private label-mortgage-backed, corporate and trust preferred securities HTM, we consider (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) long-term historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. During the first quarter of 2023, one corporate security (Signature Bank) defaulted resulting in a $3.0 million provision for credit losses and a corresponding full charge-off. Subsequent to this security's charge-off, a portion of its fair value had recovered and was subsequently sold during the first quarter of 2024 for $1.1 million during which period we recorded that amount as a recovery to the ACL. See note #3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for further discussion.

Equity Securities at Fair Value

On May 6, 2024, we exchanged 12,566 shares of Visa Inc. Class B-1 common stock (all of the Class B-1 shares we owned) for 2,493 shares of Visa Inc. Class C common stock and 6,283 shares of Visa Inc. Class B-2 common stock pursuant to an exchange offer conducted by Visa. With the completion of the exchange, we recorded a gain related to the Class C shares of $2.677 million based on the conversion privilege of those shares and the closing price of the Class A shares on May 3, 2024 (the exchange expiration date) of $268.49 per share. Subsequent to the exchange, we sold all of our Class C shares for net proceeds of $2.685 million. See note #11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for further discussion.

Portfolio Loans and asset quality. In addition to the communities served by our Bank branch and loan production office network, our principal lending markets also include nearby communities and metropolitan areas. Subject to established underwriting criteria, we also may participate in commercial lending transactions with certain non-affiliated banks and make whole loan purchases from other financial institutions.

The senior management and board of directors of our Bank retain authority and responsibility for credit decisions and we have adopted uniform underwriting standards. Our loan committee structure and the loan review process attempt to provide requisite controls and promote compliance with such established underwriting standards. However, there can be no assurance that our lending procedures and the use of uniform underwriting standards will prevent us from incurring significant credit losses in our lending activities.

We generally retain loans that may be profitably funded within established risk parameters. (See “Asset/liability management.”) As a result, we may hold adjustable-rate conventional and fixed rate jumbo mortgage loans as Portfolio Loans, while 15- and 30-year fixed-rate non-jumbo mortgage loans are generally sold to mitigate exposure to changes in interest rates. (See “Non-interest income.”) The growth in mortgage loans during 2024 has primarily been attributed to the origination of adjustable-rate mortgage loans and advances on adjustable rate construction mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit. (See “Asset/liability management”).

Table of Contents

LOAN PORTFOLIO SEGMENTS

The following table summarizes each loan portfolio segment by (1) scheduled repayments and (2) predetermined (fixed) interest rate and/or adjustable (variable) interest rate at December 31, 2024:

	Commercial		Mortgage		Installment		Total
	(In thousands)
Due in one year or less	$	161,763	$	229	$	1,781	$	163,773
Due after one but within five years	516,889		2,372		57,203		576,464
Due after five but within 15 years	1,237,444		105,908		364,226		1,707,578
Due after 15 years	21,268		1,408,217		161,525		1,591,010
	$	1,937,364	$	1,516,726	$	584,735	$	4,038,825
Fixed rate	$	821,891	$	877,102	$	579,792	$	2,278,785
Variable rate	1,115,473		639,624		4,943		1,760,040
	$	1,937,364	$	1,516,726	$	584,735	$	4,038,825

In 2024, we sold $20.6 million of portfolio residential fixed rate mortgage loans. In 2023, we sold $56.7 million of portfolio residential fixed and adjustable rate mortgage loans. In 2022, we sold $63.0 million of portfolio residential fixed and adjustable rate mortgage loans servicing retained. In addition, in the fourth quarter of 2022 we reclassified $20.4 million (fair value of $20.4 million) of portfolio mortgage loans to held for sale. These loans were sold to another financial institution on a servicing retained basis during the first quarter of 2023. These loan sale transactions were done primarily for asset/liability management purposes.

LOAN PORTFOLIO COMPOSITION

	December 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Real estate(1)
Residential first mortgages	$	1,284,322	$	1,248,911
Residential home equity and other junior mortgages	179,857		157,006
Construction and land development	322,092		241,715
Other(2)	1,126,720		1,036,590
Consumer	579,345		619,374
Commercial	542,742		483,129
Agricultural	3,747		4,176
Total loans	$	4,038,825	$	3,790,901

__________________________

(1)Includes both residential and non-residential commercial loans secured by real estate.

(2)Includes loans secured by multi-family residential and non-farm, non-residential property.

Table of Contents

NON-PERFORMING ASSETS

	December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
	(Dollars in thousands)
Non-accrual loans	$	7,792		$	6,991		$	5,381
Loans 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest	—			432			—
Sub total	7,792			7,423			5,381
Less: Government guaranteed loans	1,790			2,191			1,660
Total non-performing loans	6,002			5,232			3,721
Other real estate and repossessed assets	938			569			455
Total non-performing assets	$	6,940		$	5,801		$	4,176
As a percent of Portfolio Loans
Non-accrual loans	0.19		%	0.18		%	0.16		%
Non-performing loans	0.15			0.14			0.11
ACL	1.47			1.44			1.51
Non-performing assets to total assets	0.13			0.11			0.08
ACL as a percent of non-accrual loans	762.05			781.83			974.45
ACL as a percent of non-performing loans	989.32			1044.69			1409.16

Non-performing loans totaled $6.0 million, $5.2 million and $3.7 million at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increases in 2024 compared to 2023 and 2023 as compared to 2022 were primarily due to a $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively increase in the residential mortgage loan portfolio segment. Our collection and resolution efforts have generally resulted in a stable trend in non-performing loans as a percent of portfolio loans.

Other real estate (“ORE”) and repossessed assets totaled $0.9 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $0.6 million at December 31, 2023.

The ACL as a percent of non-accrual and non-performing loans decreased during 2024 and 2023 due primarily to an increase in non-accrual and non-performing loans partially offset by an increase in the ACL related to pooled analysis of loans.

We will place a loan that is 90 days or more past due on non-accrual, unless we believe the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. Accordingly, we have determined that the collection of the accrued and unpaid interest on any loans that are 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest is probable.

ALLOCATION OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

	December 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Specific allocations	$	2,300	$	1,292
Pooled analysis allocations	45,929		40,944
Additional allocations based on subjective factors	11,150		12,422
Total	$	59,379	$	54,658

Some loans will not be repaid in full. Therefore, an ACL on loans is maintained at a level which represents our best estimate of expected credit losses. Our ACL loans is comprised of three principal elements: (i) specific analysis of individual loans identified during the review of the loan portfolio, (ii) pooled analysis of loans with similar risk

Table of Contents

characteristics based on historical experience, adjusted for current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and expected prepayments, and (iii) additional allowances based on subjective factors, including local and general economic business factors and trends, portfolio concentrations and changes in the size and/or the general terms of the loan portfolios. See notes #1 and #4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for further discussion on the ACL on loans.

While we use relevant information to recognize losses on loans, additional provisions for related losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, customer circumstances and other credit risk factors.

The ACL increased $4.7 million to $59.4 million at December 31, 2024 from $54.7 million at December 31, 2023 and was equal to 1.47% of total Portfolio Loans at December 31, 2024.

Two of the three components of the ACL outlined above increased since December 31, 2023 while one decreased. The ACL related to pooled analysis of loans increased $5.0 million due primarily to loan growth in 2024 as well as certain model refinements during 2024 which also contributed to the $1.3 million decrease in the ACL related to subjective factors. The ACL related to specific loans increased $1.0 million due primarily to a $5.8 million increase in the amount of such loans.

During 2023 two of the three components of the ACL outlined above decreased since December 31, 2022 while one increased. The ACL related to pooled analysis of loans increased $3.3 million due primarily to loan growth in 2023. The ACL related to specific loans decreased $0.8 million due primarily to an $8.1 million decrease in the amount of such loans while the ACL related to subjective factors declined $0.3 million.

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES ON LOANS, SECURITIES HTM AND UNFUNDED COMMITMENTS

	Loans		Securities HTM		Unfunded<br>Commitments
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2021	$	47,252	$	—	$	4,481
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses	5,173		168		—
Recoveries credited to the ACL	2,496		—		—
Charges against the ACL	(2,486)		—		—
Additions included in non-interest expense	—		—		599
December 31, 2022	52,435		168		5,080
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses	3,221		2,989		—
Recoveries credited to the ACL	2,798		—		—
Charges against the ACL	(3,796)		(3,000)		—
Additions included in non-interest expense	—		—		424
December 31, 2023	54,658		157		5,504
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses	5,618		(1,150)		—
Recoveries credited to the ACL	2,711		1,125		—
Charges against the ACL	(3,608)		—		—
Additions included in non-interest expense	—		—		(373)
December 31, 2024	$	59,379	$	132	$	5,131

Table of Contents

RATIO OF NET CHARGE-OFFS TO AVERAGE LOANS OUTSTANDING

	Commercial			Mortgage			Installment			Total
	(Dollars in thousands)
2024
Loans charged against (recoveries credited to) the ACL	$	(245)		$	(9)		$	1,151		$	897
Average Portfolio Loans	1,769,243			1,499,737			610,522			3,879,502
Net loans charged off against (credited to) the ACL to average Portfolio Loans	(0.01)		%	—		%	0.19		%	0.02		%
2023
Loans charged against (recoveries credited to) the ACL	$	523		$	(198)		$	673		$	998
Average Portfolio Loans	1,537,920			1,436,527			637,180			3,611,627
Net loans charged off against (credited to) the ACL to average Portfolio Loans	0.03		%	(0.01)		%	0.11		%	0.03		%
2022
Loans charged against (recoveries credited to) the ACL	$	(453)		$	(365)		$	808		$	(10)
Average Portfolio Loans	1,323,840			1,257,528			616,854			3,198,222
Net loans charged off against (credited to) the ACL to average Portfolio Loans	(0.03)		%	(0.03)		%	0.13		%	—		%

In 2024, we recorded loan net charge offs of $0.90 million compared to loan net charge offs of $1.00 million in 2023 and loan net recoveries of $0.01 million in 2022. The net charge offs in 2024 primarily reflect losses in the installment loan portfolio. The net charge offs in 2023 primarily reflect modest losses in the commercial and installment loan portfolio. The net recoveries in 2022 primarily reflect reduced levels of non-performing loans, improvement in collateral liquidation values and ongoing collection efforts on previously charged-off loans.

Deposits and borrowings. Historically, the loyalty of our customer base has allowed us to price deposits competitively, contributing to a net interest margin that generally compares favorably to our peers. However, we still face a significant amount of competition for deposits within many of the markets served by our branch network, which limits our ability to materially increase deposits without adversely impacting the weighted-average cost of core deposits.

To attract new core deposits, we have implemented various account acquisition strategies as well as branch staff sales training. Account acquisition initiatives have historically generated increases in customer relationships. Over the past several years, we have also expanded our treasury management products and services for commercial businesses and municipalities or other governmental units and have also increased our sales calling efforts in order to attract additional deposit relationships from these sectors. We view long-term core deposit growth as an important objective. Core deposits generally provide a more stable and lower cost source of funds than alternative sources such as short-term borrowings. (See “Liquidity and capital resources.”)

Deposits totaled $4.65 billion and $4.62 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The $31.2 million increase in deposits during 2024 is due to growth in savings and interest-bearing checking deposits, reciprocal deposits and time deposits that were partially offset by decreases in non-interest bearing as well as scheduled maturities of brokered time deposits. Reciprocal deposits totaled $907.0 million and $832.0 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These deposits represent demand, money market and time deposits from our customers that have been placed through the IntraFi Network. This service allows our customers to access multi-million dollar FDIC deposit insurance on deposit balances greater than the standard FDIC insurance maximum.

We cannot be sure that we will be able to maintain our current level of core deposits. In particular, those deposits that are uninsured may be susceptible to outflow. A reduction in core deposits would likely increase our need to rely on wholesale funding sources. Data relating to our deposit portfolios (excluding brokered time) follows:

Table of Contents

	December 31,
	2024			2023
	(Dollars in thousands)
Uninsured deposits (1)	$	1,059,909		$	961,974
Uninsured deposits as a percentage of deposits	23.3		%	22.2		%
Average deposit account size	$	21.14		$	20.38
Balance of top 100 largest depositors	$	1,062,255		$	890,289
Balance of top 100 depositors as a percentage of deposits	23.4		%	20.5		%

(1) These amounts exclude intercompany related deposits of $54.8 million and $51.2 million respectively. Uninsured deposits reported in our Call Report at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 totaled $1.115 billion and $1.013 billion, respectively.

We have also implemented strategies that incorporate using federal funds purchased, other borrowings and Brokered CDs to fund a portion of our interest-earning assets. The use of such alternate sources of funds supplements our core deposits and is also a part of our asset/liability management efforts. Other borrowings, comprised primarily of advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (the “FHLB”), totaled $45.0 million and $50.0 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

As described above, we have utilized wholesale funding, including federal funds purchased, FRB and FHLB borrowings and Brokered CDs to augment our core deposits and fund a portion of our assets. At December 31, 2024, our use of such wholesale funding sources (including reciprocal deposits) amounted to approximately $1.06 billion, or 22.6% of total funding (deposits and all borrowings, excluding subordinated debt and debentures). Because wholesale funding sources are affected by general market conditions, the availability of such funding may be dependent on the confidence these sources have in our financial condition and operations. The continued availability to us of these funding sources is not certain, and Brokered CDs may be difficult for us to retain or replace at attractive rates as they mature. Our liquidity may be constrained if we are unable to renew our wholesale funding sources or if adequate financing is not available in the future at acceptable rates of interest or at all. Our financial performance could also be affected if we are unable to maintain our access to funding sources or if we are required to rely more heavily on more expensive funding sources. In such case, our net interest income and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We have historically employed derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates. During 2024, 2023 and 2022, we entered into $187.1 million, $134.6 million and $94.2 million (original aggregate notional amounts), respectively, of interest rate swaps with commercial loan customers, which were offset with interest rate swaps that the Bank entered into with a broker-dealer. We recorded $2.09 million, $2.05 million and $1.42 million of fee income related to these transactions during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We entered into $122.0 million, $175.0 million, and $41.0 million (notional amounts) of certain derivative financial instruments (pay fixed interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements) to hedge the fair value of certain loans, municipal bond securities and/or certain FHLB advances in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We also entered into $250.0 million and $150.0 million (notional amount), respectfully of certain derivative financial instruments (interest rate floor and interest rate cap agreements) to manage the variability in future expected cash flows of certain commercial loans and/or short-term funding liabilities during 2024 and 2023.

Liquidity and capital resources. Liquidity risk is the risk of being unable to timely meet obligations as they come due at a reasonable funding cost or without incurring unacceptable losses. Our liquidity management involves the measurement and monitoring of a variety of sources and uses of funds. Our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows categorize these sources and uses into operating, investing and financing activities. We primarily focus our liquidity management on maintaining adequate levels of liquid assets (primarily funds on deposit with the FRB and certain securities AFS) as well as developing access to a variety of borrowing sources to supplement our deposit gathering activities and provide funds for purchasing securities or originating Portfolio Loans as well as to be able to respond to unforeseen liquidity needs.

Our primary sources of funds include our deposit base, secured advances from the FHLB and FRB, federal funds purchased, borrowing facilities with other banks, and access to the capital markets (for Brokered CDs). At December 31, 2024, in addition to liquidity available from our normal operating, funding and investing activities we had unused credit lines with the FHLB and FRB of approximately $1,079.5 million and $501.8 million, respectively. We also had approximately $517.2 million in fair value of unpledged securities AFS and HTM at December 31, 2024, which could be pledged for an estimated additional borrowing capacity at the FHLB and FRB of approximately $483.8 million.

Table of Contents

TIME DEPOSITS(1)

The following table summarizes time deposits in amounts less than $250,000 and in amounts of $250,000 or more, by time remaining until maturity at December 31, 2024:

	Less than250,000	Greater than250,000	Total
	(In thousands)
Three months or less			$	543,303
Over three through six months	133,677	35,805	169,482
Over six months through one year	74,798	28,746	103,544
Over one year	27,691	3,883	31,574
Total			$	847,903

All values are in US Dollars.

__________________________

(1)Includes time deposits, brokered time deposits and reciprocal time deposits

At December 31, 2024, we had $816.3 million of time deposits (see note #8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements) that mature in the next 12 months. Historically, a majority of these maturing time deposits are renewed by our customers. Additionally, $3.81 billion of our deposits at December 31, 2024, were in account types from which the customer could withdraw the funds on demand. Changes in the balances of deposits that can be withdrawn upon demand are usually predictable and the total balances of these accounts have generally grown or have been stable over time as a result of our marketing and promotional activities. However, there can be no assurance that historical patterns of renewing time deposits or overall growth or stability in deposits will continue in the future.

We have developed contingency funding plans that stress test our liquidity needs that may arise from certain events such as an adverse change in our financial metrics (for example, credit quality or regulatory capital ratios). Our liquidity management also includes periodic monitoring that measures quick assets (defined generally as highly liquid or short-term assets) to total assets, short-term liability dependence and basic surplus (defined as quick assets less volatile liabilities to total assets). Policy limits have been established for our various liquidity measurements and are monitored on a quarterly basis. In addition, we also prepare cash flow forecasts that include a variety of different scenarios.

We believe that we currently have adequate liquidity at our Bank because of our cash and cash equivalents, our portfolio of securities AFS, our access to secured advances from the FHLB and FRB, and our ability to issue Brokered CDs.

We also believe that the available cash on hand at the parent company (including time deposits) of approximately $49.9 million as of December 31, 2024, provides sufficient liquidity resources at the parent company to meet operating expenses, to make interest payments on the subordinated debt and debentures, and, along with dividends from the Bank, to pay projected cash dividends on our common stock.

In the normal course of business we enter into certain contractual obligations. Such obligations include requirements to make future payments on debt and lease arrangements, contractual commitments for capital expenditures, and service contracts.

Effective management of capital resources is critical to our mission to create value for our shareholders. In addition to common stock, our capital structure also currently includes subordinated debt and cumulative trust preferred securities.

Table of Contents

CAPITALIZATION

	December 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Subordinated debt	$	39,586	$	39,510
Subordinated debentures	39,796		39,728
Amount not qualifying as regulatory capital	(810)		(734)
Amount qualifying as regulatory capital	78,572		78,504
Shareholders’ equity
Common stock	318,777		317,483
Retained earnings	205,853		159,108
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(69,944)		(72,142)
Total shareholders’ equity	454,686		404,449
Total capitalization	$	533,258	$	482,953

In May 2020, we issued $40.0 million of fixed to floating subordinated notes with a ten year maturity and a five year call option. The initial coupon rate is 5.95% fixed for five years and then floats at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 5.825%. These notes are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition under the caption “Subordinated debt” and the December 31, 2024 and 2023 balance of $39.6 million and $39.5 million, respectively, is net of remaining unamortized deferred issuance costs of $0.4 million at those same dates, that are being amortized through the maturity date into interest expense on other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures in our Consolidated Statement of Operations.

We currently have four special purpose entities with $39.8 million of outstanding cumulative trust preferred securities. These special purpose entities issued common securities and provided cash to our parent company that in turn issued subordinated debentures to these special purpose entities equal to the trust preferred securities and common securities. The subordinated debentures represent the sole asset of the special purpose entities. The common securities and subordinated debentures are included in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

The FRB has issued rules regarding trust preferred securities as a component of the Tier 1 capital of bank holding companies. The aggregate amount of trust preferred securities (and certain other capital elements) are limited to 25 percent of Tier 1 capital elements, net of goodwill (net of any associated deferred tax liability). The amount of trust preferred securities and certain other elements in excess of the limit can be included in Tier 2 capital, subject to restrictions. At the parent company, all of these securities qualified as Tier 1 capital at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Common shareholders’ equity increased to $454.7 million at December 31, 2024 from $404.4 million at December 31, 2023, due primarily to earnings retention. Our tangible common equity (“TCE”) totaled $424.9 million and $374.1 million, respectively, at those same dates. Our ratio of TCE to tangible assets was 8.00% and 7.15% at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. TCE and the ratio of TCE to tangible assets are non-GAAP measures. TCE represents total common equity less goodwill and other intangible assets.

In December 2024, our Board of Directors authorized the 2025 share repurchase plan. Under the terms of the 2025 share repurchase plan, we are authorized to buy back up to 1,100,000 shares, or approximately 5%, of our outstanding common stock. This repurchase plan commenced on January 1, 2025, and is expected to last through December 31, 2025.

In December 2023, our Board of Directors authorized the 2024 share repurchase plan. Under the original terms of the share repurchase plan, we were authorized to buy back 1,100,000 shares, or approximately 5% of our outstanding common stock. The share repurchase plan expired on December 31, 2024. No shares were repurchased during 2024.

We currently pay a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock. The annual total dividends paid were $0.96, $0.92 and $0.88 per share for 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We currently favor a dividend payout ratio between 30% and 50% of net income.

Table of Contents

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our Bank (and holding company) continued to meet the requirements to be considered “well-capitalized” under federal regulatory standards (also see note #20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Asset/liability management. Interest-rate risk is created by differences in the cash flow characteristics of our assets and liabilities. Options embedded in certain financial instruments, including caps on adjustable-rate loans as well as borrowers’ rights to prepay fixed-rate loans, also create interest-rate risk.

Our asset/liability management efforts identify and evaluate opportunities to structure our assets and liabilities in a manner that is consistent with our mission to maintain profitable financial leverage within established risk parameters. We evaluate various opportunities and alternate asset/liability management strategies carefully and consider the likely impact on our risk profile as well as the anticipated contribution to earnings. The marginal cost of funds is a principal consideration in the implementation of our asset/liability management strategies, but such evaluations further consider interest-rate and liquidity risk as well as other pertinent factors. We have established parameters for interest-rate risk. We regularly monitor our interest-rate risk and report at least quarterly to our board of directors.

We employ simulation analyses to monitor our interest-rate risk profile and evaluate potential changes in our net interest income and market value of portfolio equity that result from changes in interest rates. The purpose of these simulations is to identify sources of interest-rate risk. The simulations do not anticipate any actions that we might initiate in response to changes in interest rates and, accordingly, the simulations do not provide a reliable forecast of anticipated results. The simulations are predicated on immediate, permanent and parallel shifts in interest rates and generally assume that current loan and deposit pricing relationships remain constant. The simulations further incorporate assumptions relating to changes in customer behavior, including changes in prepayment rates on certain assets and liabilities. At December 31, 2024, our interest rate risk profile as measured by our longer term interest rate risk measure based on changes in economic value indicates exposure to rising rates. This measure has decreased modestly from December 31, 2023 due to a decline in asset duration and a higher base value. Asset duration declined given a shift in the asset mix to shorter duration loans. In addition, at December 31, 2024 our simulation base-rate scenario for market value of portfolio equity increased from December 31, 2023 due primarily to an increase in the Bank’s tangible equity and an improvement (decline) in liability prices due to a shift in the funding mix with declines in wholesale funding and an increase in deposits. We are carefully monitoring the change in our funding mix as well as the composition of our earning assets and the impact of potential future changes in interest rates on our changes in market value of portfolio equity and changes in net interest income. As a result, we may add some longer-term borrowings, may utilize derivatives (interest rate swaps, interest rate caps and interest rate floors) to manage interest rate risk and may continue to sell some fixed rate jumbo and other portfolio mortgage loans in the future.

Table of Contents

CHANGES IN MARKET VALUE OF PORTFOLIO EQUITY, NET INTEREST INCOME AND NET INTEREST MARGIN

Change in Interest Rates	Market<br><br>Value of<br><br>Portfolio<br><br>Equity(1)		Percent<br>Change		Net<br><br>Interest<br><br>Income(2)		Percent<br>Change		Net Interest Margin(3)		Percent<br>Change
	(Dollars in thousands)
December 31, 2024
200 basis point rise	$	566,000	(9.76)	%	$	185,500	1.64	%	3.65	%	1.67	%
100 basis point rise	598,600		(4.56)		184,400		1.04		3.63		1.11
Base-rate scenario	627,200		—		182,500		—		3.59		—
100 basis point decline	650,000		3.64		181,800		(0.38)		3.58		(0.28)
200 basis point decline	661,300		5.44		181,600		(0.49)		3.58		(0.28)
December 31, 2023
200 basis point rise	$	447,600	(17.29)	%	$	166,000	(2.06)	%	3.30	%	(2.37)	%
100 basis point rise	494,500		(8.63)		168,300		(0.71)		3.35		(0.89)
Base-rate scenario	541,200		—		169,500		—		3.38		—
100 basis point decline	582,800		7.69		169,000		(0.29)		3.36		(0.59)
200 basis point decline	603,200		11.46		167,800		(1.00)		3.34		(1.18)

__________________________

(1)Simulation analyses calculate the change in the net present value of our assets and liabilities, including debt and related financial derivative instruments, under parallel shifts in interest rates by discounting the estimated future cash flows using a market-based discount rate. Cash flow estimates incorporate anticipated changes in prepayment speeds and other embedded options.

(2)Simulation analyses calculate the change in net interest income under immediate parallel shifts in interest rates over the next twelve months, based upon a static Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition, which includes debt and related financial derivative instruments, and do not consider loan fees or loan origination costs.

(3)Simulation analyses calculate the change in tax equivalent net interest income as a percent of average interest-earning assets (the “net interest margin”) under immediate parallel shifts in interest rates over the next twelve months, based upon a static statement of financial condition, which includes debt and related financial derivative instruments, and do not consider loan fees or loan origination costs.

Accounting Standards Update. See note #1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this report for details on recently issued accounting pronouncements and their impact on our consolidated financial statements.

FAIR VALUATION OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) topic 820 - “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“FASB ASC topic 820”) defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

We utilize fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial instruments and to determine fair value disclosures. FASB ASC topic 820 differentiates between those assets and liabilities required to be carried at fair value at every reporting period (“recurring”) and those assets and liabilities that are only required to be adjusted to fair value under certain circumstances (“nonrecurring”). Securities AFS, loans held for sale, carried at fair value, derivatives and capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights are financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, we may be required to record at fair value other financial assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as loans held for investment and certain other assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets. See note #21 to the Consolidated

Table of Contents

Financial Statements for a complete discussion on our use of fair valuation of financial instruments and the related measurement techniques.

LITIGATION MATTERS

We are involved in various litigation matters in the ordinary course of business. At the present time, we do not believe any of these matters will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. The aggregate amount we have accrued for losses we consider probable as a result of these litigation matters is immaterial. However, because of the inherent uncertainty of outcomes from any litigation matter, we believe it is reasonably possible we may incur losses in addition to the amounts we have accrued. At this time, we estimate the maximum amount of additional losses that are reasonably possible is insignificant. However, because of a number of factors, including the fact that certain of these litigation matters are still in their early stages, this maximum amount may change in the future.

The litigation matters described in the preceding paragraph primarily include claims that have been brought against us for damages, but do not include litigation matters where we seek to collect amounts owed to us by third parties (such as litigation initiated to collect delinquent loans). These excluded, collection-related matters may involve claims or counterclaims by the opposing party or parties, but we have excluded such matters from the disclosure contained in the preceding paragraph in all cases where we believe the possibility of us paying damages to any opposing party is remote.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Our accounting and reporting policies are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and conform to general practices within the banking industry. Accounting and reporting policies for the ACL and capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights are deemed critical since they involve the use of estimates and require significant management judgments. Application of assumptions different than those that we have used could result in material changes in our financial position or results of operations.

Our methodology for determining the ACL and related provision for credit losses is described above in “Portfolio Loans and asset quality.” In particular, this area of accounting requires a significant amount of judgment because a multitude of factors can influence the ultimate collection of a loan or other type of credit. It is extremely difficult to precisely measure the amount of expected credit losses in our loan portfolio. We use a rigorous process to attempt to accurately quantify the necessary ACL and related provision for credit losses, but there can be no assurance that our modeling process will successfully identify all of the expected credit losses in our loan portfolio. As a result, we could record future provisions for credit losses that may be significantly different than the levels that we recorded in prior periods. See also notes #1 and #4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this report for further discussion on CECL.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had approximately $46.8 million and $42.2 million, respectively, of mortgage loan servicing rights capitalized on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The fair value of our mortgage loan servicing rights has been determined based on a valuation model used by an independent third party. There are several critical assumptions involved in establishing the value of this asset including estimated future prepayment speeds on the underlying mortgage loans, the interest rate used to discount the net cash flows from the mortgage loan servicing, the estimated amount of ancillary income that will be received in the future (such as late fees) and the estimated cost to service the mortgage loans. We believe the assumptions that we utilize in our valuation are reasonable based upon accepted industry practices for valuing mortgage loan servicing rights and represent neither the most conservative or aggressive assumptions.

Table of Contents

MANAGEMENT’S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER

FINANCIAL REPORTING

The management of Independent Bank Corporation is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to us and the board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

We assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, we used the criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on our assessment, management has concluded that as of December 31, 2024, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2024, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an audit report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. Their report immediately follows our report.

William B. Kessel<br><br>President and<br><br>Chief Executive Officer	Gavin A. Mohr<br>Executive Vice President<br>and Chief Financial Officer
Independent Bank Corporation<br><br>March 7, 2025

Table of Contents

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Independent Bank Corporation

Grand Rapids, Michigan

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Independent Bank Corporation (the “Corporation”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Corporation as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Corporation maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Corporation’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s financial statements and an opinion on the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Corporation in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A corporation’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A corporation’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the corporation; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the corporation are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the corporation; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely

Table of Contents

detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the corporation’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL) for loans – Subjective Factors

Refer to Notes 1 and 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The ACL under the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology is a significant estimate recorded within the Corporation’s financial statements with a reported balance for loans of $59.4 million as of December 31, 2024. The ACL model for loans consists of three components: 1) the specific analysis of individually evaluated loans; 2) pooled analysis of loans with similar risk characteristics based on historical experience using a discounted cash flow model, adjusted for current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts and expected prepayments; and 3) additional allowances based on subjective factors.

The subjective factors include consideration of the following: local and general economic business factors and trends, portfolio concentrations and changes in the size, and/or the general terms of the overall loan portfolio. Due to the significant judgment applied by management to determine the effect of the subjective factors, we identified the effect of the subjective factors on the ACL for loans as a critical audit matter as it involved a high degree of auditor judgment and required significant audit effort, including the need to involve more experienced audit personnel.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

•Testing the effectiveness of controls over the subjective factors used in the ACL calculation including controls addressing:

◦Management’s review of the reasonableness of the significant assumptions applied in the development of the subjective factors and the relevance to the loan segment to which they are applied.

◦Mathematical accuracy of the subjective factors applied to the loan segments in the ACL calculation.

Table of Contents

•Substantively testing management’s determination of the subjective factors used in the ACL estimate, including:

◦Testing management’s process for developing the subjective factors, which included assessing the relevance and reliability of data used to develop the subjective factors, including evaluating their judgments and assumptions for reasonableness. Among other procedures, our evaluation considered evidence from internal and external sources.

◦Analytically evaluating the subjective factors for directional consistency, testing for reasonableness, and obtaining evidence for significant changes.

◦Testing the mathematical accuracy of the subjective factors applied to the loan segments in the ACL calculation.

Crowe LLP

We have served as the Corporation’s auditor since 2005.

South Bend, Indiana

March 7, 2025

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

	December 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands, except share<br><br>amounts)
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	56,984	$	68,208
Interest bearing deposits	62,898		101,573
Cash and Cash Equivalents	119,882		169,781
Securities available for sale	559,182		679,350
Securities held to maturity (fair value of $301,860 at December 31, 2024 and $318,606 at December 31, 2023)	339,436		353,988
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock, at cost	16,099		16,821
Loans held for sale, carried at fair value	7,643		12,063
Loans
Commercial	1,937,364		1,679,731
Mortgage	1,516,726		1,485,872
Installment	584,735		625,298
Total Loans	4,038,825		3,790,901
Allowance for credit losses	(59,379)		(54,658)
Net Loans	3,979,446		3,736,243
Other real estate and repossessed assets, net	938		569
Property and equipment, net	37,492		35,523
Bank-owned life insurance	53,855		54,341
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights, carried at fair value	46,796		42,243
Other intangibles	1,488		2,004
Goodwill	28,300		28,300
Accrued income and other assets	147,547		132,500
Total Assets	$	5,338,104	$	5,263,726
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Deposits
Non-interest bearing	$	1,013,647	$	1,076,093
Savings and interest-bearing checking	1,995,314		1,905,701
Reciprocal	907,031		832,020
Time	628,285		524,325
Brokered time	109,811		284,740
Total Deposits	4,654,088		4,622,879
Other borrowings	45,009		50,026
Subordinated debt	39,586		39,510
Subordinated debentures	39,796		39,728
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	104,939		107,134
Total Liabilities	4,883,418		4,859,277
Commitments and contingent liabilities
Shareholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, no par value, 200,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding	—		—
Common stock, no par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized; issued and outstanding: 20,895,714 shares at December 31, 2024 and 20,835,633 shares at December 31, 2023	318,777		317,483
Retained earnings	205,853		159,108
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(69,944)		(72,142)
Total Shareholders’ Equity	454,686		404,449
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity	$	5,338,104	$	5,263,726

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands, except per share amounts)
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans	$	228,585	$	197,725	$	139,057
Interest on securities
Taxable	18,883		23,314		20,676
Tax-exempt	13,100		13,209		8,391
Other investments	6,208		5,429		884
Total Interest Income	266,776		239,677		169,008
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits	92,694		75,075		14,151
Other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures	7,834		8,273		5,296
Total Interest Expense	100,528		83,348		19,447
Net Interest Income	166,248		156,329		149,561
Provision for credit losses	4,468		6,210		5,341
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses	161,780		150,119		144,220
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Interchange income	13,992		13,996		13,955
Service charges on deposit accounts	11,870		12,361		12,288
Net gains (losses) on assets
Mortgage loans	6,579		7,436		6,431
Equity securities at fair value	2,685		—		—
Securities available for sale	(428)		(222)		(275)
Mortgage loan servicing, net	9,447		4,626		18,773
Other	12,217		12,479		10,737
Total Non-interest Income	56,362		50,676		61,909
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and employee benefits	84,955		78,965		81,007
Data processing	13,579		11,862		10,183
Occupancy, net	7,806		7,908		8,907
Interchange expense	4,504		4,332		4,242
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	3,762		3,756		4,007
Advertising	3,058		2,165		2,074
FDIC deposit insurance	2,870		3,005		2,142
Legal and professional	2,566		2,208		2,133
Loan and collection	2,474		2,174		2,657
Communications	2,095		2,406		2,871
Costs (recoveries) related to unfunded lending commitments	(373)		424		599
Other	7,800		7,914		7,519
Total Non-interest Expense	135,096		127,119		128,341
Income Before Income Tax	83,046		73,676		77,788
Income tax expense	16,256		14,609		14,437
Net Income	$	66,790	$	59,067	$	63,351
Net income per common share
Basic	$	3.20	$	2.82	$	3.00
Diluted	$	3.16	$	2.79	$	2.97

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Net income	$	66,790	$	59,067	$	63,351
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Securities available for sale
Unrealized gain (loss) arising during period	1,866		22,094		(95,263)
Net unrealized loss at time of transfer on securities available for sale transferred to held to maturity	—		—		(26,479)
Accretion of net unrealized losses on securities transferred to held to maturity	3,332		3,563		3,413
Reclassification adjustments for losses included in earnings	428		222		275
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) on securities available for sale	5,626		25,879		(118,054)
Income tax expense (benefit)	1,181		5,435		(24,790)
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) on securities available for sale, net of tax	4,445		20,444		(93,264)
Derivative instruments
Unrealized losses arising during period	(4,212)		(213)		—
Reclassification adjustment for expense recognized in earnings	1,366		437		—
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) on derivative instruments	(2,846)		224		—
Income tax expense (benefit)	(599)		47		—
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) on derivative instruments, net of tax	(2,247)		177		—
Other comprehensive income (loss)	2,198		20,621		(93,264)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	68,988	$	79,688	$	(29,913)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

	Common<br><br>Stock		Retained<br>Earnings		Accumulated<br><br>Other<br><br>Comprehensive<br><br>Income (Loss)		Total<br><br>Shareholders’<br><br>Equity
	(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
Balances at December 31, 2021	$	323,401	$	74,582	$	501	$	398,484
Net income for 2022	—		63,351		—		63,351
Cash dividends declared, $0.88 per share	—		(18,565)		—		(18,565)
Repurchase of 181,586 shares of common stock	(4,010)		—		—		(4,010)
Issuance of 40,532 shares of common stock	77		—		—		77
Share based compensation (issuance of 62,114 shares of common stock)	2,143		—		—		2,143
Share based compensation withholding obligation (withholding of 28,125 shares of common stock)	(620)		—		—		(620)
Other comprehensive loss	—		—		(93,264)		(93,264)
Balances at December 31, 2022	320,991		119,368		(92,763)		347,596
Net income for 2023	—		59,067		—		59,067
Cash dividends declared, $0.92 per share	—		(19,327)		—		(19,327)
Repurchase of 298,601 shares of common stock	(5,157)		—		—		(5,157)
Issuance of 28,583 shares of common stock	70		—		—		70
Share based compensation (issuance of 77,211 shares of common stock)	2,229		—		—		2,229
Share based compensation withholding obligation (withholding of 35,531 shares of common stock)	(650)		—		—		(650)
Other comprehensive income	—		—		20,621		20,621
Balances at December 31, 2023	317,483		159,108		(72,142)		404,449
Net income for 2024	—		66,790		—		66,790
Cash dividends declared, $0.96 per share	—		(20,045)		—		(20,045)
Issuance of 6,141 shares of common stock	13		—		—		13
Share based compensation (issuance of 95,966 shares of common stock)	2,332		—		—		2,332
Share based compensation withholding obligation (withholding of 42,026 shares of common stock)	(1,051)		—		—		(1,051)
Other comprehensive income	—		—		2,198		2,198
Balances at December 31, 2024	$	318,777	$	205,853	$	(69,944)	$	454,686

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

Table of Contents

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Net Income	$	66,790	$	59,067	$	63,351
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE NET INCOME TO NET CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from sales of equity securities at fair value	2,685		—		—
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale	380,739		356,207		549,079
Disbursements for loans held for sale	(370,575)		(334,174)		(514,244)
Provision for credit losses	4,468		6,210		5,341
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense	(1,248)		215		(359)
Net deferred loan fees (costs)	961		1,244		(4,155)
Net depreciation, amortization of intangible assets and premiums and accretion of discounts on securities, loans and interest bearing deposits - time	10,005		10,019		10,827
Net gains on mortgage loans	(6,579)		(7,436)		(6,431)
Net gains on equity securities at fair value	(2,685)		—		—
Net (gains) losses on securities available for sale	428		222		275
Share based compensation	2,332		2,229		2,143
Increase in accrued income and other assets	(25,187)		(14,617)		(25,843)
Increase (decrease) in accrued expenses and other liabilities	1,017		(3,597)		14,648
Total Adjustments	(3,639)		16,522		31,281
Net Cash From Operating Activities	63,151		75,589		94,632
CASH FLOW USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from the sale of securities available for sale	39,517		278		70,523
Proceeds from the sale of securities held to maturity previously charged off	1,125		—		—
Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls of securities available for sale	81,092		122,806		167,550
Proceeds from maturities, prepayments and calls of securities held to maturity	18,811		22,317		21,964
Purchases of securities available for sale	—		—		(137,550)
Purchases of securities held to maturity	(3,628)		(1,740)		(2,658)
Proceeds from the redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank stock	722		1,310		774
Purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank stock	—		(478)		—
Net increase in portfolio loans (loans originated, net of principal payments)	(271,800)		(361,609)		(606,069)
Proceeds from the sale of portfolio loans	20,780		56,561		63,564
Proceeds from the sale of other real estate and repossessed assets	892		650		723
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance	1,320		1,336		433
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment	960		1,648		1,833
Capital expenditures	(7,950)		(6,024)		(5,679)
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities	(118,159)		(162,945)		(424,592)
CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Net increase in total deposits	31,209		243,810		261,979
Net increase (decrease) in other borrowings	(17)		(60,980)		60,997
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances	130,000		135,000		290,000
Payments of Federal Home Loan Bank advances	(135,000)		(110,000)		(295,000)
Dividends paid	(20,045)		(19,327)		(18,565)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	13		70		77
Repurchase of common stock	—		(5,157)		(4,010)
Share based compensation withholding obligation	(1,051)		(650)		(620)
Net Cash From Financing Activities	5,109		182,766		294,858
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents	(49,899)		95,410		(35,102)
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year	169,781		74,371		109,473
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year	$	119,882	$	169,781	$	74,371
Cash paid during the year for
Interest	$	103,953	$	79,101	$	17,657
Income taxes	13,900		16,100		10,040
Transfers to other real estate and repossessed assets	1,091		783		719
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations	2,354		865		791
Transfer of securities available for sale to held to maturity	—		—		391,618
Transfer of mortgage loans to held for sale	—		—		20,367

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1 – ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accounting and reporting policies and practices of Independent Bank Corporation and subsidiaries (‘‘IBCP’’) conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and prevailing practices within the banking industry. Our critical accounting policies include the determination of the allowance for credit losses and the valuation of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights. We are required to make material estimates and assumptions that are particularly susceptible to changes in the near term as we prepare the consolidated financial statements and report amounts for each of these items. Actual results may vary from these estimates.

Our subsidiary, Independent Bank (‘‘Bank’’), transacts business in the single industry of commercial banking. Our Bank’s activities cover traditional phases of commercial banking, including checking and savings accounts, commercial lending, direct and indirect consumer financing and mortgage lending. Our principal markets are the rural and suburban communities across Lower Michigan that are served by our Bank’s branches and loan production offices as well as one loan production facility in Ohio. At December 31, 2024, 72.1% of our Bank’s loan portfolio was secured by real estate.

PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION — The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Independent Bank Corporation and its subsidiaries. The income, expenses, assets and liabilities of the subsidiaries are included in the respective accounts of the consolidated financial statements, after elimination of all intercompany accounts and transactions.

USE OF ESTIMATES — To prepare financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ.

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS — For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, interest bearing deposits and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are sold for one-day periods. We report net cash flows for customer loan and deposit transactions and for short-term borrowings.

INTEREST BEARING DEPOSITS — Interest bearing deposits consist of overnight deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank.

LOANS HELD FOR SALE — Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at fair value. Fair value adjustments, as well as realized gains and losses, are recorded in current earnings.

OPERATING SEGMENTS — While chief decision-makers monitor the revenue streams of our various products and services, operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated as one single unit. Discrete financial information is not available other than on a consolidated basis for material lines of business.

CAPITALIZED MORTGAGE LOAN SERVICING RIGHTS — We account for our capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights under the fair value method of accounting. We recognize as separate assets the rights to service mortgage loans for others. The fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights has been determined based upon fair value indications for similar servicing. Under the fair value method we measure capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights at fair value at each reporting date and report changes in fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights in earnings in the period in which the changes occur and are included in mortgage loan servicing, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights are subject to significant fluctuations as a result of changes in estimated and actual prepayment speeds and default rates and losses.

Mortgage loan servicing income is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans previously sold. The fees are generally based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal and are recorded as income when earned. Mortgage loan servicing fees, excluding fair value changes of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights, totaled $8.9 million, $8.8 million and $8.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Late fees and ancillary fees related to loan servicing are not material.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

TRANSFERS OF FINANCIAL ASSETS — Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from us, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and we do not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

SECURITIES — We classify our securities as equity, trading, held to maturity ("HTM") or available for sale ("AFS"). Equity securities are investments in certain equity stocks and are reported at fair value with realized and unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. Trading securities are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term and are reported at fair value with realized and unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. Securities HTM represent those securities for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity and are reported at cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts computed on the level-yield method. During 2022 we transferred certain securities AFS with an amortized cost and unrealized loss at the date of transfer of $418.1 million and $26.5 million, respectively to HTM. See note #3 for further discussion of this transfer. We did not have any equity securities or trading securities at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Securities AFS represent those securities not classified as equity, trading or held to maturity and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable income taxes reported in other comprehensive income (loss).

Securities AFS in unrealized loss positions are evaluated quarterly for impairment related to credit losses. For securities AFS in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities AFS that do not meet this criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, adverse conditions specifically related to the security and the issuer and the impact of changes in market interest rates on the market value of the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, we compare the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis for the security, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses ("ACL") is recorded, limited to the amount that the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of applicable taxes.

The ACL on securities HTM is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of securities HTM to present the net amount expected to be collected. Securities HTM are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in provision for credit losses. We measure expected credit losses on securities HTM on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics, and we consider historical credit loss information. Accrued interest receivable on securities HTM is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. With regard to U.S. Government-sponsored agency and mortgage-backed securities (residential and commercial), all these securities are issued by a U.S. government-sponsored entity and have an implicit or explicit government guarantee; therefore, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions, private label-mortgage-backed, corporate and trust preferred securities HTM, we consider (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) long-term historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities.

Gains and losses realized on the sale of securities available for sale are determined using the specific identification method and are recognized on a trade-date basis.

FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANK (‘‘FHLB’’) STOCK — Our Bank subsidiary is a member of the FHLB system. Members are required to own a certain amount of stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors, and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income in interest income-other investments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

FEDERAL RESERVE BANK (‘‘FRB’’) STOCK — Our Bank subsidiary is a member of its regional Federal Reserve Bank. FRB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income in interest income-other investments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

LOAN REVENUE RECOGNITION — Interest on loans is accrued based on the principal amounts outstanding. In general, the accrual of interest income is discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due for commercial loans and installment loans and when a loan misses four consecutive payments for mortgage loans and the borrower’s capacity to repay the loan and collateral values appear insufficient for each loan class. However, loans may be placed on non-accrual status regardless of whether or not such loans are considered past due if, in management’s opinion, the borrower is unable to meet payment obligations as they become due or as required by regulatory provisions. All interest accrued but not received for all loans placed on non-accrual is reversed from interest income. Payments on such loans are generally applied to the principal balance until qualifying to be returned to accrual status. A non-accrual loan may be restored to accrual status when interest and principal payments are current and the loan appears otherwise collectible. Delinquency status for all classes in the commercial and installment loan portfolio segments is based on the actual number of days past due as required by the contractual terms of the loan agreement while delinquency status for mortgage loan portfolio segment classes is based on the number of payments past due.

Certain loan fees and direct loan origination costs are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of yield generally over the contractual life of the related loan. Fees received in connection with loan commitments are deferred until the loan is advanced and are then recognized generally over the contractual life of the loan as an adjustment of yield. Fees on commitments that expire unused are recognized at expiration. Fees received for letters of credit are recognized as revenue over the life of the commitment.

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES — Our loan portfolio is disaggregated into segments for purposes of determining the ACL which include commercial, mortgage and installment loans. These segments are further disaggregated into classes for purposes of monitoring and assessing credit quality based on certain risk characteristics. Classes within the commercial loan segment include (i) commercial and industrial and (ii) commercial real estate. Classes within the mortgage loan segment include (i) 1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo, (ii) 1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo, (iii) 1-4 family non-owner occupied (iv) 1-4 family - 2nd lien and (v) resort lending. Classes within the installment loan segment include (i) boat lending, (ii) recreational vehicle lending, and (iii) other. Commercial loans are subject to adverse market conditions which may impact the borrower’s ability to make repayment on the loan or could cause a decline in the value of the collateral that secures the loan. Mortgage and installment loans are subject to adverse employment conditions in the local economy which could increase default rates. In addition, mortgage loans and real estate based installment loans are subject to adverse market conditions which could cause a decline in the value of collateral that secures the loan. For an analysis of the ACL by portfolio segment and credit quality information by class, see note #4.

We estimate the ACL based on relevant available information from both internal and external sources, including historical loss trends, current conditions and forecasts, specific analysis of individual loans, and other relevant and appropriate factors. The allowance process is designed to provide for expected future losses based on our reasonable and supportable (“R&S”) forecast as of the reporting date. Our ACL process is administered by our Risk Management group utilizing a third party software solution, with significant input and ultimate approval from our Executive Enterprise Risk Committee. Further, we have established a current expected credit loss (“CECL”) Forecast Committee, which includes a cross discipline structure with membership from Executive Management, Risk Management, Credit Administration and Accounting, which approves ACL model assumptions each quarter. Our ACL is comprised of three principal elements: (i) specific analysis of individual loans identified during the review of the loan portfolio, (ii) pooled analysis of loans with similar risk characteristics based on historical experience, adjusted for current conditions, R&S forecasts, and expected prepayments, and (iii) additional allowances based on subjective factors, including local and general economic business factors and trends, portfolio concentrations and changes in the size and/or the general terms of the loan portfolio.

The first ACL element (specific allocations) includes loans that do not share similar risk characteristics and are evaluated on an individual basis. We will typically evaluate on an individual basis loans that are on nonaccrual; commercial loans that have been modified resulting in a concession, for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, and which are considered troubled loan modifications or with well defined weaknesses; and severely delinquent mortgage and installment loans. When we determine that foreclosure is probable or when repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of underlying collateral, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for estimated selling costs. For loans evaluated on an individual basis that are not determined to be collateral dependent, a discounted cash flow analysis is performed to determine expected credit losses.

The second ACL element (pooled analysis) includes loans with similar risk characteristics, which are broken down by segment, class, and risk metric. The Bank’s primary segments of commercial, mortgage, and installment loans are further

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

classified by other relevant attributes, such as collateral type, lien position, occupancy status, amortization method, and balance size. Commercial classes are additionally segmented by risk rating, and mortgage and installment loan classes by credit score tier, which are updated at least semi-annually.

We utilize a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) model to estimate expected future losses for pooled loans. Expected future cash flows are developed from payment schedules over the contractual term, adjusted for forecasted default (probability of default), loss, and prepayment assumptions. We are not required to develop forecasts over the full contractual term of the financial asset or group of financial assets. Rather, for periods beyond which we are able to make or obtain R&S forecasts of expected credit losses, we revert to the long term average on a straight line or immediate basis, as determined by our CECL Forecast Committee, and which may vary depending on the economic outlook and uncertainty.

The DCF model for the mortgage and installment pooled loan segments includes using probability of default (“PD”) assumptions that are derived through regression analysis with forecasted US unemployment levels by credit score tier. We review a composite forecast of approximately 50 analysts as well as the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) projections in setting the unemployment forecast for the R&S period. The current ACL utilizes a one year R&S forecast followed by immediate reversion to the 75 year average unemployment rate. PD assumptions for the remaining segments are based primarily on historical rates by risk metric as defaults were not strongly correlated with any economic indicator. Loss given default (“LGD”) assumptions for the mortgage loan segment are based on a two year forecast followed by a two year straight line reversion period to the longer term average, while LGD rates for the remaining segments are the historical average for the entire period. Prepayment assumptions represent average rates per segment for a period determined by the CECL Forecast Committee and as calculated through the Bank’s Asset and Liability Management program.

Pooled reserves for the commercial loan segment are calculated using the DCF model with assumptions generally based on historical averages by class and risk rating. Effective risk rating practices allow for strong predictability of defaults and losses over the portfolio’s expected shorter duration, relative to mortgage and installment loans. Our rating system is similar to those employed by state and federal banking regulators.

The third ACL element (additional allocations based on subjective factors) is based on factors that cannot be associated with a specific credit or loan category and reflects our attempt to ensure that the overall ACL appropriately reflects a margin for the imprecision necessarily inherent in the estimates of expected credit losses. We adjust our quantitative model for certain qualitative factors to reflect the extent to which management expects current conditions and R&S forecasts to differ from the conditions that existed for the period over which historical information was evaluated. The qualitative framework reflects changes related to relevant data, such as changes in asset quality trends, portfolio growth and composition, national and local economic factors, credit policy and administration and other factors not considered in the base quantitative model. We utilize a survey completed by business unit management throughout the Bank, as well as discussion with the CECL Forecast Committee to establish reserves under the qualitative framework.

Increases in the ACL are recorded by a provision for credit losses charged to expense. Although we periodically allocate portions of the ACL to specific loans and loan portfolios, the entire ACL is available for losses.

We generally charge-off commercial, homogenous residential mortgage and installment loans when they are deemed uncollectible or reach a predetermined number of days past due based on loan product, industry practice and other factors. Collection efforts may continue and recoveries may occur after a loan is charged against the ACL.

While we use relevant information to recognize losses on loans, additional provisions for related losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions, customer circumstances and other credit risk factors.

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT — Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Buildings are generally depreciated over a period not exceeding 39 years and equipment is generally depreciated over periods not exceeding 7 years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of their estimated useful life or lease period.

BANK OWNED LIFE INSURANCE — We have purchased a group flexible premium non-participating variable life insurance contract on approximately 253 lives (who were salaried employees at the time we purchased the contract) in order to recover the cost of providing certain employee benefits. Bank owned life insurance is recorded at its cash surrender value or the amount that can be currently realized.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

OTHER REAL ESTATE AND REPOSSESSED ASSETS — Other real estate at the time of acquisition is recorded at fair value, less estimated costs to sell, which becomes the property’s new basis. Fair value is typically determined by a third party appraisal of the property. Any write-downs at date of acquisition are charged to the ACL. Expense incurred in maintaining other real estate and subsequent write-downs to reflect declines in value and gains or losses on the sale of other real estate are recorded in non-interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Non-real estate repossessed assets are treated in a similar manner.

OTHER INTANGIBLES — Other intangible assets consist of core deposits. They are initially measured at fair value and then are amortized on both straight-line and accelerated methods over their estimated useful lives, which range from 10 to 15 years.

GOODWILL — Goodwill arises from business combinations and is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life is not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exists that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. We have selected December 31 as the date to perform the annual impairment test. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite life on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

INCOME TAXES — We employ the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. This method establishes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities at tax rates expected to be in effect when such amounts are realized or settled. Under this method, the effect of a change in tax rates is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date. The deferred tax asset is subject to a valuation allowance for that portion of the asset for which it is more likely than not that it will not be realized.

A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is ‘‘more likely than not’’ that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination.

We recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

We file a consolidated federal income tax return. Intercompany tax liabilities are settled as if each subsidiary filed a separate return.

COMMITMENTS TO EXTEND CREDIT AND RELATED FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS — Financial instruments may include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Financial instruments involve varying degrees of credit and interest-rate risk in excess of amounts reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Exposure to credit risk in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to the financial instruments for loan commitments to extend credit and letters of credit is represented by the contractual amounts of those instruments. In general, we use a similar methodology to estimate our liability for these off-balance sheet credit exposures as we do for our ACL. For commercial related commitments, we estimate liability using our loan rating system and for mortgage and installment commitments we estimate liability principally upon historical loss experience. Our estimated liability for off balance sheet commitments is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and any charge or recovery is recorded in non-interest expense – costs related to unfunded lending commitments in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS — We record derivatives on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as assets and liabilities measured at their fair value. The accounting for increases and decreases in the value of derivatives depends upon the use of derivatives and whether the derivatives qualify for hedge accounting.

At the inception of the derivative we designate the derivative as one of three types based on our intention and belief as to likely effectiveness as a hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (‘‘Fair Value Hedge’’), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (‘‘Cash Flow Hedge’’), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation. For a Fair Value Hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

hedged item, are recognized in interest income in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. For a Cash Flow Hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in other comprehensive income (loss) and is reclassified into earnings in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. For instruments with no hedging designation, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in earnings. These free standing instruments primarily consist of (i) mortgage banking related derivatives and include rate-lock loan commitments to fund mortgage loans (interest rate locks) to be sold into the secondary market and mandatory forward commitments for the future delivery of these mortgage loans and (ii) certain pay-fixed and pay-variable interest rate swap agreements related to commercial loan customers. The fair value of rate-lock mortgage loan commitments is based on agency cash window loan pricing for comparable assets and the fair value of mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans is based on mortgage backed security pricing for comparable assets. We enter into mandatory forward commitments for the future delivery of mortgage loans generally when interest rate locks are entered into in order to hedge the change in interest rates resulting from our commitments to fund the loans. Changes in the fair values of these derivatives are included in net gains on mortgage loans in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Fair values of the pay-fixed and pay-variable interest rate swap agreements are derived from proprietary models which utilize current market data and are included in net interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Net cash settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in net interest income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Net cash settlements on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in non-interest income (mortgage banking related derivatives) or net interest income (interest rate swap agreements) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Cash flows on hedges are classified in the cash flow statement the same as the cash flows of the items being hedged.

We formally document the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions, at the inception of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes linking Fair Value or Cash Flow Hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. We discontinue hedge accounting when it is determined that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item, the derivative is settled or terminates, a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, a hedged firm commitment is no longer firm, or treatment of the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate or intended.

When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded in earnings. When a Fair Value Hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability. When a Cash Flow Hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive income (loss) are amortized into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings.

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) — Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income and unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, on securities available for sale and derivative instruments classified as cash flow hedges.

NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE — Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period and participating share awards. All outstanding unvested share-based payment awards that contain rights to nonforfeitable dividends are considered participating securities for this calculation. For diluted net income per common share, net income is divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus the assumed exercise of stock options, performance share units and stock units for a deferred compensation plan for non-employee directors.

SHARE BASED COMPENSATION — Cost is recognized for non-vested share awards issued to employees based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. A simulation analysis which considers potential outcomes for a large number of independent scenarios is utilized to estimate the fair value of performance share units and the market price of our common stock at the date of grant is used for other non-vested share awards. Cost is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. Cost is also recognized for stock issued to non-employee directors. These shares vest immediately and cost is recognized during the period they are issued.

COMMON STOCK — At December 31, 2024, 0.1 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the dividend reinvestment plan, 0.4 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under our long-term

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

incentive plan and 0.1 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under our non-employee director stock purchase plan.

RECLASSIFICATION — Certain amounts in the 2023 and 2022 consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the 2024 presentation.

ADOPTION OF NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS — In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2020-04, ‘‘Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting’’ and in December 2022 the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848". These new ASUs provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens of the expected market transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. Entities can elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. Entities that make such elections would not have to remeasure contracts at the modification date or reassess a previous accounting determination. Entities can elect various optional expedients that would allow them to continue applying hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met.

We had formed a cross-functional project team to lead the transition from LIBOR to a planned adoption of reference rates which included Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). We utilized the timeline guidance published by the Alternative Reference Rates Committee to develop and achieve internal milestones during the transitional period. We discontinued the use of new LIBOR-based loans as of December 31, 2021, according to regulatory guidelines. We also discontinued the use of new LIBOR based interest rate derivatives as of December 31, 2021. The amended guidance under Topic 848 and our ability to elect its temporary optional expedients and exceptions were effective for us through December 31, 2024.

In March, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, "Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method (a consensus of the Emerging Issues Task Force)". This ASU expands the use of the proportional amortization method of accounting — currently allowed only for investments in low-income housing tax credit ("LIHTC") structures — to equity investments in other tax credit structures that meet certain criteria. Common tax credit programs that investors access via tax equity structures and that may now be eligible for application of the proportional amortization method include: new markets tax credits, historic rehabilitation tax credit programs, and renewable energy tax credit programs. This ASU takes effect in reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this ASU on January 1, 2024, did not have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In November, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures". This ASU enhances disclosures of significant segment expenses by requiring entities to disclose significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, extend certain annual disclosures to interim periods, and permit more than one measure of segment profit or loss to be reported under certain conditions. This ASU takes effect in reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of this ASU on January 1, 2024, did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures". This ASU modifies the rules on income tax disclosures to require entities to disclose (1) specific categories in the rate reconciliation, (2) the income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit (separated between domestic and foreign) and (3) income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations (separated by federal, state and foreign). This ASU also requires entities to disclose their income tax payments to international, federal, state and local jurisdictions, among other changes. This ASU takes effect in reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December, 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses". This ASU requires public business entities to disaggregate certain expense captions into specific categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. This ASU takes effect in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

NOTE 2 – RESTRICTIONS ON CASH AND DUE FROM BANKS

Our Bank's required average reserve balances to be maintained in the form of vault cash and balances with the FRB during 2024 and 2023 were zero. We do not maintain compensating balances with correspondent banks. We may also be required to maintain reserve balances related to certain mortgage banking related derivatives not classified as hedges. These balances are held at unrelated financial institutions and totaled zero and $0.3 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

NOTE 3 – SECURITIES

Securities AFS consist of the following at December 31:

		Amortized<br>Cost			Unrealized					Fair Value
				Gains			Losses
	(In thousands)
2024
U.S. agency		$	8,858		$	1		$	700	$	8,159
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed		80,589			47			9,499		71,137
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed		12,821			—			1,180		11,641
Private label mortgage-backed		74,268			263			4,496		70,035
Other asset backed		39,232			18			734		38,516
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		330,874			14			42,097		288,791
Corporate		73,960			—			4,039		69,921
Trust preferred		986			—			4		982
Total		$	621,588		$	343		$	62,749	$	559,182
2023
U.S. agency		$	10,299		$	5		$	797	$	9,507
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed		90,195			3			8,981		81,217
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed		13,706			—			1,409		12,297
Private label mortgage-backed		93,527			249			7,307		86,469
Other asset backed		114,867			3			1,939		112,931
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		341,177			204			38,644		302,737
Corporate		79,296			—			6,046		73,250
Trust preferred		983			—			41		942
Total		$	744,050		$	464		$	65,164	$	679,350

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Securities HTM consist of the following at December 31:

	Carrying<br>Value		Transferred<br>Unrealized<br>Loss (1)		ACL			Amortized<br>Cost			Unrealized				Fair Value
							Gains			Losses
	(In thousands)
2024
U.S. agency	$	24,150	$	1,404	$	—		$	25,554		$	—	$	4,987	$	20,567
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed	100,700		8,669		—			109,369			—		24,631		84,738
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed	4,013		107		—			4,120			—		402		3,718
Private label mortgage-backed	7,350		190		1			7,541			—		551		6,990
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	156,305		5,262		17			161,584			28		19,461		142,151
Corporate	45,964		496		111			46,571			—		3,875		42,696
Trust preferred	954		43		3			1,000			—		—		1,000
Total	$	339,436	$	16,171	$	132		$	355,739		$	28	$	53,907	$	301,860
2023
U.S. agency	$	25,768	$	1,603	$	—		$	27,371		$	—	$	4,892	$	22,479
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed	108,770		9,715		—			118,485			—		23,849		94,636
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed	4,146		153		—			4,299			—		460		3,839
Private label mortgage-backed	7,302		302		4			7,608			—		854		6,754
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	161,352		6,879		33			168,264			88		18,807		149,545
Corporate	45,702		803		116			46,621			780		7,033		40,368
Trust preferred	948		48		4			1,000			—		15		985
Total	$	353,988	$	19,503	$	157		$	373,648		$	868	$	55,910	$	318,606

(1)Represents the remaining unrealized loss to be accreted on securities that were transferred from AFS to HTM on April 1, 2022.

On April 1, 2022, we transferred certain securities AFS with an amortized cost and unrealized loss at the date of transfer of $418.1 million and $26.5 million, respectively to HTM. The transfer was made at fair value, with the unrealized loss becoming part of the purchase discount which will be accreted over the remaining life of the securities. The other comprehensive loss component is separated from the remaining available for sale securities and is accreted over the

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

remaining life of the securities transferred. We have the ability and intent to hold all HTM securities until they mature, at which time we expect to receive full value for these securities.

Our investments’ gross unrealized losses and fair values for securities AFS aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual securities have been at a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31 follows:

	Less Than Twelve Months				Twelve Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized <br>Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized <br>Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized <br>Losses
	(In thousands)
2024
U.S. agency	$	324	$	1	$	7,565	$	699	$	7,889	$	700
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed	147		—		61,219		9,499		61,366		9,499
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed	—		—		11,641		1,180		11,641		1,180
Private label mortgage-backed	2,551		8		66,411		4,488		68,962		4,496
Other asset backed	3,984		19		27,052		715		31,036		734
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	221		1		288,570		42,096		288,791		42,097
Corporate	1,473		23		68,448		4,016		69,921		4,039
Trust preferred	—		—		982		4		982		4
Total	$	8,700	$	52	$	531,888	$	62,697	$	540,588	$	62,749
2023
U.S. agency	$	130	$	—	$	8,453	$	797	$	8,583	$	797
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed	358		1		80,008		8,980		80,366		8,981
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed	—		—		12,297		1,409		12,297		1,409
Private label mortgage-backed	6,285		356		79,507		6,951		85,792		7,307
Other asset backed	7,714		88		97,203		1,851		104,917		1,939
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	—		—		301,038		38,644		301,038		38,644
Corporate	—		—		73,249		6,046		73,249		6,046
Trust preferred	—		—		942		41		942		41
Total	$	14,487	$	445	$	652,697	$	64,719	$	667,184	$	65,164

Securities AFS in unrealized loss positions are evaluated quarterly for impairment related to credit losses. For securities AFS in an unrealized loss position, we first assess whether we intend to sell, or it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For securities AFS that do not meet this criteria, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, adverse conditions specifically related to the security and the issuer and the impact of changes in market interest rates on the market value of the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, we compare the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis for the security, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded, limited to the amount that the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), net of

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

applicable taxes. No ACL for securities AFS was needed at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Accrued interest receivable on securities AFS totaled $3.9 million and $4.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and is included in accrued income and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

U.S. agency, U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed and U.S. agency commercial mortgage backed securities — at December 31, 2024, we had 29 U.S. agency, 103 U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed and 10 U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed securities whose fair value is less than amortized cost. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major credit rating agencies, and have a long history of no credit losses. The unrealized losses are largely attributed to widening spreads to Treasury bonds and/or an increase in interest rates since acquisition.

Private label mortgage backed, other asset backed and corporate securities — at December 31, 2024, we had 71 private label mortgage backed, 44 other asset backed, and 73 corporate securities whose fair value is less than amortized cost. The unrealized losses are primarily due to credit spread widening and/or an increase in interest rates since acquisition.

Obligations of states and political subdivisions — at December 31, 2024, we had 311 municipal securities whose fair value is less than amortized cost. The unrealized losses are primarily due to an increase in interest rates since acquisition.

Trust preferred securities — at December 31, 2024, we had one trust preferred security whose fair value is less than amortized cost. This trust preferred securities is a single issue security issued by a trust subsidiary of a bank holding company. The pricing of trust preferred securities has suffered from credit spread widening. This security is rated by a major rating agency as investment grade.

At December 31, 2024 management does not intend to liquidate any of the securities discussed above and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell these securities prior to recovery of these unrealized losses.

We recorded no credit related charges in our Consolidated Statements of Operations related to securities available for sale during 2024, 2023, and 2022.

The ACL on securities HTM is a contra asset valuation account that is deducted from the carrying amount of securities HTM to present the net amount expected to be collected. Securities HTM are charged off against the ACL when deemed uncollectible. Adjustments to the ACL are reported in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in provision for credit losses. We measure expected credit losses on securities HTM on a collective basis by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics and consider historical credit loss information. Accrued interest receivable on securities HTM totaled $1.7 million and $1.8 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and is included in accrued income and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. With regard to U.S. Government-sponsored agency and mortgage-backed securities (residential and commercial), all these securities are issued by a U.S. government-sponsored entity and have an implicit or explicit government guarantee; therefore, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities. With regard to obligations of states and political subdivisions, private label-mortgage-backed, corporate and trust preferred securities HTM, we consider (1) issuer bond ratings, (2) historical loss rates for given bond ratings, (3) the financial condition of the issuer, and (4) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Historical loss rates associated with securities having similar grades as those in our portfolio have been insignificant. During the first quarter of 2023, one corporate security (Signature Bank) defaulted resulting in a $3.0 million provision for credit losses and a corresponding full charge-off. Subsequent to this security's charge-off, a portion of its fair value had recovered and was subsequently sold during the first quarter of 2024 for $1.1 million during which period we recorded that amount as a recovery to the ACL. Despite this lone security loss, the long-term historical loss rates associated with securities having similar grades as those in our portfolio have been insignificant. Furthermore, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no past due principal and interest payments associated with these securities. At those same dates an allowance for credit losses of $132,000 and $157,000, respectively was recorded on non U.S. agency securities HTM based on applying the long-term historical credit loss rate, as published by credit rating agencies, for similarly rated securities.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

On a quarterly basis, we monitor the credit quality of securities HTM through the use of credit ratings. The carrying value of securities HTM at December 31, aggregated by credit quality follow:

	Private<br>Label<br>Mortgage-<br>Backed		Obligations<br>of States<br>and Political<br>Subdivisions		Corporate		Trust<br>Preferred		Carrying<br>Value<br>Total
	(In thousands)
2024
Credit rating:
AAA	$	7,350	$	34,973	$	—	$	—	$	42,323
AA	—		101,112		—		—		101,112
A	—		3,473		5,005		—		8,478
BBB	—		652		36,045		—		36,697
BB	—		—		1,963		—		1,963
Non-rated	—		16,095		2,951		954		20,000
Total	$	7,350	$	156,305	$	45,964	$	954	$	210,573
2023
Credit rating:
AAA	$	7,302	$	36,629	$	—	$	—	$	43,931
AA	—		102,583		—		—		102,583
A	—		3,172		6,923		—		10,095
BBB	—		856		33,913		—		34,769
BB	—		—		1,943		—		1,943
Non-rated	—		18,112		2,923		948		21,983
Total	$	7,302	$	161,352	$	45,702	$	948	$	215,304

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

An analysis of the ACL by security HTM type for the year ended December 31, follows:

	Private<br>Label<br>Mortgage-<br>Backed		Obligations<br>of States<br>and Political<br>Subdivisions		Corporate		Trust<br>Preferred		Total
	(In thousands)
2024
Balance at beginning of period	$	4	$	33	$	116	$	4	$	157
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses	(3)		(16)		(1,130)		(1)		(1,150)
Recoveries credited to the allowance	—		—		1,125		—		1,125
Securities HTM charged against the allowance	—		—		—		—		—
Balance at end of period	$	1	$	17	$	111	$	3	$	132
2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	1	$	39	$	123	$	5	$	168
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses	3		(6)		2,993		(1)		2,989
Recoveries credited to the allowance	—		—		—		—		—
Securities HTM charged against the allowance	—		—		(3,000)		—		(3,000)
Balance at end of period	$	4	$	33	$	116	$	4	$	157

The amortized cost and fair value of securities AFS and securities HTM at December 31, 2024, by contractual maturity, follow:

	Securities AFS				Securities HTM
	Amortized <br>Cost		Fair<br>Value		Amortized <br>Cost		Fair<br>Value
	(In thousands)
Maturing within one year	$	25,779	$	25,386	$	7,061	$	7,028
Maturing after one year but within five years	145,707		134,759		57,604		53,405
Maturing after five years but within ten years	45,284		39,758		95,466		83,459
Maturing after ten years	197,908		167,950		74,578		62,522
	414,678		367,853		234,709		206,414
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed	80,589		71,137		109,369		84,738
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed	12,821		11,641		4,120		3,718
Private label mortgage-backed	74,268		70,035		7,541		6,990
Other asset backed	39,232		38,516		—		—
Total	$	621,588	$	559,182	$	355,739	$	301,860

The actual maturity may differ from the contractual maturity because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

A summary of proceeds from the sale of securities available for sale and gains and losses for the years ended December 31 follow:

			Realized
	Proceeds		Gains		Losses
	(In thousands)
2024	$	39,517	$	14	$	442
2023	278		—		222
2022	70,523		164		439

Securities AFS and HTM with a fair value of $13.5 million and $103.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were pledged to secure borrowings, derivatives, public deposits and for other purposes as required by law. There were no investment obligations of state and political subdivisions that were payable from or secured by the same source of revenue or taxing authority that exceeded 10% of consolidated total shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2024 or 2023.

During the second quarter of 2024 we acquired certain securities classified as equity securities at fair value consisting of Visa Inc. Class C common stock. These securities were all sold in 2024. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized a gain on these equity securities of $2.7 million that was included in net gains on equity securities at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We had no equity securities at December 31, 2023. See note #11.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

NOTE 4 – LOANS

Our loan portfolios by class at December 31 follow:

	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	1,001,329	$	810,145
Commercial real estate	936,035		869,586
Total commercial	1,937,364		1,679,731
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo	875,551		859,236
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo	299,142		301,172
1-4 family non-owner occupied	176,950		173,816
1-4 family - 2nd lien	133,947		116,032
Resort lending	31,136		35,616
Total mortgage	1,516,726		1,485,872
Installment
Boat lending	264,341		268,648
Recreational vehicle lending	224,537		251,852
Other	95,857		104,798
Total installment	584,735		625,298
Total loans	4,038,825		3,790,901
Allowance for credit losses	(59,379)		(54,658)
Net Loans	$	3,979,446	$	3,736,243

Loans include net deferred loan costs of $24.4 million and $25.3 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

During 2024, we sold $20.8 million of portfolio residential fixed rate and adjustable rate mortgage loans servicing retained and recognized a gain on sale of $0.42 million. During 2023, we sold $56.7 million of portfolio residential fixed and adjustable rate mortgage loans servicing retained and recognized a loss on sale of $0.14 million. During 2022, we sold $63.0 million of portfolio residential fixed and adjustable rate mortgage loans servicing retained and recognized a gain on sale of $0.55 million. These loan sale transactions were done primarily for asset/liability management purposes.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

An analysis of the ACL by portfolio segment for the years ended December 31 follows:

	Commercial		Mortgage		Installment		Subjective<br><br>Allocation		Total
	(In thousands)
2024
Balance at beginning of period	$	16,724	$	21,386	$	4,126	$	12,422	$	54,658
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses	5,903		922		65		(1,272)		5,618
Recoveries credited to allowance	249		309		2,153		—		2,711
Loans charged against the allowance	(4)		(300)		(3,304)		—		(3,608)
Balance at end of period	$	22,872	$	22,317	$	3,040	$	11,150	$	59,379
2023
Balance at beginning of period	$	13,817	$	21,633	$	4,290	$	12,695	$	52,435
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses	3,430		(445)		509		(273)		3,221
Recoveries credited to allowance	531		352		1,915		—		2,798
Loans charged against the allowance	(1,054)		(154)		(2,588)		—		(3,796)
Balance at end of period	$	16,724	$	21,386	$	4,126	$	12,422	$	54,658
2022
Balance at beginning of period	$	11,519	$	19,221	$	3,749	$	12,763	$	47,252
Additions (deductions)
Provision for credit losses	1,845		2,047		1,349		(68)		5,173
Recoveries credited to allowance	453		435		1,608		—		2,496
Loans charged against the allowance	—		(70)		(2,416)		—		(2,486)
Balance at end of period	$	13,817	$	21,633	$	4,290	$	12,695	$	52,435

The allocation of the ACL by portfolio segment at December 31 follows:

	2024				2023
	Allowance<br>for Credit<br>Losses<br>Amount		Percent<br>of Loans<br>to Total<br>Portfolio Loans		Allowance<br>for Credit<br>Losses<br>Amount		Percent<br>of Loans<br>to Total<br>Portfolio Loans
	(Dollars in thousands)
Commercial	$	22,872	48.0	%	$	16,724	44.3	%
Mortgage	22,317		37.5		21,386		39.2
Installment	3,040		14.5		4,126		16.5
Subjective allocation	11,150		—		12,422		—
Total	$	59,379	100.0	%	$	54,658	100.0	%

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Loans on non-accrual status and past due more than 90 days (‘‘Non-performing Loans’’) at December 31 follow:

	Non-Accrual with no Allowance for Credit Loss		Non-Accrual<br> with an Allowance for Credit Loss		Total<br>Non-<br>Accrual		90+ and<br>Still<br>Accruing		Total Non-<br>Performing<br>Loans
	(In thousands)
2024
Commercial
Commercial and industrial (1)	$	—	$	49	$	49	$	—	$	49
Commercial real estate	—		—		—		—		—
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo	1,480		—		1,480		—		1,480
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo (2)	1,929		496		2,425		—		2,425
1-4 family non-owner occupied	—		157		157		—		157
1-4 family - 2nd lien	246		769		1,015		—		1,015
Resort lending	—		143		143		—		143
Installment
Boat lending	—		209		209		—		209
Recreational vehicle lending	—		377		377		—		377
Other	—		147		147		—		147
Total	$	3,655	$	2,347	$	6,002	$	—	$	6,002
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
2023
Commercial
Commercial and industrial (1)	$	—	$	7	$	7	$	—	$	7
Commercial real estate	—		—		—		—		—
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo	544		—		544		—		544
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo (2)	575		1,655		2,230		432		2,662
1-4 family non-owner occupied	—		282		282		—		282
1-4 family - 2nd lien	—		624		624		—		624
Resort lending	—		143		143		—		143
Installment
Boat lending	—		352		352		—		352
Recreational vehicle lending	—		419		419		—		419
Other	—		199		199		—		199
Total	$	1,119	$	3,681	$	4,800	$	432	$	5,232
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
(1)	Non-performing commercial and industrial loans exclude $0.005 million and $0.021 million of government guaranteed loans at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
---	---		(2)	Non-performing 1-4 family owner occupied – non jumbo loans exclude $1.785 million and $2.170 million of government guaranteed loans at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
---	---

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

If non-performing loans had continued to accrue interest in accordance with their original terms, approximately $0.3 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million of interest income would have been recognized in each of the years ended 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Interest income recorded on these loans was approximately zero during each of the years ended 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

The following table provides collateral information by class of loan for collateral-dependent loans with a specific reserve. A loan is considered to be collateral dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral.

The amortized cost of collateral-dependent loans by class at December 31, follows:

	Collateral Type				Allowance<br>for<br>Credit Losses
	Real<br>Estate		Other
	(In thousands)
2024
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	686	$	5,166	$	1,647
Commercial real estate	817		—		3
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo	1,480		—		—
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo	2,903		—		347
1-4 family non-owner occupied	—		—		—
1-4 family - 2nd lien	510		—		94
Resort lending	143		—		51
Installment
Boat lending	—		87		31
Recreational vehicle lending	—		266		94
Other	—		92		33
Total	$	6,539	$	5,611	$	2,300
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	5	$	34
2023
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	565	$	232	$	224
Commercial real estate	—		—		—
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo	544		—		—
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo	2,243		—		504
1-4 family non-owner occupied	211		—		178
1-4 family - 2nd lien	244		—		87
Resort lending	143		—		51
Installment
Boat lending	—		297		105
Recreational vehicle lending	—		303		107
Other	—		102		36
Total	$	3,950	$	934	$	1,292
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	1	$	—

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

An aging analysis of loans by class at December 31 follows:

	Loans Past Due								Loans not<br>Past Due		Total<br>Loans
	30-59 days		60-89 days		90+ days		Total
	(In thousands)
2024
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	78	$	—	$	54	$	132	$	1,001,197	$	1,001,329
Commercial real estate	—		—		—		—		936,035		936,035
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo	755		664		1,480		2,899		872,652		875,551
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo	3,395		1,653		1,201		6,249		292,893		299,142
1-4 family non-owner occupied	329		—		—		329		176,621		176,950
1-4 family - 2nd lien	648		66		345		1,059		132,888		133,947
Resort lending	—		—		143		143		30,993		31,136
Installment
Boat lending	281		99		87		467		263,874		264,341
Recreational vehicle lending	622		395		190		1,207		223,330		224,537
Other	231		158		25		414		95,443		95,857
Total	$	6,339	$	3,035	$	3,525	$	12,899	$	4,025,926	$	4,038,825
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	65	$	44	$	—	$	109	$	13,352	$	13,461
2023
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	$	—	$	—	$	28	$	28	$	810,117	$	810,145
Commercial real estate	—		—		—		—		869,586		869,586
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo	—		—		544		544		858,692		859,236
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo	1,763		742		1,431		3,936		297,236		301,172
1-4 family non-owner occupied	215		64		158		437		173,379		173,816
1-4 family - 2nd lien	241		139		215		595		115,437		116,032
Resort lending	—		50		143		193		35,423		35,616
Installment
Boat lending	320		16		261		597		268,051		268,648
Recreational vehicle lending	414		35		280		729		251,123		251,852
Other	313		86		54		453		104,345		104,798
Total	$	3,266	$	1,132	$	3,114	$	7,512	$	3,783,389	$	3,790,901
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	31	$	17	$	—	$	48	$	12,452	$	12,500

For the year ended December 31, 2024 there were five mortgage - 1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo loans and one mortgage 1-4 family - 2nd lien loan modified as troubled loan modifications totaling $0.51 million (0.1% of the total

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

loan class) and $0.07 million (0.1% of the total loan class), respectively. All of the troubled loan modifications during the year ended December 31, 2024 involved term extensions and added a weighted average 7.1 years to the life of the loans.

One of the mortgage - 1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2024 also received a 3.625% interest rate reduction.

Of the loans modified during the year ended December 31, 2024, two are on non-accrual status totaling $0.3 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no troubled loan modifications or subsequent defaults.

A loan is generally considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms for commercial loans and installment loans and when four consecutive payments are missed for mortgage loans.

In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, we perform an evaluation of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under our internal underwriting policy.

Credit Quality Indicators – As part of our on-going monitoring of the credit quality of our loan portfolios, we track certain credit quality indicators including (a) risk grade of commercial loans, (b) the level of classified commercial loans, (c) credit scores of mortgage and installment loan borrowers, and (d) delinquency history and non-performing loans.

For commercial loans, we use a loan rating system that is similar to those employed by state and federal banking regulators. Loans are graded on a scale of 1 to 12. A description of the general characteristics of the ratings follows:

Rating 1 through 6: These loans are generally referred to as our ‘‘non-watch’’ commercial credits that include very high or exceptional credit fundamentals through acceptable credit fundamentals.

Rating 7 and 8: These loans are generally referred to as our ‘‘watch’’ commercial credits. These ratings include loans to borrowers that exhibit potential credit weakness or downward trends. If not checked or cured these trends could weaken our asset or credit position. While potentially weak, no loss of principal or interest is envisioned with these ratings.

Rating 9: These loans are generally referred to as our ‘‘substandard accruing’’ commercial credits. This rating includes loans to borrowers that exhibit a well-defined weakness where payment default is probable and loss is possible if deficiencies are not corrected. Generally, loans with this rating are considered collectible as to both principal and interest primarily due to collateral coverage.

Rating 10 and 11: These loans are generally referred to as our ‘‘substandard - non-accrual’’ and ‘‘doubtful’’ commercial credits. These ratings include loans to borrowers with weaknesses that make collection of the loan in full, on the basis of current facts, conditions and values at best questionable and at worst improbable. All of these loans are placed in non-accrual.

Rating 12: These loans are generally referred to as our ‘‘loss’’ commercial credits. This rating includes loans to borrowers that are deemed incapable of repayment and are charged-off.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

The following tables summarize loan ratings by loan class for our commercial loan portfolio segment at December 31:

	Commercial
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving<br>Loans<br>Amortized<br>Cost Basis		Total
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2024
Commercial and industrial
Non-watch (1-6)	$	183,261	$	137,270	$	142,630	$	71,225	$	72,928	$	106,086	$	242,573	$	955,973
Watch (7-8)	10,348		3,055		1,251		9,002		5,636		336		2,104		31,732
Substandard Accrual (9)	2,693		2,052		1,642		2,208		267		195		4,513		13,570
Non-Accrual (10-11)	—		—		—		47		—		7		—		54
Total	$	196,302	$	142,377	$	145,523	$	82,482	$	78,831	$	106,624	$	249,190	$	1,001,329
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	612	$	478	$	361	$	217	$	342	$	341	$	959	$	3,310
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	4
Commercial real estate
Non-watch (1-6)	$	142,154	$	236,390	$	153,321	$	75,053	$	49,969	$	166,966	$	72,879	$	896,732
Watch (7-8)	—		—		16,007		—		—		4,400		18,079		38,486
Substandard Accrual (9)	—		—		—		135		—		682		—		817
Non-Accrual (10-11)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	142,154	$	236,390	$	169,328	$	75,188	$	49,969	$	172,048	$	90,958	$	936,035
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	608	$	632	$	628	$	166	$	131	$	658	$	363	$	3,186
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total Commercial
Non-watch (1-6)	$	325,415	$	373,660	$	295,951	$	146,278	$	122,897	$	273,052	$	315,452	$	1,852,705
Watch (7-8)	10,348		3,055		17,258		9,002		5,636		4,736		20,183		70,218
Substandard Accrual (9)	2,693		2,052		1,642		2,343		267		877		4,513		14,387
Non-Accrual (10-11)	—		—		—		47		—		7		—		54
Total	$	338,456	$	378,767	$	314,851	$	157,670	$	128,800	$	278,672	$	340,148	$	1,937,364
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	1,220	$	1,110	$	989	$	383	$	473	$	999	$	1,322	$	6,496
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	4

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	Commercial
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving<br>Loans<br>Amortized<br>Cost Basis		Total
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2023
Commercial and industrial
Non-watch (1-6)	$	110,472	$	152,715	$	70,081	$	47,644	$	42,576	$	97,960	$	260,634	$	782,082
Watch (7-8)	96		5,239		964		2,580		4,173		2,277		11,938		27,267
Substandard Accrual (9)	—		—		547		—		21		4		196		768
Non-Accrual (10-11)	—		—		—		—		—		28		—		28
Total	$	110,568	$	157,954	$	71,592	$	50,224	$	46,770	$	100,269	$	272,768	$	810,145
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	239	$	438	$	132	$	128	$	120	$	326	$	1,327	$	2,710
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	69	$	25	$	94
Commercial real estate
Non-watch (1-6)	$	202,576	$	169,230	$	131,428	$	29,684	$	78,706	$	176,265	$	73,852	$	861,741
Watch (7-8)	—		—		—		—		2,322		5,523		—		7,845
Substandard Accrual (9)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Non-Accrual (10-11)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	202,576	$	169,230	$	131,428	$	29,684	$	81,028	$	181,788	$	73,852	$	869,586
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	548	$	685	$	431	$	73	$	347	$	661	$	288	$	3,033
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	960	$	—	$	—	$	960
Total Commercial
Non-watch (1-6)	$	313,048	$	321,945	$	201,509	$	77,328	$	121,282	$	274,225	$	334,486	$	1,643,823
Watch (7-8)	96		5,239		964		2,580		6,495		7,800		11,938		35,112
Substandard Accrual (9)	—		—		547		—		21		4		196		768
Non-Accrual (10-11)	—		—		—		—		—		28		—		28
Total	$	313,144	$	327,184	$	203,020	$	79,908	$	127,798	$	282,057	$	346,620	$	1,679,731
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	787	$	1,123	$	563	$	201	$	467	$	987	$	1,615	$	5,743
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	960	$	69	$	25	$	1,054

For each of our mortgage and installment portfolio segment classes we generally monitor credit quality based on the credit scores of the borrowers. These credit scores are generally updated semi-annually. The following tables summarize credit scores by loan class for our mortgage and installment loan portfolio segments at December 31:

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	Mortgage (1)
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving<br><br>Loans<br><br>Amortized<br><br>Cost Basis		Total
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2024
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo
800 and above	$	5,009	$	12,192	$	37,147	$	51,242	$	22,126	$	14,291	$	—	$	142,007
750-799	33,118		43,013		106,378		194,725		58,703		35,103		1,275		472,315
700-749	13,981		13,602		40,219		68,687		17,552		11,669		450		166,160
650-699	4,537		10,286		19,366		15,736		6,937		6,555		1,500		64,917
600-649	—		2,265		9,528		1,636		2,288		4,619		—		20,336
550-599	746		—		2,414		1,086		2,803		—		—		7,049
500-549	—		—		—		—		900		664		—		1,564
Under 500	—		485		—		—		—		718		—		1,203
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	57,391	$	81,843	$	215,052	$	333,112	$	111,309	$	73,619	$	3,225	$	875,551
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	264	$	377	$	634	$	712	$	264	$	238	$	31	$	2,520
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	22	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	22
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo
800 and above	$	1,919	$	2,113	$	14,018	$	8,928	$	3,089	$	9,138	$	4,066	$	43,271
750-799	12,472		10,604		26,405		21,548		14,028		23,586		10,429		119,072
700-749	7,927		7,110		12,810		9,598		5,492		21,692		4,231		68,860
650-699	8,258		2,758		5,586		4,885		2,262		12,820		1,848		38,417
600-649	682		126		1,001		762		2,459		6,757		180		11,967
550-599	—		213		365		794		996		3,438		40		5,846
500-549	87		—		1,523		948		278		5,780		—		8,616
Under 500	—		—		—		98		652		2,343		—		3,093
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	31,345	$	22,924	$	61,708	$	47,561	$	29,256	$	85,554	$	20,794	$	299,142
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	105	$	139	$	195	$	113	$	77	$	368	$	163	$	1,160
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	23	$	—	$	22	$	—	$	45
1-4 family non-owner occupied
800 and above	$	4,122	$	1,557	$	7,468	$	12,757	$	4,204	$	6,975	$	897	$	37,980
750-799	11,433		12,831		15,929		25,543		9,920		16,439		2,539		94,634
700-749	3,372		3,218		6,289		6,401		1,308		6,131		2,072		28,791
650-699	1,016		431		297		4,115		2,552		3,560		332		12,303
600-649	—		—		—		—		410		930		108		1,448
550-599	—		38		—		—		—		919		—		957
500-549	—		—		369		51		—		221		—		641
Under 500	—		—		—		—		—		196		—		196
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	19,943	$	18,075	$	30,352	$	48,867	$	18,394	$	35,371	$	5,948	$	176,950
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	84	$	85	$	119	$	134	$	48	$	166	$	44	$	680
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	158	$	—	$	158
1-4 family - 2nd lien
800 and above	$	751	$	249	$	219	$	185	$	1,161	$	859	$	12,245	$	15,669
750-799	3,209		2,717		2,290		3,065		1,604		3,825		44,896		61,606
700-749	1,358		942		1,898		1,239		932		2,123		26,687		35,179
650-699	268		450		655		313		251		1,385		10,979		14,301
600-649	—		39		204		197		328		769		2,084		3,621
550-599	—		297		37		51		—		357		512		1,254
500-549	—		59		101		95		—		768		919		1,942
Under 500	—		—		20		—		—		350		5		375
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	5,586	$	4,753	$	5,424	$	5,145	$	4,276	$	10,436	$	98,327	$	133,947
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	19	$	23	$	18	$	11	$	13	$	42	$	720	$	846
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3	$	22	$	25

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	Mortgage - continued (1)
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving<br><br>Loans<br><br>Amortized<br><br>Cost Basis		Total
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2024
Resort lending
800 and above	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	534	$	—	$	4,079	$	—	$	4,613
750-799	—		39		639		740		724		12,845		—		14,987
700-749	—		—		268		—		212		4,851		—		5,331
650-699	—		—		—		—		354		4,622		—		4,976
600-649	—		—		—		—		—		1,051		—		1,051
550-599	—		—		—		—		—		92		—		92
500-549	—		—		—		—		—		86		—		86
Under 500	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	—	$	39	$	907	$	1,274	$	1,290	$	27,626	$	—	$	31,136
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	—	$	—	$	4	$	3	$	4	$	140	$	—	$	151
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	50	$	—	$	50
Total Mortgage
800 and above	$	11,801	$	16,111	$	58,852	$	73,646	$	30,580	$	35,342	$	17,208	$	243,540
750-799	60,232		69,204		151,641		245,621		84,979		91,798		59,139		762,614
700-749	26,638		24,872		61,484		85,925		25,496		46,466		33,440		304,321
650-699	14,079		13,925		25,904		25,049		12,356		28,942		14,659		134,914
600-649	682		2,430		10,733		2,595		5,485		14,126		2,372		38,423
550-599	746		548		2,816		1,931		3,799		4,806		552		15,198
500-549	87		59		1,993		1,094		1,178		7,519		919		12,849
Under 500	—		485		20		98		652		3,607		5		4,867
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	114,265	$	127,634	$	313,443	$	435,959	$	164,525	$	232,606	$	128,294	$	1,516,726
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	472	$	624	$	970	$	973	$	406	$	954	$	958	$	5,357
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	22	$	23	$	—	$	233	$	22	$	300

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	Mortgage (1)
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving<br><br>Loans<br><br>Amortized<br><br>Cost Basis		Total
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2023
1-4 family owner occupied - jumbo
800 and above	$	6,299	$	30,789	$	63,377	$	17,672	$	4,503	$	8,813	$	1,084	$	132,537
750-799	42,726		117,454		193,587		61,986		24,288		14,836		1,586		456,463
700-749	14,965		51,991		66,597		25,170		4,738		11,768		1,500		176,729
650-699	11,274		13,804		24,648		12,949		2,142		5,881		—		70,698
600-649	1,638		7,815		2,486		505		3,198		2,592		—		18,234
550-599	—		—		527		1,908		—		—		—		2,435
500-549	—		544		—		923		—		673		—		2,140
Under 500	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	76,902	$	222,397	$	351,222	$	121,113	$	38,869	$	44,563	$	4,170	$	859,236
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	329	$	669	$	785	$	299	$	107	$	156	$	30	$	2,375
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo
800 and above	$	2,280	$	10,083	$	7,780	$	5,425	$	2,802	$	9,130	$	3,029	$	40,529
750-799	13,233		32,729		21,664		12,306		5,954		19,852		8,462		114,200
700-749	11,696		18,133		11,661		8,136		3,280		20,042		4,482		77,430
650-699	9,576		5,717		4,606		2,524		2,393		12,369		1,500		38,685
600-649	136		1,334		1,694		833		1,096		6,415		84		11,592
550-599	188		624		71		1,705		557		5,390		65		8,600
500-549	—		—		1,335		998		413		4,077		—		6,823
Under 500	—		311		462		272		518		1,750		—		3,313
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	37,109	$	68,931	$	49,273	$	32,199	$	17,013	$	79,025	$	17,622	$	301,172
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	153	$	235	$	119	$	78	$	56	$	331	$	139	$	1,111
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	29	$	—	$	29
1-4 family non-owner occupied
800 and above	$	2,320	$	6,026	$	12,338	$	3,474	$	3,048	$	6,030	$	1,199	$	34,435
750-799	10,937		16,635		28,051		11,545		6,709		13,400		3,498		90,775
700-749	3,904		7,013		8,825		4,145		667		6,719		2,095		33,368
650-699	216		1,879		1,844		2,543		197		3,521		277		10,477
600-649	—		388		1,445		—		75		1,226		362		3,496
550-599	—		61		52		—		—		873		—		986
500-549	—		—		—		—		—		142		—		142
Under 500	—		—		—		—		—		137		—		137
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	17,377	$	32,002	$	52,555	$	21,707	$	10,696	$	32,048	$	7,431	$	173,816
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	77	$	125	$	149	$	60	$	35	$	146	$	62	$	654
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
1-4 family - 2nd lien
800 and above	$	537	$	156	$	703	$	389	$	159	$	1,153	$	9,817	$	12,914
750-799	2,260		2,879		2,359		2,341		898		3,084		38,277		52,098
700-749	1,895		1,243		1,464		324		224		2,348		25,849		33,347
650-699	425		285		182		519		302		1,869		8,945		12,527
600-649	51		107		97		67		37		563		1,886		2,808
550-599	—		80		203		—		157		238		638		1,316
500-549	—		—		12		—		—		487		331		830
Under 500	—		19		—		—		77		61		35		192
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	5,168	$	4,769	$	5,020	$	3,640	$	1,854	$	9,803	$	85,778	$	116,032
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	19	$	14	$	10	$	7	$	6	$	41	$	707	$	804
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5	$	—	$	5

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	Mortgage - continued (1)
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving<br><br>Loans<br><br>Amortized<br><br>Cost Basis		Total
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2023
Resort lending
800 and above	$	—	$	—	$	99	$	—	$	—	$	5,643	$	—	$	5,742
750-799	41		817		910		858		179		12,649		—		15,454
700-749	—		108		871		111		—		5,439		—		6,529
650-699	—		—		—		316		—		6,219		—		6,535
600-649	—		—		—		49		—		844		—		893
550-599	—		—		—		—		—		267		—		267
500-549	—		—		—		—		—		59		—		59
Under 500	—		—		—		—		—		137		—		137
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	41	$	925	$	1,880	$	1,334	$	179	$	31,257	$	—	$	35,616
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	—	$	4	$	3	$	4	$	—	$	142	$	—	$	153
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	120	$	—	$	120
Total Mortgage
800 and above	$	11,436	$	47,054	$	84,297	$	26,960	$	10,512	$	30,769	$	15,129	$	226,157
750-799	69,197		170,514		246,571		89,036		38,028		63,821		51,823		728,990
700-749	32,460		78,488		89,418		37,886		8,909		46,316		33,926		327,403
650-699	21,491		21,685		31,280		18,851		5,034		29,859		10,722		138,922
600-649	1,825		9,644		5,722		1,454		4,406		11,640		2,332		37,023
550-599	188		765		853		3,613		714		6,768		703		13,604
500-549	—		544		1,347		1,921		413		5,438		331		9,994
Under 500	—		330		462		272		595		2,085		35		3,779
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	136,597	$	329,024	$	459,950	$	179,993	$	68,611	$	196,696	$	115,001	$	1,485,872
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	578	$	1,047	$	1,066	$	448	$	204	$	816	$	938	$	5,097
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	154	$	—	$	154		(1)	Credit scores have been updated within the last twelve months.
---	---

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	Installment (1)
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Total
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2024
Boat lending
800 and above	$	6,125	$	6,702	$	8,231	$	7,492	$	3,512	$	9,079	$	41,141
750-799	26,320		29,173		28,608		24,858		11,604		26,792		147,355
700-749	11,397		9,487		11,342		9,807		4,177		9,137		55,347
650-699	2,722		2,888		2,516		2,419		1,191		3,111		14,847
600-649	504		438		1,104		364		148		775		3,333
550-599	—		215		464		394		76		301		1,450
500-549	27		—		135		199		140		238		739
Under 500	—		35		14		—		—		80		129
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	47,095	$	48,938	$	52,414	$	45,533	$	20,848	$	49,513	$	264,341
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	179	$	178	$	124	$	104	$	50	$	101	$	736
Current period gross charge-offs	$	8	$	8	$	71	$	8	$	49	$	55	$	199
Recreational vehicle lending
800 and above	$	1,365	$	4,270	$	11,721	$	9,776	$	3,382	$	7,262	$	37,776
750-799	10,528		11,173		33,140		32,266		9,398		14,656		111,161
700-749	5,402		5,230		14,093		15,336		4,177		5,500		49,738
650-699	965		1,949		4,278		5,357		1,249		1,836		15,634
600-649	268		697		1,213		2,364		407		502		5,451
550-599	41		183		443		1,075		135		415		2,292
500-549	50		172		638		745		161		207		1,973
Under 500	—		67		156		207		19		63		512
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	18,619	$	23,741	$	65,682	$	67,126	$	18,928	$	30,441	$	224,537
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	69	$	89	$	156	$	154	$	41	$	67	$	576
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	42	$	321	$	419	$	42	$	110	$	934
Other
800 and above	$	1,342	$	1,323	$	1,788	$	938	$	639	$	831	$	6,861
750-799	9,938		8,029		7,208		4,732		2,013		4,375		36,295
700-749	14,512		4,941		4,232		2,829		1,292		3,278		31,084
650-699	10,551		1,633		1,689		979		430		1,293		16,575
600-649	537		476		522		294		59		418		2,306
550-599	80		211		271		210		21		210		1,003
500-549	—		149		301		229		92		93		864
Under 500	11		17		58		49		3		50		188
Unknown	681		—		—		—		—		—		681
Total	$	37,652	$	16,779	$	16,069	$	10,260	$	4,549	$	10,548	$	95,857
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	96	$	65	$	40	$	22	$	10	$	63	$	296
Current period gross charge-offs	$	1,829	$	98	$	106	$	27	$	8	$	103	$	2,171
Total installment
800 and above	$	8,832	$	12,295	$	21,740	$	18,206	$	7,533	$	17,172	$	85,778
750-799	46,786		48,375		68,956		61,856		23,015		45,823		294,811
700-749	31,311		19,658		29,667		27,972		9,646		17,915		136,169
650-699	14,238		6,470		8,483		8,755		2,870		6,240		47,056
600-649	1,309		1,611		2,839		3,022		614		1,695		11,090
550-599	121		609		1,178		1,679		232		926		4,745
500-549	77		321		1,074		1,173		393		538		3,576
Under 500	11		119		228		256		22		193		829
Unknown	681		—		—		—		—		—		681
Total	$	103,366	$	89,458	$	134,165	$	122,919	$	44,325	$	90,502	$	584,735
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	344	$	332	$	320	$	280	$	101	$	231	$	1,608
Current period gross charge-offs	$	1,837	$	148	$	498	$	454	$	99	$	268	$	3,304

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	Installment (1)
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2023
Boat lending
800 and above	$	6,110	$	8,150	$	8,250	$	3,612	$	4,061	$	7,665	$	37,848
750-799	34,174		35,921		29,665		16,329		13,173		21,432		150,694
700-749	15,593		15,042		11,859		4,481		4,757		7,279		59,011
650-699	3,652		3,029		4,277		1,545		1,237		2,842		16,582
600-649	281		432		808		268		171		620		2,580
550-599	85		344		229		139		108		335		1,240
500-549	—		152		207		97		—		198		654
Under 500	—		—		—		—		—		39		39
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	59,895	$	63,070	$	55,295	$	26,471	$	23,507	$	40,410	$	268,648
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	216	$	154	$	132	$	63	$	58	$	91	$	714
Current period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	53	$	—	$	—	$	15	$	53	$	121
Recreational vehicle lending
800 and above	$	3,168	$	10,759	$	11,568	$	3,484	$	3,838	$	5,482	$	38,299
750-799	15,677		41,037		39,113		13,025		8,415		11,934		129,201
700-749	6,481		18,630		20,161		5,243		3,689		4,460		58,664
650-699	2,524		5,108		6,073		1,706		936		1,157		17,504
600-649	713		724		1,573		394		308		429		4,141
550-599	90		304		973		71		249		383		2,070
500-549	—		880		326		153		136		154		1,649
Under 500	—		108		106		34		70		6		324
Unknown	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total	$	28,653	$	77,550	$	79,893	$	24,110	$	17,641	$	24,005	$	251,852
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	112	$	201	$	189	$	56	$	44	$	53	$	655
Current period gross charge-offs	$	28	$	122	$	192	$	32	$	81	$	11	$	466
Other
800 and above	$	1,599	$	1,673	$	1,633	$	897	$	582	$	756	$	7,140
750-799	11,782		11,017		6,600		3,557		1,622		4,077		38,655
700-749	16,717		6,564		5,013		2,268		1,047		3,361		34,970
650-699	12,483		2,997		1,494		627		266		1,390		19,257
600-649	515		605		395		138		107		410		2,170
550-599	49		329		294		35		53		176		936
500-549	98		260		246		43		31		72		750
Under 500	—		97		65		14		57		38		271
Unknown	649		—		—		—		—		—		649
Total	$	43,892	$	23,542	$	15,740	$	7,579	$	3,765	$	10,280	$	104,798
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	101	$	62	$	34	$	17	$	10	$	67	$	291
Current period gross charge-offs	$	1,677	$	104	$	44	$	17	$	12	$	147	$	2,001
Total installment
800 and above	$	10,877	$	20,582	$	21,451	$	7,993	$	8,481	$	13,903	$	83,287
750-799	61,633		87,975		75,378		32,911		23,210		37,443		318,550
700-749	38,791		40,236		37,033		11,992		9,493		15,100		152,645
650-699	18,659		11,134		11,844		3,878		2,439		5,389		53,343
600-649	1,509		1,761		2,776		800		586		1,459		8,891
550-599	224		977		1,496		245		410		894		4,246
500-549	98		1,292		779		293		167		424		3,053
Under 500	—		205		171		48		127		83		634
Unknown	649		—		—		—		—		—		649
Total	$	132,440	$	164,162	$	150,928	$	58,160	$	44,913	$	74,695	$	625,298
Accrued interest excluded from total	$	429	$	417	$	355	$	136	$	112	$	211	$	1,660
Current period gross charge-offs	$	1,705	$	279	$	236	$	49	$	108	$	211	$	2,588

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

(1)	Credit scores have been updated within the last twelve months.

Mortgage loans serviced for others are not reported as assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The principal balances of these loans at December 31 follow:

	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Mortgage loans serviced for:
Fannie Mae	$	1,674,111	$	1,772,030
Freddie Mac	1,373,145		1,381,693
Ginnie Mae	146,363		161,899
FHLB	302,779		173,311
Other	47,347		52,936
Total	$	3,543,745	$	3,541,869

Custodial deposit accounts maintained in connection with mortgage loans serviced for others totaled $29.4 million and $28.6 million, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

If we do not remain well capitalized for regulatory purposes (see note #20), meet certain minimum capital levels or certain profitability requirements or if we incur a rapid decline in net worth, we could lose our ability to sell and/or service loans to these investors. This could impact our ability to generate net gains on mortgage loans and generate servicing income. A forced liquidation of our servicing portfolio could also impact the value that could be recovered on this asset. Fannie Mae has the most stringent eligibility requirements covering capital levels, profitability and decline in net worth. Fannie Mae requires seller/servicers to be well capitalized for regulatory purposes. For the profitability requirement, we cannot record four or more consecutive quarterly losses and experience a 30% decline in net worth over the same period. Our net worth cannot decline by more than 25% in one quarter or more than 40% over two consecutive quarters.

An analysis of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights for the years ended December 31 follows:

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	42,243	$	42,489	$	26,232
Originated servicing rights capitalized	4,020		3,956		6,061
Change in fair value due to price	4,540		(280)		14,272
Change in fair value due to pay downs	(4,007)		(3,922)		(4,076)
Balance at end of year	$	46,796	$	42,243	$	42,489
Loans sold and serviced that have had servicing rights capitalized	$	3,543,745	$	3,541,869	$	3,493,312

Fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights was determined using an average coupon rate of 4.13%, average servicing fee of 0.26%, average discount rate of 10.37% and an average Public Securities Association (‘‘PSA’’) prepayment rate of 125 for December 31, 2024; and average coupon rate of 3.89%, average servicing fee of 0.26%, average discount rate of 10.25% and an average PSA prepayment rate of 142 for December 31, 2023.

On December 5, 2024 we executed a letter of intent to sell a portion of our mortgage loan servicing rights to a third party. This sale closed on January 31, 2025 with the sale of approximately $935.3 million of mortgage loan servicing rights (26.4% of total servicing portfolio). This sale represents approximately $13.2 million (28.2%) of the total capitalized mortgage loan servicing right asset. While this transaction closed on January 31, 2025, we continued to service these loans under a sub-servicing arrangement through March 3, 2025, at which time servicing was transferred to the buyer. While there remains a customary hold back of final settlement funds of approximately $0.66 million relating to this transaction, we are not aware of any issues that will have a material impact on this final payment. Transaction expenses relating to this sale were approximately $0.5 million and will be expensed during the first quarter of 2025.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

NOTE 5 – OTHER REAL ESTATE

A summary of other real estate activity for the years ended December 31 follows (1):

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of year, net of valuation allowance	$	569	$	443	$	235
Loans transferred to other real estate	1,091		783		719
Sales of other real estate	(753)		(603)		(511)
Additions to valuation allowance charged to expense	(16)		(54)		—
Balance at end of year, net of valuation allowance	$	891	$	569	$	443

_________________________________________________

(1)	Table excludes other repossessed assets totaling $0.05 million and zero at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We periodically review our real estate properties and establish valuation allowances on these properties if values have declined since the date of acquisition. An analysis of our valuation allowance for other real estate follows:

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of year	$	—	$	—	$	31
Additions charged to expense	16		54		—
Direct write-downs upon sale	(16)		(54)		(31)
Balance at end of year	$	—	$	—	$	—

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the balance of other real estate includes $0.9 million and $0.6 million, respectively of foreclosed residential real estate properties. Retail mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process according to local requirements totaled $2.0 million and $0.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Other real estate and repossessed assets totaling $0.9 million and $0.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, are presented net of the valuation allowance on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

NOTE 6 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

A summary of property and equipment at December 31 follows:

	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Land and land improvements	$	16,329	$	16,421
Buildings	64,103		61,190
Equipment	80,988		78,648
	161,420		156,259
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(123,928)		(120,736)
Property and equipment, net	$	37,492	$	35,523

Depreciation expense was $5.2 million, $5.2 million and $5.3 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

NOTE 7 – GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES

Intangible assets, net of amortization, at December 31 follows:

	2024				2023
	Gross<br>Carrying<br>Amount		Accumulated<br>Amortization		Gross<br>Carrying<br>Amount		Accumulated<br>Amortization
	(In thousands)
Amortized intangible assets - core deposits	$	11,916	$	10,428	$	11,916	$	9,912
Unamortized intangible assets - goodwill	$	28,300			$	28,300

At December 31, 2024, the Bank (our reporting unit) had positive equity and elected to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value of the Bank exceeds its carrying value, including goodwill. The qualitative assessment indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the Bank exceeded its carrying value, resulting in no impairment.

Intangible amortization expense was $0.5 million, $0.5 million and $0.8 million during the years ended 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

A summary of estimated core deposit intangible amortization at December 31, 2024, follows:

	(In thousands)
2025	$	487
2026	460
2027	434
2028	107
Total	$	1,488

NOTE 8 – DEPOSITS

A summary of interest expense on deposits for the years ended December 31 follows:

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Savings and interest-bearing checking	$	28,047	$	24,601	$	6,078
Reciprocal	34,574		23,429		4,421
Time	24,135		13,766		1,902
Brokered time	5,938		13,279		1,750
Total	$	92,694	$	75,075	$	14,151

Aggregate time deposits in denominations of $0.25 million or more amounted to $211.4 million and $176.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

A summary of the maturity of time deposits at December 31, 2024, follows (1):

	(In thousands)
2025	$	816,329
2026	22,633
2027	4,751
2028	2,198
2029	1,956
2030 and thereafter	36
Total	$	847,903		(1)	Includes time deposits, brokered time deposits and reciprocal time deposits
---	---

Reciprocal deposits represent demand, money market and time deposits from our customers that have been placed through IntraFi Network. This service allows our customers to access multi-million dollar FDIC deposit insurance on deposit balances greater than the standard FDIC insurance maximum.

A summary of reciprocal deposits at December 31 follows:

	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Demand	$	797,181	$	722,407
Money market	43		607
Time	109,807		109,006
Total	$	907,031	$	832,020

NOTE 9 – OTHER BORROWINGS

A summary of other borrowings at December 31 follows:

	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Advances from the FHLB	$	45,000	$	50,000
Other	9		26
Total	$	45,009	$	50,026

Borrowings with the FRB at both December 31, 2024 and 2023 were zero . Average borrowings with the FRB during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled $0.2 million, $4.5 million and $26.4 million, respectively. We had unused borrowing capacity with the FRB (subject to the FRB’s credit requirements and policies) of $501.8 million at December 31, 2024. Collateral for FRB borrowings are certain securities AFS, securities HTM, commercial loans and installment loans. Interest expense on borrowings with the FRB amounted to $0.01 million, $0.19 million and $0.75 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Advances from the FHLB are secured by unencumbered qualifying mortgage and home equity loans with a market value equal to at least 125% to 165%, respectively, of outstanding advances as well as certain securities AFS, securities HTM and by the FHLB stock that we own. Unused borrowing capacity with the FHLB (subject to the FHLB’s credit requirements and policies) was $1.08 billion at December 31, 2024. Interest expense on advances amounted to $2.0 million, $2.4 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. During 2024 we exercised a call option and terminated the $50.0 million fixed rate advance in the table below with no penalty.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

As a member of the FHLB, we must own FHLB stock equal to the greater of 0.10% of total assets or 4.5% of our outstanding advances and certain loans sold to the FHLB. At December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with the FHLB stock ownership requirements.

The maturity dates, weighted average interest rates and contractually required repayments of FHLB advances at December 31 follow:

	2024				2023
	Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
Fixed Rate Advances
2025	$	—			$	50,000	5.16	%
Total fixed rate advances	—				50,000		5.16	%
Variable Rate Advances
2025	45,000		4.48	%	—
Total variable rate advances	45,000		4.48	%	—
Total FHLB advances	$	45,000	4.48	%	$	50,000	5.16	%

Assets, consisting of securities AFS, securities HTM, FHLB stock and loans, pledged to secure other borrowings and unused borrowing capacity totaled $2.50 billion at December 31, 2024.

NOTE 10 – SUBORDINATED DEBT AND DEBENTURES

Subordinated Debt

In May 2020, we issued $40.0 million of fixed to floating subordinated notes with a ten year maturity (May 31, 2030 maturity date) and a five year call option. The initial coupon rate is 5.95% fixed for five years and then floats at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 5.825%. These notes are presented in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition under the caption “Subordinated debt” and the balances of $39.59 million and $39.51 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively are net of remaining unamortized deferred issuance costs of approximately $0.41 million and $0.49 million, respectively that are being amortized through the maturity date into interest expense on other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures in our Consolidated Statement of Operations. We may redeem the notes, in whole or in part, on or after May 31, 2025, and may redeem the notes at any time in whole upon certain other events. Any redemption of the notes will be subject to prior regulatory approval to the extent required.

Subordinated Debentures

We have formed various special purpose entities (the ‘‘trusts’’) for the purpose of issuing trust preferred securities in either public or pooled offerings or in private placements. Independent Bank Corporation owns all of the common stock of each trust and has issued subordinated debentures to each trust in exchange for all of the proceeds from the issuance of the common stock and the trust preferred securities. Trust preferred securities totaling $38.6 million and $38.5 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, qualified as Tier 1 regulatory capital.

These trusts are not consolidated with Independent Bank Corporation and accordingly, we report the common securities of the trusts held by us in accrued income and other assets and the subordinated debentures that we have issued to the trusts in the liability section of our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

As the result of a previous acquisition we acquired TCSB Statutory Trust I as summarized in the tables below at a discount. The discount at acquisition totaled $1.4 million and is being amortized through its maturity date and is included in interest expense – other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Summary information regarding subordinated debentures as of December 31 follows:

		2024
Entity Name	Issue<br><br>Date	Subordinated <br>Debentures		Trust <br>Preferred <br>Securities <br>Issued		Common<br>Stock<br>Issued
		(In thousands)
IBC Capital Finance III	May 2007	$	12,372	$	12,000	$	372
IBC Capital Finance IV	September 2007	15,465		15,000		465
Midwest Guaranty Trust I	November 2002	7,732		7,500		232
TCSB Statutory Trust I	March 2005	5,155		5,000		155
Discount on TCSB Statutory Trust I		(928)		(928)		—
		$	39,796	$	38,572	$	1,224				2023
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Entity Name	Issue<br>Date	Subordinated <br>Debentures		Trust <br>Preferred <br>Securities <br>Issued		Common<br>Stock<br>Issued
		(In thousands)
IBC Capital Finance III	May 2007	$	12,372	$	12,000	$	372
IBC Capital Finance IV	September 2007	15,465		15,000		465
Midwest Guaranty Trust I	November 2002	7,732		7,500		232
TCSB Statutory Trust I	March 2005	5,155		5,000		155
Discount on TCSB Statutory Trust I		(996)		(996)		—
		$	39,728	$	38,504	$	1,224

Other key terms for the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities that were outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023 follow:

Entity Name	Maturity<br>Date	Interest Rate	First Permitted<br>Redemption Date
IBC Capital Finance III	July 30, 2037	3 month SOFR plus 1.86%	July 30, 2012
IBC Capital Finance IV	September 15, 2037	3 month SOFR plus 3.11%	September 15, 2012
Midwest Guaranty Trust I	November 7, 2032	3 month SOFR plus 3.71%	November 7, 2007
TCSB Statutory Trust I	March 17, 2035	3 month SOFR plus 2.46%	March 17, 2010

The subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities are cumulative and have a feature that permits us to defer distributions (payment of interest) from time to time for a period not to exceed 20 consecutive quarters. Interest is payable quarterly on each of the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities and no distributions were deferred at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

We have the right to redeem the subordinated debentures and trust preferred securities (at par) in whole or in part from time to time on or after the first permitted redemption date specified above or upon the occurrence of specific events defined within the trust indenture agreements.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Distributions (payment of interest) on the trust preferred securities are included in interest expense – other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

NOTE 11 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

In the normal course of business, we enter into financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk to meet the financing needs of customers or to reduce exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments may include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Financial instruments involve varying degrees of credit and interest-rate risk in excess of amounts reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Exposure to credit risk in the event of non-performance by the counterparties to the financial instruments for loan commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amounts of those instruments.

A summary of financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk at December 31 follows:

	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Financial instruments whose risk is represented by contract amounts
Commitments to extend credit	$	952,299	$	881,697
Standby letters of credit	13,026		11,651

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and generally require payment of a fee. Since commitments may expire without being drawn upon, the commitment amounts do not represent future cash requirements. Commitments are issued subject to similar underwriting standards, including collateral requirements, as are generally involved in the extension of credit facilities.

Standby letters of credit are written conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in such transactions is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities and, accordingly, standby letters of credit are issued subject to similar underwriting standards, including collateral requirements, as are generally involved in the extension of credit facilities. The majority of the standby letters of credit are on-demand with no stated maturity date and have variable rates that range from 1.00% to 13.50%.

Economic

Pressures from various global and national macroeconomic conditions, including heightened inflation, uncertainty regarding future interest rates, foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, recent adverse weather conditions, the continuation of the Russia-Ukraine war, ongoing conflict in the Middle East, and potential governmental responses to these events, continue to create significant economic uncertainty. In addition, pursuit of various initiatives announced by the new Trump administration may create some degree of volatility in our customers’ businesses, regulation of the financial services industry, and the markets in which we operate.

The extent to which these pressures and other factors may impact our business, results of operations, asset valuations, financial condition, and customers will depend on future developments, which continue to be highly uncertain and difficult to predict. Material adverse impacts may include all or a combination of valuation impairments on our intangible assets, securities available for sale, securities held to maturity, loans, capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights or deferred tax assets.

We continue to closely monitor and analyze the higher risk segments within our portfolio, and senior management is cautiously optimistic that we are positioned to continue managing the impact of the varied set of risks and uncertainties currently impacting the global and U.S. economies. However, a high degree of uncertainty still exists with respect to the impact of these fluid macroeconomic conditions on the future performance of our loan portfolio and our financial results.

Litigation

We are involved in various litigation matters in the ordinary course of business. At the present time, we do not believe any of these matters will have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations. The aggregate amount we have accrued for losses we consider probable as a result of these litigation matters is immaterial. However, because of the inherent uncertainty of outcomes from any litigation matter, we believe it is reasonably possible

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

we may incur losses in addition to the amounts we have accrued. At this time, we estimate the maximum amount of additional losses that are reasonably possible is insignificant. However, because of a number of factors, including the fact that certain of these litigation matters are still in their early stages, this maximum amount may change in the future.

The litigation matters described in the preceding paragraph primarily include claims that have been brought against us for damages, but do not include litigation matters where we seek to collect amounts owed to us by third parties (such as litigation initiated to collect delinquent loans). These excluded, collection-related matters may involve claims or counterclaims by the opposing party or parties, but we have excluded such matters from the disclosure contained in the preceding paragraph in all cases where we believe the possibility of us paying damages to any opposing party is remote.

Visa Stock

On May 6, 2024, we exchanged 12,566 shares of Visa Inc. Class B-1 common stock (all of the Class B-1 shares we owned) for 2,493 shares of Visa Inc. Class C common stock and 6,283 shares of Visa Inc. Class B-2 common stock pursuant to an exchange offer conducted by Visa. Each Class C share automatically converts to 4 shares of Visa Inc. Class A common stock upon a transfer to anyone other than a Visa member or an affiliate of a Visa member. The Class B-2 shares have the same transfer restrictions as the transfer restrictions on the Class B-1 shares and can only be sold to other Class B shareholders.

Because of the very limited liquidity for the Class B-1 shares (prior to completion of the exchange offer) and uncertainty regarding the likelihood, ultimate timing, and eventual exchange rate for Class B-1 shares into Class A shares, we were carrying these shares at zero, representing cost basis less impairment. In light of the continued uncertainty regarding the likelihood, ultimate timing, and eventual exchange rate for Class B-2 shares into Class A shares, we are carrying the Class B-2 shares at zero, representing cost basis less impairment. However, given the current conversion ratio of 1.543 Class A shares for every 1 Class B-2 share and the closing price of Visa Class A shares on February 24, 2025 of $349.86 per share, our 6,283 Class B-2 shares would have a current “value” of approximately $3.4 million.

With the completion of the exchange, we recorded a gain related to the Class C shares of $2.677 million during the second quarter of 2024 based on the conversion privilege of those shares and the closing price of the Class A shares on May 3, 2024 (the exchange expiration date) of $268.49 per share. Subsequent to the exchange, we sold all 2,493 shares of our Class C shares for net proceeds of $2.685 million. We held no Class C shares at December 31, 2024.

As a condition to our participation in the exchange offer, we were required to enter into a Makewhole Agreement that will require us to reimburse Visa in certain circumstances if certain litigation in which Visa has been involved since 2008 results in damages significantly higher than Visa currently expects. Potential payments under the Makewhole Agreement are designed to equal the decline in value we would have experienced had we not participated in Visa’s exchange offer. Based on the disclosures that have been made by Visa regarding the status of this litigation and other circumstances relating to the exchange offer and potential future, similar exchange offers, we believe the likelihood we will have to make any payments under the Makewhole Agreement is remote.

NOTE 12 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND NET INCOME PER COMMON SHARE

Our Board of Directors authorized share repurchase plans to buy back up to 5% of our outstanding common stock during 2024, 2023 and 2022. We did not repurchase any shares pursuant to this authorization during 2024. During 2023 and 2022 repurchases were made through open market and negotiated transactions and totaled 298,601 and 181,586 shares of common stock, respectively for an aggregate purchase price of $5.2 million and $4.0 million, respectively.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

A reconciliation of basic and diluted net income per common share for the years ended December 31 follows:

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands, except per share<br>amounts)
Net income	$	66,790	$	59,067	$	63,351
Weighted average shares outstanding (1)	20,892		20,976		21,096
Stock units for deferred compensation plan for non-employee directors	180		160		137
Performance share units	31		23		25
Effect of stock options	3		11		38
Weighted average shares outstanding for calculation of diluted earnings per share	21,106		21,170		21,296
Net income per common share
Basic (1)	$	3.20	$	2.82	$	3.00
Diluted	$	3.16	$	2.79	$	2.97

_________________________________________

(1)	Basic net income per common share includes weighted average common shares outstanding during the period and participating share awards.

Weighted average stock options outstanding that were not considered in computing diluted net income per common share because they were anti-dilutive were zero for each year ended 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

NOTE 13 – INCOME TAX

The composition of income tax expense for the years ended December 31 follows:

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Current expense	$	17,504	$	14,394	$	14,796
Deferred expense (benefit)	(1,248)		215		(359)
Income tax expense	$	16,256	$	14,609	$	14,437

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

A reconciliation of income tax expense to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for 2024, 2023 and 2022 to the income before income tax for the years ended December 31 follows:

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Statutory rate applied to income before income tax	$	17,440	$	15,472	$	16,335
Tax-exempt income	(522)		(508)		(1,475)
Low income housing tax credit investments	(373)		(235)		(134)
Employee stock ownership plan dividends	(108)		(106)		(97)
Bank owned life insurance	(175)		(99)		(140)
Share-based compensation	(130)		(50)		(144)
Non-deductible meals, entertainment and memberships	83		77		30
Other, net	41		58		62
Income tax expense	$	16,256	$	14,609	$	14,437

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31 follow:

	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Deferred tax assets
Unrealized loss on securities AFS	$	13,105	$	13,587
Allowance for credit losses	12,470		11,478
Unrealized loss on securities HTM transferred from AFS	3,396		4,095
Incentive compensation	2,052		1,174
Property and equipment	1,545		1,387
Lease liabilities	1,331		1,074
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments	1,078		1,156
Share-based compensation	861		824
Securities premium amortization	831		814
Deferred compensation	621		551
Unrealized loss on derivative financial instruments	551		—
Loss reimbursement on sold loans reserve	260		259
Other than temporary impairment charge on securities available for sale	146		146
Non accrual loan interest income	128		121
Gross deferred tax assets	38,375		36,666
Deferred tax liabilities
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights	9,827		8,871
Deferred loan fees	2,245		2,271
Lease right of use asset	1,254		1,031
Purchase premiums, net	517		602
Unrealized gain on derivative financial instruments	—		47
Other	69		46
Gross deferred tax liabilities	13,912		12,868
Deferred tax assets, net (1)	$	24,463	$	23,798		(1)	Included in accrued income and other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
---	---

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

We assess whether a valuation allowance should be established against our deferred tax assets based on the consideration of all available evidence using a ‘‘more likely than not’’ standard. The ultimate realization of this asset is primarily based on generating future income. We concluded at both December 31, 2024 and 2023, that the realization of substantially all of our deferred tax assets continues to be more likely than not.

Changes in unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31 follow:

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of year	$	188	$	186	$	180
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year	18		13		13
Reductions due to the statute of limitations	(18)		(11)		(7)
Reductions due to settlements	—		—		—
Balance at end of year	$	188	$	188	$	186

If recognized, the entire amount of unrecognized tax benefits, net of $0.04 million of federal tax on state benefits, would affect our effective tax rate. We do not expect the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly increase or decrease in the next twelve months. No amounts were expensed for interest and penalties for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. No amounts were accrued for interest and penalties at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. At December 31, 2024, U.S. Federal tax years 2021 through the present remain open to examination.

NOTE 14 – SHARE BASED COMPENSATION AND BENEFIT PLANS

We maintain share based payment plans that include a non-employee director stock purchase plan and a long-term incentive plan that permits the issuance of share based compensation, including stock options and non-vested share awards. The long-term incentive plan, which is shareholder approved, permits the grant of additional share based awards for up to 0.4 million shares of common stock as of December 31, 2024. The non-employee director stock purchase plan permits the issuance of additional share based payments for up to 0.1 million shares of common stock as of December 31, 2024. Share based awards and payments are measured at fair value at the date of grant and are expensed over the requisite service period. Common shares issued upon exercise of stock options come from currently authorized but unissued shares.

During 2024, 2023 and 2022 pursuant to our long-term incentive plan, we granted 0.09 million, 0.08 million and 0.06 million shares, respectively of restricted stock and 0.02 million during each year of performance stock units (‘‘PSU’’), to certain officers. The shares of restricted stock and PSUs generally cliff vest after a period of three years. The performance criteria of the PSUs is split evenly between a comparison of (i) our total shareholder return and (ii) our return on average assets each over the three year period starting on the grant date to these same criteria over that period to an index of our banking peers.

Our directors may elect to receive all or a portion of their cash retainer fees in the form of common stock (either on a current basis or on a deferred basis) pursuant to the non-employee director stock purchase plan referenced above. Shares equal in value to that portion of each director’s fees that he or she has elected to receive in stock on a current basis are issued each quarter and vest immediately. Shares issued on a deferred basis are credited at the rate of 90% of the current fair value of our common stock and vest immediately. We issued 0.01 million, 0.02 million and 0.02 million shares to directors pursuant to this plan during each of the years ending 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively and expensed their value during those same periods.

Total compensation expense recognized for grants pursuant to our long-term incentive plan was $2.1 million, $1.9 million and $1.8 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The corresponding tax benefit relating to this expense was $0.4 million, $0.4 million, and $0.4 million during each year, respectively. Total expense recognized for non-employee director share based payments was $0.2 million, $0.4 million, and $0.4 million for the years ending 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The corresponding tax benefit relating to this expense was $0.05 million, $0.08 million and $0.08 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

At December 31, 2024, the total expected compensation cost related to non-vested restricted stock and PSUs not yet recognized was $2.7 million. The weighted-average period over which this amount will be recognized is 1.97 years.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

A summary of outstanding stock option grants and related transactions follows:

	Number of<br>Shares	Average<br>Exercise<br>Price		Weighted-<br>Average<br>Remaining<br>Contractual<br>Term (Years)	Aggregated<br>Intrinsic<br>Value
					(In thousands)
Outstanding at January 1, 2024	11,724	$	11.73
Granted	—
Exercised	(6,141)	10.18
Forfeited	—
Expired	—
Outstanding at December 31, 2024	5,583	$	13.43	2.14	$	119
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2024	5,583	$	13.43	2.14	$	119
Exercisable at December 31, 2024	5,583	$	13.43	2.14	$	119

A summary of outstanding non-vested stock (restricted stock and PSUs) and related transactions follows:

	Number<br>of Shares	Weighted-<br>Average<br>Grant Date<br>Fair Value
Outstanding at January 1, 2024	269,233	$	22.93
Granted	105,177	25.13
Vested	(98,278)	20.55
Forfeited	(9,146)	23.98
Outstanding at December 31, 2024	266,986	$	24.64

Certain information regarding options exercised during the periods ending December 31 follows:

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Intrinsic value	$	99	$	352	$	761
Cash proceeds received	$	12	$	198	$	131
Tax benefit realized	$	21	$	74	$	160

We maintain 401(k) and employee stock ownership plans covering substantially all of our full-time employees. We matched 50% of employee contributions to the 401(k) plan up to a maximum of 8% of participating employees’ eligible wages for 2024, 2023 and 2022. Contributions to the employee stock ownership plan are determined annually and require approval of our Board of Directors. The maximum contribution is 6% of employees’ eligible wages. Contributions to the employee stock ownership plan were 2% for each of 2024, 2023 and 2022. Amounts expensed for these retirement plans were $3.3 million, $3.1 million and $2.9 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Our employees participate in various performance-based compensation plans. Amounts expensed for all incentive plans totaled $12.9 million, $8.0 million and $12.7 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

We also provide certain health care and life insurance programs to substantially all full-time employees. Amounts expensed for these programs totaled $7.1 million, $7.2 million and $6.2 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022 respectively.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

These insurance programs are also available to retired employees at their own expense.

NOTE 15 – OTHER NON-INTEREST INCOME

Other non-interest income for the years ended December 31 follows:

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Investment and insurance commissions	$	3,268	$	3,456	$	2,898
ATM fees	1,650		1,683		1,216
Bank owned life insurance	834		474		360
Other	6,465		6,866		6,263
Total other non-interest income	$	12,217	$	12,479	$	10,737

NOTE 16 – DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

We are required to record derivatives on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as assets and liabilities measured at their fair value. The accounting for increases and decreases in the value of derivatives depends upon the use of derivatives and whether the derivatives qualify for hedge accounting.

Our derivative financial instruments according to the type of hedge in which they are designated at December 31 follow:

	2024
	Notional<br>Amount		Average<br>Maturity<br>(years)	Fair<br>Value
	(Dollars in thousands)
Fair value hedge designation
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreement - commercial	$	5,647	4.4	$	361
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - securities available for sale	148,895		2.8	13,265
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - installment	100,000		2.4	77
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - mortgage	147,000		2.2	283
Interest rate cap agreements - securities available for sale	40,970		3.3	334
Total	$	442,512	2.6	$	14,320
Cash flow hedge designation
Interest rate floor agreements - commercial	$	375,000	2.3	$	3,642
Interest rate floor agreements - short-term funding liabilities	25,000		3.4	312
Total	$	400,000	2.1	$	3,954
No hedge designation
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments	$	12,703	0.1	$	100
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans	19,874		0.1	62
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - commercial	538,053		5.0	13,325
Pay-variable interest rate swap agreements - commercial	538,053		5.0	(13,325)
Total	$	1,108,683	4.9	$	162

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	2023
	Notional<br>Amount		Average<br>Maturity<br>(years)	Fair<br>Value
	(Dollars in thousands)
Fair value hedge designation
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreement - commercial	$	6,033	5.4	$	349
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - securities available for sale	148,895		3.9	15,287
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - installment	100,000		3.4	(1,228)
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - mortgage	100,000		4.3	(2,131)
Interest rate cap agreements - securities available for sale	40,970		4.3	456
Total	$	395,898	3.9	$	12,733
Cash flow hedge designation
Interest rate floor agreements - commercial	$	150,000	3.5	$	4,221
No hedge designation
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments	$	18,081	0.1	$	173
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans	30,442		0.1	(279)
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - commercial	379,012		5.9	7,169
Pay-variable interest rate swap agreements - commercial	379,012		5.9	(7,169)
Total	$	806,547	5.5	$	(106)

We have established management objectives and strategies that include interest-rate risk parameters for maximum fluctuations in net interest income and market value of portfolio equity. We monitor our interest rate risk position via simulation modeling reports. The goal of our asset/liability management efforts is to maintain profitable financial leverage within established risk parameters.

We have entered into pay-fixed interest rate swaps and caps to protect a portion of the fair value of a certain fixed rate commercial loan and certain mortgage and installment loans (‘‘Fair Value Hedge – Portfolio Loans’’). As a result, changes in the fair values of the pay-fixed interest rate swaps and caps are expected to offset changes in the fair values of the fixed rate portfolio loans due to fluctuations in interest rates. We record the fair values of Fair Value Hedge – Portfolio Loans in accrued income and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The hedged items (a fixed rate commercial loan and certain fixed rate mortgage and installment loans) are also recorded at fair value which offsets the adjustment to the Fair Value Hedge – Portfolio Loans. On an ongoing basis, we adjust our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition to reflect the then current fair values of both the Fair Value Hedge – Portfolio Loans and the hedged items. The related gains or losses are reported in interest income – interest and fees on loans in our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. During the second quarter of 2023 we terminated the interest rate cap that was previously hedging certain installment loans. The remaining unrealized gain on this terminated interest cap is being amortized into earnings over the original life of the interest rate cap.

We have entered into pay-fixed interest rate swaps and interest rate cap agreements to protect a portion of the fair value of certain securities available for sale (‘‘Fair Value Hedge – AFS Securities’’). As a result, the change in the fair value of the pay-fixed interest rate swaps and interest rate cap agreements is expected to offset a portion of the change in the fair value of the fixed rate securities available for sale due to fluctuations in interest rates. We record the fair value of Fair Value Hedge – AFS Securities in accrued income and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The hedged items (fixed rate securities available for sale) are also recorded at fair value which offsets the adjustment to the Fair Value Hedge – AFS Securities. On an ongoing basis, we adjust our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition to reflect the then current fair value of both the Fair Value Hedge – AFS Securities and the hedged item. The related gains or losses are reported in interest income – interest on securities – tax-exempt in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

We have entered into interest rate floor agreements to manage the variability in future expected cash flows of certain commercial loans (‘‘Cash Flow Hedge – Portfolio Loans’’). We record the fair value of Cash Flow Hedge – Portfolio Loans in accrued income and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The changes in the fair value of Cash Flow Hedge - Portfolio Loans are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss and are reclassified into the line item in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in which the hedged items are recorded in the same period the hedged items affect earnings.

We have entered into interest an rate cap agreement to manage the variability in future expected cash flows of certain short-term funding liabilities (‘‘Cash Flow Hedge – Short-term Funding Liabilities’’). We record the fair value of Cash Flow Hedge – Short-term Funding Liabilities in accrued income and other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The changes in the fair value of Cash Flow Hedge - Short-term Funding Liabilities are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss and are reclassified into the line item in our Consolidated Statements of Operations in which the hedged items are recorded in the same period the hedged items affect earnings.

For Cash Flow Hedges, it is anticipated that as of December 31, 2024, $1.8 million will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss on as a reduction to earnings over the next twelve months. The maximum term of any Cash Flow Hedge at December 31, 2024 is 3.7 years.

Certain derivative financial instruments have not been designated as hedges. The fair value of these derivative financial instruments has been recorded on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and is adjusted on an ongoing basis to reflect their then current fair value. The changes in fair value of derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges are recognized in earnings.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into rate-lock mortgage loan commitments with customers (‘‘Rate-Lock Commitments’’). These commitments expose us to interest rate risk. We also enter into mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans (‘‘Mandatory Commitments’’) to reduce the impact of price fluctuations of mortgage loans held for sale and Rate-Lock Commitments. Mandatory Commitments help protect our loan sale profit margin from fluctuations in interest rates. The changes in the fair value of Rate Lock Commitments and Mandatory Commitments are recognized currently as part of net gains on mortgage loans in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. We obtain market prices on Mandatory Commitments and Rate-Lock Commitments. Net gains on mortgage loans, as well as net income, may be more volatile as a result of these derivative instruments, which are not designated as hedges.

We have a program that allows commercial loan customers to lock in a fixed rate for a longer period of time than we would normally offer for interest rate risk reasons. We will enter into a variable rate commercial loan and an interest rate swap agreement with a customer and then enter into an offsetting interest rate swap agreement with an unrelated party. The interest rate swap agreement fair values will generally move in opposite directions resulting in little or no net impact on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. All of the interest rate swap agreements-commercial with no hedge designation in the table above relate to this program.

We had entered into a no hedge designation pay-variable interest rate swap agreement in an attempt to manage the cost of certain funding liabilities. The changes in fair value of this no hedge pay-variable interest rate swap is recorded in non-interest expense-other in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. This no hedge designation pay-variable interest rate swap agreement matured during the third quarter of 2023.

We had purchased a swaption agreement during 2021 in an attempt to reduce the impact of price fluctuations of certain mortgage construction loans held for sale. The swaption agreement is presented as "Interest rate swaption agreement" in the table below. The swaption agreement terminated during 2022. The changes in the fair value of the swaption agreement was recognized currently as part of net gains on mortgage loans in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

In prior years we had entered into certain interest rate cap agreements to manage the variability in future expected cash flows of certain debt obligations. The no hedge designation "Interest rate cap agreements" in the table below had previously qualified for cash flow hedge accounting but were classified to a no hedge designation during 2020 and any changes in fair value since the transfers to the no hedge designation had been recognized in interest expense – other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures in our Consolidated Statements of Operations since that time. Also in 2020 it became probable that the forecasted transactions being hedged by these interest rate cap agreements would not occur by the end of the originally specified time period and all remaining unrealized losses included as a component of

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were reclassified into earnings at that time. In 2022 we terminated $75.0 million of interest rate caps while $15.0 million matured.

The following table illustrates the impact that the derivative financial instruments discussed above have on individual line items in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition for the periods presented:

Fair Values of Derivative Instruments

	Asset Derivatives						Liability Derivatives
	December 31,						December 31,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
	Balance<br>Sheet<br>Location	Fair<br>Value		Balance<br>Sheet<br>Location	Fair<br>Value		Balance<br>Sheet<br>Location	Fair<br>Value		Balance<br>Sheet<br>Location	Fair<br>Value
	(In thousands)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements	Other assets	$	14,336	Other assets	$	15,636	Other liabilities	$	350	Other liabilities	$	3,359
Interest rate cap agreements	Other assets	334		Other assets	456		Other liabilities	—		Other liabilities	—
Interest rate floor agreements	Other assets	3,954		Other assets	4,221		Other liabilities	—		Other liabilities	—
		18,624			20,313			350			3,359
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments	Other assets	100		Other assets	173		Other liabilities	—		Other liabilities	—
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans	Other assets	62		Other assets	—		Other liabilities	—		Other liabilities	279
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - commercial	Other assets	15,799		Other assets	12,683		Other liabilities	2,474		Other liabilities	5,514
Pay-variable interest rate swap agreements - commercial	Other assets	2,474		Other assets	5,514		Other liabilities	15,799		Other liabilities	12,683
		18,435			18,370			18,273			18,476
Total derivatives		$	37,059		$	38,683		$	18,623		$	21,835

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

The effect of derivative financial instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations follows:

Year Ended December 31,
	Gain (loss) Recognized<br>in Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Income (Loss)<br>(Effective Portion)						Location of<br><br>Gain (Loss)<br><br>Reclassified<br><br>from<br><br>Accumulated<br><br>Other<br><br>Comprehensive<br><br>Income (Loss)<br><br>into Income<br><br>(Effective<br><br>Portion)		Loss<br>Reclassified from<br>Accumulated Other<br>Comprehensive<br>Income (Loss) into Income<br>(Effective Portion)								Location of<br>Gain (Loss)<br>Recognized<br>in Income		Gain (Loss)<br>Recognized<br>in Income
	2024		2023		2022			2024			2023			2022				2024			2023			2022
	(In thousands)
Fair Value Hedges
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreement - commercial																	Interest and fees on loans		$	12		$	(98)		$	831
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreement - securities available for sale																	Interest on securities		(2,022)			(4,619)			15,493
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreement - installment																	Interest and fees on loans		1,305			(1,305)			77
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - Mortgage																	Interest and fees on loans		2,414			(2,131)			—
Interest rate cap agreements - securities available for sale	$	23	$	(848)	$	—	Interest on securities		$	(167)		$	(262)		$	—	Interest on securities		(145)			90			—
Interest rate cap agreements - installment	—		—		—		Interest and fees on loans		—			—			—		Interest and fees on loans		—			(14)			—
Total	$	23	$	(848)	$	—			$	(167)		$	(262)		$	—			$	1,564		$	(8,077)		$	16,401
Cash Flow Hedges
Interest rate floor agreements - commercial	$	(4,223)	$	635	$	—	Interest and fees on loans		$	(1,199)		$	(175)		$	—	Interest and fees on loans		$	(1,199)		$	(175)		$	—
Interest rate floor agreements - short-term funding liabilities	(12)		—		—		Interest expense		—			—			—		Interest expense		—			—			—
Total	$	(4,235)	$	635	$	—			$	(1,199)		$	(175)		$	—			$	(1,199)		$	(175)		$	—
No hedge designation
Rate-lock mortgage loan commitments																	Net gains on mortgage loans		$	(73)		$	1,229		$	(3,196)
Mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans																	Net gains on mortgage loans		341			(594)			383
Pay-fixed interest rate swap agreements - commercial																	Interest income		6,156			(9,894)			22,242
Pay-variable interest rate swap agreements -commercial																	Interest income		(6,156)			9,894			(22,242)
Interest rate swaption agreement																	Net gains on mortgage loans		—			—			(186)
Pay-variable interest rate swap agreement																	Non-interest expense -<br><br>other		—			(12)			—
Interest rate cap agreements																	Interest expense		—			—			245
Total																			$	268		$	623		$	(2,754)

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

NOTE 17 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Certain directors and executive officers, including companies in which they are officers or have significant ownership, were loan and deposit customers during 2024 and 2023.

A summary of loans to our directors and executive officers (which includes loans to entities in which the individual owns a 10% or more voting interest) for the years ended December 31 follows:

	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
Balance at beginning of year	$	7,373	$	7,742
New loans and advances	237		478
Repayments	(3,672)		(847)
Balance at end of year	$	3,938	$	7,373

We had $1.39 million and $1.69 million in loan commitments to directors and executive officers at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Of these commitments, $0.01 million and $0.03 million were outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and included in the table above.

Deposits held by us for directors and executive officers totaled $1.5 million and $2.9 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

NOTE 18 – LEASES

We have entered into leases in the normal course of business primarily for office facilities, some of which include renewal options and escalation clauses. Certain leases also include both lease components (fixed payments including rent, taxes and insurance costs) and non-lease components (common area or other maintenance costs) which are accounted for as a single lease component as we have elected the practical expedient to group lease and non-lease components together for all leases. We have also elected not to recognize leases with original lease terms of 12 months or less (short-term leases) on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Most of our leases include one or more options to renew. The exercise of lease renewal options is typically at our sole discretion and are included in our right of use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities if they are reasonably certain of exercise.

Leases are classified as operating or finance leases at the lease commencement date (we did not have any finance leases as of December 31, 2024). Lease expense for operating leases and short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of the lease payment over the lease term.

As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of the lease payments.

The cost components of our operating leases follows:

	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Operating lease cost	$	1,385	$	1,436	$	1,636
Variable lease cost	44		97		78
Short-term lease cost	91		94		91
Total	$	1,520	$	1,627	$	1,805

Variable lease costs consist primarily of taxes, insurance, and common area or other maintenance costs for our leased facilities.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Supplemental balance sheet information related to our operating leases follows:

	2024			2023
	(In thousands)
Lease right of use asset (1)	$	5,971		$	4,911
Lease liabilities (2)	$	6,338		$	5,114
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)	7.07			6.03
Weighted average discount rate	3.7		%	2.7		%

(1)Included in Accrued income and other assets in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

(2)Included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities in our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

Maturity analysis of our lease liabilities at December 31, 2024 based on required contractual payments follows:

	(In thousands)
2025	$	1,309
2026	1,127
2027	988
2028	938
2029	792
2030 and thereafter	2,197
Total lease payments	7,351
Less imputed interest	(1,013)
Total	$	6,338

NOTE 19 – CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK

Credit risk is the risk to earnings and capital arising from an obligor’s failure to meet the terms of any contract with our organization or otherwise failing to perform as agreed. Credit risk can occur outside of our traditional lending activities and can exist in any activity where success depends on counterparty, issuer or borrower performance. Concentrations of credit risk (whether on- or off-balance sheet) arising from financial instruments can exist in relation to individual borrowers or groups of borrowers, certain types of collateral, certain types of industries or certain geographic regions. Credit risk associated with these concentrations could arise when a significant amount of loans or other financial instruments, related by similar characteristics, are simultaneously impacted by changes in economic or other conditions that cause their probability of repayment or other type of settlement to be adversely affected. Our major concentrations of credit risk arise by collateral type and by industry. The significant concentrations by collateral type at December 31, 2024, include $1.464 billion of loans secured by residential real estate and $322.1 million of construction and land development loans.

Additionally, within our commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loan classes, we had significant standard industry classification concentrations in the following categories as of December 31, 2024: Lessors of Nonresidential Real Estate ($362.6 million); Construction ($186.2 million); Health Care and Social Assistance ($156.8 million); Lessors of Residential Real Estate ($154.5 million); Accommodation and Food Services ($151.0 million); and Manufacturing ($107.0 million). A geographic concentration arises because we primarily conduct our lending activities in the State of Michigan.

NOTE 20 – REGULATORY MATTERS

Capital guidelines adopted by federal and state regulatory agencies and restrictions imposed by law limit the amount of cash dividends our Bank can pay to us. Under these guidelines, the amount of dividends that may be paid in any calendar year is limited to the Bank’s current year net profits, combined with the retained net profits of the preceding two years. Further, the Bank cannot pay a dividend at any time that it has negative undivided profits. As of December 31, 2024, the

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Bank had positive undivided profits of $222.1 million. It is not our intent to have dividends paid in amounts that would reduce the capital of our Bank to levels below those which we consider prudent or that would not be in accordance with guidelines of regulatory authorities.

We are also subject to various regulatory capital requirements. The prompt corrective action regulations establish quantitative measures to ensure capital adequacy and require minimum amounts and ratios of total, Tier 1, and common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets and Tier 1 capital to average assets. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory, and possibly discretionary, actions by regulators that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. In addition, capital adequacy rules include a common equity Tier 1 capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of risk-weighted assets that applies to all supervised financial institutions. To avoid limits on capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments we must meet the minimum ratio for adequately capitalized institutions plus the buffer. Under capital adequacy guidelines, we must meet specific capital requirements that involve quantitative measures as well as qualitative judgments by the regulators. The most recent regulatory filings as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, have our Bank categorized as well capitalized and exceeding the minimum ratio for adequately capitalized institutions plus the capital conservation buffer. Management is not aware of any conditions or events that would have changed the most recent Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (‘‘FDIC’’) categorization.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Our actual capital amounts and ratios at December 31 follow(1):

		Actual						Minimum for<br>Adequately Capitalized<br>Institutions						Minimum for<br>Well-Capitalized<br>Institutions
	Amount			Ratio			Amount			Ratio			Amount			Ratio
		(Dollars in thousands)
2024
Total capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated		$	622,444		14.22	%		$	350,113		8.00	%		NA			NA
Independent Bank		567,254			12.99			349,335			8.00			$	436,668		10.00	%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated		$	527,616		12.06	%		$	262,585		6.00	%		NA			NA
Independent Bank		512,546			11.74			262,001			6.00			$	349,335		8.00	%
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated		$	489,044		11.17	%		$	196,939		4.50	%		NA			NA
Independent Bank		512,546			11.74			196,501			4.50			$	283,834		6.50	%
Tier 1 capital to average assets
Consolidated		$	527,616		9.85	%		$	214,332		4.00	%		NA			NA
Independent Bank		512,546			9.58			214,112			4.00			$	267,640		5.00	%
2023
Total capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated		$	573,972		13.71	%		$	335,014		8.00	%		NA			NA
Independent Bank		521,374			12.46			334,673			8.00			$	418,341		10.00	%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated		$	481,569		11.50	%		$	251,260		6.00	%		NA			NA
Independent Bank		469,023			11.21			251,005			6.00			$	334,673		8.00	%
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
Consolidated		$	443,065		10.58	%		$	188,445		4.50	%		NA			NA
Independent Bank		469,023			11.21			188,254			4.50			$	271,922		6.50	%
Tier 1 capital to average assets
Consolidated		$	481,569		9.03	%		$	213,227		4.00	%		NA			NA
Independent Bank		469,023			8.80			213,180			4.00			$	266,475		5.00	%

_______________________________

(1)	These ratios do not reflect a capital conservation buffer of 2.50% at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

NA - Not applicable

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

The components of our regulatory capital are as follows:

		Consolidated						Independent Bank
	December 31,						December 31,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
		(In thousands)
Total shareholders’ equity		$	454,686		$	404,449		$	478,188		$	430,407
Add (deduct)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss for regulatory purposes		64,146			66,344			64,146			66,344
Goodwill and other intangibles		(29,788)			(30,304)			(29,788)			(30,304)
CECL (1)		—			2,576			—			2,576
Common equity tier 1 capital		489,044			443,065			512,546			469,023
Qualifying trust preferred securities		38,572			38,504			—			—
Tier 1 capital		527,616			481,569			512,546			469,023
Subordinated debt		40,000			40,000			—			—
Allowance for credit losses and allowance for unfunded lending commitments limited to 1.25% of total risk-weighted assets		54,828			52,403			54,708			52,351
Total risk-based capital		$	622,444		$	573,972		$	567,254		$	521,374		(1)	We elected the three years CECL transition method for regulatory purposes.
---	---

NOTE 21 – FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES

FASB ASC topic 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. FASB ASC topic 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value.

The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. Level 1 instruments include securities traded on active exchange markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange, as well as U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter markets.

Level 2: Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market. Level 2 instruments include securities traded in less active dealer or broker markets.

Level 3: Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.

We used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate fair value:

Securities: Where quoted market prices are available in an active market, securities are classified as Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. We currently do not have any Level 1 securities. If quoted market prices are not available for the specific security, then fair values are estimated by (1) using quoted market prices of securities with similar characteristics,

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

(2) matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices, or (3) a discounted cash flow analysis whose significant fair value inputs can generally be verified and do not typically involve judgment by management. These securities are classified as Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy and primarily include agency securities, private label mortgage-backed securities, other asset backed securities, obligations of states and political subdivisions, trust preferred securities, corporate securities and foreign government securities.

Loans held for sale: The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale, carried at fair value is based on agency cash window loan pricing for comparable assets (recurring Level 2).

Collateral dependent loans with specific loss allocations based on collateral value: From time to time, certain collateral dependent loans will have an ACL established. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an appraised value or when an appraised value is not available we record the collateral dependent loan as nonrecurring Level 3. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments can be significant and thus will typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Other real estate: At the time of acquisition, other real estate is recorded at fair value, less estimated costs to sell, which becomes the property’s new basis. Subsequent write-downs to reflect declines in value since the time of acquisition may occur from time to time and are recorded in net gains on other real estate and repossessed assets, which is part of non-interest expense - other in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of the property used at and subsequent to the time of acquisition is typically determined by a third party appraisal of the property. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments can be significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Appraisals for both collateral-dependent loans and other real estate are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by us. Once received, an independent third party, or a member of our Collateral Evaluation Department (for commercial properties), or a member of our Special Assets Group (for residential properties) reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value in comparison with independent data sources such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics. We compare the actual selling price of collateral that has been sold to the most recent appraised value of our properties to determine what additional adjustment, if any, should be made to the appraisal value to arrive at fair value. For commercial and residential properties we typically discount an appraisal to account for various factors that the appraisal excludes in its assumptions. These additional discounts generally do not result in material adjustments to the appraised value.

Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights: The fair value of capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights is based on a valuation model used by an independent third party that calculates the present value of estimated net servicing income. The valuation model incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income. Certain model assumptions are generally unobservable and are based upon the best information available including data relating to our own servicing portfolio, reviews of mortgage servicing assumption and valuation surveys and input from various mortgage servicers and, therefore, are recorded as Level 3. Management evaluates the third party valuation for reasonableness each quarter as part of our financial reporting control processes.

Derivatives: The fair value of rate-lock mortgage loan commitments is based on agency cash window loan pricing for comparable assets and the fair value of mandatory commitments to sell mortgage loans is based on mortgage backed security pricing for comparable assets (recurring Level 2). The fair value of interest rate swap, interest rate cap and interest rate floor agreements are derived from proprietary models which utilize current market data. The significant fair value inputs can generally be observed in the market place and do not typically involve judgment by management (recurring Level 2).

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including financial assets for which we have elected the fair value option, were as follows:

			Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value<br>Measure-<br>ments		Quoted Prices<br>in Active<br>Markets <br>for<br>Identical<br>Assets<br>(Level 1)		Significant<br>Other<br>Observable<br>Inputs<br>(Level 2)		Significant<br>Un-<br>observable<br>Inputs<br>(Level 3)
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2024:
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets
Securities available for sale
U.S. agency	$	8,159	$	—	$	8,159	$	—
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed	71,137		—		71,137		—
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed	11,641		—		11,641		—
Private label mortgage-backed	70,035		—		70,035		—
Other asset backed	38,516		—		38,516		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	288,791		—		288,791		—
Corporate	69,921		—		69,921		—
Trust preferred	982		—		982		—
Loans held for sale, carried at fair value	7,643		—		7,643		—
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights	46,796		—		—		46,796
Derivatives (1)	37,059		—		37,059		—
Liabilities
Derivatives (2)	18,623		—		18,623		—
Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis:
Assets
Collateral dependent loans (3)
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	4,205		—		—		4,205
Commercial real estate	132		—		—		132
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo	627		—		—		627
1-4 family - 2nd lien	170		—		—		170
Resort lending	92		—		—		92
Installment
Boat lending	56		—		—		56
Recreational vehicle lending	172		—		—		172
Other	59		—		—		59

______________________________________

| (1) | Included in accrued income and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. | | --- | --- || (2) | Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. | | --- | --- || (3) | Only includes individually evaluated loans with specific loss allocations based on collateral value. | | --- | --- |

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

			Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value<br>Measure-<br>ments		Quoted Prices<br>in Active<br>Markets<br>for<br>Identical<br>Assets<br>(Level 1)		Significant<br>Other<br>Observable<br>Inputs<br>(Level 2)		Significant<br>Un-<br>observable<br>Inputs<br>(Level 3)
	(In thousands)
December 31, 2023:
Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets
Securities available for sale
U.S. agency	$	9,507	$	—	$	9,507	$	—
U.S. agency residential mortgage-backed	81,217		—		81,217		—
U.S. agency commercial mortgage-backed	12,297		—		12,297		—
Private label mortgage-backed	86,469		—		86,469		—
Other asset backed	112,931		—		112,931		—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	302,737		—		302,737		—
Corporate	73,250		—		73,250		—
Trust preferred	942		—		942		—
Loans held for sale, carried at fair value	12,063		—		12,063		—
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights	42,243		—		—		42,243
Derivatives (1)	38,683		—		38,683		—
Liabilities
Derivatives (2)	21,835		—		21,835		—
Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis:
Assets
Collateral dependent loans (3)
Commercial
Commercial and industrial	551		—		—		551
Mortgage
1-4 family owner occupied - non-jumbo	732		—		—		732
1-4 family non-owner occupied	33		—		—		33
1-4 family - 2nd lien	157		—		—		157
Resort lending	92		—		—		92
Installment
Boat lending	192		—		—		192
Recreational vehicle lending	196		—		—		196
Other	66		—		—		66

________________________________________

| (1) | Included in accrued income and other assets in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. | | --- | --- || (2) | Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. | | --- | --- || (3) | Only includes individually evaluated loans with specific loss allocations based on collateral value. | | --- | --- |

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Changes in fair values of financial assets for which we have elected the fair value option for the years ended December 31 were as follows:

	Net Gains (Losses) <br>on Assets -Mortgage<br>Loans		Mortgage<br>Loan<br>Servicing, net		Total<br>Change<br>in Fair<br>Values<br>Included <br>in Current<br>Period<br>Earnings
	(In thousands)
2024
Loans held for sale	$	139	$	—	$	139
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights	—		533		533
2023
Loans held for sale	2,281		—		2,281
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights	—		(4,202)		(4,202)
2022
Loans held for sale	(3,393)		—		(3,393)
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights	—		10,196		10,196

For those items measured at fair value pursuant to our election of the fair value option, interest income is recorded within the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on the contractual amount of interest income earned on these financial assets and dividend income is recorded based on cash dividends received.

The following represent impairment charges recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 relating to assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis:

•Loans that are individually evaluated using the fair value of collateral for collateral dependent loans had a carrying amount of $5.5 million, which is net of a valuation allowance of $2.3 million at December 31, 2024, and had a carrying amount of $2.0 million, which is net of a valuation allowance of $1.3 million at December 31, 2023. An additional provision for credit losses relating to these collateral dependent loans of $0.2 million, $1.1 million and $1.5 million was included in our results of operations for the years ending December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

A reconciliation for all assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ended December 31 follows:

	Capitalized Mortgage<br>Loan Servicing Rights
	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Beginning balance	$	42,243	$	42,489	$	26,232
Total losses realized and unrealized:
Included in results of operations	533		(4,202)		10,196
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		—
Purchases, issuances, settlements, maturities and calls	4,020		3,956		6,061
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3	—		—		—
Ending balance	$	46,796	$	42,243	$	42,489
Amount of total losses for the period included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized losses relating to assets and liabilities still held at December 31	$	533	$	(4,202)	$	10,196

The fair value of our capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights has been determined based on a valuation model used by an independent third party as discussed above. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights are discount rate, cost to service, ancillary income, float rate and prepayment rate. Significant changes in all five of these assumptions in isolation would result in significant changes to the value of our capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights. Quantitative information about our Level 3 fair value measurements measured on a recurring basis follows:

	Asset<br>Fair<br>Value		Valuation<br>Technique	Unobservable<br>Inputs	Range	Weighted<br>Average
	(In thousands)
2024
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights	$	46,796	Present value of net servicing revenue	Discount rate	10.00% to 19.15%	10.37		%
				Cost to service	70 to 817	$	79
				Ancillary income	20 to 30	20
				Float rate	4.33	4.33		%
				Prepayment rate	5.40% to 28.28%	7.54		%
2023
Capitalized mortgage loan servicing rights	$	42,243	Present value of net servicing revenue	Discount rate	10.00% to 14.27%	10.25		%
				Cost to service	70 to 442	$	79
				Ancillary income	20 to 30	20
				Float rate	3.82	3.82		%
				Prepayment rate	6.56% to 26.47%	8.50		%

All values are in US Dollars.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements measured on a non-recurring basis follows:

	Asset<br>Fair<br>Value		Valuation<br>Technique	Unobservable<br>Inputs	Range	Weighted<br>Average
	(In thousands)
2024
Collateral dependent loans
Commercial	$	4,337	Discounting financial statement and machinery and equipment appraised values	Discount rates used	45.0% to 55.0%	50.5	%
			Sales comparison approach	Adjustment for differences between comparable sales	(20.0)% to 35.0%	(1.4)	%
Mortgage and Installment (1)	1,176		Sales comparison approach	Adjustment for differences between comparable sales	(22.0) to 21.7	(0.4)
2023
Collateral dependent loans
Commercial	$	551	Sales comparison approach	Adjustment for differences between comparable sales	(5.0)% to 6.0%	(0.4)	%
Mortgage and Installment (1)	1,468		Sales comparison approach	Adjustment for differences between comparable sales	(4.1) to 10.5	3.1

______________________________________

(1)	In addition to the valuation techniques and unobservable inputs discussed above, at December 31, 2024 and 2023 certain collateral dependent installment loans totaling approximately $0.29 million and $0.45 million are secured by collateral other than real estate. For the majority of these loans, we apply internal discount rates to industry valuation guides.

The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding for loans held for sale for which the fair value option has been elected at December 31:

	Aggregate<br>Fair Value		Difference		Contractual<br>Principal
	(In thousands)
Loans held for sale
2024	$	7,643	$	78	$	7,565
2023	12,063		(61)		12,124
2022	26,518		(2,342)		28,860

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

NOTE 22 – FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Most of our assets and liabilities are considered financial instruments. Many of these financial instruments lack an available trading market and it is our general practice and intent to hold the majority of our financial instruments to maturity. Significant estimates and assumptions were used to determine the fair value of financial instruments. These estimates are subjective in nature, involving uncertainties and matters of judgment, and therefore, fair values may not be a precise estimate. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Estimated fair values have been determined using available data and methodologies that are considered suitable for each category of financial instrument. For instruments with adjustable interest rates which reprice frequently and without significant credit risk, it is presumed that estimated fair values approximate the recorded book balances.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

The estimated recorded book balances and fair values at December 31 follow:

					Fair Value Using
	Recorded<br>Book<br>Balance		Fair Value		Quoted<br> Prices<br>in Active<br>Markets <br>for<br>Identical<br>Assets<br>(Level 1)		Significant<br>Other<br>Observable<br>Inputs<br>(Level 2)		Significant<br>Un-<br>observable<br>Inputs<br>(Level 3)
	(In thousands)
2024
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	56,984	$	56,984	$	56,984	$	—	$	—
Interest bearing deposits	62,898		62,898		62,898		—		—
Securities available for sale	559,182		559,182		—		559,182		—
Securities held to maturity	339,436		301,860		—		301,860		—
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock	16,099		NA		NA		NA		NA
Net loans and loans held for sale	3,987,089		3,772,862		—		7,643		3,765,219
Accrued interest receivable	19,113		19,113		46		5,606		13,461
Derivative financial instruments	37,059		37,059		—		37,059		—
Liabilities
Deposits with no stated maturity (1)	$	3,806,185	$	3,806,185	$	3,806,185	$	—	$	—
Deposits with stated maturity (1)	847,903		845,534		—		845,534		—
Other borrowings	45,009		44,996		—		44,996		—
Subordinated debt	39,586		40,412		—		40,412		—
Subordinated debentures	39,796		40,235		—		40,235		—
Accrued interest payable	3,109		3,109		374		2,735		—
Derivative financial instruments	18,623		18,623		—		18,623		—
2023
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	68,208	$	68,208	$	68,208	$	—	$	—
Interest bearing deposits	101,573		101,573		101,573		—		—
Securities available for sale	679,350		679,350		—		679,350		—
Securities held to maturity	353,988		318,606		—		318,606		—
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock	16,821		NA		NA		NA		NA
Net loans and loans held for sale	3,748,306		3,453,790		—		12,063		3,441,727
Accrued interest receivable	19,044		19,044		58		6,486		12,500
Derivative financial instruments	38,683		38,683		—		38,683		—
Liabilities
Deposits with no stated maturity (1)	$	3,704,808	$	3,704,808	$	3,704,808	$	—	$	—
Deposits with stated maturity (1)	918,071		914,404		—		914,404		—
Other borrowings	50,026		49,831		—		49,831		—
Subordinated debt	39,510		40,352		—		40,352		—
Subordinated debentures	39,728		38,103		—		38,103		—
Accrued interest payable	6,534		6,534		482		6,052		—
Derivative financial instruments	21,835		21,835		—		21,835		—

NA – Not applicable

(1)	Deposits with no stated maturity include reciprocal deposits with a recorded book balance of $797.224 million and $723.014 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Deposits with a stated maturity include reciprocal deposits with a recorded book balance of $109.807 million and $109.006 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

The fair values for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are estimated to approximate their aggregate book balance, which is nominal, and therefore are not disclosed.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale the entire holdings of a particular financial instrument.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business, the value of future earnings attributable to off-balance sheet activities and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments.

Fair value estimates for deposit accounts do not include the value of the core deposit intangible asset resulting from the low-cost funding provided by the deposit liabilities compared to the cost of borrowing funds in the market.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

NOTE 23 – ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

A summary of changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (‘‘AOCIL’’), net of tax during the years ended December 31 follows:

	Unrealized<br>Gains<br>(Losses) on<br>Securities<br>AFS		Unrealized Losses on Securities Transferred to Securities HTM (1)		Dispropor-<br>tionate<br>Tax Effects<br>from<br>Securities<br>AFS		Unrealized<br><br>Gains (Losses) on<br><br>Derivative Instruments		Total
	(In thousands)
2024
Balances at beginning of period	$	(51,113)	$	(15,408)	$	(5,798)	$	177	$	(72,142)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	1,474		2,633		—		(3,326)		781
Amounts reclassified from AOCIL	338		—		—		1,079		1,417
Net current period other comprehensive income	1,812		2,633		—		(2,247)		2,198
Balances at end of period	$	(49,301)	$	(12,775)	$	(5,798)	$	(2,070)	$	(69,944)
2023
Balances at beginning of period	$	(68,742)	$	(18,223)	$	(5,798)	$	—	$	(92,763)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	17,454		2,815		—		(168)		20,101
Amounts reclassified from AOCIL	175		—		—		345		520
Net current period other comprehensive income	17,629		2,815		—		177		20,621
Balances at end of period	$	(51,113)	$	(15,408)	$	(5,798)	$	177	$	(72,142)
2022
Balances at beginning of period	$	6,299	$	—	$	(5,798)	$	—	$	501
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	(75,258)		(18,223)		—		—		(93,481)
Amounts reclassified from AOCIL	217		—		—		—		217
Net current period other comprehensive loss	(75,041)		(18,223)		—		—		(93,264)
Balances at end of period	$	(68,742)	$	(18,223)	$	(5,798)	$	—	$	(92,763)

(1)Represents the remaining unrealized loss to be accreted on securities that were transferred from AFS to HTM on April 1, 2022.

The disproportionate tax effects from securities AFS arose primarily due to tax effects of other comprehensive income (‘‘OCI’’) in the presence of a valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets and a pretax loss from operations. Generally, the amount of income tax expense or benefit allocated to operations is determined without regard to the tax effects of other categories of income or loss, such as OCI. However, an exception to the general rule is provided when, in the presence of a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets, there is a pretax loss from operations and pretax income from other categories in the current period. In such instances, income from other categories must offset the current loss from operations, the tax benefit of such offset being reflected in operations. Release of material disproportionate tax effects

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

from other comprehensive income to earnings is done by the portfolio method whereby the effects will remain in AOCIL as long as we carry a more than inconsequential portfolio of securities AFS.

A summary of reclassifications out of each component of AOCIL for the years ended December 31 follows:

AOCIL Component	Reclassified<br>From<br>AOCIL		Affected Line Item in <br>Consolidated Statements of Operations
	(In thousands)
2024
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale	$	(428)	Net losses on securities available for sale
	(90)		Income tax expense
	(338)		Reclassifications, net of tax
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments
	(1,366)		Interest income
	(287)		Income tax expense
	(1,079)		Reclassifications, net of tax
	$	(1,417)	Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax
2023
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale	$	(222)	Net losses on securities available for sale
	(47)		Income tax expense
	(175)		Reclassifications, net of tax
Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments
	(437)		Interest income
	(92)		Income tax expense
	(345)		Reclassifications, net of tax
	$	(520)	Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax
2022
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities available for sale	$	(275)	Net losses on securities available for sale
	(58)		Income tax expense
	$	(217)	Reclassifications, net of tax

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

NOTE 24 – INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION (PARENT COMPANY ONLY) FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Presented below are condensed financial statements for our parent company.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

	December 31,
	2024		2023
	(In thousands)
ASSETS
Cash and due from banks	$	9,901	$	6,519
Interest bearing deposits - time	40,000		40,000
Investment in subsidiaries	484,887		436,887
Accrued income and other assets	8,830		4,419
Total Assets	$	543,618	$	487,825
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Subordinated debt	$	39,586	$	39,510
Subordinated debentures	39,796		39,728
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	8,520		3,186
Shareholders’ equity	455,716		405,401
Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity	$	543,618	$	487,825

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
OPERATING INCOME
Dividends from subsidiary	$	25,000	$	24,000	$	30,000
Interest income	1,746		1,317		199
Other income	99		96		54
Total Operating Income	26,845		25,413		30,253
OPERATING EXPENSES
Interest expense	5,818		5,726		4,311
Administrative and other expenses	1,073		1,134		892
Total Operating Expenses	6,891		6,860		5,203
Income Before Income Tax and Equity in Undistributed Net Income of Subsidiaries	19,954		18,553		25,050
Income tax benefit	(1,112)		(1,215)		(1,108)
Income Before Equity in Undistributed Net Income of Subsidiaries	21,066		19,768		26,158
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	45,724		39,299		37,193
Net Income	$	66,790	$	59,067	$	63,351

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
	(In thousands)
Net Income	$	66,790	$	59,067	$	63,351
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE NET INCOME TO NET CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)	72		(56)		(110)
Share based compensation	61		91		95
Accretion of discount on subordinated debt and debentures	144		145		144
(Increase) decrease in accrued income and other assets	(4,483)		1,857		(6,012)
Increase (decrease) in accrued expenses and other liabilities	5,334		(2,862)		5,205
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	(45,724)		(39,299)		(37,193)
Total Adjustments	(44,596)		(40,124)		(37,871)
Net Cash From Operating Activities	22,194		18,943		25,480
CASH FLOW USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of interest bearing deposits - time	(145,000)		(80,000)		(115,000)
Maturity of interest bearing deposits - time	145,000		80,000		115,000
Net Cash Used In Investing Activities	—		—		—
CASH FLOW USED IN FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Dividends paid	(20,045)		(19,327)		(18,565)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	2,284		2,208		2,124
Share based compensation withholding obligation	(1,051)		(650)		(620)
Repurchase of common stock	—		(5,157)		(4,010)
Net Cash Used In Financing Activities	(18,812)		(22,926)		(21,071)
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents	3,382		(3,983)		4,409
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year	6,519		10,502		6,093
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year	$	9,901	$	6,519	$	10,502

NOTE 25 – REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

We account for revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. We derive the majority of our revenue from financial instruments and their related contractual rights and obligations which for the most part are excluded from the scope of this topic. These sources of revenue that are excluded from the scope of this topic include interest income, net gains on mortgage loans, net gains (losses) on securities AFS, mortgage loan servicing, net and bank owned life insurance and were approximately 88.5%, 86.8% and 84.1% of total revenues at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Material sources of revenue that are included in the scope of this topic include service charges on deposit accounts, other deposit related income, interchange income and investment and insurance commissions and are discussed in the following paragraphs. Generally these sources of revenue are earned at the time the service is delivered or over the course of a monthly period and do not result in any contract asset or liability balance at any given period end. As a result, there were no contract assets or liabilities recorded as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Service charges on deposit accounts and other deposit related income: Revenues are earned on depository accounts for commercial and retail customers and include fees for transaction-based, account maintenance and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which includes services such as ATM use fees, stop payment charges and ACH fees are recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the time we fulfill our customer’s request. Account maintenance fees, which includes monthly maintenance services are earned over the course of a month representing the period over which the performance obligation is satisfied. Our obligation for overdraft services is satisfied at the time of the overdraft.

Interchange income: Interchange income primarily includes debit card interchange and network revenues. Debit card interchange and network revenues are earned on debit card transactions conducted through payment networks such as MasterCard and Accel. Interchange income is recognized concurrently with the delivery of services on a daily basis. Interchange and network revenues are presented gross of interchange expenses, which are presented separately as a component of non-interest expense.

Investment and insurance commissions: Investment and insurance commissions include fees and commissions from asset management, custody, recordkeeping, investment advisory and other services provided to our customers. Revenue is recognized on an accrual basis at the time the services are performed and generally based on either the market value of the assets managed or the services provided. We have an agent relationship with a third party provider of these services and net certain direct costs charged by the third party provider associated with providing these services to our customers.

Net (gains) losses on other real estate and repossessed assets: We record a gain or loss from the sale of other real estate when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed. If we were to finance the sale of other real estate to the buyer, we would assess whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether collectability of the transaction is probable. Once these criteria are met, the other real estate asset would be derecognized and the gain or loss on sale would be recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer. There were no other real estate properties sold during 2024, 2023 or 2022 that were financed by us.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

Disaggregation of our revenue sources by attribute for the years ended December 31 follow:

	Service<br>Charges<br>on Deposit<br>Accounts		Other<br>Deposit<br>Related<br>Income		Interchange<br>Income		Investment<br>and<br>Insurance<br>Commissions		Total
2024	(In thousands)
Retail
Overdraft fees	$	9,061	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9,061
Account service charges	2,358		—		—		—		2,358
ATM fees	—		1,601		—		—		1,601
Other	—		772		—		—		772
Business
Overdraft fees	451		—		—		—		451
ATM fees	—		49		—		—		49
Other	—		427		—		—		427
Interchange income	—		—		13,992		—		13,992
Asset management revenue	—		—		—		1,847		1,847
Transaction based revenue	—		—		—		1,421		1,421
Total	$	11,870	$	2,849	$	13,992	$	3,268	$	31,979
Reconciliation to Consolidated Statement of Operations:
Non-interest income - other:
Other deposit related income									$	2,849
Investment and insurance commissions									3,268
Bank owned life insurance (1)									834
Other (1)									5,266
Total									$	12,217

(1) Excluded from the scope of ASC Topic 606.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	Service<br>Charges<br>on Deposit<br>Accounts		Other<br>Deposit<br>Related<br>Income		Interchange<br>Income		Investment<br>and<br>Insurance<br>Commissions		Total
2023	(In thousands)
Retail
Overdraft fees	$	9,686	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9,686
Account service charges	2,162		—		—		—		2,162
ATM fees	—		1,636		—		—		1,636
Other	—		993		—		—		993
Business
Overdraft fees	513		—		—		—		513
ATM fees	—		47		—		—		47
Other	—		414		—		—		414
Interchange income	—		—		13,996		—		13,996
Asset management revenue	—		—		—		1,861		1,861
Transaction based revenue	—		—		—		1,595		1,595
Total	$	12,361	$	3,090	$	13,996	$	3,456	$	32,903
Reconciliation to Consolidated Statement of Operations:
Non-interest income - other:
Other deposit related income									$	3,090
Investment and insurance commissions									3,456
Bank owned life insurance (1)									474
Other (1)									5,459
Total									$	12,479

(1) Excluded from the scope of ASC Topic 606.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	Service<br>Charges<br>on Deposit<br>Accounts		Other<br>Deposit<br>Related<br>Income		Interchange<br>Income		Investment<br>and<br>Insurance<br>Commissions		Total
2022	(In thousands)
Retail
Overdraft fees	$	10,090	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	10,090
Account service charges	1,626		—		—		—		1,626
ATM fees	—		1,186		—		—		1,186
Other	—		972		—		—		972
Business
Overdraft fees	572		—		—		—		572
ATM fees	—		29		—		—		29
Other	—		315		—		—		315
Interchange income	—		—		13,955		—		13,955
Asset management revenue	—		—		—		1,781		1,781
Transaction based revenue	—		—		—		1,117		1,117
Total	$	12,288	$	2,502	$	13,955	$	2,898	$	31,643
Reconciliation to Consolidated Statement of Operations:
Non-interest income - other:
Other deposit related income									$	2,502
Investment and insurance commissions									2,898
Bank owned life insurance (1)									360
Other (1)									4,977
Total									$	10,737

(1) Excluded from the scope of ASC Topic 606.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

NOTE 26 – SEGMENT REPORTING

Independent Bank Corporation is a bank holding company, whose principal activity is the ownership and management of its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Independent Bank. As a community-oriented financial institution, substantially all of our operations involve the delivery of loan and deposit products to customers.

Our reportable segment is determined by the Chief Executive Officer, who is the designated chief operating decision maker, based upon information provided about the products and services we offer, primarily banking operations. The segment is also distinguished by the level of information provided to the chief operating decision maker, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business, which are then aggregated if the operating performance, products/services, and customers are similar. The chief operating decision maker will evaluate the performance of our business components such as evaluating revenue streams, significant expenses, and budget to actual results assessing our segment and in the determination of allocating resources. The chief operating decision maker uses revenue streams to evaluate product pricing and significant expenses to assess performance and evaluate return on assets. The chief operating decision maker uses consolidated net income, earnings per share, and return on average assets to benchmark us against our competitors. The benchmarking analysis coupled with monitoring of budget to actual results are used in assessing performance and in establishing compensation. Loans, investments, and deposits provide the majority of revenues in the banking operation. Interest expense, provisions for credit losses, and compensation and employee benefits provide the significant expenses in the banking operation. All operations are domestic.

Accounting policies for our segment are the same as those described in Note #1 - Accounting Policies. Segment performance is evaluated using consolidated net income, earnings per share, and return on average assets. Information reported internally for performance assessment by the chief operating decision maker is as follows, inclusive of reconciliations of significant segment totals to the consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	2024
	Independent Bank		Other(1)		Eliminations		Total
	(In thousands)
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans	$	228,325	$	—	$	260	$	228,585
Interest on securities	31,983		—		—		31,983
Other investments	6,208		1,746		(1,746)		6,208
Total Interest Income	266,516		1,746		(1,486)		266,776
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits	94,440		—		(1,746)		92,694
Other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures	2,016		5,818		—		7,834
Total Interest Expense	96,456		5,818		(1,746)		100,528
Net Interest Income	170,060		(4,072)		260		166,248
Provision for credit losses	4,468		—		—		4,468
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses	165,592		(4,072)		260		161,780
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Interchange income	13,992		—		—		13,992
Service charges on deposit accounts	11,870		—		—		11,870
Net gains (losses) on mortgage loans	6,374		—		205		6,579
Mortgage loan servicing, net	9,447		—		—		9,447
Other	14,074		1,082		(682)		14,474
Total Non-interest Income	55,757		1,082		(477)		56,362
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and employee benefits	84,580		493		(118)		84,955
Data processing	13,505		74		—		13,579
Occupancy, net	7,782		24		—		7,806
Interchange expense	4,504		—		—		4,504
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	3,759		3		—		3,762
Advertising	3,049		9		—		3,058
FDIC deposit insurance	2,870		—		—		2,870
Legal and professional	2,163		403		—		2,566
Loan and collection	2,474		—		—		2,474
Communications	2,073		22		—		2,095
Other	6,674		753		—		7,427
Total Non-interest Expense	133,433		1,781		(118)		135,096
Income Before Income Tax	87,916		(4,771)		(99)		83,046
Income tax expense	17,334		(1,057)		(21)		16,256
Net Income	$	70,582	$	(3,714)	$	(78)	$	66,790
OTHER SEGMENT DISCLOSURES
Depreciation	$	5,185	$	3	$	—	$	5,188
Amortization	516		—		—		516
Total assets	5,328,488		549,242		(539,626)		5,338,104

(1)    Includes amounts relating to our parent company and certain insignificant operations.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	2023
	Independent Bank		Other(1)		Eliminations		Total
	(In thousands)
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans	$	197,489	$	—	$	236	$	197,725
Interest on securities	36,523		—		—		36,523
Other investments	5,429		1,317		(1,317)		5,429
Total Interest Income	239,441		1,317		(1,081)		239,677
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits	76,392		—		(1,317)		75,075
Other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures	2,547		5,726		—		8,273
Total Interest Expense	78,939		5,726		(1,317)		83,348
Net Interest Income	160,502		(4,409)		236		156,329
Provision for credit losses	6,210		—		—		6,210
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses	154,292		(4,409)		236		150,119
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Interchange income	13,996		—		—		13,996
Service charges on deposit accounts	12,361		—		—		12,361
Net gains (losses) on mortgage loans	7,270		—		166		7,436
Mortgage loan servicing, net	4,626		—		—		4,626
Other	11,867		927		(537)		12,257
Total Non-interest Income	50,120		927		(371)		50,676
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and employee benefits	78,444		609		(88)		78,965
Data processing	11,790		72		—		11,862
Occupancy, net	7,884		24		—		7,908
Interchange expense	4,332		—		—		4,332
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	3,751		5		—		3,756
Advertising	2,156		9		—		2,165
FDIC deposit insurance	3,005		—		—		3,005
Legal and professional	1,748		460		—		2,208
Loan and collection	2,174		—		—		2,174
Communications	2,381		25		—		2,406
Other	7,537		801		—		8,338
Total Non-interest Expense	125,202		2,005		(88)		127,119
Income Before Income Tax	79,210		(5,487)		(47)		73,676
Income tax expense	15,842		(1,223)		(10)		14,609
Net Income	$	63,368	$	(4,264)	$	(37)	$	59,067
OTHER SEGMENT DISCLOSURES
Depreciation	$	5,178	$	5	$	—	$	5,183
Amortization	547		—		—		547
Total assets	5,259,523		493,158		(488,955)		5,263,726

(1)    Includes amounts relating to our parent company and certain insignificant operations.

Table of Contents

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS − (Continued)

	2022
	Independent Bank		Other(1)		Eliminations		Total
	(In thousands)
INTEREST INCOME
Interest and fees on loans	$	138,811	$	—	$	246	$	139,057
Interest on securities	29,067		—		—		29,067
Other investments	884		199		(199)		884
Total Interest Income	168,762		199		47		169,008
INTEREST EXPENSE
Deposits	14,350		—		(199)		14,151
Other borrowings and subordinated debt and debentures	985		4,311		—		5,296
Total Interest Expense	15,335		4,311		(199)		19,447
Net Interest Income	153,427		(4,112)		246		149,561
Provision for credit losses	5,341		—		—		5,341
Net Interest Income After Provision for Credit Losses	148,086		(4,112)		246		144,220
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Interchange income	13,955		—		—		13,955
Service charges on deposit accounts	12,288		—		—		12,288
Net gains (losses) on mortgage loans	5,983		—		448		6,431
Mortgage loan servicing, net	18,773		—		—		18,773
Other	10,087		1,351		(976)		10,462
Total Non-interest Income	61,086		1,351		(528)		61,909
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Compensation and employee benefits	80,466		756		(215)		81,007
Data processing	10,146		37		—		10,183
Occupancy, net	8,883		24		—		8,907
Interchange expense	4,242		—		—		4,242
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	3,999		8		—		4,007
Advertising	2,066		8		—		2,074
FDIC deposit insurance	2,142		—		—		2,142
Legal and professional	1,760		373		—		2,133
Loan and collection	2,657		—		—		2,657
Communications	2,833		38		—		2,871
Other	7,327		791		—		8,118
Total Non-interest Expense	126,521		2,035		(215)		128,341
Income Before Income Tax	82,651		(4,796)		(67)		77,788
Income tax expense	15,526		(1,075)		(14)		14,437
Net Income	$	67,125	$	(3,721)	$	(53)	$	63,351
OTHER SEGMENT DISCLOSURES
Depreciation	$	5,318	$	6	$	—	$	5,324
Amortization	785		—		—		785
Total assets	4,995,759		439,018		(434,990)		4,999,787

(1)    Includes amounts relating to our parent company and certain insignificant operations.

Table of Contents

QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)

A summary of selected quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31 follows:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,		June 30,		September 30,		December 31,
	(In thousands, except per share amounts)
2024
Interest income	$	65,126	$	66,338	$	68,334	$	66,978
Net interest income	40,197		41,346		41,854		42,851
Provision for credit losses	744		19		1,488		2,217
Income before income tax	19,821		23,166		17,291		22,768
Net income	15,991		18,528		13,810		18,461
Net income per common share
Basic	0.77		0.89		0.66		0.88
Diluted	0.76		0.88		0.65		0.87
2023
Interest income	$	53,936	$	57,948	$	62,432	$	65,361
Net interest income	38,441		38,350		39,427		40,111
Provision for credit losses	2,160		3,317		1,350		(617)
Income before income tax	15,875		18,202		21,652		17,947
Net income	12,991		14,790		17,543		13,743
Net income per common share
Basic	0.62		0.70		0.84		0.66
Diluted	0.61		0.70		0.83		0.65

QUARTERLY SUMMARY (UNAUDITED)

	Reported Sales Prices of Common Shares												Cash Dividends<br>Declared
	2024						2023
	High		Low		Close		High		Low		Close		2024		2023
First quarter	$	27.34	$	22.80	$	25.35	$	24.73	$	16.45	$	17.77	$	0.24	$	0.23
Second quarter	27.88		22.53		27.00		19.33		14.90		16.96		0.24		0.23
Third quarter	35.97		25.46		33.35		21.35		16.45		18.34		0.24		0.23
Fourth quarter	40.32		30.95		34.83		26.99		16.90		26.02		0.24		0.23

We have approximately 1,100 holders of record of our common stock. Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market System under the symbol “IBCP.” The prices shown above are supplied by NASDAQ and reflect the inter-dealer prices and may not include retail markups, markdowns or commissions. There may have been transactions or quotations at higher or lower prices of which we are not aware.

In addition to limitations imposed by the provisions of the Michigan Business Corporation Act (which, among other things, limits us from paying dividends to the extent we are insolvent), our ability to pay dividends is limited by our ability to obtain funds from our Bank and by regulatory capital guidelines applicable to us (see note #20).

138

Document

EXHIBIT 19

INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION

INSIDER TRADING POLICY

Purpose: To prevent violations of the federal securities laws as a result of (1) buying or selling the Company's securities or (2) disclosing non-public Company information. Violations can result in both personal and Company liability. This Policy also prohibits directors and Section 16 officers from pledging Company securities as collateral for loans or hedging their economic interest in the Company's securities.

Overview

As a director, officer or employee of Independent Bank Corporation or one of its subsidiaries, you may, from time to time, become aware of certain information and events not otherwise known by the public. The federal securities laws prohibit individuals with access to material information which has not been publicly disseminated, absorbed and evaluated (commonly referred to as "Inside Information") from: (1) engaging in transactions in the Company's securities without disclosing such Inside Information; or (2) divulging Inside Information to enable others to trade on such information. Information should be treated as material if it would affect a reasonable investor's decision to buy or sell the Company's stock. If news or events about the Company to any extent motivates your thoughts of buying or selling the Company's stock, that news should be considered material.

If you buy or sell the Company's securities while in the possession of Inside Information, you can be subject to private lawsuits for damages and to civil and/or criminal proceedings by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Liability arising from such violations is often significant. For instance, the SEC is authorized to seek civil money damages of up to three times the profit gained or loss avoided through unlawful insider trading. These laws also apply to any information you may obtain about suppliers, customers, or other entities with whom the Company does business. You are under the same legal obligation with respect to that information to refrain from trading on Inside Information and from "tipping" others.

Each director, officer and employee should take every reasonable effort to comply with the following prohibitions and guidelines to avoid liability and, equally important, the appearance of any impropriety.

The Company has designated the Company's Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer as the "Administrators" for purposes of this Policy. To the extent any provision of this Policy imposes requirements more restrictive than allowed by applicable law, such requirement may be waived in any particular instance by an Administrator following consultation with legal counsel for the Company.

Trading Prohibitions and Guidelines

While investment in the Company's stock by directors, officers and employees is encouraged, such transactions should be made with caution and, for all directors and Section 16 officers (as are designated by the Board), with prior Company approval. Inside Information cannot be used to buy or sell the Company’s securities for one’s own personal profit. Obtaining the Company’s prior approval to proceed with your intended transaction will assist in

(1) preventing unlawful insider trading, (2) complying with applicable reporting requirements, and (3) avoiding the appearance of impropriety which could impair investor confidence in the Company.

Please refer to the following prohibitions and guidelines when dealing in the Company's securities:

1.General – All Employees and Directors. Transactions involving the Company's securities are prohibited if you have knowledge of material information about the Company which has not been publicly disseminated and absorbed and evaluated by the market. In general, information should be considered "material" if it could be expected that a reasonable investor would attach significance to the information in reaching an investment decision involving the Company's securities. Determining whether information is material is subjective; accordingly, we urge you to discuss such issues with an Administrator.

2.Directors and Section 16 Officers.

(a)During the period commencing 14 days prior to the end of each fiscal quarter of the Company and ending at the close of trading on the first full trading day immediately following the date on

Independent Bank Corporation

Approved By:    Board of Directors

Last Revised Date:    April 25, 2023    Approval Date: September 21, 2023

which the Company's quarterly or annual financial results, as applicable, are publicly released, transactions involving the Company's securities are prohibited, unless you are informed otherwise by an Administrator.

(b)Following public disclosure of any material information, including quarterly earnings releases, transactions involving the Company's securities are prohibited from the time of such public disclosure until the close of trading on the first full trading day immediately following the date on which such public disclosure is made, unless you are informed otherwise by an Administrator.

(c)Transactions involving the Company's securities are prohibited unless you obtain the prior approval of an Administrator. An Administrator may consult the Company's other officers or advisors prior to authorizing any transaction.

3.If you are not a director or Section 16 officer, during all other times that you are not prohibited from trading in the Company's securities, you may do so unless you have material inside information. However, we urge you to exercise a great deal of caution in this regard and encourage you to contact an Administrator prior to consummating any transaction.

4.During any time period during which transactions involving the Company's securities are limited or otherwise restricted under any of the Company's retirement plans, all such transactions by all directors and employees are prohibited.

Disclosure Guidelines

Requests and questions from outsiders and analysts that may involve Inside Information should be referred to the Chief Financial Officer.

In discussing matters pertaining to the Company, the following guidelines should be reviewed.

1.Matters which may be discussed include the following:

(a)Information that has been published and widely disseminated, such as that contained in the Company's annual report to shareholders, reports on Form 10-K, 10-Q, and 8-K, proxy statements and press releases, so long as you limit your discussions to the information that has been published and disseminated.

(b)General industry and economic trends to the extent they do not involve specific information about the Company.

(c)Routine aspects of the Company's business involving products, services, and employees.

2.Matters which may not be discussed, unless they have been publicly announced and widely disseminated, include any of the following:

(a)Actual or projected revenue, earnings, acquisitions, expansions or other significant events.

(b)Any action or event which had or is likely to have a significant effect on the Company's anticipated annual revenue or earnings or which may result in a special or extraordinary charge against earnings or capital.

(c)Any nonroutine action or event such as a proposed merger, acquisition or disposition of shares or assets; new products, projects or initiatives; a change in control or a significant change in management; major financing; significant litigation; significant change in operating or financial circumstances; and significant changes in the Company's asset values or lines of business.

Independent Bank Corporation

Approved By:    Board of Directors

Last Revised Date:    April 25, 2023    Approval Date: September 21, 2023

As an additional reminder, any of the types of prohibited information described above that may come to your attention regarding other businesses because of the Company's relationship with that entity should not be publicly disclosed.

Short-Swing Profit Liability – Additional Rules Applicable to Directors and Section 16 Officers

Short-Swing Profit Recapture Rules. The federal securities laws provide that any profit realized by any “insider” from any combination of a purchase and sale or sale and purchase of any of the Company's securities within any 6-month period is recoverable by the Company. Liability is imposed under these laws regardless of intent or possession or use of Inside Information. Insiders are considered to be each of our directors, each of our Section 16 officers, and certain family members of our directors and Section 16 officers. These laws require that insiders file reports of most transactions in the Company’s securities within 2 business days of such transaction.

In order to avoid liability to the Company under these rules and to assist in the timely filing of transaction reports, the Company’s directors and Section 16 officers are required to comply with the following:

1.Pre-Transaction Review. As noted above, each Company director and Section 16 officer must obtain prior approval of all transactions involving the Company’s securities.

2.Preparation of Required Reports. While the Company will assist in the preparation and filing of Form 4 and 5 reports, the ultimate legal responsibility for the accuracy and filing of these reports remains with the director or Section 16 officer. The Company will prepare a Form 4 or Form 5 report upon notification that you intend to buy or sell (or make any other transfer of) Company stock and that the transaction is approved. Transactions involving the gift of Company securities, while generally not subject to the short-swing profit liability rules, must be reported on a current basis or Form 4. The reports are sent to the SEC electronically and can be executed by the Company through a power of attorney.

3.Checklist. In addition to preclearing your transaction with the Company, before proceeding with the acquisition or disposition of any of the Company’s securities, please review the following checklist:

(a)If a sale is proposed by you or any member of your immediate family, make sure that:

(i)Neither you nor any member of your immediate family has made any purchases of the Company’s stock (or securities convertible into the Company’s stock) within the past 6 months; and

(ii)No purchases by you or any member of your immediate family are anticipated within the next 6 months.

(b)If a purchase is proposed by you or any member of your immediate family, make sure that:

(i)Neither you nor any member of your immediate family has made any sales of the Company’s stock (or securities convertible into the Company’s stock) within the past 6 months; and

(ii)No sales are anticipated or required to be made within the next 6 months by you or any member of your immediate family.

4.Rule 144 – Selling Company Stock. In addition, unless approved by an Administrator, directors and executive officers must comply with the requirements of Rule 144 (allowing the public resale of restricted and control securities if a number of conditions are met) when selling any Company securities. This will include the preparation and filing of Form 144, which must be filed with the SEC electronically. Your broker should be able to assist you in complying with the Rule 144 requirements. If not, the Company may be able to assist you; however, you are the person legally responsible for compliance with this rule.

Independent Bank Corporation

Approved By:    Board of Directors

Last Revised Date:    April 25, 2023    Approval Date: September 21, 2023

5.Notice of Sale Transactions. Sales of Company stock by directors and Section 16 officers often attract the attention of market observers who may mischaracterize the intent or reason for the sale of Company stock. Accordingly, to enhance internal communications, an Administrator may inform the Company's CEO, the Chairman, and/or other officers, directors, or advisors of certain sale transactions in advance of such transactions, as well as the reason the shares are being sold (if known).

Rule 10b5-1 Plans

1.Policy. SEC Rule 10b5-1 provides an affirmative defense against a claim of insider trading if an insider's trades are made pursuant to a written plan that was adopted in good faith at a time when the insider was not aware of Inside Information. A Rule 10b5-1 plan (“10b5-1Plan”) is intended to allow the shareholder to trade in the Company's securities, while preventing the holder exercising discretion over how, when or whether to trade once the plan is adopted.

The Company's directors and Section 16 officers may make trades pursuant to a 10b5-1 Plan provided that

(a) such plan meets the requirements of Rule 10b5-1, (b) such plan was adopted at a time when the individual would otherwise have been able to trade under this Policy, and (c) adoption of the plan was expressly approved by an Administrator prior to entering into the plan.

Please be aware that a trade made pursuant to a 10b5-1 Plan must still be disclosed on a Form 4 report filed within 2 business days after the trade. As a result, trades made pursuant to 10b5-1 Plans must still be reported to an Administrator on the date of any such trade.

2.Restrictions on Use of 10b5-1 Plans.

(a)10b5-1 Plans may only be established during an open trading window and will require certification by the director or Section 16 officer that s/he is not in possession of Inside Information.

(b)All 10b5-1 Plans must set up a trading schedule in advance. 10b5-1 Plans must not include any provisions that delegate discretion to a broker on trading decisions.

(c)The term of a 10b5-1 Plan must be a minimum of 6 months in duration, up to a maximum of 2 years.

(d)10b5-1 Plans may not be modified or suspended, other than during open trading windows. Additionally, any proposed change, suspension or termination to the plan is subject to prior approval by an Administrator.

(e)When establishing or amending a 10b5-1 Plan by the director or Section 16 officer, no purchases or sales may occur until expiration of a cooling-off period ending on the later of 90 days after the adoption or modification of the plan, and 2 business days following the disclosure of the Company's financial results in a Form 10-Q or Form 10-K for the completed fiscal quarter in which the plan was adopted or modified; provided, however, that in no event shall the required cooling-off period exceed 120 days. When any employee of the Company other than a Section 16 officer establishes or amends a 10b5-1 Plan, no purchases or sales may occur until the expiration of a cooling-off period ending 30 days after the adoption or modification of the plan.

(f)No individual may adopt more than one 10b5-1 Plan at a time, except as specifically permitted by Rule 10b5-1 and approved by an Administrator.

(g)No 10b5-1 Plan may be adopted, except as specifically permitted by 10b5-1, unless it meets the 12-month limitation on single transaction plans set forth in Rule 10b5-1.

(h)For 10b5-1 Plans providing for sales of the Company’s securities, a Form 144 must be electronically filed with the SEC at the time the 10b5-1 Plan is adopted.

Independent Bank Corporation

Approved By:    Board of Directors

Last Revised Date:    April 25, 2023    Approval Date: September 21, 2023

Prohibited Transactions

Pledge of Company Securities.

The pledge or use of Company securities as collateral for a loan creates the potential for those pledged securities to be sold or transferred at a time when such a transaction is otherwise prohibited or discouraged. Accordingly, unless approved in advance by the Board of Directors, directors and Section 16 officers of the Company may not pledge Company securities as collateral for loans or otherwise hold such securities in a margin account with a broker or financial institution.

Hedging Transactions.

In general, hedging transactions allow a person to continue to own the underlying securities but without the full risks and rewards of ownership. Hedging may involve the purchase of financial instruments that are designed to "hedge" or offset any decrease in the market value of the underlying securities. Because these transactions may create incentives that are not aligned with the best interests of the Company's shareholders, directors and Section 16 officers are prohibited from engaging in any hedging transactions involving the Company's securities.

10248734_4

5

Document

Exhibit 21

INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION

Subsidiaries of the Registrant

	State of Incorporation
IBC Capital Finance III
Grand Rapids, Michigan	Delaware
IBC Capital Finance IV
Grand Rapids, Michigan	Delaware
Midwest Guaranty Trust I
Grand Rapids, Michigan	Delaware
TCSB Statutory Trust I
Grand Rapids, Michigan	Delaware
Independent Bank
Grand Rapids, Michigan	Michigan
IB Advisory Services, Inc. (dba IB Wealth Management),
Grand Rapids, Michigan
(a subsidiary of Independent Bank)	Michigan
Independent Title Services, Inc., Grand Rapids, Michigan
(a subsidiary of Independent Bank Corporation)	Michigan
Independent Life Insurance Trust, Grand Rapids, Michigan
(a subsidiary of Independent Bank)	Michigan
Independent Community Equity, LLC, Grand Rapids, Michigan
(a subsidiary of Independent Bank Corporation)	Michigan
Independent Investment Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan
(a subsidiary of Independent Bank)	Michigan
Independent Bridgeview Investor, LLC, Grand Rapids, Michigan
(a subsidiary of Independent Bank)	Michigan

Note: Table excludes insignificant subsidiaries, such as single-member limited liability companies formed solely to hold other real estate.

Document

EXHIBIT 23

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statements (Nos. 333-89072, 333-125484, 333-189437, 333-221177, 333-222358, and 333-255976) on Form S-8 of Independent Bank Corporation of our report dated March 7, 2025 relating to the consolidated financial statements and effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting appearing in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Independent Bank Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2024.

/s/ Crowe LLP

South Bend, Indiana

March 7, 2025

Document

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, William B. Kessel, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Independent Bank Corporation;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controls over financial reporting.

Date: March 7, 2025	/s/ William B. Kessel
	William B. Kessel
	President and Chief Executive Officer

Document

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Gavin A. Mohr, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of Independent Bank Corporation;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b)designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c)evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d)disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a)all significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b)any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal controls over financial reporting.

Date: March 7, 2025	/s/ Gavin A. Mohr
	Gavin A. Mohr
	Chief Financial Officer

Document

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATE OF THE

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER OF

INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002:

I, William B. Kessel, President and Chief Executive Officer of Independent Bank Corporation, certify pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that:

(1)The annual report on Form 10-K for the annual period ended December 31, 2024, which this statement accompanies, fully complies with requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and;

(2)The information contained in this annual report on Form 10-K for the annual period ended December 31, 2024, fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Independent Bank Corporation.

Date: March 7, 2025	/s/ William B. Kessel
	William B. Kessel
	President and Chief Executive Officer

The signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to Independent Bank Corporation and will be retained by Independent Bank Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.

Document

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATE OF THE

CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER OF

INDEPENDENT BANK CORPORATION

Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002:

I, Gavin A. Mohr, Chief Financial Officer of Independent Bank Corporation, certify pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that:

(1)The annual report on Form 10-K for the annual period ended December 31, 2024, which this statement accompanies, fully complies with requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and;

(2)The information contained in this annual report on Form 10-K for the annual period ended December 31, 2024, fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Independent Bank Corporation.

Date: March 7, 2025	/s/ Gavin A. Mohr
	Gavin A. Mohr
	Chief Financial Officer

The signed original of this written statement required by Section 906, or other document authenticating, acknowledging, or otherwise adopting the signature that appears in typed form within the electronic version of this written statement required by Section 906, has been provided to Independent Bank Corporation and will be retained by Independent Bank Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.