Earnings Call Transcript
Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (IBKR)
Earnings Call Transcript - IBKR Q2 2023
Operator, Operator
Good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Interactive Brokers Group Quarter Two '23 Earnings Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. After the speakers' presentation, there will be a question-and-answer session. Please be advised that today's conference is being recorded. I would now like to hand the conference over to Nancy Stuebe. Please go ahead.
Nancy Stuebe, Presenter
Thank you. Good afternoon, and thank you for joining us for our second quarter 2023 earnings conference call. Once again, Thomas is on the call, but asked me to present his comments on the business. Also joining us today are Milan Galik, our CEO, and Paul Brody, our CFO. After prepared remarks, we will have a Q&A. As a reminder, today's call may include forward-looking statements, which represent the company's belief regarding future events, which by their nature are not certain and are outside of the company's control. Our actual results and financial condition may differ, possibly materially, from what is indicated in these forward-looking statements. We ask that you refer to the disclaimers in our press release. You should also review a description of risk factors contained in our financial reports filed with the SEC. Our robust operating metrics once again translated into strong financial results this quarter. In fact, but for a substantial addition to reserves for legal contingencies, we would have posted record adjusted pretax income. Our account growth remained strong at 19% while our client equity was up 24%. Margin loans have increased over the course of 2023 as investors are feeling more confident in the markets after a down year in 2022. Our net interest income reached a record, as did our total adjusted net revenues, which were over $1 billion this quarter. On the other hand, trading volumes dropped this quarter, and with that dropped our commissions by 10% from the first quarter. Lower commissions prevailed across the board. Option commissions decreased the least, then came futures and stock commissions dropped the most. I do not expect the situation to reverse. Our clients are most heavily weighted in the Magnificent Seven where they luckily have huge unrealized gains that they are not likely to want to realize. As a result, I expect a lot of calls to be written in the coming quarters in these stocks. When the stocks rise further, the calls will be repurchased. And when they fall, they will lapse. In this way, our option commissions will benefit and our stock commissions will continue to suffer. Investors voted to put their money into big tech stocks rather than keeping it at banks at near-zero returns. As usual, we do not know how well our advertising worked. Telling everyone about our 4.58% return on immediately available qualified cash may have prevented more and larger withdrawals, but it barely helped to increase customer cash, which grew only by a little more than 2% over the first quarter. As I have mentioned before, I still believe inflation is going to stay with us. And while there may be a pause in rate hikes, this is not a short-term state of affairs that will soon result in rate cuts. The debt has increased by $1 trillion since Congress raised the debt limit. Interest on US debt costs over $650 billion over just the past nine months. Annualized, this comes close to $1 trillion a year. This increased spending will drive inflation, which will lead to higher rates, which will in turn increase spending and so on. In terms of our client segments, our strongest ones for account growth have been individuals, proprietary traders, and hedge funds. These have also shown the strongest growth in 12-month commissions revenue while individuals, prop traders, and financial advisors have been the strongest drivers of net interest income. We are still looking to onboard the first of the two large introducing broker accounts this year, hopefully in the third quarter. It will start slowly, and we hope to see it completed within a few months of its start. Our dates are slipping with respect to the second large introducing broker, but we are still hoping to begin onboarding them before year-end. Our developers have been extremely busy with new products and tools, and have a full plate for the remainder of the year. One area we are focused on is delivering specific tools to specific customer types. For financial advisors, we introduced customized indexing, making it easy to build stock portfolios modeled on ETFs that are customizable for tax efficiency and investment goals. Customized indexing clients will own fractional shares of each component stock, so the adviser can adjust weightings, capitalize on gains or losses for tax purposes or exclude specific stocks or sectors, personalizing as their clients need. We also introduced a tax harvesting tool, a streamlined CRM and now offer our RIAs research from ISI Evercore. We do not require minimums. We have no ticket charges and charge no custodial technology, software, platform, or reporting fees. For individuals in introducing broker clients, we expanded overnight trading in US stocks and ETFs and now have over 10,000 names available. This has been particularly attractive for our clients in those time zones where investing during regular US trading hours is difficult. For more sophisticated clients and funds, we introduced our securities lending dashboard, which allows them to access the same expanded securities lending data and key metrics for US equities that historically were only available to banks, broker dealers, and large institutional investors. Internationally, we added the Taiwan Stock Exchange, Nasdaq Copenhagen, and the Prague Stock Exchange to our platform while fractional share trading will soon be available for Canadian stocks and ETFs. We remain committed to having the most informed clients wherever they are in their investing journey. Our IBKR Campus educational website has the courses, webinars, podcasts, and market commentaries to assist our clients in learning more about trading, the economy, and financial markets from the most basic educational fundamentals to sophisticated strategies and market commentary. They can learn more about Interactive Brokers trading tools and how to use them. Our Learn and Earn program lets clients who are new to a particular securities product earn commission credits for each bundle of courses they complete. We remain very optimistic about what our business model, international market access, strong and secure balance sheet, multiple features and tools at low prices, and high interest paid on cash balances offers to clients and potential clients around the world. We are extremely disappointed that we did not achieve a new record in the second quarter, and we are determined to redouble our efforts and get there in the third. With that, I will turn the call over to our CFO, Paul Brody, who will go through the numbers for the quarter. Paul?
Paul Brody, CFO
Thank you, Nancy. Thanks everyone for joining the call. As usual, we'll start with our revenue items in Page 3 of the release. We followed on our strong first quarter performance, recording net revenues of $1 billion in the current quarter. With ongoing customer account and balance sheet growth, we continue to build a strong base for both commission and interest revenues in the future. Commissions were $322 million, level with the year-ago quarter despite industry-wide declines in volumes for futures and especially for equities. Our futures and options volumes came in at near their quarterly highs, while stock share volumes declined from last year's quarter, once again driven by a drop in trading of lower-priced stocks. Net interest income was a quarterly record $694 million, reflecting higher interest on margin loans and segregated cash from both increases in benchmark rates and a larger segregated cash portfolio. US benchmark rates have moved from an average effective rate of 77 basis points in the second quarter of last year to 499 basis points this quarter. These gains were partially offset by the higher interest we paid on customer credit balances as our long-standing policy is to pass through rate hikes above 50 basis points to our customers on their qualified funds. Other fees and services generated $47 million, with the biggest contributors being market data fees of $18 million, risk exposure fee revenue of $10 million, and options exchange liquidity payments of $7 million. The increase in risk exposure fees from the prior year quarter was driven by more risk-on positioning of customers, which led to a $4 million rise in these fees. Other income was a loss of $63 million and includes gains and losses on our investments, our currency diversification strategy, and principal transactions. Note that many of these non-core items are excluded in our adjusted earnings and without these excluded items, other income was a $1 million gain for the quarter. Turning to expenses, execution, clearing, and distribution costs rose 21% versus last year, led by higher volumes in options, which carry higher fees, the non-recurrence of last year's $3 million OCC clearing fee rebate, and a $1 million increase in market data fees, as well as lower liquidity rebates. We find it useful to measure what we call gross transactional profit, which is commissions less execution and clearing costs directly related to trading, which excludes primarily market data distribution fees. As a percent of commission revenues, execution and clearing costs, which are driven by a combination of trading volume, exchange rebates, and changing fee schedules, were at 22% this quarter for a gross transactional profit margin of 78%. Market data expense, a pass-through item, is included in execution clearing and distribution fees line item, while the corresponding market data revenue is reported in other fees and services rather than in commission. For this purpose, in the second quarter, we exclude $15 million in market data expense. Compensation and benefits expense rose 21% over the prior year quarter on a combination of staffing increases and inflation. While up in dollar terms for the quarter, compensation and benefits expense remained at 13% of our adjusted net revenues versus 16% last year and somewhat below its historical level. Our headcount at quarter-end was 2,908. G&A expenses roughly doubled versus last year's second quarter, largely attributable to a substantial increase in reserves related to the previously disclosed regulatory investigation into the use of unapproved electronic messaging and the firm’s record-keeping requirements. Without that increase, G&A expenses would be down slightly year-on-year. Our adjusted pretax margin was 67%, up from 63% in the year-ago quarter. While higher interest rates benefit us, automation remains our key means of maintaining consistently high margin. Income tax expense of $51 million reflects the sum of the public company’s $30 million and the operating company’s $21 million. Moving to our balance sheet on Page 5 of our release. Our total assets were $121 billion at the end of the quarter, with growth over last year driven primarily by increases in our segregated cash and securities. We maintain a balance sheet aimed at supporting our growing business and providing ample financial resources during volatile markets with maximum flexibility and short-term liquidity. We have no long-term debt. The duration of our investment portfolio as of June 30th was 40 days. Turning to our operating data on pages 6 and 7. Our contract volumes for all customers were strong, reaching their fourth highest quarterly level in options, up 9% over the year-ago quarter. Futures contract and stock share volumes were down 3% and 28% respectively. Options and futures volumes were generally in line with industry volume, and in stocks, the drop-off was largely attributable to investors moving to higher quality stocks as trading in pink sheet and other very low-priced stocks was impacted most. On Page 7, you can see that our account growth remains robust with over 95,000 net account adds in the quarter and total accounts of 2.3 million, up 19% over the prior year. Total customer DARTs were 1.9 million trades per day, down 14% from the stronger prior year quarter. Our cleared IBKR Pro customers paid an average of $3.11 commission per cleared commissionable order, up 14% from last year as our client's volume mix included higher per order contributions from nearly all product categories, particularly from options and futures. Page 8 presents our net interest margin numbers. Total GAAP net interest income nearly doubled to $694 million on the year-ago quarter, reflecting stronger earnings on segregated cash and margin loans, partially offset by higher interest expense on customer cash balances. After a series of seven target rate increases in 2022, the Federal Reserve has raised interest rates by 25 basis points three times this year. And many other central banks also raised this quarter. This group includes the UK, Canada, Australia, and Hong Kong, as well as the Eurozone and Switzerland. Net interest on segregated cash was $700 million, primarily due to Federal Reserve rate hikes, but also to our managing short duration on invested funds, which has allowed us to more closely match asset and liability maturities and to pick up benchmark rate increases quickly. At June 30, our US portfolio duration was 40 days, so the investments have rolled over into new higher rates with a fairly short lag time. A 21% increase over the year-ago quarter in average segregated cash and securities balances also drove interest income higher. Margin loan interest rose to $547 million, up significantly from $197 million last year despite average margin loan balances declining 11% from last year's second quarter. Higher rates in the US and internationally have driven higher margin interest income. Securities lending net interest was $79 million, down from the year-ago quarter due to a dynamic we have noted previously. While securities lending opportunities maintained a relatively strong pace, it's also the case that as benchmark rates rise, a greater portion of the revenue generated by securities lending, for which we receive cash collateral that we invest as segregated funds, is reflected as interest on segregated cash. We estimate this impact to be about $40 million for the quarter versus last year. In other words, without this shift in reporting line items, net interest from securities lending would be $119 million, up 3% from the year-ago quarter. Interest on customer credit balances or the interest we pay our customers grew as higher rates in many currencies led to our paying interest on qualifying balances as we pass through rate increases. We paid $774 million to our customers on their balances in the second quarter. Fully rate-sensitive balances were roughly unchanged at about $20 billion. We consider our policy offering clients a full pass-through of all rate hikes after the first 50 basis points on their qualified cash, a significant component in our success and one that continues to set us apart. We believe this leads to clients choosing to keep their cash with us, especially active clients who do not want to use sweep programs that prevent them from immediately accessing their cash to invest. Now for our estimates of the impact of increases in rates, given market expectations of possibly one or more rate hikes to come, we estimate the effect of increases in the Fed funds rate to produce an additional annual net interest income of approximately $49 million for each 25 basis points increase in the benchmark. Note that our starting point for these estimates is June 30, with the Fed funds effective rate at 5.08% and also based on balances at that date. About 25% of our customer cash balances is not in US dollars. So estimates of US rate change in fact exclude these currencies. We estimate increases in all the relevant non-USD benchmark rates to produce additional annual net interest income of $26 million for each 25 basis point increase in the benchmarks. In conclusion, the company performed well in the second quarter in a complex and uncertain environment, reflecting our continued ability to grow our customer base and deliver on our core services to customers, all at a low cost and while offering meaningful cash interest, as we manage the business effectively with strong controls over risk and operating expense.
Operator, Operator
Thank you. Our first question is from Benjamin Budish of Barclays. Please go ahead.
Benjamin Budish, Analyst
Hi, thanks so much for taking the question. Maybe first on the marketing spend, you indicated it's not entirely clear if it's working the way you hoped. Can you maybe talk about kind of your commitment to continuing with that? And maybe for Paul, just I think you had previously indicated that there would be a bit of a step-up quarter-over-quarter, but when we sort of subtract the reserve charge that you took, it looks like the step-up maybe wasn't as big. So how much of that spend was in the quarter? And what are your thoughts in sort of continuing with that strategy?
Thomas Peterffy, Founder
Are you asking about marketing, expenses or the reserves?
Benjamin Budish, Analyst
The marketing expense. So I think if you exclude that,
Thomas Peterffy, Founder
Yes, we're definitely committed to our marketing program and will gradually increase our marketing spending each quarter. We will allocate more funds to marketing as we identify outlets that we believe positively impact our efforts, even if we can't measure it precisely.
Benjamin Budish, Analyst
Got it. That's helpful. Thomas, could you share your thoughts on customer trading behavior? It seems you're anticipating less activity in the latter half of the year. What do you think could change that? Is it a decrease in rates, broader macro volatility, or other factors? What indicators should we monitor, particularly within your unique customer segment, that could lead to increased activity?
Thomas Peterffy, Founder
Well, I think that what is coming down the pike is more technology-driven order flow. And that as more AI systems get behind money management, I think that as a result of that trading activity will pick up. There will be more and more small orders, there will be more and more fractional shareholders, there will be more and more registered investment advisers who will hire technology-driven systems to drive their investment choices. And so that's what I see in the future.
Operator, Operator
Please standby for our next question. Our next question comes from Craig Siegenthaler of Bank of America.
Craig Siegenthaler, Analyst
Thanks. Good afternoon, everyone. I wanted to get an update on your prospecting effort in the introducing broker channel. I am really trying to gauge a potential to translate some of these prospects into IBKR customers. And maybe one thing you can share with us if you can is like how many prospective meetings you have done in the first half of the year?
Milan Galik, CEO
Thank you for your question. Interactive introducing brokers have always been an important segment for our business. That is what our sales force focuses on. We have many prospects in the pipeline in various stages of development. With some, we are still discussing the best way to connect and integrate with us. Others are already doing test trades on our platform, and the most advanced ones are already at the stage of getting their customers into production trading. Not much has changed, other than we continue to focus on the introducing broker segment and we are continuously making software development changes that make the integration easier and so that we can offer them more choices for the integration going forward.
Craig Siegenthaler, Analyst
Thanks, Milan. Do I get a second question or is it just one question we've got?
Milan Galik, CEO
Go ahead.
Craig Siegenthaler, Analyst
Great. Okay. So my follow-up is, given slowing growth on a cyclical basis in the active trader channel relative to accelerating growth in the introducing broker vertical, can you talk about how you expect it to impact your profitability or even revenue growth relative to account growth?
Thomas Peterffy, Founder
Yeah. So look, the introducing broker client is always the least profitable client. The actual client is always the most profitable client and the prop traders are our sweet spot. So yes, to the extent that our number of accounts will jump in number, the profitability will not similarly increase. Profitability comes mostly from our most sophisticated professional client base, which is by the way also increasing quite well.
Operator, Operator
Please standby for our next question. Our next question comes from Daniel Fannon of Jefferies LLC. Please go ahead.
Daniel Fannon, Analyst
Thank you. I was hoping to follow-up on that and just think about maybe get a sense of the activity levels or how active you think the introducing broker relationships are when they come on board and the maturation to think about new other customers I think you've talked about previously as they get comfortable with the platform and they trade more over time. Is that still similar when you think about the IB channel and is there a way to put some numbers around that?
Thomas Peterffy, Founder
Well, I’ll put some numbers around it. Let me put it this way. So our average account yields about $1,200 of revenues per year. The average introducing broker account, I’m guessing here — for every introducing broker account, I would expect them to be around $300 to $400 a year. And the — you know, you're asking to put numbers around it. I do not have these numbers in front of me, unfortunately. So I really — I'm embarrassed I can’t tell you.
Daniel Fannon, Analyst
Understood. That's okay. I guess a more specific modeling question for Paul. Just in terms of the other income, it's moved around a lot in recent quarters is $1 million when we adjust everything out. What's a reasonable level or as you think about like a baseline level going forward to model for?
Paul Brody, CFO
Well, I think it's not that variable when you take out our non-GAAP adjustments, right, which is primarily the currency impact and partially from mark to market on US government securities. And by the way, that's not — that's smaller than it used to be given that our duration is so short. So we report to you which items we've taken out. And if you take those out, you probably get a reasonable baseline. But other income is also some miscellaneous investments and things that are not very predictable, but after those large items, the whole category is not very large.
Operator, Operator
Please stand by for our next question. Our next question comes from Patrick Moley of Piper Sandler. Please go ahead.
Patrick Moley, Analyst
Yeah, good afternoon. Thanks for taking the question. Just one on, last quarter you had the security sale. Just wondering if you could quantify the impact from that reinvestment had on net interest income in the current quarter.
Paul Brody, CFO
I don't think we could say that precisely. You're talking about when we liquidated some treasuries, reinvested them in shorter term.
Patrick Moley, Analyst
Yes, you did.
Paul Brody, CFO
Yeah, I mean, we recognized the liquidated loss and obviously reinvested at short-term current treasury rates and, if you look at the yield curve, you know what those are. So, yes, we're making it back for sure.
Operator, Operator
Please stand by for our next question. Our next question comes from the line of Chris Allen of Citi. Please go ahead.
Chris Allen, Analyst
Good evening, everyone. I had a couple of follow-ups. On the other income, is there any legacy market making still left in there? I know there was when you sold the business and that's where it got recorded and those drove some principal transactions. Is that still on that other income line?
Paul Brody, CFO
Yes, it's still in there and it's a very minor contributor to the total.
Chris Allen, Analyst
Understood. And then just on the duration of the US investment portfolio, you noted it was 40 days. If I recall correctly last quarter, you had sold some securities and reinvest and I think the duration was 24 days. So based on those, obviously you are looking at extending a little bit, obviously nothing crazy or anything like that. Do I have that correct? Was this a function of any extension or is this just a function of maybe stuff maturing and new cash coming on?
Thomas Peterffy, Founder
It all relates to when the Fed is set to make a move. We prefer not to speculate on the Fed's actions. We like to invest prior to the Fed meeting, and if the Fed indicates they will raise rates, like in this case where they mentioned a quarter-point increase, we trust that they will follow through. Since the market is highly confident that they will raise rates, we don't mind going past that date, but not beyond the next one. We will ensure our investments mature before the September Fed meeting.
Chris Allen, Analyst
Understood. Thanks a lot. That was it for me.
Operator, Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Kyle Voigt of KBW. Please go ahead.
Kyle Voigt, Analyst
Hi, good evening. Maybe just a question on the compensation expense. So that headcount was up, I think roughly 5% year-on-year. Comp looks up closer to 20%. I just want to make sure that there were no one-offs, Paul, in the comp line or anything to know from a one-off standpoint. And also I just want to clarify that the entirety of the kind of one-offs and legal reserve were in the G&A line specifically.
Paul Brody, CFO
On the compensation, you are correct to ask this question. It is not purely a one-off, but there are some expenses related to accrued vacation days for staff that have not yet been taken. Each quarter, we evaluate these accruals, which tend to be quite stable compared to the days actually taken. Typically, they are smaller in the second quarter, with more vacation being taken in the third quarter. We need to recognize an expense each quarter, noting the difference between the accruals and actual taken days. In the second quarter, this difference was larger than usual, likely impacting around 2% or 3% of the 21%. We expect this to normalize in the third quarter, depending on when people take their vacations. Additionally, inflation and an increase in headcount contribute to the overall figures.
Kyle Voigt, Analyst
I guess when you're thinking about this year versus last year, I guess we're hearing from some others that may be the hiring environment is getting a bit better. They're seeing a little bit less inflation in terms of staffing costs, less and less competitive environment. I guess when we look at your 2022 figures, it seems like there's maybe a little bit less inflationary pressures, I guess relative to the headcount that you grew. And in 2022, it seems to be more of a diversion this year, but I know there's other factors in there. So just wanted to know if you could kind of maybe parse out what you're seeing from a hiring standpoint. Are you having to pay up to retain employees et cetera? Kind of what's really driving that and how the environment maybe has changed from 2022 to 2023 on the inflationary side?
Milan Galik, CEO
In 2022, at the end of the year, we had to give significant salary increases and bonuses to our employees due to inflation. At the start of this year, we believed hiring would be easier, particularly for tech positions, following the layoffs at major tech companies. However, that expectation proved short-lived. Recently, we made what we considered competitive offers to some IT candidates, but they were declined. There are many available jobs, especially in tech, so we must ensure we offer attractive compensation to secure talent. In the last quarter, we successfully hired a net of 36 new employees, about half of whom are in technology, while the rest are in client services and compliance.
Kyle Voigt, Analyst
Thank you for that insight. Does this impact your perspective on how we should consider the growth of fixed expenses for the business? It appears that the first quarter is trending toward 10%, and it seemed closer to 15% when we adjusted for the legal expenses in the second quarter. Is there a proper way to assess total fixed expense growth as we look ahead over the next 18 to 24 months?
Milan Galik, CEO
No. I think one measure that you could use would be the core inflation rate. We do not want to stay behind. We want our employees to maintain their standard of living. We want to remain competitive so that we have significant talent in our offices helping us build our systems for the future. So to the extent that the inflation stays with us or increases, we are going to be responding to that just like to the market forces. If the competing companies pick up their hiring and we will have to compete for the talent, we will do so. We are a technology company at its heart and we will always spend where we need to, to make sure that we have the right people building our systems.
Kyle Voigt, Analyst
Understood. Just want to ask one more question because we're at the end of the call here towards the end. Just on margin balances, I know those rose month on month in June to $42 billion. But the margin balances are still significantly below the $55 billion peak that was reached in, I believe, December 2021. So first part of the question, just given the risk-on environment we're continuing to see in July, is it fair to think those margin balances have continued to increase month to date? And then the second question, like, do you have any view as to how much of the decline in margin balances from that December '21 peak to current levels was driven by the risk-off environment and the shift that we saw over the last year versus higher borrowing rates because we're just trying to get a sense of maybe how much room there is to run in terms of margin balance increases if this risk-on environment persists from here?
Thomas Peterffy, Founder
Margin balances are increasing and have been on the rise since the end of the quarter. As long as the market continues to trend upwards, margin balances will also increase. However, whenever there is a sudden market drop, individuals tend to liquidate their leveraged positions and approach leverage more cautiously in the future. Therefore, if the market maintains its upward trajectory, our margin balances will keep growing.
Operator, Operator
Please stand by while we compile the Q&A roster. I'm showing no further questions at this time. I would now like to turn the conference back to Nancy Stuebe for closing remarks.
Nancy Stuebe, Presenter
Thank you everyone for participating today. As a reminder, this call will be available for replay on our website and we will also be posting a clean version of our transcript on the site tomorrow. Thank you again, and we will talk to you next quarter-end.
Operator, Operator
This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for participating. You may now disconnect.