20-F - KT - Equibles

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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 2022

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 20-F

☐	REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021
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☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐	SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date	of event requiring this shell company report
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For the transition period from<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> to
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Commission file number

1-14926

KT Corporation

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

KT Corporation	The Republic of Korea
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)	(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

KT Gwanghwamun Building East

33, Jong-ro 3-Gil,

Jongno-gu

03155 Seoul, Korea

(Address of principal executive offices)

Young-Jin Kim

KT Gwanghwamun Building East

33, Jong-ro 3-Gil,

Jongno-gu

03155 Seoul, Korea

Telephone: +82-31-727-0114;

E-mail: ktir@kt.com

(Name, telephone, e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing <br>one-half<br> of one share of ordinary share	KT	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
Ordinary share, par value <br>￦<br>5,000 per share*	KT	New York Stock Exchange, Inc.*

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.

None

As of December 31, 2021, there were 235,808,146 ordinary shares, par value

￦

5,000 per share, outstanding

(not including 25,303,662 ordinary shares held by the registrant as treasury shares)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒

☐

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes

☐

☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes

☒

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes

☒

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes

☒

No ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing. U.S.

GAAP

☐

IFRS

☒

Other

☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item

17 ☐ Item

18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

*	Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I			1
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Managers and Advisers		1
	Item 1.A.	Directors and Senior Management	1
	Item 1.B.	Advisers	1
	Item 1.C.	Auditors	1
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable		1
	Item 2.A.	Offer Statistics	1
	Item 2.B.	Method and Expected Timetable	1
Item 3.	Key Information		2
	Item 3.A.	[RESERVED]	2
	Item 3.B.	Capitalization and Indebtedness	2
	Item 3.C.	Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds	2
	Item 3.D.	Risk Factors	2
Item 4.	Information on the Company		21
	Item 4.A.	History and Development of the Company	21
	Item 4.B.	Business Overview	21
	Item 4.C.	Organizational Structure	43
	Item 4.D.	Property, Plant and Equipment	43
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments		45
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects		45
	Item 5.A.	Operating Results	45
	Item 5.B.	Liquidity and Capital Resources	64
	Item 5.C.	Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.	66
	Item 5.D.	Trend Information	67
	Item 5.E.	Critical Accounting Estimates	67
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees		67
	Item 6.A.	Directors and Senior Management	67
	Item 6.B.	Compensation	71
	Item 6.C.	Board Practices	71
	Item 6.D.	Employees	73
	Item 6.E.	Share Ownership	75
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions		77
	Item 7.A.	Major Shareholders	77

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	Item 7.B.	Related Party Transactions	77
	Item 7.C.	Interests of Experts and Counsel	77
Item 8.	Financial Information		77
	Item 8.A.	Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information	77
	Item 8.B.	Significant Changes	79
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing		79
	Item 9.A.	Offer and Listing Details	79
	Item 9.B.	Plan of Distribution	79
	Item 9.C.	Markets	79
	Item 9.D.	Selling Shareholders	79
	Item 9.E.	Dilution	79
	Item 9.F.	Expenses of the Issuer	79
Item 10.	Additional Information		80
	Item 10.A.	Share Capital	80
	Item 10.B.	Memorandum and Articles of Association	80
	Item 10.C.	Material Contracts	86
	Item 10.D.	Exchange Controls	86
	Item 10.E.	Taxation	90
	Item 10.F.	Dividends and Paying Agents	98
	Item 10.G.	Statements by Experts	98
	Item 10.H.	Documents on Display	98
	Item 10.I.	Subsidiary Information	98
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		99
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities		101
	Item 12.A.	Debt Securities	101
	Item 12.B.	Warrants and Rights	101
	Item 12.C.	Other Securities	101
	Item 12.D.	American Depositary Shares	101
Part II			104
Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies		104
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds		104
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures		104
Item 16.	[Reserved]		105
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert		105

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Item 16B.	Code of Ethics	105
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	106
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	106
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	107
Item 16F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	107
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance	107
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	108
Item 16I.	Disclosure regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections	108
Part III		109
Item 17.	Financial Statements	109
Item 18.	Financial Statements	109
Item 19.	Exhibits	110

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PRESENTATION

All references to “Korea” or the “Republic” contained in this annual report mean the Republic of Korea. All references to the “Government” are to the government of the Republic of Korea. All references to “we,” “us” or the “Company” are to KT Corporation and, as the context may require, its subsidiaries.

Our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2020 and 2021 and for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2021 and related notes thereto (“Consolidated Financial Statements”) are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

All references to “Won” or “ ￦ ” in this annual report are to the currency of the Republic and all references to “Dollars,” “$,” “US$” or “U.S. dollars” are to the currency of the United States of America. Our monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are translated into Won at the market average exchange rate announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd. (the “Market Average Exchange Rate”) on the balance sheet dates, which were, for U.S. dollars, ￦ 1,157.8 to US$1.00, ￦ 1,088.0 to US$1.00 and ￦ 1,185.5 to US $1.00 on December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively.

Any discrepancies in any table between totals and the sums of the amounts listed are due to rounding.

All market share data contained in this annual report, unless otherwise specified, are based on the number of subscribers announced by the Ministry of Science and ICT (the “MSIT”), the Korea Communications Commission (the “KCC”) or the Korea Telecommunications Operators Association.

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Managers and Advisers

Item 1.A. Directors and Senior Management

Not applicable.

Item 1.B. Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 1.C. Auditors

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Item 2.A. Offer Statistics

Not applicable.

Item 2.B. Method and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

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Item 3. Key Information

Item 3.A. [RESERVED]

Item 3.B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

Item 3.C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 3.D. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the following factors.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Competition in each of our principal business areas is intense.

We face significant competition in each of our principal business areas. In the markets for mobile services, fixed-line services and media and content services, we compete primarily with SK Telecom Co., Ltd. (“SK Telecom”) and LG Uplus Corp. (“LG U+”) (including their affiliates). In the past two decades, considerable consolidation in the telecommunications industry has occurred, resulting in the current competitive landscape comprising three network service providers that offer a wide range of telecommunications and data communications services. In recent years, each of our primary competitors has acquired a leading cable TV operator in Korea to significantly increase their market shares in the pay TV market, which has further intensified competition.

To a lesser extent, we also compete with various value-added service providers and network service providers as classified under the Framework Act on Telecommunications and the Telecommunications Business Act, including mobile virtual network operators (“MVNOs”) that lease mobile networks and offer mobile services, VoIP service providers that offer Internet telephone services, cable TV operators, text messaging service providers (particularly Kakao Corp. (“Kakao”)) and voice resellers, many of which offer competing services at lower prices. We also face changes in the evolving landscape of the market for media and content services arising from the increasing popularity of global over-the-top (“OTT”) media services such as Netflix. The entrance of new service providers in the markets for mobile services, fixed-line services and media and content services may further increase competition, as well as cause downward price pressure on the fees we charge for our services. For a discussion of our market shares in key markets, please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Item 4.B. Business Overview—Competition.”

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dominating business entity may not engage in any act of abuse, such as unreasonably interfering with business activities of other business entities, hindering unfairly the entry of newcomers or substantially restricting competition to the detriment of the interests of consumers. In addition, changes in our local telephone rates and mobile rates of SK Telecom are required to be reported to the MSIT, which has 15 days to object to such changes. The KCC has also issued guidelines on fair competition of the telecommunications companies.

In the financial services market, our credit and check cards issued under the “BC Card” brand pursuant to co-brand agreements with member companies compete principally with cards issued by other leading credit card companies in Korea with their own merchant payment networks, such as Shinhan Card, Hyundai Card and Samsung Card. Our member companies that issue co-branded credit or check cards include Woori Card, NH Card, Industrial Bank of Korea and KB Kookmin Card. We also compete with service providers that provide outsourcing services related to business operations of credit card companies. Competition in the credit card and check card businesses has increased substantially as existing credit card companies, consumer finance companies and other financial institutions in Korea have made significant investments and engaged in aggressive marketing campaigns and promotions for their credit and check cards, as well as investing in operational infrastructure that may reduce the need for our outsourcing services.

Our inability to adapt to changes in the competitive landscape and compete against our competitors in our principal business areas could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to renew existing bandwidth licenses, acquire adequate additional bandwidth licenses or use our bandwidth efficiently may adversely affect our mobile telecommunications business and results of operations.

One of the principal limitations on a wireless network’s subscriber capacity is the amount of bandwidth allocated to a service provider. We have acquired a number of licenses to secure bandwidth capacity to provide our broad range of services, for which we typically make an initial payment as well as pay usage fees during the license period. The MSIT reserves the right to reallocate bandwidths in order to address the changing needs for bandwidth capacity of mobile service providers, the consideration for which may depend on the extent of the buildout of the service provider’s telecommunications network to utilize the relevant bandwidth. We made bandwidth license payments of ￦ 389 billion in 2019, ￦ 367 billion in 2020 and ￦ 603 billion in 2021.

For our outstanding payment obligations relating to our bandwidth licenses, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Item 5.A. Operating Results—Overview—Acquisition of New Bandwidth Licenses and Usage Fees.” For more information on our bandwidth licenses, see “ Item 4. Information on the Company—Item 4.D. Property, Plant and Equipment—Mobile Networks.”

The growth of our mobile telecommunications business and the increase in usage of wireless data transmission services have significantly increased the utilization of our bandwidth, because wireless data applications are generally more bandwidth-intensive than voice services. The current trend of increasing data transmission use and the increasing sophistication of multimedia contents are likely to put additional strain on the bandwidth capacity of mobile service providers. In the event we are unable to maintain sufficient bandwidth capacity by renewing existing bandwidth licenses, receiving additional bandwidth allocation or cost-effectively implementing technologies that enhance the efficiency of our bandwidth usage, our subscribers may perceive a general decrease in the quality of mobile telecommunications services. No assurance can be given that bandwidth constraints will not adversely affect the growth of our mobile telecommunications business. Furthermore, we may be required to make substantial payments to acquire additional bandwidth capacity in order to meet increasing bandwidth demand, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The ongoing global pandemic of a new strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) and any possible recurrence of other types of widespread infectious diseases, may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 that was first reported to have been transmitted to humans in late 2019 and has spread globally, has materially and adversely affected the global economy and financial markets in recent months. The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020. In light of the Government’s recommendations for social distancing, we have periodically implemented remote work arrangements for a portion of our workforce, particularly for employees in areas severely impacted by the pandemic. While we do not believe that such arrangements have had a material adverse impact on our business, a prolonged outbreak of COVID-19 and its variants may result in further disruptions in the normal operations of our business, including disruptions in the operation of our facilities, delays in our network expansion projects, implementation of further work arrangements requiring employees to work remotely and restrictions on overseas and domestic business travel, which may lead to a reduction in labor productivity.

Other risks associated with a prolonged outbreak of COVID-19 and its variants or other types of widespread infectious diseases may potentially include:

•	increase in unemployment among our customers who may not be able to meet payment obligations, which in turn may decrease demand for our products and services;
•	service disruptions, outages and performance problems due to capacity constraints caused by an overwhelming number of people accessing our services simultaneously;
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•	disruptions in supply of mobile handsets or telecommunications equipment from our vendors;
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•	depreciation of the Won against major foreign currencies, which in turn may increase the cost of imported equipment necessary for expansion and enhancement of our telecommunications infrastructure; and
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•	impairments in the fair value of our investments in companies that may be adversely affected by the pandemic.
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We are currently not able to estimate the duration or full magnitude of harm from COVID-19. In the event that COVID-19 or other types of widespread infectious diseases cannot be effectively and timely contained, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Introduction of new services, such as our 5G mobile services launched in April 2019, poses challenges and risks to us.

The telecommunications industry is characterized by continual advances and improvements in telecommunications technology, and we have been continually researching and implementing technology upgrades and additional telecommunications services to maintain our competitiveness. For example, we have been building more advanced mobile telecommunications networks based on 5G technology and commenced providing commercial 5G mobile services in April 2019. Since then, we have expanded our coverage to major cities in Korea, and we plan to further expand the coverage nationwide and increase the transmission speed of our 5G services. As we continue to compete with SK Telecom and LG U+ to improve network quality, introduce new services and accommodate

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increased data usage of subscribers, we may incur significant expenses to acquire additional bandwidth licenses and incur significant capital expenditures to build out and improve our network. We have made extensive efforts to develop advanced technologies as well as provide a variety of services with enhanced speed, latency and connectivity. Furthermore, we are also continually upgrading our broadband network to enable better fiber-to-the-home (“FTTH”) connection, which enhances data transmission speed and connection quality.

No assurance can be given that our new services will gain broad market acceptance such that we will be able to derive revenue from such services to justify the license fees, capital expenditures and other investments required to provide such services . If our new services do not gain broad market acceptance, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We may not be able to successfully pursue our strategy to acquire businesses and enter into joint ventures that complement or diversify our current business, and we may need to incur additional debt to finance such expansion activities.

One key aspect of our overall business strategy calls for acquisitions of businesses and entering into joint ventures that complement or diversify our current businesses. For example, in September 2021, KT Skylife Co., Ltd. (“KT Skylife”), in which we held a 49.99% interest as of December 31, 2021, completed its acquisition of a 100.00% interest in Hyundai HCN Co., Ltd. (“HCN”), which is Korea’s fifth largest cable operator, for ￦ 491 billion.

While we plan to continue our search for suitable acquisition and joint venture opportunities, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to identify attractive opportunities or that we will successfully complete the transactions without encountering administrative, technical, political, financial or other difficulties, or at all. Even if we were to successfully complete the transactions, the success of an acquisition or a joint venture depends largely on our ability to achieve the anticipated synergies, cost savings and growth opportunities from integrating the business of the acquired company or the joint venture with our current businesses. There can be no assurance that we will achieve the anticipated benefits of the transaction, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Pursuing acquisitions or joint venture transactions also requires significant capital, and as we pursue further growth opportunities for the future, we may need to raise additional capital through incurring loans or through issuances of bonds or other securities in the international capital markets.

The Korean telecommunications and Internet-related industries are subject to extensive Government regulations, and changes in Government policy relating to these industries could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition.

The Government, primarily through the MSIT and the KCC, has the authority to regulate the telecommunications industry in Korea. The MSIT and the KCC also have the authority to regulate the pay TV industry under the Korea Broadcasting Act and the Internet Multimedia Broadcasting Services Act, which cover our IPTV services, our satellite TV services provided through KT Skylife (in which we held a 49.99% interest as of December 31, 2021), and cable TV services that we provide through HCN, in which KT Skylife holds a 100.0% interest. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Item 4.B. Business Overview—Regulation.” The MSIT’s policy is to promote competition through measures designed to prevent the dominant service provider in any such market from exercising its market power in a way that would prevent the emergence and development of viable competitors. Under such regulations, if a network service provider has the largest market share for a specified type of telecommunications service and its revenue from that service for the previous year exceeds a specific revenue amount set by the MSIT, such entity may be designated as a market-dominating business entity that may not engage in any act of abuse, such as unreasonably interfering with

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business activities of other business entities, hindering unfairly the entry of newcomers or substantially restricting competition to the detriment of the interests of consumers. The KCC has also issued guidelines on fair competition of telecommunications and Internet-related companies. In addition, the Government sets the policies regarding the use of radio frequency bandwidths and allocates the bandwidths used for wireless telecommunications by an auction process or by a planned allocation.

We and SK Telecom have been designated as market-dominating business entities in the local telephone and mobile markets, respectively. Accordingly, changes in our local telephone rates and mobile rates of SK Telecom are required to be reported to the MSIT, which has 15 days to object to such changes. The form of our standard agreement for providing local network services and each agreement for interconnection with other service providers must also be reported to the MSIT. Although we compete freely with other network service providers in terms of rate plans for our principal telecommunications and Internet-related services except for rates we charge for local calls, our inability to freely set our local telephone service rates may hurt profits from such businesses and impede our ability to compete effectively against our competitors. In addition, the MSIT may periodically announce policy guidelines that telecommunications companies are recommended to take into consideration in their telecommunications and Internet-related businesses.

The Government may pursue additional measures to regulate the markets in which we compete. There can be no assurance that we will not adopt additional measures that reduce rates charged to our subscribers as well as adjustments to our handset subsidies and other measures in the future to comply with regulatory requirements or the Government’s policy guidelines.

The MSIT may revoke our licenses or suspend any of our businesses if we fail to comply with its rules, regulations and corrective orders, including the rules restricting beneficial ownership and control or any violation of the conditions of our licenses. Alternatively, in lieu of suspension of our business, the MSIT may levy a monetary penalty of up to 3.0% of the average of our annual revenue for the preceding three fiscal years. From time to time, we have been imposed fines for violation of regulations imposed by MSIT and KCC. There is no guarantee that the laws and regulations to which we are or become subject will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Legal cases involving our charitable or political donations and other incidents and allegations, including matters connected to a scandal involving Ms. Soon-sil Choi, a confidante of former President Geun-hye Park, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation and stock price.

In April 2014, the Seoul Central District Prosecutor’s Office charged Mr. Suk-chae Lee, a former chief executive officer of KT Corporation, with embezzlement and breach of fiduciary duty. Mr. Il Yung Kim, a former president of KT Corporation, was charged as a co-conspirator in the breach of fiduciary duty by Mr. Lee, and Mr. Yu-yeol Seo, a former president of KT Corporation, was charged as a co-conspirator in Mr. Lee’s embezzlement. On May 30, 2017, the Supreme Court of Korea confirmed the acquittal of Mr. Lee and Mr. Kim on the charge of breach of fiduciary duty, and reversed the appellate court judgment against Mr. Lee and Mr. Seo (which had sentenced both to a suspended prison term of 18 months, on probation for two years, for allegedly creating and embezzling off-the-book funds of ￦ 1.1 billion for personal use between 2009 and 2013) and remanded the case back to the Seoul High Court. On April 26, 2018, the Seoul High Court acquitted Mr. Lee and Mr. Seo of such charge. No indictment or charges of wrongdoing were brought against us or any of our current executives or employees in connection with such indictment of Mr. Lee, Mr. Seo, and Mr. Kim.

In March 2017, the Constitutional Court of Korea found that many Korean corporations, including us, made donations to two non-profit foundations, Mir Foundation and K-Sports Foundation,

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at the request of Ms. Geun-hye Park, a former President of Korea. Our contributions comprised ￦ 1.1 billion of the total ￦ 48.6 billion given to Mir Foundation and ￦ 700 million of the total ￦ 28.8 billion given to K-Sports Foundation. The Constitutional Court also found that an aide of former President Park, at the direction of the former President, on several occasions asked our previous chief executive officer to hire (and later to change the employment positions of) two individuals, Mr. Dong-Soo Lee and Ms. Hye-Sung Shin. Mr. Lee was hired and later appointed as the head of a business unit in charge of our marketing and advertisement campaigns and Ms. Shin was hired to another position in the same business unit. Subsequently, the same presidential aide also requested that Mr. Lee and our other officers award advertising contracts to Playground Communications Co., Ltd. (“Playground”), an advertising agency in which Ms. Soon-sil Choi, a confidante of former President Park, effectively owns a 70% equity interest, according to the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court further held that the companies receiving the purported “requests” from former President Park’s aide appeared to have felt immense pressure to comply with the requests and could not easily have rejected them. Playground was awarded seven advertising contracts for a total of approximately ￦ 6.8 billion in 2016, amounting to approximately 3.7% of our annual advertising spending in 2016. In 2016, Playground recognized approximately ￦ 517 million of income from such activities. We have not awarded additional advertising contracts to Playground since September 2016, and Mr. Lee and Ms. Shin resigned in November 2016 and May 2016, respectively.

In November 2016, the Korean Prosecutor’s Office commenced investigations on former President Park and in April 2017 indicted the former President on charges of bribery, coercion and abuse of power, among others. In August 2018, the Seoul High Court sentenced the former President to a prison term of 25 years and a monetary fine of ￦ 20 billion, having found the former President guilty on many of the charges, including the coercion charges relating to the same events underlying the Constitutional Court decisions described above: (i) the employment and changes to the employment positions of Mr. Lee and Ms. Shin at KT Corporation, (ii) the entry into advertising contracts with Playground and (iii) the donations to Mir Foundation and K-Sports Foundation by us and other Korean corporations. The prosecution appealed the appellate court’s decision to the Supreme Court of Korea, which in August 2019 vacated the appellate court judgment against the former President on the bribery-related charges due to errors made in its sentencing process and remanded the case back to the Seoul High Court for retrial. In July 2020, the Seoul High Court sentenced former President Park upon retrial to a prison term of 15 years and a monetary fine of ￦ 18 billion for the bribery-related charges and a prison term of 5 years for the other charges including abuse of power. The prosecution appealed the appellate court’s decision to the Supreme Court of Korea, which in January 2021 rejected the appeal and affirmed the appellate court’s judgment, which became final and conclusive. No indictment or charges of wrongdoing were brought against us or any of our executives or employees in connection with such indictment of the former President.

In January 2018, the Korean Prosecutor’s Office indicted Mr. Byung-Hun Jun, a former member of the National Assembly, for charges of bribery, corruption and coercion, among others. One of the allegations was that Mr. Jun, during his term as a member of the former Science, ICT, Future Planning, Broadcasting and Communications Committee (currently the Science, ICT, Broadcasting and Communications Committee) of the National Assembly, solicited donations or financial sponsorships from various corporations, including us, to an organization where he used to serve as the president. In February 2019, the Seoul Central District Court found Mr. Jun guilty of the bribery charges and sentenced him to a prison term of five years and an aggregate monetary fine of ￦ 375 million, guilty of abuse of authority and sentenced him to a suspended prison term of one year on probation for two years, and not guilty of the charge in connection with soliciting financial sponsorship of ￦ 100 million from us. Both Mr. Jun and the Korean prosecution appealed the court’s decision to the Seoul High Court, which in July 2020 found Mr. Jun guilty of the bribery charges, among others, and sentenced him to a suspended prison term of one year on probation for two years and an aggregate monetary fine of ￦ 200 million and not guilty of the charge in connection with soliciting financial sponsorship of

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￦ 100 million from us. In March 2021, the Supreme Court of Korea affirmed the appellate court’s judgment against Mr. Jun, which became final and conclusive. No indictment or charges of wrongdoing were brought against us or any of our executives or employees in connection with Mr. Jun’s indictment.

In January 2018, the Korean police commenced an investigation in connection with the allegations that our current and former executives and employees violated the Political Funds Act of Korea, by making certain donations or providing gift cards to various lawmakers using corporate funds. In November 2021, the Seoul Central District Prosecutor’s Office decided not to indict Mr. Chang-gyu Hwang, our previous chief executive officer, on charges that include violating the Political Funds Act, but indicted four other former executives in our Corporate Relations Division for violation of such laws as well as us for violation of the Political Funds Act, which matter is currently pending at the Seoul Central District Court. In November 2021, the Seoul Central District Prosecutor’s Office also issued a summary indictment against our current representative director and chief executive officer, Mr. Hyeon-mo Ku, and nine other current and former executive officers, who permitted using their names, for violating charges that include violation of the Political Funds Act. In February 2022, after a summary judgment was issued, our 10 current and former executive officers filed for a formal trial. The case is currently pending before the Seoul Central District Court.

In March 2019, the KT New Labor Union filed criminal complaints with the Seoul Central District Prosecutor’s Office against our previous chief executive officer, Mr. Chang-Gyu Hwang, alleging charges that include a criminal breach of fiduciary duty, in connection with management consulting (research and survey) contracts entered into between us and others, including certain former public officials, since November 2014. In November 2021, the Seoul Central District Prosecutor’s Office dismissed such allegations related to Mr. Hwang.

In April 2019, the Seoul Southern District Prosecutor’s Office indicted four former executive officers, including Mr. Suk-chae Lee and Mr. Yu-yeol Seo, for charges of obstruction of business arising from allegedly engaging in a number of improper hiring during the public recruiting process of college graduates in the second half of 2012. In October 2019, the Seoul Southern District Court found the former executive officers guilty of the charges and sentenced Mr. Lee to a prison term of one year and Mr. Seo to a suspended prison term of eight months on probation for two years. Both the Prosecutor’s Office and the former executive officers appealed the court’s decision to the Seoul High Court, which in November 2020 sentenced Mr. Lee to a suspended prison term of one year and 6 months on probation for two years and Mr. Seo to a suspended prison term of eight months on probation for two years. In addition, the Seoul High Court found Mr. Lee guilty of bribery charges in relation to the improper hiring incident. Mr. Lee appealed the court’s decisions to the Supreme Court of Korea, which in February 2022 rejected the appeal and affirmed the appellate court’s judgment that became final and conclusive. No indictment or charges of wrongdoing were brought against us or any of our current executives or employees in connection with such indictment of our former executive officers.

In February 2022, we entered into a settlement (the “Settlement”) with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) to resolve its investigation, which include some of the matters described above and allegations relating to certain payments made by certain of our employees between 2014 and 2018 with respect to procurement of two government contracts in Vietnam.

Pursuant to the Settlement, which resolves these matters, and without admitting or denying any of the SEC’s findings (except for the SEC’s jurisdiction over us and the subject matter of the proceedings), we consented to the entry of an order in which the SEC made findings and ordered, pursuant to Section 21C of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that we cease and desist from committing or causing any violations and any future violations of the books and records and internal accounting control provisions of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”)—Sections 13(b)(2)(A) and 13(b)(2)(B) of the Exchange Act. As part of the Settlement, we paid

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disgorgement of approximately $2.8 million (including prejudgment interest) and a civil penalty of $3.5 million to the SEC, and agreed to periodically report to the SEC staff for a two year term the status of our remediation and implementation of compliance measures for ensuring compliance with the FCPA and other applicable anti-corruption laws. There can be no assurance that such development or any further developments relating to the above-mentioned matters, including adverse publicity, will not adversely affect our business, financial results, reputation or stock price.

Cybersecurity breaches may expose us to significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence of our customers.

Our business involves the storage and transmission of large amounts of confidential information of our subscribers and cardholders, and cybersecurity breaches expose us to a risk of loss of this information, which may lead to improper use or disclosure of such information, ensuing potential liability and litigation, any of which could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business. Even though we strive to take all steps we believe are necessary to protect personal information, hardware, software or applications we develop or procure from third parties may contain defects or other problems that could unexpectedly compromise information security. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to circumvent our security measures to gain access to our systems or facilities through fraud, trickery or other forms of deceiving our employees, contractors and temporary staff. In addition, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventive measures.

In the past, we have experienced cyber-attacks of varying degrees from time to time, including theft of personal information of our subscribers by third parties that have led to lawsuits and administrative actions against us alleging that the leak was related to our management of subscribers’ personal information. If we experience additional significant cybersecurity breaches or fail to detect and appropriately respond to significant cybersecurity breaches, we could be subject to additional government enforcement actions, regulatory sanctions and litigation in the future. In addition, our subscribers and cardholders could lose confidence in our ability to protect their personal information, which could cause them to discontinue using our services altogether. Furthermore, adverse final determinations, decisions or resolutions regarding such matters could encourage other parties to bring related claims and actions against us. Accordingly, our failure to prevent cybersecurity breaches may materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business and performance may be harmed by a disruption in our services due to failures in or changes to our systems, or by our failure to timely and effectively expand and upgrade our technology and infrastructure.

Our reputation and ability to attract, retain, and serve our subscribers, cardholders and other business partners are dependent in large part upon the reliable performance of our services and the underlying technical infrastructure. Our telecommunications network systems and information technology systems may not be adequately designed with the necessary reliability and redundancy to avoid performance delays or outages that could be harmful to our business. We have experienced, and may in the future experience, service disruptions, outages and other performance problems due to a variety of factors, including infrastructure changes, human or software errors, hardware failures, capacity constraints due to an overwhelming number of people accessing our services simultaneously, computer viruses, power losses, fraud and security attacks. Our technical infrastructure is also vulnerable to the risk of damage from natural and other disasters, such as fires, earthquakes, floods, and typhoons, as well as from acts of terrorism and other criminal acts. For example, on October 25, 2021, a network maintenance error temporarily disrupted our broadband Internet services nationwide and some of our telecommunications services for approximately 1.5 hours. As compensation for such

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disruptions, we refunded subscription fees for (i) 15 hours (approximately 10 times the interrupted period) for individual subscribers and (ii) 10 days for small business owners.

As the number of our subscribers and cardholders increases and as our customers access, download and transmit increasing volumes of media contents as well as engage in increasing volumes of financial transactions, we may be required to expand and upgrade our technology and infrastructure to continue to reliably deliver our services. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to expand and upgrade our technology and infrastructure to meet user demand in a timely manner, or on favorable economic terms. We purchase telecommunications network and other equipment from a limited number of key suppliers, and any discontinuation or interruption in the availability of equipment from our key suppliers for any reason could have an adverse effect on our operations. If our users are unable to readily access our services or access is disrupted, users may seek other service providers instead, and may not return to our services or use our services as often in the future. This would negatively impact our ability to attract subscribers, cardholders and other business partners as well as increase engagement of our customers. To the extent that we do not effectively address capacity constraints, upgrade our systems as needed or continually develop our technology and infrastructure to accommodate actual and anticipated changes in our customers’ needs, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed.

Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and our inability to protect them could reduce the value of our products, services and brands.

Our trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights, patents and other intellectual property rights are important assets for us. We rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, a combination of confidentiality and license agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties with whom we have relationships, as well as trademark, trade dress, domain name, copyright, trade secret and patent laws, to protect our brands and other intellectual property rights. However, various events outside of our control may pose a threat to our intellectual property rights, as well as to our products, services and technologies. For example, we may fail to obtain effective intellectual property protection, or effective intellectual property protection may not be available, in every country in which our services are available. Also, the efforts we have taken to protect our intellectual property rights may not be sufficient or effective, and any of our intellectual property rights may be challenged, which could result in them being narrowed in scope or declared invalid or unenforceable. There can be no assurance that our intellectual property rights will be sufficient to protect against others offering services that are substantially similar to ours and compete with our business.

We also rely on non-patented proprietary information and technology, such as trade secrets, confidential information, know-how and technical information. While in certain cases we have agreements in place with employees and third parties that place restrictions on the use and disclosure of such intellectual property, these agreements may be breached, or such intellectual property may otherwise be disclosed or become known to our competitors, which could cause us to lose competitive advantages resulting from such intellectual property.

We are also pursuing registration of trademarks and domain names in Korea and in select jurisdictions outside of Korea. Effective protection of trademarks, domain names and other intellectual property is expensive and difficult to maintain, both in terms of application and registration costs as well as the costs of defending and enforcing those rights.

We also seek to obtain patent protection for some of our technology, and we have filed various applications in Korea and elsewhere for protection of certain aspects of our intellectual property and currently hold a number of issued patents in multiple jurisdictions. We may be unable to obtain patent or trademark protection for our technologies and brands, and our existing patents and trademarks, and

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any patents or trademarks that may be issued in the future, may not provide us with competitive advantages or distinguish our products and services from those of our competitors. In addition, any patents and trademarks may be contested, circumvented, or found unenforceable or invalid, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing, diluting or otherwise violating them. Significant infringements of our intellectual property rights, and limitations on our ability to assert our intellectual property rights against others, could harm our ability to compete and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may become party to intellectual property rights claims in the future that may be expensive and time consuming to defend, and such claims, if resolved adversely, could have a significant impact on our business.

Telecommunications and information technology companies own large numbers of patents, copyrights, trademarks, licenses and trade secrets, and frequently enter into litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property or other rights. In addition, various “non-practicing entities” that own intellectual property rights often attempt to aggressively assert claims in order to extract payments from companies like us. From time to time, we have received, and may receive in the future, claims from third parties which allege that we have infringed upon their intellectual property rights. Furthermore, from time to time, we may introduce or acquire new services or content, including in areas where we currently do not compete, which could increase our exposure to intellectual property claims from competitors and non-practicing entities.

As we face increasing competition, the number and scope of intellectual property claims against us may grow. Any claim or litigation alleging that we have infringed or otherwise violated intellectual property or other rights of third parties, with or without merit, and whether or not settled out of court or determined in our favor, could be time consuming and costly to address and resolve, and could divert the time and attention of our management and technical personnel. The outcome of any litigation is inherently uncertain, and there can be no assurance that favorable final outcomes will be obtained. In addition, plaintiffs may seek, and we may become subject to, preliminary or provisional rulings in the course of any such litigation, including potential preliminary injunctions requiring us to cease some or all of our operations.

If any litigation to which we are a party is resolved adversely, we may be subject to an unfavorable judgment that may not be reversed upon appeal. The terms of any such judgment or any settlement may require us to cease some or all of our operations, pay substantial amounts to the other party or seek licensing arrangements. If we are required or choose to enter into royalty or licensing arrangements, such arrangements may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. In addition, the development or procurement of alternative technology could require significant effort and expense or may not be feasible. Accordingly, an unfavorable resolution of any intellectual property rights claims could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on key researchers and engineers and senior management, and the loss of the services of any such key personnel or the inability to attract and retain replacements may negatively affect our business.

Our success depends to a significant extent upon the continued service of our research and development and engineering personnel, and on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate qualified researchers and engineers. In particular, our focus on leading the market in introducing new telecommunications and Internet-related services has meant that we must aggressively recruit engineers with expertise in cutting-edge technologies. In addition, our ability to execute our strategy effectively is dependent upon contributions from our key senior management. Our future success will depend on the continued service of our key executive officers and managers who possess significant

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expertise and knowledge of our industry. A limited number of individuals have primary responsibility for the management of our business, including our relationships with key business partners. From time to time, there may be changes in our senior management team that may be disruptive to our business, and we may not be able to find replacement key personnel in a timely manner. Any loss or interruption of the services of these individuals, whether from retirement, loss to competitors or other causes, or failure to attract and retain other qualified new personnel, could prevent us from effectively executing our business strategy, cause us to lose key business relationships, or otherwise materially affect our operations.

Government regulation of the credit card industry may adversely affect the operations of BC Card in which we held a 69.5% interest as of December 31, 2021.

Due to the rapid growth of the credit card market and rising consumer debt levels in Korea, the Government has heightened its regulatory oversight of the credit card industry in recent decades. In particular, the FSC and the Financial Supervisory Service (“FSS”) have adopted a variety of regulations governing the credit card industry. Among other things, these regulations impose minimum capital adequacy ratios, minimum required provisioning levels applicable to credit card receivables and stringent lending ratios. The FSC and FSS also impose rules governing the evaluation and reporting of credit card balances, procedures governing which persons may receive credit cards as well as processing fees paid by merchants.

Pursuant to the FSS’s capital adequacy guidelines, which are derived from standards established by the Bank for International Settlements, credit card companies in Korea are required to maintain a total capital adequacy ratio of at least 8.0% on a consolidated basis. To the extent a credit card company fails to maintain such ratio, Korean regulatory authorities may impose penalties on such company ranging from a warning to a suspension or revocation of its license. BC Card’s capital adequacy ratios were 44.2% as of December 31, 2020 and 35.8% as of December 31, 2021. Such capital adequacy ratio will decrease if the growth in BC Card’s asset base is not matched by corresponding growth in its regulatory capital. In addition, BC Card’s capital base and its capital adequacy ratio may decrease if its results of operations or financial condition deteriorates. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that BC Card will not be required to obtain additional capital in the future in order to maintain its capital adequacy ratio above the minimum required levels. There can be no assurance that, if BC Card requires additional capital in the future, it will be able to obtain such capital on favorable terms or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition and results of operations of BC Card.

The Government may adopt further regulatory changes in the future that affect the credit card industry. Depending on their nature, such changes may adversely affect the operations of BC Card, by restricting its growth or scope, subjecting it to stricter requirements and potential sanctions or greater competition, constraining its profitability or otherwise.

Disputes with our labor union may disrupt our business operations.

In the past, we have experienced opposition from our labor union for our strategy of restructuring to improve our efficiency and profitability by disposing of non-core businesses and reducing our employee base. Although we have not experienced any significant labor disputes or unrests in recent years,

there can be no assurance that we will not experience labor disputes or unrests in the future, including extended protests and strikes, which could disrupt our business operations and have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We also negotiate collective bargaining agreements every two years with our labor union and annually negotiate a wage agreement. Our current collective bargaining agreement expires on

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September 5, 2023. Although we have been able to reach collective bargaining agreements and wage agreements with our labor union in recent years, there can be no assurance that we will not experience labor disputes and unrest resulting from disagreements with the labor union in the future.

We are subject to various laws and regulations in Korea and other jurisdictions, including the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act of Korea.

Our business operations and acts of our management, employees and other relevant parties are subject to various laws and regulations in and outside Korea. These laws are complicated and sometimes conflicting and our efforts to comply with these laws could increase our cost of doing business, restrict our business activities and expose us or our employees to legal sanctions and liabilities.

The Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act provides for various regulations and restrictions on large business groups enforced by the Korea Fair Trade Commission to prohibit or restrict actions that impede competition and fair trade. The Korea Fair Trade Commission designated us as a large business group under the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act on April 1, 2002. Our business relationships and transactions with our subsidiaries, affiliates and other companies within the KT group are subject to ongoing scrutiny by the Fair Trade Commission as to, among other things, whether such relationships and transactions constitute undue financial support among companies of the same business group. We are also subject to the fair trade regulations limiting debt guarantees for other domestic member companies of the same group and cross-shareholdings among domestic member companies of the same group, as well as requiring disclosure of the status of such cross-shareholdings. Additionally, we are subject to a prohibition, in effect since July 2014, against circular shareholding among any three or more entities within our business group. Any future determination by the Korea Fair Trade Commission that we have engaged in transactions that violate the fair trade laws and regulations may result in fines or other punitive measures and may have a material adverse effect on our reputation and our business.

Concerns that radio frequency emissions may be linked to various health concerns could adversely affect our business and we could be subject to litigation relating to these health concerns.

In the past, allegations that serious health risks may result from the use of wireless telecommunications devices or other transmission equipment have adversely affected the share prices of some wireless telecommunications companies in the United States. In May 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (“IARC”) announced that it has classified radiofrequency electromagnetic fields associated with wireless phone use as possibly carcinogenic to humans, based on an increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer. The IARC is part of the World Health Organization that conducts research on the causes of human cancer and the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and aims to develop scientific strategies for cancer control. We cannot assure you that such health concerns will not adversely affect our business. Several class action and personal injury lawsuits have been filed in the United States against several wireless phone manufacturers and carriers, asserting product liability, breach of warranty and other claims relating to radio transmissions to and from wireless phones. We could be subject to liability or incur significant costs defending lawsuits brought by our subscribers or other parties who claim to have been harmed by or as a result of our services. In addition, the actual or perceived risk of wireless telecommunications devices could have an adverse effect on us by reducing our number of subscribers or our usage per subscriber.

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Depreciation of the value of the Won against the Dollar and other major foreign currencies may have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations and on the prices of our securities.

Substantially all of our revenues are denominated in Won. Depreciation of the Won may materially affect the results of our operations because, among other things, it causes an increase in the amount of Won required by us to make interest and principal payments on our foreign-currency-denominated debt, the costs of telecommunications equipment that we purchase from overseas sources, net settlement payments to foreign carriers and certain payments related to our derivative instruments entered into for foreign exchange risk hedging purposes. Of the ￦ 8,438 billion total book value of borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2021, ￦ 3,134 billion was denominated in foreign currencies. Upon identification and evaluation of our currency risk exposures, we, having considered various circumstances, enter into derivative financial instruments to try to mitigate such risks. Although the impact of exchange rate fluctuations has in the past been partially mitigated by such strategies, our results of operations have historically been affected by exchange rate fluctuations, and there can be no assurance that such strategies will be sufficient to reduce or eliminate the adverse impact of such fluctuations in the future. See “—Item 3.A. Selected Financial Data—Exchange Rate Information”, “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources” and “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Exchange Rate Risk.”

Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Won and the Dollar will also affect the Dollar equivalent of the Won price of our ordinary shares on the KRX Korea Composite Stock Price Index (“KOSPI”) Market and, as a result, will likely affect the market price of the ADSs. These fluctuations will also affect the Dollar conversion by the depositary for the American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”) of cash dividends, if any, paid in Won on our ordinary shares represented by the ADSs.

We may be exposed to potential claims for unpaid wages and become subject to additional labor costs arising from the Supreme Court of Korea’s interpretation of ordinary wages.

Under the Labor Standards Act, an employee’s “ordinary wage” is a key legal construct used to calculate many statutory benefits and entitlements in Korea. Increasing or decreasing the amount of compensation included in employees’ ordinary wages has the effect of increasing or decreasing the amounts of various statutory entitlements that are calculated based on “ordinary wage,” such as overtime premium pay. Under guidelines previously issued by the Ministry of Employment and Labor, prior to the Supreme Court decision described below, an employee’s ordinary wage included base salary and certain fixed monthly allowances for work performed overtime during night shifts and holidays. Prior to the Supreme Court of Korea’s decision described below, companies in Korea had typically interpreted these guidelines as excluding from the scope of ordinary wages fixed bonuses that are paid other than on a monthly basis, namely on a bi-monthly, quarterly or biannual basis.

In December 2013, the Supreme Court of Korea ruled that regular bonuses (including those that are paid other than on a monthly basis) shall be deemed ordinary wages if these bonuses are paid “regularly” and “uniformly” on a “fixed basis” notwithstanding differential amounts based on seniority. Under this decision, any collective bargaining agreement or labor-management agreement which attempts to exclude such regular bonuses from employees’ ordinary wages will be deemed void for violation of the mandatory provisions of Korean law. However, the Supreme Court of Korea further ruled that, in certain limited situations, an employee’s claim of underpayment under the expanded scope of ordinary wages for the past three years may be denied based on the principles of good faith, even if the claim is raised within the statute of limitations period. Following this Supreme Court decision, the Ministry of Employment and Labor issued a Guideline for Labor and Management on Ordinary Wages in January 2014. A bill for amendment to the Labor Standard Act, which includes a

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definition of “ordinary wages” as “entire money and valuables determined in advance to be provided to the employee by the employer as wages, regardless of its name, in exchange of the prescribed or total work of the employee,” is currently pending at the sub-committee level of the National Assembly.

While we currently are not subject to any claims of underpayment from our current or former employees,

the Supreme Court decision may result in additional labor costs for us in the form of additional payments required under the expanded scope of ordinary wages, both those incurred during the past three years and those to be incurred in the future. Any such additional payments may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Korea

If economic conditions in Korea deteriorate, our current business and future growth could be materially and adversely affected.

We are incorporated in Korea, and we generate most of our operating revenue in Korea. As a result, we are subject to economic, political, legal and regulatory risks specific to Korea. In the past, the economic indicators in Korea have shown mixed signs of growth and uncertainty, and starting in 2020, the overall Korean economy and the economies of Korea’s major trading partners have shown mixed signs of deterioration and recovery due to the debilitating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. See ““—Risks Relating to Our Business—The ongoing global pandemic of a new strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) and any possible recurrence of other types of widespread infectious diseases, may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.” As a result, future growth of the Korean economy is subject to many factors beyond our control, including developments in the global economy.

In recent years, adverse conditions and volatility in the worldwide financial markets, fluctuations in oil and commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, in particular due to the COVID-19 pandemic, have contributed to the uncertainty of global economic prospects in general and have adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, the Korean economy. The value of the Won relative to major foreign currencies has fluctuated significantly and, as a result of deteriorating global and Korean economic conditions, there has been significant volatility in the stock prices of Korean companies recently. Declines in the KOSPI, and large amounts of sales of Korean securities by foreign investors and subsequent repatriation of the proceeds of such sales may adversely affect the value of the Won, the foreign currency reserves held by financial institutions in Korea, and the ability of Korean companies to raise capital. Any future deterioration of the Korean economy could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and the market price of our ADSs.

Developments that could have an adverse impact on Korea’s economy include:

•	declines in consumer confidence and a slowdown in consumer spending, including as a result of the ongoing global <br>COVID-19<br> pandemic;
•	adverse conditions or developments in the economies of countries and regions that are important export markets for Korea, such as China, the United States, Europe and Japan, or in emerging market economies in Asia or elsewhere, including as a result of the deteriorating economic and trade relations between the United States and China and increased uncertainties resulting from the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union;
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•	adverse changes or volatility in foreign currency reserve levels, commodity prices (including oil prices), exchange rates (including fluctuation of the U.S. dollar, the Euro or the Japanese Yen exchange rates or revaluation of the Chinese Renminbi), interest rates, inflation rates or stock markets;
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•	the occurrence of severe health epidemics in Korea or other parts of the world, such as the <br>COVID-19<br> pandemic;
•	deterioration in economic or diplomatic relations between Korea and its trading partners or allies, including deterioration resulting from territorial or trade disputes or disagreements in foreign policy (such as the ongoing trade disputes with Japan);
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•	increased sovereign default risk in select countries and the resulting adverse effects on the global financial markets;
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•	deterioration in the financial condition or performance of small- and <br>medium-sized<br> enterprises and other companies in Korea due to the Government’s policies to increase minimum wages and limit working hours of employees;
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•	investigations of large Korean business groups and their senior management for possible misconduct;
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•	a continuing rise in the level of household debt and increasing delinquencies and credit defaults by retail and <br>small-<br> and <br>medium-sized<br> enterprise borrowers in Korea;
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•	the economic impact of any pending or future free trade agreements or of any changes to existing free trade agreements;
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•	social and labor unrest;
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•	substantial changes in the market prices of Korean real estate;
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•	a substantial decrease in tax revenues and a substantial increase in the Government’s expenditures for fiscal stimulus measures, unemployment compensation and other economic and social programs, in particular in light of the Government’s ongoing efforts to provide emergency relief payments to households and emergency loans to corporations in need of funding in light of <br>COVID-19,<br> which, together, would likely lead to a national budget deficit as well as an increase in the Government’s debt;
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•	financial problems or lack of progress in the restructuring of Korean business groups, other large troubled companies, their suppliers or the financial sector;
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•	loss of investor confidence arising from corporate accounting irregularities or corporate governance issues concerning certain Korean companies;
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•	increases in social expenditures to support an aging population in Korea or decreases in economic productivity due to the declining population size in Korea;
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•	geopolitical uncertainty and the risk of further attacks by terrorist groups around the world;
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•	political uncertainty or increasing strife among or within political parties in Korea;
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•	hostilities or political or social tensions involving oil producing countries in the Middle East (including a potential escalation of hostilities between the United States and Iran) and Northern Africa and any material disruption in the global supply of oil or sudden increase in the price of oil;
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•	hostilities or political or social tensions involving Russia (including the invasion of Ukraine by Russia and ensuing actions that the United States and other countries may take) and any resulting adverse effects on the global supply of oil or other natural resources or the global financial markets;
•	natural or <br>man-made<br> disasters that have a significant adverse economic or other impact on Korea or its major trading partners; and
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•	an increase in the level of tensions or an outbreak of hostilities between North Korea and Korea or the United States.
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Escalations in tensions with North Korea could have an adverse effect on us and the market value of our ADSs.

Relations between Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In particular, there have been heightened security concerns in recent years stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapon and ballistic missile programs as well as its hostile military actions against Korea. Some of the significant incidents in recent years include the following:

•	North Korea renounced its obligations under the Nuclear <br>Non-Proliferation<br> Treaty in January 2003 and has conducted several rounds of nuclear tests since October 2006, including claimed detonations of hydrogen bombs, and warheads that can be mounted on ballistic missiles. Over the years, North Korea has also conducted a series of ballistic missile tests, including missiles launched from submarines and intercontinental ballistic missiles that it claims can reach the United States mainland. In response, the Government has repeatedly condemned the provocations and flagrant violations of relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. Internationally, the United Nations Security Council has passed a series of resolutions condemning North Korea’s actions and significantly expanding the scope of sanctions applicable to North Korea, most recently in December 2017 in response to North Korea’s intercontinental ballistic missile test in November 2017. Over the years, the United States and the European Union have also expanded their sanctions applicable to North Korea.
•	In March 2010, a Korean naval vessel was destroyed by an underwater explosion, killing many of the crewmen on board. The Government formally accused North Korea of causing the sinking, while North Korea denied responsibility. Moreover, in November 2010, North Korea fired more than one hundred artillery shells that hit Korea’s Yeonpyeong Island near the Northern Limit Line, which acts as the de facto maritime boundary between Korea and North Korea on the west coast of the Korean peninsula, causing casualties and significant property damage. The Government condemned North Korea for the attack and vowed stern retaliation should there be further provocation.
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•

North Korea renounced its obligations under the Nuclear <br>Non-Proliferation<br> Treaty in January 2003 and has conducted several rounds of nuclear tests since October 2006, including claimed detonations of hydrogen bombs, and warheads that can be mounted on ballistic missiles. Over the years, North Korea has also conducted a series of ballistic missile tests, including missiles launched from submarines and intercontinental ballistic missiles that it claims can reach the United States mainland. In response, the Government has repeatedly condemned the provocations and flagrant violations of relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. Internationally, the United Nations Security Council has passed a series of resolutions condemning North Korea’s actions and significantly expanding the scope of sanctions applicable to North Korea, most recently in December 2017 in response to North Korea’s intercontinental ballistic missile test in November 2017. Over the years, the United States and the European Union have also expanded their sanctions applicable to North Korea.

•

In March 2010, a Korean naval vessel was destroyed by an underwater explosion, killing many of the crewmen on board. The Government formally accused North Korea of causing the sinking, while North Korea denied responsibility. Moreover, in November 2010, North Korea fired more than one hundred artillery shells that hit Korea’s Yeonpyeong Island near the Northern Limit Line, which acts as the de facto maritime boundary between Korea and North Korea on the west coast of the Korean peninsula, causing casualties and significant property damage. The Government condemned North Korea for the attack and vowed stern retaliation should there be further provocation.

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North Korea’s economy also faces severe challenges, which may further aggravate social and political pressures within North Korea.

Although bilateral summit meetings were held between Korea and North Korea in April, May and September 2018 and between the United States and North Korea in June 2018, February 2019 and June 2019, there can be no assurance that the level of tensions affecting the Korean peninsula will not escalate in the future. Any increase in tensions, which may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership crisis, high-level contacts between Korea or the United States and North

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Korea break down or further military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on the Korean economy and on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Korea’s legislation allowing class action suits related to securities transactions may expose us to additional litigation risk.

The Securities-related Class Action Act of Korea enacted in January 2004 allows class action suits to be brought by shareholders of companies (including us) listed on the KRX KOSPI Market for losses incurred in connection with purchases and sales of securities and other securities transactions arising from (1) false or inaccurate statements provided in the registration statements, prospectuses, business reports, audit reports, semi-annual or quarterly reports and material fact reports and omission of material information in such documents, (2) insider trading, (3) market manipulation and (4) unfair trading. This law permits 50 or more shareholders who collectively hold 0.01% of the shares of a company to bring a class action suit against, among others, the issuer and its directors and officers. Because of the enactment of the act, there is not enough judicial precedent to predict how the courts will apply the law. Litigation can be time-consuming and expensive to resolve, and can divert management time and attention from business operation. We are not aware of any basis upon which such suit may be brought against us, nor are any such suits pending or threatened. Any such litigation brought against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are generally subject to Korean corporate governance and disclosure standards, which differ in significant respects from those in other countries.

Companies in Korea, including us, are subject to corporate governance standards applicable to Korean public companies which differ in some respects from standards applicable in other countries, including the United States. As a reporting company registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and listed on the New York Stock Exchange, we are, and will continue to be, subject to certain corporate governance standards. However, foreign private issuers, including us, are exempt from certain corporate governance standards required under the New York Stock Exchange. For a description of significant differences in corporate governance practice compared to corporate governance standards of the New York Stock Exchange applicable to U.S. issuers, see “Item 16G. Corporate Governance.” There may also be less publicly available information about Korean companies, such as us, than is regularly made available by public or non-public companies in other countries.

Risks Relating to the Securities

If an investor surrenders his American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) to withdraw the underlying shares, he may not be allowed to deposit the shares again to obtain ADSs.

Korean law currently limits foreign ownership of the ADSs and our shares. In addition, under our deposit agreement, the depositary bank cannot accept deposits of shares and deliver ADSs representing those shares unless (1) we have consented to such deposit or (2) Korean counsel has advised the depositary bank that the consent required under (1) is no longer required under Korean laws and regulations. Under current Korean laws and regulations, the depositary bank is required to obtain our prior consent for the number of shares to be deposited in any given proposed deposit which exceeds the difference between (1) the aggregate number of shares deposited by us or with our consent for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial and all subsequent offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions related to these ADSs) and (2) the number of shares on deposit with the depositary bank at the time of such proposed deposit. The depositary bank has informed us that, at a time it considers to be appropriate, the depositary bank plans to start

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accepting deposits of shares without our consent and to deliver ADSs representing those shares up to the amount allowed under current Korean laws and regulations. Until such time, however, the depositary bank will continue to obtain our consent for such deposits of shares and delivery of ADSs, which we may not provide. Consequently, if an investor surrenders his ADSs to withdraw the underlying shares, he may not be allowed to deposit the shares again to obtain ADSs. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Item 10.D. Exchange Controls.”

A foreign investor may not be able to exercise voting rights with respect to common shares exceeding certain restrictions.

Under the Telecommunications Business Act, a foreign shareholder who holds 5.0% or more of our total shares is prohibited from becoming our largest shareholder. However, any foreign shareholder who held 5.0% or more of our total shares and was our largest shareholder on or prior to May 9, 2004 is exempt from the regulations, provided that such foreign shareholder may not acquire any more of our shares. In addition, under the Telecommunications Business Act, the MSIT may, if it deems it necessary to preserve substantial public interests, prohibit a foreign shareholder from being our largest shareholder. In the event that any foreigner or foreign government acquires our shares in violation of the above provisions, such foreign shareholder may not be able to exercise voting rights with respect to common shares exceeding such threshold. The MSIT may also order us or the foreign shareholder to take corrective measures in respect of the excess shares within a specified period of six months or less.

In addition, the Telecommunications Business Act restricts the ownership and control of network service providers by foreign shareholders. Foreigners (based on citizenship), foreign governments and “foreign invested companies” may not own more than 49.0% of the issued shares with voting rights of a network service provider, including us. For purposes of the Telecommunications Business Act, the term “foreign invested company” means a company in which a foreigner or a foreign government is the largest shareholder and holds 15.0% or more of the company’s shares with voting rights, provided, however, that such company will not be counted as a foreign shareholder for the purposes of the 49.0% limit if (1) it holds less than 1.0% of our total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights or (2) if the MSIT determines that the fact that such foreign government or entity holds a 15.0% or greater shareholding in such company does not present a risk of harm to the public interest.

Notwithstanding the above, pursuant to a recent amendment to the Telecommunications Business Act that became effective on April 20, 2022, a company, so long as (i) its largest shareholder (determined by aggregating the shareholdings of such shareholder and its related parties) is a foreign government or a foreigner of a country that has entered into a bilateral or multilateral free trade agreement with Korea that is designated by the MSIT, and (ii) such shareholder (together with the shareholdings of its related parties) owns 15.0% or more of the issued voting stock of such entity, may own more than 49.0% of our issued shares with voting rights but may not exercise its voting rights with respect to the shares held in excess of the 49% ceiling until the conclusion of the MSIT’s public interest review.

As of December 31, 2021, 43.33% of our common shares were owned by foreign investors. In the event that any foreigner or foreign government acquires our shares in violation of the above provisions, such foreign shareholder may not be able to exercise voting rights with respect to common shares exceeding such threshold. The MSIT may also order us or the foreign shareholder to take corrective measures in respect of the excess shares within a specified period of six months or less. See “Item 4. Information of the Company—Item 4.B. Business Overview—Regulation—Foreign Investment” and “Item 10. Additional Information—Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Limitations on Shareholding.”

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Holders of ADSs will not be able to exercise appraisal rights unless they have withdrawn the underlying ordinary shares and become our direct shareholders.

In some limited circumstances, including the transfer of the whole or any significant part of our business and our merger or consolidation with another company, dissenting shareholders have the right to require us to purchase their shares under Korean law. A holder of ADSs will not be able to exercise appraisal rights unless he has withdrawn the underlying ordinary shares and become our direct shareholder. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association.”

An investor may not be able to exercise preemptive rights for additional shares and may suffer dilution of his equity interest in us.

The Commercial Code of Korea and our articles of incorporation require us, with some exceptions, to offer shareholders the right to subscribe for new shares in proportion to their existing ownership percentage whenever new shares are issued. If we offer any rights to subscribe for additional ordinary shares or any rights of any other nature, the depositary bank, after consultation with us, may make the rights available to an ADS holder or use reasonable efforts to dispose of the rights on behalf of the ADS holder and make the net proceeds available to the ADS holder. The depositary bank, however, is not required to make available to an ADS holder any rights to purchase any additional shares unless it deems that doing so is lawful and feasible and:

•	a registration statement filed by us under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, is in effect with respect to those shares; or
•	the offering and sale of those shares is exempt from or is not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act.
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We are under no obligation to file any registration statement. If a registration statement is required for an ADS holder to exercise preemptive rights but is not filed by us, the ADS holder will not be able to exercise his preemptive rights for additional shares. As a result, the ADS holder may suffer dilution of his equity interest in us.

Forward-looking statements may prove to be inaccurate.

This annual report contains “forward-looking statements” that are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about us and the industries in which we operate. The forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those statements using words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continues,” “expect,” “estimate,” “intend,” “project,” “aim,” “plan,” “likely to,” “target,” “contemplate,” “predict,” “potential” and similar expressions and future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “might,” “can,” “may,” or similar expressions generally intended to identify forward-looking statements. Those statements include, among other things, the discussions of our business strategy and expectations concerning our market position, future operations, margins, profitability, liquidity and capital resources. We caution you that reliance on any forward-looking statement involves risks and uncertainties, and that although we believe that the assumptions on which our forward-looking statements are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove to be inaccurate, and, as a result, the forward-looking statements based on those assumptions could be incorrect. The uncertainties in this regard include, but are not limited to, those identified in the risk factors discussed above. In light of these and other uncertainties, you should not conclude that we will necessarily achieve any plans and objectives or projected financial results referred to in any of the forward-looking statements. We do not undertake to release the results of any revisions of these forward-looking statements to reflect future events or circumstances.

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Item 4. Information on the Company

Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company

In 1981, the Government established us under the Korea Telecom Act to operate the telecommunications services business that it previously directly operated. Under the Korea Telecom Act and the Government-Invested Enterprises Management Basic Act, the Government exercised substantial control over our business and affairs. Effective October 1, 1997, the Korea Telecom Act was repealed and the Government-Invested Enterprises Management Basic Act became inapplicable to us. As a result, we became a corporation under the Commercial Code, and our corporate organization and shareholders’ rights were governed by the Government’s privatization laws and the Commercial Code. Among other things, we began to exercise greater autonomy in setting our annual budget and making investments in the telecommunications industry, and our shareholders began electing our directors, who had previously been appointed by the Government under the Korea Telecom Act.

Prior to 1993, the Government owned all of the issued shares of our common stock. From 1993 through May 2002, the Government disposed of all of its equity interest in us, and the privatization laws ceased to apply to us in August 2002. We amended our legal name from Korea Telecom Corp. to KT Corporation in March 2002.

Before December 1991, we were the sole provider of local, domestic long-distance and international long-distance telephone services in Korea. The Government began to introduce competition in the telecommunications services market in the early 1990’s. As a result, including ourselves, there are currently three local telephone service providers, five domestic long-distance carriers and numerous international long-distance carriers (including voice resellers) in Korea. In addition, the Government awarded licenses to several service providers to promote competition in other telecommunications business areas such as mobile telephone services and data network services. In June 2009, KT Freetel Co., Ltd. (“KTF”), a subsidiary providing mobile telephone services, merged into KT Corporation, with KT Corporation surviving the merger, with the objective of maximizing management efficiencies of our fixed-line and mobile telecommunications operations as well as more effectively responding to the convergence trends in the telecommunications industry. There are currently three mobile telephone service providers in Korea. See “—Item 4.B. Business Overview—Competition.”

We are a corporation with limited liability organized under the laws of Korea, and our legal and commercial name is KT Corporation. Our principal executive offices are located at KT Gwanghwamun Building East, 33, Jong-ro

3-gil,

Jongno-gu, 03155, Seoul, Korea, our telephone number is +82-31-727-0114 and the address of our English website is https://corp.kt.com/eng/.

The SEC maintains a website ( http://www.sec.gov ), which contains reports, information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

Item 4.B. Business Overview

We are the leading integrated telecommunications and platform service provider in Korea and one of the most advanced in Asia. In 2020, we announced our plans to transform ourselves into a digital telecommunications platform company as we strive to further expand and strengthen our digital platforms including in relation to our business-to-business (“B2B”), media, contents and financial services.

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Our principal services include:

•	mobile voice and data telecommunications services based on 5G, 4G LTE and 3G <br>W-CDMA<br> technology;
•	fixed-line services, which include:
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Ø	(i) fixed-line telephone services, including local, domestic long-distance and international <br>long-distance<br> services, (ii) Voice over Internet Protocol (“VoIP”) telephone services (i.e., provision of communication services over the Internet, and not over the fixed-line PSTN) and (iii) interconnection services to other telecommunications companies;
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Ø	broadband Internet access services; and
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Ø	data communication services, including fixed-line and satellite leased line services and dedicated broadband Internet connection service to corporate and other institutional customers;
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•	media and content services, including IPTV, satellite TV, digital music services, <br>e-commerce<br> services, online advertising consulting services and digital comics and novels services;
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•	financial services, including credit card processing and other financial services offered primarily through BC Card;
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•	other business activities, including information technology and network services and rental of real estate by KT Estate Inc. (“KT Estate”); and
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•	sale of goods, primarily sale of handsets related to our mobile services and miscellaneous telecommunications equipment, as well as sale of residential units and commercial real estate developed by KT Estate.
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Leveraging our dominant position in the fixed-line telephone services market and our established customer base in Korea, we have successfully pursued new growth opportunities and obtained strong market positions in each of our principal lines of business. In particular:

•	in mobile services, we achieved a market share of 31.3% with approximately 22.8 million subscribers as of December 31, 2021;
•	in fixed-line and VoIP telephone services, we had approximately 13.0 million subscribers, consisting of 9.9 million PSTN subscribers and 3.2 million VoIP subscribers as of December 31, 2021. As of such date, our market share of the fixed-line local telephone and VoIP services was 56.3%; and
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•	we are Korea’s largest broadband Internet access provider with approximately 9.5 million subscribers<br><br>as of December 31, 2021, representing a market share of 41.2%.
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For the year ended December 31, 2021, our operating revenue was ￦ 25,206 billion, our profit for the year was ￦ 1,459 billion and our basic earnings per share was ￦ 5,759. As of December 31, 2021, our total assets were ￦ 37,159 billion, total liabilities were ￦ 20,592 billion and total equity was ￦ 16,567 billion.

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Our Services

The following table sets out our operating revenue by principal product categories and the respective percentage of total operating revenue in 2019, 2020 and 2021.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2019					2020					2021
Products and services	Billions of<br>Won		%			Billions of<br>Won		%			Billions of<br>Won		%
Mobile services	￦	6,795		27.3	%	￦	6,805		27.8	%	￦	6,936		27.5	%
Fixed-line services:
Fixed-line and VoIP telephone services		1,579		6.3			1,464		6.0			1,465		5.8
Broadband Internet access services		2,177		8.7			2,256		9.2			2,344		9.3
Data communication services		1,111		4.5			1,107		4.5			1,152		4.6
Sub-total		4,867		19.5			4,827		19.7			4,960		19.7
Media and content services		2,516		10.1			2,638		10.8			2,801		11.1
Financial services		3,642		14.6			3,494		14.3			3,662		14.5
Others		2,885		11.6			3,084		12.6			3,313		13.1
Sale of goods <br>(1)		4,194		16.8			3,593		14.7			3,533		14.0
Total operating revenue	￦	24,899		100.0	%	￦	24,441		100.0	%	￦	25,206		100.0	%
(1)	Primarily related to sale of handsets for our mobile service and miscellaneous telecommunications equipment, as well as sale of residential units and commercial real estate developed by KT Estate.
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Mobile Services

We provide mobile services based on 5G, 4G LTE, and 3G W-CDMA technology.

We have made extensive efforts to continually develop advanced technologies as well as to provide a variety of new mobile services with enhanced speed, latency and connectivity. We commercially launched our next generation 5G mobile services in April 2019. We believe that the faster data transmission speed and lower latency of the 5G network enables us to offer significantly enhanced wireless data transmission with faster access to multimedia contents. We began offering 4G LTE services in the Seoul metropolitan area in January 2012, and we completed the expansion of our coverage nationwide in October 2012. 4G LTE technology enables data to be transmitted faster than 3G W-CDMA technology.

Revenue related to mobile service accounted for 27.5% of our operating revenue in 2021. The following table shows selected information concerning the usage of our network during the periods indicated and the number of our mobile subscribers as of the end of such periods:

	As of or for the Year Ended December 31,
	2019		2020		2021
Average monthly revenue per subscriber <br>(1)	￦	31,625	￦	31,683	￦	32,294
Number of mobile subscribers (in thousands)		21,922		22,305		22,799
LTE subscribers		17,153		16,174		14,637
W-CDMA<br> subscribers		3,350		2,512		1,784
5G subscribers		1,419		3,619		6,378
(1)	The average monthly revenue per subscriber is computed by dividing total monthly fees, usage charges, interconnection fees and value-added service fees for the period by the weighted average number of subscribers (other than MVNO subscribers) and dividing the quotient by the number of months in the period.
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We compete with SK Telecom, a mobile service provider that has a longer operating history than us, and LG U+ which began its service at around the same time as KTF. As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 22.8 million subscribers, or a market share of 31.3%, which was the second largest among the three mobile service providers.

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We market our mobile services primarily through independent exclusive dealers located throughout Korea. In addition to assisting new subscribers to activate mobile service and purchase handsets, authorized dealers are connected to our database and are able to assist customers with their account. Although most of these dealers sell exclusively our products and services, sub-dealers hired by exclusive dealers may sell products and services offered by other mobile telecommunications service providers. Authorized dealers are entitled to a commission for each new subscriber registered, as well as ongoing commissions for the first five years based primarily on the subscriber’s monthly fee, usage charges and length of subscription. The handsets sold by us to the dealers cannot be returned to us unless they are defective. If a handset is defective, it may be exchanged for a new one within 14 days from the date of purchase.

In response to the diversification of our customers’ demands and their increasing sophistication, we have also selectively engaged in opportunities to expand our internal sales channels. We operate customer plazas in key areas that engage in mobile service sales activities as well as provide a one-stop shop for a wide range of other services and products that we offer.

We also operate a website to promote and advertise our products and services to the general public and in particular to younger customers who are more familiar with the Internet.

We conduct the screening process for new subscribers with great caution. A potential subscriber must meet all minimum credit criteria before receiving mobile service. The procedure includes checking the history of non-payment and credit information from banks and credit agencies such as the National Information and Credit Evaluation Corporation. Applicants who do not meet the minimum criteria can only subscribe to the mobile service by using a pre-paid card.

Fixed-line Services

We provide a variety of fixed-line services, including various telephone services, broadband Internet access and data communication services.

Fixed-line and VoIP Telephone Services

We utilize our extensive nationwide telephone network to provide fixed-line telephone services, which consist of local, domestic long-distance, international long-distance services and land-to-mobile interconnection services. Our fixed-line telephone network includes exchanges, long-distance transmission equipment and fiber optic and copper cables. We also provide VoIP telephone services that enable VoIP phone devices with broadband connection to make domestic and international calls. These fixed-line and VoIP telephone services accounted for 5.8% of our operating revenue in 2021. In recent years, the proliferation of mobile phones, as well as the availability of increasingly lower wireless pricing plans, some of which include unlimited voice minutes, has led to significant decreases in our domestic long-distance call minutes and local call pulses. The following table shows selected information concerning our fixed-line telephone network and the number of PSTN and VoIP subscribers as of the end of the periods indicated as well as their engagement levels during such periods.

	As of or for the Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
Total Korean population (thousands) <br>(1)		51,799		51,826		51,850		51,829		51,639
PSTN and VoIP lines in service (thousands)		15,610		14,992		14,185		13,582		13,096
PSTN lines in service		12,201		11,637		11,052		10,449		9,905
Local lines in service		11,222		10,654		10,076		9,475		8,937
Group lines in service		979		983		976		973		968
VoIP lines in service		3,409		3,355		3,133		3,133		3,191
Fiber optic cable (kilometers)		764,802		784,088		847,497		867,051		896,076
Domestic long-distance call minutes (millions) <br>(2)		1,126		892		744		620		500
Local call pulses (millions) <br>(2)		1,285		974		804		638		554

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(1)	Based on the number of registered residents as published by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety of Korea.
(2)	Excluding calls placed from public telephones.
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Our domestic long-distance cable network is entirely made up of fiber optic cable and can carry both voice and data transmissions. Compared to conventional materials such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable provides significantly greater transmission capacity with less signal fading, thus requiring less frequent amplification. All of our lines are connected to exchanges capable of handling digital signal technology. A principal limitation of the older analog technology is that applications other than voice communications, such as the transmission of text and computer data, require either separate networks or conversion equipment. Digital systems permit a range of voice, text and data applications to be transmitted simultaneously on the same network.

In recent years, the volume of our incoming calls has exceeded the volume of our outgoing calls. The agreed settlement rate is applied to the call minutes to determine the applicable net settlement payment. The following table shows the number of minutes of international long-distance calls recorded by us and network service providers utilizing our international long-distance network in each specified category for each year in the five-year period ended December 31, 2021:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2018		2019		2020		2021
	(In millions of billed minutes)
Incoming international long-distance calls <br>(1)		286.4		221.1		189.6		50.8		242.4
Outgoing international long-distance calls		125.9		101.1		78.8		59.5		44.4
Total		412.3		322.2		268.4		110.3		286.8
(1)	Starting in 2021, includes incoming traffic of application-to-person correspondence.
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Under the Telecommunications Business Act, we are required to permit other service providers to interconnect to our fixed-line network. Currently, the principal users of this interconnection capacity include affiliates of SK Telecom and LG U+ (offering local, domestic long-distance and international long-distance services, and transmitting calls to and from their mobile networks). We recognize as land-to-mobile interconnection revenue the entire amount of the usage charge collected from the landline user and recognize as an expense the amount of interconnection charge paid to the mobile service provider.

Broadband Internet Access Services

Leveraging on our nationwide network of 896,076 kilometers of fiber optic cables as of December 31, 2021, we have achieved a leading market position in the broadband Internet access market in Korea. We believe we have a competitive advantage over other broadband Internet access service providers because, unlike our competitors, we can utilize our existing networks nationwide to provide broadband Internet access service. Our principal Internet access services are offered under the “KT Internet” and “KT GiGA Internet” brand names. We also offer WiFi services under the “KT WiFi” brand name, which is designed to integrate fixed-line and wireless services by offering high speed wireless Internet access to laptops and smartphones in hot-spot zones and KT Internet service in fixed-line environments. Our broadband Internet access services accounted for 9.3% of our operating revenue in 2021.

As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 9.5 million broadband Internet subscribers, including approximately 6.2 million KT GiGA Internet service subscribers with enhanced data transmission speeds. In addition, we had approximately 5.7 million KT WiFi subscribers as of such date. We also sponsored approximately 103 thousand hot-spot zones nationwide for wireless connection as of December 31, 2021.

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Our KT Internet services primarily utilize ADSL technology, which is a technology that converts existing copper twisted-pair telephone lines into access paths for multimedia and high-speed data communications. ADSL transforms the existing public telephone network from one limited to voice, text and low-resolution graphics to a system capable of bringing multimedia to subscriber premises without new cabling. The asymmetric design optimizes the bandwidth by maximizing the downstream speed for downloading information from the Internet. We are continually upgrading our broadband network to enable better FTTH connection, which further enhances data transmission speed and connection quality. FTTH is a telecommunication architecture in which a communication path is provided over optical fiber cables extending from the telecommunications operator’s switching equipment to the boundary of home or office. FTTH uses fiber optic cable, which is able to carry a high-bandwidth signal for longer distances without degradation. FTTH enables us to deliver enhanced services that require high bandwidth, such as IPTV, and other digital media contents with higher stability.

Data Communication Services

Our data communication services involve offering exclusive lines that allow point-to-point connection for voice and data traffic between two or more geographically separate points. As of December 31, 2021, we leased 295,919 lines to domestic and international businesses. We provide dedicated and secure broadband Internet connection service to institutional customers under the “Kornet” brand name. We provide high-speed connection to our Internet backbone network, as well as rent to our customers and install necessary routers to ensure reliable Internet connection and enhanced security. We provide discount rates to qualified customers, including small- and medium-sized enterprises, businesses engaging in Internet access services and government agencies. Data communication services accounted for 4.6% of our operating revenue in 2021.

Through our wholly owned subsidiary KT Sat Co., Ltd., we also provide transponder leasing, broadcasting, video distribution and data communication services through satellites periodically launched by us. We also lease satellite capacity from other satellite operators to offer satellite services to both domestic and international customers.

Media and Content Services

We offer a variety of media and content services, including IPTV, satellite TV, e-commerce services, digital music services, online advertising consulting services and digital comics and novels services. Media and content services accounted for 11.1% of our operating revenue in 2021. In addition, in September 2021, KT Skylife, in which we held a 49.99% interest as of December 31, 2021, acquired a 100.00% interest in HCN, which is Korea’s fifth largest cable TV operator. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Item 5.A. Operating Results—Overview—Acquisitions and Disposals of Interests in Subsidiaries and Joint Ventures.”

IPTV

We offer high definition video-on-demand and real-time broadcasting and ultra-high-definition (“UHD”) IPTV services under the brand name “olleh tv.” Our IPTV service offers access to an array of digital media contents, including broadcast channels, movies, sports, news, educational programs and TV replay, for a fixed monthly fee or on a pay-per-view basis. Through a digital set-top box that we rent to our customers, our customers are able to browse the catalogue of digital media contents and view selected media streams on their television. A set-top box provides two-way communications on an IP network and decodes video streaming data. As part of our IPTV services, we also operate our OTT platform under the brand name “Seezn.” We had approximately 9.1 million IPTV subscribers as of December 31, 2021.

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We are also leveraging our big data analytics capabilities and artificial intelligence technology to further enhance our IPTV services. We offer artificial intelligence-based “GiGA genie” service to our IPTV subscribers through a voice recognition speaker that also serves as the IPTV’s set-top box, which enables us to take advantage of big data analytics and enhance our product offerings as well as operate a more effective automated customer service center.

Satellite TV

We offer satellite TV services with features similar to our IPTV services through KT Skylife, in which we held a 49.99% interest as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 3.8 million subscribers for our satellite TV services, including olleh tv Skylife combination services.

Digital Music Services

We operate Genie, our platform for music contents as well as subscription-based access to digital music streaming and downloading services, through our subsidiary Genie Music Corporation, in which KT Studio Genie Co., Ltd. (“KT Studio Genie”) held a 36.0% interest as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, Genie was the second-largest music streaming and downloading service provider in Korea in terms of number of subscribers. Genie offers a broad selection of Korean and international music, both in streaming and download formats, as well as a variety of features designed to enhance the experience of users. In addition, we provide audiobook services. We offer Genie services in various formats that are specifically designed for mobile and other connected devices, PCs and TVs.

E-commerce Services

In July 2021, we merged KTH Co., Ltd. (“KTH”) and KT mhows Co., Ltd. (“KT mhows”) to create KT alpha Co., Ltd. (“KT alpha”) in which we held a 70.5% interest on a consolidated basis as of December 31, 2021. Through such merger, we expect to achieve vertical integration and pursue additional mobile commerce opportunities by leveraging KT mhows’ large corporate customer base with the e-commerce infrastructure and know-how of KTH.

Through KT alpha, we offer TV home shopping, digital content distribution and information and communication technology (“ICT”) platform consulting services. Furthermore, we offer a variety of consumer products and food items on our IPTV and satellite TV platforms. We also secure rights to digital entertainment contents such as movies, animations and TV series and distribute such contents to other media platforms. In addition, we provide a wide range of consulting services related to build-out of ICT platforms.

We also offer mobile gift card services through KT alpha under the brand name “giftishow” and other mobile advertising solutions to corporate customers.

Online Advertising Consulting Services

We provide strategic advertising consulting services for the online advertising industry through our subsidiaries Nasmedia, Co., Ltd. (“Nasmedia”), in which we held a 42.9% interest as of December 31, 2021, and PlayD Co., Ltd. (“PlayD”), in which Nasmedia and we in the aggregate held a 70.4% interest as of December 31, 2021. We provide a variety of services for advertising agencies, online media companies and their clients, ranging from market studies to advertising campaign planning as well as analysis of such campaign’s effectiveness. Our proprietary data analysis tools enable us to define specific advertising targets for the clients as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of various marketing channels to provide an optimal advertising campaign strategy.

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Digital Comics and Novels Services

StoryWiz, which was established in February 2020 and in which KT Studio Genie held a 100.0% interest as of December 31, 2021, specializes in producing and distributing digital comics and web novels as well as producing original video contents using our intellectual property rights. StoryWiz operates a web novel platform called Blice and a webtoon platform called KTOON. Through Blice, many writers distribute their web novels, and we support such writers in a variety of ways, such as holding web novel contests as well as providing funding for new and promising writers. KTOON offers a variety of web comics in a wide range of genres including comedy, romance, action and fantasy. We strive to further expand our intellectual property to movies, dramas and web comics.

Financial Services

As part of our overall strategy, we selectively pursue new business opportunities in the financial sector that complement our telecommunications business. In October 2011, we acquired a controlling interest in BC Card, a leading credit card solutions provider in Korea in which we held a 69.5% interest as of December 31, 2021. As of such date, BC Card held a 33.7% interest in K Bank, an Internet-only bank that began its commercial operations in April 2017.

Revenue from our financial services, which consist primarily of revenue from BC Card, accounted for 14.5% of our operating revenue in 2021.

BC Card

Through BC Card, we offer various credit card processing and related financial services. We operate the largest merchant payment network in Korea as measured by transaction volume. We also provide outsourcing services to a wide range of financial institutions for their credit card and check card business operations, including production and delivery of new credit cards, the preparation of monthly statements, management of merchants and other ancillary services. We also offer our services in select countries in Asia, including China, Indonesia and Vietnam.

A minority interest in BC Card is owned by various financial institutions in Korea, many of which are member companies that enter into co-branding agreements with us and issue credit cards and check cards under the “BC Card” brand. Our member companies that issue co-branded credit or check cards include Woori Card, NH Card, Industrial Bank of Korea and KB Kookmin Card. We engage in joint marketing efforts to promote cards issued pursuant to our co-branding agreements. However, we typically do not assume credit risks related to the inability of cardholders to make payments on their card usage, which are typically assumed by the member companies. As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 20 million credit cards and approximately 26 million check cards issued by our member companies under the “BC Card” brand. We also provide ancillary outsourcing services to various other banks, securities companies and financial institutions that do not issue co-branded cards with us.

We charge commissions for merchant fees paid by merchants to credit card companies for processing transactions. Merchant fees vary depending on the type of merchant and the total transaction amounts generated by the merchant. In addition to merchant fees, we receive commissions related to nominal interchange fees for international card transactions, as well as service fees from financial institutions that outsource their credit card business operations.

K Bank

K Bank is one of three Internet-only banks in Korea. Internet-only banks generally operate without branches and conduct their operations primarily through electronic means, which enable them

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to minimize costs and offer customers higher interest rates on deposits as well as lower lending rates. As of December 31, 2021, K Bank had approximately 7.2 million holders of deposit accounts, with total deposits of ￦ 11 trillion and outstanding loans of ￦ 7 trillion. Other shareholders of K Bank include Woori Bank, BCC Kingpin, LLC, Khan SS L.P., JS Shinhan Partners LCC, NH Investment & Securities, Co., Ltd., GS Retail Co., Ltd. and Hanwha Life Insurance Co., Ltd.

Pursuant to the Act on Special Cases Concerning Internet-Only Banks, starting from January 2019, a company with its ICT assets comprising more than 50% of its total assets (such as us) may obtain up to a 34.0% interest in an Internet-only bank, and is required to obtain approval from the FSC in order to become its largest shareholder.

Other Businesses

We also engage in various business activities that extend beyond telecommunications and financial services, including real estate development. Our other businesses accounted for 13.1% of our operating revenue in 2021.

Information Technology and Network Services

Digital transformation has increased in recent years, and the Government announced “Digital New Deal” initiatives in July 2020 to further accelerate such trend in Korea. Leveraging on our (i) data communications networks, (ii) infrastructure operational know-how and (iii) big data analytics capabilities, we believe that we are well-positioned to take advantage of the attractive opportunities in this era of digital transformation. In 2020, we launched our B2B brand, KT Enterprise, to better position ourselves to attract corporate customers that have digital transformation needs.

We offer a broad array of information technology and network services to our corporate and other institutional customers. Our range of systems integration services includes consulting, designing, building and maintaining systems and communication networks that satisfy the individual needs of our customers in the public and private sectors. We also provide one-stop global ICT services specifically targeting multinational corporations and international agencies, which range from ICT infrastructure design and buildout to operational solutions that address their multinational needs. In addition, we provide consulting services to optimize energy consumption by corporate and other institutional customers, as well as security surveillance services ranging from buildout of monitoring systems to dispatching of security personnel.

We also operate Internet data centers located throughout Korea and provide a wide range of computing services to companies that need servers, storage and leased lines. In April 2022, we completed a vertical spin-off of our Internet data centers business and established a wholly-owned subsidiary, kt cloud Co., Ltd., to more effectively promote the growth of our cloud and Internet data center operations. Data centers are facilities used to house, protect and maintain network server computers that store and deliver Internet and other network contents. Our data centers are designed to meet international standards, and are equipped with temperature and humidity control systems, regulated and reliable power supplies, mechanical equipment, fire detection and suppression equipment, security monitoring and wide-bandwidth connections to the Internet. Our data centers offer network outsourcing services, server operation services and system support services to our corporate customers. Leveraging our Internet data centers as well as our data communications networks, we provide a wide range of cloud computing services that are tailored to address specific needs of our customers in public and private sectors. [In addition, in September 2021, KT ES Pte. Ltd., a subsidiary in which we held a 57.6% interest as of December 31, 2021, acquired a 100.0% interest in Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd. (“Epsilon”) for US$135 million. Epsilon is a data service provider that provides data connectivity services to corporate customers around the world].

We also offer a wide range of “KT DX platform” services for our corporate and other institutional customers that provide customized and integrated digital transformation services that address their technical infrastructure, platform and solution needs.

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Real Estate Development

We own land and real estate in various locations throughout Korea. Technological developments have enhanced the coverage area of telecommunications facilities, which enable us to better utilize our existing land and other real estate holdings. Through our wholly-owned subsidiary KT Estate, we engage in the planning and development of residential complexes and commercial buildings on our unused sites, as well as in the leasing of buildings we own. Under the “Remark VILL” brand, we also lease units in residential complexes developed by us in urban areas such as Seoul and Busan.

Sale of Goods

We recognize revenue related to sale of goods, primarily handsets sold to subscribers of our mobile services as well as miscellaneous telecommunications equipment sold to vendors and other telecommunications companies and sale of residential units and commercial real estate developed by KT Estate. We purchase handsets primarily from Samsung Electronics, Apple and LG Electronics. Sale of goods accounted for 14.0% of our operating revenue in 2021.

Our Rates

We offer various service plans for our mobile, fixed-line and media and content services. For our individual customers, we offer rate plans targeting specific customer segments that aim to address their individual needs. We also offer bundled rate plans that provide discounts for subscribing to a combination of our services, as well as family plans that provide discounts for multiple line subscriptions under one household. For many of our services, we provide additional discounts for customers who commit to extended subscription periods. We provide an online tool designed to help our customers select a plan that is customized to their needs. Our service rates are typically charged on a monthly basis and are due at the end of the month. Our customers are also assessed a 10.0% VAT, which is included in the monthly subscription rates that we charge to our customers.

Our rates for business customers are tailored to the specific needs of the business customers.

Mobile Services

We offer a wide range of mobile service plans that vary depending, among others, on mobile technology (5G, LTE or W-CDMA), mobile device (mobile phone, tablet or other WiFi device) and age category, under which we offer plans based on usage volume for voice calling, data transmission and text messaging as well as addition of value-added services. Our premium packages offer unlimited voice calling, data transmission and text messaging as well as additional media content. We also provide plans specially designed for elderly and young subscribers as well as special discounts to subscribers with physical disabilities or on welfare programs. We do not charge an activation fee for our mobile services.

For mobile service plans that offer unlimited data transmission, we typically decelerate data transmission speeds after a subscriber reaches a set data usage threshold. For usage-based data transmission plans, our subscribers are typically charged additional data transmission fees if usage exceeds the applicable quota. However, for many of our plans, we provide our subscribers the ability to bank unused data transmission quota of the current month to the following month, or borrow quota allocated to the following month if the current monthly quota have been exhausted.

We also subsidize the purchase of new handsets by our qualifying subscribers who agree to use our service for a predetermined service period and purchase handsets on an installment basis. Under the Handset Distribution Reform Act, everyone, regardless of their status, is entitled to receive either a handset subsidy related to the purchase of a recently released mobile phone, or a discount on the mobile service subscription rate.

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The following table summarizes the terms of our representative 5G and LTE mobile service plans that we currently offer:

Plan	Monthly<br>Rate				Data Transmission	Additional Features
5G Super Plan Premium Choice	￦	130,000	Unlimited	300 min.	Unlimited	• Unlimited data roaming at 3 Mbps<br> <br>• Handset insurance using reward points<br> <br>• No service fee for additional smart device<br> <br>• Free contents (subscribers can choose two services among Movie / Music / Netflix / Disney)
5G Super Plan Special Choice	￦	110,000	Unlimited	300 min.	Unlimited	• Unlimited data roaming at 100 kbps<br> <br>• Handset insurance using reward points<br> <br>• No service fee for additional smart device<br> <br>• Free contents (subscribers can choose two services among Movie / Music / Netflix / Disney)
5G Super Plan Special	￦	100,000	Unlimited	300 min.	Unlimited	• Unlimited data roaming at 100 kbps<br> <br>• Handset insurance using reward points<br> <br>• No service fee for additional smart device
5G Super Plan Basic Choice	￦	90,000	Unlimited	300 min.	Unlimited	• Unlimited data roaming at 100 kbps<br> <br>• Free contents (subscribers can choose two services among Movie / Music / Netflix / Disney)
5G Super Plan Basic	￦	80,000	Unlimited	300 min.	Unlimited	• Unlimited data roaming at 100 kbps
5G Simple	￦	69,000	Unlimited	300 min.	Unlimited, but decelerate to 5 Mbps after 110 GB
5G Slim	￦	55,000	Unlimited	300 min.	Unlimited, but decelerate to 1 Mbps after 8 GB
5G Save		￦<br>45,000	Unlimited	300 min.	Unlimited, but decelerate to 400 kbps after 5 GB

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Plan	Monthly<br>Rate	Voice<br>Calls	Video<br>Calls	Data Transmission	Additional Features
Data On Premium	￦<br>89,000	Unlimited	300 min.	Unlimited	• Handset insurance using reward points<br> <br>• No service fee for additional smart device<br> <br>• Media package offering music, video, webtoon and movie content.
Data On Video	￦<br>69,000	Unlimited	300 min.	Unlimited, but decelerate to 5 Mbps after 100 GB	• Mobile TV package offering live broadcast and VOD contents of up to 2 GB per day
Data On Talk	￦<br>49,000	Unlimited	300 min.	Unlimited, but decelerate to 1 Mbps after 3 GB	• Mobile TV package offering live broadcast and VOD contents of up to 2 GB per day
LTE Basic	￦<br>33,000	Unlimited	50 min.	1.4 GB with an option to transfer data from and into the next month’s usage

In addition to our mobile service plans, we offer value-added services for additional monthly fees that can be added to the subscription such as media packages, mobile TV packages, additional data transmission packages, caller ID, music service packages and ring tone services and usage reporting services. We also offer fixed-rate international roaming plans that provide data roaming services in various countries around the world, which may be scheduled or automatically activated upon access from an overseas location.

Our mobile services also generate interconnection charges and expenses. For a call initiated by a mobile subscriber of one of our competitors to our mobile subscriber, the competitor collects from its subscriber its normal rate and remits to us a mobile-to-mobile interconnection charge. In addition, for a call initiated by our mobile subscriber to a mobile subscriber of one of our competitors, we collect from our subscriber our normal rate and remit to the competitor a mobile-to-mobile interconnection charge.

The following table shows the interconnection charges we paid per minute (exclusive of VAT) to our competitors, and the charges received per minute (exclusive of VAT) from mobile operators for mobile to mobile calls:

	Effective Starting
	January 1, 2019		January 1, 2020		January 1, 2021
KT	￦	11.6	￦	10.6	￦	10.3
SK Telecom		11.6		10.6		10.3
LG U+		11.6		10.6		10.3

Fixed-line Services

Fixed-line Telephone Services

Local and Domestic Long-distance . Our standard usage-based fixed-line telephone service plan consists of a base monthly rate of ￦ 5,720 and usage fees for local and domestic long-distance calls, as well as calls to VoIP phones and mobile phones. We charge ￦ 42.9 per three-minute increment for local calls, ￦ 15.95 per ten second increment for domestic long-distance calls, ￦ 53.9 per three-minute increment for calls to VoIP phones and ￦ 15.95 per ten second increment for calls to

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mobile phones. All usage-based fees are subject to discounts during certain low-usage periods of the day and on national holidays. The rates we charge for local calls are required to be reported to the MSIT, which has 15 days to object to such changes. For our subscribers who are initiating fixed-line telephone services, we charge a one-time nonrefundable activation fee of ￦ 60,000, which is waived with a three-year subscription commitment.

We also offer a flat rate fixed-line telephone service plan with a base monthly rate of ￦ 12,100 (or ￦ 8,470 for a three year subscription commitment) that includes 50 hours of local and domestic long-distance calls and calls to VoIP phones. Calls to mobile phones are not included in the free 50 hours, and we charge ￦ 14.50 per ten second increment for such calls. For a premium plan with a base monthly fee of ￦ 16,500 (or ￦ 11,550 for a three year subscription commitment), calls to KT mobile subscribers are included as part of the free 50 hours.

International Long-distance . For our international long-distance services, fees for out-going calls vary based on the destination country and whether the user has subscribed to an international long-distance services plan, which can be customized based on the type of telecommunication device (mobile or fixed-line), destination countries and other customer preferences. Usage is typically measured in one-second increments. We pay a settlement fee to the relevant foreign carrier for such calls under a bilateral agreement with the foreign carrier. For incoming calls (including calls placed in Korea by customers of the foreign carriers for home country direct-dial services), we receive settlement payments from the relevant foreign carrier at the applicable settlement rate specified under the relevant bilateral agreement.

Land-to-mobile Interconnection . We provide other telecommunications service providers, including mobile operators and other fixed-line operators, interconnection to our fixed-line network. For a call initiated by a landline user to a mobile service subscriber, we collect from the landline user the land-to-mobile usage charge and remit to the mobile service provider a land-to-mobile interconnection charge. We recognize as land-to-mobile interconnection revenue the entire amount of the usage charge collected from the landline user and recognize as expense the amount of interconnection charge paid to the mobile service provider. The MSIT periodically issues orders setting the interconnection charge calculation method applicable to interconnections with mobile service providers. The MSIT determines the land to mobile interconnection charge by calculating the long run incremental cost of mobile service providers, taking into consideration technology development and future expected costs.

The following table shows the interconnection charges we paid per minute (exclusive of VAT) to mobile operators for landline to mobile calls:

	Effective Starting
	January 1, 2019		January 1, 2020		January 1, 2021
SK Telecom	￦	11.6	￦	10.6	￦	10.3
LG U+		11.6		10.6		10.3

Land-to-land and Mobile-to-land Interconnection . For a call initiated by a landline subscriber of our competitor to our fixed-line user, the landline service provider collects from its subscriber its normal rate and remits to us a land-to-land interconnection charge. In addition, for a call initiated by a mobile service subscriber to our landline user, the mobile service provider collects from its subscriber its normal rate and remits to us a mobile-to-land interconnection charge.

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The following table shows such interconnection charge per minute collected for a call depending on the type of call, as determined by the MSIT:

	Effective Starting
	January 1, 2019		January 1, 2020		January 1, 2021
Local access <br>(1)	￦	7.8	￦	7.6	￦	7.0
Single toll access <br>(2)		9.2		8.6		8.0
Double toll access <br>(3)		12.2		11.2		10.9

Source: The MSIT.

(1)	Interconnection between local switching center and local access line.
(2)	Interconnection involving access to single long-distance switching center.
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(3)	Interconnection involving access to two long-distance switching centers.
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VoIP Telephone Services

Our VoIP telephone services offer rate plans that charge generally lower base monthly rates and usage-based fees compared to our fixed-line telephone services. For our subscribers who are initiating VoIP telephone services, we charge a one-time nonrefundable activation fee of ￦ 27,500, which may be waived if the subscriber opts for self-installation.

Broadband Internet Access Services

We offer various broadband Internet access service plans based on data transmission speed and data usage thresholds and offer discounts based on length of commitment that are applied for periods of up to four years. Most of our plans also include WiFi routers that enable our subscribers to create a WiFi environment in their residences. We charge our customers a one-time installation fee per site of ￦ 27,500. We also charge a modem rental fee ranging from ￦ 4,400 to ￦ 22,000 per year that varies depending on the type of model required for the service plan, which is also subject to discounts and waivers based on length of subscription commitment period.

The following table summarizes the terms of our representative broadband Internet access service plans that we currently offer:

Plan	Monthly Rate		Rate with<br>3 Year Term		Maximum<br>Speed	Max Speed<br>Daily Limit <br>(1)	Additional Features
Internet Super Premium	￦	110,000	￦	88,000	10 Gbps	1000 GB	2 WiFi routers included.
Internet Premium Plus	￦	82,500	￦	60,500	5 Gbps	500 GB	2 WiFi routers included.
Internet Premium	￦	60,500	￦	44,000	2.5 Gbps	250 GB	Discount on 1 WiFi router rental.
Internet Essence	￦	55,000	￦	38,500	1.0 Gbps	150 GB
Internet Slim	￦	39,600	￦	22,000	100 Mbps	None
(1)	Data transmission speed is reduced to 100 Mbps if data usage exceeds the specified maximum speed daily limit.
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Media and Content Services

Our IPTV and satellite TV service plans vary based on the package of media channels provided, availability of UHD channels and the inclusion of other value-added services. In addition to monthly rates for subscription, we charge a one-time installation fee of ￦ 27,500 per set-top box and a digital set-top box rental fee ranging from ￦ 7,700 to ￦ 9,900 per year that varies depending on the type of set-top box required for the service plan, which is also subject to discounts and waivers based on length of subscription commitment period. We also offer various video-on-demand contents for

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streaming and downloading for a fee. In addition to offering service plans that enable TV viewing at home as well as access on mobile devices, we provide separate mobile TV plans at lower rates that are specifically designed for mobile devices.

The following table summarizes the terms of our representative IPTV and satellite TV service plans that we currently offer:

Plan	Monthly<br>Rate	Rate with<br>3 Year Term			Additional Features
olleh tv live
tv Movie Plus	￦<br>55,000	￦<br>44,000	266	(6)	• Prime movie package that provides access to more than 28,000 <br>video-on-demand<br> contents.<br> <br>• Catch-on &<br> Plus channel dedicated to latest popular movies and dramas.
tv NETFLIX UHD	￦<br>39,800	￦<br>27,500	263	(6)	• tv Essence plus premium service of NETFLIX.
tv NETFLIX HD	￦<br>37,300	￦<br>25,500	263	(6)	• tv Essence plus standard service of NETFLIX.
tv Essence	￦<br>25,350	￦<br>16,500	263	(6)
tv Slim	￦<br>16,500	￦<br>13,200	219	(3)
olleh tv skylife
tv Entertainment	￦<br>31,020	￦<br>24,816	226	(5)	• Monthly coupon of <br>￦<br>10,000 for <br>video-on-demand.
tv Slim	￦<br>16,500	￦<br>13,200	216	(5)

Bundled Rate Plans

In order to provide our customers with additional value and further promote our marketing efforts to cross sell our various services, we provide our customers with various bundled rate plans that provide discounts for subscribing to a combination of our services, as well as family plans that provide discounts for multiple line subscriptions under one household. The majority of our subscribers participate in our bundled rate plans.

Fixed-line Packages

We offer substantial discounts to customers who subscribe to two or more of our fixed-line and TV services consisting of fixed-line telephone, VoIP telephone, broadband Internet access, IPTV and satellite TV services. Subscription payments collected pursuant to our bundled rate plans are allocated to each service.

Mobile Packages

For our mobile services, we offer family plans that provide monthly discounts of up to ￦ 11,000 per mobile phone subscription. Up to five members of a household may participate in our family plans.

Fixed-line and Mobile Combination Packages

We also offer various bundled rate plans that combine our fixed-line and TV services with mobile services, for both households and single subscribers. For households that subscribe to broadband Internet access as well as mobile services, our premium family plan provides discounts of approximately 50% for broadband Internet access subscription as well as for mobile services of each additional family member (up to four additional members).

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Competition

We face significant competition in each of our principal business areas. In the markets for mobile services, fixed-line services and media and content services, we compete primarily with SK Telecom and LG U+ (including their affiliates). Over time, considerable consolidation in the telecommunications industry has occurred, resulting in the current competitive landscape comprising three network service providers that offer a wide range of telecommunications and data communications services. In recent years, each of our primary competitors has acquired a leading cable TV operator in Korea to significantly increase their market shares in the pay TV market, which has further intensified competition.

We compete primarily based on our service performance, quality and reliability, ability to accurately identify and respond to evolving consumer demand, and pricing. With the launch of the next generation 5G mobile services in April 2019, competition has further intensified among the three network service providers, which has resulted in an increase in marketing expenses, as well as additional capital expenditures related to implementing 5G mobile services. Mobile service providers also grant subsidies or subscription discount rates to subscribers who purchase new handsets and agree to a minimum subscription period, and we compete also based on such amounts. We and SK Telecom have been designated as market-dominating business entities in the local telephone and mobile markets, respectively, under the Telecommunications Business Act. Under this Act, a market-dominating business entity may not engage in any act of abuse, such as unreasonably interfering with business activities of other business entities, hindering unfairly the entry of newcomers or substantially restricting competition to the detriment of the interests of consumers. In addition, changes in our local telephone rates and mobile rates of SK Telecom are required to be reported to the MSIT, which has 15 days to object to such changes. The KCC has also issued guidelines on fair competition of the telecommunications companies.

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The following tables show the market shares in our principal markets in terms of subscribers as of the dates indicated:

Mobile Services

	Market Share (%) <br>(1)
	KT Corporation		SK Telecom		LG U+
December 31, 2019		31.8		46.0		22.1
December 31, 2020		31.6		44.8		23.6
December 31, 2021		31.3		44.0		24.7

Source: The MSIT.

(1)	Includes subscribers of MVNOs that lease mobile networks of the respective mobile service provider.

Fixed-line Local Telephone and VoIP Services

	Market Share (%)
	KT Corporation		SK Broadband		LG U+
December 31, 2019		64.9		14.6		12.7
December 31, 2020		64.6		14.5		12.6
December 31, 2021		64.1		14.9		12.7

Source: Korea Telecommunications Operators Association.

Broadband Internet Access Services

	Market Share (%)
	KT Corporation		SK Broadband		LG U+		Others
December 31, 2019		40.9		25.6		19.6		13.9
December 31, 2020		41.1		29.0		20.3		9.6
December 31, 2021		41.2		28.7		20.7		9.4

Source: The MSIT.

Pay TV Services

	Market Share (%)
	KT Corporation <br>(1)		SK Broadband		LG U+
December 31, 2019		31.6		15.0		12.9
December 31, 2020		32.2		16.1		14.1
December 31, 2021		32.7		17.1		14.9

Source: Investor relations report of each company.

(1)	Including market share of KT Skylife.

Regulation

With the establishment of the MSIP in March 2013, many of the regulatory responsibilities formerly handled by the KCC have been transferred to the MSIP. On July 26, 2017, the MSIP was renamed as the Ministry of Science and ICT. Under the Framework Act on Telecommunications and the Telecommunications Business Act, the MSIT continues to have comprehensive regulatory authority over the telecommunications industry and all network service providers.

Since the establishment of its predecessor, the MSIP, the MSIT has assumed primary policy and regulatory responsibility for matters such as: (i) registration of network service providers and licensing of select services (the MSIT authorizes the licensing of IPTV service providers and, with the

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consent of the KCC, authorizes the licensing of satellite broadcasting companies); (ii) regulation of mergers and acquisitions, as well as license suspension and termination of network service providers; (iii) providing oversight on foreign ownership ratios in network service providers; and (iv) reviewing telecommunication matters as they relate to the public interest and approving ancillary telecommunication business activities. Additionally, the MSIT is responsible for a broad range of other policy and regulatory matters, including the administration and supervision of regulatory reporting by telecommunications companies, examination and analysis of accounting and business management practices in the industry, establishment and administration of policies governing telecommunications service fees, value-added service providers and network service providers, as well as supervision of reporting requirements of standard telecommunications service/user contracts.

The KCC’s overall policy role is to play a key role in regulatory activities aimed at protecting service users in the broadcast and telecommunications market and it continues to be responsible for investigations and sanctions regarding violations by telecommunications companies, as well as for mediating disputes between service providers and users. The KCC is established under the direct jurisdiction of the President of Korea and is comprised of five standing commissioners. Commissioners of the KCC are appointed by the President, and the appointment of the Chairperson must be approved at a confirmation hearing at the National Assembly.

Under the Personal Information Protection Act, telecommunications service providers are also required to protect personal information of their customers. Generally, when a telecommunications service provider intends to collect or use its customer’s personal information, such telecommunications service provider, with certain exceptions, must notify and receive the customers’ consent in relation to the purpose of collection, the use of the collected personal information, types of personal information collected and period during which the personal information will be possessed and used. Under the Personal Information Protection Act, any enterprise, including Korean telecommunications providers, may not use their customers’ personal information for any purpose other than the purpose their customers have consented to. In addition, there are various internal processes that the telecommunications providers are mandated to install in order to collect and handle personal information of their customers.

The MSIT also has the authority to regulate the pay TV market, including IPTV services. Under the Internet Multimedia Broadcasting Services Act, anyone intending to engage in the Internet multimedia broadcasting business must obtain a license from the MSIT. The ownership of the shares of an Internet multimedia broadcasting company by a newspaper, a news agency or a foreigner is limited.

Rates

Under current regulations implementing the Telecommunications Business Act, a network service provider may set its rates at its discretion, although it must report to the MSIT the rates and the general terms and conditions for each type of network service provided by it. However, the MSIT may object to the rates set by a market-dominating business entity within 15 days from the date of receipt of such report if there is a high risk of (i) harming the users’ interests (including unfair discrimination against specific users based on contract length and usage volume with such service provider) or (ii) harming fair competition (including the provision of telecommunication services at unfair rates compared to the wholesale price offered by other telecommunications service providers). In 1997, the MSIP designated us for local telephone service and SK Telecom for mobile service as market-dominating business entities, which currently remains in effect. As a result, changes in our local

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telephone rates and in the mobile rates of SK Telecom are required to be reported to the MSIT, which has 15 days to object to such changes. The form of our standard agreement for providing local network service and each agreement for interconnection with other service providers must also be reported to the MSIT.

Under the Handset Distribution Reform Act, everyone, regardless of their status, is entitled to receive either a handset subsidy related to the purchase of a recently released mobile phone, or a discount on the mobile service subscription rate. In addition, the MSIT may periodically announce policy guidelines that telecommunications companies are recommended to take into consideration in their telecommunications and Internet-related businesses.

Other Activities

A network service provider, such as us, must obtain the permission of the MSIT in order to:

•	modify its licenses;
•	discontinue, suspend or spin off all or a part of the business for which it is licensed;
---	---
•	transfer or acquire all or a part of the business of another network service provider; or
---	---
•	enter into a merger with another network service provider.
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By submitting a report to the MSIT, a network service provider may enter into arrangements for services to be furnished to its customers by a different telecommunications service provider and, in connection therewith, may provide its telecommunications services to, or authorize the use of all or a portion of its telecommunications facilities by, such other telecommunications service provider. The MSIT can revoke our licenses or order the suspension of any of our businesses if we do not comply with the regulations of the MSIT under the Telecommunications Business Act.

The responsibilities of the MSIT include:

•	drafting and implementing plans for developing telecommunications technology;
•	fostering and providing guidance to institutions and entities that conduct research relating to telecommunications; and
---	---
•	recommending to network service providers that they invest in research and development or that they contribute to telecommunications research institutes in Korea.
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In addition, all network service providers (other than regional paging service providers) are obligated to contribute toward the supply of “universal” telecommunications services in Korea. Telecommunications service providers designated as “universal service providers” by the MSIT are required to provide universal telecommunications services such as local services, local public telephone services, broadband services, discount services for persons with disabilities and for certain low-income persons, telecommunications services for remote islands and wireless communication services for ships. We have been designated as a universal service provider. The costs and losses recognized by universal service providers in connection with providing these universal telecommunications services, except for discount services for persons with disabilities and for certain low-income persons, will be shared on an annual basis by all network service providers (other than regional paging service providers), including us, on a pro rata basis based on their respective net annual revenue calculated pursuant to a formula set by the MSIT. As for the costs and losses

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recognized by a universal service provider in connection with providing discount services for persons with disabilities and for certain low-income persons, such costs and losses will be borne by such universal service provider.

Prior to April 2018, in accordance with the MSIT’s determination that we possessed essential infrastructure, we were required to permit other fixed-line communications service providers to co-use our fixed-line telecommunication infrastructure, upon the request of such other fixed-line telecommunications service providers. In April 2018, to facilitate expedient establishment of 5G mobile services infrastructure, the Government announced its initiatives to amend the co-use system, as follows: (i) we should permit not only fixed-line telecommunications service providers, but also mobile service providers such as SK Telecom and LG U+ to co-use our telecommunications infrastructure necessary for provision of 5G mobile services, (ii) the Government determined that we, SK Telecom, SK Broadband and LG U+ possessed essential infrastructure with respect to the interval between the cable entry at a building and the initial occurrence of connection within the building and required that the three companies share such infrastructure throughout buildings in Korea with each other, and (iii) fixed-line telecommunications service providers and mobile service providers are required to participate in joint efforts to construct additional fixed-line and mobile network architecture. For more information on our mobile network architecture, see “Item 4.D. Property, Plant and Equipment—Mobile Networks.”

In addition, we are required to lease to other companies our fixed-lines that connect subscribers to our network. This system, which is called local loop unbundling, is intended to prevent excessive investment in local loops. This system requires us to lease the portion of our copper lines that represent our excess capacity to other companies upon their request at rates that are determined by the MSIT based on our cost, and taking into consideration an appropriate rate of return, to enable them to provide voice and broadband services. Revenue from local loop unbundling, if any, are recognized as revenue from other businesses.

All telecommunications service providers must also provide compensation to their users in the following cases: (i) damage is caused to the user in connection with the service provider’s provision of telecommunication services (including from disruptions in service) and (ii) damage is caused to the user due to the reasons stated in such user’s complaint addressed to the service provider or a delay in the service provider’s processing of such complaint. However, if damage to a user is caused by force majeure, or if damage is caused intentionally by, or due to the negligence of, the user, the service provider’s liability for any compensation to such user is mitigated or absolved. In cases where the provision of telecommunication services is disrupted, the service provider must inform its user of the disruption as well as the standards and procedures for obtaining compensation for any damages.

In addition, if the number of users and the network traffic of a value-added service provider exceeds a certain threshold set by the MSIT, such value-added service provider must secure adequate measures to provide stable services to its users, which may require cooperation with other network service providers.

Foreign Investment

The Telecommunications Business Act restricts the ownership and control of network service providers by foreign shareholders. Foreigners (based on citizenship), foreign governments and “foreign invested companies” may not in the aggregate own more than 49.0% of the issued shares with voting rights of a network service provider, including us. For purposes of the Telecommunications Business Act, the term “foreign invested company” means a company in which a foreigner or a foreign government is the largest shareholder and holds 15.0% or more of the company’s shares with voting rights, provided, however, that such company will not be counted as a foreign shareholder for the purposes of the 49.0% limit if (1) it holds less than 1.0% of our total issued and outstanding shares with voting rights or (2) if the MSIT determines that the fact that such foreign government or entity holds a 15.0% or greater shareholding in such company does not present a risk of harm to the public interest.

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In addition, the calculation of the above-referenced 49% ceiling will apply to: (x) any foreign entities that have entered into a major management-related agreement with a network service provider or the shareholder(s) thereof; and (y) foreign entities that have entered into an agreement pertaining to the settlement of fees relating to the handling of international electronic telecommunications services. As of December 31, 2021, 43.33% of our common shares were owned by foreign investors. In the event that a network service provider violates the shareholding restrictions, its foreign shareholders cannot exercise voting rights for their shares in excess of such limitation, and the MSIT may require corrective measures be taken to comply with the ownership restrictions.

In addition to the 49.0% limit referenced above, under the Telecommunications Business Act, a foreign shareholder who holds 5.0% or more of our total shares is prohibited from becoming our largest shareholder. However, any foreign shareholder who held 5.0% or more of our total shares and was our largest shareholder on or prior to May 9, 2004 is exempt from the regulations, provided that such foreign shareholder may not acquire any more of our shares. In addition, under the Telecommunications Business Act, the MSIT may, if it deems it necessary to preserve substantial public interests, prohibit a foreign shareholder from being our largest shareholder. In the event that any foreigner or foreign government acquires our shares in violation of the above provisions, the Telecommunications Business Act restricts such foreign shareholder from exercising his or her voting rights with respect to common shares exceeding such threshold. The MSIT may also order us or the foreign shareholder to take corrective measures in respect of the excess shares within a period of up to six months.

Customers and Customer Billing

We typically charge residential subscribers and business subscribers similar rates for services provided. On a case-by-case basis, we also provide discount rates for some of our high-volume business subscribers. We bill all of our customers on a monthly basis. Our customers may make payment at either payment points such as local post offices, banks or our service offices, through a direct-debit service that automatically deducts the monthly payment from a subscriber’s designated bank account, or through a direct-charge service that automatically charges the monthly payment to a subscriber’s designated credit card account. Approximately 88.4% of our subscribers as of December 31, 2021 pay through the direct-debit service. Accounts of subscribers who fail to pay our invoice are transferred to a collection agency, which sends out a notice of payment. If such charges are not paid after notice, we cease to provide outgoing service to such subscribers after a period of time determined by the type of subscribed service. If charges are still not paid two to three months after outgoing service is cut off, we cease all services to such subscribers. After service is ceased, the overdue charges that are not collected by the collection agency are written off.

Credit Card Business

Through BC Card in which we held a 69.5% interest as of December 31, 2021, we offer various credit card processing and related financial services. BC Card is regulated and supervised as a

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Specialized Credit Financial Business (“SCFB”), as defined under the Specialized Credit Financial Businesses Act of Korea (“SCFBA”). The SCFBA subjects SCFB companies to licensing (for credit card businesses) and registration (for leasing, installment finance or new technology finance businesses) requirements and provides guidance and restrictions regarding capital adequacy, liquidity ratios, loans to major shareholders, reporting and other matters relating to the supervision of SCFB companies. The SCFBA delegates regulatory authority over SCFB companies to the FSC and FSS. The FSC has the authority to suspend the operations of an SCFB company for up to six months for non-compliance with certain regulations under the SCFBA and issue certain administrative orders. The FSC is also entitled to cancel a license or registration if an SCFB company fails to comply with certain SCFBA regulations or FSC administrative orders, including a suspension order.

The SCFBA and the regulations thereunder require an SCFB company to satisfy a minimum paid-in capital amount of (i) ￦ 20 billion, where the SCFB company engages in no more than two kinds of core businesses and (ii) ￦ 40 billion, where the SCFB company, such as BC Card, engages in three or more kinds of core businesses. An SCFB engaging in a credit card business must maintain a total Tier I and Tier II capital adequacy ratio (adjusted equity capital divided by adjusted total assets) of 8% or more. In addition, an SCFB company must maintain a one-month-or-longer delinquent claim ratio (delinquent claims divided by total claims) of less than 10%.

Under the SCFBA and the regulations thereunder, an SCFB company is required to maintain a Won liquidity ratio (Won-denominated current assets divided by Won-denominated current liabilities) of 100% or more. In addition, if an SCFB company is registered as a foreign exchange business institution with the MOEF, such SCFB company is required to maintain (1) a foreign-currency liquidity ratio (foreign currency liquid assets due within three months divided by foreign-currency liabilities due within three months) of not less than 80%, (2) a ratio of foreign currency liquid assets due within seven days less foreign currency liabilities due within seven days, divided by total foreign-currency assets, of not less than 0%, and (3) a ratio of foreign currency liquid assets due within a month less foreign currency liabilities due within a month, divided by total foreign-currency assets, of not less than negative 10%.

Under the SCFBA and the regulations thereunder, an SCFB company may not provide loans in the aggregate exceeding 50% of its equity capital to its major shareholders (including their specially related persons).

Pursuant to the SCFBA and the regulations thereunder, an SCFB company is required to submit business reports to the FSC regarding, among others, financial statements, actual results of management and soundness of assets. An SCFB company is also required to provide information regarding specific matters, including: (i) the amount of loans provided to major shareholders as of the end of each quarter; (ii) changes in the aggregate amount of such loans and the terms and conditions of the credit extension transactions for each quarter; (iii) the amount of stocks acquired by major shareholders as of the end of each quarter; and (iv) changes in the aggregate amount of stocks held and the acquisition price of such stocks for each quarter, in each case within one month of the end of each quarter. In addition, an SCFB company is required to file a report to the FSC upon the occurrence of certain events, including (i) changes to its name; (ii) changes to the largest shareholder; or (iii) changes of 1% or more in the ownership of stocks with voting rights held by a major shareholder and such major shareholder’s specially related persons, in each case within seven days from the date of its occurrence.

Insurance

We carry insurance against loss or damage to all significant buildings and automobiles. Except for our insurance coverage of our satellites and data centers, we do not carry insurance covering

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losses to outside plants or to equipment because we believe the cost of such insurance is excessive and the risk of material loss or damage is insignificant. We do not have any provisions or reserves against such loss or damage. We do not carry any business interruption insurance.

We provide co-location and a variety of value-added services including server-hosting services to a number of corporations whose business largely depends on critical data operated on our servers or on their servers located at our data centers. Any disruptions, interruptions, physical or electronic data loss, delays or slowdowns in communication connections could expose us to potential liabilities for losses relating to the disrupted businesses of our customers relying on our services.

Information Technology and Operational Systems

Enhancement of our information technology and operational systems and efficient utilization of such systems are important in effectively promoting our core strategies. We are committed to continually investing in and enhancing our information technology systems, which provide support to many aspects of our businesses. In order to respond more effectively to a changing business environment, an enterprise resource planning system (the “ERP System”) was implemented in July 2012. We are committed to continually investing in and enhancing our information technology systems, which provide support to many aspects of our businesses. In June 2017, a business support system, called KT One System (“KOS”), was implemented. KOS is our wired/wireless system integration program that unified wired/wireless workflows, structures and systems that had been separated previously. KOS has contributed to enhancing various aspects of our business processes and control systems.

Patents and Licensed Technology

The ability to obtain and protect intellectual property rights to the latest telecommunications technology is important for our business. We own or have licenses to various patents and trademarks in Korea and overseas, and have applications for patents pending in Korea and other select countries such as the United States, Europe, China and Japan. A majority of our patents registered in Korea and overseas relate to our wireless and fixed-line telecommunications, media and IoT technologies. In addition, we operate several research and development (“R&D”) laboratories to develop latest technology and additional platforms, as described in “Item 5.C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.” We license our intellectual property rights to third parties in return for periodic royal payments. We currently do not license any material technologies or patents from third parties.

Seasonality of the Business

Our main business generally does not experience significant seasonality.

Item 4.C. Organizational Structure

These matters are discussed under Item 4.B. where relevant.

Item 4.D. Property, Plant and Equipment

Our principal fixed asset is our integrated telecommunications networks. In addition, we own buildings and real estate throughout Korea. As of December 31, 2021, the net book value of our property and equipment was ￦ 14,465 billion, of which ￦ 3,833 billion is accounted for by the net book value of our land, buildings and structures. As of December 31, 2021, the net book value of our investment properties, which is accounted for separately from our property and equipment, was ￦ 1,721 billion. Other than as may be described in this annual report, no significant amount of our properties is leased. There are no material encumbrances on our properties including the fixed assets below.

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Mobile Networks

Our mobile network architecture includes the following components:

•	cell sites, which are physical locations equipped with radio units of base transceiver stations and other equipment used to communicate through radio channels with subscribers’ mobile telephone handsets within the range of a cell;
•	centralized centers, which are physical locations with baseband units of base transceiver stations;
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•	core networks, which connect to and control the base transceiver stations and provide the gateway to other networks and services; and
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•	transmission lines, which connect the mobile switching centers, base station controllers, base transceiver stations and the public switched telephone network.
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One of the principal limitations on a wireless network’s subscriber capacity is the amount of bandwidth allocated to a service provider. We have acquired a number of bandwidth licenses to secure additional bandwidth capacity to provide our broad range of services, for which we typically make an initial payment as well as pay usage fees during the license period. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Item 5.A. Operating Results—Overview—Acquisition of New Bandwidth Licenses and Usage Fees.”

Exchanges

Exchanges include local exchanges and “toll” exchanges that connect local exchanges to long-distance transmission facilities. We had approximately 21.6 million lines connected to local exchanges and 2.4 million lines connected to toll exchanges as of December 31, 2021.

All of our exchanges are fully digital and automatic in order to provide higher speed and larger volume services. In addition, all of our lines connected to toll exchanges are compatible to IP platform.

Internet Backbone

Our Internet backbone network, called KORNET, has the capacity to handle aggregate traffic of our broadband Internet access subscribers, data centers and Internet exchange system at any given moment of up to 27 Tbps as of December 31, 2021. Our IP premium network enables us to more reliably support IPTV, VoIP and other IP-related services. As of December 31, 2021, our IP premium network had capacity of 3.9 Tbps to support LTE data, IPTV, voice and virtual private network (“VPN”) service traffic. In addition, our 5G backbone network had capacity of 5.2 Tbps to support 5G data service traffic.

Access Lines

As of December 31, 2021, we had 23.6 million access lines installed, which allow us to reach virtually all homes and businesses in Korea. As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately 23.5 million broadband lines with speed of at least 50 Mbps that enable us to deliver broadband Internet access and multimedia contents to our customers.

Transmission Networks

Our domestic fiber optic cable network consisted of 896,076 kilometers of fiber optic cables as of December 31, 2021 of which 133,206 kilometers of fiber optic cables are used to connect our

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backbone network and 762,870 kilometers are used to connect the backbone network to our subscribers. Our backbone network utilizes 64 Tbp Long-haul Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (“ROADM”) technology for connecting cities. ROADM technology improves bandwidth efficiency by enabling data to be transmitted from multiple signals across one fiber strand in a cable and carrying each signal on a separate wavelength. Our transmission backbone network connecting major cities in Korea utilize Packet Optical Transport Network (“POTN”), and we access such network through multi-service provisioning platform (“MSPP”) architecture.

Our extensive domestic long-distance network is supplemented by our fully digital domestic microwave network, which consisted of 53 relay sites as of December 31, 2021.

International Networks

Our international network infrastructure consists of both submarine cables and satellite transmission systems, including two submarine cable-landing stations in Busan and Keoje and one satellite teleport in Kumsan. International traffic is handled by submarine cables and telecommunications satellites. Because of the high cost of laying a submarine cable, the usual practice is for multiple carriers to jointly commission a new cable and share the costs and the capacity. We own interests in several international fiber optic submarine cable networks. We also operate satellites periodically launched by us, as well as lease satellite capacity from other satellite operators. Data services such as international private lease circuits, IP and very small aperture terminals are provided through submarine cables and satellite transmission. In order to guarantee high quality services to our end customers, our submarine cables and satellite transmission systems are linked to various points-of-presence in the United States, Asia and Europe. In addition, as of December 31, 2021, our international telecommunications networks were directly linked to 304 telecommunications service providers in various international destinations and are routed through our three international switching centers in Seoul, Daejeon and Busan.

As of December 31, 2021, our international Internet backbone with capacity of approximately 5,125 Gbps is connected to approximately 300 Internet service providers through our three Internet gateways in Hyehwa, Guro and Busan. In addition, we operate a broadcasting backbone with capacity of 0.9 Gbps to transmit broadcasting signals from Korea to the rest of the world.

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

We do not have any unresolved comments from the Securities and Exchange Commission staff regarding our periodic reports under the Exchange Act.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

Item 5.A. Operating Results

The following discussion and analysis is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB.

Overview

We are an integrated provider of telecommunications services. Our principal telecommunications and Internet-related services include mobile voice and data telecommunications services, fixed-line services (consisting of fixed-line telephone, VoIP telephone, broadband Internet access and data communication services) and media and content services (including IPTV and satellite TV). The principal factors affecting our revenue from these services have been our rates for,

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and the usage volume of, these services, as well as the number of subscribers. For information on rates we charge for our services, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Item 4.B. Business Overview—Our Rates.” In addition, we derive revenue from credit card processing and other financial services, sale of goods (primarily handsets related to our mobile services and miscellaneous telecommunications equipment, as well as sale of residential units and commercial real estate developed KT Estate), and miscellaneous business activities including information technology and network services, real estate development and satellite services.

Our four operating segments for financial reporting purposes are organized as the following:

•	the ICT segment, which consists of KT Corporation on a standalone basis that is primarily engaged in providing various telecommunications and platform services to individual, household and corporate customers as well as selling handsets;
•	the finance segment, which engages in providing various financial services such as credit card services and value-added network and payment gateway services;
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•	the satellite TV segment, which engages in satellite TV services; and
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•	the others segment, which includes (i) information technology and network services, (ii) contents and commerce services, (iii) security services, (iv) satellite service, (v) global business services that provide global network services to multinational or domestic corporate customers and telecommunications companies and (vi) real property development and leasing services and other services provided by our subsidiaries.
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Our future performance will depend at least in part on Korea’s general economic growth and prospects. For a description of recent developments that have had and may continue to have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition, see “Item 3. Key Information—Item 3.D. Risk Factors—If economic conditions in Korea deteriorate, our current business and future growth could be materially and adversely affected” and “—The ongoing global pandemic of a new strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) and any possible recurrence of other types of widespread infectious diseases, may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.” A number of other developments have had or are expected to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition and capital expenditures. These developments include:

•	acquisition of new bandwidth licenses and usage fees;
•	researching and implementing technology upgrades and additional telecommunications services such as 5G technologies;
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•	changes in the rate structure for our telecommunications services;
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•	acquisitions and disposals of interests in subsidiaries and joint ventures; and
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•	marketing activities.
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As a result of these factors, our financial results in the past may not be indicative of future results or trends in those results.

Acquisition of New Bandwidth Licenses and Usage Fees

One of the principal limitations on a wireless network’s subscriber capacity is the amount of bandwidth allocated to a service provider. The growth of our mobile telecommunications business and

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the increase in usage of wireless data transmission services have been significant factors in the increased utilization of our bandwidth, since wireless data applications are generally more bandwidth-intensive than voice services. The current trend of increasing data transmission use and the increasing sophistication of multimedia contents are likely to put additional strain on the bandwidth capacity of mobile service providers. We have acquired a number of licenses in recent years to secure additional bandwidth capacity to provide our broad range of services, for which we typically make an initial payment as well as pay usage fees during the license period. The MSIT reserves the right to reallocate bandwidths in order to address the changing needs for bandwidth capacity of mobile service providers, the consideration for which may depend on the extent of the buildout of the service provider’s telecommunications network to utilize the relevant bandwidth.

We made bandwidth license payments of ￦ 389 billion in 2019, ￦ 367 billion in 2020 and ￦ 603 billion in 2021. The following table sets forth our outstanding payment obligations relating to our bandwidth licenses as of December 31, 2021.

Spectrum	Bandwidth	License<br>Acquisition<br>Date	Total<br>Payable<br>Amount<br><br><br>(in billions<br>of Won)		Initial<br>Payment<br>Amount<br><br><br>(in billions<br>of Won)			Annual<br>Usage<br>Fee<br><br><br>(in billions<br>of Won)		Annual<br>Usage<br> <br>Fee Payment<br>Term
900 MHz	20 MHz	July 1, 2021	￦	141	￦	35	2021	￦	21	2021 to 2026
1.8 GHz	35 MHz	July 1, 2021	￦	548	￦	137	2021	￦	82	2021 to 2026
1.8 GHz	20 MHz	August 4, 2016	￦	470	￦	294	2016	￦	35	2016 to 2026
2.1 GHz	40 MHz	December 6, 2021	￦	412	￦	103	2021	￦	62	2021 to 2026
3.5 GHz	100 MHz	December 1, 2018	￦	968	￦	460	2018	￦	73	2018 to 2028
28 GHz<br>(1)	800 MHz	December 1, 2018	￦	208	￦	145	2018	￦	31	2018 to 2023
(1)	In 2020, we recognized an impairment loss of <br>￦<br>191 billion in relation to the 28 GHz spectrum 800 MHz bandwidth license, as the carrying amount of such license exceeded the recoverable amount.
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Researching and Implementing Technology Upgrades and Additional Telecommunications Services such as 5G Technologies

The telecommunications industry is characterized by continued advances and improvements in telecommunications technology, and we have been continually researching and implementing network upgrades and launching additional telecommunications services to maintain our competitiveness. In recent years, we have made extensive efforts to continue to develop mobile services with enhanced speed, latency and connectivity that enable us to offer significantly improved wireless data transmission with faster access to multimedia content.

We also make investments to continually upgrade our broadband network to enable better FTTH connection, which further enhances data transmission speed and connection quality. FTTH is a telecommunication architecture in which a communication path is provided over optical fiber cables extending from the telecommunications operator’s switching equipment to the boundary of home or office. FTTH uses fiber optic cable, which is able to carry a high-bandwidth signal for longer distances without degradation. FTTH enables us to deliver enhanced services that require high bandwidth with stability, such as IPTV and other digital media content. The MSIT has the authority to recommend to network service providers that they provide funds for national research and development of telecommunications technology and related projects. Including such contributions, total expenditures (which include capitalized expenses) on research and development were ￦ 254 billion in 2019, ￦ 230 billion in 2020 and ￦ 213 billion in 2021. We plan to continue to invest in researching and implementing network upgrades, which will entail additional operating expenses as well as capital expenditures.

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Fee Discounts and Adjustments to the Rates for Our Telecommunications Services

We provide bundled packages of our various services at a discount in order to attract additional subscribers to our new services. We offer discounts to customers who subscribe to two or more of our fixed-line and TV services consisting of fixed-line telephone, VoIP telephone, broadband Internet access, IPTV and satellite TV services. For our mobile services, we offer a family plan that provides a discount of 25% for each additional mobile phone subscription. We also offer various bundled rate plans that combine our fixed-line and TV services with mobile services, for both households and single subscribers. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Item 4.B. Business Overview—Our Rates.”

Changes in our local telephone rates are required to be reported to the MSIT, which has 15 days to object to such changes. The form of our standard agreement for providing local network service and each agreement for interconnection with other service providers must also be reported to the MSIT. Although we compete freely with other network service providers in terms of rate plans for our principal telecommunications and Internet-related services except for rates we charge for local calls, the MSIT may periodically announce policy guidelines that we may be recommended to take into consideration.

Acquisitions and Disposals of Interests in Subsidiaries and Joint Ventures

One key aspect of our overall business strategy calls for acquisitions of businesses and entering into joint ventures that complement or diversify our current business, as well as disposal or termination of such businesses from time to time. For example, in September 2021, KT Skylife, in which we held a 49.99% interest as of December 31, 2021, completed its acquisition of a 100.00% interest in HCN, which is Korea’s fifth largest cable operator, for ￦ 491 billion. The identification of suitable acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming and costly, and our financial condition and results of operations may be affected as a result of such acquisitions, disposals or consolidation. Furthermore, pursuing acquisitions, joint venture and certain investment transactions also requires significant capital, and as we pursue further growth opportunities for the future, we may need to raise additional capital by incurring loans or through the issuances of bonds or other securities in the international capital markets, which may lead to increased levels of debt and debt servicing costs in the future.

Marketing Activities

We engage in marketing activities to promote our new, as well as existing, products and services and to further strengthen our marketing efforts through our network of independent exclusive dealers and other third-party dealers. Our marketing expenses, consisting of sales commissions and advertising expenses, amounted to ￦ 2,466 billion in 2019, ￦ 2,470 billion in 2020 and ￦ 2,515 billion in 2021.

Sales commissions primarily consist of sales commissions to third-party dealers related to procurement of mobile subscribers and mobile handset sales, and our advertising expenses relate primarily to our utilization of television commercials and Internet and mobile advertising as well as promotional events.

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While we believe that our large subscriber base as well as the brand power of our products and services will remain key drivers of our growth, we expect to continue to invest significantly in marketing activities, particularly in connection with launching of new products and services such as the launch of our 5G mobile services in April 2019. Our marketing expenses may not directly correspond to our revenue in the same period, and our quarterly marketing expenses have fluctuated in the past and are expected to continue to fluctuate in the future.

Explanatory Note Regarding Presentation of Certain Financial Information under K-IFRS

In addition to preparing financial statements in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB included in this annual report, we prepare financial statements in accordance with K-IFRS, which we are required to file with the Financial Services Commission and the Korea Exchange under the FSCMA.

K-IFRS differs in certain respects from IFRS as issued by the IASB in the presentation of operating profit. Additionally, under K-IFRS, revenue from the development and sale of real estate is recognized using the percentage of completion method. However, under IFRS as issued by the IASB, revenue from the development and sale of real estate is recognized when an individual unit of residential real estate is delivered to the buyer. Primarily due to such differences, our consolidated statements of comprehensive income and our consolidated statements of financial position prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB included in this annual report differ from our consolidated statements of comprehensive income and consolidated statements of financial position prepared in accordance with K-IFRS.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of our operating profit and net income or loss as presented in our consolidated statements of profit or loss prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by the IASB for each of the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 to our operating profit and net income or loss in our consolidated statements of profit or loss prepared in accordance with K-IFRS, for each of the corresponding years, taking into account such differences:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2019			2020			2021
	(In millions of Won)
Operating profit under IFRS as issued by the IASB	￦	1,026,970		￦	1,022,333		￦	1,699,397
Effect of changes in operating profit presentation		172,253			218,323			(27,573	)
Revenue recognition of development, sale of real estate, etc.		(39,657	)		(56,549	)		—
Operating profit under <br>K-IFRS	￦	1,159,566		￦	1,184,107		￦	1,671,824
	For the Year Ended December 31,
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	2019			2020			2021
	(In millions of Won)
Net income under IFRS as issued by the IASB	￦	695,868		￦	746,256		￦	1,459,395
Profit before income tax
Revenue recognition of development, sale of real estate, etc.		(39,657	)		(56,549	)		—
Income tax		9,731			13,685			—
Profit for the year under <br>K-IFRS	￦	665,942		￦	703,392		￦	1,459,395

Changes in Accounting Policies—Determination of Lease Term Considering Economic Penalty

Beginning January 1, 2020, we have changed our accounting policy by adopting accounting treatments in accordance with agenda decisions for “Lease Term and Useful Life of Leasehold Improvements” issued by IFRS Interpretations Committee. As a result, we began determining the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease, together with both (i) periods covered by an option to

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extend the lease, if the lessee is reasonably certain that it will exercise such option and (ii) periods covered by an option to terminate the lease, if the lessee is reasonably certain that it will not exercise such option. In cases where the lessee and the lessor each has the right to terminate the lease without permission from the other party, we began to take into consideration a termination penalty when determining the period for which the contract is enforceable. We have adopted such changes in accounting policy retrospectively pursuant to IASB 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors and adjusted the comparative line items as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements under IFRS

For a summary of new standards, amendments and interpretations issued under IFRS as issued by the IASB but not effective for 2021, and which have not been adopted early by us, see Note 2.2 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Operating Revenue and Operating Expenses

Operating Revenue

Our operating revenue primarily consists of:

•	fees related to our mobile services, including monthly fees, usage charges for outgoing calls, usage charges for wireless data transmission, contents download fees, <br>mobile-to-mobile<br> interconnection revenue and value-added monthly service fees;
•	fees from our fixed-line services, including:
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Ø	fees from our fixed-line and VoIP telephone services, which include:
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Ø	monthly basic charges, which are <br>one-time<br> or monthly fixed charges primarily consisting of <br>(i) non-refundable<br> activation fees; and (ii) monthly fixed charges from local telephone services (or monthly fixed charges for discount plans);
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Ø	monthly usage charges, which are usage fees based on the amount of services used, primarily consisting of (i) monthly usage charges for local telephone and domestic long distance services; (ii) international long-distance service revenue, (primarily (a) amounts we bill to our customers for outgoing calls made to foreign countries, (b) amounts we bill to foreign telecommunications carriers for connection to the domestic telephone network in respect of incoming calls at the applicable settlement rate, and (c) other revenue, including revenue from international leased lines); (iii) <br>land-to-mobile<br> and <br>land-to-land<br> interconnection revenue; and (iv) interconnection fees we charge to fixed-line and mobile service providers and voice resellers for their use of our local, domestic long-distance and international networks in providing their services; and
---	---
Ø	other revenue from (i) value-added services, local telephone directory assistance, call waiting and caller identification services; and (ii) local, domestic long-distance and international calls placed from public telephones; and
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Ø	broadband Internet access service revenue, primarily consisting of installation fees and basic monthly charges; and
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Ø	data communication services, primarily consisting of installation fees and basic monthly charges for our fixed-line and satellite leased line services and Kornet Internet connection service;

•	revenue from media and content services, primarily consisting of installation fees and basic monthly charges of IPTV and satellite TV services, as well as revenue from digital music services, <br>e-commerce<br> services, online advertising consulting services and digital comics and novels services;
•	financial service revenue, primarily consisting of fees from credit card services provided by BC Card, our consolidated subsidiary in which we held a 69.5% interest as of December 31, 2021;
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•	revenue from our miscellaneous business activities categorized as “others,” including information technology and network services and rental of real estate; and
---	---
•	revenue from sale of goods, primarily handsets related to our mobile services and miscellaneous telecommunications equipment, as well as sale of residential units and commercial real estate developed by KT Estate.
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Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses primarily include:

•	purchase of inventories, primarily consisting of (i) inventories purchased for our sale of mobile handsets and (ii) development costs of KT Estate for real estate units to be sold, and changes of inventories, which reflects increases or decreases of inventories of handsets, phones and <br>for-sale<br> real estate units during the applicable period;
•	salaries and wages, including post-employment benefits, termination benefits (including severance benefits for voluntary and special early retirements) and share-based payments;
---	---
•	card service costs, primarily consisting of costs in connection with credit and cash card services provided by BC Card, including fees paid to member credit card companies in our network for marketing expenses;
---	---
•	depreciation expenses incurred primarily in connection with our telecommunications network facilities;
---	---
•	sales commissions, primarily consisting of sales commissions to third-party dealers related to procurement of mobile subscribers and mobile handset sales;
---	---
•	service cost, primarily consisting of payments to IPTV and satellite TV content providers;
---	---
•	commissions, primarily consisting of commission-based payments for certain third-party outsourcing services, including commissions to the outsourced call center staff;
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•	amortization expenses incurred primarily in connection with our intangible assets; and
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•	interconnection charges, which are interconnection payments to telecommunication service providers for calls from landline users and our mobile subscribers to our competitors’ subscribers.
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Operating Results—2020 Compared to 2021

The following table presents selected income statement data and changes therein for 2020 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended<br>December 31,					Changes
			2020 vs. 2021
	2020			2021		Amount		%
	(In billions of Won)
Operating revenue	￦	24,441		￦	25,206	￦	765		3.1	%
Operating expenses		23,418			23,506		88		0.4
Operating profit		1,022			1,699		677		66.2
Finance income		499			726		228		45.7
Finance costs		507			563		56		11.0
Share of net profits of associates and joint ventures		18			116		98		543.3
Profit before income tax		1,032			1,978		947		91.8
Income tax expense		285			519		234		81.9
Profit for the year	￦	746		￦	1,459	￦	713		95.6	%

Operating Revenue

The following table presents a breakdown of our operating revenue and changes therein for 2020 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended<br>December 31,					Changes
			2020 vs. 2021
Products and services	2020			2021		Amount			%
	(In billions of Won)
Mobile services	￦	6,805		￦	6,936	￦	131			1.9	%
Fixed-line services:
Fixed-line and VoIP telephone services		1,464			1,465		2			0.1
Broadband Internet access services		2,256			2,344		87			3.9
Data communication services		1,107			1,152		44			4.0
Sub-total		4,827			4,960		133			2.8
Media and content services		2,638			2,801		163			6.2
Financial services		3,494			3,662		168			4.8
Others		3,084			3,313		230			7.4
Sale of goods <br>(1)		3,593			3,533		(60	)		(1.7	)
Total operating revenue	￦	24,441		￦	25,206	￦	765			3.1	%
(1)	Primarily related to sale of handsets for our mobile service and miscellaneous telecommunications equipment, as well as sale of residential units and commercial real estate developed by KT Estate.
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Total operating revenue increased by 3.1%, or ￦ 765 billion, from ￦ 24,441 billion in 2020 to ￦ 25,206 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in revenue from our information technology and network services categorized as “others” (particularly from the operation of Internet data centers and systems integration services), financial services, media and content services, fixed-line services and mobile services, which impact was partially offset by a decrease in revenue from sale of goods.

Mobile Services

Our mobile services revenue increased by 1.9%, or ￦ 131 billion, from ￦ 6,805 billion in 2020 to ￦ 6,936 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in our average revenue per user and number of mobile subscribers.

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Our average revenue per user increased by 1.9%, or ￦ 611, from ￦ 31,683 in 2020 to ￦ 32,294 in 2021 mainly due to an increase of 5G subscribers.

We recorded a 2.2% increase in our mobile subscribers from approximately 22.3 million (including 3.6 million subscribers of 5G services) as of December 31, 2020 to approximately 22.8 million (including 6.4 million subscribers of 5G services) as of December 31, 2021.

Fixed-line Services

Our fixed-line services revenue increased by 2.8%, or ￦ 133 billion, from ￦ 4,827 billion in 2020 to ￦ 4,960 billion in 2021, reflecting increases in revenue from broadband Internet access services and data communication services.

Fixed-line and VoIP Telephone Services. Our fixed-line and VoIP telephone services revenue increased slightly by 0.1%, or ￦ 2 billion, from ￦ 1,464 billion in 2020 to ￦ 1,465 billion in 2021 primarily due to an increase in the portion of our subscribers selecting fixed rate plans, the impact of which was mostly offset by a decrease in the number of PSTN and VoIP lines in service from 13.6 million as of December 31, 2020 to 13.1 million as of December 31, 2021.

Broadband Internet Access Services . Our broadband Internet access services revenue increased by 3.9%, or ￦ 87 billion, from ￦ 2,256 billion in 2020 to ￦ 2,344 billion in 2021, primarily as a result of an increase in the number of subscribers to our premium services. The number of our KT GiGA Internet service subscribers increased from approximately 5.9 million as of December 31, 2020 to approximately 6.2 million as of December 31, 2021.

Data Communication Services. Our data communication services revenue increased by 4.0%, or ￦ 44 billion, from ￦ 1,107 billion in 2020 to ￦ 1,152 billion in 2021 primarily due to an increase in revenue from our co-location and server leasing services offered to corporate customers.

Media and Content Services

Our media and content services revenue increased by 6.2%, or ￦ 163 billion, from ￦ 2,638 billion in 2020 to ￦ 2,801 billion in 2021 primarily due to an increase in the number of IPTV subscribers from approximately 8.8 million as of December 31, 2020 to approximately 9.1 million as of December 31, 2021.

Financial Services

Financial services revenue increased by 4.8%, or ￦ 168 billion, from ￦ 3,494 billion in 2020 to ￦ 3,662 billion in 2021 primarily due to an increase in fees from credit card services of BC Card.

Others

Other operating revenue increased by 7.4%, or ￦ 230 billion, from ￦ 3,084 billion in 2020 to ￦ 3,313 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in revenue from our information technology and network services, particularly from the operation of Internet data centers and systems integration services.

Sale of Goods

Revenue from sale of goods decreased by 1.7%, or ￦ 60 billion, from ￦ 3,593 billion in 2020 to ￦ 3,533 billion in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in revenue from sale of residential units and commercial real estate developed by KT Estate, which was partially offset by an increase in revenue from sale of handsets.

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Operating Expenses

The following table presents a breakdown of our operating expenses and changes therein for 2020 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended<br>December 31,					Changes
			2020 vs. 2021
	2020			2021		Amount			%
	(In billions of Won)
Salaries and wages	￦	4,124		￦	4,216	￦	92			2.2	%
Depreciation		2,605			2,606		0			0.0
Depreciation of <br>right-of-use<br> assets		404			399		(5	)		(1.4	)
Amortization of intangible assets		625			603		(22	)		(3.5	)
Commissions		965			1,126		160			16.6
Interconnection charges		500			508		7			1.5
International interconnection fee		173			192		19			11.3
Purchase of inventories		3,682			3,754		72			2.0
Changes of inventories		257			20		(237	)		(92.0	)
Sales commissions		2,337			2,343		6			0.3
Service costs		2,103			2,296		193			9.2
Utilities		361			364		4			1.0
Taxes and dues		283			269		(15	)		(5.1	)
Rental expenses		136			123		(13	)		(9.6	)
Insurance premium		71			67		(4	)		(6.1	)
Installation fees		132			154		22			17.0
Advertising expenses		132			171		39			29.4
Research and development expenses		157			169		12			7.7
Card service costs		2,942			3,114		172			5.9
Impairment loss on property and equipment		80			2		(78	)		(97.3	)
Impairment loss on intangible assets		212			4		(208	)		(98.2	)
Others		1,137			1,006		(132	)		(11.6	)
Total operating expenses	￦	23,418		￦	23,506	￦	88			0.4	%

Total operating expenses increased by 0.4%, or ￦ 88 billion, from ￦ 23,418 billion in 2020 to ￦ 23,506 billion in 2021 primarily due to increases in service costs, card service costs and commissions, which impact was partially offset by decreases in changes of inventories and impairment loss on intangible assets. Specifically:

•	Service costs increased by 9.2%, or <br>￦<br>193 billion, from <br>￦<br>2,103 billion in 2020 to <br>￦<br>2,296 billion in 2021 primarily due to increases in costs relating to procurement of contents and enhancement of B2B businesses, in each case for the expansion of our digital transformation activities.
•	Card service costs increased by 5.9%, or <br>￦<br>172 billion, from <br>￦<br>2,942 billion in 2020 to <br>￦<br>3,114 billion in 2021 primarily due to an increase in the card service costs of BC Card as a result of an increase in the usage of credit cards.
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•	Commissions increased by 16.6%, or <br>￦<br>160 billion, from <br>￦<br>965 billion in 2020 to <br>￦<br>1,126 billion in 2021 primarily due to an increase in commissions that we paid to call centers.
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These factors were partially offset by the following:

•	Our changes of inventories decreased by 92.0%, or <br>￦<br>237 billion, from <br>￦<br>257 billion in 2020 to <br>￦<br>20 billion in 2021 primarily due to more efficient handling of slow-moving inventories.

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•	Impairment loss on intangible assets decreased by 98.2%, or <br>￦<br>208 billion, from <br>￦<br>212 billion in 2020 to <br>￦<br>4 billion in 2021 primarily due to an impairment loss of <br>￦<br>193 billion on frequency usage rights in 2020 compared to no such impairment in 2021.

Operating Profit

Due to the factors described above, our operating profit increased by 66.2%, or ￦ 677 billion, from ￦ 1,022 billion in 2020 to ￦ 1,699 billion in 2021. Our operating margin, which is operating profit as a percentage of operating revenue, was 4.2% in 2020 and 6.7% in 2021.

Finance Income (Costs)

The following table presents a breakdown of our finance income and costs and changes therein for 2020 and 2021:

	For the Year Ended<br>December 31,					Changes
			2020 vs. 2021
	2020			2021		Amount			%
	(In billions of Won)
Interest income	￦	271		￦	273	￦	3			1.1	%
Gain on foreign currency transactions		17			20		2			14.2
Gain on foreign currency translation		164			33		(132	)		(80.1	)
Gain on settlement of derivatives		9			2		(7	)		(76.4	)
Gain on valuation of derivatives		0			255		255			N.M.
Gain on valuation of financial instruments		34			91		57			167.7
Others		3			52		49			1,784.9
Total finance income	￦	499		￦	727	￦	228			45.7
Interest expenses	￦	264		￦	263	￦	(0	)		(0.1	)%
Loss on foreign currency transactions		28			13		(14	)		(52.9	)
Loss on foreign currency translation		26			214		187			711.3
Loss on settlement of derivatives		1			6		5			347.2
Loss on valuation of derivatives		164			16		(148	)		(90.3	)
Loss on disposal of trade receivables		8			22		15			178.6
Loss on valuation of financial instruments		16			26		10			66.1
Others		1			2		2			218.6
Total finance costs	￦	507		￦	563	￦	56			11.0
N.M.	means not meaningful.
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We recorded net loss on foreign currency transactions of ￦ 10 billion in 2020 compared to net gain on foreign currency transactions of ￦ 7 billion in 2021 due to fluctuations in the average value of the Won against the Dollar in 2020 and 2021. In terms of the market average exchange rates announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd., it was ￦ 1,157.8 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2019, and the average value of market average exchange rates depreciated to ￦ 1,180.1 to US$1.00 in 2020 but appreciated to ￦ 1,144.4 to US$1.00 in 2021. In addition, we recorded net gain on foreign currency translations of ￦ 138 billion in 2020 compared to net loss on foreign currency translations of ￦ 181 billion in 2021, as the Won appreciated against the Dollar at year end in 2020 but depreciated in 2021. In terms of the market average exchange rates, the Won appreciated against the Dollar from ￦ 1,157.8 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2019 to ￦ 1,088.0 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2020, but depreciated to ￦ 1,185.5 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2021. Against such fluctuations, we recorded a net loss on valuation of derivatives of ￦ 164 billion in 2020 compared to a net gain on valuation of derivatives of ￦ 403 billion in 2021, and we recorded a net gain on transactions of derivatives of ￦ 8 billion in 2020 compared to a net loss on transactions of derivatives of ￦ 4 billion in 2021.

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Our gain on valuation of financial instruments increased by 167.7%, or ￦ 57 billion, from ￦ 34 billion in 2020 to ￦ 91 billion in 2021 primarily due to an increase in valuation of our interests in overseas funds.

Our finance income categorized as “others” increased by 1,784.9%, or ￦ 49 billion, from ￦ 3 billion in 2020 to ￦ 52 billion in 2021 primarily due to increases in gain from disposal of financial instruments and dividend income

Share of Net Profits (Losses) of Associates and Joint Venture

Our share of net profit of associates and joint ventures increased by 543.3%, or ￦ 98 billion, from ￦ 18 billion in 2020 to ￦ 116 billion in 2021. In 2020, our share of net profit of associates and joint ventures consisted primarily of our share of profit from various associates, including K-Realty

CR-REITs No. 1, of ￦ 39 billion and Korea Information & Technology Fund of ￦ 12 billion, which was partially offset by our share of loss from K Bank of ￦ 30 billion. In 2021, our share of net profit of associates and joint ventures consisted primarily of our share of profit from K-Realty

CR-REITs No. 1, of ￦ 76 billion and Korea Information & Technology Fund of ￦ 17 billion.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense increased by 81.9%, or ￦ 234 billion, from ￦ 285 billion in 2020 to ￦ 519 billion in 2021, as our profit before income tax increased by 91.8%, or ￦ 947 billion, from ￦ 1,032 billion in 2020 to ￦ 1,978 billion in 2021. Our effective tax rate was 27.7% in 2020 and 26.2% in 2021. See Note 30 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Profit for the Year

Due to the factors described above, our profit for the year increased by 95.6%, or ￦ 713 billion, from ￦ 746 billion in 2020 to ￦ 1,459 billion in 2021. Our net profit margin, which is net profit for the year as a percentage of operating revenue, was 3.1% in 2020 and 5.8% in 2021.

Segment Results—ICT

Our operating revenue for the ICT segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 2.5%, or ￦ 459 billion, from ￦ 18,276 billion in 2020 to ￦ 18,734 billion in 2021, primarily due to increases in revenue from our mobile services and IPTV services, as described above.

Our operating profit for the ICT segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 44.6%, or ￦ 361 billion, from ￦ 810 billion in 2020 to ￦ 1,171 billion in 2021, as the ￦ 459 billion increase in the segment’s operating revenue outpaced the ￦ 97 billion increase in operating expenses. For this segment, operating margin, which is operating profit as a percentage of total operating revenue prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased from 4.4% in 2020 to 6.3% in 2021.

Our depreciation and amortization for the ICT segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, decreased by 0.5%, or ￦ 16 billion, from ￦ 3,234 billion in 2020 to ￦ 3,218 billion in 2021.

Segment Results—Finance

Our operating revenue for the finance segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, decreased by 1.4%, or ￦ 50 billion, from ￦ 3,686 billion in 2020 to ￦ 3,636 billion in 2021, primarily due to a decrease in revenue of BC Card’s value added network business.

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Our operating profit for the finance segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 62.1%, or ￦ 53 billion, from ￦ 85 billion in 2020 to ￦ 138 billion in 2021, as the ￦ 103 billion decrease in the segment’s operating expenses outpaced the ￦ 50 billion decrease in operating revenue. For this segment, operating margin increased from 2.3% in 2020 to 3.8% in 2021.

Depreciation and amortization for the finance segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, decreased by 8.6%, or ￦ 5 billion, from ￦ 53 billion in 2020 to ￦ 49 billion in 2021.

Segment Results—Satellite TV

Our operating revenue for the satellite TV segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 9.4%, or ￦ 66 billion, from ￦ 707 billion in 2020 to ￦ 773 billion in 2021 primarily reflecting an increase in operating revenue of KT Skylife.

Our operating profit for the satellite TV segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 7.8%, or ￦ 6 billion, from ￦ 71 billion in 2020 to ￦ 77 billion in 2021, as the ￦ 66 billion increase in the segment’s operating revenue outpaced the ￦ 61 billion increase in operating expenses. Operating margin for this segment decreased slightly from 10.1% in 2020 to 10.0% in 2021.

Depreciation and amortization for the satellite TV segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 7.5%, or ￦ 6 billion, from ￦ 85 billion in 2020 to ￦ 91 billion in 2020.

Segment Results—Others

Our operating revenue for the others segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 8.6%, or ￦ 512 billion, from ￦ 5,944 billion in 2020 to ￦ 6,456 billion in 2021, primarily due to an increase in revenue from our information technology and network services, particularly from the operation of Internet data centers and systems integration services.

Our operating profit for the others segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 71.1%, or ￦ 149 billion, from ￦ 209 billion in 2020 to ￦ 358 billion in 2021, as the ￦ 512 billion increase in the segment’s operating revenue outpaced the ￦ 363 billion increase in the segment’s operating expenses. Operating margin for this segment increased from 3.5% in 2020 to 5.5% in 2021.

Depreciation and amortization for this segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 2.5%, or ￦ 9 billion, from ￦ 346 billion in 2020 to ￦ 355 billion in 2021.

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Operating Results—2019 Compared to 2020

The following table presents selected income statement data and changes therein for 2019 and 2020:

	For the Year Ended<br>December 31,					Changes
			2019 vs. 2020
	2019			2020		Amount			%
	(In billions of Won)
Operating revenue	￦	24,899		￦	24,441	￦	(459	)		(1.8	)%
Operating expenses		23,872			23,418		(454	)		(1.9	)
Operating profit		1,027			1,022		(5	)		(0.5	)
Finance income		424			499		74			17.5
Finance costs		432			507		75			17.4
Share of net profits (losses) of associates and joint ventures		(3	)		18		21			N.A.
Profit before income tax		1,016			1,032		16			1.5
Income tax expense		320			285		(35	)		(10.8	)
Profit for the year	￦	696		￦	746	￦	50			7.2	%

N.A. means not applicable.

Operating Revenue

The following table presents a breakdown of our operating revenue and changes therein for 2019 and 2020:

	For the Year Ended<br>December 31,					Changes
			2019 vs. 2020
Products and services	2019			2020		Amount			%
	(In billions of Won)
Mobile services	￦	6,795		￦	6,805	￦	10			0.1	%
Fixed-line services:
Fixed-line and VoIP telephone services		1,579			1,464		(115	)		(7.3	)
Broadband Internet access services		2,177			2,256		79			3.6
Data communication services		1,111			1,107		(3	)		(0.3	)
Sub-total		4,867			4,827		(40	)		(0.8	)
Media and content services		2,516			2,638		121			4.8
Financial services		3,642			3,494		(148	)		(4.1	)
Others		2,885			3,084		198			6.9
Sale of goods <br>(1)		4,194			3,593		(601	)		(14.3	)
Total operating revenue	￦	24,899		￦	24,441	￦	(459	)		(1.8	)%
(1)	Primarily related to sale of handsets for our mobile service and miscellaneous telecommunications equipment, as well as sale of residential units and commercial real estate developed by KT Estate.
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Total operating revenue decreased by 1.8%, or ￦ 459 billion, from ￦ 24,899 billion in 2019 to ￦ 24,441 billion in 2020, primarily due to decreases in revenue from sale of goods and fixed-line and VoIP telephone services, which impact was partially offset by increases in revenue from media and content services and financial services.

Mobile Services

Our mobile services revenue increased by 0.1%, or ￦ 10 billion, from ￦ 6,795 billion in 2019 to ￦ 6,805 billion in 2020, primarily due to increases in our mobile subscribers and average revenue per

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user, which were offset in part by a decrease in our roaming revenue due to a significant decrease in international travel during the COVID-19 pandemic.

We recorded a 1.7% increase in our mobile subscribers from approximately 21.9 million (including 1.4 million subscribers of 5G services) as of December 31, 2019 to approximately 22.3 million (including 3.6 million subscribers of 5G services) as of December 31, 2020.

Our average revenue per user increased from ￦ 31,625 in 2019 to ￦ 31,683 in 2020 mainly due to an increase of 5G subscribers.

Fixed-line Services

Our fixed-line services revenue decreased by 0.8%, or ￦ 40 billion, from ￦ 4,867 billion in 2019 to ￦ 4,827 billion in 2020, reflecting a decrease in our revenue from fixed-line and VoIP telephone services, which impact was partially offset by an increase in revenue from broadband Internet access services.

Fixed-line and VoIP Telephone Services. Our fixed-line and VoIP telephone services revenue decreased by 7.3%, or ￦ 115 billion, from ￦ 1,579 billion in 2019 to ￦ 1,464 billion in 2020, primarily due to decreases in subscribers reflecting continued decrease in demand for such services. Our number of PSTN and VoIP lines in service decreased from 14.1 million as of December 31, 2019 to 13.6 million as of December 31, 2020.

Broadband Internet Access Services . Our broadband Internet access services revenue increased by 3.6%, or ￦ 79 billion, from ￦ 2,177 billion in 2019 to ￦ 2,256 billion in 2020, primarily as a result of an increase in the number of subscribers to our premium services. The number of our KT GiGA Internet service subscribers increased from approximately 5.5 million as of December 31, 2019 to approximately 5.9 million as of December 31, 2020.

Data Communication Services. Our data communication services revenue decreased by 0.3%, or ￦ 3 billion, from ￦ 1,111 billion in 2019 to ￦ 1,107 billion in 2020 primarily due to a decrease in revenue from our co-location and server leasing services offered to corporate customers.

Media and Content Services

Our media and content services revenue increased by 4.8%, or ￦ 121 billion, from ￦ 2,516 billion in 2019 to ￦ 2,638 billion in 2020 primarily due to an increase in the number of IPTV subscribers from approximately 8.4 million as of December 31, 2019 to approximately 8.8 million as of December 31, 2020, as well as an increase in revenue of Genie Music Corporation.

Financial Services

Financial services revenue decreased by 4.1%, or ￦ 148 billion, from ￦ 3,642 billion in 2019 to ￦ 3,494 billion in 2020 primarily due to a decrease in fees from credit card services of BC Card as a result of a reduction in the usage of credit cards during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Others

Other operating revenue increased by 6.9%, or ￦ 198 billion, from ￦ 2,885 billion in 2019 to ￦ 3,084 billion in 2020, primarily due to increases in revenue from our information technology and network services, particularly from systems integration services and the operation of Internet data centers.

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Sale of Goods

Revenue from sale of goods decreased by 14.3%, or ￦ 601 billion, from ￦ 4,194 billion in 2019 to ￦ 3,593 billion in 2020, primarily due to decreases in revenue from sales of mobile handsets and residential units and commercial real estate developed by KT Estate in 2020 compared to 2019. The sale of mobile handsets decreased in 2020 primarily due to a slowdown in consumption as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The sale of residential units and commercial real estate developed by KT Estate in 2020 decreased due to the slowdown in the real estate market as a result of COVID-19.

Operating Expenses

The following table presents a breakdown of our operating expenses and changes therein for 2019 and 2020:

	For the Year Ended<br>December 31,					Changes
			2019 vs. 2020
	2019			2020		Amount			%
	(In billions of Won)
Salaries and wages	￦	3,974		￦	4,124	￦	149			3.8	%
Depreciation		2,530			2,605		75			3.0
Depreciation of <br>right-of-use<br> assets		443			404		(38	)		(8.7	)
Amortization of intangible assets		657			625		(32	)		(4.8	)
Commissions		1,115			965		(150	)		(13.4	)
Interconnection charges		534			500		(34	)		(6.4	)
International interconnection fee		240			173		(68	)		(28.2	)
Purchase of inventories		4,454			3,682		(772	)		(17.3	)
Changes of inventories		283			257		(26	)		(9.2	)
Sales commission		2,316			2,337		21			0.9
Service cost		1,610			2,103		493			30.6
Utilities		333			361		28			8.4
Taxes and dues		278			283		5			2.0
Rental expenses		193			136		(57	)		(29.5	)
Insurance premium		82			71		(11	)		(13.8	)
Installation fee		155			132		(23	)		(14.9	)
Advertising expenses		150			132		(18	)		(11.8	)
Research and development expenses		165			157		(8	)		(4.9	)
Card service costs		3,067			2,942		(125	)		(4.1	)
Impairment loss on property and equipment		43			80		36			84.4
Impairment loss on intangible assets		62			212		150			241.9
Others		1,187			1,137		(50	)		(4.2	)
Total operating expenses	￦	23,872		￦	23,418	￦	(454	)		(1.9	)%

Total operating expenses decreased by 1.9%, or ￦ 454 billion, from ￦ 23,872 billion in 2019 to ￦ 23,418 billion in 2020 primarily due to decreases in purchase of inventories, commissions and card service costs, which impact was partially offset by increases in service costs, impairment loss on intangible assets and salaries and wages. Specifically:

•	Our purchase of inventories decreased by 17.3%, or <br>￦<br>772 billion, from <br>￦<br>4,454 billion in 2019 to <br>￦<br>3,682 billion in 2020 primarily due to a decrease in purchases of mobile handsets (consisting of a decrease in the total number of mobile handsets (mostly smartphones) and a decrease in the <br>per-unit<br> price of handsets).
•	Commissions decreased by 13.4%, or <br>￦<br>150 billion, from <br>￦<br>1,115 billion in 2019 to <br>￦<br>965 billion in 2020 primarily due to a decrease in commissions that we paid to call centers.
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•	Card service costs decreased by 4.1%, or <br>￦<br>125 billion, from <br>￦<br>3,067 billion in 2019 to <br>￦<br>2,942 billion in 2020 primarily due to a decrease in the card service costs of BC Card as a result of a slowdown in the usage of credit cards during the <br>COVID-19<br> pandemic.

These factors were partially offset by the following:

•	Service costs increased by 30.6%, or <br>￦<br>493 billion, from <br>￦<br>1,610 billion in 2019 to <br>￦<br>2,103 billion in 2020 primarily due to service costs associated with the development of IT services for KTDS Co., Ltd. and the recognition of service costs incurred by KT Engineering Co., Ltd., in which we acquired a controlling interest in 2020.
•	Impairment loss on intangible assets increased by 241.9%, or <br>￦<br>150 billion, from <br>￦<br>62 billion in 2019 to <br>￦<br>212 billion in 2020 primarily due to an impairment loss of <br>￦<br>193 billion on frequency usage rights in 2020.
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•	Salaries and wages increased by 3.8%, or <br>￦<br>149 billion, from <br>￦<br>3,974 billion in 2019 to <br>￦<br>4,124 billion in 2020 primarily due to an increase in wages as well as the consolidation of salaries and wages of certain subsidiaries, such as KT Engineering Co., Ltd., in which we acquired a controlling interest in 2020.
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Operating Profit

Due to the factors described above, our operating profit decreased by 0.5%, or ￦ 5 billion, from ￦ 1,027 billion in 2019 to ￦ 1,022 billion in 2020. Our operating margin, which is operating profit as a percentage of operating revenue, was 4.1% in 2019 and 4.2% in 2020.

Finance Income (Costs)

The following table presents a breakdown of our finance income and costs and changes therein for 2019 and 2020:

	For the Year Ended<br>December 31,					Changes
			2019 vs. 2020
	2019			2020		Amount			%
	(In billions of Won)
Interest income	￦	283		￦	271	￦	(12	)		(4.3	)%
Gain on foreign currency transactions		25			17		(7	)		(28.9	)
Gain on foreign currency translation		18			164		146			814.1
Gain on settlement of derivatives		9			9		0			4.2
Gain on valuation of derivatives		77			0		(77	)		(99.8	)
Others		13			37		24			187.4
Total finance income	￦	424		￦	499	￦	74			17.5
Interest expenses	￦	278		￦	264	￦	(15	)		(5.3	)%
Loss on foreign currency transactions		30			28		(2	)		(8.1	)
Loss on foreign currency translation		94			26		(68	)		(72.0	)
Loss on settlement of derivatives		0			1		1			6,930.0
Loss on valuation of derivatives		16			164		148			932.1
Loss on disposal of trade receivables		11			8		(3	)		(27.8	)
Others		2			16		14			617.5
Total finance costs	￦	432		￦	507	￦	75			17.4

Our net loss on foreign currency transactions increased by 81.8%, or ￦ 5 billion, from ￦ 6 billion in 2019 to ￦ 10 billion in 2020 due to depreciations in the average value of the Won against

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the Dollar in 2019 and 2020. In terms of the market average exchange rates announced by Seoul Money Brokerage Services, Ltd., it was ￦ 1,118.1 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2018, and the average value of market average exchange rates depreciated to ￦ 1,165.7 to US$1.00 in 2019 and further depreciated to ￦ 1,180.1 to US$1.00 in 2020. In addition, we recorded a net loss on foreign currency translations of ￦ 76 billion in 2019 compared to a net gain on foreign currency translation of ￦ 138 billion in 2020, as the Won depreciated against the Dollar at year end in 2019 but appreciated in 2020. In terms of the market average exchange rates, the Won depreciated against the Dollar from ￦ 1,118.1 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2018 to ￦ 1,157.8 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2019, but appreciated to ￦ 1,088.0 to US$1.00 as of December 31, 2020. Against such fluctuations, we recorded a net gain on valuation of derivatives of ￦ 61 billion in 2019 compared to a net loss on valuation of derivatives of ￦ 164 billion in 2020, and our net gain on transactions of derivatives decreased by 11.2%, or ￦ 1 billion, from ￦ 9 billion in 2019 to ￦ 8 billion in 2020.

Our interest income decreased by 4.3%, or ￦ 12 billion, from ￦ 283 billion in 2019 to ￦ 271 billion in 2020 primarily due to a general decrease in the weighted-average interest rate applicable to our bank deposits.

Our interest expenses decreased by 5.3%, or ￦ 15 billion, from ￦ 278 billion in 2019 to ￦ 264 billion in 2020 primarily due to a general decrease in the weighted-average interest rate of our borrowings in 2020 compared to 2019.

Share of Net Profits (Losses) of Associates and Joint Venture

We recorded a share of net losses of associates and joint ventures of ￦ 3 billion in 2019 compared to a share of net profit of associates and joint ventures of ￦ 18 billion in 2020. In 2019, our share of net losses of associates and joint ventures consisted primarily of our share of loss from K Bank of ￦ 29 billion, which was partially offset by our share of profit from Korea Information & Technology Fund of ￦ 18 billion. In 2020, our share of net profit of associates and joint ventures consisted primarily of our share of profit from various associates, including K-Realty

CR-REITs No. 1, of ￦ 39 billion and Korea Information & Technology Fund of ￦ 12 billion, which was partially offset by our share of loss from K Bank of ￦ 30 billion.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense decreased by 10.8%, or ￦ 35 billion, from ￦ 320 billion in 2019 to ￦ 285 billion in 2020, while our profit before income tax increased by 1.5%, or ￦ 16 billion, from ￦ 1,016 billion in 2019 to ￦ 1,032 billion in 2020. Our effective tax rate was 31.5% in 2019 and 27.7% in 2020. See Note 30 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Profit for the Year

Due to the factors described above, our profit for the year increased by 7.2%, or ￦ 50 billion, from ￦ 696 billion in 2019 to ￦ 746 billion in 2020. Our net profit margin, which is net profit for the year as a percentage of operating revenue, was 2.8% in 2019 and 3.1% in 2020.

Segment Results—ICT

Our operating revenue for the ICT segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, decreased by 1.4%, or ￦ 252 billion, from ￦ 18,528 billion in 2019 to ￦ 18,276 billion in 2020, primarily due to a decrease in revenue from our fixed-line services to individual and household customers and the sale of handsets, the impact of which was partially offset by increases in revenue from media and content services and mobile services, as described above.

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Our operating profit for the ICT segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 27.7%, or ￦ 176 billion, from ￦ 634 billion in 2019 to ￦ 810 billion in 2020, as the ￦ 428 billion decrease in the segment’s operating expenses outpaced the ￦ 252 billion decrease in operating revenue. For this segment, operating margin, which is operating profit as a percentage of total operating revenue prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased from 3.4% in 2019 to 4.4% in 2020.

Our depreciation and amortization for the ICT segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 0.1%, or ￦ 5 billion, from ￦ 3,229 billion in 2019 to ￦ 3,234 billion in 2020.

Segment Results—Finance

Our operating revenue for the finance segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, decreased by 2.9%, or ￦ 109 billion, from ￦ 3,795 billion in 2019 to ￦ 3,686 billion in 2020, primarily due to decrease in fees from credit card services of BC Card as a result of a reduction in the usage of credit cards during COVID-19 pandemic.

Our operating profit for the finance segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, decreased by 46.3%, or ￦ 73 billion, from ￦ 158 billion in 2019 to ￦ 85 billion in 2020, as the ￦ 109 billion decrease in the segment’s operating revenue outpaced the ￦ 36 billion decrease in operating expenses. For this segment, operating margin decreased from 4.2% in 2019 to 2.3% in 2020.

Depreciation and amortization for the finance segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 90.6%, or ￦ 25 billion, from ￦ 28 billion in 2019 to ￦ 53 billion in 2020.

Segment Results—Satellite TV

Our operating revenue for the satellite TV segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 1.7%, or ￦ 12 billion, from ￦ 695 billion in 2019 to ￦ 707 billion in 2020 primarily due to an increase in operating revenue of KT Skylife.

Our operating profit for the satellite TV segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 2.9%, or ￦ 2 billion, from ￦ 69 billion in 2019 to ￦ 71 billion in 2020, as the ￦ 12 billion increase in the segment’s operating revenue outpaced the ￦ 10 billion increase in operating expenses. Operating margin for this segment increased from 10.0% in 2019 to 10.1% in 2020.

Depreciation and amortization for the satellite TV segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, decreased by 10.6%, or ￦ 10 billion, from ￦ 95 billion in 2019 to ￦ 85 billion in 2020.

Segment Results—Others

Our operating revenue for the others segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, increased by 1.7%, or ￦ 98 billion, from ￦ 5,846 billion in 2019 to ￦ 5,944 billion in 2020, primarily due to an increase in revenue from our information and technology and network services.

Our operating profit for the others segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, decreased by 4.3%, or ￦ 9 billion, from ￦ 218 billion in 2019 to ￦ 209 billion in 2020, as the ￦ 107 billion increase in the segment’s operating expenses outpaced the ￦ 98 billion increase in the segment’s operating revenue. Operating margin for this segment decreased from 3.7% in 2019 to 3.5% in 2020.

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Depreciation and amortization for this segment, prior to adjusting for inter-segment transactions, decreased by 3.1%, or ￦ 11 billion, from ￦ 357 billion in 2019 to ￦ 346 billion in 2020.

Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table sets forth the summary of our cash flows for the years indicated:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2019			2020			2021
	(In billions of Won)
Net cash inflow from operating activities	￦	3,745		￦	4,740		￦	5,562
Net cash outflow from investing activities		(3,887	)		(3,761	)		(5,137	)
Net cash outflow from financing activities		(250	)		(648	)		(41	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year		2,703			2,306			2,635
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year		2,306			2,635			3,020
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(398	)		329			384

Capital Requirements

Historically, our capital requirements consisted principally of purchases of property and equipment and other assets and repayments of borrowings. In our investing activities, we used cash of ￦ 3,263 billion in 2019, ￦ 3,208 billion in 2020 and ￦ 3,495 billion in 2021, for the acquisition of property and equipment and investment properties. In addition, we used cash of ￦ 531 billion in 2019, ￦ 511 billion in 2020 and ￦ 752 billion in 2021 for the acquisition of intangible assets, which consisted primarily of acquisition of bandwidth licenses. In our financing activities, we used cash of ￦ 1,377 billion in 2019, ￦ 1,627 billion in 2020 and ￦ 1,999 billion in 2021, for repayments of borrowings. From time to time, we may also require capital for investments involving acquisitions, including shares of our affiliates, and strategic relationships, as well as repurchases of our shares.

Our cash dividends paid to shareholders and non-controlling interests amounted to ￦ 305 billion in 2019, ￦ 311 billion in 2020 and ￦ 350 billion in 2021.

We anticipate that capital expenditures and repayment of outstanding contractual obligations and commitments (including for bandwidth licenses) will represent the most significant use of funds for the next several years. We currently expect our capital expenditures for the acquisition of property and equipment and investment property and acquisition of intangible assets in 2022 to be comparable to those in 2021 on a standalone basis. However, the actual amount remains subject to adjustment depending on market conditions, our results of operations and changes in our build-out plan for our 5G mobile telecommunications network. We may also require capital for purchase of shares of our affiliates as well as investments involving acquisitions and strategic relationships. We compete primarily in the telecommunications and Internet-related markets in Korea, which are rapidly evolving. In recent years, competition among us, SK Telecom and LG U+ to commercialize 5G mobile services has intensified and we have made and will continue to make capital expenditure to expand our 5G mobile service capabilities and technologies. We may need to incur additional capital expenditures to keep up with unexpected developments in rapidly evolving telecommunications technology. There can be no assurance that we will be able to secure funds on satisfactory terms from financial institutions or other sources that are sufficient for our unanticipated needs.

Payments of contractual obligations and commitments will also require considerable resources. In our ordinary course of business, we routinely enter into commercial commitments for various aspects of our operations, including repair and maintenance. We have also provided guarantees to our affiliates. See Note 20 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a disclosure of the guarantees provided.

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Capital Resources

We have traditionally met our working capital and other capital requirements principally from cash provided by operations, while raising the remainder of our requirements primarily through debt financing. Our major sources of cash have been net cash provided by operating activities, including profits for the year, expenses not involving cash payments such as depreciation and amortization, and proceeds from issuance of bonds and borrowings. We expect that these sources will continue to be our principal sources of cash in the future. We recorded profits for the year of ￦ 696 billion in 2019, ￦ 746 billion in 2020 and ￦ 1,459 billion in 2021 as discussed in “Item 5.A. Operating Results.” Non-cash expense adjustments in our statement of cash flows from depreciation, amortization of intangible assets and depreciation of right-of-use assets amounted to ￦ 3,671 billion in 2019, ￦ 3,668 billion in 2020 and ￦ 3,647 billion in 2021, primarily reflecting our capital investment activities during the recent years, including our payments on bandwidth licenses for our operations, investments in network infrastructures and acquisition of real estate.

We had net proceeds from borrowings and debentures, after adjusting for repayments of borrowings and debentures, of ￦ 574 billion in 2019, ￦ 168 billion in 2020 and ￦ 900 billion in 2021.

Long-term borrowings, excluding current installments, were ￦ 6,113 billion as of December 31, 2019, ￦ 5,898 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ￦ 6,706 billion in December 31, 2021. Total short-term borrowings were ￦ 1,186 billion as of December 31, 2019, ￦ 1,418 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ￦ 1,731 billion as of December 31, 2021. We periodically increase our short-term borrowings and adjust our long-term debt financing levels depending on changes in our capital requirements. For the maturity profile of our borrowings, their currency denomination and interest rates, see Note 16 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Under our borrowing policy, we continually take into consideration various factors, including financial market conditions and our business environment, in order to decide on specific terms of the borrowing, such as borrowing amount, maturity date, currency denomination and type of interest rate (fixed or floating). We also strive to prudently manage our borrowing level and mitigate our refinancing risks through various methods, including diversification of currency denominations and borrowing lines. Our debt-to-equity ratio, which is calculated by dividing total liabilities with total equity, was 129% as of December 31, 2019, 116% as of December 31, 2020 and 124% as of December 31, 2021.

We also dispose of a portion of our trade receivables relating to handset sales to several special purpose companies, as part of our efforts to improve our cash and asset management. We entered into asset management agreements with each of these special purpose companies, and will be receiving management fees from such companies. See Note 20 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. From time to time, we also generate cash from the sale of our treasury shares.

We believe that we have sufficient working capital available to us for our current requirements and that we have a variety of alternatives available to us to satisfy our financial requirements to the extent that they are not met by funds generated by operations, including the issuance of debt securities and bank borrowings denominated in Won and various foreign currencies. See Note 16 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. However, our ability to rely on some of these alternatives could be affected by factors such as the liquidity of the Korean and the global financial markets, prevailing interest rates, our credit rating and the Government’s policies regarding Won currency and foreign currency borrowings. Other factors which could materially affect our liquidity in the future include unanticipated increase in capital expenditures and decrease in cash provided by operations resulting from a significant decrease in demand for our services. We may also need to raise additional capital sooner than we expect in order to fund unanticipated investments and acquisitions.

Our total equity was ￦ 15,141 billion as of December 31, 2019, ￦ 15,551 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ￦ 16,567 billion as of December 31, 2021.

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Liquidity

We had a working capital (current assets minus current liabilities) surplus of ￦ 1,828 billion as of December 31, 2019, ￦ 1,962 billion as of December 31, 2020 and ￦ 1,786 billion as of December 31, 2021.

The following table sets forth the summary of our significant current assets for the years indicated:

	As of December 31,
	2019		2020		2021
	(In billions of Won)
Cash and cash equivalents	￦	2,306	￦	2,635	￦	3,020
Trade and other receivables, net		5,859		4,902		5,087
Inventories, net		792		535		514
Other financial assets		868		1,203		1,186

Our cash and cash equivalents (substantially all of which are in Won) totaled ￦ 2,306 billion as of December 31, 2019, ￦ 2,635 billion as of December 31, 2020, and ￦ 3,020 billion as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, on a standalone basis, we held approximately 97% of our cash and cash equivalents denominated in Won and the remainder denominated in foreign currencies. Other current financial assets primarily consist of financial instruments, available-for-sale financial assets and derivative assets used for hedging. For a discussion of our use of financial instruments for hedging purposes, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

The following table sets forth the summary of our significant current liabilities for the years indicated:

	As of December 31,
	2019		2020		2021
	(In billions of Won)
Trade and other payables	￦	7,597	￦	6,210	￦	6,641
Borrowings		1,186		1,418		1,731

See Note 20 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Of the ￦ 8,438 billion total book value of debentures and borrowings outstanding as of December 31, 2021, ￦ 3,134 billion was denominated in foreign currencies. See Note 16 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Upon the identification and evaluation of our currency risk exposures, we, having considered various circumstances, enter into derivative financial instruments to manage such risks. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk—Exchange Rate Risk and Interest Rate Risk.” We have not had, and do not anticipate that we will have, difficulty gaining access to short-term financing sufficient to meet our current requirements.

Item 5.C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.

In order to maintain our leadership in the converging telecommunications business environment and develop additional platforms, services and applications, we engage in research and

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development (“R&D”) activities together with our various business units and also operate the following R&D laboratories:

•	the infrastructure digital transformation (“Infra DX”) R&D laboratory;
•	the artificial intelligence to everything (“AI2XL”) R&D laboratory; and
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•	the convergence R&D laboratory.
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As of December 31, 2021, KT Corporation had 4,077 domestic and 1,706 international registered patents.

The MSIT has the authority to recommend to network service providers that they provide funds for national research and development of telecommunications technology and related projects. Including such contributions, total expenditures (which include capitalized expenses) on research and development were ￦ 254 billion in 2019, ￦ 230 billion in 2020, and ￦ 214 billion in 2021.

Item 5.D. Trend Information

These matters are discussed under Item 5.A. above where relevant.

Item 5.E. Critical Accounting Estimates

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS as issued by IASB. See Note 3 of the notes to our financial statements for a discussion of our critical accounting estimates.

Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

Item 6.A. Directors and Senior Management

Directors

Our board of directors has the ultimate responsibility for the administration of our affairs. Our articles of incorporation provide for a board of directors consisting of:

•	up to three inside directors, including the Representative Director; and
•	up to eight outside directors.
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All of our directors are elected at the general shareholders’ meeting. If the total assets of a company listed on the KRX KOSPI Market exceed ￦ 2,000 billion as of the end of the preceding year, which is the case with us, the Commercial Code of Korea requires such company to have more than three outside directors, with outside directors being the majority of the board of directors. Under our articles of incorporation, the term of office for a director is up to three years. Pursuant to an amendment to our articles of incorporation in March 2020, the term of office for an outside director changed from up to ten years to up to six years, which change was made to reflect an amendment to the enforcement decree of the Commercial Code of Korea. The terms for both an inside director and an outside director are, however, extended to the close of the annual shareholders’ meeting convened with respect to the last full fiscal year of a director’s term of office. If the term of office for a director is not completed and ends before the close of the annual general shareholders’ meeting and a new director is appointed in his or her place, the term of office for such replacement director will coincide with the uncompleted remaining term of office of his or her predecessor.

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Under the Commercial Code of Korea, we must establish a committee to nominate candidates for outside directors within the board of directors, and outside directors must make up more than half of the total members of the outside director candidate nominating committee. According to our articles of incorporation, such committee must consist of one inside director and all of our outside directors, other than for election of an outside director resulting from the expiration of the term of the office, in which case such outside director whose term is expiring may not be a member of the committee. Our Outside Director Candidate Nominating Committee nominates outside director candidates for appointment at the general shareholders’ meeting.

Upon the request of any director (to the extent that the board of directors does not separately authorize only a particular director to make such request), a meeting of the board of directors will be assembled. The chairperson of the board of directors is elected from among the outside directors by a resolution of the board of directors. The term of office of the chairperson is one year.

Our current directors are as follows:

Name	Position		Date of Birth
Inside Directors <br>(1)
Hyeon-Mo<br> Ku	Representative Director and Chief Executive Officer	March 2020	January 13, 1964	2023
Kyung-Lim<br> Yun	President, Head of Group Transformation Group	March 2022	June 14, 1963	2023
Outside Directors <br>(1)
Dae-You<br> Kim	Outside Director, DB Life Insurance Co., Ltd.	March 2018	July 21, 1951	2024
Gang-Cheol Lee	Outside Director, Paju Country Club Co., Ltd.	March 2018	May 6, 1947	2024
Hee-Yol<br> Yu	Board Chairperson, Korea Carbon Capture and Sequestration R&D Center	March 2019	January 12, 1947	2025
Hyun-Myung Pyo	Outside Director, Hankook Tire & Technology Co.,Ltd.	March 2020	October 21, 1958	2023
Chung-Gu<br> Kang	Professor, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University	March 2020	December 12, 1962	2023
Eun-Jung<br> Yeo	Professor, School of Business, <br>Chung-Ang<br> University	March 2020	February 15, 1973	2023
Yong-Hun<br> Kim	Partner Lawyer, DR & AJU Law Group	March 2022	March 29, 1955	2025
Benjamin Hong	Board Chairperson, LINA Korea Co.,Ltd.	March 2022	February 20, 1958	2025
(1)	All of our inside and outside directors beneficially own less than one percent of the issued shares of KT Corporation in the aggregate.
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Our “Representative Director” is authorized to perform all judicial and extra-judicial acts relating to our business. Our shareholders elect the Representative Director in accordance with the provisions of the Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation. In March 2018, we amended our articles of incorporation in efforts to add more rigor and transparency to the process of selecting our Representative Director. Our Corporate Governance Committee conducts investigation and composition of a pool of candidates and selects the representative director candidates whose candidacy will be further examined. Subsequently, the Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee examines and selects Representative Director candidates and submits an examination report of such candidates to our board of directors. A Representative Director candidate recommended by our board of directors is nominated at the shareholders’ meeting.

Under our articles of incorporation, the board of directors must submit a draft management contract between KT Corporation and the candidate covering our management objectives to the

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shareholders’ meeting at the time of candidate nomination to the meeting. When the draft management contract has been approved at the shareholders’ meeting, we enter into such management contract with the Representative Director. In such case, the chairperson of the board of directors, on our behalf, signs the management contract. In March 2020, our articles of incorporation were amended to have management goals be set based on objectives that can be accomplished during a Representative Director’s term in office.

The board of directors may conduct performance review discussions to determine if the new Representative Director performed his or her duties under the management contract, or hire a professional evaluation agency for such purpose. If the board of directors determines, based on the results of the performance review, that the new Representative Director has failed to achieve the management goals, it may propose to dismiss Representative Director at a shareholders’ meeting.

Senior Management

In addition to our inside directors who are also our executive officers, we have the following executive officers as of April 15, 2022:

Name	Title and Responsibilities
Kook-Hyun Kang	President, Customer Business Group	1963
Jong-Ook<br> Park	President, Safety and Health Office (and) Corporate Planning Group	1962
Byung-Sam<br> Park	Senior Executive Vice President, Ethics Office	1966
Chang-Seok Seo	Senior Executive Vice President, Network Group	1967
Jae-Ho<br> Song	Senior Executive Vice President, AI/DX Convergence Business Group	1966
Soo-Jung<br> Shin	Senior Executive Vice President, Enterprise Business Group	1965
Hyun-Yok<br> Sheen	Senior Executive Vice President, Corporate Management Group	1968
Sang-Don<br> Ahn	Senior Executive Vice President, Legal Affairs Office	1962
Jeong-Min<br> Woo	Senior Executive Vice President, IT Group	1964
Bong-Gyun Kim	Executive Vice President, Busan/Gyeongnam Regional Headquarter	1972
Young-Woo<br> Kim	Executive Vice President, Group Management Office	1967
Young-Jin<br> Kim	Executive Vice President, Financial Management Office	1967
Yi-Han<br> Kim	Executive Vice President, Institute of Convergence Technology	1966
Chae-Hee<br> Kim	Executive Vice President, Strategy and Planning Office	1974
Hoon-Bae<br> Kim	Executive Vice President, Media Business Unit	1963
Chang-Yong Ahn	Executive Vice President, Daegu/Gyeongbuk Regional Headquarter	1966
Chi-Yong<br> Ahn	Executive Vice President, Northern Seoul/Gangwon Regional Headquarter	1966
Yul-Mo<br> Yang	Executive Vice President, Public Relations Office	1967
Kyung-Hwa<br> Ok	Executive Vice President, IT Strategy Unit	1968
Kong-Hwan Lee	Executive Vice President, Policy Cooperation Office	1966
Sun-Joo<br> Lee	Executive Vice President, On External Training	1969
Chang-Ho<br> Yi	Executive Vice President, CEO Office	1972
Hyeon-Seuk Lee	Executive Vice President, Chungnam/Chungbuk Regional Headquarter	1966
Jong-Taek Lim	Executive Vice President, External Cooperation Office	1964
Sang-Kwi<br> Chang	Executive Vice President, Legal Affairs Department 1	1968
Jung-Soo<br> Jung	Executive Vice President, Southern Seoul/Western Seoul Regional Headquarter	1966
Hoon Cho	Executive Vice President, SCM Strategy Office	1966
Jung-Yong Ji	Executive Vice President, Jeonnam/Jeonbuk Regional Headquarter	1968
Chan-Ki<br> Choi	Executive Vice President, Sales Operating Business Unit	1966
Jun Koh	Senior Vice President, Legal Affairs <br>P-TF	1971
Gang-Bon<br> Koo	Senior Vice President, Customer Business Unit	1972
Jae-Hyung<br> Koo	Senior Vice President, Network Research Technology Unit	1972
O-Ryung<br> Kwon	Senior Vice President, Group Strategic Partnership Office	1969
Hye-Jin<br> Kwon	Senior Vice President, Network Strategy Unit	1971
Hee-Keun<br> Kwon	Senior Vice President, Metropolitan Wholesale Unit	1970
Kwang-Dong Kim	Senior Vice President, Policy Cooperation Department	1970
Moo-Seong<br> Kim	Senior Vice President, ESG Management & Implementation office	1972
Byung-Kyun Kim	Senior Vice President, Device Business Unit	1968
Bong-Ki<br> Kim	Senior Vice President, Convergence Laboratory	1968

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Name	Title and Responsibilities
Sang-Kyoon Kim	Senior Vice President, Management Support Office	1970
Seong-Il<br> Kim	Senior Vice President, Chungnam/Chungbuk Network O&M Headquarter	1966
Young-Sool Kim	Senior Vice President, External Cooperation <br>P-TF	1967
Young-Sik<br> Kim	Senior Vice President, DX Platform Business Unit	1972
Young-In<br> Kim	Senior Vice President, Southern Seoul/Western Seoul Network O&M Headquarter	1968
Jae-Kwon<br> Kim	Senior Vice President, Biz Customer Business Unit	1968
Jun-Ho<br> Kim	Senior Vice President, Public/Finance Customer Business Unit	1965
Gil-Hyun<br> Ryu	Senior Vice President, On External Training	1968
Pyeong Ryu	Senior Vice President, Jeonnam/Jeonbuk Enterprise Customer Sales Headquarter	1966
Sang-Ryong Moon	Senior Vice President, IT Consulting Unit	1967
Sung-Uk<br> Moon	Senior Vice President, Global Business Office	1972
Young-Il<br> Moon	Senior Vice President, Information Security Unit	1966
Hye-Byung<br> Min	Senior Vice President, Enterprise Service DX Unit	1969
Sun-Ha<br> Park	Senior Vice President, Fieldwork Supporting Unit	1965
Yong-Man<br> Park	Senior Vice President, Jeonnam/Jeonbuk Customer Sales Headquarter	1965
Jeong-Jun<br> Park	Senior Vice President, Enterprise Customer Business Unit	1967
Jung-Ho<br> Park	Senior Vice President, Customer DX Business Unit	1970
Jong-Ho<br> Park	Senior Vice President, Network Control Unit	1964
Hyo-Il<br> Park	Senior Vice President, Customer Experience Innovation Unit	1970
Soon-Min<br> Bae	Senior Vice President, AI2XL Laboratory	1980
Seung-Yun<br> Paik	Senior Vice President, Strategic Investment Office	1970
Ki-Hong<br> Seo	Senior Vice President, Daegu/Gyeongbuk Enterprise Customer Sales Headquarter	1967
Young-Soo<br> Seo	Senior Vice President, Network O&M Unit	1968
Jeong-Hyun Seo	Senior Vice President, Legal Affairs Department 3	1971
Won-Je<br> Sung	Senior Vice President, Southern Seoul/Western Seoul Enterprise Customer Sales Headquarter	1972
Hoon-Joo<br> Shin	Senior Vice President, Corporate Image Strategy <br>P-TF	1971
Jin-Ho<br> Yang	Senior Vice President, Legal Affairs Department 2	1973
Jae-Min<br> Eom	Senior Vice President, Busan/Gyeongnam Customer Sales Headquarter	1965
Hun-Yong<br> Oh	Senior Vice President, Enterprise Business Consulting & Implementation Unit 2	1966
Heung-Jae<br> Won	Senior Vice President, Western Seoul Customer Sales Headquarter	1967
Yong-Kyu<br> Yoo	Senior Vice President, Enterprise Business Strategy Unit	1971
Chang-Kyu<br> Yoo	Senior Vice President, Northern Seoul/Gangwon Enterprise Customer Sales Headquarter	1966
Kyeong-Mo<br> Youn	Senior Vice President, SCM Strategy Department	1969
Jin-Hyoun<br> Youn	Senior Vice President, Media Business Unit Media R&D <br>P-TF	1968
Mi-Hee<br> Lee	Senior Vice President, <br>C-level<br> Consulting Unit	1970
Sang-Il<br> Lee	Senior Vice President, Northern Seoul/Gangwon Network O&M Headquarter	1964
Sang-Ho<br> Lee	Senior Vice President, AI Robot Business Unit	1975
Young-Jun<br> Lee	Senior Vice President, Chungnam/Chungbuk Enterprise Customer Sales Headquarter	1968
Young-Jin<br> Lee	Senior Vice President, Group Human Resources Office	1972
Yong-Gyoo Lee	Senior Vice President, Busan/Gyeongnam Network O&M Headquarter	1965
Jong-Sik<br> Lee	Senior Vice President, Infra DX Laboratory	1972
Seung-Hyouk Yim	Senior Vice President, Digital & Bio Health Business Unit	1970
Jang-Mi<br> Lim	Senior Vice President, Convergence Laboratory Industry Biz 2 <br>P-TF	1966
Kil-Sung<br> Jung	Senior Vice President, Corporate Strategy Department	1974
Jae-Wook<br> Jeong	Senior Vice President, CEO Office team 1	1972
Seong-Eun<br> Cho	Senior Vice President, S/W Development Unit	1971
Young-Sim<br> Jin	Senior Vice President, Group HR Development Academy	1972
Kang-Rim<br> Choi	Senior Vice President, AI Mobility Business Unit	1974
Sung-Wook Choi	Senior Vice President, Daegu/Gyeongbuk Customer Sales Headquarter	1965
Si-Hwan<br> Choi	Senior Vice President, Eastern Seoul Customer Sales Headquarter	1967
Joon-Ki<br> Choi	Senior Vice President, Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Business Unit	1974
Ja-Kyung<br> Hahn	Senior Vice President, Convergence Laboratory Industry Biz 1 <br>P-TF	1971
Suk-Zoon<br> Huh	Senior Vice President, Institute of Economic and Business Research	1967
Tae-Jun<br> Heo	Senior Vice President, Enterprise Business Consulting and Implementation Unit	1970
Sung-Pil<br> Hong	Senior Vice President, Group Real Estate Unit	1965

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Item 6.B. Compensation

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

In 2021, the aggregate compensation paid and accrued to all directors and executive officers was approximately ￦ 45.3 billion and the aggregate amount set aside or accrued by us to provide pension and retirement benefits to such persons was approximately ￦ 6.2 billion.

The compensation of our five highest compensated directors and executive officers who received total annual compensation exceeding ￦ 500 million in 2021 was as follows:

Name	Position	Total Compensation<br>in 2021	Composition of Total<br>Compensation
		(In millions of Won)
Yoon-Young Park	Former President	￦<br>2,020	￦<br>74 (salary); <br>￦<br>399 (bonus); <br>￦<br>7 (benefits); <br>￦<br>1,540 (severance pay)
Hyeon-Mo<br> Ku	Chief Executive Officer	￦<br>1,522	￦<br>556 (salary); <br>￦<br>946 (bonus); <br>￦<br>20 (benefits)
Jong-Ook<br> Park	President	￦<br>985	￦<br>454 (salary); <br>￦<br>509 (bonus); <br>￦<br>22 (benefits)
Soo-Jung<br> Shin	Senior Executive Vice President	￦<br>836	￦<br>378 (salary); <br>￦<br>448 (bonus); <br>￦<br>10 (benefits)
Hyun-Yok<br> Sheen	Senior Executive Vice President	￦<br>810	￦<br>365 (salary); <br>￦<br>429 (bonus); <br>￦<br>16 (benefits)

The chairperson of our board of directors enters into an employment agreement on our behalf with our Representative Director. The employment agreement sets certain management targets to be achieved by the Representative Director as determined by the Evaluation and Compensation Committee each year, including a target for the amount of “EBITDA” to be achieved in each year. EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization. Other management targets include (i) short-term operational and strategic goals centered around key performance indices and (ii) increase on a long-term basis in shareholder value measured against performance of companies listed on KOSPI and the shares of our competitors. Failure to achieve certain thresholds below the targets will allow the board of directors to take actions with respect to the Representative Director’s employment, including proposing at the shareholders’ meeting an early termination of his employment. In addition, the head of each of our functional departments, the president of each of our subsidiaries and the heads of each regional head office have entered into employment agreements with the Representative Director that provide for similar management targets to be achieved by each of our departments, subsidiaries and regional head offices.

Item 6.C. Board Practices

As of April 1, 2022, none of our inside or outside directors maintained directors’ service contracts with us or with any of our subsidiaries providing for benefits upon termination of employment.

Corporate Governance Committee

The Corporate Governance Committee is comprised of four outside directors and one inside director Hee-Yol Yu, Gang-Cheol Lee, Hyun-Myung Pyo, Benjamin Hong and Kyoung-Lim Yun. The chairperson is Hee-Yol Yu. The committee is responsible for the review of matters with respect to our Corporate Governance Guidelines and our performance under such guidelines to monitor effectiveness of our corporate governance. The committee is also responsible for authorization of investigation and composition of a pool of internal and external Representative Director candidates and selection of the

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Representative Director candidates, who shall be further examined by the Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee, pursuant to the examination criteria determined by our board of directors. The committee members are elected by the board after the annual meeting, and the term of the committee members is one year.

Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee

The Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee is comprised of all of our outside directors and one inside director. The committee convenes when it becomes necessary to do so, and attendees are ascertained prior to such meeting. No member of this committee shall become a candidate for the position of the Representative Director during his or her term as a member of the committee. The committee’s duties include examining the Representative Director candidates selected under the examination criteria determined by our board of directors, selecting the Representative Director candidates pursuant to such criteria and reporting to the board of directors the outcome of the examination.

Outside Director Candidate Nominating Committee

The Outside Director Candidate Nominating Committee consists of all of our outside directors and one inside director, other than for election of an outside director resulting from the expiration of the term of the office, in which case such outside director whose term is expiring cannot be a member of the committee. The committee convenes when it becomes necessary to do so, and attendees are ascertained prior to such meeting. The committee’s duties include reviewing the qualifications of potential candidates and proposing nominees to serve as outside directors on our board of directors to the shareholders at the general shareholders’ meeting. The committee members’ terms expire immediately after the adjournment of the shareholders’ meeting where the outside directors are elected.

Evaluation and Compensation Committee

The Evaluation and Compensation Committee is currently comprised of four outside directors, Dae-You Kim, Hee-Yol Yu, Hyun-Myung Pyo and Benjamin Hong. The chairperson is Dae-You Kim. The committee’s duties include prior review of the Representative Director’s management goals, terms and conditions proposed for inclusion in the management contract of the Representative Director, including, but not limited to, determining whether the Representative Director has achieved the management goals, and the determination of compensation for the Representative Director and the inside directors. The committee members are elected by the board after the closing of the annual meeting, and the term of the committee members is one year.

Management Committee

The Management Committee is currently comprised of Hyeon-Mo Ku and Kyoung-Lim Yun. The chairperson is Hyeon-Mo Ku. The committee’s duties include the authorization of establishment and management of branch offices, the disposal and sale of stocks of our subsidiaries, which have a market value between ￦ 15 billion and ￦ 30 billion, not including any sale for stocks with market value of ￦ 10 billion or more that involves a change of control, making investments and providing guarantees between ￦ 15 billion to ￦ 30 billion, the acquisition and disposal of real estate having market value between ￦ 15 billion to ￦ 30 billion, and the issuance of certain debt securities.

Related-Party Transactions Committee

The Related-Party Transactions Committee is currently comprised of four outside directors, Gang-Cheol Lee, Hee-Yol Yu, Chung-Gu Kang and Eun-Jung Yeo. The chairperson is Gang-Cheol Lee. This committee’s duties include reviews of transactions between KT Corporation and its subsidiaries and ensures compliance with applicable antitrust laws. The committee members are elected by the board after the annual meeting, and the term of the committee members is one year.

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Sustainability Management Committee

The Sustainability Management Committee is currently comprised of four outside directors and one inside director, Hyun-Myung Pyo, Gang-Cheol Lee, Yong-Hun Kim, Benjamin Hong and Kyoung-Lim Yun. The chairperson is Hyun-Myung Pyo. The committee’s duties include reviews of sustainable management plans, the authorization of establishment of medium- and long-term sustainable management strategies, sustainable management results, regular reporting and risk management of sustainable management activities and charitable contributions. The committee members are elected by the board after the annual meeting, and the term of the committee members is one year.

Audit Committee

Under the Commercial Code of Korea and our articles of incorporation, we are required to establish an audit committee comprised of three or more outside directors and at least two-thirds of the Audit Committee members are required to be outside directors. Audit Committee members must also meet the applicable independence criteria set forth under the rules and regulations of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The committee is currently comprised of Eun-Jung Yeo, Dae-You Kim, Chung-Gu Kang and Yong-Hun Kim. The chairperson is Eun-Jung Yeo and Eun-Jung Yeo also serves as the financial expert of the Audit Committee. Members of the committee are elected by our shareholders at the shareholders’ meeting. Our internal and external auditors report directly to the committee.

The duties of the committee include:

•	appointing an independent registered public accounting firm;
•	approving the appointment and recommending the dismissal of the internal auditor;
---	---
•	evaluating performance of the independent registered public accounting firm;
---	---
•	approving services to be provided by the independent registered public accounting firm;
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•	reviewing annual financial statements;
---	---
•	reviewing audit results and reports;
---	---
•	reviewing and evaluating our system of internal controls and policies
---	---
•	examining improprieties or suspected improprieties; and
---	---
•	on a quarterly basis, reviewing reports on internal controls for legal compliance, including with respect to cybersecurity laws.
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In addition, regarding the shareholders’ meeting, the committee may examine the agenda, financial statement and other reports to be submitted by the board of directors at each shareholders’ meeting.

Item 6.D. Employees

On a non-consolidated basis, we had 21,759 employees as of December 31, 2021, compared to 22,720 employees as of December 31, 2020 and 23,372 employees as of December 31, 2019.

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Labor Relations

We consider our current relations with our work force to be good. However, in the past, we have experienced opposition from our labor union for our strategy of restructuring to improve our efficiency and profitability by disposing of non-core businesses and reducing our employee base.

As of December 31, 2021, about 78.6% of the employees of KT Corporation were members of the KT Trade Union. On behalf of its members, the union negotiates a collective bargaining agreement with us every two years, and our current collective bargaining agreement expires on September 5, 2023. The current collective bargaining agreement provides that even in the event of a strike, the minimum number of employees necessary to operate the telecommunications business must continue to work.

The union also negotiates its members’ wages with us every year. Under the Act of the Promotion of Worker’s Participation and Cooperation, our Employee-Employer Cooperation Committees, which are composed of representatives of management and labor for each business unit and regional office, meet quarterly to discuss employee grievances, working conditions and potential employee-initiated improvements in service or management.

The Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (“Labor Act”) allow multiple labor unions to be formed within one company. Therefore, additional labor unions may be formed by our employees. Pursuant to such amendments, our employees formed a new labor union called “KT New Union” in July 2011. The Labor Act also requires such multiple unions to consolidate themselves into a single channel when negotiating with the company on behalf of their members and to enter into a single collective bargaining agreement with the company. As a result of the recent consolidation of labor unions, KT Trade Union was selected as the bargaining representative of the labor unions. Its term as the bargaining representative expires in December 31, 2023.

Employee Stock Ownership and Benefits

We have an employee stock ownership association, which may purchase on behalf of its members up to 20.0% of any of our shares offered publicly in Korea. The employee stock ownership association owned 0.38% of our issued shares as of December 31, 2021.

In accordance with the National Pension Act of Korea, we contribute an amount equal to 4.5% of an employee’s standard monthly wages, and each employee contributes 4.5% of his or her standard monthly wages, into his or her personal pension account. Our employees, including executive officers as well as non-executive employees, are subject to a pension insurance system, under which we make monthly contributions to the pension accounts of the employees, and upon retirement, such employees are paid the pension amount due from their pension accounts. Prior to April 2011, our executive and non- executive employees were subject to a lump-sum severance payment system, under which they were entitled to receive a lump-sum severance payment upon termination of their employment, based on their length of service and salary level at the time of termination. Starting in April 2011, in accordance with the Korean Employee Retirement Income Security Act, we replaced such lump-sum severance payment system with our current pension insurance system in the form of a defined benefit plan, and also introduced a defined contribution plan in December 2012, with a total combined unfunded portion of approximately ￦ 269 billion as of December 31, 2021. Lump-sum severance amounts previously accrued prior to our adoption of the current pension insurance system continue to remain payable. We also provide a wide range of fringe benefits to our employees, including housing, housing loans, company-provided hospitals and schools, a company-sponsored pension program, an employee welfare fund, industrial disaster insurance, cultural and athletic facilities, physical education grants, meal allowances, medical examinations and training and resort centers. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Item 5.A. Operating Results.”

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Employee Training

The objective of our training program is to develop information technology specialists who are able to create value for our customers. In order to develop skills of our employees, we require 86 hours of training per year from most of our employees, using individually-tailored curriculums based on individual assessments. We also operate a Cyber Academy to provide online classes to our employees, as well as offer various foreign language classes to our employees. In addition, we provide tuition and living expense reimbursements to our high potential employees who pursue graduate programs in Korea and abroad, as well as provide financial assistance to those who pursue work-related professional licenses or participate in after-work study programs.

Item 6.E. Share Ownership

Ordinary Shares

The persons who currently serve as our directors or executive officers held, as a group, 400,824 ordinary shares as of April 2, 2022. The table below shows the ownership of our ordinary shares by our directors and executive officers:

Shareholders	Number of Ordinary<br>Shares Owned
Hyeon-Mo Ku		30,134
Kyung-Lim Yun		1,100
Gang-Cheol Lee		1,486
Dae-You Kim		1,486
Hee-Yol Yu		1,015
Hyun-Myung Pyo		11,227
Chung-Gu Kang		543
Eun-Jung Yeo		543
Kook-Hyun Kang		11,588
Jong-Ook Park		14,197
Byung-Sam Park		10,681
Chang-Seok Seo		11,977
Jae-Ho Song		10,208
Soo-Jung Shin		10,124
Hyun-Yok Sheen		10,837
Sang-Don Ahn		3,165
Bong-Gyun Kim		6,346
Young-Woo Kim		4,737
Young-Jin Kim		7,843
Yi-Han Kim		6,286
Chae-Hee Kim		4,791
Hoon-Bae Kim		4,424
Chang-Yong Ahn		5,743
Chi-Yong Ahn		9,165
Yul-Mo Yang		5,777
Kyung-Hwa Ok		5,447
Kong-Hwan Lee		1,905
Sun-Joo Lee		4,725
Chang-Ho Yi		4,797
Hyeon-Seuk Lee		8,125
Jong-Taek Lim		6,740
Sang-Kwi Chang		8,444
Jung-Soo Jung		5,589
Hoon Cho		2,500
Jung-Yong Ji		8,874
Chan-Ki Choi		8,397
Jun Koh		81

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Shareholders	Number of Ordinary<br>Shares Owned
Gang-Bon Koo		3,214
Jae-Hyung Koo		95
O-Ryung Kwon		36
Hye-Jin Kwon		1,392
Hee-Keun Kwon		127
Kwang-Dong Kim		875
Moo-Seong Kim		3,194
Byung-Kyun Kim		3,467
Bong-Ki Kim		3,699
Sang-Kyoon Kim		3,134
Seong-Il Kim		1,110
Young-Sool Kim		81
Young-Sik Kim		16
Young-In Kim		2,876
Jae-Kwon Kim		4,251
Jun-Ho Kim		1,657
Gil-Hyun Ryu		450
Pyeong Ryu		9,803
Sang-Ryong Moon		102
Sung-Uk Moon		3,872
Young-Il Moon		4,322
Hye-Byung Min		5,143
Sun-Ha Park		46
Yong-Man Park		4,925
Jeong-Jun Park		3,772
Jung-Ho Park		234
Jong-Ho Park		2,985
Hyo-Il Park		5,155
Soon-Min Bae		4,804
Seung-Yun Paik		2,079
Ki-Hong Seo		81
Young-Soo Seo		5,746
Won-Je Sung		81
Hoon-Joo Shin		1,047
Jin-Ho Yang		3,036
Jae-Min Eom		2,066
Hun-Yong Oh		7,268
Heung-Jae Won		4,681
Yong-Kyu Yoo		3,951
Chang-Kyu Yoo		5,299
Kyeong-Mo Youn		46
Jin-Hyoun Youn		94
Mi-Hee Lee		4,002
Sang-Il Lee		1,913
Young-Jun Lee		81
Young-Jin Lee		81
Yong-Gyoo Lee		4,171
Jong-Sik Lee		2,754
Seung-Hyouk Yim		3,131
Jang-Mi Lim		1,151
Kil-Sung Jung		91
Jae-Wook Jeong		5,482
Seong-Eun Cho		2,345
Young-Sim Jin		595
Kang-Rim Choi		2,952
Sung-Wook Choi		2,150
Si-Hwan Choi		2,100
Joon-Ki Choi		1,101
Ja-Kyung Hahn		1,486
Suk-Zoon Huh		1,590
Tae-Jun Heo		81
Sung-Pil Hong		2,208
		400,824

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Stock Options

We have not granted any stock options to our current directors and executive officers.

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

Item 7.A. Major Shareholders

The following table sets forth certain information relating to the shareholders of our ordinary shares as of December 31, 2021:

Shareholders	Number of<br>Shares
National Pension Corporation		33,098,617	12.68	%
NTT DOCOMO, Inc.<br>(1)		14,257,813	5.46	%
Silchester International Investors LLP		13,588,760	5.20	%
Employee stock ownership association		993,785	0.38	%
Directors as a group		73,777	0.03	%
Public		173,795,394	66.56	%
KT Corporation (held in the form of treasury stock)		25,303,662	9.69	%
Total issued shares		261,111,808	100.00	%
(1)	In January 2022, NTT DOCOMO, Inc. sold all of its equity interest in us to Shinhan Financial Group Co., Ltd.
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Item 7.B. Related Party Transactions

We have engaged in various transactions with our subsidiaries and affiliated companies. See Note 36 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We have not issued any guarantees in favor of our consolidated subsidiaries.

Item 7.C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Information

Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

See “Item 18. Financial Statements” and pages F-1 through F-118.

Legal Proceedings

In 2010, we entered into a contract with Enspert, Co., Ltd.(“Enspert”), a consumer electronics manufacturer, to purchase approximately 200,000 tablet PCs. Due to defects with the tablet PCs, we cancelled our contract and the outstanding order for approximately 170,000 tablet PCs, for which we would have paid approximately ￦ 51 billion. In June 2014, the Korea Fair Trade Commission imposed a penalty surcharge of approximately ￦ 2 billion on us, finding that we cancelled our contract with Enspert without cause. We appealed such decision but the decision was confirmed by the Seoul High Court and the Supreme Court in May 2016 and September 2016, respectively. In April 2017, Enspert filed a lawsuit against us at the Seoul Central Court, alleging damages of approximately ￦ 94 billion caused by our cancellation of the contract between Enspert and us for the tablet PCs and specifying a claim amount of ￦ 47 billion, which amount was subsequently increased by Enspert to ￦ 141 billion in

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July 2019. In February 2020, the Seoul Central Court ruled in favor of Enspert, entitling it to recovery of damages of approximately ￦ 6.7 billion. Both parties appealed the ruling, and in January 2022, the Seoul High Court ruled in favor of Enspert for recovery of damages of approximately ￦ 9.0 billion. Both parties appealed the ruling (Enspert appealing to seek ￦ 250 billion in damages), and we intend to vigorously defend against such lawsuit.

In April 2019, the Korea Fair Trade Commission determined that we, LG U+, SK Broadband and Sejong Telecom colluded in numerous biddings held by public institutions, including the Public Procurement Service and the Korea Racing Authority, between April 2015 to June 2017 for the engagement of telecommunications companies to provide dedicated fixed-line services, in violation of the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act, and issued an order to cease and desist, imposed a penalty surcharge of ￦ 5.7 billion on us and filed a criminal complaint against us, which trial is in progress at the Seoul Central Court.

In April, June and September 2021, 555 of our subscribers filed class action lawsuits claiming damages totaling ￦ 0.5 billion alleging poor service quality of our 5G mobile services. There can be no assurance that such class action lawsuits may not result in additional subscribers making similar claims in the future. We intend to vigorously defend against such class action lawsuits.

For a description of our additional legal proceedings, see “Item 3. Key Information—Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Legal cases involving our charitable or political donations and other incidents and allegations, including matters connected to a scandal involving Ms. Soon-sil Choi, a confidante of former President Geun-hye Park, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation and stock price.”

As of December 31, 2021, we have established provisions relating to litigation proceedings of ￦ 80 billion.

See Notes 17 and 20 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Dividends

The table below sets out the annual dividends declared on the outstanding ordinary shares to shareholders of record on December 31 of the years indicated and the interim dividends declared on the outstanding ordinary shares to shareholders of record on June 30 of the years indicated:

Year	Annual Dividend per<br>Ordinary Share		Interim Dividend per<br>Ordinary Share		Average Total<br>Dividend per Ordinary<br>Share
	(In Won)		(In Won)		(In Won)
2017	￦	1,000		—	￦	1,000
2018		1,100		—		1,100
2019		1,100		—		1,100
2020		1,350		—		1,350
2021		1,910		—		1,910

If sufficient profits are available, the board of directors may propose annual dividends on the outstanding ordinary shares, which our shareholders must approve by a resolution at the ordinary general meeting of shareholders. This meeting is generally held in March of the following year and if our shareholders at such ordinary general meeting of shareholders approve the annual dividend, we must pay such dividend within one month following the date of such resolution. Typically, we pay such dividends shortly after the meeting. The declaration of annual dividends is subject to the vote of our shareholders, and consequently, there can be no assurance as to the amount of dividends per ordinary share or that any such dividends will be declared. Interim dividends paid in cash can be declared by a resolution of the board of directors. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Dividends” and “Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities—Item 12.D. American Depositary Shares.”

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The Commercial Code provides that shares of a company of the same class must receive equal treatment. However, major shareholders may consent to receive dividend distributions at a lesser rate than minor shareholders.

Any cash dividends relating to the shares held in the form of ADSs will be paid to the depositary bank in Won. The deposit agreement provides that, except in certain circumstances, cash dividends received by the depositary bank will be converted by the depositary bank into Dollars and distributed to the holders of the ADRs, less withholding tax, other governmental charges and the depositary bank’s fees and expenses. See “Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities—Item 12.D. American Depositary Shares.”

Item 8.B. Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

Item 9. The Offer and Listing

Item 9.A. Offer and Listing Details

Market Price Information

Ordinary Shares

Our shares were listed on the KRX KOSPI Market on December 23, 1998 under the securities identification code “030200.”

ADSs

The outstanding ADSs, each of which represents one-half of one share of our ordinary share, have been traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol “KT” since May 25, 1999.

Item 9.B. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

Item 9.C. Markets

Please refer to “Item 9.A. Offering and Listing Details.”

Item 9.D. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

Item 9.E. Dilution

Not applicable.

Item 9.F. Expenses of the Issuer

Not applicable.

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Item 10. Additional Information

Item 10.A. Share Capital

Currently, our authorized share capital is 1,000,000,000 shares, which consists of ordinary shares, par value ￦ 5,000 per share (“Ordinary Shares”) and shares of non-voting preferred stock, par value ￦ 5,000 per share (“Non-Voting Shares”). Ordinary Shares and Non-Voting Shares together are referred to as “Shares.” Under our articles of incorporation, we are authorized to issue Non-Voting Shares up to one-fourth of our total issued share capital. As of December 31, 2021, 261,111,808 Ordinary Shares were issued, of which 25,303,662 shares were held by the treasury stock fund or us as treasury shares. We have never issued any Non-Voting Shares. All of the issued Ordinary Shares are fully-paid and non-assessable and are in registered form.

Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

Under Article 2 of our articles of incorporation, the primary purpose of KT Corporation is to engage in, including but not limited to, the integrated telecommunications business, the new media and internet multimedia broadcasting business, the development and sale of media contents and software, the sale of telecommunications devices, the testing and inspection of telecommunications equipment, the telemarketing business and financial data services. This section provides information relating to our share capital, including brief summaries of material provisions of our articles of incorporation, the FSCMA, the Commercial Code and related laws of Korea, all as currently in effect. The following summaries are subject to, and are qualified in their entirety by reference to, our articles of incorporation and the applicable provisions of the FSCMA and the Commercial Code. We have filed a copy of our articles of incorporation as an exhibit to registration statements under the Securities Act or annual reports under the Securities Exchange Act previously filed by us.

Directors

A director is prohibited from voting on a proposal, arrangement or contract in which the director has an interest. Director compensation is determined based on the standards and methods of compensation as determined by the board of directors and reviewed by the Compensation Committee, which consists of four independent directors, and approved by the board of directors in accordance with our articles of incorporation. See “Item 6.B. Compensation—Compensation of Directors.” Directors appointed at the general shareholders meeting may not be beneficiaries nor participants of the employee welfare fund, which includes borrowings. There is no explicit age limit relating to a director’s retirement or non-retirement, and there is no number of shares required for purposes of determining a director’s qualifications.

Dividends

We distribute dividends to our shareholders in proportion to the number of shares owned by each shareholder. No dividends are distributed with respect to shares held by us or our treasury stock fund. The Ordinary Shares represented by the ADSs have the same dividend rights as other outstanding Ordinary Shares.

Holders of Non-Voting Shares are entitled to receive dividends in priority to the holders of Ordinary Shares in an amount of not less than 9% of the par value of the Non-Voting Shares as determined by the board of directors at the time of their issuance, provided that if the dividends on the Ordinary Shares exceed those on the Non-Voting Shares, the Non-Voting Shares will also participate in the distribution of such excess dividend amount in the same proportion as the Ordinary Shares. If the amount available for dividends is less than the aggregate amount of such minimum dividend, the holders of Non-Voting Shares will be entitled to receive such accumulated unpaid dividend in priority to the holders of Ordinary Shares from the dividends payable in respect of the next fiscal year.

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We declare dividends annually at the annual general meeting of shareholders which is held within three months after December 31 of each year. We pay the annual dividend shortly after the annual general meeting to the shareholders of record as December 31 of the preceding year. We may distribute the annual dividend in cash or in Shares. However, a dividend of Shares must be distributed at par value. If the market price of the Shares is less than their par value, dividends in Shares may not exceed one-half of the annual dividend. We may pay interim dividends in cash once a year to shareholders or registered pledgees who are registered in the registry of shareholders as of June 30 of each fiscal year by a resolution of the board of directors. We have no obligation to pay any annual dividend unclaimed for five years from the payment date.

Under the Commercial Code, we may pay our dividend only out of the excess of our net assets, on a non-consolidated basis, over the sum of (1) our stated capital and (2) the total amount of our capital surplus reserve and earned surplus reserve (the “Legal Reserve”) accumulated up to the end of the relevant dividend period. In addition, we may not pay any dividend unless we have set aside as earned surplus reserve an amount equal to at least 10% of the cash portion of the dividend or unless we have accumulated an earned surplus reserve of not less than one-half of our stated capital. We may not use the Legal Reserve to pay cash dividends but may transfer amounts from the Legal Reserve to share capital or use the Legal Reserve to reduce an accumulated deficit.

Distribution of Free Shares

In addition to paying dividends in Shares out of our retained or current earnings, we may also distribute to our shareholders an amount transferred from the Legal Reserve to our stated capital in the form of free shares. We must distribute such free shares to all our shareholders in proportion to their existing shareholdings.

Preemptive Rights and Issuance of Additional Shares

We may issue authorized but unissued shares at times and, unless otherwise provided in the Commercial Code, on terms our board of directors may determine. Subject to the limitation described in “Limitation on Shareholdings” below, all our shareholders are generally entitled to subscribe for any newly issued Shares in proportion to their existing shareholdings. We must offer new Shares on uniform terms to all shareholders who have preemptive rights and are listed on our shareholders’ register as of the relevant record date. Under the Commercial Code, we may vary, without shareholders’ approval, the terms of these preemptive rights for different classes of shares. We must give notice to all persons who are entitled to exercise preemptive rights regarding new Shares and their transferability at least two weeks before the relevant record date. Our board of directors may determine how to distribute Shares for which preemptive rights have not been exercised or where fractions of Shares occur.

Under the Commercial Code, it is required that the new Shares, convertible bonds or bonds with warrants be issued to persons other than the existing shareholders solely for the purpose of achieving managerial objectives. Under our articles of incorporation, we may issue new Shares pursuant to a board resolution to persons other than existing shareholders, who in these circumstances will not have preemptive rights, if the new Shares are:

•	publicly offered pursuant to Articles 4 and 119 of the FSCMA;
•	issued to members of our employee stock ownership association;
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•	represented by depositary receipts;
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•	issued upon exercise of stock options granted to our officers and employees;
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•	issued through an offering to public investors pursuant to Article <br>165-6<br> of the FSCMA, the amount of which is no more than 10% of the issued Shares;
•	issued in order to satisfy specific needs such as strategic alliance, inducement of foreign funds or new technology, improvement of financial structure or other capital raising requirement; or
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•	issued to domestic or foreign financial institutions when necessary for raising funds in emergency cases.
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In addition, we may issue convertible bonds or bonds with warrants, each up to an aggregate principal amount of ￦ 2,000 billion, to persons other than existing shareholders in the situations described above.

Members of our employee stock ownership association, whether or not they are our shareholders, generally have a preemptive right to subscribe for up to 20.0% of the Shares publicly offered pursuant to the FSCMA. This right is exercisable only to the extent that the total number of Shares so acquired and held by members of our employee stock ownership association does not then exceed 20.0% of the total number of Shares then issued (including in such total both: (i) all issued and outstanding Shares at the time the preemptive rights are exercised; and (ii) all Shares to be newly issued in the applicable share issuance transaction in connection with which such preemptive rights are exercised). As of December 31, 2021, 0.38% of the issued Shares were held by members of our employee stock ownership association.

Limitations on Shareholding

The Telecommunications Business Act permits maximum aggregate foreign shareholding in us to be 49.0% of our total issued and outstanding Shares with voting rights (including equivalent securities with voting rights, e.g., depositary certificates and certain other equity interests). For the purposes of the foregoing, a shareholder is a “foreign shareholder” if such shareholder is: (1) a foreign person; (2) a foreign government; or (3) a company whose largest shareholder is a foreign person (including any “specially related persons” as determined under the FSCMA) or a foreign government, in circumstances where (i) such foreign person or foreign government holds, in aggregate, 15.0% or more of such company’s total voting shares, and (ii) such company holds at least 1.0% of our total issued and outstanding Shares with voting rights. For the avoidance of doubt, both of conditions (i) and (ii) in the foregoing item (3) must exist for such a company to be counted as a “foreign shareholder” for the purposes of calculating whether the 49.0% foreign shareholding threshold is reached under the Telecommunications Business Act. In addition, the Telecommunications Business Act prohibits a foreign shareholder from being our largest shareholder if such shareholder owns 5.0% or more of our Shares with voting rights. For the purposes of this restriction, any two or more foreign persons or foreign governments who enter into an agreement to act in concert in the exercise of their voting rights will be counted together and prohibited from becoming our largest shareholder in the event that they collectively hold 5.0% or more of our Shares. For the purposes of this restriction under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, a “foreign shareholder” is defined in the same manner as described above with respect to the foreign shareholding restriction under the Telecommunications Business Act, provided, however, that no exception is made under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act regulations for companies that own less than 1.0% of our Shares (see item (3)(ii) above in this paragraph). A foreigner who has acquired the Shares in excess of such ceiling described above may not exercise its voting rights for shares in excess of such limitation, and the MSIT may require corrective measures to comply with the ownership restrictions.

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General Meeting of Shareholders

We hold the annual general meeting of shareholders within three months after December 31 of each year. Subject to a board resolution or court approval, we may hold an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders:

•	as necessary;
•	at the request of shareholders of an aggregate of 3.0% or more of our issued Ordinary Shares;
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•	at the request of shareholders holding an aggregate of 1.5% or more of our issued Shares for at least six months; or
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•	at the request of our Audit Committee.
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We must give shareholders written notice setting out the date, place and agenda of the meeting at least two weeks before the date of the general meeting of shareholders. However, for holders of less than 1.0% of the total number of issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares, we may give notice by placing at least two public notices in at least two daily newspapers at least two weeks in advance of the meeting. Currently, we use Seoul Shinmun, Maeil Business Newspaper and The Korea Economic Daily published in Seoul for this purpose. Shareholders not on the shareholders’ register as of the record date are not entitled to receive notice of the general meeting of shareholders or attend or vote at the meeting. Holders of Non-Voting Shares are not entitled to receive notice of general meetings of shareholders, but may attend such meetings.

Our general meetings of shareholders are held at our office in Seoul, or if necessary, may be held elsewhere.

Voting Rights

Holders of our Ordinary Shares are entitled to one vote for each Ordinary Share, except that voting rights of Ordinary Shares held by us, or by a corporate shareholder that is more than 10.0% owned by us either directly or indirectly, may not be exercised. The Commercial Code permits cumulative voting, under which voting method each shareholder has multiple voting rights corresponding to the number of directors to be appointed in the voting and may exercise all voting rights cumulatively to elect one director. Our articles of incorporation permit cumulative voting at our shareholders’ meeting. Under the Commercial Code of Korea, any shareholder holding shares equivalent to not less than 1/100 of the total number of shares issued may apply to us for selecting and appointing such directors by cumulative voting.

Our shareholders may adopt resolutions at a general meeting by an affirmative majority vote of the voting shares present or represented at the meeting, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-fourth of our total voting shares then outstanding, except that where voting rights can be exercised electronically, members of the Audit Committee may be elected by an affirmative majority vote of the voting shares present at the meeting. In addition, under the Commercial Code and our articles of incorporation, the following matters, among others, require approval by the holders of at least two-thirds of the voting shares present or represented at a meeting, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-third of our total voting shares then outstanding:

•	amending our articles of incorporation;
•	removing a director;
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•	reduction of our share capital;
•	effecting any dissolution, merger or consolidation of us;
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•	transferring the whole or any significant part of our business;
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•	effecting our acquisition of all of the business of any other company or our acquisition of a part of the business of any other company which will significantly affect our business; or
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•	issuing any new Shares at a price lower than their par value.
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In general, holders of Non-Voting Shares are not entitled to vote on any resolution or receive notice of any general meeting of shareholders. However, in the case of amendments to our articles of incorporation, any merger or consolidation of us, or in some other cases that affect the rights or interests of the Non-Voting Shares, approval of the holders of Non-Voting Shares is required. We may obtain such approval by a resolution of holders of at least two-thirds of the Non-Voting Shares present or represented at a class meeting of the holders of Non-Voting Shares, where the affirmative votes also represent at least one-third of our total outstanding Non-Voting Shares.

Shareholders may exercise their voting rights by proxy. The proxy must present a document evidencing an appropriate power of attorney prior to the start of the general meeting of shareholders. Additionally, shareholders may exercise their voting rights in absentia by submission of signed write-in voting forms. To make it possible for our shareholders to proceed with voting on a write-in basis, we are required to attach the appropriate write-in voting form and related informational material to the notices distributed to shareholders for convening the relevant general meeting of shareholders. Any of our shareholders who desire to vote on such write-in basis must submit their completed and signed write-in voting forms to us no later than one day prior to the date that the relevant general meeting of shareholders is convened.

Holders of ADRs exercise their voting rights through the ADR depositary, an agent of which is the record holder of the underlying Ordinary Shares. Subject to the provisions of the deposit agreement, ADR holders are entitled to instruct the ADR depositary how to vote the Ordinary Shares underlying their ADSs.

Appraisal Rights of Dissenting Shareholders

In some limited circumstances, including the transfer of the whole or any significant part of our business and our merger or consolidation with another company, dissenting shareholders have the right to require us to purchase their Shares. To exercise this right, shareholders must submit to us a written notice of their intention to dissent before the general meeting of shareholders. Within 20 days after the relevant resolution is passed at a meeting, the dissenting shareholders must request us in writing to purchase their Shares. We are obligated to purchase the Shares of dissenting shareholders within one month after the expiration of the 20-day period. The purchase price for the Shares is required to be determined through negotiation between the dissenting shareholders and us. If we cannot agree on a price through negotiation, the purchase price will be the average of (1) the weighted average of the daily Share prices on the KRX KOSPI Market for the two-month period before the date of the adoption of the relevant board resolution, (2) the weighted average of the daily Share price on the KRX KOSPI Market for the one month period before the date of the adoption of the relevant board resolution and (3) the weighted average of the daily Share price on the KRX KOSPI Market for the one week period before the date of the adoption of the relevant board resolution. However, if we or any of the dissenting shareholders do not accept the purchase price calculated using the above method, the rejecting party may request the court to determine the purchase price. Holders of ADSs will not be able to exercise appraisal rights unless they have withdrawn the underlying ordinary shares and become our direct shareholders.

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Our account management institution, Kookmin Bank, maintains the electronic register of our shareholders at its office in Seoul, Korea. Our account management institution effects transfers of Shares on the electronic register of shareholders only upon the electronic registration of such transfers pursuant to the Act on Electronic Registration of Stocks, Bonds, Etc. of Korea (the “Electronic Registration Act”).

The record date is December 31. Further, we may set a record date for the purpose of determining the shareholders entitled to rights pertaining to the Shares, and we must announce such record date at least two weeks prior to such record date. The trading of Shares and the delivery of share certificates may continue while the register of shareholders is closed.

Annual Reports

At least one week before the annual general meeting of shareholders, we must make our annual report and audited consolidated financial statements available for inspection at our principal office and at all of our branch offices. In addition, copies of annual reports, the audited consolidated financial statements and any resolutions adopted at the general meeting of shareholders will be available to our shareholders.

Under the FSCMA, we must file with the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market (1) an annual report within 90 days after the end of our fiscal year and (2) interim reports with respect to the three month period, six month period and nine month period from the beginning of each fiscal year within 45 calendar days following the end of each period. Copies of these reports are or will be available for public inspection at the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market.

Transfer of Shares

Under the Electronic Registration Act, the transfer of Shares is effected by the electronic registration of such transfers on an electronic registry pursuant to the Electronic Registration Act, under which the electronic registration of stocks, bonds and transfers thereof will be required. To assert shareholders’ rights against us, the transferee must have his name and address registered on our electronic register of shareholders. For this purpose, a shareholder is required to apply for electronic registration of transfer between accounts. The above requirements do not apply to the holders of ADSs.

Under current Korean regulations, Korean securities companies and banks, including licensed branches of non-Korean securities companies and banks, investment management companies, futures trading companies, internationally recognized foreign custodians and the Korea Securities Depository may act as agents and provide related services for foreign shareholders. Certain foreign exchange controls and securities regulations apply to the transfer of Shares by non-residents or non-Koreans. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Item 10.D. Exchange Controls.”

Our account management institution is Kookmin Bank, located at 26, Gukjegeumyung-ro

8-gil,

Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul, Korea.

Acquisition of Shares by Us

Under the Commercial Code, we may acquire our own Shares by (i) purchasing on the KRX KOSPI Market, or (ii) purchasing from shareholders on a pro rata basis in accordance with the number of shares held by each shareholder. The aggregate purchase price for the Shares may not exceed the total amount available for distribution of dividends at the end of the preceding fiscal year. Moreover, we must acquire our own Shares from dissenting shareholders who exercise their appraisal rights.

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Under the FSCMA, we may acquire Shares only by (i) purchasing on the KRX KOSPI Market, (ii) purchasing from shareholders on a pro rata basis in accordance with the number of shares held by each shareholder, or (iii) receiving Shares returned to us upon the cancellation or termination of a trust agreement with a trustee who acquired the Shares by either of the methods indicated above. The aggregate purchase price for the Shares may not exceed the total amount available for distribution of dividends at the end of the preceding fiscal year.

In general, corporate entities in which we own a 50.0% or more equity interest may not acquire our Shares.

As of December 31, 2021, there were 25,303,662 treasury shares including shares held by our treasury stock fund.

Liquidation Rights

In the event of our liquidation, after payment of all debts, liquidation expenses and taxes, our remaining assets will be distributed among shareholders in proportion to their shareholdings. Holders of Non-Voting Shares have no preference in liquidation.

Item 10.C. Material Contracts

None.

Item 10.D. Exchange Controls

General

The Foreign Exchange Transaction Act and the Presidential Decree and regulations under that Act and Decree (collectively the “Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws”) regulate investment in Korean securities by non-residents and issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies. Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, non-residents may invest in Korean securities only in compliance with the provisions of, and to the extent specifically allowed by, these laws or otherwise permitted by the MOEF. The Financial Services Commission has also adopted, pursuant to its authority under the FSCMA, regulations that control investment by foreigners in Korean securities and regulate the issuance of securities outside Korea by Korean companies.

Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, if the Government deems that certain emergency circumstances, including, but not limited to, the outbreak of natural calamities, wars or grave and sudden changes in domestic or foreign economies, are likely to occur, the MOEF may temporarily suspend the transactions where Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws are applicable, or impose an obligation to deposit or sell capital to certain Korean governmental agencies or financial institutions. In addition, if the Government deems that it is confronted or is likely to be confronted with serious difficulty in movement of capital between Korea and abroad which will bring serious obstacles in carrying out its currency policies, exchange rate policies and other macroeconomic policies, the MOEF may take measures to require any person who performs transactions to deposit such capital to certain Korean governmental agencies or financial institutions.

Government Review of Issuance of ADSs

In order for us to issue shares represented by ADSs, we are required to file a prior report of the issuance with the MOEF if our securities and borrowings denominated in foreign currencies issued during the one-year period preceding such filing date exceed US$30 million in aggregate. No further Korean governmental approval is necessary for the initial offering and issuance of the ADSs.

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Under current Korean laws and regulations, the depositary bank is required to obtain our prior consent for the number of shares to be deposited in any given proposed deposit which exceeds the difference between (1) the aggregate number of shares deposited by us or with the consent of us for the issuance of ADSs (including deposits in connection with the initial and all subsequent offerings of ADSs and stock dividends or other distributions related to these ADSs) and (2) the number of shares on deposit with the depositary bank at the time of such proposed deposit. We can give no assurance that we would grant our consent, if our consent is required. Therefore, a holder of ADRs who surrenders ADRs and withdraws shares may not be permitted subsequently to deposit those shares and obtain ADRs.

Reporting Requirements for Holders of Substantial Interests

Any person whose direct or beneficial ownership of shares, whether in the form of shares or ADSs, certificates representing the rights to subscribe for Shares and equity-related debt securities including convertible bonds and bonds with warrants (collectively, the “Equity Securities”) together with the Equity Securities beneficially owned by certain related persons or by any person acting in concert with the person accounts for 5.0% or more of the total issued Equity Securities is required to report the status of the holdings to the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five business days after reaching the 5.0% ownership interest. In addition, any change in the ownership interest subsequent to the report which equals or exceeds 1.0% of the total issued Equity Securities is required to be reported to the Financial Services Commission and the KRX KOSPI Market within five business days from the date of the change. The required information to be included in the 5.0% report may be different if the acquisition of such shareholding interest is for the purpose of exercising influence over the management, as opposed to an acquisition for investment purposes. Any person reporting the holding of 5.0% or more of the total issued Equity Securities and any person reporting the change in the ownership interest which equals or exceeds 1.0% of the total issued Equity Securities pursuant to the requirements described above must also deliver a copy of such reports to us.

Violation of these reporting requirements may subject a person to criminal sanctions such as fines or imprisonment and may result in a loss of voting rights with respect to the unreported ownership of Equity Securities exceeding 5.0%. Furthermore, the Financial Services Commission may issue an order to dispose of non-reported Equity Securities.

Restrictions Applicable to ADSs

No Korean governmental approval is necessary for the sale and purchase of ADSs in the secondary market outside Korea or for the withdrawal of shares underlying ADSs and the delivery inside Korea of shares in connection with the withdrawal, provided that a foreigner who intends to acquire the shares must obtain an investment registration certificate from the Financial Supervisory Service as described below. In general, the acquisition of the shares by a foreigner must be reported by the foreigner or his standing proxy in Korea immediately to the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service; provided, however, that in cases where a foreigner acquires shares through the exercise of rights as a holder of ADSs (or other depositary certificates), the foreigner must cause such report to the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service to be filed by the Korea Securities Depository.

Persons who have acquired shares as a result of the withdrawal of shares underlying the ADSs may exercise their preemptive rights for new shares, participate in free distributions and receive dividends on shares without any further governmental approval.

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Restrictions Applicable to Shares

As a result of amendments to the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws and Financial Services Commission regulations adopted in connection with the stock market opening from January 1992, which we refer to collectively as the Investment Rules, foreigners may invest, with limited exceptions and subject to procedural requirements, in all shares of Korean companies, whether listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market, unless prohibited by specific laws. Foreign investors may trade shares listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market only through the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market, except in limited circumstances, including:

•	odd-lot<br> trading of shares;
•	acquisition of shares (“Converted Shares”) by exercise of warrant, conversion right under convertible bonds or withdrawal right under depositary receipts issued outside of Korea by a Korean company;
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•	acquisition of shares as a result of inheritance, donation, bequest or exercise of shareholders’ rights, including preemptive rights or rights to participate in free distributions and receive dividends;
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•	over-the-counter<br> transactions between foreigners of a class of shares for which the ceiling on aggregate acquisition by foreigners, as explained below, has been reached or exceeded;
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•	shares acquired by foreign direct investment as defined in the Foreign Investment Promotion Act;
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•	disposal of shares pursuant to the exercise of appraisal rights of dissenting shareholders;
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•	disposal of shares in connection with a tender offer;
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•	acquisition of shares by a foreign depositary in connection with the issuance of depositary receipts;
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•	acquisition and disposal of shares through overseas stock exchange market if such shares are simultaneously listed on the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market and such overseas stock exchange;
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•	acquisition and disposal of shares through alternative trading systems (ATS);
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•	arm’s length transactions between foreigners, if all of such foreigners belong to an investment group managed by the same person.
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For over-the-counter transactions of shares between foreigners outside the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market for shares with respect to which the limit on aggregate foreign ownership has been reached or exceeded, an investment broker licensed in Korea must act as an intermediary. Odd-lot trading of shares outside the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market must involve a licensed investment trader in Korea as the other party. Foreign investors are prohibited from engaging in margin transactions through borrowing shares from a securities company with respect to shares which are subject to a foreign ownership limit.

The Investment Rules require a foreign investor who wishes to invest in shares on the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market (including Converted Shares) to register its identity with

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the Financial Supervisory Service prior to making any such investment; however, the registration requirement does not apply to foreign investors who acquire Converted Shares with the intention of selling such Converted Shares within three months from the date of acquisition of the Converted Shares or who acquire the shares in an over-the-counter transaction or dispose of shares where such acquisition or disposal is a foreign direct investment as defined in the Foreign Investment Promotion Act. Upon registration, the Financial Supervisory Service will issue to the foreign investor an investment registration certificate that must be presented each time the foreign investor opens a brokerage account with a financial investment business entity. Foreigners eligible to obtain an investment registration certificate include foreign nationals who are individuals residing abroad for more than six months, foreign governments, foreign municipal authorities, foreign public institutions, corporations incorporated under foreign laws, international organizations, funds and associations as defined under the FSCMA. All Korean offices of a foreign corporation as a group are treated as a separate entity from the offices of the corporation outside Korea. However, a foreign corporation or depositary bank issuing depositary receipts may obtain one or more investment registration certificates in its name in certain circumstances as described in the relevant regulations.

Upon a foreign investor’s purchase of shares through the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market, no separate report by the investor is required because the investment registration certificate system is designed to control and oversee foreign investment through a computer system. However, a foreign investor’s acquisition or sale of shares outside the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market (as discussed above) must be reported by the foreign investor or his standing proxy to the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service at the time of each such acquisition or sale; provided, however, that in cases where a foreigner acquires shares through the exercise of rights as a holder of ADSs (or other depositary certificates), the foreigner must cause such report to the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service to be filed by the Korea Securities Depository; and further provided that a foreign investor must ensure that any acquisition or sale by it of shares outside the KRX KOSPI Market or the KRX KOSDAQ Market in the case of trades in connection with a tender offer, odd-lot trading of shares or trades of a class of shares for which the aggregate foreign ownership limit has been reached or exceeded, is reported to the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service by the investment trader, the investment broker, the Korea Securities Depository or the financial securities company engaged to facilitate such transaction. A foreign investor may appoint one or more standing proxies from among the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks, including domestic branches of foreign banks, investment traders, investment brokers, the Korea Securities Depository, financial securities companies and internationally recognized custodians that satisfy all relevant requirements under the FSCMA.

Certificates evidencing shares of Korean companies must be kept in custody with an eligible custodian in Korea. Only the Korea Securities Depository, foreign exchange banks including domestic branches of foreign banks, investment traders, investment brokers, collective investment business entities and internationally recognized custodians satisfying the relevant requirements under the FSCMA are eligible to act as a custodian of shares for a non-resident or foreign investor. A foreign investor must ensure that his custodian deposits its shares with the Korea Securities Depository. However, a foreign investor may be exempted from complying with this deposit requirement with the approval of the Governor of the Financial Supervisory Service in circumstances where compliance with that requirement is made impracticable, including cases where compliance would contravene the laws of the home country of such foreign investor.

Under the Investment Rules, with certain exceptions, foreign investors may acquire shares of a Korean company without being subject to any foreign investment ceiling. As one such exception, designated public corporations are subject to a 40.0% ceiling on the acquisition of shares by foreigners in the aggregate and a ceiling on the acquisition of shares by a single foreign investor pursuant to the articles of incorporation of such corporation. Currently, Korea Electric Power Corporation is the only

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designated public corporation which has set such a ceiling. Furthermore, an investment by a foreign investor of not less than 10.0% of the issued shares with voting rights of a Korean company is defined as a direct foreign investment under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act, which is, in general, subject to the report to, and acceptance, by the Ministry of Trade Industry & Energy. The acquisition of shares of a Korean company by a foreign investor may also be subject to certain foreign shareholding restrictions in the event that the restrictions are prescribed in each specific law which regulates the business of the Korean company. A foreigner who has acquired our ordinary shares in excess of this ceiling may not exercise his voting rights with respect to our ordinary shares exceeding the limit.

Under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Laws, a foreign investor who intends to acquire shares must designate a foreign exchange bank at which he must open a foreign currency account and a Won account exclusively for stock investments. No approval is required for remittance into Korea and deposit of foreign currency funds in the foreign currency account. Foreign currency funds may be transferred from the foreign currency account at the time required to place a deposit for, or settle the purchase price of, a stock purchase transaction to a Won account opened at an investment broker or an investment trader. Funds in the foreign currency account may be remitted abroad without any governmental approval.

Dividends on Shares are paid in Won. No governmental approval is required for foreign investors to receive dividends on, or the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares to be paid, received and retained in Korea. Dividends paid on, and the Won proceeds of the sale of, any shares held by a non-resident of Korea must be deposited either in a Won account with the investor’s investment broker or investment trader or his Won Account. Funds in the investor’s Won Account may be transferred to his foreign currency account or withdrawn for local living expenses up to certain limitations. Funds in the Won Account may also be used for future investment in shares or for payment of the subscription price of new shares obtained through the exercise of preemptive rights.

Investment brokers and investment traders are allowed to open foreign currency accounts with foreign exchange banks exclusively for accommodating foreign investors’ stock investments in Korea. Through these accounts, these investment brokers and investment traders may enter into foreign exchange transactions on a limited basis, such as conversion of foreign currency funds and Won funds, either as a counterparty to or on behalf of foreign investors, without the investors having to open their own accounts with foreign exchange banks.

Item 10.E. Taxation

The following summary is based upon tax laws of the United States and the Republic of Korea as in effect on the date of this annual report on Form 20-F, and is subject to any change in United States or Korean law that may come into effect after such date. Investors in the ordinary shares or ADSs are advised to consult their own tax advisers as to the United States, Korean or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of such securities, including the effect of any national, state or local tax laws.

Korean Taxation

The following summary of Korean tax considerations applies to you as long as you are not:

•	a resident of Korea;
•	a corporation organized under Korean law; or
---	---
•	engaged in a trade or business in Korea through a permanent establishment or a fixed base.
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Shares or ADSs

Dividends on Ordinary Shares or ADSs

Unless an applicable tax treaty provides otherwise, we will deduct Korean withholding tax from dividends paid to you either in cash or shares at a rate of 22.0% (including local income tax). If you are a resident of a country that has entered into a tax treaty with Korea, you may qualify for a reduced rate of Korean withholding tax under such a treaty. For example, if you are a qualified resident of the United States for purposes of the US-Korea Tax Treaty (the “Treaty”) and you are the beneficial owner of a dividend, a reduced withholding tax rate of 16.5% (including local income tax) generally will apply. You will not be entitled to claim treaty benefits if you are not the beneficial owner of a dividend.

In order to obtain the benefits of a reduced withholding tax rate under a tax treaty, you must submit to us, prior to the dividend payment date, an application for entitlement to a reduced tax rate. If you hold ADSs and receive the dividends through a depositary, you are not required to submit the application for entitlement to a reduced tax rate. If you are an overseas investment vehicle (an “OIV”), which is defined as an organization established in a non-Korean jurisdiction that manages funds collected through investment solicitation by way of acquiring, disposing, or otherwise investing in any such assets and distributes the yield therefrom to investors), you must submit to us a report of the OIV and a schedule of beneficial owners together with their applications for entitlement to a reduced tax rate, which you should collect from each beneficial owner. Excess taxes withheld may be recoverable if you subsequently produce satisfactory evidence that you were entitled to have tax withheld at a lower rate.

If we distribute to you free shares representing a transfer of certain capital reserves or asset revaluation reserves into paid-in capital, that distribution may be a deemed dividend subject to Korean tax.

Capital Gains

Capital gains from a sale of ordinary shares will generally be exempt from Korean taxation if you have owned, together with certain related parties, less than 25.0% of our total issued shares during the year of sale and the five calendar years before the year of sale, and the sale is made through the KRX KOSPI Market, and you have no permanent establishment in Korea. Capital gains earned by a non-Korean holder from a sale of ADSs outside of Korea are exempt from Korean taxation by virtue of the Special Tax Treatment Control Law of Korea (the “STTCL”), provided that the issuance of the ADSs is deemed to be an overseas issuance under the STTCL.

If you are subject to Korean taxation on capital gains from a sale of ADSs, or ordinary shares that you acquired as a result of a withdrawal, your gain will be calculated based on your cost of acquiring the ADSs representing the ordinary shares, although there are no specific Korean tax provisions or rulings on this issue. In the absence of the application of a tax treaty that exempts tax on capital gains, the amount of Korean tax imposed on such capital gains will be the lesser of 11.0% (including local income tax) of the gross realization proceeds or, subject to the production of satisfactory evidence of the acquisition cost and the transaction costs of the ADSs, 22.0% (including local income tax) of the net capital gain.

If you are subject to Korean taxation on capital gains from a sale of ADSs, or ordinary shares that you acquire as a result of a withdrawal, and you sell your ordinary shares or ADSs, the purchaser or, in the case of a sale of ordinary shares on the KRX KOSPI Market or through a licensed securities company in Korea, the licensed securities company, is required to withhold Korean tax from the sales price in an amount equal to 11% (including local income tax) of the gross realization proceeds and to

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make payment thereof to the Korean tax authorities, unless you establish your entitlement to an exemption from taxation under an applicable tax treaty or produce satisfactory evidence of your acquisition cost and the transaction costs for the ordinary shares or ADSs. In order to obtain the benefit of an exemption from tax pursuant to a tax treaty, you must submit to the purchaser or the securities company (or through the depositary), as the case may be, prior to the first payment, an exemption application, together with a certificate of your tax residence issued by a competent authority of your residence country. If you are an OIV, you must submit a report of the OIV and a schedule of beneficial owners together with their applications for exception, which you should collect from each beneficial owner. The withholding obligor must submit the application and the report to the relevant tax office by the ninth day of the month following the date of the first payment of such income. This requirement will not apply to exemptions under Korean tax law. Excess taxes withheld may be recoverable if you subsequently produce satisfactory evidence that you were entitled to have taxes withheld at a lower rate.

Most tax treaties that Korea has entered into provide exemptions for capital gains tax for capital gains from sale of ordinary shares. However, Korea’s tax treaties with Japan, Austria, Spain and a few other countries do not provide an exemption from such capital gains tax. For example, Article 13 of Korea’s tax treaty with Japan provides that if a taxpayer holding 25% or more (including those shares held by any related party of the taxpayer) of total issued shares of a company in a taxable year sells 5% or more (including those sold by any related party of the taxpayer) of total issued shares of the same company in the same taxable year, the country where the company is a resident may impose tax on such taxpayer.

Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax

Korean inheritance tax is imposed upon (a) all assets (wherever located) of the deceased if at the time of his death he was domiciled in Korea or had resided in Korea for at least 183 days immediately prior to his death and (b) all property located in Korea which passes on death (irrespective of the domicile of the deceased). Gift tax is imposed in similar circumstances to the above. Taxes are currently imposed at the rate of 10% to 50% if the value of the relevant property is above a certain limit and vary according to the identity of the parties involved.

Under Korean Inheritance and Gift Tax Law, shares issued by a Korean corporation are deemed located in Korea irrespective of where they are physically located or by whom they are owned. It remains unclear whether, for Korean inheritance and gift tax purposes, a non-resident holder of ADSs will be treated as the owner of the shares underlying the ADSs. If such non-resident is treated as the owner of the shares, the heir or donee of such non-resident (or in certain circumstances, the non-resident as the donor) will be subject to Korean inheritance or gift tax at the same rate as described above.

Securities Transaction Tax

If you transfer ordinary shares on the KRX KOSPI Market, you will be subject to the securities transaction tax at a rate of 0.08% for any transfers made before January 1, 2023 (transfers made on and after January 1, 2023 will not be subject to such securities transaction tax) and an agriculture and fishery special tax at a rate of 0.15%, calculated based on the sales price of the shares. If you transfer ordinary shares and your transfer is not made on the KRX KOSPI Market you will generally be subject to the securities transaction tax at a rate of 0.43% for transfers before January 1, 2023 and 0.35% for transfers on and after January 1, 2023 and will generally not be subject to the agriculture and fishery special tax.

With respect to transfers of ADSs, a tax ruling issued in 2004 by the Korean tax authority appears to hold that depositary receipts (such as the ADSs) constitute share certificates subject to the

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securities transaction tax. In May 2007, the Seoul Administrative Court held that depositary receipts do not constitute share certificates subject to the securities transaction tax. In 2008, the Seoul Administrative Court’s holding was upheld by the Seoul High Court and was further upheld by the Supreme Court. Subsequent to this series of rulings, however, the Securities Transaction Tax Law was amended to expressly provide that depositary receipts constituted a form of share certificates subject to the securities transaction tax. However, the sale price of ADSs from a transfer of depositary receipts listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq National Market or other qualified foreign exchanges are exempt from the securities transaction tax.

United States Federal Income Taxation

The following discussion describes the material

United States federal income tax consequences of the ownership of our ADSs and ordinary shares as of the date hereof. This discussion deals only with ADSs and ordinary shares that are held as capital assets by a U.S. Holder (as defined below). In addition, the discussion set forth below is applicable only to U.S. Holders (i) who are residents of the United States for purposes of the current Treaty, (ii) whose ADSs or ordinary shares are not, for purposes of the Treaty, effectively connected with a permanent establishment in Korea and (iii) who otherwise qualify for the full benefits of the Treaty.

For purposes of this summary, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ADSs or ordinary shares that is:

•	a citizen or resident of the United States;
•	a United States domestic corporation; or
---	---
•	otherwise is subject to United States federal income taxation on a net income basis in respect of such ADSs or ordinary shares.
---	---

This discussion is based upon provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and regulations, rulings and judicial decisions thereunder as of the date hereof, as well as the Treaty (as defined above).Those authorities may be changed, perhaps retroactively, so as to result in United States federal income tax consequences different from those summarized below. In addition, this discussion is based, in part, upon representations made by the depositary to us and assumes that the deposit agreement, and all other related agreements, will be performed in accordance with their terms.

This discussion does not represent a detailed description of the United States federal income tax consequences applicable to you if you are subject to special treatment under the United States federal income tax laws, including if you are:

•	a dealer in securities or currencies;
•	a financial institution;
---	---
•	a regulated investment company;
---	---
•	a real estate investment trust;
---	---
•	an insurance company;
---	---
•	a <br>tax-exempt<br> organization;
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•	a person holding our ADSs or ordinary shares as part of a hedging, integrated or conversion transaction, a constructive sale or a straddle;
•	a trader in securities that has elected the <br>mark-to-market<br> method of accounting for securities;
---	---
•	a person liable for alternative minimum tax;
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•	a person who owns or is deemed to own 10% or more of our stock (by vote or value);
---	---
•	a partnership or other pass-through entity for United States federal income tax purposes; or
---	---
•	a person whose “functional currency” is not the United States dollar.
---	---

If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner of a partnership holding our ADSs or ordinary shares, you should consult your tax advisors.

This discussion does not contain a detailed description of all the United States federal income tax consequences to you in light of your particular circumstances and does not address the estate or gift taxes, the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income or the effects of any state, local or non-United States tax laws. If you are considering the purchase of our ADSs or ordinary shares, you should consult your own tax

advisors concerning the particular United States federal income tax consequences to you of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ADSs or ordinary shares, as well as the consequences to you arising under other United States federal tax laws and the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.

ADSs

If you hold ADSs, for United States federal income tax purposes, you generally will be treated as the owner of the underlying ordinary shares that are represented by such ADSs. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of ordinary shares for ADSs will not be subject to United States federal income tax. For the remainder of this discussion, references to “ordinary shares” should be interpreted to include ADSs, unless otherwise specified.

Taxation of Dividends

The gross amount of distributions of cash or property with respect to the ordinary shares (including any amounts withheld to reflect Korean

withholding taxes) will be taxable as dividends to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles. Because we do not expect to determine earnings and profits in accordance with United States federal income tax principles, you should expect that a distribution will generally be treated as a dividend for United States federal income tax purposes.

Any dividends that you receive (including any withheld taxes) will be includable in your gross income as ordinary income on the day actually or constructively received by you, in the case of ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations under the Code. With respect to non-corporate United States investors, certain dividends received from a qualified foreign corporation may be subject to preferential rates of taxation. A qualified foreign corporation includes a foreign corporation that is

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eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the United States which the United States Treasury Department determines to be satisfactory for these purposes and which includes an exchange of information provision. The United States Treasury Department has determined that the Treaty meets these requirements, and we believe we are eligible for the benefits of the Treaty.

Non-corporate U.S. Holders will not be eligible for reduced rates of taxation on any dividends received from us if we are a passive foreign investment company in the taxable year in which such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year (see “—Passive Foreign Investment Company” below).

The amount of any dividend paid in Won will equal the United States dollar value of the Won received calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date the dividend is received by you, in the case of ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs, regardless of whether the Won

are converted into United States dollars. If the Won received as a dividend are converted into United States dollars on the date they are received, you generally will not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. If the Won

received as a dividend are not converted into United States dollars on the date of receipt, you will have a basis in the Won

equal to their United States dollar value on the date of receipt. Any gain or loss realized on a subsequent conversion or other disposition of the Won

will be treated as United States source ordinary income or loss.

Dividends paid on the ordinary shares will be treated as income from sources outside the United States and will generally constitute passive category income for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. As a result of recent changes to the U.S. foreign tax credit rules, for taxable years beginning after December 28, 2021, Korean taxes generally will need to satisfy certain additional requirements in order to be considered creditable taxes for a U.S. Holder, except in the case of a U.S. Holder that is eligible for, and properly claims, the benefits of the Treaty. We have not determined whether these requirements have been met, and, accordingly, no assurance can be given that any Korean withholding tax on dividend distributions will be creditable. Alternatively, a U.S. Holder may elect to deduct Korean withholding taxes in computing such U.S. Holder’s taxable income (provided that the U.S. Holder elects to deduct, rather than credit, all foreign income taxes paid or accrued for the relevant taxable year). The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under your particular circumstances.

Passive Foreign Investment Company

Based on the past and projected composition of our income and assets and the valuation of our assets we do not believe we were a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for our most recent taxable year or in the preceding taxable year and do not expect to become a PFIC in the current taxable year or the foreseeable future, although there can be no assurance in this regard.

In general, we will be a PFIC for any taxable year in which, taking into account our proportionate share of the income and assets of our subsidiaries under applicable “look-through” rules:

•	at least 75% of our gross income is passive income, or
•	at least 50% of the value (determined based on a quarterly average) of our assets is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income.
---	---

For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties and rents (other than royalties and rents derived in the active conduct of a trade or business and not derived from

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a related person). If we own at least 25% (by value) of the stock of another corporation, for purposes of determining whether we are a PFIC, we will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the other corporation’s assets and receiving our proportionate share of the other corporation’s income.

The determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually based on the facts and circumstances at the time, some of which may be beyond our control, such as the amount and composition of our income and the valuation and composition of our assets, including goodwill and other intangible assets, as implied by the market price of our ordinary shares. Recent stock market volatility could exacerbate these considerations. See “Item 3. Key Information—Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business—The ongoing global pandemic of a new strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) and any possible recurrence of other types of widespread infectious diseases, may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.” Accordingly, we cannot be certain that we will not be a PFIC in the current or any future taxable year. If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ordinary shares, you will be subject to special tax rules discussed below.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ordinary shares and you do not make a timely mark-to-market election, as described below, you will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” received and any gain realized from a sale or other disposition, including a pledge, of ordinary shares. Distributions received in a taxable year will be treated as excess distributions to the extent that they are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or your holding period for the ordinary shares. Under these special tax rules:

•	the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over your holding period for the ordinary shares,
•	the amount allocated to the current taxable year, and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income, and
---	---
•	the amount allocated to each other year will be subject to tax at the highest tax rate in effect for that year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.
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Although the determination of whether we are a PFIC is made annually, if we are a PFIC for any taxable year in which you hold our ordinary shares, you will generally be subject to the special tax rules described above for that year and for each subsequent year in which you hold the ordinary shares (even if we do not qualify as a PFIC in such subsequent years). However, if we cease to be a PFIC, you can avoid the continuing impact of the PFIC rules by making a special election to recognize gain as if your ordinary shares had been sold on the last day of the last taxable year during which we were a PFIC. You are urged to consult your own tax advisor about this election.

In lieu of being subject to the special tax rules discussed above, you may make a mark-to-market election with respect to your ordinary shares provided such ordinary shares are treated as “marketable stock.” The ordinary shares generally will be treated as marketable stock if they are regularly traded on a “qualified exchange or other market” (within the meaning of the applicable Treasury regulations).

If you make an effective mark-to-market election, for each taxable year that we are a PFIC you will include as ordinary income the excess of the fair market value of your ordinary shares at the end of the year over your adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares. You will be entitled to deduct as an ordinary loss in each such year the excess of your adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares over their

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fair market value at the end of the year, but only to the extent of the net amount previously included in income as a result of the mark-to-market election. Your adjusted tax basis in the ordinary shares will be increased by the amount of any income inclusion and decreased by the amount of any deductions under the mark-to-market rules. In addition, upon the sale or other disposition of your ordinary shares in a year that we are a PFIC, any gain will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as ordinary loss, but only to the extent of the net amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to-market election.

If you make a mark-to-market election, it will be effective for the taxable year for which the election is made and all subsequent taxable years unless the ordinary shares are no longer regularly traded on a qualified exchange or other market, or the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) consents to the revocation of the election. You are urged to consult your tax advisor about the availability of the mark-to-market election, and whether making the election would be advisable in your particular circumstances.

Alternatively, you can sometimes avoid the special tax rules described above by electing to treat a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund” under Section 1295 of the Code. However, this option is not available to you because we do not intend to comply with the requirements necessary to permit you to make this election.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which you hold our ordinary shares and any of our non-United States subsidiaries is also a PFIC, you will be treated as owning a proportionate amount (by value) of the shares of the lower-tier PFIC for purposes of the application of the PFIC rules. You are urged to consult your tax advisors about the application of the PFIC rules to any of our subsidiaries.

You will generally be required to file IRS Form 8621 if you hold our ordinary shares in any year in which we are classified as a PFIC. You are urged to consult your tax advisors concerning the United States federal income tax consequences of holding ordinary shares if we are considered a PFIC in any taxable year.

Taxation of Capital Gains

Subject to the discussion above under “—Passive Foreign Investment Company,” for United States federal income tax purposes, you will recognize taxable gain or loss on any sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of the ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized for the ordinary shares and your adjusted basis in the ordinary shares.

Such gain or loss will generally be capital gain or loss and will generally be long-term capital gain or loss if you have held the ordinary shares for more than one year. Long-term capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) are eligible for reduced rates of taxation. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any gain or loss recognized by you will generally be treated as United States source gain or loss.

You should note that any Korean

securities transaction tax or agriculture and fishery special tax will not be treated as a creditable foreign tax for United States federal income tax purposes, although you may be entitled to deduct such taxes, subject to applicable limitations under the Code. You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the application of the foreign tax credit rules to your investment in, and disposition of, the ordinary shares.

Foreign Financial Asset Reporting

Certain U.S. Holders that own “specified foreign financial assets” with an aggregate value in excess of U.S.$50,000 on the last day of the taxable year or U.S.$75,000 at any time during the

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taxable year are generally required to file an information statement along with their tax returns, currently on IRS Form 8938, with respect to such assets. “Specified foreign financial assets” include any financial accounts held at a non-United States financial institution, as well as securities issued by a non-United States issuer that are not held in accounts maintained by financial institutions. The understatement of income attributable to “specified foreign financial assets” in excess of U.S.$5,000 extends the statute of limitations with respect to the tax return to six years after the return was filed. U.S. Holders who fail to report the required information could be subject to substantial penalties. You are encouraged to consult with your own tax advisors regarding the possible application of these rules, including the application of the rules to your particular circumstances.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

In general, information reporting will apply to dividends in respect of our ordinary shares and the proceeds from the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares that are paid to you within the United States (and in certain cases, outside the United States), unless you are an exempt recipient. A backup withholding tax may apply to such payments if you fail to provide a taxpayer identification number or certification of exempt status or fail to report in full dividend and interest income.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax and any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or a credit against your United States federal income tax liability provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Item 10.F. Dividends and Paying Agents

See “Item 8. Financial Information—Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividends” for information concerning our dividend policies and our payment of dividends. See “—Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Dividends” for a discussion of the process by which dividends are paid on our ordinary shares. See “Item 12.Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities—Item 12.D. American Depositary Shares” for a discussion of the process by which dividends are paid on our ADSs. The paying agent for payment of our dividends on ADSs in the United States is Citibank, N.A.

Item 10.G. Statements by Experts

Not applicable.

Item 10.H. Documents on Display

We are subject to the information requirements of the Exchange Act, and, in accordance therewith, are required to file reports, including annual reports on Form 20-F, and other information with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. These materials, including this annual report and the exhibits thereto, may be inspected and copied at the Commission’s public reference rooms in Washington, D.C. Please call the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference rooms. We are required to make filings with the Commission by electronic means, which will be available to the public over the Internet at the Commission’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

Item 10.I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

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Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to foreign exchange rate and interest rate risks primarily associated with underlying liabilities, and to equity price risk as a result of our investment in equity securities. Our long-term financial policies are annually reported to our Board of Directors, and our finance division conducts financial risk management and assessment. Upon identification and evaluation of our risk exposures, we, having considered various circumstances, enter into derivative financial instruments to try to manage some of such risks. These contracts are entered into with major financial institutions, thereby minimizing the risk of credit loss. The activities of our finance division are subject to policies approved by our foreign exchange and interest rate risk management committee. These policies address the use of derivative financial instruments, including the approval of counterparties, setting of limits and investment of excess liquidity. Our general policy is to hold or issue derivative financial instruments largely for hedging purposes.

For our hedging derivative contracts, we recognized a valuation gain of ￦ 77 billion, a valuation loss of ￦ 16 billion and accumulated other comprehensive income of ￦ 92 billion in 2019, a valuation loss of ￦ 164 billion and accumulated other comprehensive loss of ￦ 114 billion in 2020, and a valuation gain of ￦ 204 billion, a valuation loss of ￦ 7 billion and accumulated other comprehensive income of ￦ 192 billion in 2021. For further details regarding the assets, liabilities, gains and losses recorded relating to our derivative contracts outstanding as of December 31 2019, 2020 and 2021, see Note 7 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Exchange Rate Risk

Most of our cash flow is denominated in Won. We are exposed to foreign exchange risk related to foreign currency denominated liabilities and anticipated foreign exchange payments. Anticipated foreign exchange payments, mostly in U.S. Dollars, relate primarily to payments of foreign currency denominated debt, net settlements paid to foreign telecommunication carriers and payments for equipment purchased from foreign suppliers. We have entered into several currency swap contracts, combined interest currency swap contracts and currency forward contracts to hedge our foreign currency risks.

The following table shows our assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency as of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021:

	As of December 31,
	2019				2020				2021
(in thousands of foreign currencies)	Financial<br>assets		Financial<br>liabilities		Financial<br>assets		Financial<br>liabilities		Financial<br>assets		Financial<br>liabilities
U.S. Dollar		645,941		1,830,764		400,046		1,937,935		245,759		2,302,642
Special Drawing Right		255		729		255		728		255		722
Japanese Yen		24,930		80,000,000		209,376		46,000,009		29,227		30,000,763
British Pound		—		56		—		—		—		1,005
Euro		1		6		316		162		3,943		10,801
Chinese Yuan		457		161		458		491		—		—
Rwandan Franc		706		—		646		—		586		—
Thai Bhat		—		—		535		—		2,160		—
Myanmar Kyat		84		—		—		—		—		—
Tanzanian Shilling		6,919		—		1,019		—		1,644		—
Botswana Pula		911		—		212		—		93		—
Hong Kong Dollar		—		268		—		198		—		105
Bangladeshi Taka		18,897		—		—		—		—		—
Polish Zloty		—		—		26		—		—		—
Vietnamese Dong		271,563		—		242,370		—		257,895		—
Central African Franc		97,411		—		16,229		—		—		—
Singapore Dollar		—		—		6		284,000		13		284,000
Taiwan Dollar		—		—		—		—		—		226
Swiss Franc		—		—		—		—		—		161

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As of December 31, 2019, a 10% strengthening in the exchange rate between the Won and all foreign currencies, with all other variables held constant, would have increased our income before income tax by ￦ 45 billion, and total equity by ￦ 52 billion, with a 10% weakening in the exchange rate having the opposite effect. As of December 31, 2020, a 10% strengthening in the exchange rate between the Won and all foreign currencies, with all other variables held constant, would have increased our income before income tax by ￦ 25 billion, and total equity by ￦ 37 billion, with a 10% weakening in the exchange rate having the opposite effect. As of December 31, 2021, a 10% strengthening in the exchange rate between the Won and all foreign currencies, with all other variables held constant, would have decreased our income before income tax by ￦ 3 billion, and increased our total equity by ￦ 9 billion, with a 10% weakening in the exchange rate having the opposite effect. The foregoing sensitivity analysis assumes that all variables other than foreign exchange rates are held constant, and as such, does not reflect any correlation between foreign exchange rates and other variables, nor our decision to decrease the risk. See Note 37 of the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Interest Rate Risk

We are also subject to market risk exposure arising from changing interest rates. A reduction of interest rates increases the fair value of our debt portfolio, which is primarily of a fixed interest nature. We use, to a limited extent, interest rate swap contracts and combined interest rate and currency swap contracts to reduce interest rate volatility on some of our debt and manage our interest expense by achieving a balanced mixture of floating and fixed rate debt. We entered into several interest rate swap contracts in which we exchange fixed interest rate payments with variable interest rate payments for a specified period, as well as entered into the combined interest rate and currency swap contracts to hedge our interest rate risk.

The following table summarizes the principal amounts, fair values, principal cash flows by maturity date and weighted average interest rates of our short-term and long-term liabilities as of December 31, 2021 which are sensitive to exchange rates and/or interest rates. The information is presented in Won, which is our reporting currency:

																December 31, 2021
	2022			2023			2024			2025			Thereafter			Total			Fair Value
	(in millions of Won, except rates)
Local currency:
Fixed rate		888,420			765,493			1,195,493			502,293			1,952,619			5,304,318			5,688,668
Average weighted rate <br>(1)		1.70	%		2.06	%		2.07	%		2.22	%		2.52	%		2.18	%
Variable rate		20,000			—			—			—			—			20,000			20,000
Average weighted rate <br>(1)		3.38	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		3.38	%
Sub-total		908,420			765,493			1,195,493			502,293			1,952,619			5,324,318			5,708,668
Foreign currency:
Fixed rate		779,151			—			17,756			474,200			972,110			2,243,217			2,300,135
Average weighted rate <br>(1)		1.68	%		0.00	%		2.16	%		1.00	%		2.58	%		1.93	%
Variable rate		42,310			423,271			425,261			—			—			890,842			876,926
Average weighted rate <br>(1)		1.54	%		1.14	%		1.17	%		0.00	%		0.00	%		1.17	%
Subtotal		821,461			423,271			443,017			474,200			972,110			3,134,059			3,177,061
Total		1,729,881			1,188,764			1,638,510			976,493			2,924,729			8,458,377			8,885,729
(1)	Weighted average rates of the portfolio at the period end.
---	---

As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, a 100 basis point increase in the market interest rate, with all other variables held constant, would have increased our profit before income tax by ￦ 0.4 billion, increased our profit before income tax by ￦ 1.0 billion and increased our profit before

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income tax by ￦ 0.8 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, such increase, with all other variables held constant, would have increased our total equity by ￦ 15 billion, increased our total equity by ￦ 19 billion and increased our total equity by ￦ 6 billion, respectively.

As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, a 100 basis point decrease in the market interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would have decreased our profit before income tax by ￦ 0.5 billion, decreased our profit before income tax by ￦ 1.0 billion and decreased our profit before income tax by ￦ 0.7 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, a 100 basis point decrease in the market interest rates, with all other variables held constant, would have decreased our total equity by ￦ 19 billion, ￦ 19 billion and ￦ 6 billion, respectively.

The foregoing sensitivity analyses assume that all variables other than market interest rates are held constant, and as such, does not reflect any correlation between market interest rates and other variables, nor our decision to decrease the risk, but reflects the effects of derivative contracts in place at the time of conducting the analysis.

Equity Price Risk

We are also subject to market risk exposure arising from changes in the equity securities market, which affect the fair value of our equity portfolio. As of December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, a 10% increase in the equity indices where our marketable equity securities are listed, with all other variables held constant, would have increased our total equity by ￦ 0.6 billion, by ￦ 3.5 billion and by ￦ 4.6 billion, respectively, with a 10% decrease in the equity index having the opposite effect. The foregoing sensitivity analysis assumes that all variables other than changes in the equity index are held constant, and that our marketable equity instruments had moved according to the historical correlation to the index, and as such, does not reflect any correlation between the equity index and other variables.

Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

Item 12.A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

Item 12.B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

Item 12.C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

Item 12.D. American Depositary Shares

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Fees and Charges

Under the terms of the deposit agreement, holders of our ADSs are required to pay the following service fees to the depositary:

Services	Fees
Issuance of ADSs upon deposit of shares	Up to $0.05 per ADS issued
Delivery of deposited shares against surrender of ADSs	Up to $0.05 per ADS surrendered
Distribution delivery of ADSs pursuant to sale or exercise of rights	Up to $0.02 per ADS held
Distributions of dividends	None
Distribution of securities other than ADSs	Up to $0.02 per ADS held
Other corporate action involving distributions to shareholders	Up to $0.02 per ADS held

Holders of our ADSs are also responsible for paying certain fees and expenses incurred by the depositary and certain taxes and governmental charges such as:

•	fees for the transfer and registration of shares charged by the registrar and transfer agent for the shares in Korea (<br>i.e.,<br> upon deposit and withdrawal of shares);
•	expenses incurred for converting foreign currency into U.S. dollars;
---	---
•	expenses for cable, telex and fax transmissions and for delivery of securities;
---	---
•	taxes and duties upon the transfer of securities (<br>i.e.,<br> when shares are deposited or withdrawn from deposit); and
---	---
•	fees and expenses incurred in connection with the delivery or servicing of shares on deposit.
---	---

Depositary fees payable upon the issuance and surrender of ADSs are typically paid to the depositary by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) receiving the newly issued ADSs from the depositary and by the brokers (on behalf of their clients) delivering the ADSs to the depositary for surrender. The brokers in turn charge these fees to their clients. Depositary fees payable in connection with distributions of cash or securities to ADS holders and the depositary services fee are charged by the depositary to the holders of record of ADSs as of the applicable ADS record date.

The depositary fees payable for cash distributions are generally deducted from the cash being distributed. In the case of distributions other than cash (i.e., stock dividend rights), the depositary charges the applicable fee to the ADS record-date holders concurrent with the distribution. In the case of ADSs registered in the name of the investor (whether certificated or uncertificated in direct registration), the depositary sends invoices to the applicable record-date ADS holders. In the case of ADSs held in brokerage and custodian accounts (via the Depository Trust Company, or DTC), the depositary generally collects its fees through the systems provided by DTC (whose nominee is the registered holder of the ADSs held in DTC) from the brokers and custodians holding ADSs in their DTC accounts. The brokers and custodians who hold their clients’ ADSs in DTC accounts in turn charge their clients’ accounts the amount of the fees paid to the depositary.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary fees, the depositary may, under the terms of the deposit agreement, refuse to provide the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary fees from any distribution to be made to such holder of ADSs.

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The fees and charges that holders of our ADSs may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary. Holders of our ADSs will receive prior notice of such changes.

Fees and Payments from the Depositary to Us

In 2021, we received the following payments, after deduction of applicable U.S. taxes, from the depositary:

Reimbursement of NYSE listing fees	$	190,042.00
Reimbursement of SEC filing fees	$	224,698.08
Reimbursement of proxy process expenses (printing, postage and distribution)	$	112,190.89
Reimbursement of legal fees (reimbursement received in 2021 in respect of 2020)	$	236,170.82
Contributions toward our investor relations efforts (including <br>non-deal<br> roadshows, investor conferences and investor relations agency fees)	$	55,066.81

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PART II

Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

Not applicable.

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 15. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management has evaluated, with the participation of our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2021. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon our evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2021. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms. Our disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, and under the supervision of, our principal executive, principal operating and principal financial officers, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records, that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or detected. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

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Our management has performed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, utilizing the criteria discussed in the Internal Control—Integrated Framework 2013 issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, we concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.

Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers, an independent registered public accounting firm, which also audited our consolidated financial statements as of, and for the year ended December 31, 2021, as stated in their report which is included herein, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

The attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting is furnished in Item 18 of this Form 20-F.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during 2021 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 16. [Reserved]

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert

Our Audit Committee is comprised of Eun-Jung Yeo, Dae-You Kim, Chung-Gu Kang and Yong-Hun Kim. The board of directors has determined that Eun-Jung Yeo is the financial expert of the Audit Committee.

Eun-Jung Yeo is independent as such term is defined in Section 303A.02 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and the Korea Stock Exchange listing standards.

Item 16B. Code of Ethics

We have adopted a code of ethics, as defined in Item 16B. of Form 20-F under the Exchange Act. Our code of ethics applies to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer and persons performing similar functions, as well as to our directors, other officers and employees. Our code of ethics is available on our web site at www.kt.com. If we amend the provisions of our code of ethics that apply to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer and persons performing similar functions, or if we grant any waiver of such provisions, we will disclose such amendment or waiver on our website.

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Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Audit and Non-Audit Fees

The following table sets forth the fees billed to us by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers, our independent registered public accounting firm, during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021.

	Year Ended<br>December 31,
	2020		2021
	(In millions)
Audit fees <br>(1)	￦	3,910	￦	4,255
Tax fees <br>(2)		181		219
All other fees		—		10
Total fees		4,091		4,484
(1)	Audit fees consist of fees for the annual audit and quarterly review services engagement and the comfort letters.
---	---
(2)	Tax fees consist of fee for tax services which are mainly the preparation of tax returns or <br>non-recurring<br> tax compliance review of original or amended tax returns.
---	---

Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

Our Audit Committee has established pre-approval policies and procedures to pre-approve all audit services to be provided by Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers, our independent registered public accounting firm. Our Audit Committee’s policy regarding the pre-approval of non-audit services to be provided to us by our independent registered public accounting firm is that all such services shall be pre-approved by our Audit Committee. Non-audit services that are prohibited to be provided to us by our independent registered public accounting firm under the rules of the SEC and applicable law may not be pre-approved. In addition, prior to the granting of any pre-approval, our Audit Committee must be satisfied that the performance of the services in question will not compromise the independence of our independent registered public accounting firm and does not include delegation of the Audit Committee’s responsibilities to the management under the Exchange Act.

Our Audit Committee did not pre-approve any non-audit services under the de minimis exception of Rule 2-01 (c)(7)(i)(C) of Regulation S-X as promulgated by the SEC.

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Not applicable.

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Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

The following table sets forth the repurchases of ordinary shares by us or any affiliated purchasers during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021:

Period		Average Price<br>Paid per Share<br>(In Won)			Approximate Value<br><br><br>of Shares that May<br><br><br>Yet Be Purchased<br><br><br>Under the Plans<br><br><br>(In billions of Won)
January 1 to January 31	2,993,586	￦	24,067	2,993,586	￦	117.8
February 1 to February 29	2,700,000		25,013	2,700,000		50.3
March 1 to March 31	1,907,300		26,490	1,907,300		—
April 1 to April 30	—		—	—		—
May 1 to May 31	—		—	—		—
June 1 to June 30	—		—	—		—
July 1 to July 31	—		—	—		—
August 1 to August 31	—		—	—		—
September 1 to September 30	—		—	—		—
October 1 to October 31	—		—	—		—
November 1 to November 30	—		—	—		—
December 1 to December 31	—		—	—		—
Total	7,600,886	￦	25,011	7,600,886		—

Repurchases were made in the open market pursuant to the Share Repurchase Agreement, pursuant to which we were authorized to repurchase up to ￦ 300 billion of our common shares from November 6, 2020 to November 5, 2021.

Item 16F. Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

Not applicable.

Item 16G. Corporate Governance

The following is a summary of the significant differences between the New York Stock Exchange’s corporate governance standards and those that we follow under Korean law:

NYSE Corporate Governance Standards	KT Corporation’s Corporate Governance Practice
Director Independence
Independent directors must comprise a majority of the board.	The Commercial Code of Korea requires that our board of directors must comprise no less than a majority of outside directors. Our outside directors must meet the criteria for outside directorship set forth under the Commercial Code of Korea.<br><br><br><br>The majority of our board of directors is independent (as defined in accordance with the New York Stock Exchange’s standards), and 8 out of 10 directors are outside directors.
Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee
Listed companies must have a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors.	We have not established a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors. However, we maintain an Outside Director Candidate Nominating Committee composed of all of our outside directors and one inside director. We also maintain a Corporate Governance Committee comprised of four outside directors and one inside director.<br><br>The committee is responsible for the review of matters with respect to our Corporate Governance Guidelines and our performance under such guidelines to monitor effectiveness of our corporate governance.

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Compensation Committee
Listed companies must have a compensation committee composed entirely of independent directors.	We maintain an Evaluation and Compensation Committee composed of four outside directors.
Executive Session
Non-management<br> directors must meet in regularly scheduled executive sessions without management.	Our outside directors hold meetings solely attended by outside directors in accordance with the charter of our board of directors.
Audit Committee
Listed companies must have an audit committee which has a minimum of three directors and satisfy the requirements of Rule <br>10A-3<br> under the Exchange Act.	We maintain an Audit Committee comprised of four outside directors who meet the applicable independence criteria set forth under Rule <br>10A-3<br> under the Exchange Act.
Shareholder Approval of Equity Compensation Plan
Listed companies must allow their shareholders to exercise their voting rights with respect to any material revision to the company’s equity compensation plan.	We currently have three equity compensation plans: one providing for stock grants to officers and directors; another providing for performance bonuses to employees that are payable in cash or common shares based on election by the employees; and an employee stock ownership association program.<br><br><br><br>All material matters related to the granting stock options are provided in our articles of incorporation, and any amendments to the articles of incorporation are subject to shareholders’ approval. Matters related to performance bonuses or the employee stock ownership association program are not subject to shareholders’ approval under Korean law.
Shareholder Approval of Equity Offerings
Listed companies must allow its shareholders to exercise their voting rights with respect to equity offerings that do not qualify as public offerings for cash, and offerings of equity of related parties.	Voting rights are not separately provided for equity offerings that do not qualify as public offerings for cash, or offerings of equity of related parties.
Corporate Governance Guidelines
Listed companies must adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines.	We have adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines in March 2007 setting forth our practices with respect to corporate governance matters. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines are in compliance with Korean law but do not meet all requirements established by the New York Stock Exchange for U.S. companies listed on the exchange. A copy of our Corporate Governance Guidelines in Korean is available on our website at www.kt.com.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Listed companies must adopt and disclose a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees, and promptly disclose any waivers of the code for executive officers.	We have adopted a Code of Ethics for all directors, officers and employees. A copy of our Code of Ethics in Korean is available on our website at www.kt.com

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 16I. Disclosure regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

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PART III

Item 17. Financial Statements

Not applicable.

Item 18. Financial Statements

AUDITED CONSOLIDATED ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF KT CORPORATION

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		F-2
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2021		F-6
Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021		F-8
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021		F-9
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021		F-10
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021		F-13
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		F-14

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Item 19. Exhibits

1	Articles of Incorporation of KT Corporation (English translation)
2.1*	Deposit Agreement dated as of May 25, 1999 entered into among KT Corporation, Citibank, N.A., as depositary, and all Holders and Beneficial Owners of American Depositary Shares evidenced by the American Depositary Receipts issued thereunder, including the form of American depositary receipt (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a)(i) of the Registrant’s Registration Statement (Registration No. 333-13578) on Form F-6)
2.2*	Form of Amendment No. 1 to Deposit Agreement dated as of May 25, 1999 entered into among KT Corporation, Citibank, N.A., as depositary, and all Holders and Beneficial Owners of American Depositary Shares evidenced by the American Depositary Receipts issued thereunder, including the form of American depositary receipt (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a)(ii) of the Registrant’s Registration Statement (Registration No. 333-13578) on Form F-6)
2.3*	Letter from Citibank, N.A., as depositary, to the Registrant relating to the establishment of a direct registration system for ADSs and the issuance of uncertified ADSs as part of the direct registration system (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.4 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F filed on June 30, 2008)
2.4	Description of common stock (see Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association)
2.5	Description of American Depositary Shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.6 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 20-F filed on April 29, 2020)
8.1	List of subsidiaries of KT Corporation
12.1	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1	Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File as its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	The cover page for the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021, has been formatted in Inline XBRL
*	Filed previously.
---	---
(P)	Paper filing.
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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 1103)		F-2
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position as of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2021		F-6
Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021		F-8
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021		F-9
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021		F-10
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021		F-13
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		F-14

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the

Board of Directors and Shareholders of KT Corporation

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of KT Corporation

and its subsidiaries

(the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020,

and the related consolidated

statements of profit or loss, comprehensive income, of changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).

We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated

financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 , and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2021

in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Also, in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Changes in Accounting Principles

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2020.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 15. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated

financial statements and on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated

financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated

financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated

financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated

financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated

financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our

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audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the

consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated

financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Cash-Generating Units Impairment Assessment—Information and Communication Technology (“ICT”) Segment

As described in Notes 2.16, 11, 13 and 35 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s property and equipment and intangible assets balance was KRW 17,912,219 million as of December 31, 2021. This amount includes KRW 14,257,680 million of property and equipment and intangible assets associated with the Cash-Generating Units in the ICT segment (the “CGUs”). The long-lived assets of the CGUs are primarily comprised of property and equipment and intangible assets. The Company performs its impairment assessment for assets attributed to the CGUs when impairment indicators exist or in the case of goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets at least annually. The Company identified three CGUs in the ICT segment. Those CGUs are Mobile, Fixed Line and Corporate Services. The Company compared the carrying value of each CGU to the estimated recoverable amount. The recoverable amount of the CGUs was determined based on a discounted cash flow model which requires management to estimate significant assumptions, including the revenue growth rate, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the CGUs impairment assessment is a critical audit matter are that there was significant judgment by management when developing the above estimates which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures to evaluate audit evidence related to management’s discounted cash flow model and significant assumptions, including the revenue growth

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rate, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge in performing these procedures and evaluating the audit evidence obtained.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s CGUs impairment assessment, including controls over management’s determination of the estimated recoverable amount of each CGU and development of significant assumptions, including the revenue growth rate, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for identifying CGUs and determining the estimated recoverable amount of CGUs, including evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model; testing the completeness, accuracy, and relevance of underlying data used in the model; and evaluating the significant assumptions used by management, including the revenue growth rate, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to the revenue growth rate, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering current and past performance of the CGUs, management’s future plans, external market and industry data and whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. In addition, the discount rate was evaluated considering the cost of capital of comparable businesses and other industry factors. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s discounted cash flow model and significant assumptions, including the revenue growth rate, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate.

Accounting for the Acquisitions of Hyundai HCN Co., Ltd. and Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd.

As described in Notes 2.13 and 41 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the acquisition of Hyundai HCN Co., Ltd. (“HCN”) and Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd. (“EGC”), for total net consideration of approximately KRW 674,829 million during 2021, which resulted in KRW 541,243 million of intangible assets being recorded. Management applied significant judgment in estimating the fair value of intangible assets acquired, which involved the use of significant estimates and assumptions with respect to the timing and amounts of cash flow projections, the revenue growth rates, the terminal growth rates, the customer attrition rates, and the discount rates.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the acquisition of HCN and EGS as a critical audit matter are (i) a high degree of auditor judgment and subjectivity in performing procedures relating to the fair value of intangible assets acquired due to the significant judgment by management when developing the estimate; (ii) the significant audit effort in evaluating the management’s significant assumptions related to the revenue growth rates, the customer attrition rates and the discount rates; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

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the intangible assets. Evaluating the reasonableness of the customer attrition rates involved considering the past performance of the acquired businesses, as well as economic and industry forecasts. The discount rate was evaluated by considering the cost of capital of comparable businesses and other industry factors. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s valuation methods.

/s/ Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers

Seoul, Korea

April 28, 2022

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position

December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2021

(In millions of Korean won)		December 31,<br>2020		December 31,<br>2021
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	4,5	￦	2,634,624	￦	3,019,592
Trade and other receivables, net	4,6		4,902,471		5,087,490
Other financial assets	4,7		1,202,840		1,185,659
Current income tax assets			2,059		5,954
Inventories, net	8		534,636		514,145
Assets held for sale	10		1,198		1,187
Other current assets	9		1,876,352		2,044,323
Total current assets			11,154,180		11,858,350
Non-current<br> assets
Trade and other receivables, net	4,6		1,250,769		1,091,326
Other financial assets	4,7		544,347		822,379
Property and equipment, net	11		14,206,119		14,464,886
Right-of-use<br> assets	21		1,217,179		1,248,308
Investment properties, net	12		1,368,453		1,720,654
Intangible assets, net	13		2,161,258		3,447,333
Investments in associates and joint ventures	14		557,881		1,288,429
Deferred income tax assets	30		433,698		423,728
Other <br>non-current<br> assets	9		768,661		793,948
Total <br>non-current<br> assets			22,508,365		25,300,991
Total assets		￦	33,662,545	￦	37,159,341

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position (Continued)

December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2021

(In millions of Korean won)		December 31,<br>2020			December 31,<br>2021
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables	4,15	￦	6,210,099		￦	6,641,422
Borrowings	4,16		1,418,114			1,731,422
Other financial liabilities	4,7		2,493			72,807
Current income tax liabilities			232,225			266,430
Provisions	17		165,990			171,316
Deferred revenue			60,252			64,742
Other current liabilities	9		1,103,299			1,124,293
Total current liabilities			9,192,472			10,072,432
Non-current<br> liabilities
Trade and other payables	4,15		807,540			1,338,781
Borrowings	4,16		5,898,184			6,706,281
Other financial liabilities	4,7		260,676			424,859
Defined benefit liabilities, net	18		378,087			197,883
Provisions	17		86,202			86,081
Deferred revenue			149,050			194,309
Deferred income tax liabilities	30		429,331			643,958
Other <br>non-current<br> liabilities	9		909,570			927,596
Total <br>non-current<br> liabilities			8,918,640			10,519,748
Total liabilities			18,111,112			20,592,180
Equity
Share capital	22		1,564,499			1,564,499
Share premium			1,440,258			1,440,258
Retained earnings	23		12,155,420			13,287,390
Accumulated other comprehensive income	24		86,051			117,469
Other components of equity	24		(1,234,784	)		(1,433,080	)
Equity attributable to owners of the Controlling Company			14,011,444			14,976,536
Non-controlling<br> interest			1,539,989			1,590,625
Total equity			15,551,433			16,567,161
Total liabilities and equity		￦	33,662,545		￦	37,159,341

The above consolidated statements of financial position should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss

Years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)	Notes	2019			2020			2021
Operating revenue	26	￦	24,899,189		￦	24,440,647		￦	25,205,659
Revenue			24,639,758			24,099,394			24,898,005
Other income	27		259,431			341,253			307,654
Operating expenses	28		23,872,219			23,418,314			23,506,262
Operating profit			1,026,970			1,022,333			1,699,397
Finance income	29		424,395			498,614			726,283
Finance costs	29		(432,133	)		(507,383	)		(563,330	)
Share of net profits of associates and joint ventures	14		(3,304	)		18,041			116,061
Profit before income tax			1,015,928			1,031,605			1,978,411
Income tax expense	30		320,060			285,349			519,016
Profit for the year		￦	695,868		￦	746,256		￦	1,459,395
Profit for the year attributable to:
Owners of the Controlling Company		￦	645,703		￦	700,889		￦	1,356,878
Non-controlling<br> interest		￦	50,165		￦	45,367		￦	102,517
Earnings per share attributable to the equity holders of the Controlling Company during the year (in Korean won):
Basic earnings per share	31	￦	2,634		￦	2,858		￦	5,759
Diluted earnings per share	31	￦	2,632		￦	2,858		￦	5,747

The above consolidated statements of profit or loss should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

Years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)
	Notes		2019			2020			2021
Profit for the year			￦	695,868		￦	746,256		￦	1,459,395
Other comprehensive income
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss:
Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability		18		(25,777	)		(60,181	)		55,822
Shares of remeasurement gain (loss) of associates and joint ventures				649			786			(1,596	)
Gain on valuation of equity instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income				155,319			51,696			144,890
Items that may be subsequently reclassified to profit or loss:
Gain (loss) on valuation of debt instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income				11,833			(9,699	)		(15,110	)
Valuation gain (loss) on cash flow hedge				67,548			(84,044	)		141,855
Other comprehensive income (loss) from cash flow hedges reclassified to profit (loss)				(44,684	)		111,431			(136,583	)
Share of other comprehensive income (loss) from associates and joint ventures				2,517			15,932			(24,216	)
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations				4,933			(2,666	)		505
Total other comprehensive income				172,338			23,255			165,567
Total comprehensive income for the year			￦	868,206		￦	769,511		￦	1,624,962
Total comprehensive income for the year attributable to:
Owners of the Controlling Company				768,341			727,077			1,510,373
Non-controlling<br> interest				99,865			42,434			114,589

The above consolidated statements of comprehensive income should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

Years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

			Attributable to owners of the Controlling Company
(In millions of Korean won)	Notes		Share<br>capital		Share<br>premium		Retained<br>earnings			Accumulated<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income		Other<br>components<br>of equity			Total			Non-controlling<br><br>interest			Total equity
Balance as at December 31, 2018			￦	1,564,499	￦	1,440,258	￦	11,256,069		￦	50,158	￦	(1,181,083	)	￦	13,129,901		￦	1,528,589		￦	14,658,490
Changes in accounting policy				—		—		(3,890	)		—		—			(3,890	)		—			(3,890	)
Adjusted total equity at the beginning <br>of the financial year				1,564,499		1,440,258		11,252,179			50,158		(1,181,083	)		13,126,011			1,528,589			14,654,600
Comprehensive income
Profit for the year				—		—		645,703			—		—			645,703			50,165			695,868
Remeasurements of net defined <br>benefit liabilities		18		—		—		(22,774	)		—		—			(22,774	)		(3,003	)		(25,777	)
Share of gain on remeasurements of associates and joint ventures				—		—		636			—		—			636			13			649
Share of other comprehensive <br>income of associates and joint <br>ventures				—		—		—			2,427		—			2,427			90			2,517
Valuation loss on cash flow hedge		4,7		—		—		—			22,850		—			22,850			14			22,864
Gain on valuation of financial <br>instruments at fair value through <br>other comprehensive income		4,7		—		—		—			114,869		—			114,869			52,283			167,152
Exchange differences on translation <br>of foreign operations				—		—		—			4,630		—			4,630			303			4,933
Total comprehensive income for the year				—		—		623,565			144,776		—			768,341			99,865			868,206
Transactions with owners
Dividends paid by the Controlling <br>Company				—		—		(269,659	)		—		—			(269,659	)		—			(269,659	)
Dividends paid to <br>non-controlling<br> <br>interest of subsidiaries				—		—		—			—		—			—			(35,500	)		(35,500	)
Changes in scope of consolidation				—		—		—			—		(245	)		(245	)		1,784			1,539
Changes in ownership interest in <br>subsidiaries				—		—		—			—		(9,082	)		(9,082	)		(74,578	)		(83,660	)
Appropriations of loss on disposal of <br>treasury stock				—		—		(15,169	)		—		15,169			—			—			—
Disposal of treasury stock				—		—		—			—		3,346			3,346			—			3,346
Others				—		—		—			—		1,812			1,812			—			1,812
Subtotal				—		—		(284,828	)		—		11,000			(273,828	)		(108,294	)		(382,122	)
Balance as at December 31, 2019			￦	1,564,499	￦	1,440,258	￦	11,590,916		￦	194,934	￦	(1,170,083	)	￦	13,620,524		￦	1,520,160		￦	15,140,684

The above consolidated statements of changes in equity should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Continued)

Years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

			Attributable to owners of the Controlling Company
(In millions of Korean won)	Notes		Share<br>capital		Share<br>premium		Retained<br>earnings			Accumulated<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income			Other<br>components<br>of equity			Total			Non-controlling<br><br>interest			Total equity
Balance as at January 1, 2020			￦	1,564,499	￦	1,440,258	￦	11,590,916		￦	194,934		￦	(1,170,083	)	￦	13,620,524		￦	1,520,160		￦	15,140,684
Comprehensive income
Profit for the year				—		—		700,889			—			—			700,889			45,367			746,256
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities		18		—		—		(49,554	)		—			—			(49,554	)		(10,627	)		(60,181	)
Share of gain on remeasurements of associates and joint ventures				—		—		410			—			—			410			376			786
Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures				—		—		—			14,701			—			14,701			1,231			15,932
Valuation loss on cash flow hedge		4,7		—		—		—			27,433			—			27,433			(46	)		27,387
Gain on valuation of financial <br>instruments at fair value through <br>other comprehensive income		4,7		—		—		184,215			(150,135	)		—			34,080			7,917			41,997
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations				—		—		—			(882	)		—			(882	)		(1,784	)		(2,666	)
Total comprehensive income for the year				—		—		835,960			(108,883	)		—			727,077			42,434			769,511
Transactions with owners
Dividends paid by the Controlling Company				—		—		(269,766	)		—			—			(269,766	)		—			(269,766	)
Dividends paid to <br>non-controlling<br> interest of subsidiaries				—		—		—			—			—			—			(40,802	)		(40,802	)
Changes in ownership interest in subsidiaries				—		—		—			—			11,628			11,628			18,197			29,825
Appropriations of loss on disposal of treasury stock				—		—		(1,690	)		—			1,690			—			—			—
Acquisition of treasury stock				—		—		—			—			(110,097	)		(110,097	)		—			(110,097	)
Disposal of treasury stock				—		—		—			—			33,213			33,213			—			33,213
Others				—		—		—			—			(1,135	)		(1,135	)		—			(1,135	)
Subtotal				—		—		(271,456	)		—			(64,701	)		(336,157	)		(22,605	)		(358,762	)
Balance as at December 31, 2020			￦	1,564,499	￦	1,440,258	￦	12,155,420		￦	86,051		￦	(1,234,784	)	￦	14,011,444		￦	1,539,989		￦	15,551,433

The above consolidated statements of changes in equity should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Continued)

Years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

			Attributable to owners of the Controlling Company
(In millions of Korean won)	Notes		Share<br>capital		Share<br>premium		Retained<br>earnings			Accumulated<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income			Other<br>components<br>of equity			Total			Non-controlling<br><br>interest			Total equity
Balance as at January 1, 2021			￦	1,564,499	￦	1,440,258	￦	12,155,420		￦	86,051		￦	(1,234,784	)	￦	14,011,444		￦	1,539,989		￦	15,551,433
Comprehensive income
Profit for the year				—		—		1,356,878			—			—			1,356,878			102,517			1,459,395
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities		18		—		—		47,348			—			—			47,348			8,474			55,822
Share of gain on remeasurements of associates and joint ventures				—		—		(1,559	)		—			—			(1,559	)		(37	)		(1,596	)
Share of other comprehensive income of associates and joint ventures				—		—		—			(19,718	)		—			(19,718	)		(4,498	)		(24,216	)
Valuation loss on cash flow hedge		4,7		—		—		—			5,222			—			5,222			50			5,272
Gain on valuation of financial instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income		4,7		—		—		76,288			47,247			—			123,535			6,245			129,780
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations				—		—		—			(1,333	)		—			(1,333	)		1,838			505
Total comprehensive income for the year				—		—		1,478,955			31,418			—			1,510,373			114,589			1,624,962
Transactions with owners
Dividends paid by the Controlling Company				—		—		(326,487	)		—			—			(326,487	)		—			(326,487	)
Dividends paid to <br>non-controlling<br> interest of subsidiaries				—		—		—			—			—			—			(23,762	)		(23,762	)
Changes in scope of consolidation				—		—		—			—			—			—			(17,566	)		(17,566	)
Changes in ownership interest in subsidiaries				—		—		—			—			15,797			15,797			(22,620	)		(6,823	)
Appropriations of loss on disposal of treasury stock				—		—		(20,498	)		—			20,498			—			—			—
Acquisition of treasury stock				—		—		—			—			(190,105	)		(190,105	)		—			(190,105	)
Disposal of treasury stock				—		—		—			—			50,954			50,954			—			50,954
Recognition of the obligation to purchase its own equity				—		—		—			—			(101,829	)		(101,829	)		—			(101,829	)
Others				—		—		—			—			6,389			6,389			(5	)		6,384
Subtotal				—		—		(346,985	)		—			(198,296	)		(545,281	)		(63,953	)		(609,234	)
Balance as at December 31, 2021			￦	1,564,499	￦	1,440,258	￦	13,287,390		￦	117,469		￦	(1,433,080	)	￦	14,976,536		￦	1,590,625		￦	16,567,161

The above consolidated statements of changes in equity should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)
	Notes		2019			2020			2021
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash generated from operations		33	￦	4,058,065		￦	4,745,293		￦	5,829,607
Interest paid				(255,908	)		(254,852	)		(257,809	)
Interest received				276,349			259,836			272,061
Dividends received				18,922			19,623			74,441
Income tax paid				(352,255	)		(30,073	)		(356,466	)
Net cash inflow from operating activities				3,745,173			4,739,827			5,561,834
Cash flows from investing activities
Collection of loans				63,517			63,435			54,934
Loans granted				(65,138	)		(48,731	)		(54,128	)
Disposal of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss				720,148			528,655			609,849
Disposal of financial assets at amortized cost				422,637			528,746			690,457
Disposal of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income				—			351,065			244,994
Disposal of assets <br>held-for-sale				28,834			83,241			—
Disposal of investments in associates and joint ventures				16,930			24			10,880
Acquisition of investments in associates and joint ventures				(29,980	)		(273,411	)		(487,828	)
Disposal of property and equipment, and investment properties				42,554			49,832			174,413
Acquisition of property and equipment, and investment properties				(3,263,338	)		(3,207,566	)		(3,495,021	)
Acquisition of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss				(793,977	)		(521,142	)		(753,907	)
Acquisition of financial assets at amortized cost				(501,838	)		(759,180	)		(623,924	)
Acquisition of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income				(14,277	)		(14,092	)		(131,674	)
Disposal of intangible assets				12,097			13,362			11,624
Disposal of <br>right-of-use<br> assets				9,393			2,023			318
Discontinued operations				1,977			205			—
Acquisition of intangible assets				(530,775	)		(511,094	)		(752,181	)
Acquisition of <br>right-of-use<br> assets				(6,236	)		(5,824	)		(4,261	)
Decrease in cash due to changes in scope of consolidation				—			(41,018	)		(671,359	)
Increase in cash due to changes in scope of consolidation				—			—			39,340
Net cash outflow from investing activities				(3,887,472	)		(3,761,470	)		(5,137,474	)
Cash flows from financing activities		33
Proceeds from borrowings and debentures				1,951,568			1,795,221			2,899,567
Repayments of borrowings and debentures				(1,377,394	)		(1,627,354	)		(1,999,173	)
Settlement of derivative assets and liabilities, net				23,901			36,594			(1,496	)
Cash inflow from consolidated capital transactions				—			—			67,693
Cash outflow from consolidated capital transactions				(122,918	)		(1,192	)		(11,001	)
Cash inflow from other financing activities				65,698			35,854			2,556
Dividends paid to shareholders				(305,159	)		(310,567	)		(350,334	)
Acquisition of treasury stock				—			(114,683	)		(193,626	)
Cash outflow from other financing activities				—			—			(60,901	)
Decrease in finance leases liabilities				(485,444	)		(447,784	)		(394,567	)
Decrease in other liabilities				—			(13,674	)		—
Net cash outflow from financing activities				(249,748	)		(647,585	)		(41,282	)
Effect of exchange rate change on cash and cash equivalents				(5,481	)		(2,042	)		1,890
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents				(397,528	)		328,730			384,968
Cash and cash equivalents
Beginning of the year		5		2,703,422			2,305,894			2,634,624
End of the year		5	￦	2,305,894		￦	2,634,624		￦	3,019,592

The above consolidated statements of cash flows should be read in conjunction with the accompanying notes.

F- 13

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

1.	General Information

The consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2021 include the accounts of KT Corporation, which is the controlling company as defined under IFRS 10, Consolidated Financial Statements, and its 79 controlled subsidiaries as described in Note 1.2 (collectively referred to as the “Group”).

1.1	The Controlling Company

KT Corporation (the “Controlling Company”) commenced operations on January 1, 1982, when it spun off from the Korea Communications Commission (formerly the Korean Ministry of Information and Communications) to provide telephone services and to engage in the development of advanced communications services under the Act of Telecommunications of Korea. The headquarters are located in Seongnam City, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea, and the address of its registered head office is 90, Buljeong-ro,

Bundang-gu, Seongnam City, Gyeonggi Province.

On October 1, 1997, upon the announcement of the Government-Investment Enterprises Management Basic Act and the Privatization Law, the Controlling Company became a government-funded institution under the Commercial Code of Korea.

On December 23, 1998, the Controlling Company’s shares were listed on the Korea Exchange.

On May 29, 1999, the Controlling Company issued 24,282,195 additional shares and issued American Depository Shares (ADS), representing new shares and 20,813,311 government-owned shares, at the New York Stock Exchange. On July 2, 2001, the additional ADS representing 55,502,161 government-owned shares were issued at the New York Stock Exchange.

In 2002, the Controlling Company acquired the entire government-owned shares in accordance with the Korean government’s privatization plan. As at the end of the reporting period, the Korean government does not own any share in the Controlling Company.

1.2	Consolidated Subsidiaries

The consolidated subsidiaries as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

			Controlling percentage<br> ownership<br>1<br>(%)
Subsidiary	Type of business	Location	December 31,<br> 2020	December 31,<br> 2021	Closing<br> <br>month
KT Linkus Inc.	Public telephone maintenance	Korea	92.4%	92.4%	December
KT Submarine Co., Ltd. <br>2,4	Submarine cable construction and maintenance	Korea	39.3%	39.3%	December
KT Telecop Co., Ltd.	Security service	Korea	86.8%	86.8%	December
KT Alpha Co., Ltd. (KT Hitel Co., Ltd.)	Data communication	Korea	67.1%	73.0%	December
KT Service Bukbu Inc.	Opening services of fixed line	Korea	67.3%	67.3%	December
KT Service Nambu Inc.	Opening services of fixed line	Korea	77.3%	77.3%	December
KT Commerce Inc.	B2C, B2B service	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT Strategic Investment Fund No.2	Investment fund	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT Strategic Investment Fund No.3	Investment fund	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT Strategic Investment Fund No.4	Investment fund	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT Strategic Investment Fund No.5	Investment fund	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
BC-VP<br> Strategic Investment Fund No.1	Investment fund	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December

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Table of Contents

KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

			Controlling percentage<br> ownership<br>1<br>(%)
Subsidiary	Type of business	Location	December 31,<br> 2020	December 31,<br> 2021	Closing<br> <br>month
BC Card Co., Ltd.	Credit card business	Korea	69.5%	69.5%	December
VP Inc.	Payment security service for credit card, others	Korea	50.9%	50.9%	December
H&C Network Co., Ltd.	Call center for financial sectors	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
BC Card China Co., Ltd.	Software development and data processing	China	100.0%	100.0%	December
INITECH Co., Ltd. <br>4	Internet banking ASP and security solutions	Korea	58.2%	58.2%	December
Smartro Co., Ltd.	VAN (Value Added Network) business	Korea	64.5%	64.5%	December
KTDS Co., Ltd. <br>4	System integration and maintenance	Korea	95.5%	95.5%	December
KT M&S Co., Ltd.	PCS distribution	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
GENIE Music Corporation <br>2,4	Online music production and distribution	Korea	36.2%	36.2%	December
KT MOS Bukbu Co., Ltd. <br>4	Telecommunication facility maintenance	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT MOS Nambu Co., Ltd. <br>4	Telecommunication facility maintenance	Korea	98.4%	98.4%	December
KT Skylife Co., Ltd. <br>4	Satellite TV	Korea	50.3%	50.3%	December
Skylife TV Co., Ltd.	TV contents provider	Korea	92.6%	100.0%	December
KT Estate Inc.	Residential building development and supply	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT AMC Inc.	Asset management and consulting services	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT NEXR Co., Ltd.	Cloud system implementation	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KTGDH Co., Ltd.	Data center development and related service	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT Sat Inc.	Satellite communication business	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
Nasmedia, Co., Ltd.<br>3,4	Solution provider and IPTV advertisement sales business	Korea	44.0%	44.0%	December
KT Sports Inc.	Management of sports group	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT Music Contents Fund No.2	Music contents investment business	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT-Michigan Global Contents Fund	Content investment business	Korea	88.6%	88.6%	December
KTCS Corporation <br>2,4	Database and online information provider	Korea	31.9%	32.2%	December
KTIS Corporation <br>2,4	Database and online information provider	Korea	30.8%	31.4%	December
KT M Mobile Inc.	Special category telecommunications operator and sales of communication device	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT Investment Co., Ltd.	Technology business finance	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
Whowho&Company., Ltd.	Software development and supply	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
PlayD Co., Ltd.	Advertising agency	Korea	70.4%	70.4%	December
Next Connect PFV Inc.	Residential building development and supply	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT Rwanda Networks Ltd.	Network installation and management	Rwanda	51.0%	51.0%	December

F- 15

Table of Contents

KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

			Controlling percentage<br> ownership<br>1<br>(%)
Subsidiary	Type of business	Location	December 31,<br> 2020	December 31,<br> 2021	Closing<br><br>month
AOS Ltd.	System integration and maintenance	Rwanda	51.0%	51.0%	December
KT Japan Co., Ltd.	Foreign telecommunication business	Japan	100.0%	100.0%	December
East Telecom LLC	Fixed line internet business	Uzbekistan	91.6%	91.6%	December
KT America, Inc.	Foreign investment business	USA	100.0%	100.0%	December
PT. BC Card Asia Pacific	Software development and supply	Indonesia	99.9%	99.9%	December
KT Hong Kong Telecommunications<br><br>Co., Ltd.	Fixed line telecommunication business	Hong Kong	100.0%	100.0%	December
Korea Telecom Singapore Pte. Ltd.	Foreign investment business	Singapore	100.0%	100.0%	December
Texnoprosistem LLC	Fixed line internet business	Uzbekistan	100.0%	100.0%	December
Nasmedia Thailand Co., Ltd.	Internet advertising solution	Thailand	99.9%	99.9%	December
KT Hopemate	Manufacturing	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
K-REALTY<br> RENTAL HOUSING REIT 3	Residential building	Korea	88.6%	88.6%	December
Storywiz Co., Ltd.	Contents and software development and supply	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT Engineering Co., Ltd.<br><br>(KT ENGCORE Co., Ltd.)	Telecommunication facility construction and<br><br>maintenance	Korea	100.0%	100.0%	December
KT Studio Genie Co., Ltd.	Data communication service and data communication construction business	Korea	—	100.0%	December
KHS Corporation	Operation and maintenance of facilities	Korea	—	100.0%	December
Lolab Co., Ltd.	Truck transportation and trucking arrangement business	Korea	—	80.0%	December
HCN Co., Ltd.	Cable television service	Korea	—	100.0%	December
MEDIA GENIE Co., Ltd.	TV contents provider	Korea	—	100.0%	December
KT Seezn Co., Ltd.	Movies, videos and TV contents production and distribution	Korea	—	100.0%	December
BOOK CLUB MILLIE<br>3	Book contents service	Korea	—	38.6%	December
KT ES Pte. Ltd.	Foreign investment business	Singapore	—	57.6%	December
Epsilon Global Communications<br><br>Pte. Ltd.	Network service industry	Singapore	—	100.0%	December
Epsilon Telecommunications<br><br>(SP) Pte. Ltd.	Fixed line telecommunication business	Singapore	—	100.0%	December
Epsilon Telecommunications<br><br>(US) Pte. Ltd.	Fixed line telecommunication business	Singapore	—	100.0%	December
Epsilon Telecommunications Limited	Fixed line telecommunication business	UK	—	100.0%	December
7D Digital Limited	Software development	UK	—	100.0%	December
Epsilon Telecommunications<br><br>(HK) Limited	Fixed line telecommunication business	Hong kong	—	100.0%	December
Epsilon US Inc.	Fixed line telecommunication business	USA	—	100.0%	December
Epsilon Telecommunications<br><br>(BG) EOOD	Employee support service	Bulgaria	—	100.0%	December
Epsilon M E A General Trading LLC <br>3	Local counter work	Dubai	—	49.0%	December
Nasmedia-KT<br> Alpha Future Growth Strategic Investment Fund	Investment fund	Korea	—	100.0%	December
KT Strategic Investment Fund 6	Investment fund	Korea	—	100.0%	December
Altimedia Corporation	Software development and delivery	Korea	—	100.0%	December

F-1 6

Table of Contents

KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

			Controlling percentage<br> ownership<br>1<br>(%)
Subsidiary	Type of business	Location	December 31,<br> 2020	December 31,<br> 2021	Closing<br><br>month
Alticast B.V.	Software development and delivery	Netherlands	—	100.0%	December
Alticast Company Limited	Software development and delivery	Vietnam	—	100.0%	December
Wirecard (Vietnam) Company Limited	Software sales business	Vietnam	—	100.0%	December
KT Philippines	Fixed line telecommunication business	Philippines	40.0%	100.0%	December
1	Sum of the ownership interests owned by the Controlling Company and subsidiaries.
---	---
2	Although the Controlling Company owns less than 50% ownership in this entity, this entity is consolidated as the Controlling Company can exercise the majority voting rights in its decision-making process at all times considering the historical voting pattern at the shareholders’ meetings.
---	---
3	Although the Controlling Company owns less than 50% ownership in this entity, this entity is consolidated as the Controlling Company holds the majority of voting right based on an agreement with other investors.
---	---
4	The number of subsidiaries’ treasury stock is deducted from the total number of shares when calculating the controlling percentage ownership.
---	---
1.3	Changes in Scope of Consolidation
---	---

Subsidiaries newly included and excluded in the consolidation during the year ended December 31, 2021:

Changes	Location	Name of Subsidiary	Reason
Included	Korea	KT Studio Genie Co., Ltd.	Newly established
Included	Korea	Lolab Co., Ltd.	Newly established
Included	Korea	KHS Corporation	Transferred
Included	Korea	HCN Co., Ltd.	Transferred
Included	Korea	MEDIA GENIE Co., Ltd.	Transferred
Included	Korea	KT Seezn Co., Ltd.	Transferred
Included	Korea	BOOK CLUB MILLIE	Transferred
Included	Singapore	KT ES Pte. Ltd.	Newly established
Included	Singapore	Epsilon Global Communications<br><br>Pte. Ltd.	Transferred
Included	Singapore	Epsilon Telecommunications<br><br>(SP) Pte. Ltd.	Transferred
Included	Singapore	Epsilon Telecommunications<br><br>(US) Pte. Ltd.	Transferred
Included	UK	Epsilon Telecommunications Limited	Transferred
Included	UK	7D Digital Limited	Transferred
Included	Hong kong	Epsilon Telecommunications<br><br>(HK) Limited	Transferred
Included	USA	Epsilon US Inc.	Transferred

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Table of Contents

KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Changes	Location	Name of Subsidiary	Reason
Included	Bulgaria	Epsilon Telecommunications (BG) EOOD	Transferred
Included	Dubai	Epsilon M E A General Trading L.L.C	Transferred
Included	Korea	K-REALTY<br> RENTAL HOUSING<br><br>REIT V	Newly established
Included	Korea	Nasmedia-KT<br> Alpha Future Growth Strategic Investment Fund	Newly established
Included	Korea	KT Strategic Investment Fund 6	Newly established
Included	Korea	Altimedia Corporation	Transferred
Included	Netherlands	Alticast B.V.	Transferred
Included	Vietnam	Alticast Company Limited	Transferred
Included	Vietnam	Wirecard (Vietnam) Company Limited	Transferred
Included	Philippines	KT Philippines	Transferred
Excluded	Belgium	KT Belgium	Liquidated
Excluded	Korea	KT Powertel Co., Ltd.	Shares disposed
Excluded	China	Korea Telecom China Co., Ltd.	Liquidated
Excluded	Poland	KBTO Sp.z o. o.	Liquidated
Excluded	Korea	GE Premier 1st Corporate Restructuring Real Estate Investment Trust Co.	Liquidated
Excluded	Korea	KT M Hows Co., Ltd.	Merged
Excluded	Netherlands	KT Dutch B.V.	Liquidated
Excluded	Korea	KT Music Contents Fund No.1	Liquidated
Excluded	Korea	Autopion Co., Ltd.	Shares disposed
Excluded	Korea	K-REALTY<br> RENTAL HOUSING REIT V	Excluded from consolidation

Summarized information for consolidated subsidiaries as at and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 is as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2019
	Total assets		Total<br><br>liabilities		Operating<br>revenue		Profit (loss)<br><br>for the year
KT Powertel Co., Ltd.	￦	118,052	￦	19,766	￦	62,846	￦	3,085
KT Linkus Inc.		70,494		62,088		97,892		(2,258	)
KT Submarine Co., Ltd.		120,947		18,452		55,244		486
KT Telecop Co., Ltd.		279,878		153,841		332,063		(4,875	)
KT Alpha Co., Ltd. (KT Hitel Co., Ltd.)		279,818		74,769		323,065		1,426
KT Service Bukbu Inc.		64,802		58,984		219,427		(445	)
KT Service Nambu Inc.		63,917		55,548		266,148		280
BC Card Co., Ltd.<br>1		3,912,982		2,594,232		3,553,008		115,885
H&C Network Co. Ltd.<br>1		282,016		68,401		320,701		(1,593	)
Nasmedia Co., Ltd.<br>1		356,236		203,105		117,550		22,484

F-1 8

Table of Contents

KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)	2019
	Total assets		Total<br><br>liabilities		Operating<br>revenue		Profit (loss)<br><br>for the year
KTDS Co., Ltd.<br>1		158,153		105,462		428,758		9,027
KT M Hows Co., Ltd.		74,326		50,638		33,443		6,771
KT M&S Co., Ltd.		248,142		215,777		813,498		12,732
GENIE Music Corporation		234,131		80,952		230,480		7,658
KT MOS Bukbu Inc.		33,376		28,841		63,761		353
KT MOS Nambu Inc.		34,258		26,722		67,300		3,099
KT Skylife Co., Ltd.<br>1		848,276		142,839		704,996		56,008
KT Estate Inc.<br>1		1,686,000		295,706		485,686		48,552
KTGDH Co., Ltd. (KTSB Data service)		10,437		1,628		3,977		344
KT Sat Inc.		651,195		127,523		168,376		16,497
KT Sports Inc.		15,603		8,333		55,241		(464	)
KT Music Contents Fund No.1		10,579		1,677		521		345
KT Music Contents Fund No.2		7,675		279		331		48
KT-Michigan Global Content Fund		11,688		61		248		(1,113	)
Autopion Co., Ltd.		7,460		4,894		5,604		(302	)
KT M mobile Inc.		135,917		30,603		161,720		(5,580	)
KT Investment Co., Ltd.<br>1		73,463		56,212		13,375		847
KTCS Corporation<br>1		378,171		213,983		944,778		7,597
KTIS Corporation		305,798		137,524		454,561		9,205
Next connect PFV Inc.		385,412		24,275		1,590		(5,898	)
KT Japan Co., Ltd.<br>1		1,851		2,858		2,891		651
Korea Telecom China Co., Ltd.		879		39		844		192
KT Dutch B.V.		31,003		50		—		(242	)
Super iMax LLC		3,568		5,304		4,604		(631	)
East Telecom LLC<br>1		20,857		16,302		17,186		2,140
KT AMERICA, INC		4,611		537		6,808		572
PT. KT Indonesia		8		—		—		—
KT Rwanda Networks Ltd.<br>2		132,461		183,164		18,013		(31,662	)
KT Belgium		93,321		11		—		(64	)
KT ORS Belgium		6,913		14		—		(43	)
KBTO sp.zo.o.		1,767		245		519		(3,457	)
AOS Ltd.<br>2		12,337		3,993		6,982		(591	)
KT Hongkong Telecommunications Co., Ltd.		5,126		2,923		13,321		586
KT Hopemate		2,129		1,019		1,027		(390	)
GE Premier 1st Corporate Restructuring Real Estate Investment Trust Co.		6,285		1,139		176		70
K-REALTY RENTAL HOUSING REIT 3		300		—		—		—
1	These companies are the intermediate controlling companies of other subsidiaries and the above financial information is from their consolidated financial statements.
---	---
2	At the end of the reporting period, convertible preferred stock issued by subsidiaries is included in liabilities.
---	---

F-1 9

Table of Contents

KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
	Total assets		Total liabilities		Operating<br>revenues			Profit (loss)<br><br>for the year
KT Powertel Co., Ltd.	￦	119,694	￦	18,833	￦	65,897		￦	3,809
KT Linkus Inc.		58,372		54,022		84,519			(3,212	)
KT Submarine Co., Ltd.		116,813		14,032		110,201			1,197
KT Telecop Co., Ltd.		318,456		193,737		392,489			212
KT Alpha Co., Ltd.<br><br>(KT Hitel Co., Ltd.)		288,949		92,599		350,231			2,080
KT Service Bukbu Inc.		60,825		56,554		217,451			(871	)
KT Service Nambu Inc.		58,182		51,460		264,776			(456	)
BC Card Co., Ltd. <br>1		3,084,398		1,778,751		3,387,640			39,455
H&C Network <br>1		269,651		61,365		322,690			2,413
Nasmedia Co., Ltd. <br>1		422,039		221,371		113,136			23,134
KTDS Co., Ltd. <br>1		183,297		133,129		499,990			10,635
KT M Hows Co., Ltd.		104,704		76,315		44,860			6,935
KT M&S Co., Ltd.		231,260		197,306		661,533			(485	)
GENIE Music Corporation		250,538		88,488		247,237			9,472
KT MOS Bukbu Co., Ltd.		32,167		26,070		67,975			1,473
KT MOS Nambu Co., Ltd.		33,765		24,947		71,259			1,639
KT Skylife Co., Ltd. <br>1		919,476		175,039		706,631			58,190
KT Estate Inc. <br>1		1,689,601		325,429		365,335			14,370
KTGDH Co., Ltd.<br><br>(KTSB Data Service)		11,003		1,669		4,282			538
KT Sat Inc.		630,740		92,791		173,693			14,753
KT Sports Inc.		26,572		14,940		46,608			(2,516	)
KT Music Contents Fund No.1		4,844		1,525		243			84
KT Music Contents Fund No.2		15,021		285		169			(116	)
KT-Michigan<br> Global Contents Fund		10,382		175		111			(1,420	)
Autopion Co., Ltd.		4,903		4,961		6,174			(2,459	)
KT M Mobile Inc.		129,011		27,281		163,472			(3,617	)
KT Investment Co., Ltd. <br>1		115,627		93,695		47,801			4,680
KTCS Corporation <br>1		384,919		215,175		933,006			11,323
KTIS Corporation		294,289		126,894		454,172			7,387
Next Connect PFV Inc.		394,268		37,271		26			(7,101	)
KT Japan Co., Ltd. <br>1		2,694		2,622		1,853			1
Korea Telecom China Co., Ltd.		381		21		618			(492	)
KT Dutch B.V. <br>1		29,585		10,109		26,782			6,061
KT AMERICA, INC		4,498		125		6,808			712
KT Rwanda Networks Ltd. <br>2		114,768		191,781		17,870			(34,610	)
KT Belgium		87,608		—		(81	)		(81	)
KBTO sp.z o.o.		438		117		490			(2,823	)
AOS Ltd. <br>2		11,812		3,875		5,719			296
KT Hong Kong<br><br>Telecommunications Co., Ltd.		6,159		2,800		16,386			1,308
KT Hopemate		3,720		2,787		5,239			(13	)
GE Premier 1st Corporate Restructuring Real Estate Investment Trust Co.		5,703		1,165		333			83
Storywiz Co., Ltd		21,594		10,065		19,209			(1,954	)
KT Engineering Co., Ltd.<br><br>(KT ENGCORE Co., Ltd.)		138,220		102,963		346,040			(8,461	)
1	These companies are the intermediate controlling companies of other subsidiaries and the above financial information is from their consolidated financial statements.
---	---
2	At the end of the reporting period, convertible preferred stock issued by subsidiaries is included in liabilities.
---	---

F- 20

Table of Contents

KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2021
	Total assets		Total<br> liabilities		Operating<br> revenues		Profit (loss)<br> <br>for the year
KT Linkus Inc.	￦	54,219	￦	53,316	￦	81,434	￦	(3,095)
KT Submarine Co., Ltd.		110,390		10,736		31,374		(3,183	)
KT Telecop Co., Ltd.		363,224		233,797		515,456		3,985
KT Alpha Co., Ltd.<br> <br>(KT Hitel Co., Ltd.)		390,671		172,767		471,870		(8,692	)
KT Service Bukbu Inc.		59,341		54,070		231,602		1,128
KT Service Nambu Inc.		62,513		52,695		271,174		1,430
BC Card Co., Ltd. <br>1		3,933,427		2,481,004		3,580,970		120,308
H&C Network Co., Ltd. <br>1		88,616		4,993		227,604		11,995
Nasmedia Co., Ltd. <br>1		490,394		268,618		125,876		27,120
KTDS Co., Ltd. <br>1		341,358		199,831		632,899		21,464
KT M&S Co., Ltd.		241,377		203,051		710,634		3,496
KT MOS Bukbu Co., Ltd.		32,511		25,402		70,212		1,637
KT MOS Nambu Co., Ltd.		36,741		26,053		71,940		2,016
KT Skylife Co., Ltd. <br>1		1,275,645		469,694		772,950		62,309
KT Estate Inc. <br>1		2,370,940		791,884		577,578		213,203
KTGDH Co., Ltd.		11,464		1,560		4,423		553
KT Sat Inc.		593,616		34,169		174,750		20,830
KT Sports Inc.		29,524		19,740		67,612		(2,039	)
KT Music Contents Fund No.2		14,985		278		253		(30	)
KT-Michigan Global Contents Fund		3,552		112		13,592		10,032
KT M Mobile Inc.		144,175		40,749		204,641		5,918
KT Investment Co., Ltd. <br>1		87,366		66,108		21,040		(697	)
KTCS Corporation <br>1		416,750		234,172		968,499		19,034
KTIS Corporation		369,361		177,619		487,801		24,944
Next Connect PFV Inc.		518,441		167,963		—		(6,519	)
KT Japan Co., Ltd. <br>1		1,474		2,633		1,298		(142	)
KT America, Inc.		4,884		101		6,508		201
KT Rwanda Networks Ltd. <br>2		125,860		236,389		23,328		(28,770	)
AOS Ltd. <br>2		11,539		2,812		6,942		823
KT Hong Kong Telecommunications Co., Ltd.		6,613		1,346		18,825		1,313
KT Hopemate <br>1		6,311		2,978		12,538		116
KT Engineering Co., Ltd.<br> <br>(KT ENGCORE Co., Ltd.)		185,850		144,832		284,998		366
KT Studio Genie Co., Ltd. <br>1,2		648,534		276,933		90,047		(16,443	)
Lolab Co., Ltd.		26,726		897		2,107		(134	)
East Telecom LLC <br>1		35,904		22,088		11,960		2,487
KT ES Pte. Ltd. <br>1		240,331		80,597		15,157		(6,355	)
KT Philippines		3,641		1,243		—		—
Altimedia Corporation <br>1		32,338		9,742		6,968		1,037
1	These companies are the intermediate controlling companies of other subsidiaries and the above financial information is from their consolidated financial statements.
---	---
2	At the end of the reporting period, convertible preferred stock issued by subsidiaries is included in liabilities.
---	---

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Table of Contents

KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

2.	Significant Accounting Policies

The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.

2.1	Basis of Preparation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”).

The financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the following:

•	Certain financial assets and liabilities (including derivative instruments) – measured at fair value
•	Assets <br>held-for-sale<br> – measured at fair value less costs to sell
---	---
•	Defined benefit pension plans – plan assets measured at fair value
---	---

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise judgment in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in Note 3.

2.2	Changes in Accounting Policy and Disclosures

(1) New and amended standards adopted by the Group

The Group has applied the following standards and amendments for the first time for their annual reporting period commencing January 1, 2021.

Amendments to IFRS 16 Lease – Practical expedient for COVID-19—Related Rent Exemption, Concessions, Suspension

As a practical expedient, a lessee may elect not to assess whether a rent concession occurring as a direct consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic is a lease modification, and the amounts recognized in profit or loss as a result of applying this exemption should be disclosed. The amendments did not have a significant impact on the financial statements.

Amendments to IFRS 9 Financial Instruments , IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement , IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosure , IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts and IFRS 16 Lease –

Interest Rate Benchmark Reform (Phase 2 Amendments)

In relation to interest rate benchmark reform, the amendments provide exceptions including adjust effective interest rate instead of book amounts when interest rate benchmark of financial instruments at amortized costs is replaced, and apply hedge accounting without discontinuance although the interest rate benchmark is replaced in hedging relationship. The Group is in review for the impact of these amendments on the financial statements (Notes 7 and 16).

(2) New standards and interpretations not yet adopted by the Group

The following new accounting standards and interpretations have been published, but are not mandatory for December 31, 2021 reporting periods and have not been early adopted by the Group.

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Amendments to IFRS 16 Lease – Concession on COVID-19—Related Rent Concessions Beyond June 30, 2021

The application of the practical expedient, a lessee may elect not to assess whether a rent concession occurring as a direct consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic is a lease modification, is extended to lease payments originally due on or before June 30, 2022. The amendment should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after April 1, 2021, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

Amendments to IFRS 3 Business Combination – Reference to the Conceptual Framework

The amendments update a reference of definition of assets and liabilities qualify for recognition in revised Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. However, the amendments add an exception for the recognition of liabilities and contingent liabilities within the scope of IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets , and IFRIC 21 Levies . The amendments also confirm that contingent assets should not be recognized at the acquisition date. The amendments should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

Amendments to IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment – Proceeds Before Intended Use

The amendments prohibit an entity from deducting from the cost of an item of property, plant and equipment any proceeds from selling items produced while the entity is preparing the asset for its intended use. Instead, the entity will recognize the proceeds from selling such items, and the costs of producing those items, in profit or loss. The amendments should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and earlier application is permitted. The Group is in review for the impact of these amendments on the financial statements

Amendments to IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets – Onerous Contracts: Cost of Fulfilling a Contract

The amendments clarify that the direct costs of fulfilling a contract include both the incremental costs of fulfilling the contract and an allocation of other costs directly related to fulfilling contracts when assessing whether the contract is onerous. The amendments should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements – Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-Current

The amendments clarify that liabilities are classified as either current or non-current, depending on the substantive rights that exist at the end of the reporting period. Classification is unaffected by the likelihood that an entity will exercise right to defer settlement of the liability or the expectations of management. Also, the settlement of liability include the transfer of the entity’s own equity instruments, however, it would be excluded if an option to settle them by the entity’s own equity instruments if compound financial instruments is met the definition of equity instruments and

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

recognized separately from the liability. The amendments should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Group is in review for the impact of these amendments on the financial statements.

IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements – Disclosure of Accounting Policies

The amendments to IAS 1 define and require entities to disclose their material accounting policies. The IASB amended IFRS Practice Statement 2 Disclosure of Accounting Policies to provide guidance on how to apply the concept of materiality to accounting policy disclosures. The amendments should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Group is in review for the impact of these amendments on the financial statements.

IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors – Definition of Accounting Estimates

The amendments define accounting estimates and clarify how to distinguish them from changes in accounting policies. The amendments should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

IAS 12 Income Taxes – Deferred Tax Related to Assets and Liabilities Arising From a Single Transaction

The amendments include an additional condition to the exemption to initial recognition of an asset or liability that a transaction does not give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences at the time of the transaction. The amendments should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2023, and earlier application is permitted. The Group is in review for the impact of these amendments on the financial statements.

Annual improvements to IFRS 2018-2020

Annual improvements of IFRS 2018-2020 Cycle should be applied for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2022, and earlier application is permitted. The Group does not expect that these amendments have a significant impact on the financial statements.

•	IFRS 1 <br>First Time Adoption of Korean International Financial Reporting Standards<br> – Subsidiaries that are first-time adopters
•	IFRS 9 <br>Financial Instruments<br> – Fees related to the 10% test for derecognition of financial liabilities
---	---
•	IFRS 16 <br>Leases<br> – Lease incentives
---	---
•	IAS 41 <br>Agriculture<br> – Measuring fair value
---	---

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

2.3	Consolidation

The Group has prepared the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements .

(1) Subsidiaries

Subsidiaries are all entities (including special purpose entities (“SPEs”)) over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power to direct the activities of the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is transferred to the Group. They are deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.

The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for business combinations by the Group. The consideration transferred is measured at the fair values of the assets transferred, and identifiable assets acquired, and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. The Group recognizes any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquired entity’s net identifiable assets. All other non-controlling interests are measured at fair values, unless otherwise required by other standards. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred.

The excess of consideration transferred, amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquired entity and acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquired entity over the fair value of the net identifiable assets acquired is recoded as goodwill. If those amounts are less than the fair value of the net identifiable assets of the business acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the profit or loss as a bargain purchase.

Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions among group companies are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the transferred asset. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.

(2) Changes in ownership interests in subsidiaries without change of control

Any differences between the amount of the adjustment to non-controlling interest that do not result in a loss of control and any consideration paid or received is recognized in a separate reserve within equity attributable to owners of the Controlling Group.

(3) Disposal of subsidiaries

When the Group ceases to consolidate for a subsidiary because of a loss of control, any retained interest in the subsidiary is remeasured to its fair value with the change in carrying amount recognized in profit or loss.

(4) Associates

Associates are entities over which the Group has significant influence but does not possess control or joint control. Investments in associates are accounted for using the equity method of

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

accounting, after initially being recognized at cost. Unrealized gains on transactions between the Group and its associates are eliminated to the extent of the Group’s interest in the associates. If the Group’s share of losses of an associate equals or exceeds its interest in the associate (including long-term interests that, in substance, form part of the Group’s net investment in the associate), the Group discontinues recognizing its share of further losses. After the Group’s interest is reduced to zero, additional losses are provided for, and a liability is recognized, only to the extent that the Group has incurred legal or constructive obligations or made payments on behalf of the associate. If there is an objective evidence of impairment for the investment in the associate, the Group recognizes the difference between the recoverable amount of the associate and its book amount as impairment loss. If an associate uses accounting policies other than those of the Group for transactions and events in similar circumstances, if necessary, adjustments shall be made to make the associate’s accounting policies conform to those of the Group when the associate’s financial statements are used by the Group in applying the equity method.

(5) Joint arrangements

A joint arrangement, wherein two or more parties have joint control, is classified as either a joint operation or a joint venture. A joint operator recognizes its direct right to the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses of joint operations and its share of any jointly held or incurred assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. A joint venture has rights to the net assets relating to the joint venture and accounts for that investment using the equity method.

2.4	Segment Reporting

Information of each operating segment is reported in a manner consistent with the business segment reporting provided to the chief operating decision-maker (Note 34). The chief operating decision-maker is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance of the operating segments.

2.5	Foreign Currency Translation

(1) Functional and presentation currency

Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which each entity operates (the “functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in Korean won, which is the Controlling Company’s functional and presentation currency.

(2) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year end exchange rates are generally recognized in profit or loss. They are deferred in other comprehensive income if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges and qualifying effective portion of net investment hedges, or are attributable to monetary part of the net investment in a foreign operation.

Foreign exchange gains and losses that relate to borrowings are presented in the statement of profit or loss, within finance costs .

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. Translation differences on assets and liabilities carried at fair value are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss. For example, translation differences on non-monetary assets and liabilities such as equities held at fair value through profit or loss are recognized in profit or loss as part of the fair value gain or loss and translation differences on non-monetary assets such as equities classified as available-for-sale financial assets are recognized in other comprehensive income .

2.6	Financial Assets

(a) Classification

The Group classifies its financial assets in the following measurement categories:

•	those to be measured at fair value through profit or loss
•	those to be measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
---	---
•	those to be measured at amortized cost
---	---

The classification depends on the Group’s business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.

For financial assets measured at fair value, gains and losses will either be recorded in profit or loss or other comprehensive income. For investments in debt instruments, this will depend on the business model in which the investment is held. The Group reclassifies debt investments when, and only when its business model for managing those assets changes.

For investments in equity instruments that are not held for trading, this will depend on whether the Group has made an irrevocable election at the time of initial recognition to account for the equity investment at fair value through other comprehensive income. Changes in fair value of the investments in equity instruments that are not accounted for as other comprehensive income are recognized in profit or loss.

(b) Measurement

At initial recognition, the Group measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expensed in profit or loss.

Financial assets with embedded derivatives are considered in their entirety when determining whether their cash flows are solely payment of principal and interest.

A. Debt instruments

Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Group’s business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. The Group classifies its debt instruments into one of the following three measurement categories:

•	Amortized cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest are measured at amortized cost. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at amortized

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

cost and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognized in profit or loss when the asset is derecognized or impaired. Interest income from these financial assets is included in ‘finance income’ using the effective interest rate method.
•	Fair value through other comprehensive income: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the assets’ cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest, are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. Movements in the carrying amount are taken through other comprehensive income, except for the recognition of impairment loss (and reversal of impairment loss), interest income and foreign exchange gains and losses which are recognized in profit or loss. When the financial asset is derecognized, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in other comprehensive income is reclassified from equity to profit or loss. Interest income from these financial assets is included in ‘finance income’ using the effective interest rate method. Foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in ‘finance income or finance costs’ and impairment loss in ‘finance costs or operating expenses’.
---	---
•	Fair value through profit or loss: Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortized cost or fair value through other comprehensive income are measured at fair value through profit or loss. A gain or loss on a debt investment that is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss and is not part of a hedging relationship is recognized in profit or loss and presented net in the statement of profit or loss within ‘finance income or finance costs’ in the period in which it arises.
---	---

B. Equity instruments

The Group subsequently measures all equity investments at fair value. Where the Group’s management has elected to present fair value gains and losses on equity investments in other comprehensive income, there is no subsequent reclassification of fair value gains and losses to profit or loss following the derecognition of the investment. Dividends from such investments continue to be recognized in profit or loss as ‘finance income’ when the Group’s right to receive payments is established.

Changes in the fair value of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are recognized in ‘finance income or finance costs’ in the statement of profit or loss as applicable. Impairment loss (reversal of impairment loss) on equity investments, measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, are not reported separately from other changes in fair value.

The Group assesses on a forward-looking basis the expected credit losses associated with its debt instruments carried at amortized cost and fair value through other comprehensive income. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk. For trade receivables and lease receivables, the Group applies the simplified approach, which requires expected lifetime credit losses to be recognized from initial recognition of the receivables.

(d) Recognition and derecognition

Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized or derecognized on trade-date, the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset. Financial assets are

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership.

If a transfer does not result in derecognition because the Group has retained substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred asset, the Group continues to recognize the transferred asset in its entirety and recognizes a financial liability for the consideration received.

(e) Offsetting of financial instruments

Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the statements of financial position where there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realize the assets and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy of the Group or the counterparty.

2.7	Derivative Instruments

Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value on the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at the end of each reporting period. The accounting for subsequent changes in fair value depends on whether the derivative is designated as a hedging instrument, and if so, the nature of the item being hedged. The Group has hedge relationships and designates certain derivatives as:

•	hedges of a particular risk associated with the cash flows of recognized assets and liabilities and highly probable forecast transactions (cash flow hedges)

At inception of the hedge relationship, the Group documents the economic relationship between hedging instruments and hedged items including whether changes in the cash flows of the hedging instruments are expected to offset changes in the cash flows of hedged items.

The fair values of derivative financial instruments designated in hedge relationships are disclosed in Note 3 8 .

The full fair value of a hedging derivative is classified as a non-current asset or liability when the remaining maturity of the hedged item is more than 12 months; it is classified as a current asset or liability when the remaining maturity of the hedged item is less than 12 months. A non-derivative financial asset and a non-derivative financial liability is classified as a current or non-current based on its expected maturity and its settlement, respectively.

The effective portion of changes in fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is recognized in the cash flow hedge reserve within equity to the limit of the cumulative change in fair value (present value) of the hedge item (the present value of the cumulative change in the future expected cash flows of the hedged item) from the inception of the hedge. The ineffective portion is recognized in ‘finance income (costs)’.

Amounts of changes in fair value of effective hedging instruments accumulated in equity are recognized as ‘finance income (costs)’ for the periods when the corresponding transactions affect profit or loss.

When a hedging instrument expires, or is sold, terminated, exercised, or when a hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any accumulated cash flow hedge reserve at that time

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

remains in equity until the forecast transaction occurs, resulting in the recognition of a non-financial asset such as inventory. When the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cash flow hedge reserve and deferred costs of hedging that were reported in equity are immediately reclassified to profit or loss.

2.8	Trade Receivables

Trade receivables are recognized initially at the amount of consideration that is unconditional, unless they contain significant financing components when they are recognized at fair value. Trade receivables are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method, less loss allowance. See Note 6 for further information about the Group’s accounting for trade receivables and Note 2.6 (c) for a description of the Group’s impairment policies.

2.9	Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the moving average method, except for inventories in-transit.

2.10	Non-Current<br> Assets (or Disposal Group) <br>Held-for-Sale

Non-current assets (or disposal group) are classified as assets held for sale when their carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continued use and when a sale is considered highly probable. The assets are measured at the lower amount between their carrying amount and the fair value less selling costs.

2.11	Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Historical cost includes expenditures that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items.

Depreciation of all property and equipment, except for land, is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost, net of their residual values, over their estimated useful lives as follows:

	Useful Life
Buildings	5 – 40 years
Structures	5 – 40 years
Machinery and equipment<br> <br>(Telecommunications equipment and others)	2 – 40 years
Vehicles	4 – 6 years
Tools	4 – 6 years
Office equipment	2 – 6 years

The depreciation method, residual values and useful lives of property and equipment are reviewed at the end of each reporting period and, if appropriate, accounted for as changes in accounting estimates.

2.12	Investment Property

Real estate held for rental income or investment gains is classified as investment property and right-of-use asset. An investment property is measured initially at its cost. After recognition as an

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

asset, investment property is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Investment property, except for land, is depreciated using the straight-line method over their useful lives from

to 40 years.

2.13	Intangible Assets

(1) Goodwill

Goodwill is measured a s explained in Note 2.3 (a) and goodwill arising from acquisition of subsidiaries and business are included in intangible assets. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment and carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses. Gains and losses on the disposal of subsidiaries and business include the carrying amount of goodwill relating to the subsidiaries and business sold.

For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill acquired in a business combination is allocated to each of the CGUs, or group of CGUs, that is expected to benefit from the synergies of the combination. Goodwill is monitored at the operating segment level.

(2) Intangible assets excluding goodwill

Intangible assets, except for goodwill, are initially recognized at its historical cost, and carried at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Membership rights (condominium membership and golf membership) that have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization because there is no foreseeable limit to the period over which the assets are expected to be utilized. The Group amortizes intangible assets with a limited useful life using the straight-line method over the following periods:

	Useful Life
Development costs	5 – 6 years
Software	4 – 6 years
Frequency usage rights	5 – 10 years
Others<br>1	1 – 50 years
1	Membership rights (condominium membership and golf membership) and broadcast license included in others are classified as intangible assets with indefinite useful life.
---	---
2.14	Borrowing Costs
---	---

General and specific borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalized during the period of time that is required to complete and prepare the asset for its intended use or sale. Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization. Other borrowing costs are expensed in the period in which they are incurred.

2.15	Government Grants

Grants from the government are recognized at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and the Group will comply with all attached conditions. Government grants related to assets are presented in the statement of financial position by setting

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

up the grant as deferred income that is recognized in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the useful life of the asset. Grants related to income are presented as a credit in the statement of profit or loss within ‘other income’.

2.16	Impairment of <br>Non-Financial<br> Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite useful life are tested annually for impairment at the end of each reporting period. If certain assets are deemed to be impaired, their recoverable amount is estimated in order to determine the impairment loss. The Group estimates the recoverable amount for each asset, and in cases when the recoverable amount cannot be estimated for an asset, the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit to which the asset belongs is estimated. Corporate assets are allocated to individual cash generating units on a reasonable and consistent basis and if they cannot be allocated to individual cash generating units, they are allocated to the smallest group of cash generating units on a reasonable and consistent basis. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount (higher of its fair value less costs of disposal and value in use). Impairment loss on non-financial assets other than goodwill are evaluated for reversal at the end of each reporting period.

2.17	Trade and Other Payables

These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the Group prior to the end of reporting period which are unpaid. Trade and other payables are presented as current liabilities, unless payment is not due within 12 months after the reporting period. They are recognized initially at their fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

2.18	Financial Liabilities

(1) Classification and measurement

The Group’s financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are financial instruments held for trading. A financial liability is held for trading if it is incurred principally for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. Derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments or derivatives separated from financial instruments containing embedded derivatives are also categorized as held for trading.

The Group classifies non-derivative financial liabilities, except for financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, financial guarantee contracts and financial liabilities that arise when a transfer of financial assets does not qualify for derecognition, as financial liabilities carried at amortized cost and present as ‘trade payables’, ‘borrowings’ and ‘other financial liabilities’ in the statement of financial position.

The loan is initially recognized as the amount obtained by subtracting the transaction cost incurred from the fair value and is then measured as amortized cost. The difference between the consideration received (after deducting the transaction cost) and the repayment amount is recognized as profit or loss over the period using the effective interest rate method. Fees paid to receive the borrowing limit are recognized as transaction costs for loans to the extent that they are likely to be borrowed as part or all of the borrowing limit. In this case, the fee will be deferred until the borrowing is executed. There is a high possibility that borrowing will be executed as part or all

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

of the borrowing limit agreement (relevant fees to the extent that there is no evidence) are recognized as assets as advance payments for services that provide liquidity and then amortized over the relevant borrowing limit period.

Preferred shares that require mandatory redemption at a particular date are classified as liabilities. Interest expenses on these preferred shares using the effective interest method are recognized in the statement of profit or loss as ‘finance costs’, together with interest expenses recognized from other financial liabilities.

Borrowings are classified as current liabilities unless the Group has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period.

(2) Derecognition

Financial liabilities are removed from the statement of financial position when it is extinguished; for example, when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expired or when the terms of an existing financial liability are substantially modified. The difference between the carrying amount of a financial liability extinguished or transferred to another party and the consideration paid (including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed) is recognized in profit or loss.

The Group’s financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are financial instruments held for trading and financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss. A financial liability is held for trading if it is incurred principally for the purpose of repurchasing in the near term. A derivative that is not a designated as hedging instruments and an embedded derivative that is separated are also classified as held for trading. Financial liabilities designed as at fair value through profit or loss are structured financial liabilities containing embedded derivatives issued by the Group.

2.19	Financial Guarantee Contracts

Financial guarantee contracts are recognized as a financial liability at the time the guarantee is issued. The liability is initially measured at fair value, subsequently at the higher of the following amount, and the related liability is recognized as ‘other financial liabilities’ in the consolidated statement of financial position:

•	the amount determined in accordance with the expected credit loss model under IFRS 9 <br>Financial Instruments
•	the amount initially recognized less, where appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognized in accordance with IFRS 15 <br>Revenue from Contracts with Customers
---	---
2.20	Compound Financial Instruments
---	---

Compound financial instruments are convertible notes that can be converted into equity instruments at the option of the holder.

The liability component of a compound financial instrument is recognized initially at the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an equity conversion option, and subsequently measured at amortized cost until extinguished on conversion or maturity of the bonds. The equity component is recognized initially on the difference between the fair value of the compound financial instrument as a whole and the fair value of the liability component. Any directly attributable transaction costs are allocated to the liability and equity components in proportion to their initial carrying amounts.

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

2.21	Employee Benefits

(1) Post-employment benefits

The Group operates both defined contribution and defined benefit pension plans.

A defined contribution plan is a pension plan under which the Group pays fixed contributions into a separate entity. The contributions are recognized as employee benefit expenses when an employee has rendered service.

A defined benefit plan is a pension plan that is not a defined contribution plan. Generally, post-employment benefits are payable after the completion of employment, and the benefit amount depended on the employee’s age, periods of service or salary levels. The liability recognized in the statement of financial position in respect of defined benefit pension plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of plan assets. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is determined by discounting the estimated future cash outflows using interest rates of high-quality corporate bonds that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid, and that have terms approximating to the terms of the related obligation. Remeasurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the period in which they occur, directly in other comprehensive income.

Changes in the present value of the defined benefit obligation resulting from plan amendments or curtailments are recognized immediately in profit or loss as past service costs.

(2) Termination benefits

Termination benefits are payable when employment is terminated by the Group before the normal retirement date, or whenever an employee accepts voluntary redundancy in exchange for these benefits. The Group recognizes termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates: when the entity can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits or when the entity recognizes costs for a restructuring.

(3) Long-term employee benefits

Certain entities within the Group provide long-term employee benefits that are entitled to employees with service period for ten years and above. The expected costs of these benefits are accrued over the period of employment using the same accounting methodology as used for defined benefit pension plans. The Group recognizes service cost, net interest on other long-term employee benefits and remeasurements as profit or loss for the year. These liabilities are valued annually by an independent qualified actuary.

2.22	Share-Based Payments

Equity-settled share-based payment is recognized at fair value of equity instruments granted, and employee benefit expense is recognized over the vesting period. At the end of each period, the Group revises its estimates of the number of options that are expected to vest based on the non-market vesting and service conditions. It recognizes the impact of the revision to original estimates, if any, in profit or loss, with a corresponding adjustment to equity.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

The acquiree may have outstanding share-based payment transactions that the acquirer does not exchange for its share-based payment transactions. If vested, those acquiree share-based payment transactions are part of the non-controlling interest in the acquiree and are measured at their market-based measure. If unvested, the market-based measure of unvested share-based payment transactions is allocated to the non-controlling interest on the basis of the ratio of the portion of the vesting period completed to the greater of the total vesting period and the original vesting period of the share-based payment transaction. The balance is allocated to post-combination service.

2.23	Provisions

Provisions for service warranties, recoveries, litigations and claims, and others are recognized when the Group presently hold legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events, and when it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation and the amount can be reliably estimated. Provisions are measured at the present value of management’s best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, and the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recognized as interest expense.

2.24	Leases

As at January 1, 2019, with implementation of IFRS 16 Leases, the Group has changed accounting policy. The Group has adopted IFRS 16 modified retrospectively, as permitted under the specific transitional provisions in the standard, and recognized the cumulative impact of initially applying the standard as at January 1, 2019.

(a) Lessee

The Group leases various repeater server rack, offices, communication line facilities, machinery and cars.

Contracts may contain both lease and non-lease components. The Group allocates the consideration in the contract to the lease and non-lease components based on their relative stand-alone prices. However, for leases of real estate for which the Group is lessee, the Group applies the practical expedient which has elected not to separate lease and non-lease components and instead accounts them as a single lease component.

Assets and liabilities arising from a lease are initially measured on a present value basis. Lease liabilities include the net present value of the following lease payments:

•	Fixed payments (including <br>in-substance<br> fixed payments), less any lease incentives receivable
•	Variable lease payment that are based on an index or a rate, initially measured using the index or rate as at the commencement date
---	---
•	Amounts expected to be payable by the Group (the lessee) under residual value guarantees
---	---

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

•	The exercise price of a purchase option if the Group (the lessee) is reasonably certain to exercise that option, and
•	Payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the Group (the lessee) exercising that option
---	---

Measurement of lease liability also includes payments to be made in optional periods if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend the lease.

The Group determines the lease term as the non-cancellable period of a lease, together with both (a) periods covered by an option to extend the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and (b) periods covered by an option to terminate the lease if the lessee is reasonably certain not to exercise that option. When the lessee and the lessor each has the right to terminate the lease without permission from the other party, the Group should consider a termination penalty in determining the period for which the contract is enforceable.

The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease. If that rate cannot be determined, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate is used, which is the rate that the lessee would have to pay to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value in a similar economic environment with similar terms and conditions.

The Group is exposed to potential future increases in variable lease payments based on an index or rate, which are not included in the lease liability until they take effect. When adjustments to lease payments based on an index or rate take effect, the lease liability is reassessed and adjusted against the right-of-use asset.

Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to profit or loss over the lease period in order to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period.

Right-of-use assets are measured at cost comprising the following:

•	amount of the initial measurement of lease liability
•	any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received
---	---
•	any initial direct costs (leasehold deposits)
---	---
•	restoration costs
---	---

The right-of-use asset is depreciated over the shorter of the asset’s useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis. If the Group is reasonably certain to exercise a purchase option, the right-of-use asset is depreciated over the underlying asset’s useful life.

Payments associated with short-term leases and leases of low-value assets are recognized on a straight-line basis as an expense in profit or loss. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less, such as mechanical devices and cars. Low-value assets are comprised of tools, equipment, and others.

(b) Lessor

Lease income from operating leases where the Group is a lessor is recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Initial direct costs incurred in obtaining an operating lease are added to the carrying amount of the underlying asset and recognized as expense over the

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

lease term on the same basis as lease income. The respective leased assets are included in the statement of financial position based on their nature. As a result of adopting the new lease standard, the Group applied the accounting for assets held as a lessor.

Extension and termination options are included in a number of property and equipment leases across the Group. These terms are used to maximize operational flexibility in terms of managing contracts. The majority of extension and termination options held are exercisable only by the Group and not by the respective lessor. Information on critical accounting estimates and assumptions related to the determination of the lease term is presented in Note 3.

2.25	Share Capital

The Controlling Company classifies ordinary shares as equity.

Where the Controlling Company purchases its own shares, the consideration paid, including any directly attributable incremental costs, is deducted from equity until the share are cancelled or reissued. When these treasury shares are reissued, any consideration received is included in equity attributable to the equity holders of the Controlling Company.

2.26	Revenue Recognition

(a) Identifying performance obligations

The Group identifies performance obligations with a customer such as providing telecommunication services, selling handsets and other. The revenue from handsets is recognized when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring promised goods to customers, and the revenue from telecommunication services is recognized over the estimated contract periods of each services by transferring promised services to customers.

(b) Allocation the transaction price and revenue recognition

The Group allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract based on a relative stand-alone selling prices of the goods or services being provided to the customer. To allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone price basis, the Group determines the stand-alone selling price at contract inception of the distinct good or service underlying each performance obligation in the contract and allocate the transaction price in proportion to those stand-alone selling price. The stand-alone selling price is the price at which the Group would sell a promised good or service separately to the customer. The best evidence of a stand-alone selling price is the observable price of a good or service when the Group sells that good or service separately in similar circumstances and to similar customers. The Group recognizes the allocated amount as contract assets or contract liabilities, and amortizes it through the remaining period which is adjusted in operating income.

The Group pays the commission fees when new customers subscribe for telecommunication services. The incremental contract acquisition costs are those commission fees that the Group incurs to acquire a contract with a customer that would not have been incurred if the contract had not been acquired. The Group recognizes the incremental contract acquisition costs as an asset

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

and amortizes it over the expected period of benefit. However, as a practical expedient, the Group may recognize the incremental contract acquisition costs as an expense when it is incurred if the amortization period of the asset is one year or less.

(d) Commission fees

Commission fees are recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and these benefits can be reliably measured. Revenues are measured at the fair value of the consideration received.

2.27	Current and Deferred Income Tax

The tax expense for the period consists of current and deferred tax. Current and deferred tax is recognized in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively.

The current income tax expense is measured at the amount expected to be paid to the taxation authorities, using the tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.

Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation, and considers whether it is probable that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The Group measures its tax balances either based on the most likely amount or the expected value, depending on which method provides a better prediction of the resolution of the uncertainty.

Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. However, deferred income tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.

Deferred tax assets are recognized only if it is probable that future taxable amount will be available to utilize those temporary differences and losses.

The Group recognizes a deferred tax liability all taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, associates, and interests in joint arrangements, except to the extent that the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. In addition, the Group recognizes a deferred tax asset for all deductible temporary differences arising from such investments to the extent that it is probable the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and taxable profit will be available against which the temporary difference can be utilized.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and liabilities are offset when the Group has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the assets and settle the liability simultaneously.

The Group adopts the consolidated corporate tax return and calculates income tax expenses and income tax liabilities of the Group based on systematic and reasonable methods.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

2.28	Dividend

Dividend distribution to the Group’s shareholders is recognized as a liability in the financial statements in the period in which the dividends are approved by the Group’s shareholders.

2.29	Approval of Issuance of the Financial Statements

The consolidated financial statements of 2021 were approved for issuance by the Board of Directors on April 14, 2022.

3.	Critical Accounting Estimates and Assumptions

The Group makes estimates and assumptions concerning the future. The estimates and assumptions are continuously evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the current circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The spread of Coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) has been posing a material impact on the global economy in 2021. It may have a negative impact, such as, decrease in productivity, decrease or delay in sales, collection of existing receivables and others. Accordingly, it may have a negative impact on the financial position and financial performance of the Group.

Significant accounting estimates and assumptions applied in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements can be adjusted depending on changes in the uncertainty from COVID-19. Also, the ultimate effect of COVID-19 to the Group’s business, financial position and financial performance cannot presently determined.

The estimates and assumptions that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below. Additional information of significant judgement and assumptions of certain items are included in relevant notes.

3.1	Impairment of <br>Non-Financial<br> Assets (including Goodwill)

The Group determines the recoverable amount of a cash generating unit (CGU) based on fair value or value-in-use calculations assess non-financial assets (including goodwill) for impairment (Note 13).

3.2	Income Taxes

The Group’s taxable income generated from these operations are subject to income taxes based on tax laws and interpretations of tax authorities in numerous jurisdictions. There are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain (Note 30 ).

If certain portion of the taxable income is not used for investments or increase in wages or dividends in accordance with the Tax System for Recirculation of Corporate Income, the Group is liable to pay additional income tax calculated based on the tax laws. Accordingly, the measurement of current and deferred income tax is affected by the tax effects from the new tax system. As the Group’s income tax is dependent on the investments, as well as wage and dividends increase, there is an uncertainty measuring the final tax effects.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

3.3	Fair Value of Derivatives and Financial Instruments

The fair value of financial instruments that are not traded in an active market is determined by using valuation techniques. The Group uses its judgment to select a variety of methods and make assumptions that are mainly based on market conditions existing at the end of each reporting period (Note 38).

3.4	Impairment of Financial Assets

The provision for impairment for financial assets is based on assumptions about risk of default and expected loss rates. The Group uses judgement in making these assumptions and selecting the inputs to the impairment calculation based on the Group’s past history, existing market conditions as well as forward looking estimates at the end of each reporting period (Note 37).

3.5	Net Defined Benefit Liability

The present value of net defined benefit liability depends on a number of factors that are determined on an actuarial basis using a number of assumptions including the discount rate (Note 18)

3.6	Amortization of Contract Assets, Contract Liabilities and Contract Cost Assets

Contract assets, contract liabilities and contract cost assets recognized under the application of IFRS 15 are amortized over the expected periods of customer relationships. The estimate of the expected terms of customer relationship is based on the historical data. If management’s estimate changes, it may cause significant differences in the timing of revenue recognition and amounts recognized.

3.7	Provisions

As described in Note 17, the Group records provisions for litigation and assets retirement obligations as at the end of the reporting period. The provisions are estimated based on the factors such as the historical experiences.

3.8	Useful Lives of Property and Equipment and Investment Property

Property and equipment, intangible assets, and investment properties, excluding land, goodwill, condominium memberships and golf club memberships are depreciated using the straight-line method over their useful lives. The estimated useful lives are determined based on expected usage of the assets and the estimates can be materially affected by technical changes and other factors. The Group will increase depreciation expenses if the useful lives are considered shorter than the previously estimated useful lives.

3.9	Critical Judgments in Determining the Lease Term

In determining the lease term, management considers all facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive to exercise an extension option, or not exercise a termination option. Extension options (or periods after termination options) are only included in the lease term if the lease is reasonably certain to be extended (or not terminated).

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

For leases of property, machinery and communication line facilities, the following factors are normally the most relevant:

•	If there are significant penalties to terminate (or not extend), the Group is typically reasonably certain to extend (or not terminate).
•	If any leasehold improvements are expected to have a significant remaining value, the Group is typically reasonably certain to extend (or not terminate).
---	---
•	Otherwise, the Group considers other factors including historical lease durations and the costs and business disruption required to replace the leased asset.
---	---

Most extension options in offices, retail stores and vehicles leases have not been included in the lease liability, because the Group can replace the assets without significant cost or business disruption.

The lease term is reassessed if an option is actually exercised (or not exercised) or the Group becomes obliged to exercise (or not exercise) it. The assessment of reasonable certainty is only revised if a significant event or a significant change in circumstances occurs, which affects this assessment, and that is within the control of the lessee.

4.	Financial Instruments by Category

Financial instruments by category as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
Financial assets	Financial<br>assets at<br>amortized<br>cost		Financial<br>assets at<br>fair value<br>through<br>profit or<br>loss		Financial<br>assets at fair<br>value through<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income		Derivatives<br>used for<br>hedging		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	￦	2,634,624	￦	—	￦	—	￦	—	￦	2,634,624
Trade and other receivables		5,034,622		—		1,118,619		—		6,153,241
Other financial assets		671,068		809,919		258,516		7,684		1,747,187
(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Financial liabilities	Financial<br>liabilities at<br>amortized<br>cost		Financial<br>liabilities at<br>fair value<br>through<br> <br>profit and<br>loss		Derivatives<br> <br>used for<br>hedging		Others		Total
Trade and other payables	￦	7,017,639	￦	—	￦	—	￦	—	￦	7,017,639
Borrowings		7,316,298		—		—		—		7,316,298
Other financial liabilities		132,558		2,682		127,929		—		263,169
Lease liabilities		—		—		—		1,143,640		1,143,640

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2021
Financial assets	Financial<br>assets at<br>amortized<br>cost		Financial<br>assets at<br>fair value<br>through<br>profit or<br>loss		Financial<br>assets at fair<br>value through<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income		Derivatives<br>used for<br>hedging		Total
Cash and cash equivalents	￦	3,019,592	￦	—	￦	—	￦	—	￦	3,019,592
Trade and other receivables		5,687,103		—		491,713		—		6,178,816
Other financial assets		608,389		952,319		347,877		99,453		2,008,038
(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Financial liabilities	Financial<br>liabilities at<br>amortized<br>cost		Financial<br>liabilities at<br>fair value<br>through<br> <br>profit and<br>loss		Derivatives<br> <br>used for<br>hedging		Others		Total
Trade and other payables	￦	7,980,203	￦	—	￦	—	￦	—	￦	7,980,203
Borrowings		8,437,703		—		—		—		8,437,703
Other financial liabilities		263,500		216,040		18,126		—		497,666
Lease liabilities		—		—		—		1,159,369		1,159,369

Gains or losses arising from financial instruments by category for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019			2020			2021
Financial assets at amortized cost
Interest income<br>1	￦	79,838		￦	55,742		￦	74,937
Gain (loss) on foreign currency transactions<br>4		32,293			(19,244	)		12,826
Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation<br>4		(474	)		(3,895	)		2,911
Gain (loss) on disposal		(43	)		138			35
Impairment loss		(59,947	)		(140,474	)		(110,286	)
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Interest income<br>1		5,634			6,548			3,673
Dividend income<br>5		1,096			4,379			21,499
Gain on valuation<br>6		4,334			59,044			64,659
Gain (loss) on disposal		5,115			(329	)		29,974
Loss on foreign currency transactions<br>4		—			(38	)		—
Gain on foreign currency translation<br>4		(27	)		—			17,794
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income
Interest income<br>1		217,355			227,736			222,290
Dividend income<br>5		2,312			56			1,365
Impairment loss		(304	)		—			—
Loss on disposal		(11,247	)		(8,152	)		(22,712	)
Other comprehensive income for the year<br>2		167,152			41,997			129,780

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)	2019			2020			2021
Derivative used for hedging
Gain on transactions		6,332			6,050			—
Loss (gain) on valuation		56,537			(2,707	)		203,961
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the year<br>2		46,806			(2,373	)		144,967
Reclassified to profit or loss from other comprehensive income for the year<br>2,3		(39,604	)		3,645			(143,305	)
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Gain (loss) on valuation		(1,936	)		119			42,447
Gain on disposal		2,664			799			2,136
Loss (gain) on foreign currency transactions<br>4		—			—			(2	)
Derivatives used for hedging
Gain on transactions		—			1,141			(6,208	)
Loss (gain) on valuation		4,949			(161,003	)		(7,206	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) for the year<br>2		20,742			(81,671	)		(3,112	)
Reclassified to profit or loss from other comprehensive income for the year<br>2,3		(5,080	)		107,786			6,722
Financial liabilities at amortized cost
Interest expense<br>1		(223,974	)		(220,945	)		(232,197	)
Loss on foreign currency transactions<br>4		(20,958	)		(10,717	)		(3,580	)
Gain (loss) on foreign currency translation<br>4		(75,502	)		141,849			(201,623	)
Lease liabilities
Interest expense<br>1		(55,001	)		(44,091	)		(36,650	)
Total	￦	159,062		￦	(38,610	)	￦	215,095
1	BC Card Co., Ltd., etc., subsidiaries of the Group, recognized interest income and expenses as operating revenue and expenses,<br> <br>respectively. Related interest income recognized as operating revenue is <br>￦<br> 27,440 million (<br>2019<br>:<br>￦<br><br><br>21,018<br>million,<br>2020: <br>￦<br> 20,854<br> <br>m<br>illion) and related interest expense recognized as operating expense is <br>￦<br> 5,458 million (<br>2019:<br><br>￦<br>548 million,<br> <br>2020: <br>￦<br> 1,456 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021.
---	---
2	The amounts directly reflected in equity after adjustments of deferred income tax.
---	---
3	During the current and previous year, certain derivatives of the Group was settled and the related gain or loss on valuation of cash<br> <br>flow hedge in other comprehensive income was reclassified to profit or loss for the year.
---	---
4	BC Card Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Group recognized foreign currency translation/transaction gain and loss and as operating<br> <br>revenue and expense. In relation to this, foreign currency translation gain and loss recognized as operating revenue and expense<br> <br>amount to <br>translation gain<br> <br>￦<br> 3 <br>million (2019: translation loss ￦ 5 million, 2020: translation loss<br><br><br><br>￦<br> 56 million) and <br>transaction gain<br> <br>and loss amount <br>to transaction<br> gain <br>￦<br> 2,373 million (20<br>19: trans<br>ac<br>tion<br>loss<br><br>￦<br>17,006 million<br>,<br>2020<br>:<br> <br>transaction<br> loss <br>￦<br> 19,687<br> <br>m<br>illion), respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021.
---	---
5	BC Card Co., Ltd., etc., subsidiaries of the Group, recognized dividend income as operating revenue. Related dividend income<br> <br>recognized as operating revenue is <br>￦<br> 1,340 million (2019: ￦<br>2,250<br><br>million<br>,<br>2020: <br>￦<br> 2,059 million) for the year ended December 31,<br> <br>2021.
---	---
6	KT Investment Co., Ltd., etc., subsidiaries of the Group, recognized financial instruments measured at fair value through profit or loss as operating revenue and expenses. In relation to
---	---
this, valuation gain and loss recognized as operating revenue and expense amount to valuation
---

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

loss <br>￦<br> 15,459 million (2019: valuation gain <br>￦<br><br>15,429 million,<br><br>2020: valuation gain <br>￦<br> 40,822 million), for the year ended December 31, 2021.
5.	Cash and Cash Equivalents
---	---

Restricted cash and cash equivalents as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br> 2020	December 31,<br> 2021	Description
Bank deposits	￦<br>28,414	￦<br>28,219	Deposit restricted for government project and others

Cash and cash equivalents in the statement of financial position equal to cash and cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows .

6.	Trade and Other Receivables

Trade and other receivables as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as fol l ows:

	December 31, 2020
(In millions of Korean won)	Total<br> amounts		Provision<br> for<br> impairment			Present<br> <br>value<br> discount			Carrying<br> <br>amount
Current assets
Trade receivables	￦	3,388,099	￦	(322,992	)	￦	(8,977	)	￦	3,056,130
Other receivables		1,948,108		(101,619	)		(148	)		1,846,341
	￦	5,336,207	￦	(424,611	)	￦	(9,125	)	￦	4,902,471
Non-current<br> assets
Trade receivables	￦	892,992	￦	(4,323	)	￦	(34,716	)	￦	853,953
Other receivables		513,926		(102,985	)		(14,125	)		396,816
	￦	1,406,918	￦	(107,308	)	￦	(48,841	)	￦	1,250,769
	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
(In millions of Korean won)	Total<br> amounts		Provision<br> for<br> impairment			Present<br> <br>value<br> discount			Carrying<br> <br>amount
Current assets
Trade receivables	￦	3,337,398	￦	(346,869	)	￦	(7,662	)	￦	2,982,867
Other receivables		2,201,781		(93,256	)		(3,902	)		2,104,623
	￦	5,539,179	￦	(440,125	)	￦	(11,564	)	￦	5,087,490
Non-current<br> assets
Trade receivables	￦	612,654	￦	(2,856	)	￦	(17,351	)	￦	592,447
Other receivables		621,195		(108,131	)		(14,185	)		498,879
	￦	1,233,849	￦	(110,987	)	￦	(31,536	)	￦	1,091,326

The fair values of trade and other receivables with original maturities less than one year equal to their carrying amounts because the discounting effect is immaterial. The fair value of trade and other receivables with original maturities longer than one year, which are mainly from sales of goods, is determined by discounting the expected future cash flow at the weighted average interest rate.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Details of changes in provision for impairment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	2020						2021
(In millions of Korean won)	Trade<br> receivables			Other<br> receivables			Trade<br> receivables			Other<br> receivables
Beginning balance	￦	295,319		￦	83,680		￦	327,315		￦	204,604
Provision		89,097			50,860			82,329			23,015
Reversal		—			(890	)		—			(508	)
Written-off<br> or transfer out		(60,598	)		(25,067	)		(62,564	)		(25,900	)
Change in consolidation<br> <br>scope		3,211			87,614			416			(300	)
Others		286			8,407			2,229			476
Ending balance	￦	327,315		￦	204,604		￦	349,725		￦	201,387

Provisions for impairment on trade and other receivables are recognized as operating expenses and finance costs.

Details of other receivables as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br> 2020			December 31,<br> 2021
Loans	￦	116,082		￦	101,718
Receivables<br>1		1,699,608			1,872,467
Accrued income		6,901			5,933
Refundable deposits		350,180			349,360
Loans receivable		150,527			328,753
Finance lease receivables		64,047			85,370
Others		60,416			61,288
Less: Provision for impairment		(204,604	)		(201,387	)
	￦	2,243,157		￦	2,603,502
1	Settlement receivables of BC Card Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Group, of <br>￦<br> 1,108,936 million related to credit card transactions are included as at December 31, 2021 (2020: <br>￦<br> 986,384 million).
---	---

The maximum exposure of trade and other receivables to credit risk is the carrying amount of each class of receivables mentioned above as at December 31, 2021.

A portion of the trade receivables is classified as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income considering the trade receivables business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the contract.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

7.	Other Financial Assets and Liabilities

Details of other financial assets and liabilities as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020			December 31, 2021
Other financial assets
Financial assets at amortized cost<br>1	￦	671,068		￦	608,389
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss<br>1,2,3		809,919			952,319
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income<br>1,3		258,516			347,877
Derivative used for hedging		7,684			99,453
Less: <br>Non-current		(544,347	)		(822,379	)
Current	￦	1,202,840		￦	1,185,659
Other financial liabilities
Financial liabilities at amortized cost<br>4	￦	132,558		￦	263,500
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss		2,682			216,040
Derivatives used for hedging		127,929			18,126
Less: <br>Non-current		(260,676	)		(424,859	)
Current	￦	2,493		￦	72,807
1	As at December 31, 2021, the Group’s other financial assets amounting to <br>￦<br> 115,033 million (2020: <br>￦<br> 104,442 million), which consist of checking account deposits and payment guarantee, are subject to withdrawal restrictions.
---	---
2	As at December 31, 2021, MMW(Money Market Wrap) and MMT(Money Market Trust) amounting to <br>￦<br> 460,180 million (2020: <br>￦<br> 509,068 million) is included in other financial assets.
---	---
3	As at December 31, 2021, the Group provided investments in Korea Software Financial Cooperative amounting to <br>￦<br> 5,794 million (2020: <br>￦<br> 5,491 million) as a collateral for the payment guarantee provided by the Cooperative.
---	---
4	The amount includes liabilities related to the obligation to acquire additional shares in Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd. and BOOK CLUB MILLIE (Note 20).
---	---

Details of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020			December 31, 2021
Equity Instruments (Listed)	￦	46,449		￦	24,285
Equity Instruments (Unlisted)		83,017			64,835
Debt securities		680,453			862,481
Derivatives held for trading		—			718
Total		809,919			952,319
Less: <br>non-current		(276,109	)		(488,040	)
Current	￦	533,810		￦	464,279

The maximum exposure of debt instruments of financial assets recognized at fair value through profit or loss to credit risk is the carrying amount as at December 31, 2021.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Details of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020			December 31, 2021
Equity Instruments (Listed)	￦	6,216		￦	19,079
Equity Instruments (Unlisted)		245,730			234,048
Debt securities		6,570			94,750
Total		258,516			347,877
Less: <br>non-current		(258,516	)		(259,435	)
Current	￦	—		￦	88,442

Upon disposal of these equity investments, any balance within the accumulated other comprehensive income for these equity investments is not classified to profit or loss, but to retained earnings. Upon disposal of these debt investments, the remaining balance of the accumulated other comprehensive income of debt investments is reclassified to profit or loss.

During the period ended December 31, 2021, the Group sold all Mastercard Inc. shares. The fair value of the shares sold is ￦ 206,840 million, and the cumulative amount recognized in comprehensive income after tax is ￦ 76,296 million. Of these, ￦ 53,052 million is reclassified as retained earnings attributable to owners of the Controlling Company.

Derivatives used for hedging as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	December 31, 2020						December 31, 2021
(In millions of Korean won)	Assets			Liabilities			Assets			Liabilities
Interest rate swap<br>1	￦	—		￦	1,078		￦	—		￦	77
Currency swap<br>2, 3		7,684			126,189			99,453			18,049
Currency forwards<br>4		—			662			—			—
Total		7,684			127,929			99,453			18,126
Less: <br>non-current		(2,111	)		(126,408	)		(67,889	)		(242	)
Current	￦	5,573		￦	1,521		￦	31,564		￦	17,884
1	The interest rate swap contract is to hedge the risk of variability in future fair value of the borrowings.
---	---
2	The currency swap contract is to hedge the risk of variability in cash flow from the borrowings. In applying the cash flow hedge accounting, the Group hedges its exposures to cash flow fluctuation until September 7, 2034.
---	---
3	The amount of derivatives subject to the second phase of interest rate indicator reform is 21,635 million, and the Group is considering the impact of switching to alternative indicator interest rates.
---	---
4	The currency forward contract is to hedge the risk of variability in cash flow from transactions in foreign currencies due to changes in foreign exchange rate.
---	---

The full value of a hedging derivative is classified as a non-current asset or liability if the remaining maturity of the hedged item is more than 12 months and, as a current asset or liability, if the maturity of the hedged item is less than 12 months.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

The valuation gains and losses on the derivatives contracts for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of<br> Korean won)	2019							2020							2021
Type of<br> Transaction	Valuation<br> <br>gain		Valuation<br> <br>loss		Other<br> <br>comprehensive<br> <br>income<br>1			Valuation<br> <br>gain		Valuation<br> <br>loss		Other<br> <br>comprehensive<br> <br>income<br>1			Valuation<br> <br>gain		Valuation<br> <br>Loss		Other<br> <br>comprehensive<br> <br>income<br>1
Interest rate swap	￦	—	￦	45	￦	(963	)	￦	—	￦	—	￦	(567	)	￦	—	￦	—	￦	1
Currency swap		72,417		15,784		87,626			—		161,661		(113,175	)		203,961		7,206		191,569
Currency forwards		4,858		—		4,858			—		2,049		—			—		—		—
Total	￦	77,275	￦	15,829	￦	91,521		￦	—	￦	163,710	￦	(113,742	)	￦	203,961	￦	7,206	￦	191,570
1	The amounts before adjustments of deferred income tax directly reflected in equity and allocation to the <br>non-controlling<br> interest.
---	---

The ineffective portion recognized in profit or loss on the cash flow hedge is valuation loss of ￦ 11,825 million for the current period (2019: valuation gain of ￦ 4,181 million, 2020: valuation loss of W 2,711 million).

The unsettled amount of derivative instruments for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(i) Hedging instruments

(In millions of Korean won and thousands of foreign currencies)
				Book value of hedging<br> instruments				Changes in fair<br> value to calculate<br> the ineffective<br> portion of<br> hedges
Currency		Contract<br> amount		Assets		Liabilities
	1,768,912	￦	2,037,568	￦	2,111	￦	100,623	￦	(136,852	)
	46,000,000		488,924		5,573		13,839		(4,065	)
SGD	284,000		245,208		—		13,467		(13,611	)
Total		￦	2,771,700	￦	7,684	￦	127,929	￦	(154,528	)

All values are in US Dollars.

(In millions of Korean won and thousands of foreign currencies)
				Book value of hedging<br> instruments				Changes in fair<br> value to calculate<br> the ineffective<br> portion of<br> hedges
Currency		Contract<br> amount		Assets		Liabilities
	2,016,350	￦	2,322,085	￦	93,948	￦	77	￦	186,130
	30,000,000		326,751		—		18,049		(7,199	)
SGD	284,000		245,208		5,431		—		18,387
	7,700		10,283		74		—		51
Total		￦	2,904,327	￦	99,453	￦	18,126	￦	197,369

All values are in US Dollars.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(ii) Hedged item

(In millions of Korean won)
							2021
Currency		Changes in fair<br> value to<br> calculate the<br> ineffective<br> portion of<br> hedges		Cash flow<br> hedge<br> reserves<br>1			Book value<br> of hedged<br> items		Changes in fair<br> value to<br> calculate the<br> ineffective<br> portion of<br> hedges			Cash flow<br> hedge<br> reserves<br>1
	1,924,576	￦	133,978	￦	19,641		￦	2,401,943	￦	(177,120	)	￦	21,826
	484,960		4,228		(2,569	)		309,072		7,199			269
SGD	233,510		13,611		2,707			249,108		(15,570	)		3,071
	—		—		—			10,336		(53	)		18
Total	2,643,046	￦	151,817	￦	19,779		￦	2,970,459	￦	(185,544	)	￦	25,184

All values are in Japanese Yen.

1	The amounts after adjustments of deferred income tax directly reflected in equity.

Details of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020		December 31, 2021
Derivatives held for trading<br>1,2	￦	2,682	￦	216,040
1	The Group signed a shareholder-to-share agreement with financial investors participating in the paid-in capital increase of K Bank for the year period ended December 31, 2021. According to the Drag-Along Right, if K Bank fails to be listed on the terms agreed upon for the date of completion of the acquisition, financial investors may exercise the Drag-Along right to the Group, and the Group may comply or exercise the right to claim for sale. If financial investors exercise the Drag-Along Right, the Group must exercise the right to claim for sale or guarantee the return on the terms agreed upon by financial investors.
---	---
2	The amount includes derivatives for redeemable convertible preference shares and convertible bonds issued by the Group (Note 16).
---	---

The valuation gain and loss on financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	2019				2020				2021
(In millions of Korean won)	Valuation<br> <br>gain		Valuation<br> <br>loss		Valuation<br> <br>gain		Valuation<br> <br>loss		Valuation<br> <br>gain		Valuation<br> <br>loss
Derivatives held for trading	￦	78	￦	2,014	￦	172	￦	53	￦	51,187	￦	8,741
8.	Inventories
---	---

Inventories as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	December 31, 2020							December 31, 2021
(In millions of Korean won)	Acquisition<br> cost		Valuation<br> allowance			Book<br> <br>amount		Acquisition<br> <br>cost		Valuation<br> <br>allowance			Book<br> <br>amount
Merchandise	￦	650,856	￦	(133,224	)	￦	517,632	￦	601,360	￦	(120,304	)	￦	481,056
Others		17,004		—			17,004		33,089		—			33,089
Total	￦	667,860	￦	(133,224	)	￦	534,636	￦	634,449	￦	(120,304	)	￦	514,145

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Cost of inventories recognized as expenses for year ended December 31, 2021, amounts to ￦ 3,787,203 million (2019: ￦ 3,905,630 million, 2020: ￦ 3,938,842 million) and reversal of valuation loss on inventory recognized amounts to ￦ 12,920 million for year ended December 31, 2021 (2019: valuation loss on inventory amounts to ￦ 30,857 million, 2020: valuation loss on inventory amounts to ￦ 11,214 million).

9.	Other Assets and Liabilities

Other assets and liabilities as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020			December 31, 2021
Other assets
Advance payments	￦	168,302		￦	151,266
Prepaid expenses		66,578			100,697
Contract cost		1,804,948			1,801,244
Contract assets		586,438			745,085
Others		18,747			39,979
Less: <br>Non-current		(768,661	)		(793,948	)
Current	￦	1,876,352		￦	2,044,323
Other liabilities
Advances received<br>1	￦	328,491		￦	372,375
Withholdings		105,415			135,160
Unearned revenue<br>1		29,593			35,577
Lease liabilities		1,143,640			1,159,369
Contract liabilities		384,133			323,651
Others		21,597			25,757
Less: <br>Non-current		(909,570	)		(927,596	)
Current	￦	1,103,299		￦	1,124,293
1	The amounts include adjustments arising from adoption of IFRS 15 (Note 26).
---	---
10.	Assets Held for Sale
---	---

For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Group decided to sell some real estate and other assets, it classified ￦ 1,187 million as assets held for sale. The asset was measured at net fair value in accordance with IFRS 5, which is a non-repetitive fair value measured using the recent sale price of similar businesses, an observable input variable . The details of the assets to be sold are as follows.

(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)
Land	￦	172
Buildings		938
Others		77
Total	￦	1,187

During the current period, the Group recognized the impairment loss of ￦ 11 million, regarding assets scheduled to be sold, and classified it as other expenses (loss of assets expected to be sold). The asset has not been disposed of as of the end of the reporting period.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

11.	Property and Equipment

Changes in property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	2020
(In millions of Korean won)	Land			Buildings<br> and<br> structures			Machinery<br> and<br> equipment			Others			Construction-<br> <br>in-progress			Total
Acquisition cost	￦	1,262,313		￦	4,125,229		￦	37,654,635		￦	1,612,108		￦	1,001,171		￦	45,655,456
Less: Accumulated depreciation<br> <br>(including accumulated impairment loss and others)		(132	)		(1,963,165	)		(28,561,384	)		(1,344,573	)		(903	)		(31,870,157	)
Beginning, net		1,262,181			2,162,064			9,093,251			267,535			1,000,268			13,785,299
Acquisition and capital expenditure		25,156			7,249			112,085			47,669			2,959,690			3,151,849
Disposal and termination		(1,756	)		(3,367	)		(69,401	)		(3,385	)		(1,027	)		(78,936	)
Depreciation		—			(135,646	)		(2,343,965	)		(91,164	)		—			(2,570,775	)
Impairment		—			(36	)		(35,271	)		(44,468	)		—			(79,775	)
Transfer in (out)		53,238			283,937			2,489,138			28,024			(2,899,197	)		(44,860	)
Transfer from (to) investment properties		6,792			(8,848	)		—			—			—			(2,056	)
Changes in scope of consolidation		56			494			225			43			—			818
Others		(11,040	)		2,175			68,921			1,398			(16,899	)		44,555
Ending, net	￦	1,334,627		￦	2,308,022		￦	9,314,983		￦	205,652		￦	1,042,835		￦	14,206,119
Acquisition cost	￦	1,334,759		￦	4,402,691		￦	39,182,265		￦	1,619,822		￦	1,046,795		￦	47,586,332
Less: Accumulated depreciation<br> <br>(including accumulated impairment loss and others)		(132	)		(2,094,669	)		(29,867,282	)		(1,414,170	)		(3,960	)		(33,380,213	)
	2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
(In millions of Korean won)	Land			Buildings<br> and<br> structures			Machinery<br> and<br> equipment			Others			Construction-<br> <br>in-progress			Total
Acquisition cost	￦	1,334,759		￦	4,402,691		￦	39,182,265		￦	1,619,822		￦	1,046,795		￦	47,586,332
Less: Accumulated depreciation<br> <br>(including accumulated impairment loss and others)		(132	)		(2,094,669	)		(29,867,282	)		(1,414,170	)		(3,960	)		(33,380,213	)
Beginning, net		1,334,627			2,308,022			9,314,983			205,652			1,042,835			14,206,119
Acquisition and capital expenditure		60,817			36,446			28,159			55,336			2,947,335			3,128,093
Disposal and termination		(45,318	)		(11,827	)		(76,676	)		(6,868	)		(64	)		(140,753	)
Depreciation		—			(145,954	)		(2,368,679	)		(81,507	)		—			(2,596,140	)
Impairment		—			—			(2,075	)		(40	)		—			(2,115	)
Transfer in (out)		4,608			415,771			2,340,948			27,051			(2,872,257	)		(83,879	)
Transfer from (to) investment properties		(59,848	)		(73,096	)		—			—			—			(132,944	)
Changes in scope of consolidation		20,911			6,355			67,925			15,583			497			111,271
Others		—			(18,295	)		11,986			6,031			(24,488	)		(24,766	)
Ending, net	￦	1,315,797		￦	2,517,422		￦	9,316,571		￦	221,238		￦	1,093,858		￦	14,464,886
Acquisition cost	￦	1,315,929		￦	4,707,250		￦	40,270,005		￦	1,607,853		￦	1,094,479		￦	48,995,516
Less: Accumulated depreciation<br> <br>(including accumulated impairment loss and others)		(132	)		(2,189,828	)		(30,953,434	)		(1,386,615	)		(621	)		(34,530,630	)

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Details of property and equipment provided as collateral as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
	Carrying<br> amount		Secured<br> amount		Related line<br> item		Related<br> amount		Secured<br> <br>party
Land and Buildings	￦	11,644	￦	15,502		Borrowings	￦	3,072	Industrial<br> Bank of<br> Korea, <br>Korea<br> Development<br> <br>Bank
	￦	4,142	￦	249		Deposits	￦	249	K Bank
(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Carrying<br> amount		Secured<br> amount		Related line<br> item		Related<br> amount		Secured<br> <br>party
Land and Buildings	￦	11,320	￦	15,412		Borrowings	￦	3,272	Industrial<br> Bank of<br> Korea, <br>Korea<br> Development<br> <br>Bank

The borrowing costs capitalized for qualifying assets amount to ￦ 5,360 million ( 2019: ￦ 6,360 million , 2020: ￦ 8,452 million ), for the year ended December 31, 2021. The interest rate applied to calculate the capitalized borrowing costs is 2.04% ( 2019: 2.63%, 2020: 2.36 %), for the year ended December 31, 2021.

12.	Investment Properties

Changes in investment properties for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2020
	Land			Buildings			Construction-<br> <br>in-progress		Total
Acquisition cost	￦	555,164		￦	1,323,518		￦	1,902	￦	1,880,584
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(1,568	)		(491,586	)		—		(493,154	)
Beginning, net	￦	553,596		￦	831,932		￦	1,902	￦	1,387,430
Acquisition		11,723			7,096			34,243		53,062
Disposal and termination		(1,536	)		(243	)		—		(1,779	)
Depreciation		—			(64,531	)		—		(64,531	)
Transfer from(to) property and equipment		(6,792	)		8,848			—		2,056
Transfer and others		(18,656	)		469			10,402		(7,785	)
Ending, net	￦	538,335		￦	783,571		￦	46,547	￦	1,368,453
Acquisition cost	￦	539,903		￦	1,341,326		￦	46,547	￦	1,927,776
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(1,568	)		(557,755	)		—		(559,323	)

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)	2021
	Land			Buildings			Construction-<br> <br>in-progress			Total
Acquisition cost	￦	539,903		￦	1,341,326		￦	46,547		￦	1,927,776
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(1,568	)		(557,755	)		—			(559,323	)
Beginning, net	￦	538,335		￦	783,571		￦	46,547		￦	1,368,453
Acquisition		171,872			42,151			56,351			270,374
Disposal and termination		(17,133	)		(4,862	)		—			(21,995	)
Depreciation		—			(47,754	)		—			(47,754	)
Transfer from(to) property and equipment		59,848			73,096			—			132,944
Changes in scope of consolidation		5,262			1,779			—			7,041
Transfer and others		55,579			(7,891	)		(36,097	)		11,591
Ending, net	￦	813,763		￦	840,090		￦	66,801		￦	1,720,654
Acquisition cost	￦	815,331		￦	1,424,066		￦	66,801		￦	2,306,198
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(1,568	)		(583,976	)		—			(585,544	)

The fair value of investment properties is ￦ 4,263,381 million as at December 31, 2021 (December 31, 2020: ￦ 2,645,482 million). The fair value of investment properties is estimated based on the expected cash flow.

Rental income from investment properties is ￦ 185,877 million (2020: ￦ 203,763 million ), for the year ended December 31, 2021 and direct operating expenses (including repairs and maintenance) arising from investment properties that generated rental income during the period are recognized as operating expenses.

As at December 31, 2021, the Group (Lessor) has entered into a non-cancellable operating lease contract relating to real estate lease. The future minimum lease fee under this contract is ￦ 63,509 million for one year or less, ￦ 130,745 million more than one year and less than five years, W 83,589 million over five years, and ￦ 277,843 million in total.

Details of investment properties provided as collateral as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
	Carrying<br> amount		Secured<br> amount		Related<br> account	Related<br> amount
Land and Buildings	￦	790,414	￦	62,968	Deposits	￦	56,247
Land and Buildings	￦	2,861	￦	3,434	Borrowings	￦	2,928
(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Carrying<br> amount		Secured<br> amount		Related<br> account	Related<br> amount
Land and Buildings	￦	828,103	￦	72,910	Deposits	￦	63,012
Land and Buildings	￦	2,883	￦	3,688	Borrowings	￦	2,728

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

13.	Intangible Assets

Changes in intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as

follows:

	2020
(In millions of Korean won)	Goodwill			Development<br>costs			Software			Frequency<br> <br>usage rights			Others			Total
Acquisition cost	￦	541,596		￦	1,661,372		￦	978,139		￦	3,622,327		￦	1,193,048		￦	7,996,482
Less: Accumulated amortization<br> <br>(including accumulated impairment loss and others)		(306,026	)		(1,388,738	)		(840,758	)		(1,868,386	)		(758,537	)		(5,162,445	)
Beginning, net	￦	235,570		￦	272,634		￦	137,381		￦	1,753,941		￦	434,511		￦	2,834,037
Acquisition and capital expenditure		—			26,990			37,077			—			101,563			165,630
Disposal and termination		—			(1,849	)		(105	)		—			(11,866	)		(13,820	)
Amortization		—			(104,938	)		(54,191	)		(399,348	)		(69,677	)		(628,154	)
Impairment<br>1		—			—			(1,776	)		(193,194	)		(16,667	)		(211,637	)
Changes in scope of consolidation		—			575			77			—			3,690			4,342
Others		(5,485	)		87,587			27,537			(736	)		(98,043	)		10,860
Ending, net	￦	230,085		￦	280,999		￦	146,000		￦	1,160,663		￦	343,511		￦	2,161,258
Acquisition cost		536,093			1,767,422			1,053,980			3,373,095			1,167,735			7,898,325
Less: Accumulated amortization (including accumulated impairment loss and others)		(306,008	)		(1,486,423	)		(907,980	)		(2,212,432	)		(824,224	)		(5,737,067	)
1	For the year ended December 31, 2020, an impairment loss of <br>￦<br> 190,929 million on frequency usage rights was recognized.
---	---
	2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
(In millions of Korean won)	Goodwill			Development<br>costs			Software			Frequency<br> <br>usage rights			Others<br>1			Total
Acquisition cost	￦	536,093		￦	1,767,422		￦	1,053,980		￦	3,373,095		￦	1,167,735		￦	7,898,325
Less: Accumulated amortization<br> <br>(including accumulated impairment loss and others)		(306,008	)		(1,486,423	)		(907,980	)		(2,212,432	)		(824,224	)		(5,737,067	)
Beginning, net	￦	230,085		￦	280,999		￦	146,000		￦	1,160,663		￦	343,511		￦	2,161,258
Acquisition and capital expenditure		467,394			38,113			36,437			1,065,096			113,579			1,720,619
Disposal and termination		—			(7,893	)		(506	)		(276	)		(5,108	)		(13,783	)
Amortization		—			(92,230	)		(52,547	)		(386,741	)		(73,226	)		(604,744	)
Impairment		—			(216	)		(316	)		—			(3,216	)		(3,748	)
Changes in scope of consolidation		(607	)		8,640			(4,548	)		—			152,768			156,253
Others		—			960			14,905			389			15,224			31,478
Ending, net		696,872			228,373			139,425			1,839,131			543,532			3,447,333
Acquisition cost		1,002,530			1,812,377			1,083,426			2,617,647			1,426,576			7,942,556
Less: Accumulated amortization<br> <br>(including accumulated impairment loss and others)		(305,658	)		(1,584,004	)		(944,001	)		(778,516	)		(883,044	)		(4,495,223	)

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

1	The carrying amount of membership rights and others, excluding goodwill, with indefinite useful life not subject to amortization is <br>￦<br> 219,204 million (20<br>20<br>: <br>￦<br> 221,099 million) as at December 31, 2021.

In April 2021, the Group was reassigned with a portion in accordance with Article 11 of the Radio Waves Act (frequency allocation based on consideration). The frequency band and payment are as follows.

(In millions of Korean won)	900MHz		1.8GHz		2.1GHz
Payment amount <br>1	￦	141,300	￦	547,800	￦	411,700
1	The Group paid a certain portion of the full payment in a lump sum during the year ended December 31, 2021, and plans to make the remainder payment in annual installment for the next five years.
---	---

Goodwill is allocated to the Group’s cash-generating unit which is identified by operating segments. As at December 31, 2021, goodwill allocated to each cash-generating unit is as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)
Operating Segment	Cash generating Unit	Amount
ICT<br>10	Mobile services<br>1	￦	65,057
Finance	BC Card Co., Ltd.<br>2		41,234
Satellite TV	HCN Co., Ltd.<br>3		252,680
Others	GENIE Music Corporation <br>4		50,214
	BOOK CLUB MILL<br>I<br>E<br><br>5		51,580
	PlayD Co., Ltd. <br>6		42,745
	KT Telecop Co., Ltd.<br>7		15,418
	Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd. <br>8		149,706
	MEDIA GENIE Co., Ltd. <br>9		10,633
	KT MOS Bukbu Co., Ltd and others		17,605
	Total	￦	696,872
1	The recoverable amounts of mobile services business are calculated based on <br>value-in<br> use calculations. These calculations use discounted cash flow projections for the next five years based on financial budgets. A terminal growth rate of 0.0% was applied for the cash flows expected to be incurred after five years. This growth rate does not exceed the average growth rate of the industry which the cash-generating unit belongs in. The Group estimated its revenue growth rate 2.02% based on past performance and its expectation of future market changes. In addition, management estimated the cash flow based on past performance and its expectation of market growth, and the discount rates 8.72% used reflected specific risks relating to the relevant CGU. As a result of the impairment test, the Group concluded that the carrying amount of CGU does not exceed the recoverable amount. Accordingly, the Group did not recognize an impairment loss on goodwill on mobile business for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.
---	---

2	The recoverable amounts of BC Card Co., Ltd. are calculated based on <br>value-in<br> use calculations. These calculations use discounted cash flow projections for the next five years based on financial budgets. A terminal growth rate of <br>0.0<br>% was applied for the cash flows expected to be incurred after five years. This growth rate does not exceed the average growth

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

rate of the industry which the cash-generating unit belongs in. The Group estimated its revenue growth rate -0.30% based on past performance and its expectation of future market changes. In addition, management estimated the cash flow based on past performance and its expectation of market growth, and the discount rates 8.56% used reflected specific risks relating to the relevant CGU. As a result of the impairment test, the Group concluded that the carrying amount of CGU does not exceed the recoverable amount. Accordingly, the Group did not recognize an impairment loss on goodwill on BC Card Co., Ltd. for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.
3	The recoverable amounts of HCN Co., Ltd. are calculated based on <br>value-in<br> use calculations. These calculations use discounted cash flow projections for the next <br>four<br> years based on financial budgets. A terminal growth rate of 0.0% was applied for the cash flows expected to be incurred after <br>four<br> years. This growth rate does not exceed the average growth rate of the industry which the cash-generating unit belongs in. The Group estimated its revenue growth rate 3.02% based on past performance and its expectation of future market changes. In addition, management estimated the cash flow based on past performance and its expectation of market growth, and the discount rates 11.81% used reflected specific risks relating to the relevant CGU. As a result of the impairment test, the Group concluded that the carrying amount of CGU does not exceed the recoverable amount. Accordingly, the Group did not recognize an impairment loss on goodwill on HCN Co., Ltd. for the years ended December 31, 2021.
---	---
4	The recoverable amount of GENIE Music Corporation is calculated based on fair value less cost to sell.
---	---
5	The recoverable amounts of<br>BOOK CLU<br>B<br> MILLIE are calculated based on <br>value-in<br> use calculations. These calculations use discounted cash flow projections for the next <br>four<br> years based on financial budgets. A terminal growth rate of 1.0% was applied for the cash flows expected to be incurred after <br>four<br> years. This growth rate does not exceed the average growth rate of the industry which the cash-generating unit belongs in. The Group estimated its revenue growth rate 27.77% based on past performance and its expectation of future market changes. In addition, management estimated the cash flow based on past performance and its expectation of market growth, and the discount rates 16.92% used reflected specific risks relating to the relevant CGU. As a result of the impairment test, the Group concluded that the carrying amount of CGU does not exceed the recoverable amount. Accordingly, the Group did not recognize an impairment loss on goodwill on HCN Co., Ltd. for the years ended December 31, 2021.
---	---
6	The recoverable amount of PlayD Co., Ltd. is calculated based on fair value less cost to sell.
---	---
7	The recoverable amounts of KT Telecop Co., Ltd. are calculated based on <br>value-in<br> use calculations. These calculations use discounted cash flow projections for the next five years based on financial budgets. A terminal growth rate of 1.0% was applied for the cash flows expected to be incurred after five years. This growth rate does not exceed the average growth rate of the industry which the cash-generating unit belongs in. The Group estimated its revenue growth rate 0.72% based on past performance and its expectation of future market changes. In addition, management estimated the cash flow based on past performance and its expectation of market growth, and the discount rates 11.59% used reflected specific risks relating to the relevant CGUs. As a result of the impairment test, the Group concluded that the carrying amount of CGU does not exceed the recoverable amount. Accordingly, the Group did not recognize an impairment loss on goodwill on KT Telecop Co., Ltd. for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.
---	---

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

8	The recoverable amounts of Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd. are calculated based on<br><br>value-in<br><br>use calculations. These calculations use discounted cash flow projections for the next nine years based on financial budgets. A terminal growth rate of 1.0% was applied for the cash flows expected to be incurred after nine years. This growth rate does not exceed the average growth rate of the industry which the cash-generating unit belongs in. The Group estimated its revenue growth rate 11.24% based on past performance and its expectation of future market changes. In addition, management estimated the cash flow based on past performance and its expectation of market growth, and the discount rates 8.08% used reflected specific risks relating to the relevant CGU. As a result of the impairment test, the Group concluded that the carrying amount of CGU does not exceed the recoverable amount. Accordingly, the Group did not recognize an impairment loss on goodwill on Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd. for the years ended December 31, 2021.
9	The recoverable amounts of MEDIA GENIE Co., Ltd. are calculated based on<br><br>value-in<br><br>use calculations. These calculations use discounted cash flow projections for the next five years based on financial budgets. A terminal growth rate of 0.0% was applied for the cash flows expected to be incurred after five years. This growth rate does not exceed the average growth rate of the industry which the cash-generating unit belongs in. The Group estimated its revenue growth rate 3.12% based on past performance and its expectation of future market changes. In addition, management estimated the cash flow based on past performance and its expectation of market growth, and the discount rates 16.72% used reflected specific risks relating to the relevant CGU. As a result of the impairment test, the Group concluded that the carrying amount of CGU does not exceed the recoverable amount. Accordingly, the Group did not recognize an impairment loss on goodwill on MEDIA GENIE Co., Ltd. for the years ended December 31, 2021.
---	---
10	The Group performed its impairment assessment for long-lived assets attributed to the Information and Communication Technology (“ICT”) reporting segment, which includes the Cash-Generating Units of Mobile, Fixed line, and Corporate Services (the “CGUs”). The Group compared the carrying value of each CGU to the estimated recoverable amount. The recoverable amounts of ICT reporting segment are calculated based on<br><br>value-in<br><br>use calculations. These calculations use discounted cash flow projections for the next five years based on financial budgets. A terminal growth rate of 0.0% was applied for the cash flows expected to be incurred after five years. This growth rate does not exceed the average growth rate of the industry which the cash-generating unit belongs in. The Group estimated its revenue growth rate 2.02% ~ 5.65% ba<br><br>sed on past performance and its expectation of future market changes. In addition, management estimated the cash flow based on past performance and its expectation of market growth, and the discount rate<br>8.72<br>%. Accordingly, the Group did<br>no<br>t recognize an impairment loss on ICT reporting segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021.
---	---

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

14.	Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures

Details of associates that are material to the Group as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as

follows:

	Percentage of ownership (%)
	December 31,<br>2020			December 31,<br>2021
Korea Information & Technology Fund		33.3	%		33.3	%	Korea	December
KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment Fund 1 <br>1		50.0	%		50.0	%	Korea	December
K Bank		34.0	%		33.7	%	Korea	December
Hyundai Robotics Co., Ltd.<br>2		10.0	%		10.0	%	Korea	December
K-REALTY<br> CR REITs No.1		23.3	%		30.1	%	Korea	December
1	At the end of the reporting period, although the Group owns 50% ownership, the equity method of accounting has been applied as the Group, which is a limited partner of the investment fund, because the Group cannot participate in determining the operating and financial policies.
---	---
2	At the end of the reporting period, although the Group has less than 20% ownership in ordinary share, this entity is included in investments in associates as the Group has a significant influence in determining the operating and financial policies.
---	---

Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	2020
(In millions of Korean won)	Beginning		Acquisition<br><br>(Disposal)			Share of net profit<br> from associates and<br> joint ventures<br>1			Others			Ending
Korea Information & Technology Fund	￦	163,975	￦	—		￦	12,205		￦	(6,025	)	￦	170,155
KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment Fund 1		14,100		—			2,090			—			16,190
KT-CKP<br> New Media Investment Fund		134		(134	)		—			—			—
K Bank		45,158		195,011			(30,209	)		(1,688	)		208,272
Hyundai Robotics Co., Ltd.		—		50,000			(64	)		1,000			50,936
Others<br>1		44,293		28,400			34,298			5,337			112,328
	￦	267,660	￦	273,277		￦	18,320		￦	(1,376	)	￦	557,881

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

	2021
(In millions of Korean won)	Beginning		Acquisition<br> <br>(Disposal)			Share of net profit<br> from associates and<br> joint ventures<br>1			Others<br>2			Ending
Korea Information & Technology Fund	￦	170,155	￦	—		￦	16,702		￦	(7,922	)	￦	178,935
KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment Fund 1		16,190		(5,700	)		1,591			—			12,081
K Bank<br>2		208,272		424,957			5,809			192,699			831,737
Hyundai Robotics Co., Ltd.		50,936		—			(2,373	)		162			48,725
K-REALTY<br> CR REITs No.1		31,088		—			75,676			(39,106	)		67,658
Others<br>1		81,240		57,691			18,769			(8,407	)		149,293
	￦	557,881	￦	476,948		￦	116,174		￦	137,426		￦	1,288,429
1	KT investment Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Group, recognized its share in net profit from associates and joint ventures as operating revenue and expense. These include its share in net gain from associates and joint ventures of <br>￦<br>113 million (2019: net gain of <br>￦<br> 52 million, 2020: net gain of <br>￦<br> 279 million) recognized as operating revenue during the period.
---	---
2	The amount includes the amount increased as derivatives liabilities were borne by shareholders’ agreements between financial investors participating in the <br>paid-in<br> capital increase of K Bank during the current period (Note 7).
---	---

Summarized financial information of associates and joint ventures that are material to the Group as at and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, is as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
	Current<br> <br>assets		Non-current<br> <br>assets		Current<br> liabilities		Non-current<br> <br>liabilities
Korea Information & Technology Fund	￦	107,652	￦	402,812	￦	—	￦	—
KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment Fund 1		32,379		—		—		—
K Bank		4,255,620		74,193		3,752,838		88,155
Hyundai Robotics Co., Ltd.		315,886		125,619		80,615		59,324
(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Current<br> <br>assets		Non-current<br> <br>assets		Current<br> liabilities		Non-current<br> <br>liabilities
Korea Information & Technology Fund	￦	117,172	￦	419,632	￦	—	￦	—
KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment Fund 1		24,163		—		—		—
K Bank		13,263,658		70,362		11,594,316		2,467
Hyundai Robotics Co., Ltd.		308,776		120,221		91,637		57,899
K-REALTY<br> CR REITs No.1		208,825		—		—		—

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)	2020
	Operating<br>revenue		Profit (loss)<br>for the year			Other<br>comprehensive<br>income(loss)			Total<br>comprehensive<br>income(loss)			Dividends<br>received from<br>associates
Korea Information & Technology <br>Fund	￦	54,473	￦	36,615		￦	9,647		￦	46,262		￦	9,241
KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment <br>Fund 1		6,551		4,179			—			4,179			—
K Bank		80,301		(105,374	)		(1,126	)		(106,500	)		—
Hyundai Robotics Co., Ltd.		195,311		(642	)		11,573			10,931			—
(In millions of Korean won)	2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Operating<br>revenue		Profit (loss)<br>for the year			Other<br>comprehensive<br>income(loss)			Total<br>comprehensive<br>income(loss)			Dividends<br>received from<br>associates
Korea Information & Technology <br>Fund	￦	58,791	￦	50,107		￦	(6,847	)	￦	43,260		￦	5,640
KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment <br>Fund 1		5,912		3,184			—			3,184			—
K Bank		287,775		21,728			(28,211	)		(6,483	)		—
Hyundai Robotics Co., Ltd.		189,255		(23,730	)		1,977			(21,753	)		—
K-REALTY<br> CR REITs No.1		425,363		180,437			—			180,437			40,142

Details of a reconciliation of the summarized financial information to the carrying amount of interests in the associates and joint ventures that are material to the Group as at and for the years end December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as

follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
	Net assets<br> <br>(a)		Percentage of<br>ownership<br>(b)			Share in net<br>assets<br> <br>(c)=(a)x(b)		Intercompany<br>transaction<br>and others (d)		Book amount<br> <br>(c)+(d)
Korea Information & Technology Fund	￦	510,464		33.30	%	￦	170,155	￦	—	￦	170,155
KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment Fund 1		32,379		50.00	%		16,190		—		16,190
K Bank		488,819		34.00	%		166,198		42,074		208,272
Hyundai Robotics Co., Ltd.		301,566		10.00	%		30,157		20,779		50,936
(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Net assets<br> <br>(a)		Percentage of<br>ownership<br>(b)			Share in net<br>assets<br> <br>(c)=(a)x(b)		Intercompany<br>transaction<br>and others<br> <br>(d)		Book amount<br> <br>(c)+(d)
Korea Information & Technology Fund	￦	536,804		33.33	%	￦	178,935	￦	—	￦	178,935
KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment Fund 1		24,163		50.00	%		12,081		—		12,081
K Bank		1,737,237		33.72	%		585,837		245,900		831,737
Hyundai Robotics Co., Ltd.		279,461		10.00	%		27,946		20,779		48,725
K-REALTY<br> CR REITs No.1		208,825		30.05	%		62,752		4,906		67,658

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Due to discontinuance of equity method of accounting, the Group has not recognized loss from associates and joint ventures of ￦ 717 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 (for the year ended December 31, 2020: ￦ 992 million). The accumulated comprehensive loss of associates and joint ventures as at December 31, 2021, which was not recognized by the Group is ￦ 9,006 million (as at December 31, 2020: ￦ 8,228 million).

15.	Trade and Other Payables

Details of trade and other payables as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br> 2020		December 31,<br> 2021
Current liabilities
Trade payables	￦	1,239,717	￦	1,537,148
Other payables		4,970,382		5,104,274
Total	￦	6,210,099	￦	6,641,422
Non-current<br> liabilities
Trade payables	￦	1,528	￦	—
Other payables		806,012		1,338,781
Total	￦	807,540	￦	1,338,781

Details of other payables as at December 31, 2020 and 2021 are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br> 2020			December 31,<br> 2021
Non-trade<br> payables<br>1	￦	3,841,227		￦	4,378,445
Accrued expenses		933,978			1,037,616
Operating deposits		803,904			814,613
Others		197,285			212,381
Less: <br>non-current		(806,012	)		(1,338,781	)
Current	￦	4,970,382		￦	5,104,274
1	Settlement payables of BC Card Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Group, of <br>￦<br> 1,086,996 million related to credit card transactions are included as at December 31, 2021 (2020: <br>￦<br> 1,007,171 million).
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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

16.	Borrowings

Details of borrowings as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

Debentures

(In millions of Korean won and thousands of foreign currencies)				December 31, 2020			December 31, 2021
Type	Maturity		Annual interest<br> rates	Foreign<br> currency			Foreign<br> currency
MTNP notes<br>1		Sep. 7, 2034	6.500%		100,000	108,800		100,000	118,550
MTNP notes		Jul. 18, 2026	2.500%		400,000	435,200		400,000	474,200
MTNP notes		Aug. 7, 2022	2.625%		400,000	435,200		400,000	474,200
FR notes<br>2		Aug. 23, 2023	LIBOR(3M)+0.90%		100,000	108,800		100,000	118,550
MTNP notes		Jul. 6, 2021	—		16,000,000	168,682		—	—
MTNP notes		Jul. 19, 2022	0.220%		29,600,000	312,061		29,600,000	304,951
MTNP notes		Jul. 19, 2024	0.330%		400,000	4,217		400,000	4,121
MTNP notes		Sep. 1, 2025	1.000%		400,000	435,200		400,000	474,200
FR notes<br>2		Nov. 1, 2024	LIBOR(3M)+0.98%		350,000	380,800		350,000	414,925
FR notes<br>2		Jun. 19, 2023	SOR(6M)+0.5%		SGD 284,000	233,510		SGD 284,000	249,108
MTNP notes		Jan. 21, 2027	1.375%		—	—		300,000	355,650
The <br>180-2nd<br> Public bond		Apr. 26, 2021	—		—	380,000		—	—
The <br>181-3rd<br> Public bond		Aug. 26, 2021	—		—	250,000		—	—
The <br>182-2nd<br> Public bond		Oct. 28, 2021	—		—	100,000		—	—
The <br>183-2nd<br> Public bond		Dec. 22, 2021	—		—	90,000		—	—
The <br>183-3rd<br> Public bond		Dec. 22, 2031	4.270%		—	160,000		—	160,000
The <br>184-2nd<br> Public bond		Apr. 10, 2023	2.950%		—	190,000		—	190,000
The <br>184-3rd<br> Public bond		Apr. 10, 2033	3.170%		—	100,000		—	100,000
The <br>186-3rd<br> Public bond		Jun. 26, 2024	3.418%		—	110,000		—	110,000
The <br>186-4th<br> Public bond		Jun. 26, 2034	3.695%		—	100,000		—	100,000
The <br>187-3rd<br> Public bond		Sep. 2, 2024	3.314%		—	170,000		—	170,000
The <br>187-4th<br> Public bond		Sep. 2, 2034	3.546%		—	100,000		—	100,000
The <br>188-2nd<br> Public bond		Jan. 29, 2025	2.454%		—	240,000		—	240,000
The <br>188-3rd<br> Public bond		Jan. 29, 2035	2.706%		—	50,000		—	50,000
The <br>189-2nd<br> Public bond		Jan. 28, 2021	—		—	130,000		—	—
The <br>189-3rd<br> Public bond		Jan. 28, 2026	2.203%		—	100,000		—	100,000
The <br>189-4rd<br> Public bond		Jan. 28, 2036	2.351%		—	70,000		—	70,000
The <br>190-1st<br> Public bond		Jan. 29, 2021	—		—	110,000		—	—
The <br>190-2nd<br> Public bond		Jan. 30, 2023	2.749%		—	150,000		—	150,000
The <br>190-3rd<br> Public bond		Jan. 30, 2028	2.947%		—	170,000		—	170,000
The <br>190-4th<br> Public bond		Jan. 30, 2038	2.931%		—	70,000		—	70,000
The <br>191-1st<br> Public bond		Jan. 14, 2022	2.048%		—	220,000		—	220,000
The <br>191-2nd<br> Public bond		Jan. 15, 2024	2.088%		—	80,000		—	80,000
The <br>191-3rd<br> Public bond		Jan. 15, 2029	2.160%		—	110,000		—	110,000
The <br>191-4th<br> Public bond		Jan. 14, 2039	2.213%		—	90,000		—	90,000
The <br>192-1st<br> Public bond		Oct. 11, 2022	1.550%		—	340,000		—	340,000
The <br>192-2nd<br> Public bond		Oct. 11, 2024	1.578%		—	100,000		—	100,000
The <br>192-3rd<br> Public bond		Oct. 11, 2029	1.622%		—	50,000		—	50,000
The <br>192-4th<br> Public bond		Oct. 11, 2039	1.674%		—	110,000		—	110,000
The <br>193-1st<br> Public bond		Jun. 16, 2023	1.174%		—	150,000		—	150,000
The <br>193-2nd<br> Public bond		Jun. 17, 2025	1.434%		—	70,000		—	70,000
The <br>193-3rd<br> Public bond		Jun. 17, 2030	1.608%		—	20,000		—	20,000
The <br>193-4th<br> Public bond		Jun. 15, 2040	1.713%		—	60,000		—	60,000
The <br>194-1st<br> Public bond		Jan. 26. 2024	1.127%		—	—		—	130,000
The <br>194-2nd<br> Public bond		Jan. 27. 2026	1.452%		—	—		—	140,000
The <br>194-3rd<br> Public bond		Jan. 27. 2031	1.849%		—	—		—	50,000
The <br>194-4th<br> Public bond		Jan. 25. 2041	1.976%		—	—		—	80,000

All values are in US Dollars.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won and thousands of foreign currencies)				December 31, 2020					December 31, 2021
Type	Maturity		Annual interest<br> rates	Foreign<br> currency		Korean<br> won			Foreign<br> currency		Korean<br> won
The <br>195-1st<br> Public bond		Jun. 10. 2024	1.387%		—	￦	—			—	￦	180,000
The <br>195-2nd<br> Public bond		Jun. 10. 2026	1.806%		—		—			—		80,000
The <br>195-3rd<br> Public bond		Jun. 06. 2031	2.168%		—		—			—		40,000
The <br>18-1st<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Jul. 02. 2024	1.844%		—		—			—		100,000
The <br>18-2nd<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Jul. 02. 2026	2.224%		—		—			—		50,000
The 148th <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Jun. 23. 2023	1.513%		—		100,000			—		100,000
The <br>149-1st<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Mar. 08. 2024	1.440%		—		—			—		70,000
The <br>149-2nd<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Mar. 10. 2026	1.756%		—		—			—		30,000
The <br>150-1st<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Apr. 07. 2023	1.154%		—		—			—		20,000
The <br>150-2nd<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Apr. 08. 2024	1.462%		—		—			—		30,000
The <br>151-1st<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		May 12. 2023	1.191%		—		—			—		10,000
The <br>151-2nd<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		May 14. 2024	1.432%		—		—			—		40,000
The <br>152-1st<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Aug. 30. 2024	1.813%		—		—			—		80,000
The <br>152-2nd<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Aug. 28. 2026	1.982%		—		—			—		20,000
The <br>153-1st<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Nov. 10. 2023	2.310%		—		—			—		30,000
The <br>153-2nd<br> <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Nov. 11. 2024	2.425%		—		—			—		70,000
The 154th <br>Won-denominated<br> unsecured bond		Jan. 23. 2025	2.511%		—		—			—		40,000
Subtotal							6,962,470					7,558,455
Less: Current portion							(1,228,283	)				(1,337,714	)
Discount on bonds							(19,847	)				(22,093	)
Total						￦	5,714,340				￦	6,198,648
1	As at December 31, 2021, the Group has outstanding notes in the amount of USD 2,000 million with fixed interest rates under Medium Term Note Program (“MTNP”) registered in the Singapore Stock Exchange, which allowed issuance of notes of up to USD 100 million. However, the MTNP has been terminated since 2007.
---	---
2	The Libor (3M) and SOR (6M) is approximately 0.209% and 0.431%, respectively as at December 31, 2021. The loan has not been converted to an alternative indicator interest rate, and the Group is reviewing the impact of switching to an alternative indicator interest rate.
---	---

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Convertible bonds

(In millions of Korean won and thousands of foreign currencies)
Type	Issuance date		Maturity		Annual<br> <br>interest rate			December 31,<br>2020			December 31,<br>2021
The 1st CB(Private)<br>1,2		Jun. 5, 2020		Jun. 5, 2025		0.00	%	￦	8,000		￦	8,000
Redemption premium									2,267			2,267
Bond discount issuance									(4,644	)		(3,825	)
Subtotal								￦	5,623		￦	6,442
Current portion								￦	—		￦	—
Total								￦	5,623		￦	6,442
1	Common shares of Storywiz Co., Ltd. are subject to conversio<br>n (appraisal period: June 5, 2021~ May 4, 2025).
---	---
2	Nominal interest rate and maturity yield is approximately 0% and 5% and will be settled on maturity
---	---

Redeemable convertible preferred stock

(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)
Type	Transition<br>period	Repayment period	Dividend		December 31,<br>2020		December 31,<br>2021
Redeemable convertible preferred <br>stock<br>1	For 10 years from<br> the day after the<br> first issue	From the day after three years <br>have elapsed from the date of<br> issuance to the expiration date of<br> the preferred residence period	Priority dividend <br>equivalent to 1% of <br>the par value<br> (accumulated)	￦		—	￦	2,979
1	The redeemable convertible preferred stock was issued in <br>BOOK CLUB<br>MILLIE<br>,<br> and the part acquired by GENIE Music Corporation was excluded. Redeemable convertible preferred stock are measured according to the effective interest rate at the time of issuance, and the conversion ratio is one subsidiary stock per <br>preferred stock (adjusted based on the issuance price under certain conditions). The repayment value is the amount obtained by subtracting the base payment dividend from the total amount of interest calculated by applying<br><br>6% annual compound interest fr<br>om the issuance date to the repayment date (But, for some orders, 3% annual compound interest is applied).
---	---

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Short-term borrowings

(In millions of Korean won)			December 31,<br> 2020		December 31,<br> 2021
Type	Financial institution	Annual interest rates
Operational	NongHyup Bank	—	￦	40,189	￦	—
	Shinhan Bank	2.980%		22,500		4,500
	Shinhan Bank	—		10,000		—
	Woori Bank	—		1,900		—
	Woori Bank<br>1	KORIBOR(3M) + 1.970%		—		20,000
	Korea Development Bank	2.210% ~ 3.680%		10,000		16,000
	Industrial Bank of Korea	2.550%		200		6,000
	Hana Bank	1.420%		11,000		5,000
	KB SECURITIES	1.240% ~ 1.380%		—		71,000
	Shinhan Investment	1.240% ~ 1.930%		—		73,000
	KIWOOM Securities	1.380% ~ 1.930%		—		63,000
	NH INVESTMENT & SECURITIES	1.240% ~ 1.380%		—		53,000
	Korea Investment & Securities	1.240%		—		10,000
	HSBC	2.075%		—		17,427
	Total		￦	95,789	￦	338,927
1	The KORIBOR (3M) is approximately 1.410% as at December 31, 2021.
---	---

Long-term borrowings

(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won and thousands of foreign currencies)					December 31, 2021
Financial institution	Type	Annual interest rates			Foreign<br> <br>currency
Export-Import Bank of Korea	Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund<br>1	1.000%	—	2,961		—	2,467
CA-CIB	Long-term CP	1.260%	—	100,000		—	100,000
Shinhan Bank	Facility loans<br>2	LIBOR(3M)+1.140%	25,918	28,199		25,918	30,726
	General loans<br>2	LIBOR(3M)+1.650%	8,910	9,694		8,910	10,563
	General loans<br>2	LIBOR(3M)+2.130%	25,000	27,200		25,000	29,638
	General loans<br>2	LIBOR(3M)+1.847%	—	—		13,000	15,412
	General loans	1.900% ~ 3.230%	—	—		31,472	37,345
	General loans	—	—	5,000		—	—
Industrial Bank of Korea	General loans	—	—	6,000		—	—
NongHyup Bank	Facility loans	—	—	54		—	—
	PF loans	2.280%	—	—		—	46,267
Woori Bank	General loans<br>2	IBOR(3M)+0.900%	—	—		7,700	10,336
	General loans	3.320%	—	—		—	15,000
	PF loans	2.000% ~ 2.820%	—	—		—	23,614
	CP	2.302%	—	—		—	88,510
Korea Development Bank	General loans	1.920% ~ 3.000%	—	—		—	39,000
	General loans	—	—	10,000		—	—
	General loans	—	—	30,000		—	—
Kyobo Life Insurance	PF loans	2.280%	—	—		—	41,640

All values are in Euros.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won and thousands of foreign currencies)				December 31, 2020				December 31, 2021
Financial institution	Type	Annual interest<br> <br>rates		Foreign<br> <br>currency				Foreign<br> <br>currency
Standard Chartered First Bank Korea	PF loans		2.280%		—	—			—	27,760
Samsung Life Insurance	PF loans		1.860%		—	—			—	23,133
Kookmin Bank and others<br>2	Facility loans<br>2		LIBOR(3M)+1.850%		48,855	53,155			9,771	11,584
Subtotal						272,263				552,995
Less: Current portion						(94,042	)			(51,803	)
						178,221				501,192

All values are in US Dollars.

1	The above Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund is repayable in installments over 13 years after a seven-year grace period.
2	LIBOR (3M) and EURIBOR (3M) are approximately 0.209% and <br>-<br><br>0.583%,<br> respectively, as at December 31, 2021. The loan has not been converted to an alternative indicator interest rate, and the Group is reviewing the impact of switching to an alternative indicator interest rate.
---	---

Repayment schedule of the Group’s borrowings including the portion of current liabilities as at December 31, 2021 is as follows:

(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)
	Bonds						Borrowings						Total
	In local<br> currency		In foreign<br> currency		Sub-<br> <br>total		In local<br> currency		In foreign<br> currency		Sub-<br> <br>total
Jan. 1, 2022 ~ Dec. 31, 2022	￦	560,000	￦	779,151	￦	1,339,151	￦	330,994	￦	59,736	￦	390,730	￦	1,729,881
Jan. 1, 2023 ~ Dec. 31, 2023		650,000		367,658		1,017,658		15,493		55,612		71,105		1,088,763
Jan. 1, 2024 ~ Dec. 31, 2024		1,160,000		419,046		1,579,046		135,494		23,971		159,465		1,738,511
Jan. 1, 2025 ~ Dec. 31, 2025		358,000		474,200		832,200		144,293		—		144,293		976,493
After Jan. 1, 2026		1,869,465		948,400		2,817,865		114,107		23,710		137,817		2,955,682
Total	￦	4,597,465	￦	2,988,455	￦	7,585,920	￦	740,381	￦	163,029	￦	903,410	￦	8,489,330
17.	Provisions
---	---

Changes in provisions for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	2020
(In millions of Korean won)	Litigation			Restoration cost			Others			Total
Beginning balance	￦	64,241		￦	113,289		￦	76,631		￦	254,161
Increase (Transfer)		17,064			(1,933	)		17,873			33,004
Usage		(3,948	)		(2,990	)		(2,265	)		(9,203	)
Reversal		(857	)		(3,023	)		(23,212	)		(27,092	)
Changes in scope of consolidation		—			424			898			1,322
Ending balance	￦	76,500		￦	105,767		￦	69,925		￦	252,192
Current	￦	76,500		￦	22,343		￦	67,147		￦	165,990
Non-current		—			83,424			2,778			86,202

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

	2021
(In millions of Korean won)	Litigation			Restoration cost			Others			Total
Beginning balance	￦	76,500		￦	105,767		￦	69,925		￦	252,192
Increase (Transfer)		6,288			6,772			19,835			32,895
Usage		(2,599	)		(2,776	)		(1,926	)		(7,301	)
Reversal		(24	)		(3,685	)		(19,188	)		(22,897	)
Changes in scope of consolidation		—			1,086			1,228			2,314
Others		—			194			—			194
Ending balance	￦	80,165		￦	107,358		￦	69,874		￦	257,397
Current	￦	79,947		￦	26,026		￦	65,343		￦	171,316
Non-current		218			81,332			4,531			86,081
18.	Net Defined Benefit Liabilities
---	---

The amounts recognized in the statements of financial position as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are determined as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020			December 31, 2021
Present value of defined benefit obligations	￦	2,556,712		￦	2,494,930
Fair value of plan assets		(2,189,375	)		(2,314,632	)
Liabilities in the statement of financial position	￦	378,087		￦	197,883
Assets in the statement of financial position	￦	10,750		￦	17,585

Changes in the defined benefit obligations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2020			2021
Beginning	￦	2,427,351		￦	2,556,712
Current service cost		248,047			249,125
Interest expense		45,083			44,905
Benefit paid		(258,866	)		(310,766	)
Changes due to settlements of plan<br>& Past Service Cost		1,075			(681	)
Remeasurements:
Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in demographic assumptions		5,191			(8,375	)
Actuarial gains and losses arising from changes in financial assumptions		17,077			(61,002	)
Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments		57,703			(5,271	)
Changes in scope of consolidation		14,051			30,283
Ending	￦	2,556,712		￦	2,494,930

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Changes in the fair value of plan assets for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2020			2021
Beginning	￦	2,069,710		￦	2,189,375
Interest income		38,590			39,858
Remeasurements:
Return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in interest income)		2,589			(130	)
Benefits paid		(213,953	)		(271,506	)
Employer contributions		284,243			325,818
Changes in scope of consolidation		8,196			31,217
Ending	￦	2,189,375		￦	2,314,632

Amounts recognized in the ‘Operating expenses’ of the consolidated statements of profit or loss for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019			2020			2021
Current service cost	￦	243,598		￦	248,047		￦	249,125
Net Interest cost		12,017			6,494			5,047
Changes due to settlements of plan & Past Service Cost		910			1,075			(681	)
Transfer out		(16,215	)		(16,514	)		(16,660	)
Total expenses	￦	240,310		￦	239,102		￦	236,831

Principal actuarial assumptions used are as follows:

	December 31,<br>2019		December<br>31, 2020		December 31,<br>2021
Discount rate		1.97%		1.93%		2.55%
Future salary increase		4.92%		4.88%		5.10%

The sensitivity of the defined benefit obligations as at December 31, 2021, to changes in the principal assumptions is:

(In percentage, in millions of Korean won)	Effect on defined benefit obligation
	Changes in<br> assumption	Increase in<br> assumption		Decrease in<br> assumption
Discount rate	0.5% point		￦<br> (148,019)	￦	159,360
Salary growth rate	0.5% point		152,609		(142,660	)

A decrease in corporate bond yields will increase plan liabilities, although this will be partially offset by an increase in the value of the plans’ bond holdings.

The above sensitivity analyses are based on an assumption while holding all other assumptions constant. In practice, this is unlikely to occur, and changes in some of the assumptions may be correlated. The sensitivity of the defined benefit obligation to changes in principal actuarial assumptions is calculated using the projected unit credit method, the same method applied when calculating the defined benefit obligations recognized on the statement of financial position.

The Group

actively monitors how the duration and the expected yield of the investments match the expected cash outflows arising from the pension obligations. Expected contributions to post-employment benefit plans for the year ending December 31, 2022, are

￦

383,379 million.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

The expected maturity analysis of undiscounted pension benefits as at December 31, 2021, is as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	Less than<br> <br>1 year		Between<br> 1-2 years		Between<br> 2-5 years		Over 5 years		Total
Pension benefits	￦	210,751	￦	303,737	￦	833,009	￦	1,964,398	￦	3,311,895

The weighted average duration of the defined benefit obligations is 6.5 years.

19.	Defined Contribution Plan

Recognized expense related to the defined contribution plan for the year ended December 31, 2021, is ￦ 71,068 million (2019: ￦ 57,170 million, 2020: ￦ 61,912 million).

20.	Commitments and Contingencies

As at December 31, 2021, major commitments with local financial institutions are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won and<br> thousands of foreign currencies)	Financial institution	Currency
Bank overdraft	Kookmin Bank and others	KRW	1,452,000	4,500
Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund	Export-Import Bank of Korea	KRW	37,700	2,467
Insurance for Economic Cooperation project	Export-Import Bank of Korea	KRW	3,240	1,732
Collateralized loan on electronic accounts receivable-trade	Kookmin Bank and others	KRW	430,104	26,585
Plus electronic notes payable	Industrial Bank of Korea	KRW	50,000	698
Loans for working capital	Korea Development Bank and others	KRW	231,049	141,137
	Shinhan Bank		39,298	39,298
	Woori Bank		7,700	7,700
Facility loans	Shinhan Bank and others	KRW	844,000	162,414
	Kookmin Bank and others		212,000	9,771
Derivatives transaction limit	Korea Development Bank	KRW	100,000	8,043
	Woori Bank and others		69,054	20,760
Total		KRW	3,148,093	347,576
			320,352	69,829
			7,700	7,700

All values are in US Dollars.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

As at December 31, 2021, guarantees received from financial institutions are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won and<br> thousands of foreign currencies)	Financial institution
Performance guarantee	Seoul Guarantee Insurance<br> <br>and others	KRW	171,043
	Hana Bank		1,200
Guarantee for payment in foreign currency	Kookmin Bank and others		70,092
Guarantee for payment in Korean currency	Shinhan Bank and others	KRW	20,911
Refund guarantee for advances received	Korea Development Bank		8,536
Comprehensive credit line	Hana Bank and others	KRW	24,800
			8,700
Guarantees for depositions	HSBC		580
Bid guarantee	Hana Bank		400
Bid guarantee	Korea Software Financial Cooperative and others	KRW	108,407
Performance guarantee / warranty guarantee		KRW	558,359
Guarantee for advance payments/others		KRW	574,103
Construction fund guarantee insurance and others	Seoul Guarantee Insurance	KRW	33,963
Total		KRW	1,491,586
			89,508

All values are in US Dollars.

As at December 31, 2021, guarantees provided by the Group to a third party, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	Subject to payment<br> guarantees	Creditor	Limit		Used<br> amount
KT Engineering Co., Ltd.<br> <br>(KT ENGCORE Co., Ltd.)	Gasan Solar Power Plant Inc.	Shinhan Bank	￦	4,700	￦	1,035	Jan. 7, 2021<br> ~ Jan. 8, 2025
KT Engineering Co., Ltd.<br> <br>(KT ENGCORE Co., Ltd.)	SPP Inc.	Suhyup Bank		3,250		624	Feb. 17, 2014 <br>~ Feb. 16, 2024
KT Engineering Co., Ltd.<br> <br>(KT ENGCORE Co., Ltd.)	Korea Cell Inc.	Suhyup Bank		3,250		614	Feb. 17, 2014<br> ~ Feb. 16, 2024
KT Engineering Co., Ltd.<br> <br>(KT ENGCORE Co., Ltd.)	San-Ya Agricultural<br> <br>Association Corporation	Suhyup Bank		3,250		624	Feb. 17, 2014<br> ~ Feb. 16, 2024
KT Alpha Co., Ltd.<br> <br>(KT Hitel Co., Ltd.)	Cash payers	Cash payers		860		—	Jul. 21, 2021 <br>~ Apr. 15, 2022
KT Alpha Co., Ltd.<br> <br>(KT Hitel Co., Ltd.)	Mobile Voucher amount	NongHyup<br> Agribusiness<br> Group Inc and<br> others		30,000		10,400	Jan. 16, 2021 <br>~ Jan. 14, 2022
KT Alpha Co., Ltd.<br> <br>(KT Hitel Co., Ltd.)	Mobile Voucher amount	Emart Co., Ltd<br> and others		20,000		300	Jun. 19, 2021 <br>~ Jun. 17, 2022
Nasmedia Co., Ltd.	Stockholders Association<br> <br>Members	Korea Securities<br> Finance Corp		5,654		1,236	—

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

As at December 31, 2021, the details of the issuance of real estate collateral trust and beneficiary certificates of the Group are as follows:

(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)					Commitment<br> (limit) amount		Amount provided as<br> collateral for<br> beneficiary rights
Collateral assets	Placing			Trust collateral beneficiary
Real Estate Collateral Trust<br>1		1st place		NH Jayang Inc.	￦	100,000	￦	120,000
				Kyobo Life Insurance		180,000		216,000
				Standard Chartered<br> Bank Korea Limited		120,000		144,000
				Samsung Life Insurance		100,000		120,000
		2nd place		Industrial Bank of Korea		40,000		48,000
				Korea Investment Capital		40,000		48,000
				BNK Capital		30,000		36,000
				Standard Chartered<br> Bank Korea Limited		20,000		24,000
				NH Capital		20,000		24,000
		3rd place	2	LOTTE Engineering &<br> Construction		—		736,921
1	The Group provides a certificate of beneficiary rights for land classified as investment properties and inventory assets as collateral in connection with the above real estate collateral trust.
---	---
2	The Group provides LOTTE Engineering & Construction with a certificate of third-priority beneficiary rights as collateral in relation to the construction contract amount of <br>￦<br> 614,101 million.
---	---

The Controlling Company is jointly and severally obligated with KT Sat Inc. to pay KT Sat Inc.’s liabilities incurred prior to spin-off. As at December 31, 2021, the Controlling Company and KT Sat Inc. are jointly and severally liable for reimbursement of

￦ 733 million.

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Group made agreements with the Securitization Specialty Companies (2021: First 5G 55 th to 60 th Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd., 2020: First 5G 49 th to 54 th Securitization Specialty Co., Ltd.), and disposed of its trade receivables related to handset sales. The Group also made asset management agreements with each securitization specialty company and in accordance with the agreement the Group will receive asset management fees upon liquidation of securitization specialty company.

As at December 31, 2021, the Group is a defendant in 219 lawsuits with the total claimed amount of ￦ 101,597 million (2020: ￦ 110,409 million). As at December 31, 2021, litigation provisions of ￦ 80,165 million for pending lawsuits and unasserted claims are recorded as liabilities for potential loss in the ordinary course of business. The final outcomes of the cases cannot be estimated at the end of the reporting period.

According to the financial and other covenants included in certain debentures and borrowings, the Group is required to maintain certain financial ratios such as debt-to-equity ratio, use the funds for the designated purpose and report to the creditors periodically. The covenant also contains restriction on provision of additional collateral and disposal of certain assets.

At the end of the reporting period, the Group participates in Algerie Sidi Abdela new town development consortium (percentage of ownership: 2.5%) and has joint liability with other consortium participants .

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

At the end of the reporting period, contract amount of property and equipment acquisition agreement made but not yet recognized amounts to ￦ 1,336,758 million (2020: ￦ 596,983 million).

As the end of the reporting period, there are derivatives generated by the Group granting Drag-Along Right to financial investors participating in paid-in capital increase of K Bank (Note 7).

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group entered into an agreement with the seller, who participated in the acquisition of shares in BOOK CLUB MILLIE. If certain conditions are not met in the future as disclosed in the terms and conditions of the agreement, the seller may exercise Tag-Along Right, Drag-Along Right and Put Option for the ordinary and redeemable convertible preferred shares it owns (Note 7).

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group entered into an agreement with financial investors, who participated in the acquisition of shares in Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd. If certain conditions are not met in the future as disclosed in the terms and conditions of the agreement, financial investors may exercise Tag-Along Right, Drag-Along Right and the right to sell shares for the convertible preferred shares it owns (Note 7).

The Group has an additional investment obligation under the agreement to Future Innovation Private Equity Fund No.3 and others . For the year ended December 31, 2021, the cumulative investment amount is ￦ 25,611 million and USD 14,600 thousand, and the remaining amount of ￦ 8,109 million and USD 5,400 thousand will be invested in the Capital Call method later.

21.	Leases

Information on leases when the Group is a lessee is as follows: Information on leases when the Group is a lessor is provided in Note 12.

(i)	Amounts recognized in the consolidated statement of financial position

The consolidated statement of financial position shows the following amounts relating to leases:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br> 2020		December 31,<br> 2021
Right-of-use<br> assets
Property and building	￦	1,073,207	￦	1,086,133
Machinery and telecommunication line facilities		42,127		64,443
Others		101,845		97,732
Total	￦	1,217,179	￦	1,248,308
Investment property (buildings)		19,456		1
(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br> 2020		December 31,<br> 2021
Lease liabilities<br>1
Current	￦	345,224	￦	332,702
Non-Current		798,416		826,667
Total	￦	1,143,640	￦	1,159,369
1	Included in the line items ‘Other current liabilities and other <br>non-current<br> liabilities’ in the consolidated statement of financial position (Notes 9).
---	---

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

For the year ended December 31, 2021, right-of-use assets has increased for ￦ 426,854 million for lease contracts.

(ii)	Amounts recognized in the consolidated statements of profit or loss

The consolidated statements of profit or loss show the following amounts relating to leases:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br>2019		December 31,<br>2020		December 31,<br>2021
Depreciation of <br>Right-of-use<br> assets
Property and building	￦	300,773	￦	290,168	￦	303,984
Machinery and <br>telecommunication line<br> facilities		89,452		58,419		41,794
Others		52,402		55,588		52,938
Total	￦	442,627	￦	404,175	￦	398,716
Depreciation of Investment Properties	￦	21,809	￦	19,113	￦	1,794
Interest expense relating to lease liabilities		55,001		44,091		36,651
Expense relating to short-term leases		14,718		10,998		7,984
Expense relating to leases of <br>low-value<br> assets that are not short-term leases		26,575		25,894		26,033
Expense relating to variable lease payments not included in lease liabilities		5,993		8,096		8,400

The total cash outflow for leases for the year ended December 31, 2021 amounts to ￦ 468,360 million (2019: ￦ 532,730 million, 2020: ￦ 492,772 million).

22.	Share Capital

As at December 31, 2020 and 2021, the Group’s number of authorized shares is one billion.

	December 31, 2020						December 31, 2021
	Number of<br> <br>issued<br> <br>shares		Par value<br> <br>per share<br> <br>(Korean won)		Ordinary<br> Shares<br> <br>(<br>I<br>n millions of<br> <br>Korean won)		Number of<br> <br>issued<br> shares		Par value<br> <br>per share<br> <br>(Korean won)		Ordinary<br> Shares<br> <br>(<br>I<br>n millions of<br> <br>Korean won)
Ordinary shares<br>1		261,111,808		￦<br>5,000		￦<br>1,564,499		261,111,808		￦<br>5,000		￦<br>1,564,499
1	The Group retired 51,787,959 treasury shares against retained earnings. Therefore, the ordinary shares amount differs from the amount resulting from multiplying the number of shares issued.
---	---

23.	Retained Earnings

Details of retained earnings as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br> 2020		December 31,<br> 2021
Legal reserve<br>1	￦	782,249	￦	782,756
Voluntary reserves<br>2		4,651,362		4,651,362
Unappropriated retained earnings		6,721,809		7,853,272
Total	￦	12,155,420	￦	13,287,390

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

1	The Commercial Code of the Republic of Korea requires the Controlling Company to appropriate, as a legal reserve, an amount equal to a minimum of 10% of cash dividends paid until such reserve equals 50% of its issued share capital. The reserve is not available for the payment of cash dividends, but may be transferred to share capital with the approval of the Controlling Company’s Board of Directors or used to reduce accumulated deficit, if any, with the ratification of the Controlling Company’s majority shareholders.
2	The provision of research and development of human resources is separately accumulated with tax reserve fund during earned surplus disposal by Tax Reduction and Exemption Control Act of Korea. Reversal of this provision can be paid out as dividends according to related tax law.
---	---
24.	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income and Other Components of Equity
---	---

As at December 31, 2020 and 2021, the details of the Controlling Company’s accumulated other comprehensive income are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br> 2020			December 31,<br> 2021
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures	￦	16,257		￦	(3,461	)
Gain or loss<br>on derivatives valuation		19,809			25,031
Gain on valuation of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		61,438			108,685
Exchange differences on translation for foreign operations		(11,453	)		(12,786	)
Total	￦	86,051		￦	117,469

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	2020
(In millions of Korean won)	Beginning			Increase/<br> <br>decrease			Reclassification to<br> <br>gain or loss		Ending
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures	￦	1,556		￦	14,701		￦	—	￦	16,257
Gain or loss on derivatives valuation		(7,624	)		(83,998	)		111,431		19,809
Gain on valuation of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		211,573			(150,135	)		—		61,438
Exchange differences on translation for foreign operations		(10,571	)		(882	)		—		(11,453	)
Total	￦	194,934		￦	(220,314	)	￦	111,431	￦	86,051

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

	2021
(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)	Beginning			Increase/<br> <br>decrease			Reclassification to<br> <br>gain or loss			Ending
Changes in investments in associates and joint ventures	￦	16,257		￦	(19,718	)	￦	—		￦	(3,461	)
Gain or loss on derivatives valuation		19,809			141,805			(136,583	)		25,031
Gain on valuation of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		61,438			47,247			—			108,685
Exchange differences on translation for foreign operations		(11,453	)		(1,333	)		—			(12,786	)
Total	￦	86,051		￦	168,001		￦	(136,583	)	￦	117,469

The Group’s other components of equity as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows :

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br> 2020			December 31,<br> 2021
Treasury stock<br>1	￦	(882,224	)	￦	(1,009,798	)
Gain or loss on disposal of treasury stock<br>2		(17,579	)		(8,658	)
Share-based payments		5,901			4,068
Others<br>3		(340,882	)		(418,692	)
Total	￦	(1,234,784	)	￦	(1,433,080	)
1	During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group acquired 7,600,886 treasury shares and granted 1,566,902 treasury shares as share-based payment.
---	---
2	The<br>tax impact<br> amount directly reflected in equity is <br>￦<br>4,080 million (2020: <br>￦<br>7,288 million) for the year ended December 31, 2021.
---	---
3	Profit or loss incurred from transactions with <br>non-controlling<br> interest and investment difference incurred from change in proportion of subsidiaries are included.
---	---

As at December 31, 2020 and 2021, the details of treasury stock are as follows:

	December 31,<br>2020		December 31,<br>2021
Number of shares <br>(in shares)		19,269,678		25,303,662
Amounts <br>(<br>i<br>n millions of Korean won)	￦	882,224	￦	1,009,798

Treasury stock is expected to be used for the stock compensation for the Group’s directors and employees and other purposes.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

25.	Share-based Payments

Details of share-based payments granted by the Controlling to executives and employees, including the CEO, by the resolution of the board of directors for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	2020
(In share)	14th grant
Grant date	June 16, 2020
Grantee	CEOs, internal directors, external directors, executives
Vesting conditions	Service condition: 1 year Non-market performance condition: achievement of performance
Fair value per option <br>(in Korean won)	￦<br> 22,700
Total compensation costs<br> <br>(in Korean won)	￦<br> 5,243 million
Estimated exercise date (exercise date)	July 14, 2021
Valuation method	Fair value method
(In share)	Employee wage negotiation
Grant date	September 21, 2020
Grantee	All employees
Vesting conditions	Current employees as of September 21, 2020
Fair value per option <br>(in Korean won)	￦<br> 22,950
Total compensation costs<br> <br>(in Korean won)	￦<br> 23,317 million
Estimated exercise date (exercise date)	December 22, 2020
Valuation method	Fair value method
	2021
(In share)	15th grant
Grant date	June 17, 2021
Grantee	CEOs, internal directors, external directors, executives
Vesting conditions	Service condition: 1 year<br> <br>Non-market<br> performance condition: achievement of performance
Fair value per option <br>(in Korean won)	￦<br> 32,350
Total compensation costs<br> <br>(in Korean won)	￦<br> 5,005 million
Estimated exercise date (exercise date)	During 2022
Valuation method	Fair value method

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In share)	Employee wage negotiation
Grant date	September 6, 2021
Grantee	All employees
Vesting conditions	Current employees as of September 6, 2021
Fair value per option <br>(in Korean won)	￦<br> 30,950
Total compensation costs<br> <br>(in Korean won)	￦<br> 40,083 million
Estimated exercise date (exercise date)	December 10, 2021
Valuation method	Fair value method

Changes in the number of stock options and the weighted-average exercise price as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(<br>I<br>n share)	2020
	Beginning		Grant		Expired			Exercised<br>1			Ending		Number of<br> shares<br> exercisable
13th grant		372,023		—		(241,548	)		(130,475	)		—		—
14th grant		—		398,856		—			—			398,856		—
Employee wage negotiation		—		1,020,105		—			(1,020,105	)		—		—
Total		372,023		1,418,961		(241,548	)		(1,150,580	)		398,856		—
(In share)	2021
	Beginning		Grant		Expired			Exercised<br>1			Ending		Number of<br> shares<br> exercisable
14th grant		398,856		—		(264,286	)		(134,570	)		—		—
15th grant		—		284,209		—			—			284,209		—
Employee wage negotiation		—		1,432,332		—			(1,432,332	)		—		—
Total		398,856		1,716,541		(264,286	)		(1,566,902	)		284,209		—
1	The weighted average price of ordinary shares at the time of exercise in 2021 was <br>￦<br> 31,122 (2020: <br>￦<br> 25,486).
---	---
26.	Revenue from Contracts with Customers and Relevant Contract Assets and Liabilities
---	---

The Group has recognized the following amounts relating to revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Profit or Loss:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019		2020		2021
Revenue from contracts with customers	￦	24,441,122	￦	23,895,631	￦	24,712,128
Revenue from other sources		198,636		203,763		185,877
Other income (Note 27)		259,431		341,253		307,654
Total revenue	￦	24,899,189	￦	24,440,647	￦	25,205,659

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Operating revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019		2020		2021
Mobile services	￦	6,795,124	￦	6,805,218	￦	6,936,485
Fixed-line services		4,866,698		4,827,015		4,960,338
Fixed-line and VoIP telephone services		1,578,546		1,463,553		1,465,059
Broadband Internet access services		2,177,447		2,256,188		2,343,591
Data communication services		1,110,705		1,107,274		1,151,689
Media and content		2,516,256		2,637,691		2,800,630
Financial services		3,641,655		3,493,920		3,661,896
Sale of goods		4,194,168		3,593,127		3,532,973
Others		2,885,288		3,083,676		3,313,337
Total	￦	24,899,189	￦	24,440,647	￦	25,205,659

Mobile and fixed-line service

Telecommunication service revenues include mobile and fixed-line (e.g., fixed-line and VoIP telephone, broadband internet access services and data communication services). These services represent a series of distinct services that are considered a separate performance obligation. Service revenue is recognized when services are provided, based upon either usage (e.g., minutes of traffic/bytes of data processed) or period of time (e.g., monthly service fees).

Media and content services

Revenue from media and content services primarily consists of installation fees and basic monthly charges of IPTV and satellite TV services, as well as revenue from digital content distribution, digital music streaming and downloading. Media and contents services revenue are recognized when services are provided, based upon either usage or period of time.

Financial services

Financial services primarily include commissions for merchant fees paid by merchants to credit card companies for processing transactions. Revenue from the commission is recognized when the service obligation is performed.

Sale of goods

Revenue from sale of goods, primarily handsets related to our mobile services is recognized when a performance obligation is satisfied by transferring promised goods to customers.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

The contract assets and liabilities recognized in relation to the revenues from contracts with customers are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br>2020		December 31,<br>2021
Contract assets<br>1	￦	672,672	￦	821,901
Contract liabilities<br>1		413,707		360,098
Deferred revenue<br>2	￦	89,694	￦	81,136
1	The Group recognized contract assets of <br>￦<br> 76,816 million and contract liabilities of <br>￦<br> 36,447 million for long term construction contracts as at December 31, 2021 (2020: contract assets of <br>￦<br> 86,234 million and contract liabilities of <br>￦<br> 29,574 million). The Group recognizes contract assets as trade and other receivables, and contract liabilities as other current liabilities.
---	---
2	Deferred revenue recognized relating to government grant is excluded<br>.
---	---

The contract costs recognized as assets are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019		2020		2021
Incremental cost of contract establishment	￦	1,764,009	￦	1,726,191	￦	1,726,401
Cost of Contract performance		85,234		78,757		74,843

As at December 31,

2021, the Group recognized ￦ 1,842,621 million (2019: ￦ 1,681,039 million, 2020:

￦ 1,831,638 million) of operating expenses related to contract cost assets.

The recognized revenue arising from carried-forward contract liabilities from prior year is as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019		2020		2021
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the year
Allocation of the transaction price	￦	266,478	￦	251,975	￦	275,965
Deferred revenue of joining/installment fee		44,032		42,685		42,100
Total	￦	310,510	￦	294,660	￦	318,065
27.	Other Income<br><br><br>from Operating Revenue
---	---

Other income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019		2020		2021
Gains on disposal of property and equipment and investment properties	￦	21,949	￦	20,289	￦	54,007
Gains on disposal of intangible assets		7,213		2,961		1,726
Gain on disposal of right-of-use assets		4,651		5,797		3,138
Compensation on property and equipment		117,873		168,263		148,927
Gains on government subsidies		19,722		31,906		43,822
Gain on disposal of investments in subsidiaries		23,218		—		244
Reversal of other allowance for bad debts		—		890		508
Others		64,805		111,147		55,282
Total	￦	259,431	￦	341,253	￦	307,654

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

28.	Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for the years ended December 31 , 2019 , 2020 and 2021 , are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019		2020		2021
Salaries and wages	￦	3,974,233	￦	4,123,680	￦	4,215,810
Depreciation		2,530,252		2,605,128		2,605,594
Depreciation of <br>right-of-use<br> assets		442,627		404,175		398,716
Amortization of intangible assets		656,611		624,982		603,327
Commissions		1,115,477		965,461		1,125,944
Interconnection charges		534,025		500,081		507,567
International interconnection fee		240,254		172,529		192,008
Purchase of inventories		4,453,820		3,681,801		3,753,792
Changes of inventories		282,957		257,041		20,491
Sales commission		2,315,731		2,337,127		2,343,375
Service cost		1,610,261		2,102,875		2,296,324
Utilities		332,816		360,797		364,373
Taxes and dues		277,742		283,197		268,651
Rent		193,357		136,355		123,246
Insurance premium		82,404		71,018		66,717
Installation fee		155,178		132,117		154,542
Advertising expenses		150,166		132,466		171,400
Research and development expenses		165,028		156,940		168,969
Card service cost		3,066,766		2,941,669		3,114,047
Loss on disposal of property and equipment		71,233		75,879		71,417
Loss on disposal of intangible assets		5,965		3,207		3,885
Loss on disposal of right-of-use assets		4,502		7,844		11,457
Direct cost of government subsidies		23,248		31,447		42,732
Loss on disposal of investments in subsidiaries		7,586		—		13,727
Impairment loss on property and equipment		43,260		79,775		2,115
Impairment loss on intangible assets		61,899		211,637		3,747
Donations		98,659		20,745		10,981
Other allowance for bad debts		26,372		51,333		28,066
Others		949,790		947,008		823,242
Total	￦	23,872,219	￦	23,418,314	￦	23,506,262

Details of salaries and wages for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019		2020		2021
Short-term employee benefits	￦	3,663,337	￦	3,770,786	￦	3,837,359
Post-employment benefits(Defined benefit plan)		240,310		239,102		236,831
Post-employment benefits(Defined contribution plan)		57,170		61,912		71,068
Share-based payment		6,398		28,604		47,415
Others		7,018		23,276		23,137
Total	￦	3,974,233	￦	4,123,680	￦	4,215,810

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

2<br>9<br>.	Financial Income and Costs

Details of financial income for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019		2020		2021
Interest income	￦	282,704	￦	270,571	￦	273,460
Gain on foreign currency transactions		24,596		17,493		19,976
Gain on foreign currency translation		17,979		164,351		32,768
Gain on settlement of derivatives		9,016		9,397		2,215
Gain on valuation of derivatives		77,353		172		255,149
Gain on valuation of financial instruments		6,460		33,868		90,653
Others		6,287		2,762		52,062
Total	￦	424,395	￦	498,614	￦	726,283

Details of financial costs for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019		2020		2021
Interest expenses	￦	278,427	￦	263,579	￦	263,389
Loss on foreign currency transactions		30,267		27,805		13,105
Loss on foreign currency translation		93,977		26,340		213,689
Loss on settlement of derivatives		20		1,406		6,287
Loss on valuation of derivatives		15,867		163,763		15,947
Loss on disposal of trade receivables		11,298		8,152		22,712
Loss on valuation of financial instruments		2,125		15,646		25,994
Others		152		692		2,207
Total	￦	432,133	￦	507,383	￦	563,330

30<br>.	Deferred Income Tax and income Tax Expense

The analysis of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, is as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31,<br> 2020			December 31,<br> 2021
Deferred tax assets
Deferred tax assets to be recovered within 12 months	￦	404,434		￦	398,329
Deferred tax assets to be recovered after more than 12 months		1,631,759			1,754,113
Deferred tax assets before offsetting		2,036,193			2,152,442
Deferred tax liabilities
Deferred tax liability to be recovered within 12 months		(637,317	)		(642,954	)
Deferred tax liability to be recovered after more than 12 months		(1,394,509	)		(1,729,718	)
Deferred tax liabilities before offsetting		(2,031,826	)		(2,372,672	)
Deferred tax assets after offsetting	￦	433,698		￦	423,728
Deferred tax liabilities after offsetting	￦	429,331		￦	643,958

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

The movement in deferred income tax assets and liabilities during the year, without taking into consideration the offsetting of balances within the same tax jurisdiction, is as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2020
	Beginning			Consolidated<br>statements of<br>profit or loss			Other<br>comprehensive<br>income			Ending
Deferred tax liabilities
Derivative instruments		(10,898	)		10,055			—			(843	)
Investment in subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures		(108,191	)		(64,553	)		(8,820	)		(181,564	)
Depreciation		(11,606	)		7,431			—			(4,175	)
Advanced depreciation provision		(313,121	)		1,203			—			(311,918	)
Deposits for severance benefits		(496,853	)		(26,419	)		2,015			(521,257	)
Accrued income		(1,541	)		(212	)		—			(1,753	)
Reserve for technology and human resource development		(204	)		—			—			(204	)
Contract cost		(410,863	)		67,898			—			(342,965	)
Contract assets		(53,750	)		(112,794	)		—			(166,544	)
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		(323	)		(304	)		—			(627	)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		(103,837	)		(4,420	)		77,634			(30,623	)
Others		(523,150	)		53,797			—			(469,353	)
Total		(2,034,337	)		(68,318	)		70,829			(2,031,826	)
Deferred tax assets
Derivative instruments		—			40,342			(9,860	)		30,482
Provision for impairment or trade receivables		84,071			4,994			—			89,065
Inventory valuation		23			(259	)		—			(236	)
Contribution for construction		16,154			246			—			16,400
Unsettled expenses		160,436			(24,358	)		—			136,078
Provisions		32,824			1,198			—			34,022
Property and equipment		228,655			(1,695	)		—			226,960
Defined benefit liabilities		569,471			13,707			15,186			598,364
Withholding of facilities expenses		6,183			(436	)		—			5,747
Deduction of installment receivables		48			(20	)		—			28
Assets retirement obligation		29,016			(883	)		—			28,133
Gain or loss foreign currency translation		20,677			(20,539	)		—			138
Deferred revenue		35,800			7,230			—			43,030
Contract assets		—			97,464			—			97,464
Real-estate sales		13,685			(13,685	)		—			—
Others		708,437			(123,798	)		948			585,587
Total		1,905,480			(20,492	)		6,274			1,891,262
Temporary difference, net		(128,857	)		(88,810	)		77,103			(140,564	)
Tax credit carryforwards		128,245			16,686			—			144,931
Total net balance		(612	)		(72,124	)		77,103			4,367

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)	2021
	Beginning			Consolidated<br>statements of<br>profit or loss			Other<br>comprehensive<br>income			Ending
Deferred tax liabilities
Derivative instruments		(843	)		(18,326	)		(1,400	)		(20,569	)
Investment in subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures		(181,564	)		(68,166	)		9,097			(240,663	)
Depreciation		(4,175	)		(84,413	)		—			(88,588	)
Advanced depreciation provision		(311,918	)		(27,087	)		—			(339,005	)
Deposits for severance benefits		(521,257	)		(17,340	)		(331	)		(538,928	)
Accrued income		(1,753	)		598			—			(1,155	)
Reserve for technology and human resource development		(204	)		—			—			(204	)
Contract cost		(342,965	)		65,695			—			(277,270	)
Contract assets		(166,544	)		(50,103	)		—			(216,647	)
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		(627	)		291			—			(336	)
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		(30,623	)		(33,267	)		16,369			(47,521	)
Inventory valuation		—			(29	)		—			(29	)
Others		(469,353	)		(132,256	)		(178	)		(601,787	)
Total		(2,031,826	)		(364,403	)		23,557			(2,372,672	)
Deferred tax assets
Derivative instruments		30,482			8,085			(244	)		38,323
Provision for impairment or trade receivables		89,065			5,343			—			94,408
Inventory valuation		(236	)		236			—			—
Contribution for construction		16,400			(1,376	)		—			15,024
Unsettled expenses		136,078			31,826			—			167,904
Provisions		34,022			951			—			34,973
Property and equipment		226,960			(1,139	)		—			225,821
Defined benefit liabilities		598,364			(8,663	)		(18,365	)		571,336
Withholding of facilities expenses		5,747			(446	)		—			5,301
Deduction of installment receivables		28			(7	)		—			21
Assets retirement obligation		28,133			333			—			28,466
Gain or loss foreign currency translation		138			18,417			—			18,555
Deferred revenue		43,030			18,287			—			61,317
Contract assets		97,464			(10,327	)		—			87,137
Others		585,587			83,852			—			669,439
Total		1,891,262			145,372			(18,609	)		2,018,025
Temporary difference, net		(140,564	)		(219,031	)		4,948			(354,647	)
Tax credit carryforwards		144,931			(10,514	)		—			134,417
Total net balance		4,367			(229,545	)		4,948			(220,230	)

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

The tax impacts recognized directly to equity as at December 31, 2019, 2020, and 2021, are as follows:

	2019									2020									2021
(In millions of Korean won)	Before<br> <br>recognition			Tax effect			After<br> recognition			Before<br> <br>recognition			Tax effect			After<br> recognition			Before<br> <br>recognition			Tax effect			After<br> recognition
Gain on valuation of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		225,635			(58,483	)		167,152			54,969			(12,972	)		41,997			163,892			(34,412	)		129,780
Gain (loss) on valuation of hedge instruments		31,003			(8,139	)		22,864			37,247			(9,860	)		27,387			6,916			(1,644	)		5,272
Remeasurements of net defined benefit liabilities		(33,814	)		8,037			(25,777	)		(77,382	)		17,201			(60,181	)		74,518			(18,696	)		55,822
Share of gain(loss) of associates and joint ventures, and others		4,493			(1,327	)		3,166			25,538			(8,820	)		16,718			(34,909	)		9,097			(25,812	)
Exchange differences on translation for foreign operations		6,692			(1,759	)		4,933			(3,614	)		948			(2,666	)		683			(178	)		505
Total	￦	234,009		￦	(61,671	)	￦	172,338		￦	36,758		￦	(13,503	)	￦	23,255		￦	211,100		￦	(45,533	)	￦	165,567

Details of income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are calculated as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019		2020		2021
Current income tax expense	￦	120,533	￦	213,225	￦	289,471
Impact of change in deferred taxes		199,527		72,124		229,545
Income tax expense	￦	320,060	￦	285,349	￦	519,016

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

The tax on the Group’s profit before tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the weighted average tax rate applicable to profits of the entities as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019			2020			2021
Profit before income tax expense	￦	1,015,928		￦	1,031,605		￦	1,978,411
Statutory income tax expense	￦	269,018		￦	273,329		￦	533,701
Tax effect
Income not taxable for taxation purposes		(1,265	)		(24,657	)		(4,307	)
Non-deductible expenses		19,543			31,741			20,570
Tax credit		(39,190	)		(47,056	)		(31,517	)
Additional payment of income taxes		3,832			429			(221	)
Tax effect and adjustment on consolidation
Goodwill impairment		159			—			—
Eliminated dividend income form subsidiaries		21,917			20,682			7,264
Changes of <br>out-side<br> tax effect		13,539			38,552			4,738
Intangible Asset impairment and amortization		14,052			3,790			796
Reversal expenses of contract cost assets		11,213			(6,643	)		(2,932	)
Change in scope of consolidation		—			—			(5,128	)
Others		7,242			(4,818	)		(3,948	)
Income tax expense	￦	320,060		￦	285,349		￦	519,016

Details of deferred tax assets and liabilities that are not recognized as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2020		2021
Deductible temporary differences
Investment in subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures	￦	2,160,963	￦	2,354,109
Unused tax loss		129,680		106,853
Unused Tax credit		2,924		1,376
Others		254,397		122,895
Total	￦	2,547,964	￦	2,585,233
Taxable temporary differences
Investment in subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures	￦	452,286	￦	784,170
Others		43,491		—
Total	￦	495,777	￦	784,170

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

The expected period of expiry for unused tax losses not recognized in deferred tax assets as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, is as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2020		2021
2022	￦	2,140	￦	4,249
2023		80,649		76,133
2024		5,848		4,484
2025		4,867		2,836
2026		2,847		2,390
2027		9,709		3,419
2028		8,389		2,091
2029		8,426		2,579
2030		2,579		3,150
After 2031		4,226		5,522
Total	￦	129,680	￦	106,853
3<br>1<br>.	Earnings per Share
---	---

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit from operations attributable to equity holders of the Group by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period, excluding ordinary shares purchased by the Group and held as treasury stock.

Basic earnings per share from operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, is calculated as follows:

	2019		2020		2021
Profit attributable to ordinary shares<br> (<br>i<br>n millions of Korean won)	￦	645,703	￦	700,889	￦	1,354,537
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding <br>(<br>in<br> shares)		245,171,283		245,207,307		235,201,782
Basic earnings per share <br> <br>(<br>i<br>n Korean won)		2,634		2,858		5,759

Diluted earnings per share from operations is calculated by adjusting the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding to assume conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares. The Controlling Company has dilutive potential ordinary shares from convertible preferred stocks, stock options and other share-based payments.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Diluted earnings per share from operations for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 is calculated as follows:

	2019			2020		2021
Profit attributable to ordinary shares<br> <br>(<br>i<br>n millions of Korean won)	￦	645,703		￦	700,889	￦	1,354,537
Adjustment to net income attributable to ordinary shares <br>(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)		(157	)		—		—
Diluted profit attributable to ordinary shares<br> <br>(<br>i<br>n millions of Korean won)		645,546			700,889		1,354,537
Number of dilutive potential ordinary shares outstanding <br>(<br>i<br>n number of shares)		70,267			69,598		483,760
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding <br>(<br>i<br>n number of shares)		245,241,550			245,276,905		235,685,542
Diluted earnings per share <br> <br>(<br>i<br>n Korean won)		2,632			2,858		5,747

Diluted earnings per share is earnings per outstanding of ordinary shares and dilutive potential ordinary shares. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing adjusted profit for the year by the sum of the number of ordinary shares and dilutive potential ordinary shares.

3<br>2<br>.	Dividend

The dividends paid by the Group in 2021, 2020 and 2019 were

￦ 326,487 million ( ￦ 1,350 per share), ￦ 269,766 million (￦ 1,100 per share), ￦ 269,659 million ( ￦ 1,100 per share), respectively. A dividend in respect of the year ended December 31, 2021, of ￦ 1,910 per share, amounting to a total dividend of ￦ 450,394 million, was approved at the shareholders’ meeting on March 31, 2022.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

3<br>3<br>.	Cash Generated from Operations

Cash flows from operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019			2020			2021
1. Profit for the year	￦	695,868		￦	746,256		￦	1,459,395
2. Adjustments to reconcile net income
Income tax expense		320,060			285,349			519,016
Interest income		(303,722	)		(291,425	)		(300,900	)
Interest expense		278,975			265,035			268,847
Dividends income		(3,408	)		(4,442	)		(21,525	)
Depreciation		2,567,754			2,635,307			2,643,894
Amortization of intangible assets		660,705			628,154			604,744
Depreciation of <br>right-of-use<br> assets		433,199			404,174			398,716
Provision for severance benefits		256,525			255,615			253,491
Impairment losses on trade receivables		60,193			139,957			105,344
Share of net profit or loss of associates and joint ventures		3,252			(18,041	)		(116,061	)
Loss(gain) on disposal of associates and joint ventures		30			111			1
Loss on the disposal of subsidiaries		—			—			13,483
Loss(gain) on disposal of <br>right-of-use<br> assets		1,556			2,047			8,319
Impairment losses on assets held for sale		7,586			—			11
Loss on disposal of property and equipment and investment in properties		49,284			55,590			17,410
Loss(gain) on disposal of intangible assets		(1,248	)		246			2,159
Loss on impairment of intangible assets		61,899			211,637			3,747
Loss(gain) on foreign currency translation		75,998			(138,011	)		180,921
Loss(gain) on valuation and settlement of derivatives, net		(70,482	)		155,600			(235,130	)
Loss(gain) on disposal of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		(5,115	)		329			(29,974	)
Gain on valuation of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		(4,335	)		(59,044	)		(64,660	)
Loss(gain) on disposal of financial assets at amortized cost		43			(138	)		(35	)
Others		143,500			127,948			86,740
3. <br>Change in operating assets and liabilities, net of effects from purchase of controlled entity and sale of engineering division
Decrease(increase) in trade receivables		(433,292	)		66,462			327,031
Decrease(Increase) in other receivables		(79,130	)		685,209			(328,610	)
Decrease(increase) in other current assets		984			9,089			(89,230	)
Decrease(increase) in other <br>non-current<br> assets		(178,180	)		(86,039	)		(143,087	)
Decrease(increase) in inventories		240,488			288,507			32,798
Increase(decrease) in trade payables		44,354			(135,760	)		289,044
Decrease in other payables		(102,375	)		(1,232,646	)		207,583
Increase in other current liabilities		43,384			127,076			107,993
Increase(decrease) in other <br>non-current<br> liabilities		(199,547	)		(56,319	)		(14,915	)
Decrease(Increase) in provisions		(12,164	)		2,264			(4,668	)
Decrease(Increase) in deferred revenue		641			(1,948	)		3,696
Increase in plan assets		(375,499	)		(136,336	)		(114,631	)
Payment of severance benefits		(119,716	)		(186,520	)		(241,350	)
4. Cash generated from operations (1+2+3)	￦	4,058,065		￦	4,745,293		￦	5,829,607

The Group made agreements with securitization specialty companies and disposed of its trade receivables related to handset sales (Note 20). Cash flows from the disposals are presented in cash generated from operations.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Significant transactions not affecting cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019			2020			2021
Reclassification of the current portion of borrowings	￦	1,030,056		￦	1,229,359		￦	1,303,543
Reclassification of <br>construction-in-progress<br> to property and equipment		2,698,146			3,011,519			2,916,888
Reclassification of accounts payable from property and equipment		685,859			22,052			(149,512	)
Reclassification of accounts payable from intangible assets		(356,911	)		(345,675	)		524,040
Reclassification of payable from defined benefit liability		(19,053	)		72,346			69,415
Reclassification of payable from plan assets		(14,298	)		66,046			(60,320	)
3<br>4<br>.	Changes in Liabilities Arising from Financing Activities
---	---

Changes in liabilities arising from financing activities, liabilities related to cashflow to be classified as future financing activities, for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of<br>Korean won)	2019
							Non-cash
	Beginning			Cash<br>flows			Changes in<br>Accounting<br>Policy<br>1		Newly<br>acquired		Exchange<br>difference			Fair Value<br>changes			Others			Ending
Borrowing	￦	6,648,294		￦	574,175		￦	—	￦	—	￦	64,398		￦	—		￦	12,000		￦	7,298,867
Lease liabilities		163,858			(485,444	)		771,410		774,906		—			—			(13,379	)		1,211,351
Derivative liabilities		65,067			(9,734	)		—		—		(4,234	)		(20,058	)		(10,945	)		20,096
Derivative assets		(29,843	)		33,635			—		—		(53,729	)		(11,398	)		2,759			(58,576	)
Total	￦	6,847,376		￦	112,632		￦	771,410	￦	774,906	￦	6,435		￦	(31,456	)	￦	(9,565	)	￦	8,471,738
(In millions of<br> Korean won)	2020
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Beginning			Cash<br> flows			Non-cash															Ending
					Newly<br> acquired				Exchange<br> difference			Fair Value<br> changes			Change in<br> <br>Consolidati-<br> <br>on Scope			Others
Borrowing	￦	7,298,867		￦	167,867		￦	17,523		￦	(157,985	)	￦	—		￦	—		￦	(9,974	)	￦	7,316,298
Lease liabilities		1,211,351			(447,784	)		473,477			(3	)		40			3,564			(97,005	)		1,143,640
Other financial liabilities		—			(13,674	)		13,674			—			—			—			—			—
Derivative liabilities		20,096			(943	)		2,798			142,511			(23,669	)		—			(10,220	)		130,573
Derivative assets		(58,576	)		34,933			—			2,870			(3,456	)		—			16,623			(7,606	)
Total	￦	8,471,738		￦	(259,601	)	￦	507,472		￦	(12,607	)	￦	(27,085	)	￦	3,564		￦	(100,576	)	￦	8,582,905
(In millions of<br> Korean won)	2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Beginning			Cash<br> flows			Non-cash															Ending
					Newly<br> acquired				Exchange<br> difference			Fair Value<br> changes			Change in<br> <br>Consolidati-<br> <br>on Scope			Others
Borrowing	￦	7,316,298		￦	900,394		￦	52,782		￦	196,890		￦	—		￦	15,994		￦	(44,655	)	￦	8,437,703
Lease liabilities		1,143,640			(394,567	)		403,451			3			90			36,840			(30,088	)		1,159,369
Derivative liabilities		130,573			(1,712	)		2,637			(4,311	)		(4,892	)		—			(47,119	)		75,176
Derivative assets		(7,606	)		216			—			(189,700	)		(17,251	)		—			114,888			(99,453	)
Total	￦	8,582,905		￦	504,331		￦	458,870		￦	2,882		￦	(22,053	)	￦	52,834		￦	(6,974	)	￦	9,572,795

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

35.	Segment Information

The Group’s operating segments are as follows:

Details	Business service
ICT	Mobile/fixed line telecommunication service and convergence business, B2B business and others
Finance	Credit card business and others
Satellite TV	Satellite TV business
Others	IT, facility security and global business, and others

Details of each segment for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	2019
(In millions of Korean won)	Operating<br> <br>revenues			Operating<br> <br>Income			Depreciation<br> and Amortization<br>1
ICT	￦	18,527,631		￦	634,046		￦	3,229,159
Finance		3,795,185			158,235			27,852
Satellite TV		694,637			69,357			94,992
Others		5,845,973			218,402			357,294
		28,863,426			1,080,040			3,709,297
Elimination		(3,964,237	)		(53,070	)		(79,805	)
Consolidated amount	￦	24,899,189		￦	1,026,970		￦	3,629,492
1	Sum of the amortization of tangible assets, intangible assets, investment properties, and <br>right-of-use<br> assets.
---	---
	2020
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
(In millions of Korean won)	Operating<br> <br>revenues			Operating<br> <br>Income			Depreciation<br> and Amortization<br>1,2
ICT	￦	18,275,765		￦	809,741		￦	3,233,878
Finance		3,686,430			85,008			53,098
Satellite TV		706,631			71,345			84,931
Others		5,944,093			209,078			346,215
		28,612,919			1,175,172			3,718,122
Elimination		(4,172,272	)		(152,839	)		(83,838	)
Consolidated amount	￦	24,440,647		￦	1,022,333		￦	3,634,284
1	Sum of the amortization of tangible assets, intangible assets, investment properties, and <br>right-of-use<br> assets.
---	---

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December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

2	Property and equipment and intangible assets associated with ICT reporting segment are <br>￦<br> 13,583,173 million.
	2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
(In millions of Korean won)	Operating<br> <br>revenues			Operating<br> <br>Income			Depreciation<br> and Amortization<br>1,2
ICT	￦	18,734,342		￦	1,170,920		￦	3,217,643
Finance		3,636,260			137,779			48,542
Satellite TV		772,950			76,926			91,306
Others		6,455,905			357,747			355,015
		29,599,457			1,743,372			3,712,506
Elimination		(4,393,798	)		(43,975	)		(104,869	)
Consolidated amount	￦	25,205,659		￦	1,699,397		￦	3,607,637
1	Sum of the amortization of tangible assets, intangible assets, investment properties, and <br>right-of-use<br> assets.
---	---
2	Property and equipment and intangible assets associated with ICT reporting segment are <br>￦<br> 14,257,680 million.
---	---

Operating revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 and non-current assets as at December 31, 2020 and 2021 by geographical regions, are as follows:

(In millions of<br> <br>Korean won)	Operating revenues						Non-current<br> assets<br>1
Location	2019		2020		2021		2020.12.31		2021.12.31
Domestic	￦	24,832,068	￦	24,368,729	￦	25,114,719	￦	18,934,766	￦	20,627,543
Overseas		67,121		71,918		90,940		18,243		253,638
Total	￦	24,899,189	￦	24,440,647	￦	25,205,659	￦	18,953,009	￦	20,881,181
1	Non-current<br> assets include property and equipment, intangible assets, investment properties and <br>right-of-use<br> assets.
---	---

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

36.	Related Party Transactions

The list of related party of the Group as at December 31, 2021, is as follows:

Relationship	Name of Entity
Associates and joint ventures	KIF Investment Fund, <br>K-REALTY<br> CR REITs No.1, Boston Global Film & Contents Fund L.P., QTT Global (Group) Company Ltd., CU Industrial Development Co., Ltd, KD Living, Inc., LoginD Co., Ltd., K Bank, <br>ISU-kth<br> Contents Investment Fund, Daiwon Broadcasting Co., Ltd., <br>KT-DSC<br> Creative Economy Youth <br>Start-up<br> Investment Fund, Korea Electronic Vehicle Charging Service, <br>K-REALTY<br> RENTAL HOUSING REIT 2, AI RESEARCH INSTITUTE, <br>KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment Fund 1, <br>Gyeonggi-KT<br> Yoojin Superman Fund, FUNDA Co., Ltd, CHAMP IT Co., Ltd., Alliance Internet Corp., Little big pictures, Virtua Realm Sendirian Berhad, <br>KT-Smart<br> Factory Investment Fund, Studio Discovery Co., Ltd., KT Young Entrepreneurs DNA Investment Fund, Hyundai Robotics Co., Ltd., IGIS Professional Investors Private Investment Real Estate Investment LLC No.395, Maruee Limited Company Specializing in the Cultural Industry, Trustay Co., Ltd., The Skyk Co., Ltd., StorySoop Inc., Mastern No.127 Logispoint Daegu Co., Ltd., SMART KOREA KT NEXT VENTURE FUND, KT Early Stage Investment Fund, Pacific Professional Investors Private Investment Real Estate Investment LLC No.55 Mastern KT Multi-Family Real Estate Private Equity Investment Fund 1, Home Choice Corp, <br>K-REALTY<br> RENTAL HOUSING REIT V, <br>K-Realty<br> 11th Real Estate Investment Trust Company, <br>IBK-KT<br> Emerging Digital Industry Investment Fund, <br>SG-IBKC<br> <br>K-Contents<br> Investment Fund No.1
Others<br>1	Goody Studio Co., Ltd.
1	Although it is evaluated by applying IFRS 9, it is included in the scope of related parties under IAS 24 as it has a significant influence.
---	---

Outstanding balances of receivables and payables in relations to transactions with related parties as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

		December 31, 2020
		Receivables						Payables
(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)		Trade<br> receivables		Other<br> receivables		Lease<br> <br>receivables		Trade<br> payables		Other<br> payables		Lease<br> <br>liabilities
Associates and joint ventures	K-REALTY<br> <br>CR REIT 1	￦	457	￦	16,200	￦	—	￦	—	￦	—	￦	20,857
	K Bank		775		32,964		—		—		891		—
	Others		72		1,147		—		—		858		—
Total		￦	1,304	￦	50,311	￦	—	￦	—	￦	1,749	￦	20,857

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

		December 31, 2021
		Receivables						Payables
(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)		Trade<br> receivables		Other<br> receivables		Lease<br> <br>receivables		Trade<br> payables		Other<br> payables		Lease<br> <br>liabilities
Associates and joint ventures	K Bank	￦	821	￦	51,422	￦	—	￦	—	￦	513	￦	—
	IGIS Professional Investors Private Investment Real Estate Investment LLC No.395		4,614		—		—		—		—		—
	Others		565		1,853		—		343		4,829		—
Total		￦	6,000	￦	53,275	￦	—	￦	343	￦	5,342	￦	—

Significant transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

		2019
(In millions of Korean won)		Sales		Purchases<br>1
Associates and joint ventures	K-<br> Realty <br>CR-REITs<br> No.1	￦	1,302	￦	—
	K Bank		17,815		8,524
	Others		1,498		10,531
Others	K-REALTY<br> <br>CR-REIT<br> 10<br>1		2,801		—
Total		￦	23,416	￦	19,055

1	The amounts include acquisition of property and equipment and others.
		2019
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
(In millions of Korean won)		Acquisition<br>of lease<br>receivables		Acquisition of<br><br>right-of-use<br><br>assets		Interest<br>expense		Dividend<br>income
Associates and joint ventures	K-<br> Realty <br>CR-REITs<br> No.1	￦	—	￦	776	￦	2,225	￦	10,928
	Korea Information & Technology Investment Fund (KIF Investment Fund)		—		—		—		4,280
	Others		—		—		—		146
Total		￦	—	￦	776	￦	2,225	￦	15,354
		2020
---	---	---	---	---	---
(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)		Sales		Purchases<br>1
Associates and joint ventures	K-<br> Realty <br>CR-REITs<br> No.1	￦	2,298	￦	—
	Korea Information & Technology Investment Fund (KIF Investment Fund)		—		—
	K Bank		15,658		8,227
	Others		809		10,272
Total		￦	18,765	￦	18,499
1	The amounts include acquisition of primarily property and equipment.
---	---

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

		2020
(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)		Interest<br> income		Interest<br> expense		Dividend<br> income
Associates and joint ventures	K-<br> Realty <br>CR-REITs<br> No.1		￦<br>—		￦<br>917		￦<br>8,061
	Korea Information & Technology Investment Fund (KIF Investment Fund)		—		—		9,241
	K Bank		14		—		—
	Others		—		—		43
Total		￦	14	￦	917	￦	17,345
		2021
---	---	---	---	---	---
(In millions of Korean won)		Sales		Purchases<br>1
Associates and joint ventures	K-<br> Realty <br>CR-REITs<br> No.1	￦	238,847	￦	1,308
	IGIS Professional Investors Private Investment Real Estate Investment LLC No. 395		5,000		—
	K Bank		24,247		15,164
	Others		28,092		21,302
Total			296,186		37,774

		2021
(In millions of Korean won)		Interest<br> income		Interest<br> expense		Dividend<br> income
Associates and joint ventures	K-<br> Realty <br>CR-REITs<br> No.1		￦<br>—		￦<br>205		￦<br>40,142
	Korea Information & Technology Investment Fund (KIF Investment Fund)		223		—		—
	K Bank		—		—		—
	Others<br>2		—		—		8,637
Total		￦	223	￦	205	￦	48,779
1	The amounts include acquisition of primarily property and equipment.
---	---
2	Transaction amount before OSKENT Co., Ltd., Mission Culture Industry Limited, Sweet and Sour Culture
---	---

Industry Limited, Alma Mater Culture Industry Limited, and KT Philippines are excluded from associates and joint ventures.

Key management compensation for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, consists of:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019		2020		2021
Salaries and other short-term benefits	￦	2,955	￦	2,086	￦	2,189
Post-employment benefits		321		390		412
Stock-based compensation		891		625		669
Total	￦	4,167	￦	3,101	￦	3,270

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Fund transactions with related parties for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	December 31, 2019
	Borrowing transaction<br>1				Equity<br><br> <br>contributions<br> in cash
(In millions of Korean won)	Borrowing<br>2		Repayment
KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment Fund1	￦	—	￦	—	￦	3,750
KT Philippines <br>C<br>o. Ltd.		—		—		99
Virtua Realm Sendirian Berhad		—		—		550
K-REALTY<br> CR REIT 1		—		30,385		—
K Bank		—		—		21,782
KIF Investment Fund		—		—		—
Daiwon Broadcasting Co.,Ltd.		—		—		—
JB Emerging Market Specialty Investment Private Equity Trust No.1		—		—		—
Gyeonggi-KT<br> Yoojin Superman Fund		—		—		1,000
KT-CKP<br> New Media Investment Fund		—		—		(174	)
KT-DSC<br> creative economy youth <br>start-up<br> investment fund		—		—		(1,800	)
KT-Smart<br> Factory Investment Fund		—		—		2,800
KT-SB<br> Venture Investment Fund		—		—		(2,404	)
Total	￦	—	￦	30,385	￦	25,603
1	Borrowing transactions include lease transactions.
---	---
2	Conversion effect from the adoption of IFRS 16 <br>Lease<br> on January 1, 2019 has been excluded.
---	---
	December 31, 2020
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Borrowing transaction<br>1				Equity<br><br> <br>contributions<br> in cash
(In millions of Korean won)	Borrowing		Repayment
K-<br> Realty <br>CR-REITs<br> No.1	￦	—	￦	20,304	￦	—
Studio Discovery Co. Ltd.		—		—		3,000
KT Young Entrepreneurs DNA Investment Fund		—		—		3,600
KT-Smart<br> Factory Investment Fund		—		—		2,800
KT-CKP<br> New Media Investment Fund		—		—		(109	)
K Bank		—		—		195,011
Gyeonggi-KT<br> Yoojin Superman Fund		—		—		1,000
Hyundai Robotics Co. Ltd.		—		—		50,000
Total	￦	—	￦	20,304	￦	255,302
1	Borrowing transactions include lease transactions.
---	---

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

	December 31, 2021
	Borrowing transaction<br>1				Equity<br><br> <br>contributions<br> in cash
(In millions of Korean won)	Borrowing		Repayment
K-<br> REALTY CR REIT 1	￦	—	￦	15,964	￦	—
K Bank		—		—		424,957
Pacific Professional Investors Private Investment Real Estate Investment LLC No. 55		—		—		11,000
KT Young Entrepreneurs DNA Investment Fund		—		—		8,400
Mastern KT Multi-Family Real Estate Private Equity Investment Fund 1		—		—		6,055
KT-IBKC<br> Future Investment Fund 1		—		—		(5,700	)
Others		—		—		18,176
Total	￦	—	￦	15,964	￦	462,888
1	Borrowing transaction include lease transactions.
---	---

The Group has an obligation to invest in IBK-KT Emerging Digital Industry Investment Fund, a related party, according to the agreement. As at December 31, 2021, the Group is planning to invest an additional ￦ 27,200 million.

3<br>7<br>.	Financial Risk Management

(1) Financial Risk Factors

The Group’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The Group’s overall risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on the Group’s financial performance. The Group uses derivative financial instruments to hedge certain risk exposures such as cash flow risk.

The Group’s financial policy is set up in the long-term perspective and annually reported to the Board of Directors. The financial risk management is carried out by the Value Management Office, which identifies, evaluates and hedges financial risks. The treasury department in the Value Management Office considers various finance market conditions to estimate the effect from the market changes.

1) Market risk

The Group’s market risk management focuses on controlling the extent of exposure to the risk in order to minimize revenue volatility. Market risk is a risk that decreases value or profit of the Group’s portfolio due to changes in market interest rate, foreign exchange rate and other factors.

(i) Sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis is performed for each type of market risk to which the Group is exposed. Reasonably possible changes in the relevant risk variable such as prevailing market interest rates,

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

currency rates, equity prices or commodity prices are estimated and if the rate of change in the underlying risk variable is stable, the Group does not alter the chosen reasonably possible change in the risk variable. The reasonably possible change does not include remote or ‘worst case’ scenarios or ‘stress tests’.

(ii) Foreign exchange risk

The Group is exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from operating, investing and financing activities. Foreign exchange risk is managed within the range of the possible effect on the Group’s cash flows. Foreign exchange risk (i.e. foreign currency translation of overseas operating assets and liabilities) unaffecting the Group’s cash flows is not hedged but can be hedged at a particular situation.

As at December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, if the foreign exchange rate had strengthened/weakened by 10% with all other variables held constant, the effects on profit before income tax and shareholders’ equity would have been as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	Fluctuation of<br> foreign exchange<br> rate			Income before tax<br>1			Shareholders’ equity
2019.12.31		10	%	￦	45,149		￦	52,092
		-10	%		(45,149	)		(52,092	)
2020.12.31		10	%	￦	25,220		￦	36,961
		-10	%		(25,220	)		(36,961	)
2021.12.31		10	%	￦	(3,433	)	￦	8,692
		-10	%		3,433			(8,692	)
1	Computed with considering derivatives hedging effect applied by the Group to hedge foreign exchange risk of liabilities in foreign currencies.
---	---

The above analysis is a simple sensitivity analysis which assumes that all the variables other than foreign exchange rates are held constant. Therefore, the analysis does not reflect any correlation between foreign exchange rates and other variables, nor the management’s decision to decrease the risk.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Details of financial assets and liabilities in foreign currencies as at December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In thousands of foreign currencies)				2020				2021
		Financial<br> liabilities		Financial<br> assets		Financial<br> liabilities		Financial<br> assets		Financial<br> liabilities
	645,941		1,830,764		400,046		1,937,935		245,759		2,302,642
SDR1	255		729		255		728		255		722
	24,930		80,000,000		209,376		46,000,009		29,227		30,000,763
	—		56		—		—		—		1,005
	1		6		316		162		3,943		10,801
CNY	457		161		458		491		—		—
RWF2	706		—		646		—		586		—
THB3	—		—		535		—		2,160		—
MMK4	84		—		—		—		—		—
TZS5	6,919		—		1,019		—		1,644		—
BWP6	911		—		212		—		93		—
HKD7	—		268		—		198		—		105
BDT8	18,897		—		—		—		—		—
PLN9	—		—		26		—		—		—
VND10	271,563		—		242,370		—		257,895		—
XAF11	97,411		—		16,229		—		—		—
SGD12	—		—		6		284,000		13		284,000
TWD13	—		—		—		—		—		226
CHF14	—		—		—		—		—		161

All values are in US Dollars.

1	Special Drawing Rights.
2	Rwanda Franc.
---	---
3	Thailand Bhat.
---	---
4	Myanmar Kyat.
---	---
5	Tanzanian Shilling.
---	---
6	Botswana Pula.
---	---
7	Hong Kong Dollar.
---	---
8	Bangladesh Taka.
---	---
9	Polish Zloty.
---	---
10	Vietnam Dong.
---	---
11	Central African Franc.
---	---
12	Singapore Dollar.
---	---
13	Taiwan Dollar.
---	---
14	Swiss Franc.
---	---

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(iii) Price risk

As at

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, the Group is exposed to equity securities price risk because the securities held by the Group are traded in active markets. If the market prices had increased/decreased by 10% with all other variables held constant, the effects on profit before income tax and shareholders’ equity would have been as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	Fluctuation of price	Income before tax			Equity
2019.12.31	10%	￦	24		￦	613
	-10%		(24	)		(613	)
2020.12.31	10%	￦	2,811		￦	3,472
	-10%		(2,811	)		(3,472	)
2021.12.31	10%	￦	2,000		￦	4,588
	-10%		(2,000	)		(4,588	)

The above analysis is based on the assumption that the equity index had increased/decreased by 10% with all other variables held constant and all the Group’s marketable equity instruments had moved according to the historical correlation with the index. Gain or loss on equity securities classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income can increase or decrease equity.

(iv) Cash flow and fair value interest rate risk

The Group’s interest rate risk arises from liabilities in foreign currency such as foreign currency debentures. Debentures in foreign currency issued at variable rates expose the Group to cash flow interest rate risk which is partially offset by swap transactions. Debentures and borrowings issued at fixed rates expose the Group to fair value interest rate risk. The Group sets the policy and operates to minimize the uncertainty of the changes in interest rates and financial costs.

As at December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, if the market interest rate had increased/decreased by 100 bp with other variables held constant, the effects on profit before income tax and shareholders’ equity would be as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)		Income before tax			Shareholders’ equity
2019.12.31	+ 100 bp	￦	425		￦	14,764
	- 100 bp		(482	)		(19,280	)
2020.12.31	+ 100 bp	￦	973		￦	18,584
	- 100 bp		(973	)		(19,377	)
2021.12.31	+ 100 bp	￦	753		￦	5,549
	- 100 bp		(731	)		(5,675	)

The above analysis is a simple sensitivity analysis which assumes that all the variables other than market interest rates are held constant. Therefore, the analysis does not reflect any correlation between market interest rates and other variables, nor the management’s decision to decrease the risk.

2) Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Group if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations, and arises principally from the Group’s trade receivables from customers, debt securities and others.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

-	Risk management

Credit risk is managed on the Group basis with the purpose of minimizing financial loss. Credit risk arises from the normal transactions and investing activities, where clients or other party fails to discharge an obligation on contract conditions. To manage credit risk, the Group considers the counterparty’s credit based on the counterparty’s financial conditions, default history and other important factors.

Credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, derivative financial instruments and deposits with banks and financial institutions, as well as outstanding receivables. To minimize such risk, only the financial institutions with strong credit ratings are accepted.

The Group’s investments in debt instruments are considered to be low risk investments. The credit ratings of the investments are monitored for credit deterioration.

-	Security

For some trade receivables, the Group may obtain security in the form of guarantees or letters of credit, etc. which can be called upon if the counterparty is in default under the terms of the agreement.

-	Impairment of financial assets

The Group has four types of financial assets that are subject to the expected credit loss model:

•	trade receivables for sales of goods and provision of services,
•	contract assets relating to provision of services,
---	---
•	debt investments carried at fair v<br>a<br>lue through other comprehensive income, and
---	---
•	other financial assets carried at amortized cost.
---	---

While cash equivalents are also subject to the impairment requirement, the identified impairment loss was immaterial.

The maximum exposure to credit risk of the Group’s financial instruments without considering value of collaterals as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020		December 31, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents (except for cash on hand)	￦	2,625,581	￦	2,989,713
Trade and other receivables
Financial assets at amortized costs		5,034,621		5,687,103
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		1,118,619		491,713
Contract assets		586,438		745,085
Other financial assets
Derivatives financial assets for hedging		7,684		99,453
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		680,453		862,481
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		6,570		94,750
Financial assets at amortized costs		671,068		608,389
Total	￦	10,731,034	￦	11,578,687

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(i) Trade receivables and contract assets

The Group applies the simplified approach to measuring expected credit losses which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance for all trade receivables and contract assets.

The Group measures the expected credit loss by considering the future irrecoverability rate of the remaining balance of trade receivables and other receivables at the end of the reporting period. Each trade receivables and other receivables are classified considering the credit risk characteristics and overdue periods in order to measure expected credit loss. The expected credit loss rate calculation is based on historical payment and credit loss information in relation to revenue for 36 months period up to December 31, 2021. Expected credit loss of 12 months was applied as the credit sales and other credit-related assets of BC Card Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Group, has been determined to have low credit risk.

(ii) Cash equivalents (except for cash on hand)

The Group is also exposed to credit risk in relation cash equivalents. The maximum exposure at the end of the reporting period is the carrying amount of these investments.

(iii) Other financial assets at amortized costs

Other financial assets at amortized cost include time deposits, other long-term financial instruments and others. All of the financial assets at amortized costs are considered to have low credit risk, and the loss allowance recognized during the period was, therefore, limited to 12 months expected losses. Management consider ‘low credit risk’ for other instruments when they have a low risk of default and the issuer has a strong capacity to me e t its contractual cash flow obligations in the near term.

(iv) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

All of the debt investments at fair value through other comprehensive income are considered to have low credit risk, and the loss allowance recognized during the period was, therefore, limited to 12 months expected losses. Management consider ‘low credit risk’ for other instruments when they have a low risk of default and the issuer has a strong capacity to meet its contractual cash flow obligations in the near term. The maximum exposure at the end of the reporting period is the carrying amount of these investments.

(v) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

The Group is also exposed to credit risk in relation to financial assets that are measured at fair value through profit or loss. The maximum exposure at the end of the reporting period is the carrying amount of these investments.

3) Liquidity risk

The Group manages its liquidity risk by liquidity strategy and plans. The Group considers the maturity of financial assets and financial liabilities and the estimated cash flows from operations.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

The table below analyzes the Group’s liabilities (including interest expenses) into relevant maturity groups based on the remaining period at the date of the end of each reporting period to the contractual maturity date. These amounts are contractual undiscounted cash flows and can differ from the amount in the consolidated financial statements.

	December 31, 2020
(In millions of Korean won)	Less than 1 year		1-5<br> years		More than<br> 5 years		Total
Trade and other payables	￦	6,587,796	￦	730,758	￦	258,255	￦	7,576,809
Borrowings(including debentures)		1,573,944		4,373,534		2,258,360		8,205,838
Lease liabilities		336,024		658,501		190,907		1,185,432
Other <br>non-derivative<br> financial liabilities		574		131,242		—		131,816
Financial guarantee contracts<br>1		22,422		—		—		22,422
Total	￦	8,520,760	￦	5,894,035	￦	2,707,522	￦	17,122,317
1	It is total amount guaranteed by the Group according to guarantee contracts. Cash flow from financial guarantee contracts is classified as the maturity group in the earliest period when the financial guarantee contracts can be executed.
---	---
	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
(In millions of Korean won)	Less than 1 year		1-5<br> years		More than<br> 5 years		Total
Trade and other payables	￦	6,698,783	￦	1,232,468	￦	159,647	￦	8,090,898
Borrowings(including debentures)		1,927,456		5,635,558		2,275,557		9,838,571
Lease liabilities		388,226		484,476		427,860		1,300,562
Other <br>non-derivative<br> financial liabilities		1,473		206,749		100,900		309,122
Financial guarantee contracts<br>1		71,697		—		—		71,697
Total	￦	9,087,635	￦	7,559,251	￦	2,963,964	￦	19,610,850
1	It is total amount guaranteed by the Group according to guarantee contracts. Cash flow from financial guarantee contracts is classified as the maturity group in the earliest period when the financial guarantee contracts can be executed.
---	---

At the end of the reporting period, the cash outflows and inflows by maturity of the Group’s derivatives held for trading and gross-settled derivatives are as follows:

	December 31, 2019
(In millions of Korean won)	Less than 1 year		1-5<br> years		More than<br>5 years		Total
Outflow	￦	650,497	￦	1,602,513	￦	507,947	￦	2,760,957
Inflow		684,720		1,648,746		524,483		2,857,949

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

	December 31, 2020
(In millions of Korean won)	Less than 1 year		1-5<br> years		More than<br> 5 years		Total
Derivatives settled gross<br>1
Outflows	￦	248,300	￦	2,179,046	￦	498,619	￦	2,925,965
Inflows		249,301		2,074,747		480,570		2,804,618

	December 31, 2021
(In millions of Korean won)	Less than 1 year		1-5<br> years		More than<br> 5 years		Total
Derivatives held for trading<br>2
Outflows	￦	—	￦	158,284	￦	—	￦	158,284
Derivatives settled gross<br>3
Outflows	￦	843,489	￦	1,857,942	￦	377,302	￦	3,078,733
Inflows		856,508		1,917,236		394,134		3,167,878
1	Cash outflow and inflow of gross-settled derivatives are undiscounted contractual cash flow and may differ from the amount in the statement of financial position.
---	---
2	During the current period, derivative liabilities <br>held-for-trading are<br> classified under the ‘more than one year to less than five years’ category as they are relevant to the fair value of derivatives liabilities related to <br>shareholder-to-share<br> contracts (Note 20).
---	---

As these derivatives held-for-trading are m a naged based on net fair value, their contractual maturities are not necessarily taking into consideration to understand the timing of cash flows.

3	Cash outflow and inflow of gross-settled derivatives are undiscounted contractual cash flow and may differ from the amount in the statement of financial position.

Meanwhile, as at December 31, 2021, the Group is obligated to invest ￦ 27,200 million in IBK-KT Emerging Digital Industry Investment Fund, a related party, and others, and ￦ 8,109 million and USD 5,400 thousand to be paid in the future Capital Call method to Future Innovation Private Equity Fund No.3 (Notes 20 and 36).

(2) Management of Capital Risk

The Group’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other shareholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital.

The Group’s capital structure consists of liabilities including borrowings, cash and cash equivalents, and shareholders’ equity. The treasury department monitors the Group’s capital structure and considers cost of capital and risks related each capital component.

The debt-to-equity ratios as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020			December 31, 2021
Total liabilities	￦	18,111,112		￦	20,592,180
Total equity		15,551,433			16,567,161
Debt-to-equity<br> ratio		116	%		124	%

The Group manages capital on the basis of the gearing ratio. This ratio is calculated as net debt divided by total capital. Net debt is calculated as total borrowings less cash and cash equivalents. Total capital is calculated as ‘equity’ in the statement of financial position plus net debt.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

The gearing ratios as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won, %)	December 31, 2020			December 31, 2021
Total borrowings	￦	7,316,298		￦	8,437,703
Less: cash and cash equivalents		(2,634,624	)		(3,019,592	)
Net debt		4,681,674			5,418,111
Total equity		15,551,433			16,567,161
Total capital		20,233,107			21,985,272
Gearing ratio		23	%		25	%

(3) Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Details of the Group’s recognized financial assets subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
	Gross<br> assets		Gross<br> liabilities<br> offset			Net amounts<br> presented in<br> the statement<br> of financial<br> <br>position		Amounts not offset					Net<br> amount
				Financial<br> instruments					Cash<br> collateral
Trade receivables	￦	71,497	￦	(1	)	￦	71,496	￦	(67,421	)	￦	—	￦	4,075
(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Gross<br> assets		Gross<br> liabilities<br> offset		Net amounts<br> presented in<br> the statement<br> of financial<br> <br>position		Amounts not offset					Net<br> amount
				Financial<br> instruments				Cash<br> collateral
Trade receivables	￦	79,102	￦	—	￦	79,102	￦	(65,592	)	￦	—	￦	13,510

These include price subject to netting arrangements on facility interconnection and data sharing among telecommunication companies.

The Group’s recognized financial liabilities subject to enforceable master netting arrangements or similar agreements are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
	Gross<br> liabilities		Gross<br> assets<br> <br>offset			Net amounts<br> presented in<br> the statement<br> of financial<br> <br>position		Amounts not offset					Net<br> amount
				Financial<br> instruments					Cash<br> collateral
Trade payables	￦	69,361	￦	—		￦	69,361	￦	(67,421	)	￦	—	￦	1,940
Other financial liabilities		1		(1	)		—		—			—		—
	￦	69,362	￦	(1	)	￦	69,361	￦	(67,421	)	￦	—	￦	1,940
(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Gross<br> liabilities		Gross<br> assets<br> <br>offset		Net amounts<br> presented in<br> the statement<br> of financial<br> <br>position		Amounts not offset					Net<br> amount
				Financial<br> instruments				Cash<br> collateral
Trade payables	￦	69,944	￦	—	￦	69,944	￦	(65,592	)	￦	—	￦	4,352

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

These include price subject to netting arrangements on facility interconnection and data sharing among telecommunication companies.

38.	Fair Value

38.1 Fair Value of Financial Instruments by Category

Carrying amount and fair value of financial instruments by category as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	December 31, 2020				December 31, 2021
(In millions of Korean won)	Carrying<br> amount		Fair value		Carrying<br> amount		Fair value
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents	￦	2,634,624		1	￦	3,019,592		1
Trade and other receivables
Financial assets measured at amortized cost <br>2		4,976,423		1		5,610,377		1
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		1,118,619		1,118,619		491,713		491,713
Other financial assets
Financial assets measured at amortized cost		671,068		1		608,389		1
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		809,919		809,919		952,319		952,319
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		258,516		258,516		347,877		347,877
Derivative financial assets for hedging		7,684		7,684		99,453		99,453
Total	￦	10,476,853			￦	11,129,720
Financial liabilities
Trade and other payables	￦	7,017,639		1	￦	7,980,203		1
Borrowings		7,316,298		7,643,116		8,437,703		8,578,827
Other financial liabilities
Financial liabilities at amortized cost		132,558		1		263,500		1
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss		2,682		2,682		216,040		216,040
Derivative financial liabilities for hedging		127,929		127,929		18,126		18,126
Total	￦	14,597,106			￦	16,915,572
1	The Group did not conduct fair value estimation since the book amount is a reasonable approximation of the fair value
---	---
2	With the application of IFRS 7, lease receivables are excluded from fair value disclosure.
---	---

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

3<br>8<br>.2	Fair Value Hierarchy

To provide an indication about the reliability of the inputs used in determining fair value, the Group classifies its financial instruments into the three levels prescribed under the accounting standards. Financial instruments that are measured at fair value are categorized by the fair value hierarchy, and the defined levels are as follows:

•	Level 1: The fair value of financial instruments traded in active markets is based on quoted market prices at the end of the reporting period. The quoted market price used for financial assets held by the Group is the current bid price. These instruments are included in level 1.
•	Level 2: The fair value of financial instruments that are not traded in an active market is determined using valuation techniques which maximize the use of observable market data and rely as little as possible on entity-specific estimates. If all significant inputs required to fair value an instrument are observable, the instrument is included in level 2.
---	---
•	Level 3: If one or more of the significant inputs is not based on observable market data, the instrument is included in level 3.
---	---

Fair value hierarchy classifications of the financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value or its fair value is disclosed as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Trade and other receivables
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	￦	—	￦	1,118,619	￦	—	￦	1,118,619
Other financial assets
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		46,449		330,961		432,509		809,919
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		5,606		202,121		50,789		258,516
Derivative financial assets for hedging		—		7,684		—		7,684
Disclosed fair value
Investment properties		—		—		2,645,482		2,645,482
Total	￦	52,055	￦	1,659,385	￦	3,128,780	￦	4,840,220
Liabilities
Borrowings	￦	—	￦	7,643,116	￦	—	￦	7,643,116
Other financial liabilities
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss		—		45		2,637		2,682
Derivative financial liabilities for hedging		—		123,735		4,194		127,929
Total	￦	—	￦	7,766,896	￦	6,831	￦	7,773,727

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Trade and other receivables
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	￦	—	￦	491,713	￦	—	￦	491,713
Other financial assets
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		24,285		310,095		617,939		952,319
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		17,328		7,176		323,373		347,877
Derivative financial assets for hedging		—		67,888		31,565		99,453
Disclosed fair value
Investment properties		—		—		4,263,381		4,263,381
Total	￦	41,613	￦	876, 872	￦	5,236,258	￦	6,154,743
Liabilities
Borrowings	￦	—	￦	8,578,827	￦	—	￦	8,578,827
Other financial liabilities
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss		—		708		215,332		216,040
Derivative financial liabilities for hedging		—		18,126		—		18,126
Total	￦	—	￦	8,597,661	￦	215,332	￦	8,812,993

38.3 Transfers Between Fair Value Hierarchy Levels of Recurring Fair Value Measurements

There are no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy for the recurring fair value measurements.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Details of changes in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for the recurring fair value measurements as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	2020
	Financial assets						Financial liabilities
(In millions of Korean won)	Financial assets<br>at fair value<br>through profit or<br>loss			Financial assets<br>at fair value<br>through other<br>comprehensive<br>income			Financial<br>liabilities at fair<br>value through<br>profit or loss			Derivative<br>financial liabilities<br>(assets) for<br>hedging
Beginning balance	￦	495,141		￦	42,054		￦	—		￦	(17,788	)
Purchases		374,259			13,142			2,798			—
Reclassification		208			—			—			—
Disposal		(451,663	)		(571	)		—			—
Amount recognized in profit or loss<br>1,2		14,564			(428	)		(161	)		29,345
Amount recognized in other comprehensive income<br>1		—			(3,408	)		—			(7,363	)
Ending balance	￦	432,509		￦	50,789		￦	2,637		￦	4,194
1	Amount recognized in profit or loss and other comprehensive income with respect to derivative financial liabilities for hedging comprises loss on valuation of derivative instruments.
---	---
2	Amount recognized in profit or loss with respect to financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss comprises loss on valuation of derivative instruments.
---	---
	2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Financial assets						Financial liabilities
(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)	Financial assets<br> at fair value<br> through profit or<br> loss			Financial assets<br> at fair value<br> through other<br> comprehensive<br> income			Derivative<br> financial assets<br> (liabilities) for<br> hedging			Financial<br> liabilities at fair<br> value through<br> profit or loss
Beginning balance	￦	432,509		￦	50,789		￦	(4,194	)	￦	2,637
Acquisition		441,068			118,648			—			205,323
Reclassification		(25,757	)		14,633			—			—
Changes in Consolidation Scope		353			(3,051	)		—			46,208
Disposal		(325,401	)		(5,325	)		—			—
Amount recognized in profit or loss<br>1,2		95,167			71			43,150			(38,836	)
Amount recognized in other comprehensive income<br>1		—			147,608			(7,391	)		—
Ending balance	￦	617,939		￦	323,373		￦	31,565		￦	215,332
1	The recognition of gains and losses on derivatives financial liabilities (assets) for hedging purposes consists entirely of derivatives valuation losses.
---	---
2	The recognition of gains and losses on financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss consists of derivative valuation losses.
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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

3<br>8<br>.4	Valuation Technique and the Inputs

Valuation techniques and inputs used in the recurring, non-recurring fair value measurements and disclosed fair values categorized within Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as at December 31, 2020 and 20 21 , are as follows:

	December 31, 2020
(In millions of Korean won)	Fair value		Level		Valuation techniques
Assets
Trade and other receivables
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	￦	1,118,619		2	DCF Model
Other financial assets
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		763,470		2,3	DCF Model,<br> <br>Adjusted net asset model
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		252,910		2,3	DCF Model, Comparable Company Analysis
Derivative financial assets for hedging		7,684		2	DCF Model
Investment properties		2,645,482		3	DCF Model
Liabilities
Borrowings	￦	7,643,116		2	DCF Model
Other financial liabilities
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss		2,682		2,3	DCF Model,<br> <br>Binomial Option Pricing
Derivative financial liabilities for hedging		127,929		2,3	Hull-White model,<br> <br>DCF Model

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

	December 31, 2021
(In millions of Korean won)	Fair value		Level		Valuation techniques
Assets
Trade and other receivables
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income	￦	491,713		2	DCF Model
Other financial assets
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss		928,034		2,3	DCF Model,<br> <br>Adjusted Net Asset Model
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income		330,549		2,3	DCF Model,<br> <br>Market approach Model
Derivative financial assets for hedging		99,453		2,3	Hull-White Model,<br> <br>DCF Model
Investment properties		4,263,381		3	DCF Model
Liabilities
Borrowings	￦	8,578,827		2	DCF Model
Other financial liabilities
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss		216,040		2,3	DCF Model,<br> <br>Binomial Option Pricing Model
Derivative financial liabilities for hedging		18,126		2	DCF Model
3<br>8<br>.5	Valuation Processes for Fair Value Measurements Categorized Within Level 3
---	---

The Group uses external experts that perform the fair value measurements required for financial reporting purposes. External experts report directly to the chief financial officer (CFO), and discusses valuation processes and results with the CFO in line with the Group’s reporting dates.

3<br>8<br>.6	Gains and losses on valuation at the transaction date

In the case that the Group values derivative financial instruments using inputs not based on observable market data, and the fair value calculated by the said valuation technique differs from the transaction price, then the fair value of the financial instruments is recognized as the transaction price. The difference between the fair value at initial recognition and the transaction price is deferred and amortized using a straight-line method by maturity of the financial instruments. However, in the case that inputs of the valuation techniques become observable in markets, the remaining deferred difference is immediately recognized in full in profit for the year.

In relation to this, details and changes of the total deferred difference for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2020					2021
	Derivatives used<br> for hedging			Derivative held<br> for trading		Derivatives used<br> for hedging			Derivative held<br> for trading
I. Beginning balance	￦	3,682		￦	—	￦	2,257		￦	—
II. New transactions		—			—		—			—
III. Recognized at fair value through profit or loss		(1,425	)		—		(1,425	)		—
IV. Ending balance (I+II+III)	￦	2,257		￦	—	￦	832		￦	—

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

3<br>9<br>.	Interests in Unconsolidated Structured Entities

Details of information about its interests in unconsolidated structured entities, which the Group does not have control over, including the nature, purpose and activities of the structured entity and how the structured entity is financed, are as follows:

Classes of entities	Nature, purpose, activities and others
Real estate finance	A structured entity incorporated for the purpose of real estate development is provided with funds by investors’ investments in equity and borrowings from financial institutions (including long-term and short-term loans and issuance of Asset Backed Commercial Paper (“ABCP”) due in three months), and based on these, the structured entity implements activities such as real estate acquisition, development and mortgage loans. The structured entity repays loan principals with funds incurred from instalment house sales after the completion of real estate development or with collection of the principal of mortgage loan. The remaining shares are distributed to investors. As at December 31, 2021, this entity is engaged in real estate finance structured entity, and generates revenues by receiving dividends from direct investments in or receiving interests on loans to the structured entity. Financial institutions, including the Entity, are provided with guarantees including joint guarantees or real estate collateral from investors and others. Consequently, the entity is a priority over other parties in the preservation of claim. However, when the credit rating of investors and others decreases or when the value of real estate decreases, the entity may be obliged to cover losses.
PEF and investment funds	Minority investors including managing members contribute to Private Equity Fund (“PEF”) and investment funds incorporated for the purpose of providing funds to the small, medium, or venture entities, and the managing member implements activities such as investments in equity or loans based on the contributions. As at December 31, 2021, the entity is engaged in PEF and investment funds structured entity, and after contributing to PEF and investment funds, the entity receives dividends for operating revenues from these contributions. The entity is provided with underlying assets of PEF and investment funds as collateral. However, when the value of the underlying assets decreases, the entity may be obliged to cover losses.
Asset securitization	The Group transfers accounts receivable for handset sales to its Special Purpose Company (“SPC”) for asset securitization. SPC issues the asset-backed securities with accounts receivable for handset sales as an underlying asset, and makes payment for the underlying asset acquired.

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Details of scale of unconsolidated structured entities and nature of the risks associated with an entity’s interests in unconsolidated structured entities as at December 31, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
	Real Estate<br> Finance		PEF and<br> Investment<br> Funds		Asset<br> Securitization		Total
Total assets of unconsolidated structured entities	￦	2,004,869	￦	4,380,534	￦	2,152,412	￦	8,537,815
Assets recognized in statement of financial position
Other financial assets	￦	29,874	￦	128,332	￦	—	￦	158,206
Joint ventures and associates		51,607		219,753		—		271,360
Total	￦	81,481	￦	348,085	￦	—	￦	429,566
Maximum loss exposure<br>1
Investment assets	￦	81,481	￦	348,085	￦	—	￦	429,566
Cash deficiency support		—		29,130		—		29,130
Total	￦	81,481	￦	377,215	￦	—	￦	458,696
1	It includes the investments recognized in the Group’s consolidated financial statements and the amounts which are probable to be determined when certain conditions are met by agreements including purchase agreements, credit granting and others.
---	---
	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
(In millions of Korean won)	Real Estate<br> Finance		PEF and<br> Investment<br> Funds		Asset<br> Securitization		Total
Total assets of unconsolidated structured entities	￦	2,343,487	￦	5,202,439	￦	2,256,256	￦	9,802,182
Assets recognized in statement of financial position
Other financial assets	￦	40,587	￦	237,841	￦	—	￦	278,428
Joint ventures and associates		125,009		246,440		—		371,449
Total	￦	165,596	￦	484,281	￦	—	￦	649,877
Maximum loss exposure<br>1
Investment assets	￦	165,596	￦	484,281	￦	—	￦	649,877
Investment agreement, etc		—		63,489		—		63,489
Total	￦	165,596	￦	547,770	￦	—	￦	713,366
1	Includes the investments recognized in the Group’s financial statements and the amounts which are probable to be determined when certain conditions are met by agreements including purchase agreements, credit granting and others.
---	---

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

40<br>.	Information About <br>Non-controlling<br> Interests

40 .1 Changes in Accumulated Non-controlling Interests

Profit or loss allocated to non-controlling interests and accumulated non-controlling interests of subsidiaries that are material to the Group for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 are as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2019
	Non-<br><br> controlling<br> Interests<br> rate (%)			Accumulated<br> <br>non-controlling<br><br> interests at the<br> beginning of<br> the year		Profit or loss<br> allocated to<br> <br>non-controlling<br><br> interests			Dividend<br> paid<br> <br>to non-<br> <br>controlling<br> interests			Others			Accumulated<br> <br>non-controlling<br><br> interests at the<br> end of the year
KT Skylife Co., Ltd.		49.7	%	￦	374,150	￦	10,029		￦	(8,279	)	￦	6		￦	375,906
BC Card Co., Ltd.		30.5	%		345,547		37,795			(18,900	)		53,033			417,475
KT Powertel Co., Ltd.		55.2	%		52,865		1,751			—			(340	)		54,276
KT Alpha Co., Ltd. (KT Hitel Co., Ltd.)		32.9	%		52,336		1,720			—			653			54,709
KT Telecop Co., Ltd.		13.2	%		103,357		(588	)		—			(99,119	)		3,650
(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2020
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Non-<br><br> controlling<br> Interests<br> rate (%)			Accumulated<br> <br>non-controlling<br><br> interests at the<br> beginning of<br> the year		Profit or loss<br> allocated to<br> <br>non-controlling<br><br> interests			Dividend<br> paid<br> <br>to non-<br><br> controlling<br> interests			Others			Accumulated<br> <br>non-controlling<br><br> interests at the<br> end of the year
KT Skylife Co., Ltd.		49.7	%	￦	375,906	￦	22,171		￦	(8,279	)	￦	(898	)	￦	388,900
BC Card Co., Ltd.		30.5	%		417,475		9,899			(22,787	)		7,239			411,826
KT Powertel Co., Ltd.		55.2	%		54,276		2,151			(478	)		(202	)		55,747
KT Alpha Co., Ltd. (KT Hitel Co., Ltd.)		32.9	%		54,709		(1,840	)		—			(2,563	)		50,306
KT Telecop Co., Ltd.		13.2	%		3,650		152			—			(208	)		3,594
(In millions of Korean won)	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Non-<br><br> controlling<br> Interests<br> rate (%)			Accumulated<br> <br>non-controlling<br><br> interests at the<br> beginning of<br> the year		Profit or loss<br> allocated to<br> <br>non-controlling<br><br> interests		Dividend<br> paid<br> <br>to non-<br><br> controlling<br> interests			Others			Accumulated<br> <br>non-controlling<br><br> interests at the<br> end of the year
KT Skylife Co., Ltd.		49.7	%	￦	388,900	￦	24,795	￦	(8,279	)	￦	5,279		￦	410,695
BC Card Co., Ltd.		30.5	%		411,826		34,496		(6,434	)		59,040			498,928
KTIS Corporation		68.6	%		120,071		17,715		(1,837	)		(709	)		135,240
KTCS Corporation		67.8	%		129,502		21,394		(2,211	)		(3,574	)		145,111
Nasmedia Co., Ltd		56.0	%		112,549		15,185		(3,808	)		255			124,181

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

40 .2 Summarized Financial Information on Subsidiaries

The summarized financial information for each subsidiary with non-controlling interests that are material to the Group before inter-company eliminations is as follows:

Summarized consolidated statements of financial position as at December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021, are as follows:

	December 31, 2019
(In millions of Korean won)	KT Skylife<br>Co., Ltd.			BC Card Co.,<br>Ltd.			KT Powertel<br>Co., Ltd.			KT Alpha<br>Co., Ltd.<br>(KT Hitel<br>Co., Ltd.)			KT Telecop<br> <br>Co., Ltd.
Non-controlling<br> Interests rate (%)		49.7	%		30.5	%		55.2	%		32.9	%		13.2	%
Current assets	￦	459,077		￦	2,580,634		￦	86,465		￦	115,694		￦	55,908
Non-current<br> assets		389,199			1,332,348			31,587			164,124			223,969
Current liabilities		123,506			2,452,219			17,757			62,378			64,218
Non-current<br> liabilities		19,333			142,013			2,009			12,391			89,622
Equity		705,437			1,318,750			98,286			205,049			126,037
Operating revenue		704,996			3,553,008			62,846			323,065			332,063
Profit or loss for the year		56,008			115,885			3,085			1,426			(4,875	)
Total comprehensive income (loss)		55,936			289,122			2,469			(1,840	)		(6,558	)
Cash flows from operating activities		152,549			429,331			780			49,870			52,693
Cash flows from investing activities		(101,594	)		(419,894	)		(9,525	)		(50,138	)		(44,393	)
Cash flows from financing activities		(18,833	)		(5,744	)		(687	)		(1,860	)		(5,227	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		32,122			3,693			(9,432	)		(2,128	)		3,073
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning <br>of year		31,728			275,089			15,649			39,186			5,708
Exchange differences		—			380			—			(15	)		—
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year		63,850			279,162			6,217			37,043			8,781

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

	December 31, 2020
(In millions of Korean won)	KT Skylife<br>Co., Ltd.			BC Card Co.,<br>Ltd.			KT Powertel<br>Co., Ltd.			KT Alpha<br>Co., Ltd.<br>(KT Hitel<br>Co., Ltd.)
Non-controlling<br> Interests rate (%)		49.7	%		30.5	%		55.2	%		32.9	%
Current assets	￦	480,450		￦	1,785,914		￦	90,056		￦	140,948
Non-current<br> assets		439,026			1,298,484			29,638			148,001
Current liabilities		153,236			1,602,667			17,045			74,045
Non-current<br> liabilities		21,803			176,083			1,788			18,554
Equity		744,437			1,305,648			100,861			196,350
Operating revenue		706,631			3,387,640			65,897			350,231
Profit or loss for the year		58,190			39,455			3,809			2,080
Total comprehensive income (loss)		55,647			61,796			3,442			(8,700	)
Cash flows from operating activities		160,934			(119,163	)		6,011			62,521
Cash flows from investing activities		(105,293	)		58,042			(3,353	)		(58,186	)
Cash flows from financing activities		(19,650	)		22,790			(1,515	)		(1,856	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		35,991			(38,331	)		1,143			2,479
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		63,850			279,162			6,217			37,043
Exchange differences		(7	)		(247	)		—			(83	)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year		99,834			240,584			7,360			39,439
	December 31, 2021
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
(In millions of Korean won)	KT Skylife<br> Co., Ltd.			BC Card Co.,<br> Ltd.			KTIS<br> Corporation			KTCS<br> Corporation			Nasmedia,<br> Co., Ltd.
Non-controlling<br> Interests rate (%)		49.7	%		30.5	%		68.6	%		67.8	%		56.0	%
Current assets	￦	408,484		￦	1,991,152		￦	124,420		￦	302,953		￦	409,345
Non-current<br> assets		867,161			1,942,275			244,941			113,797			81,049
Current liabilities		249,676			1,658,476			103,927			189,641			248,648
Non-current<br> liabilities		220,018			822,528			73,691			44,530			19,970
Equity		805,951			1,452,423			191,743			182,579			221,776
Operating revenue		772,950			3,580,970			487,801			968,499			125,876
Profit or loss for the year		62,309			120,308			24,944			19,034			27,120
Total comprehensive income (loss)		74,995			122,578			28,669			16,914			27,991
Cash flows from operating activities		102,947			(157,645	)		49,011			6,945			44,500
Cash flows from investing activities		(352,116	)		(283,313	)		(27,143	)		(1,039	)		(16,966	)
Cash flows from financing activities		230,010			526,563			(23,126	)		(16,622	)		(9,843	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(19,159	)		85,605			(1,258	)		(10,716	)		17,691
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		99,834			240,584			31,779			75,440			53,720
Exchange differences		(3	)		293			—			(840	)		(15	)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year		80,672			326,482			30,521			63,884			71,396

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

40<br>.3	Transactions with <br>Non-controlling<br> Interests

The effect of changes in the ownership interest on the equity attributable to owners of the Group during 2019, 2020 and 2021 is summarized as follows:

(In millions of Korean won)	2019			2020		2021
Carrying amount of <br>non-controlling<br> interests acquired	￦	(9,566	)	￦	1,750	￦	14,702
Consideration paid to <br>non-controlling<br> interests		484			9,878		1,095
Excess of consideration paid recognized in parent’s equity	￦	(9,082	)	￦	11,628	￦	15,797
4<br>1<br>.	Business Combination
---	---

KT Skylife Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of the Group, acquired 7,000,000 common shares (100%) of Hyundai HCN Co., Ltd. for ￦ 515,091 million on September 30, 2021 to strengthen the competitiveness of the paid broadcasting business and create synergy and changed its name to HCN Co., Ltd.

KT ES Pte. Ltd., a subsidiary of the group, acquired 81,320,642 common shares (100%) of Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd. for USD 135 million on September 30, 2021 to expand its global telecommunications business and create synergy.

The details of major business combinations that occurred for the year ended December 31, 2021, are as follows.

(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)	Major transfer business	Business<br> combination<br> date		Transfer price
HCN Co., Ltd.	Cable television service		Sep. 30, 2021	￦	515,091
Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd.	Network service industry		Sep. 30, 2021		159,738

The values of assets and liabilities acquired on the acquisition date from major business combinations for the year ended December 31, 2021, are as follows:

(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)	HCN Co., Ltd.		Epsilon Global<br> Communications<br> <br>Pte. Ltd.
I. Total transfer price (A)	￦	515,091	￦	159,738
II. Amount recognized as identifiable assets and liabilities
Non-current<br> assets		243,397		73,810
Current assets		104,574		19,003
Non-current<br> liabilities		49,409		36,773
Current liabilities		36,151		46,008
Total identifiable net assets (B)		262,411		10,032
III. <br>Non-controlling<br> interest (C)		—		—
IV. Fair value of net assets acquired <br>(D=B-C)		262,411		10,032
V. Goodwill <br>(E=A-D)	￦	252,680	￦	149,706

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

The fair values of assets and liabilities acquired on the acquisition date from major business combinations for the year

(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)	HCN Co., Ltd.		Epsilon Global<br>Communications<br>Pte. Ltd.
Fair value of identifiable assets	￦	347,971	￦	92,813
Cash and cash equivalents		57,322		7,470
Trade and other receivables		34,820		11,533
Other financial assets		8,847		—
Finance lease receivables		4,119		—
Property and equipment		90,895		21,457
Investment properties		7,178		—
Right-of-use<br> assets		2,601		34,254
Intangible assets		1,819		3,311
Customer relationship (Intangible assets)		125,893		12,964
Deferred income tax assets		—		1,824
Long-term finance lease receivables		3,108		—
Other <br>non-current<br> assets		6,644		—
Investments in associates and joint ventures		2,760		—
Other <br>non-current<br> financial assets		1,965		—
Fair value of identifiable liabilities		85,560		82,781
Trade and other payables		32,075		22,648
Lease liabilities		2,620		40,021
Current provisions		345		—
Current income tax liabilities		2,401		—
Other current liabilities		2,940		680
Net defined benefit liabilities		4,535		—
Deferred income tax liabilities		40,376		2,204
Other <br>non-current<br> liabilities		268		631
Borrowings		—		16,597
Fair value of identifiable net assets	￦	262,411	￦	10,032

Intangible assets additionally identified by the Group as a result of major business combinations for the year

(<br>I<br>n millions of Korean won)	Goodwill		Customer<br>relationship
HCN Co., Ltd.	￦	252,680	￦	125,893
Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd.		149,706		12,964

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KT Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021

Operating revenue and net profit and loss before elimination of intercompany transactions of the acquired companies transferred through major business combinations for the year ended December 31, 2021, are as follows:

	After business<br>combination					2021<br><br>1
(In millions of Korean won)	Operating<br>revenue		Profit (loss) for<br>the year			Operating<br>revenue		Profit (loss) for<br>the year
HCN Co., Ltd.	￦	63,682	￦	7,882		￦	248,636	￦	21,821
Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd.		15,670		(2,866	)		60,178		(12,592	)
1	Operating revenue and profit or loss of the entity for the current reporting period as though the acquisition date for all business combinations that occurred during the year had been as at the beginning of the annual reporting period.
---	---
4<br>2<br>.	Events After Reporting Period
---	---

The Group has issued the following bonds since the end of the reporting period.

Type		Face value<br><br><br>(<br>I<br>n millions<br>of Korean<br>won)
The <br>196-1st<br> Public bond	Jan. 27, 2022	￦	270,000	2.60	%	Jan. 27, 2025
The <br>196-2nd<br> Public bond	Jan. 27, 2022		100,000	2.64	%	Jan. 27, 2027
The <br>196-3rd<br> Public bond	Jan. 27, 2022		30,000	2.74	%	Jan. 27, 2032

After the current reporting period, in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors on February 15, 2022, the Group transferred its Cloud/IDC business to KT Cloud Co., Ltd., a newly established company owned by the Group, through an investment in kind on April 1, 2022. The Group aims to enhance the value of the Cloud/IDC business and foster KT Cloud Co., Ltd. as a specialized company.

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SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

KT CORPORATION
(Registrant)
/s/ <br>HYEON-MO<br> KU
Name: <br>Hyeon-Mo<br> Ku
Title:	Representative Director and<br> <br>Chief Executive Officer

Date: April 28, 2022

Table of Contents

Exhibit Index

1	Articles of Incorporation of KT Corporation (English translation)
2.1*	Deposit Agreement dated as of May 25, 1999 entered into among KT Corporation, Citibank, N.A., as depositary, and all Holders and Beneficial Owners of American Depositary Shares evidenced by the American Depositary Receipts issued thereunder, including the form of American depositary receipt (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a)(i) of the Registrant’s Registration Statement (Registration <br>No. 333-13578)<br> on Form <br>F-6)
2.2*	Form of Amendment No. 1 to Deposit Agreement dated as of May 25, 1999 entered into among KT Corporation, Citibank, N.A., as depositary, and all Holders and Beneficial Owners of American Depositary Shares evidenced by the American Depositary Receipts issued thereunder, including the form of American depositary receipt (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit (a)(ii) of the Registrant’s Registration Statement (Registration <br>No. 333-13578)<br> on Form <br>F-6)
2.3*	Letter from Citibank, N.A., as depositary, to the Registrant relating to the establishment of a direct registration system for ADSs and the issuance of uncertified ADSs as part of the direct registration system (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.4 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form <br>20-F<br> filed on June 30, 2008)
2.4	Description of common stock (see Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association)
2.5	Description of American Depositary Shares (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.6 of the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form <br>20-F<br> filed on April 29, 2020)
8.1	List of subsidiaries of KT Corporation
12.1	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2	Certification pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1	Certification pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File as its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	The cover page for the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021, has been formatted in Inline XBRL
*	Filed previously.
---	---
(P)	Paper filing.
---	---

EX-1

Exhibit 1

THE ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION

KT Corporation

Adopted on October 1, 1997

Amended on December 8, 1997

September 18, 1998

March 19, 1999

March 24, 2000

March 21, 2001

March 22, 2002

August 20, 2002

March 14, 2003

March 12, 2004

March 11, 2005

August 19, 2005

March 10, 2006

March 16, 2007

January 14, 2009

March 27, 2009

March 12, 2010

March 11, 2011

March 16, 2012

March 15, 2013

March 27, 2015

March 25, 2016

March 24, 2017

March 23, 2018

March 29, 2019

March 30, 2020

March 29, 2021

March 31, 2022

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CHAPTER I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1. (Name) The name of the Corporation shall be “Chusik Hoesa KT”, which shall be written in English as “KT Corporation” (hereafter “KT”).

Article 2. (Purpose) The objective of KT is to engage in the following business activities:

1.	Information and communications business
2.	New media business and Internet Multimedia Broadcasting Business
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3.	Development and sale of software and contents
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4.	Sale and distribution of information communication equipment
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5.	Testing and inspection of information communication equipment, device or facilities
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6.	Advertisement business
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7.	Retail business via telephone, mail order or online
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8.	IT facility construction business, electrical construction business and fire protection facility business<br>
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9.	Real estate and housing business
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10.	Electronic banking and finance business
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11.	Education and learning service business
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12.	Security service business (Machinery system surveillance service, Facilities security service, etc.)<br>
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13.	Research and technical development, education, training and promotion, overseas businesses, and export and<br>import, manufacture and distribution related to activities mentioned in Subparagraphs 1 through 12
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14.	Frequency-based telecommunications services and other telecommunications services
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15.	Value-added telecommunications business
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16.	Manufacture, provision (screening) and distribution of contents such as musical records, music videos, movies,<br>videos and games
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17.	Issuance and management of pre-paid electronic payment instruments, and<br>businesses related to electronic finance such as payment gateway services
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18.	Sales and leasing of equipment and facilities related to the activities mentioned in Subparagraphs 14 through<br>17
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19.	Any overseas business or export and import business related to activities mentioned in Subparagraphs 14 through<br>18
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20.	Tourism
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21.	(Deleted)
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22.	New and renewable energy, energy generation business, electrical system design and business and agency business<br>for electrical safety management
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23.	Health Informatics business
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24.	Manufacture of communication equipment, device or facilities for military purpose
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25.	Energy examination business, Energy service company(ESCO) business, and other R of energy use related<br>businesses
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26.	Business facilities management and Business support services
27.	Business related to Information Security & Certification Service
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28.	Activities of management consultancy
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29.	Warehousing and storage
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30.	General construction business
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31.	Specialized design business
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32.	Freight Transportation Business, Cargo Transportation Intermediation Business
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33.	Manufacturing and sales of medical device
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34.	Personal information management business and ancillary work
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35.	Any and all other activities or businesses incidental to or necessary for attainment of the foregoing.<br>
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Article 3. (Location of Offices) The head office of KT (the “head office”) shall be located in Seoul or Kyunggi Province. KT may establish requisite sub-offices at site(s) pursuant to resolution of the Board of Directors.

Article 4. (Method of Public Notice) Public notice by KT shall be available at the website of the Company (https://www.kt.com) provided, however, that if it is not possible to do so due to computer system failure or other unavoidable causes, public notice by the Company shall be given in any daily newspaper published in Seoul, Republic of Korea.

CHAPTER II. SHARES OF STOCK

Article5. (Amount of Authorized Capital)

The total number of shares authorized to be issued by KT shall be one billion shares.

Article 6. (Par Value and Types of Shares and Electronic registration for Rights to be indicated on Share certificates and Subscription right certificates)

(1) Par value per share issued by KT shall be 5,000 Korean Won. The type of shares shall be common shares and preferred shares, both of which shall be in registered form.

(2) Rights to be indicated on share certificates and subscription right certificates shall be electronically registered in the electronic register of electronic registry instead of being issued.

Article 7. (Shares to be Issued at the Time of Incorporation)

The total number of shares to be issued by KT at the time of incorporation shall be 395,675,369 shares.

Article 8. (Number and Description of Preferred Shares)

(1) The total number of Preferred Shares to be issued by KT shall be up to one-fourth (1/4) of the total number of shares issued and outstanding, which shall be without voting rights.

(2) Dividends on Preferred Shares shall be an amount not less than nine (9) percent p.a. of the par value as determined by the Board of Directors at the time of issuance.

(3) If the dividends on the Common Shares exceed those on Preferred Shares, the excess dividend amount shall also be paid to the holders of Preferred Shares commensurate to the rate applicable to Common Shares.

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(4) If dividends on Preferred Shares are not paid for any fiscal year, the holders of such Preferred Shares shall be entitled to receive such accumulated unpaid dividend in priority to the holders of Common Shares from the dividends payable in the next fiscal year.

Article 9. (Preemptive Rights)

(1) When KT issues new shares, the shareholders of KT shall be entitled to subscribe for such new shares in proportion to their existing shareholdings.

(2) Notwithstanding Paragraph (1) above, new shares may be issued to persons other than the shareholders of KT, in the following cases:

1.	When the new shares are issued by public offering or subscribed by underwriters pursuant to Article 4 and<br>Article 119 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (“FSCMA”);
2.	When the members of the Employee Stock Ownership Association of KT have preemptive rights to subscribe for such<br>new shares pursuant to Article 165-7 of the FSCMA;
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3.	When the new shares are represented by depositary receipt pursuant to Article<br>165-16 of the FSCMA
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4.	When the new shares are issued by the exercise of stock options set forth in Article 10 of these Articles of<br>Incorporation;
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5.	When the new shares are issued in order to accomplish specific business purposes such as strategic alliance,<br>inducement of foreign funds, other capital raising requirements, introduction of new technology, and improvement of financial structure.
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6.	When the new shares are issued by a resolution of the Board of Directors through a general public offering<br>pursuant to Article 165-6 of the FSCMA. However, in such case, the total number of the shares to be issued shall not exceed ten percent (10%) of the total number of KT issued and outstanding; or<br>
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7.	When there exists an immediate need for the company to raise funds, new shares can be issued to domestic and<br>foreign financial institutions (enacted on March 21, 2001).
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(3) The method of disposition of shares in respect of which preemptive rights have not been exercised or where fractions of shares occur shall be determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors.

(4) Notwithstanding Paragraph (1) above, shareholders who acquire shares in violation of any laws and regulations or these Articles of Incorporation shall not be entitled to subscribe for new shares in respect of such shares.

Article 10. (Stock Options)

(1) KT may grant stock options to its officers and employees who have contributed, or are capable of contributing, to the establishment, management or technical innovation of KT, except for officers or employees in any of the following cases, by a Special Resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders pursuant to Article 340-2 and Article 542-3 of the Commercial Code of Korea, to the extent not exceeding fifteen percent (15%) of the total number of issued shares, provided that KT may grant stock options by a resolution of the Board of Directors adopted by affirmative votes of two-thirds (2/3) of the directors in offices, to the extent not exceeding one percent (1%) of the total number of issued shares. In such case, the provision of the latter part of the Proviso of Paragraph 1 of Article 38 shall apply mutatis mutandis:

1.	The largest shareholder of KT and the Related Person thereto (refers to the Related Person as prescribed in<br>Paragraph 2-5, Article 542-8 of the Commercial Code of Korea. The same shall apply in

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this Article); However, anyone who has become an officer of KT and thus becomes the Related Person is excluded (Including such officers who are not engaged full time at the affiliates as a<br>director or an auditor).
2.	Major Shareholders (refers to the Major Shareholders as prescribed in Paragraph<br>(2-6) of Article 542-8 of the Commercial Code of Korea. The same shall apply hereinafter) and the Related Person thereto; However, anyone who has become an officer of KT<br>and thus becomes the Related Person is excluded (Including such officers who are not engaged full time at the affiliates as a director or an auditor).
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3.	Any person who shall become a Major Shareholder of KT by exercising his/her stock options.<br>
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(2) The proviso of Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the directors of KT, and the grant of stock options pursuant to the proviso of Paragraph (1) shall be approved by the General Meeting of Shareholders which is held after such grant of stock options.

(3) The shares to be issued to the officers or employees by the exercise of their stock options (in case where KT pays in cash or shares the difference between the exercise price of stock options and the market price, refers to the shares which are the basis for such calculation) shall be Common Shares in registered form.

(4) The number of officers and employees of KT who are granted with stock options shall not exceed ninety nine percent (99%) of the total number of officers and employees in office. Stock options granted to one single officer or employee shall not exceed ten percent (10%) of total number of shares issued and outstanding.

(5) The exercise price per share of the stock options shall not be less than the price as set forth in the Commercial Code of Korea.

(6) Unless otherwise provided for by the relevant laws, the exercise period of stock options shall be determined by separate agreements, to the extent that such exercise periods shall not exceed seven (7) years from the date two (2) years have elapsed after the date of the General Meeting of Shareholders or the Meeting of the Board of Directors at which a resolution to grant such stock option rights is adopted.

(7) KT may cancel the grant of stock options by a resolution of the Board of Directors in any of the following cases:

1.	When the relevant officer or employee of KT voluntarily retires from his/her office within two (2) years<br>after the date of the General Meeting of Shareholders or the Meeting of the Board of Directors at which a resolution to grant such stock option rights is adopted;
2.	When the relevant officer or employee of KT is dismissed for substantial damages incurred to KT due to his/her<br>willful misconduct or gross negligence; or
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3.	When any event for the cancellation set forth in the agreement for granting such stock options occurs.<br>
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Article 11. (Equal Dividends) KT distributes dividends equally for all shares (including shares converted from convertible bonds) regardless of the issue date for the same stock, issued by the company as of the dividend base date.

Article 12. (Transfer Agent)

(1) KT may appoint a transfer agent to make entries in the register of shareholders.

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(2) The transfer agent, and the place and scope of business of the transfer agent shall be determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors, and a public notice shall be given thereof.

Article 13. Void

Article 14. (Record Date)

(1) KT shall let the shareholders who are entered into the register of shareholders on December 31 of each year exercise their rights thereof at the Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders.

(2) KT may, for convening an Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders or when necessary, let the shareholders who are entered into the register of shareholders on the date determined by the resolution of the Board of Directors, exercise their rights. KT shall announce the date determined by the Board of Directors before 2 weeks from the date.

CHAPTER III. DEBENTURES

Article 15.(Issuance of Convertible Bonds)

(1) KT may issue convertible bonds to persons other than shareholders to the extent that the aggregate face value of the convertible bonds so issued shall not exceed 2 trillion (2,000,000,000,000) Korean Won. Provided that, the issuance of convertible bonds to persons other than shareholders may be made in cases provided for by any of the Subparagraphs of Paragraph (2) of Article 9.

(2) The Board of Directors may determine that the convertible bonds referred to in Paragraph (1) may be issued on the condition that conversion rights will be attached to only a portion of the convertible bonds.

(3) The type of shares to be issued upon conversion of convertible bonds shall be common shares. The conversion price, which shall be equivalent to or more than the par value of the shares, shall be determined by the Board of Directors at the time of issuance.

(4) The period during which conversion rights may be exercised shall commence on the date set forth in the FSCMA after the date of issuance of the relevant convertible bonds and end on the date immediately preceding the redemption date thereof. However, the Board of Directors may adjust the conversion period in accordance with relevant laws within the above period by its resolution.

(5) In case convertible bonds are converted into shares, KT pay interest which payment time has reached before conversion.

Article 16. (Issuance of Bonds with Warrants)

(1) KT may issue bonds with warrants to persons other than shareholders to the extent that the aggregate face value of the bonds with warrants so issued shall not exceed 2 trillion (2,000,000,000,000) Korean Won. Provided that, the issuance of bonds with warrants to persons other than shareholders may be made in only in cases provided for by Subparagraphs of Paragraph (2) of Article 9.

(2) The amount of new shares which can be subscribed by the holders of the bonds with warrants shall be determined by the Board of Directors, provided that the maximum amount of such new shares shall not exceed the aggregate face value of the bonds with warrants.

(3) The type of shares to be issued upon exercise of warrants shall be common shares. The issue price, which shall be equivalent to or more than the par value of the shares, shall be determined by the Board of Directors at the time of issuance.

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(4) The period during which warrants may be exercised shall commence on the date set forth in the FSCMA after the date of issuance of the relevant bonds with warrants and end on the date immediately preceding the redemption date thereof. Provided that, the Board of Directors may adjust the conversion period in accordance with the relevant laws within the above period by its resolution.

Article 16-2. (Electronic registration of Rights to be indicated on Bondsand Subscription Warrants)

Rights to be indicated on bonds and subscription warrants shall be electronically registered in the electronic register of electronic registry instead of being issued.

Article 17. (Applicable Provisions regarding Issuance of Bonds)

The provisions of Articles 12 shall apply mutatis mutandis to the issuance of bonds.

CHAPTER IV. GENERAL MEETING OF SHAREHOLDERS

Article 18. (Convening of General Meeting)

(1) Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders shall be convened within three (3) months after the date referred to paragraph (1) of Article 14, and Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders may be convened at any time, by the Representative Director (In these Articles of Incorporation, the Representative Director means the one elected at the General Meeting of Shareholder, pursuant to the Paragraph (1) of Article (25)) pursuant to a resolution of the Board of Directors except as otherwise provided by the relevant laws and regulations. Provided, however, that Paragraph (2) of Article (29) shall apply mutatis mutandis in the event the Representative Director fails to perform his duties.

(2) Notice of the General Meeting of Shareholders specifying the time, place and purpose thereof shall be sent to each shareholder in writing or electronically, two (2) weeks prior to the date set for the General Meeting of Shareholders. However, such notice to the shareholders who hold less than one-hundredth (1/100) of the total number of shares with voting rights may be given in the form of a public notice of the meeting appearing twice or more in The Seoul Shinmun, The Maeil Business Newspaper and The Korean Economic Daily, or in the form of public announcement on the Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System (“DART”) operated by the Financial Supervisory Service or Korea Exchange in lieu of written notice in paragraph 2.

(3) General Meeting of Shareholders shall be held at the location of the head office, Seoul or its neighboring place.

Article 19. (Chairman) The Representative Director shall preside at the General Meeting of Shareholders; provided, however, that Paragraph (2) of Article 29 shall apply mutatis mutandis in the event that the Representative Director fails to perform his duties.

Article 20. (Chairman’s Rightto Maintain Order)

(1) The Chairman shall suspend or cancel the proposal of any person who intentionally disrupts, by speech or behavior, the proceedings of the General Meeting of Shareholders or shall order such person to leave the General Meeting of Shareholders.

(2) If the Chairman deems it necessary for the smooth proceeding of the General Meeting of Shareholders, the Chairman may restrict the time and frequency of a shareholder’s proposal.

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Article 21. (Voting by Proxy)

(1) A shareholder may exercise its voting rights by proxy.

(2) The proxy described in Paragraph (1) must file with KT a power of attorney before the opening of the General Meeting.

Article 22. (Method ofAdoption of Resolutions) Resolutions of the General Meetings of Shareholders, except as otherwise provided by the relevant laws and regulations, shall be adopted if the approval of a majority vote of the shareholders present at such meeting is obtained and such majority also represents at least one-fourth (1/4) of the total number of shares issued and outstanding.

However, In which voting rights can be exercised electronically, members of the Audit Committee can be elected with the approval of a majority vote of the shareholders present at the General meeting is obtained

Article 22-2 (Exercise of Voting Rights by Writing)

(1) The Shareholders may exercise their voting rights by writing without attending the General Meetings of Shareholders in person.

(2) In case of Paragraph (1) above, KT shall send the notice of convening the General Meeting of Shareholders, together with written documents and reference materials necessary for the Shareholders to exercise their voting rights.

(3) The Shareholders desiring to exercise their voting rights by writing shall enter necessary matters in the written documents under paragraph (2) and submit them to KT by the date immediately preceding the date set for the Meeting.

Article 23. (Minutes of the General Meeting)

With respect to the proceedings of the General Meeting of Shareholders, the details of the proceedings and its resolutions shall be recorded in the minutes which shall bear the names and seals or signatures of the Chairman and the Directors present, and shall be preserved at the head office and branches.

CHAPTER V. DIRECTORS

Article 24. (Number of Directors) KT shall have not more than eleven (11) directors. The number of inside directors, including the Representative Director, shall not exceed three (3), and the number of outside directors shall not exceed eight (8).

Article 25. (Election of Representative Directorand Directors, etc.)

(1) The Representative Director shall be elected by a resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders among those who are recommended by the Board of Directors. However, if deemed necessary, one (1) inside director recommended by the Representative Director may be additionally elected as a representative director (hereafter “Representative Director appointed by the Board of Director”) by a resolution of the Board of Directors.

(2) The dismissal of the Representative Director requires a resolution by the General Meeting of Shareholders adopted by the affirmative vote of two-thirds (2/3) of the voting rights of the shareholders in attendance at the Meeting; provided, however, that such votes shall represent at least one-third (1/3) of the total number of issued shares of KT. Dismissal of the Representative Director appointed by the Board of Directors other than the Representative Director shall be in accordance with the resolution under Article 38 of these Articles of Incorporation.

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(3) Inside directors other than the Representative Director shall be elected at the General Meeting of Shareholders among the managing officers under the provision of Article 35 of these Articles of Incorporation who are recommended by the Representative Director with the consent of the Board of Directors. The Representative Director may propose to the General Meeting of Shareholders with the consent of the Board of Directors the dismissal of any inside director even during his/her term of office, when any of the following event occurs. In this case, the inside directors other than the Representative Director shall not participate in the resolution of the Board of Directors:

1.	Inability to perform his/her duties for a period not less than one (1) year due to his/her physical and/or<br>mental disorders; or
2.	Remarkably poor results of his/her business management due to deficient management abilities.<br>
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(4) Notwithstanding Paragraph 3 above, if the Board of Directors has recommended a candidate for the Representative Director, the candidate for the Representative Director shall recommend candidates for the inside directors with the consent of the Board of Directors. Provided, however, that the candidate for the Representative Director is not elected as the Representative Director at the General Meeting of Shareholders, his recommendation of the candidacy for the inside directorship shall become null and void.

(5) Outside directors shall be elected by the General Meeting of Shareholders from among those who have professionalism and knowledge and are recommended by the Outside Director Recommendation Committee pursuant to Article 42 after considering any of the following criteria:

1.	He/she has sufficient<br>hands-on-background or professional knowledge in his/her relevant field such as information communications, finance, economy, management, accounting, or law that are<br>necessary to perform his/her duties as an outside director;
2.	He/she is not bound by special interest as an outside director and is able to fairly perform his/her duties for<br>the benefit of KT and its shareholders;
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3.	He/she has a sense of ethics and responsibility that is fit to perform his/her duties as an outside director;<br>
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4.	He/she is able to spare his/her time and efforts necessary to faithfully perform his/her duties as an outside<br>director.
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(6) Any person who falls under any of the following categories shall not become a director of KT, and upon any elected director of KT falling under any of the following categories, such director shall be dismissed:

1.	Person who retired from his/her office within the last three (3) years due to his/her own faults or<br>business responsibilities;
2.	Person who is sentenced to imprisonment or more severe punishment, and three (3) years have not elapsed<br>after the expiration of the execution of such imprisonment or determination not to execute such imprisonment;
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3.	Person who is currently under the suspension of pronouncement or suspension of execution, or who is sentenced<br>to probation, and two (2) years have not elapsed after the expiration of the probation period;
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(7) Any person who falls under any of the following disqualification criteria shall not become an outside director of KT, and any elected outside director shall be dismissed if he or she falls under any of the following disqualification criteria:

The same person and his or her related party as defined in the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act<br>(“MRFTA”) who controls a company in competition with KT’s major business areas (however, with respect to the definition of competitor of KT used herein, if the company engages in the same business as KT and belongs to the same<br>enterprise group of KT, such company is not deemed to be in competition with KT. This shall have the same meaning hereafter);

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2.	(Deleted)
3.	(Deleted)
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4.	Any person who falls under the disqualification criteria under the Commercial Code of Korea and other relevant<br>laws and regulations
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Article 26. (Staggered Term of Office of Outside Director) One-third of the total number of the outside directors shall be elected every year.

Article 27. (Term ofOffice of Directors)

(1) The term of office of directors shall be not more than three (3) years; where the term of office expires before the closing date of the Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders in the last fiscal year of such term, the term of office shall be extended to the closing date of such General Meeting.

(2) The aggregated term of office of an outside director shall be not more than six (6) years. However, this shall not apply in the event that the extension of the term of office is determined by the proviso of paragraph 1.

Article 28. (By-election ofDirectors)

(1) In case of any vacancy in the office of a director, a director shall be elected to fill such vacancy at the General Meeting of Shareholders, provided that election thereof may not be made unless such vacancy results in lack of the requisite number of the directors or a difficulty in the administration of business.

(2) The term of office of an outside director elected to fill a vacancy shall be the remainder of the term of office of his/her predecessor.

Article 29. (Duties of the Representative Director and Directors)

(1) The Representative Director shall represent KT, execute businesses resolved by the Board of Directors and manage all businesses of KT. The Board of Directors shall determine the scope of duties and authorities of the Representative Director appointed by the Board of Directors in consideration of his/her necessity.

(2) Inside directors shall assist the Representative Director and shall perform their duties. In the event the Representative Director fails to perform his duties, an inside director shall perform his/her duties in accordance with the order as provided in the Office Regulation. However, in the event both the Representative Director and inside directors fail to perform their duties, a director shall perform his/her duties in accordance with the order as provided in the Office Regulation.

(3) In the event the Representative Director appointed by the Board of Directors fails to perform his duties, an inside director shall perform his/her duties in accordance with the order as provided in the Office Organization Regulation.

(4) If a director becomes aware of any event which may cause a material damage to KT, such director should immediately report to the Auditors’ Committee thereof.

Article 30. (Duties of Directors)

(1) Directors shall perform their duties faithfully for the good of KT in accordance with the applicable laws and regulations and the provisions of these Articles of Incorporation.

(2) The directors shall not disclose any business secret of KT that they obtained in the course of performance of their duties, during and after their terms of offices.

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Article 31. (Remuneration and Severance Allowance for Directors)

(1) The Remuneration for the directors shall be determined by a resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders, and such remuneration may be paid either in cash or in combination of cash and stock.

(2) The criteria for remuneration for the Representative Director and the inside directors, and the method of payment thereof shall be determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors, which shall be reported to the General Meeting of Shareholders.

(3) The Representative Director and the inside directors shall not participate in the resolution of the Board of Directors as set forth in Paragraph (2) above.

(4) Severance allowances for directors shall be paid in accordance with KT’s regulations for payment of officers’ severance allowance adopted at the General Meeting of Shareholders.

(5) The Outside directors may be reimbursed for expenses necessary for the performance of their duties.

Article 32. (Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee)

(1) KT shall organize the Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee to examine the candidates for Representative Director subject to examination, which shall consist of all of the outside directors and one (1) inside director. However, any person who is elected as a member of the Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee shall not be a candidate for the Representative Director, and the same shall apply in the event of serving a consecutive term.

(2) The Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee shall be organized by not later than three (3) months prior to the date of expiration of the term of office of the Representative Director (or before the elapse of within two (2) weeks from the date of retirement of the Representative Director when such retirement is due to reasons other than the expiration of the term of office thereof), and shall be dissolved after the execution of management agreement between the Representative Director so elected and the chairman of the Board of Directors.

(3) The chairman of the Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee shall be elected by the Board of Directors from among its members who hold the position of outside directors of KT. In this case, the Representative Director and the inside directors shall not participate in the resolution of the Board of Directors.

(4) The Board of Directors shall, in consideration of the following requirements, determine the examination criteria for the examination of the candidates for Representative Director and the Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee shall examine all of the candidates for Representative Director on the basis of such criteria:

1.	Experiences and scholastic achievements under which his/her knowledge with respect to the field of business<br>management and economics can be evaluated in objective point of view;
2.	Past business results and the management period of being in office under which his/her corporate management<br>experience can be evaluated in objective point of view;
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3.	Any requirements to evaluate qualification and ability as a chief executive officer; and
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4.	Any requirements to evaluate professional knowledge and experience with respect to the telecommunications and<br>related fields.
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(5) The composition, operation and other details relating to the Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee shall be determined through the resolution of the Board of Directors.

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Article 33. (Election of Representative Director)

(1) Representative Director shall be elected from among CEO-qualified candidates who have a knowledge of management and economics or who have much managerial work experience.

(2) The Corporate Governance Committee, pursuant to Paragraph (2) of Article 41 shall investigate and compose internal and external candidate pool for Representative Director and shall select the candidates for Representative Director who will be subject to examination in compliance with the decision of the Board of Directors.

(3) The Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee shall determine the candidates for Representative Director in compliance with the decision of the Board of the Directors by examining, pursuant to the examination criteria determined under Paragraph (4) of Article 32, the candidates for Representative Director selected under Paragraph (2) and report to the Board of Directors the outcome of the examination thereof.

(4) The Board of Directors shall confirm one (1) person as a candidate for Representative Director from among the candidates for the Representative Director per Paragraph (3) above and recommend such person so confirmed to the General Shareholders’ Meeting.

(5) The Board of Directors shall, in confirming the candidate for Representative Director, consult and decide with such candidates the terms of employment contract including the management goals.

(6) The Board of Directors shall recommend the candidate for Representative Director to the General Shareholders’ Meeting and concurrently submit a draft employment contract.

(7) The Representative Director and the inside directors shall not participate in the resolution of the Board of Directors determining the terms of employment contract including the management goals pursuant to Paragraph (5) above.

(8) The Board of Directors may decide upon matters not stipulated herein this Article and which concern the appointment and consecutive appointment of the Representative Director.

Article 34. (Execution of Employment Contract with the Candidate for Representative Director)

(1) When the draft employment contract submitted pursuant to Paragraph (6) of Article 33 above is approved at the General Shareholders’ Meeting, KT shall enter into such employment contract with the candidate for Representative Director. In such case, the Chairman of the Board of Directors shall, on behalf of KT, sign the employment contract.

(2) The Board of Directors may conduct a performance review to determine if the new Representative Director has performed his/her duties under the employment contract as provided in Paragraph (1) or hire a professional evaluation agency for such purpose.

(3) When the Board of Directors determines, based on the result of performance review under the provision of Paragraph (2) above, that the new Representative Director has failed to achieve the management goal, it may propose to dismiss the Representative Director at the General Shareholders’ Meeting.

(4) The management goal shall include revenue increase, profitability improvement, investment plan and other related business objectives and shall be determined, on a yearly basis, at the Board of Directors’ Meeting in order to achieve the goal of management plans during the term of Representative Director’s office approved by the Board of Directors. Such management goal may be established on a numerical basis, if possible.

(5) The performance review prescribed in Paragraph 2 above, shall be conducted by the Board of Directors at the closing of each fiscal year or may be delegated by the Board of Directors to a professional evaluation agency; provided, however, that if the Board of Directors deems necessary, it may conduct the performance review during any fiscal year.

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(6) The Board of Directors shall report the result of the performance review prescribed in Paragraph 2 above to the General Meeting of Shareholders.

(7) The Representative Director and the inside directors may not attend the Board of Directors’ Meeting for the resolution of the agenda prescribed in Paragraphs (2) through (4).

Article 35. (Managing Officers)

(1) For the efficient operation, KT shall have managing officers including inside directors.

(2) The managing officers shall consist of positions determined by the Board of Directors.

(3) The number and remuneration of the managing officers who do not hold the position of inside directors of KT shall be determined by the Board of Directors. The severance allowance for the said managing officers shall be paid in accordance with KT’s regulations for payment of officers’ severance allowance adopted at a General Meeting of Shareholders.

(4) Managing officers who do not hold the position of inside directors of KT shall be elected by the Representative Director of KT, whose term of office shall not exceed three (3) years.

(5) All matters concerning the respective duties of managing officers shall be determined by the Representative Director.

Article 36. (Advisor, etc.)

The Representative Director may employ an Advisor or appoint an Advisory Council in order to receive advice and suggestions regarding important matters concerning the operation of KT’s businesses.

CHAPTER VI. BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Article 37. (Organization and Operation)

(1) The Board of Directors shall consist of the directors, and shall resolve important matters related to the execution of business of KT as prescribed in the laws and regulations and these Articles of Incorporation, which were submitted by a director as an agenda.

(2) The Board of Directors’ Meeting shall be convened by each director. However, this shall not apply in the event that a director to convene the Board of Directors’ Meeting is determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors’ Meeting.

(3) The rest of directors may request the director designated under Paragraph 2 above to convene the Board of Directors’ Meeting. However, if the designated director refuses to convene the Board of Directors’ Meeting without any justifiable reason therefor, other directors may convene the Board of Directors’ Meeting.

(4) In convening a meeting of Board of Directors, the notice thereof shall be given at least three (3) days prior to the date set for such meeting to each director; provided, however, that the above procedure may be omitted with the consent of all of the directors.

(5) Matters necessary for the operation of the Board of Directors shall be set forth in the Regulations of the Board of Directors.

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(6) For the efficient management of the Board of Directors, a self evaluation regarding the activities of the Board of Directors may be conducted, and detailed matters therefor, including the evaluation method, etc. shall be determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors.

Article 38. (Resolution and Delegation)

(1) A resolution at a meeting of Board of Directors shall be adopted by the presence of a majority of all directors in offices and by the affirmative votes of a majority of the directors present. However, the resolution on the sale of equity in any subsidiary of KT accompanying transfer of management rights, which is for more than 10 billion

(10,000,000,000) Korean Won of the subsidiary’s equity, shall be adopted by affirmative votes of two-thirds (2/3) of the directors in office, and the resolution on the dismissal of the Representative Director shall be adopted by the affirmative votes of two-thirds (2/3) of the outside directors in offices.

(2) The Board of Directors may delegate part of its authorities to the Representative Director.

Article 39. (Chairman)

(1) The chairman of the Board of Directors shall be elected from among the outside directors by a resolution of the Board of Directors.

(2) The term of office of the chairman shall be one (1) year.

Article 40. (Minutes of the Board of Directors) The proceeding and the result of meeting of the Board of Directors shall be recorded in the minutes, which shall bear the names, seals or signatures of the Chairman and the directors present at the meeting, and shall be kept at the head office.

Article 41. (Committees within the Board of Directors)

(1) The Board of Directors may have expert committees under its control by its resolution, in order to deliberate or decide with respect to the specific matters submitted to the Board of Directors.

1.	Representative Director Candidate Examination Committee;
2.	CG (Corporate Governance) Committee (the “CG Committee”);
---	---
3.	Outside Director Candidates Recommendation Committee;
---	---
4.	Audit Committee; and
---	---
5.	Other Committees which the Board of Directors deems necessary.
---	---

(2) Any necessary matters, including those regarding the composition, authority or operation, of a committee under the Board of Directors described in Paragraph 1 above shall be determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors.

Article 41-2. (CG Committee)

(1) The CG Committee shall be composed of four (4) outside directors and one (1) inside director. However, the member of the Committee who belongs to the candidate pool for Representative Director under Paragraph (2) of Article 33 shall not participate in any resolution regarding the election of the Representative Director.

(2) The CG Committee shall deliberate and decide overall matters relating to the corporate governance of the Company.

(3) Specific issues, such as the operation of the CG Committee, shall be determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors.

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Article 42. (Outside Director Candidates Recommendation Committee)

(1) The Outside Director Candidates Recommendation Committee shall consist of one (1) inside director and all of the outside directors; provided that in case of election of an outside director due to the expiration of the term of office of an outside director, the relevant outside director the expiration of whose term has caused the need for such election may not be a member of the Committee.

(2) The Outside Director Candidates Recommendation Committee shall recommend outside director candidates to the General Shareholders’ Meeting.

(3) Any other detailed matters regarding organization and operation of the Outside Director Candidates Recommendation Committee shall be determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors.

Article 43. (Audit Committee)

(1) The Audit Committee shall consist of not less than three (3) outside directors.

(2) The Audit Committee shall perform an audit of KT’s accounting books and records, and of other aspects of its business operations.

(3) Any other detailed matters regarding organization and operation of the Audit Committee shall be determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors.

Article 44. (Managing Officers’ Meeting)

(1) KT may convene managing officers’ meeting in order to consider and resolve matters delegated by the Board of Directors.

(2) Matters necessary for the organization and operation of the managing officers’ meeting set forth in Paragraph 1 above shall be determined by a resolution of the Board of Directors.

CHAPTER VII. ACCOUNTING

Article 45.(Fiscal Year) The fiscal year of KT shall be from January 1 to December 31 of each year.

Article 46. (Preparation, Submission andMaintenance of the Financial Statements, etc.)

(1) The Representative Director of KT shall prepare the following documents and supplementary documents thereto and the business report for each fiscal year, and submit such documents, after approved by the Board of Directors, to the Audit Committee, six (6) weeks prior to the date of the Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders:

1.	A balance sheet;
2.	A statement of profit and loss; and
---	---
3.	Other documents, as defined by the Commercial Code and enforcement ordinance, that reflect financial position<br>and management performance of the company
---	---
4.	Consolidated financial statements of the company
---	---

(2) The Audit Committee shall submit an auditor’s report to the Representative Director at least one (1) week before the General Shareholders’ Meeting.

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(3) The Representative Director shall keep each document listed in Paragraph (1) together with the business report and the auditor’s report at the head office for a period of five (5) years, commencing from one week prior to the date of the Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders. Certified copies of these documents shall be kept in each respective branch office for a period of three (3) years.

(4) The Representative Director shall submit each document listed in Paragraph (1) to the Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders and request approval therefor. With respect to the business report, he/she shall report the contents thereof to the Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders.

(5) When the approval of the General Meeting of Shareholders is obtained for the documents listed in Paragraph (1), the Representative Director shall, without delay, give a public notice of the balance sheet and the audit opinion thereon of an independent auditor.

Article 47. (Disposition ofProfits) The unappropriated retained earnings for each fiscal year of KT shall be disposed of as following order:

1.	Legal Reserves;
2.	Other statutory reserves;
---	---
3.	Amortization by way of the appropriation of the retained earnings;
---	---
4.	Dividends; and
---	---
5.	Voluntary reserve.
---	---

Article 48 (Retirement of Shares)

Pursuant to Article (165-3) of the FSCMA, KT may, by a resolution of the Board of Directors, retire the shares within the scope of profits attributable to the shareholders.

Article 49. (Payment of Dividends)

(1) Dividends may be paid either in cash, in shares or in other property.

(2) In case of stock dividends, if KT has issued several types of shares, different types of shares may be allotted by a resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

(3) In case of stock or other property dividends, dividends may be paid in cash for shareholders who hold less than a certain number of stocks.

(4) Pursuant to a resolution of the Board of Directors, KT may pay interim dividends once during a fiscal year with June 30 as a base date (referred to as the fixed interim dividend date).

(5) The dividends referred to in Paragraphs (1) and (4) shall be paid to the shareholders or registered pledgees who are registered in the registry of shareholders as of the date referred to paragraph (1) of Article 14 or as of the fixed interim dividend date.

(6) The rights to dividends shall be extinguished if it is not exercised within five (5) years from the date when the relevant dividend was declared, and such unclaimed dividends shall belong to KT.

CHAPTER VIII. SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS

Article 50. (Guarantee of Personnel Status)

(1) Any employee of KT shall not receive a dismissal, suspension, reduction in compensation, reprimand and other disadvantageous orders, without any justifiable reasons therefor.

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(2) The retirement age of company employees shall be as prescribe by THE ACT ON PROHIBITION OF AGE DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT AND AGED EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION.

Article 51. (Publication of Management Information)

KT shall make public any and all matters deemed to be necessary for the promotion of transparency in management.

ADDENDUM

Article 1. (EnforcementDate) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective from October 1, 1997.

Article 2. (Term of Office of the First President and StandingDirectors) Notwithstanding Paragraph (1), Article (29) hereof, the term of office of the first President and the standing directors to be elected at the General Meeting of Shareholders convened after the execution of these Articles of Incorporation shall be extended until the end of the Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders convened after the expiration of the said term of office.

Article 3. (Term of Office of First Non-Standing Director) (1) Pursuant to Article (3) of the Addenda of the Special Act, candidates for non-standing directors who are recommended by the Temporary Non-standing Directors Recommendation Committee shall be classified into three groups, i.e., first, second and third groups, which shall consist of one, two and three persons, respectively.

(2) Notwithstanding Article (29), Paragraph (1) hereof, the term of office of a non-standing director in the first group shall expire at the close of the first Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders convened after one (1) year has elapsed. The term of office of non-standing directors in the second and third group shall expire at the close of the first Ordinary General Meetings of Shareholders convened after two (2) and three (3) years have elapsed, respectively.

Article 4. (Special Provisions for Term of Office of Standing Directors succeed to the Term of Office of an Executive Officer) In the event that a former executive officer who has been elected prior to the date of enforcement of these Articles of Incorporation is elected as a first standing director of KT after the enforcement of these Articles, his/her term of office may be shortened to the remainder of the term of office of an executive officer prior to the date of enforcement of these Articles of Incorporation.

ADDENDUM(December 8, 1997)

These articles of Incorporation shall be effective from the date of resolution of the general meeting of shareholders thereon.

ADDENDUM (September 18, 1998)

Article 1. (Enforcement Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective from the date of resolution thereon of the general meetings of shareholders.

Article 2. (Interim Measures for the Acquisition of Shares of KT by Foreigners) Those provisions of Paragraph (3), Article (10) hereof shall not be applicable where Foreigners have acquired any shares of KT prior to the date of enforcement of these Articles of Incorporation pursuant to the relevant laws and regulations. In this regard, the number of shares so acquired shall be included in the maximum aggregate shareholdings ceiling prescribed in Item 1, Paragraph (2), Article (10) above.

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ADDENDUM (March 19, 1999)

Article 1. (Enforcement Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective from the date of resolution thereon of the general meetings of shareholders.

Article 2. (Interim Measure) The cumulative voting system provided for in Article (382-2) of the Commercial Code shall not apply until each of the requirements set forth in Paragraph (1), Article (21) of the Special Act has been satisfied.

ADDENDUM (March 24, 2000)

These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective from the date of resolution thereon of the general meeting of shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 21,2001)

These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective from the date of resolution thereon of the general meeting of shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 22, 2002)

These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective as of the date of resolution of the general meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (August 20, 2002)

Article1. (Enforcement Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective from the date on which a resolution on the foregoing amendments is adopted at the General Meeting of Shareholders. Provided, however, that the amended provision of Article 41-3 shall become effective from the date following the day on which the first General Meeting of Shareholders is convened after enforcement of these amended Articles of Incorporation.

Article 2. (Interim Measures regardingAuditor) (1) The amended provisions regarding auditor of Articles 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 37 and 40 shall remain invalid, concurrently upon establishment of the Audit Committee.

(2) The term, “auditor” referred in Paragraph 3 of Article 31 and Article 44, shall be interpreted to be “Audit Committee”, respectively, concurrently upon establishment of the Audit Committee.

Article3. (Interim Measures on Increase in Number of Outside Directors)

Notwithstanding the amended provision of Article 26, a candidate for outside director recommended by the Shareholders’ Committee established in accordance with the previous AOI, shall be deemed to have been recommended by the Outside Director Recommendation Committee, and the term of office of such additionally appointed outside director in the above shall be until the date on which the Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders is held in the year of 2005.

ADDENDUM (March 14, 2003)

These Articles of Incorporation shall be effective from the date of resolution thereon of the general meeting of shareholders.

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ADDENDUM (March 12, 2004)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 11, 2005)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date when the General Meeting of Shareholders resolved adoption hereof.

ADDENDUM(August 19, 2005)

These Articles of Incorporation shall take effect upon approval by the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 10, 2006)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 16, 2007)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 27, 2009)

Article 1. (Enforcement Date) These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective upon resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders approving the amendment hereof.

Article 2. (Interim Measure) The person who is “President (sajang)” as of the amendment date of these Articles of Incorporation will become the “President (hwejang)”, and in applying Article 32(1)-2 “ex-Presidents (sajang)” prior to the amendment date will be interpreted as “ex-Presidents (hwejang)”.

ADDENDUM (March 12, 2010)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 11, 2011)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 16, 2012)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Clause 1 of Article 46, shall become effective as of April 15, 2012.

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ADDENDUM (March 15, 2013)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 27, 2015)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 25, 2016)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 24, 2017)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 23, 2018)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 29, 2019)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Clause 2 of Article 6, Article 13, Article 16-2 and Article 17, shall become effective as of September 16, 2019 when the Act on Electronic Registration of Stocks, Bonds, Etc. comes into effect.

ADDENDUM (March 30, 2020)

Article 1. (Enforcement Date)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

Article 2. (Transitional Measure)

①	The candidate for President as confirmed as at the time these Articles of Incorporation enter into force,<br>pursuant to the previous Articles of Incorporation, shall be deemed the candidate for Representative Director as confirmed by these Articles of Incorporation.
②	Resolutions and reports of the Board of Directors or committees within the Board of Director taken pursuant to<br>the previous Articles of Associations, associated with the General Meeting of Shareholders as at the time these Articles of Incorporation enter into force, shall be deemed to have been taken in accordance with these Articles of Incorporation.<br>
---	---

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ADDENDUM (March 29, 2021)

Article 1. (Enforcement Date)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective as of the date of resolution of the General Meeting of Shareholders.

ADDENDUM (March 31, 2022)

Article 1. (Enforcement Date)

These Articles of Incorporation shall become effective from the date on which a resolution on the foregoing amendments is adopted at the General Meeting of Shareholders. ****

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EX-8.1

Exhibit 8.1

List of Subsidiaries of KT Corporation

(As of December 31, 2021)

Name	Jurisdiction ofIncorporation
KT Linkus Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Submarine Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Telecop Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Alpha Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Service Bukbu Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Service Nambu Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Commerce Inc.	Korea
KT Strategic Investment Fund No.2	Korea
KT Strategic Investment Fund No.3	Korea
KT Strategic Investment Fund No.4	Korea
KT Strategic Investment Fund No.5	Korea
BC-VP Strategic Investment Fund No.1	Korea
BC Card Co., Ltd.	Korea
VP Inc.	Korea
H&C Network	Korea
BC Card China Co., Ltd.	China
INITECH Co., Ltd.	Korea
Smartro Co., Ltd.	Korea
KTDS Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT M&S Co., Ltd.	Korea
GENIE Music Corporation	Korea
KT MOS Bukbu Co., Ltd.^^	Korea
KT MOS Nambu Co., Ltd.^^	Korea
KT Skylife Co., Ltd.	Korea
Skylife TV Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Estate Inc.	Korea
KT AMC Co., Ltd.	Korea
NEXR Co., Ltd.	Korea
KTGDH Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Sat Co., Ltd.	Korea
Nasmedia, Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Sports Co., Ltd	Korea
KT Music Contents Fund No.2	Korea
KT-Michigan Global Content Fund	Korea
KTCS Corporation	Korea
KTIS Corporation	Korea
KT M mobile Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Investment Co., Ltd.	Korea
Whowho&Company Co., Ltd.	Korea
PlayD Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Rwanda Networks Ltd.	Rwanda
AOS Ltd.	Rwanda
KT Japan Co., Ltd.	Japan
East Telecom LLC	Uzbekistan
KT America, Inc.	USA
PT. BC Card Asia Pacific	Indonesia
KT Hongkong Telecommunications Co., Ltd.	Hong Kong
Korea Telecom Singapore Pte. Ltd.	Singapore
---	---
Texnoprosistem LLP	Uzbekistan
Nasmedia Thailand Co., Ltd.	Thailand
KT Huimangjieum	Korea
K-REALTY RENTAL HOUSING REIT 3	Korea
KT Engineering Co., Ltd. (KT ENGCORE Co., Ltd.)	Korea
KT Studio Genie Co., Ltd.	Korea
KHS Corporation	Korea
Lolab Co., Ltd.	Korea
HCN Co., Ltd.	Korea
MEDIA GENIE Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT Seezn Co., Ltd.	Korea
MILLIE Co., Ltd.	Korea
KT ES Pte. Ltd.	Singapore
Epsilon Global Communications Pte. Ltd.	Singapore
Epsilon Global Communications (SP) Pte. Ltd.	Singapore
Epsilon Telecommunications (US) Pte. Ltd.	Singapore
Epsilon Telecommunications Limited	UK
7D Digital Limited	UK
Epsilon Telecommunications (HK) Limited	Hong Kong
Epsilon US Inc.	USA
Epsilon Telecommunications (BG) EOOD	Bulgaria
Epsilon M E A General Trading LLC	Dubai
Nasmedia-KT Alpha Future Growth Strategic Investment<br>Fund	Korea
KT Strategic Investment Fund 6	Korea
Altimedia Corporation	Korea
Alticast B.V.	Netherlands
Alticast Company Limited	Vietnam
Wirecard (Vietnam) Company Limited	Vietnam
KT Philippines	Philippines

EX-12.1

Exhibit 12.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Hyeon-Mo Ku, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of KT Corporation;<br>
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a<br>material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
---	---
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,<br>fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
---	---
4.	The company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure<br>controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:
---	---
(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be<br>designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being<br>prepared;
---	---
(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial<br>reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting<br>principles;
---	---
(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this<br>report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
---	---
(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that<br>occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
---	---
5.	The company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of<br>internal control over financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
---	---
(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over<br>financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
---	---
(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in<br>the company’s internal control over financial reporting.
---	---

Date: April 28, 2022

/s/ HYEON-MO KU
Hyeon-Mo Ku<br><br><br>Representative Director and<br> <br>Chief<br>Executive Officer

EX-12.2

Exhibit 12.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Young-Jin Kim, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this annual report on Form 20-F of KT Corporation;<br>
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a<br>material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
---	---
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report,<br>fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the company as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
---	---
4.	The company’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure<br>controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the company and have:
---	---
(a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be<br>designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the company, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being<br>prepared;
---	---
(b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial<br>reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting<br>principles;
---	---
(c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the company’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this<br>report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
---	---
(d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the company’s internal control over financial reporting that<br>occurred during the period covered by the annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company’s internal control over financial reporting; and
---	---
5.	The company’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of<br>internal control over financial reporting, to the company’s auditors and the audit committee of the company’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
---	---
(a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over<br>financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the company’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
---	---
(b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in<br>the company’s internal control over financial reporting.
---	---

Date: April 28, 2022

/s/ YOUNG-JIN KIM
Young-Jin Kim<br><br><br>Executive Vice President and<br> <br>Chief<br>Financial Officer

EX-13.1

Exhibit 13.1

CERTIFICATION

Pursuantto Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

(Subsection (a) and (b) of Section 1350, Chapter 63 of Title18, United States Code)

Pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (subsection (a) and (b) of section 1350, chapter 63 of title 18, United States Code), the undersigned officer of KT Corporation, a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of Korea (the “Company”), does hereby certify, to such officer’s knowledge, that:

The annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2021 (the “Form 20-F”) fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that information contained in the Form 20-F fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operation of the Company.

/s/ HYEON-MO KU
Hyeon-Mo Ku
Representative Director and<br><br><br>Chief Executive Officer

Date: April 28, 2022

/s/ YOUNG-JIN KIM
Young-Jin Kim
Executive Vice President and<br><br><br>Chief Financial Officer

Date: April 28, 2022

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has been provided to KT Corporation and will be retained by KT Corporation and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.