6-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 6-K

REPORT OFFOREIGN PRIVATE ISSUER

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-16 OR 15d-16

UNDER THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the month of November 2023

Commission File Number: 1-14942

MANULIFE FINANCIAL CORPORATION

(Translation of registrant’s name into English)

200 BloorStreet East

North Tower 10

Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4W 1E5

(416) 926-3000

(Address of principal executive office)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant files or will file annual reports under cover of Form 20-F or Form 40-F.

Form 20-F ☐ Form 40-F ☒

The registrant’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 included in the registrant’s 2023 Third Quarter Report to Shareholders filed with this Form 6-K as Exhibit 99.1, are incorporated by reference in the registration statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission by the registrant on Form S-8 (Registration Nos. 333-12610, 333-13072, 333-114951, 333-129430, 333-157326, 333-211366, 333-272672), on Form F-3 (Registration No. 333-159176) and on Form F-10 (Registration No. 333-274698). Except for the foregoing, no other document or portion of a document filed with this Form 6-K is incorporated by reference in the above registration statements.

DOCUMENTS FILED AS PART OF THIS FORM 6-K

The following documents, filed as exhibits to this Form 6-K, are incorporated by reference as part of this Form 6-K:

Exhibit	Description of Exhibit
99.1	Third Quarter Report to Shareholders
99.2<br><br> <br>99.3	Certification Chief Executive Officer<br> <br><br><br><br>Certification Chief Financial Officer

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

MANULIFE FINANCIAL CORPORATION
By:	/s/ Kay Song
Name:	Kay Song
Title:	Assistant Corporate Secretary

Date: November 8, 2023

EX-99.1

Exhibit 99.1

LOGO

Manulife Third Quarter Report to Shareholders Three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 Manulife Financial Corporation

Manulife Financial Corporation (“Manulife” or the “Company”) reported its third quarter resultsfor the period ended September 30, 2023, delivering double-digit growth in core earnings^1^, APE sales^2^ and new business value^2^.

Key highlights for the third quarter of 2023 (“3Q23”) include:

•	Net income attributed to shareholders of $1.0 billion, up $0.2 billion from transitional net income attributed to<br>shareholders^1^in the third quarter of 2022 (“3Q22”) and up $0.5 billion compared with 3Q22 net income attributed to shareholders
•	Core earnings of $1.7 billion, up 28% on a constant exchange rate<br>basis^3^ from 3Q22
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•	Core EPS^4^ of $0.92, up 35%^3^ from $0.68 in 3Q22, and EPS of $0.52 in 3Q23, up 31%^3^ compared with transitional EPS^4^ of<br>$0.38 in 3Q22 and up 104%^3^ compared with EPS of $0.23 in 3Q22
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•	LICAT ratio^5^ of 137%
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“Our strong operating and new business results this<br>quarter were supported by growth in Asia with a 33% increase in core earnings and 16% increase in new business CSM^3^ year-over-year. We also delivered resilient results in Global WAM^6^ with sequential core earnings growth, improving core EBITDA margin^4^ and positive net flows^2^<br>of $5.8 billion over the past three quarters. We are in a position of strength to weather macroeconomic uncertainties. We continued to deploy capital through share buybacks to further enhance shareholder returns, with nearly $1.3 billion of our<br>common shares repurchased since the start of the year.”<br> <br><br> <br>— RoyGori, Manulife President & Chief Executive Officer<br> <br><br> <br>“We delivered core ROE^4^of 16.8% in the third quarter and grew adjusted book value per share^4^ to $30.67, despite challenging macroeconomic conditions. Overall, higher<br>rates have benefited, and will continue to benefit, our underlying businesses and financial performance. We remain disciplined in our capital and expense management approach, reporting a higher LICAT ratio in the quarter and improving expense<br>efficiency ratio during 2023.”<br> <br><br> <br>— Colin Simpson, Manulife ChiefFinancial Officer
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Results at a Glance

	Quarterly Results						YTD Results
($ millions, unless otherwise stated)	3Q23		3Q22		Change^2,3^		3Q23		3Q22		Change
Net Income attributed to shareholders /	$	1,013	$	491 /		87% /	$	3,444	$	(2,848) /		nm /
Transitional			$	777		24%			$	2,270		42%
Core Earnings	$	1,743	$	1,339		28%	$	4,911	$	4,258		12%
EPS / Transitional ($)	$	0.52	$	0.23 /		104% /	$	1.76	$	(1.57) /		nm /
			$	0.38		31%			$	1.10		48%
Core EPS ($)	$	0.92	$	0.68		35%	$	2.55	$	2.13		20%
ROE / Transitional	****	9.5%		4.3% /		5.2 pps /	****	10.8%		(10.2)% /		21.0 pps /
				7.1%		2.4 pps				7.2%		3.7 pps
Core ROE	****	16.8%		12.7%		4.1 pps	****	15.7%		13.9%		1.8 pps
BV per common share ($)	$	22.42	$	21.78		3%	$	22.42	$	21.78		3%
Adjusted BV per common share ($)	$	30.67	$	29.49		4%	$	30.67	$	29.49		4%
^1^	Core earnings and transitional net income attributed to shareholders are non-GAAP financial measures. For more information<br>on non-GAAP and other financial measures, see “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” in our 3Q23 Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”).
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^2^	For more information on annualized premium equivalent (“APE”) sales, new business value (“NBV”) and<br>net flows, see “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” in our 3Q23 MD&A. Percentage growth / declines in APE sales, NBV and net flows are stated on a constant exchange rate basis.
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^3^	Percentage growth / declines in core earnings, diluted core earnings per common share (“core EPS”), diluted<br>earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”), transitional EPS, new business contractual service margin net of NCI (“new business CSM”), net income attributed to shareholders and transitional net income attributed to shareholders are stated<br>on a constant exchange rate basis and are non-GAAP ratios.
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^4^	Core EPS, transitional EPS, core EBITDA margin, core ROE and adjusted book value (“BV”) per common share are<br>non-GAAP ratios.
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^5^	Life Insurance Capital Adequacy Test (“LICAT”) ratio of The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company<br>(“MLI”). LICAT ratio is disclosed under the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada’s (“OSFI’s”) Life Insurance Capital Adequacy Test Public Disclosure Requirements guideline.<br>
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^6^	Global Wealth and Asset Management (“Global WAM”).
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	1
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Results at a Glance (continued)

						YTD Results
( millions, unless otherwise stated)		3Q22		Change		3Q23		3Q22			Change
APE sales	1,657	$	1,347		21%	$	4,890	$	4,365			9%
NBV	600	$	515		15%	$	1,694	$	1,539			6%
New business CSM	507	$	470		6%	$	1,541	$	1,453			3%
Global WAM net flows ( billions)	(0.8)	$	3.0		nm	$	5.8	$	11.5			(51)%
Results by Segment
						YTD Results
( millions, unless otherwise stated)		3Q22		Change		3Q23		3Q22			Change
Asia
Net Income attributed to shareholders /	63	US$	216 /		(74)% /	US$	543	US$	285 /			22% /
Transitional			134		(58)%				118			171%
Core Earnings	390		296		33%		1,104		1,027			10%
APE sales	835		699		20%		2,582		2,262			16%
NBV	310		291		7%		900		889			2%
New Business CSM	300		261		16%		845		768			12%
Canada
Net Income attributed to shareholders /	290	$	853 /		(66)% /	$	826	$	(430) /			nm /
Transitional			481		(40)%				1,078			(23)%
Core Earnings	408		391		4%		1,135		1,091			4%
APE sales	431		285		51%		1,046		1,009			4%
NBV	153		89		72%		351		275			28%
New Business CSM	51		44		16%		154		152			1%
U.S.
Net Income attributed to shareholders /	53	US$	(342) /		nm /	US$	327	US$	(1,776	)		nm /
Transitional			241		(78)%				/ 1,218			(73)%
Core Earnings	329		335		(2)%		955		901			6%
APE sales	79		115		(31)%		275		356			(23)%
NBV	25		35		(29)%		99		95			4%
New Business CSM	40		66		(39)%		187		247			(24)%
Global WAM
Net Income attributed to shareholders	318	$	287		9%	$	932	$	720			27%
Core Earnings	361		354		0%		968		1,025			(8)%
Gross flows ( billions)1	34.3		32.0		5%		108.2		104.5			0%
Average AUMA ( billions)1	813		774		4%		812		788			(0)%
Core EBITDA margin	26.9%		28.9%		(200) bps		24.7%		28.4%			(370) bps

All values are in US Dollars.

Profit

Net Income attributed toshareholders rose to $1.0 billion in 3Q23, $0.2 billion higher than 3Q22 transitional net income attributed to shareholders

Manulife reported net income attributed to shareholders of $1.0 billion in 3Q23, which was $0.2 billion higher than 3Q22 transitional net income attributed to shareholders, and $0.5 billion higher than 3Q22 net income attributed to shareholders.

^1^	For more information on gross flows and average asset under management and administration (“average AUMA”), see<br>“Non-GAAP and other financial measures” in our 3Q23 MD&A. Percentage growth / declines in gross flows and average AUMA are stated on a constant exchange rate basis.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	2
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The increase in 3Q23 net income attributed to shareholders compared with 3Q22 transitional net income attributed to shareholders was driven by growth in core earnings and a one-time tax-related benefit of $290 million, partially offset by a larger net charge from market experience. The net charge from market experience in 3Q23 was primarily related to lower-than-expected returns (including fair value changes) relative to long term assumptions on alternative long duration assets mainly related to real estate, lower-than-expected returns relative to long term assumptions on public equity and a charge from derivatives and hedge accounting ineffectiveness. Net income attributed to shareholders in 3Q23 increased by $0.5 billion compared with 3Q22, driven by the factors mentioned above and $0.3 billion of transitional impacts due to the application of IFRS 9 hedge accounting and expected credit loss (“ECL”) principles. Transitional impacts are geography-related and do not impact total shareholders’ equity as the corresponding offset is in other comprehensive income.

Core earnings grew 28% to $1.7 billion compared with 3Q22

The increase from the prior year quarter was driven by the non-recurrence of a $256 million provision in our Property and Casualty Reinsurance business related to Hurricane Ian in 3Q22, the favourable impact of rising interest rates on expected investment earnings and earnings on surplus assets net of higher cost of debt financing, as well as improved insurance experience in the U.S. and in Canada. Business growth also contributed to the increase in expected earnings on investments and on insurance contracts. These were partially offset by an increase in the ECL provision primarily related to electric utility bonds and private placements, higher performance-related costs and investments in technology.

Growth

Annualized premium equivalent (“APE”) sales of$1.7 billion, up 21% compared with 3Q22

Our APE sales in the third quarter were boosted by strong performance in Asia, reflecting our diverse business model. In Asia, APE sales increased 20% compared with 3Q22 as a result of growth in Hong Kong and Asia Other^1^. In Hong Kong, APE sales increased 57%, driven by strong growth in our broker and bancassurance channels reflecting the return of demand from mainland Chinese visitor customers following the Hong Kong and mainland China border reopening in February 2023. In Japan, APE sales decreased 6%, due to lower sales in corporate-owned life insurance products. APE sales increased 14% in Asia Other compared with the prior year. Higher bancassurance sales in mainland China and higher broker sales in our International High Net Worth business^2^ and in Singapore were partially offset by lower agency and bancassurance sales in Vietnam.

In Canada, APE sales increased 51% driven by a large affinity markets sale. U.S. APE sales decreased 31% due to the adverse impact of higher short-term interest rates on accumulation insurance products, particularly for our affluent customers.

NBV of $600 million, rose 15% compared with 3Q22

In Asia, NBV increased 7% from 3Q22 driven by higher sales volumes partially offset by business mix. In Canada, NBV increased 72% driven by higher sales volumes in Individual Insurance and higher margins in Group Insurance. In the U.S., NBV decreased 29% primarily due to lower sales volumes and product mix, partially offset by pricing actions and higher interest rates.

New business CSM of $507 million, up 6% compared with 3Q22

In Asia, new business CSM increased 16% year-over-year primarily due to higher sales volumes partially offset by business mix. In Canada, new business CSM increased 16% driven by product mix in Individual Insurance. Under IFRS 17, the majority of Group Insurance and affinity products are classified as premium allocation approach and do not generate CSM^3^. In the U.S., new business CSM decreased 39% driven by lower sales volumes and product mix.

^1^	Asia Other excludes Hong Kong and Japan.
^2^	Effective January 1, 2023, our International High Net Worth business was reclassified from the U.S. segment to the<br>Asia segment. Prior period comparative information has been restated to reflect the change in segment reporting.
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^3^	Contractual service margin (“CSM”).
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	3
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Global WAM net outflows of $0.8 billion in 3Q23 compared with net inflows of $3.0 billion in 3Q22

Net outflows in Retirement were $3.4 billion in 3Q23 compared with net inflows of $1.4 billion in 3Q22, driven entirely by a large-case pension plan redemption in the U.S. Net outflows in Retail were $0.2 billion in 3Q23 compared with net inflows of $1.0 billion in 3Q22, reflecting lower demand as investors continued to favour short-term cash and money market instruments amid market volatility and higher interest rates. This was partially offset by the launch of our Global Semiconductors strategy in Japan and higher net inflows in mainland China from acquiring full ownership of Manulife Fund Management (“MFM”) in the fourth quarter of 2022. Net inflows in Institutional Asset Management were $2.8 billion in 3Q23 compared with net inflows of $0.6 billion in 3Q22, driven by higher net flows in fixed income mandates, and higher sales of equity and agriculture mandates, as well as the impact of the MFM acquisition.

Balance Sheet

CSM net of NCI^1^ was $17,369 million as at September 30, 2023

CSM increased $172 million and $86 million net of NCI compared with December 31, 2022. Organic CSM movement was an increase of $629 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, driven by the impact of new insurance business and expected movements related to finance income or expenses, partially offset by amounts recognized for service provided in year-to-date earnings and a net reduction from insurance experience. Inorganic CSM movement was a decrease of $457 million for the same period, driven by net unfavourable impacts of equity market experience and higher interest rates on certain participating and variable annuity contracts, as well as changes in foreign currency exchange rates, partially offset by the changes from our annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions. Post-tax CSM net of NCI^2^ was $14,992 million as at September 30, 2023.

AnnualReview of Actuarial Methods and Assumptions

We completed our annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions, which resulted in a net favourable impact of $347 million^3^, comprised of an increase in pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders of $27 million (a decrease of $14 million post-tax), an increase in pre-tax net income attributed to participating policyholders of $58 million ($74 million post-tax), an increase in CSM net of NCI of $116 million, and an increase in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $146 million ($110 million post-tax). Assumptions reviewed this year included our Canada variable annuity assumptions, morbidity assumptions in certain Asia markets, mortality assumptions in the U.S. life insurance business, lapse assumptions in Canada and other methodology refinements.

Strategic Highlights

We are making decisions easier for our globaland diverse customer base

During 3Q23 we launched a unified high net worth onboarding platform in Bermuda^4^, Hong Kong and Singapore, to our international brokers to deliver a consistent high touch experience for both distributors and customers by streamlining new business application, underwriting and compliance processes across our three high net worth markets. In Canada, we expanded our Personalized Medicine program to all Group Benefits extended healthcare plans, making this service available to more customers, while enabling them to learn about medications that best meet their needs and work with healthcare providers on customized treatment plans that can lead to better outcomes. Meanwhile, Global WAM continued to fulfill investor needs for wealth solutions through the expansion of our offerings with the launch of the Global Semiconductors strategy in Japan which garnered more than $0.7 billion in net flows during the quarter, as well as the launch of a Municipal Opportunities Separately Managed Account in U.S. Retail, built on our mutual fund of the same name.

^1^	Non-controlling interests (“NCI”).
^2^	Post-tax contractual service margin net of NCI (“post-tax CSM net of NCI”) is a non-GAAP financial measure. For<br>more information on non-GAAP and other financial measures, see “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” in our 3Q23 Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”).
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^3^	This amount excludes the portion related to NCI.
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^4^	This represents our International High Net Worth business.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	4
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In the U.S., we expanded our reach into the employer market by introducing a Premier Benefit Indexed Universal Life product. This permanent life insurance product, available through the workplace, offers a streamlined digital process for employees to purchase individual coverage and includes our John Hancock Vitality PLUS feature. In addition, we launched a distribution relationship with JPMorgan Chase & Co. enabling new sales of our suite of products, including our John Hancock Vitality program, through its network of more than 6,900 advisors.

We are accelerating digital initiatives to move faster and meet customers’ personalized needs

In Canada, we announced a strategic partnership with League, a leading healthcare technology provider, to offer our Group Benefits members more integrated digital healthcare experiences, enabling them to connect their benefits directly with healthcare options. This partnership continues our digitization efforts to meet growing demand for more personalized digital experiences that help customers understand their health, focus on prevention, access care, and better comprehend and optimize their benefits. In the U.S., we continued to optimize our digital capabilities to create a seamless, digital customer experience through the launch of single sign-on for John Hancock Vitality customers between John Hancock Life and Vitality websites, improvement of the website navigation of our producer portal, and enhancement of the interactive voice response authentication enabling 31% of inbound calls to be completed with no human interaction in the quarter.

In Asia, we further automated the claims-handling process in Hong Kong to improve operational efficiency and deliver a better customer experience as we continue to leverage data to enhance our auto-adjudication engine, driving an almost twofold-increase of straight-through processed claims compared with 3Q22. In Global WAM, we accelerated customer adoption of digital applications in Canada Retirement through our “Say Goodbye to Paper” campaign which contributed to a 165% increase in members converting to e-statements over the 3-month campaign period and an increase in satisfaction in their digital experience over the prior quarter.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	5

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) is current as of November 8, 2023, unless otherwise noted. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with our unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the MD&A and audited Consolidated Financial Statements contained in our 2022 Annual Report.

For further information relating to our risk management practices and risk factors affecting the Company, see “Risk Management and Risk Factors” and “Critical Actuarial and Accounting Policies” in the MD&A in our 2022 Annual Report and the “Risk Management” note to the Consolidated Financial Statements in our most recent annual and interim reports.

In this MD&A, the terms “Company”, “Manulife”, “we” and “our” mean Manulife Financial Corporation (“MFC”) and its subsidiaries. All amounts are reported in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated. Any information contained in, or otherwise accessible through, websites mentioned in this MD&A does not form a part of this document.

CONTENTS

A.	TOTAL COMPANY PERFORMANCE
1.	Implementation of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9
2.	Profitability
3.	Business performance
4.	Financial strength
5.	Assets under management and administration
6.	Impact of foreign currency exchange rates
7.	Business highlights
B.	PERFORMANCE BY SEGMENT
1.	Asia
2.	Canada
3.	U.S.
4.	Global Wealth and Asset Management
5.	Corporate and Other
C.	RISK MANAGEMENT AND RISK FACTORS UPDATE
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1.	Variable annuity and segregated fund guarantees
2.	Caution related to sensitivities
3.	Publicly traded equity performance risk
4.	Interest rate and spread risk sensitivities and exposure measures
5.	Alternative long-duration asset performance risk
6.	Foreign exchange risk sensitivities and exposure measures
7.	Credit risk exposure measures
8.	Risk factors – strategic risk from changes in tax laws
D.	CRITICAL ACTUARIAL AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES
1.	Critical actuarial and accounting policies
2.	Actuarial methods and assumptions
3.	Sensitivity of earnings to changes in assumptions
4.	Accounting and reporting changes
E.	OTHER
1.	Outstanding common shares – selected information
2.	Legal and regulatory proceedings
3.	Non-GAAP and other financial measures
4.	Caution regarding forward-looking statements
5.	Quarterly financial information
6.	Revenue
7.	Other
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	6
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A	TOTAL COMPANY PERFORMANCE
A1	Implementation of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9
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Manulife adopted IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts” and IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” effective for years beginning on or after January 1, 2023, to be applied retrospectively. See “Future Accounting and Reporting Changes” in the MD&A in our 2022 Annual Report (“2022 MD&A”). Our quarterly and year-to-date 2022 results have been restated in accordance with IFRS 17, including the other comprehensive income option^1^, and IFRS 9. Audited restated consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 will be included in our 2023 Annual Report.

The 2022 comparative results restated in this MD&A may not be fully representative of our market risk profile, as the transition of our general fund portfolio for asset-liability matching purposes under IFRS 17 and IFRS 9 was not completed until early 2023. Consequently, year-over-year variations between our 2023 results compared with the 2022 results should be viewed in this context.

In addition, our 2022 results are also not directly comparable with 2023 results because IFRS 9 hedge accounting and expected credit loss (“ECL”) principles are applied prospectively effective January 1, 2023. Accordingly, we have also presented comparative quarterly and year-to-date 2022 results as if IFRS had allowed such principles to be implemented for 2022 (the “IFRS 9 transitional impacts”). This presentation will only be reported in our MD&A’s for 2023 for certain 2022 comparative results.

These 2022 comparative results are non-GAAP and denoted as being “transitional” and include the financial measures noted below:

•	Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders;
•	Transitional net income (loss) before income taxes;
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•	Transitional net income (loss);
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•	Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders before income taxes;
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•	Common shareholders’ transitional net income (loss);
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•	Transitional return on common shareholders’ equity (“Transitional ROE”);
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•	Transitional basic earnings (loss) per common share; and
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•	Transitional diluted earnings (loss) per common share.
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Adoption of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9 has also resulted in additional definitions and revisions to the following financial measures:

•	New non-GAAP financial measures: post-tax contractual service margin (“post-tax CSM”); post-tax<br>contractual service margin net of non-controlling interests (“NCI”) (“post-tax CSM net of NCI”); Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) line items for net investment result, other, income tax (expense) recovery and transitional<br>net income attributed to participating policyholders and NCI; and core DOE line items for core net insurance service result, core net investment result, other core earnings, and core income tax (expense) recovery.
•	New non-GAAP ratios: expenditure efficiency ratio with its component non-GAAP financial measures: total expenditures<br>and core expenditures (for 2022 and 2023 quarterly and year-to-date results only); and adjusted book value per common share.
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•	Revised definitions of non-GAAP and other financial measures: core earnings; expense efficiency ratio with<br>its new component non-GAAP financial measures: total expenses and core expenses; consolidated capital; and financial leverage ratio.
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^1^	More information about the other comprehensive income option can be found in note 2 of the Consolidated Financial<br>Statements contained in our 2022 Annual Report.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	7
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A2	Profitability
	Quarterly Results						YTD Results
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($ millions, unless otherwise stated)	3Q23		2Q23		3Q22<br><br><br>Transitional		2023		2022<br><br><br>Transitional
Net income (loss) attributed to<br>shareholders^(1)^	$	1,013	$	1,025	$	777	$	3,444	$	2,270
Return on common shareholders’ equity<br>(“ROE”)^(1)^	****	9.5%		9.3%		7.1%	****	10.8%		7.2%
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share<br>($)^(1)^	$	0.52	$	0.50	$	0.38	$	1.76	$	1.10
	Quarterly Results						YTD Results
($ millions, unless otherwise stated)	3Q23		2Q23		3Q22		2023		2022
Net income (loss) attributed to<br>shareholders^(1)^	$	1,013	$	1,025	$	491	$	3,444	$	(2,848)
Core earnings^(2)^	$	1,743	$	1,637	$	1,339	$	4,911	$	4,258
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share ($)	$	0.52	$	0.50	$	0.23	$	1.76	$	(1.57)
Diluted core earnings per common share (“Core EPS”) ($)^(3)^	$	0.92	$	0.83	$	0.68	$	2.55	$	2.13
ROE	****	9.5%		9.3%		4.3%	****	10.8%		(10.2)%
Core return on shareholders’ equity (“Core<br>ROE”)^(3)^	****	16.8%		15.5%		12.7%	****	15.7%		13.9%
Expense efficiency ratio^(3)^	****	44.3%		45.1%		46.3%	****	45.5%		45.2%
Expenditure efficiency ratio^(3)^	****	50.9%		51.9%		53.6%	****	52.2%		52.3%
General expenses	$	1,042	$	1,022	$	914	$	3,150	$	2,729
Core expenses^(2)^	$	1,622	$	1,598	$	1,389	$	4,825	$	4,186
Core expenditures^(2)^	$	2,111	$	2,099	$	1,856	$	6,322	$	5,563
^(1)^	2022 results for transitional net income attributed to shareholders, transitional diluted earnings per common share and<br>transitional ROE are adjusted to include IFRS 9 hedge accounting and expected credit loss principles (“IFRS 9 transitional impacts”). See section A1 “Implementation of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9” of the MD&A above for more<br>information. For 2023, there are no IFRS 9 transitional adjustments as ECL and hedge accounting is effective January 1, 2023 and therefore the impact is included in net income attributed to shareholders.
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^(2)^	This item is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more<br>information.
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^(3)^	This item is a non-GAAP ratio. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more information.<br>
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Quarterly profitability

Manulife’s net income attributed to shareholders was $1,013 million in the third quarter of 2023 (“3Q23”) compared with net income attributed to shareholders of $491 million and transitional net income attributed to shareholders of $777 million in the third quarter of 2022 (“3Q22”). The 3Q22 transitional net income attributed to shareholders includes $286 million of IFRS 9 transitional impacts. Net income attributed to shareholders is comprised of core earnings (consisting of items we believe reflect the underlying earnings capacity of the business), which amounted to $1,743 million in 3Q23 compared with $1,339 million in 3Q22, and items excluded from core earnings, which amounted to a net charge of $730 million in 3Q23 compared with a net charge of $848 million in 3Q22. Items excluded from core earnings in 3Q22 on a transitional basis amounted to a net charge of $562 million. The effective tax rate on net income (loss) attributed to shareholders was a recovery of 7% in 3Q23 compared with a tax expense of 10% in 3Q22, reflecting a 3Q23 one-time tax-related benefit of $290 million and differences in the jurisdictional mix of pre-tax profits and losses.

Net income attributed to shareholders in 3Q23 was $236 million higher than 3Q22 transitional net income attributed to shareholders driven by growth in core earnings and the above-noted one-time tax-related benefit, partially offset by a larger net charge from market experience. The net charge from market experience in 3Q23 was primarily related to lower-than-expected returns (including fair value changes) relative to long-term assumptions on alternative long duration assets (“ALDA”) mainly related to real estate, lower-than-expected returns relative to long-term assumptions on public equity and a charge from derivatives and hedge accounting ineffectiveness. Net income attributed to shareholders in 3Q23 increased $522 million compared with 3Q22, driven by the factors mentioned above and the $286 million of IFRS 9 transitional impacts (transitional impacts are geography-related and do not impact total shareholders’ equity as the corresponding offset is in other comprehensive income).

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	8

Core earnings increased $404 million or 28% on a constant exchange rate basis^1^ compared with 3Q22. The increase in core earnings compared with 3Q22 was driven by the non-recurrence of a $256 million provision in our Property & Casualty (“P&C”) Reinsurance business related to Hurricane Ian in 3Q22, an increase in expected investment earnings resulting from higher investment yields and business growth, improved insurance experience in the U.S. and Canada, an increase in net fee income from higher average AUMA^2^ and higher performance fees in Global Wealth and Asset Management (“Global WAM”), and higher returns on surplus assets. These were partially offset by an increase in the ECL provision primarily related to electric utility bonds and private placements, higher performance-related costs in Corporate and Other and Global WAM, investments in technology and higher cost of debt financing.

The components of the items excluded from core earnings are outlined in the table below and the annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income is discussed in section D2 “Actuarial methods and assumptions” below.

Year-to-date profitability

Net income attributed to shareholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was $3,444 million compared with a net loss attributed to shareholders of $2,848 million and transitional net income attributed to shareholders of $2,270 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The year-to-date 2022 transitional net income attributed to shareholders includes $5,118 million of IFRS 9 transitional impacts. Year-to-date core earnings amounted to $4,911 million in 2023 compared with $4,258 million in the same period of 2022, and items excluded from year-to-date core earnings amounted to a net charge of $1,467 million in 2023 compared with a net charge of $7,106 million in the same period of 2022. Items excluded from year-to-date core earnings in the same period of 2022 on a transitional basis amounted to a net charge of $1,988 million. The effective tax rate on year-to-date net income (loss) attributed to shareholders was 12% in 2023 compared with 25% for the same period in 2022, reflecting a 2023 one-time tax-related benefit of $290 million and differences in the jurisdictional mix of pretax profits and losses.

The increase of $1,174 million in year-to-date net income attributed to shareholders in 2023 compared with 2022 transitional net income attributed to shareholders was driven by growth in year-to-date core earnings, the above-noted one-time tax-related benefit and a smaller charge from year-to-date market experience. The net charge from market experience in 2023 was primarily related to lower-than-expected returns (including fair value changes) relative to long-term assumptions on ALDA mainly related to energy and real estate and a net charge from derivatives and hedge accounting ineffectiveness. Year-to-date net income attributed to shareholders in 2023 increased by $6,292 million compared with the year-to-date net loss attributed to shareholders in 2022, driven by factors mentioned above and the $5,118 million of IFRS 9 transitional impacts (transitional impacts are geography-related and do not impact total shareholders’ equity as the corresponding offset is in other comprehensive income).

Year-to-date core earnings in 2023 increased $653 million or 12% compared with the same period of 2022. The increase in year-to-date core earnings compared with 2022 was driven by an increase in expected investment earnings related to higher investment yields and business growth, gains in our P&C Reinsurance business from updates to prior year hurricane provisions in 2023 compared with charges in 2022 including Hurricane Ian, more favourable insurance experience reflecting more favourable experience in Canada and improved, although unfavourable, experience in the U.S., and higher returns on surplus assets net of higher cost of debt financing. These were partially offset by an increase in the 2023 ECL provision primarily driven by commercial mortgages, electric utility bonds and private placements, lower CSM amortization reflecting both a slower amortization on certain variable fee approach (“VFA”) contracts and the impact of the 2022 U.S. variable annuity reinsurance transactions, higher performance-related costs in Corporate and Other and Global WAM, and higher investments

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	9

in technology. In addition, year-to-date Global WAM core earnings benefited from higher fee spreads and performance fees in Institutional Asset Management partially offset by lower earnings from seed capital investments due to repatriations. Actions to improve the capital efficiency of our legacy business resulted in $29 million lower year-to-date core earnings in 2023 compared with the same period of 2022.

^1^	Percentage growth / declines in core earnings, pre-tax core earnings, total expenses, core expenses, total expenditures,<br>core expenditures, general expenses, CSM net of NCI, new business CSM, assets under management and administration, assets under management, core EBITDA, and Manulife Bank average net lending assets are stated on a constant exchange rate basis, a<br>non-GAAP ratio. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more information.
^2^	For more information on this metric, see “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below.
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^1^

Percentage growth / declines in core earnings, pre-tax core earnings, total expenses, core expenses, total expenditures, core expenditures, general expenses, CSM net of NCI, new business CSM, assets under management and administration, assets under management, core EBITDA, and Manulife Bank average net lending assets are stated on a constant exchange rate basis, a non-GAAP ratio. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more information.

^2^

For more information on this metric, see “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below.

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Core earnings by segment is presented in the table below.

Core earnings by segment^(1)^	Quarterly Results						YTD Results
($ millions, unaudited)	3Q23		2Q23		3Q22		2023		2022
Asia	$	522	$	473	$	387	$	1,484	$	1,316
Canada	****	408		374		391	****	1,135		1,091
U.S.	****	442		458		437	****	1,285		1,158
Global Wealth and Asset Management	****	361		320		354	****	968		1,025
Corporate and Other	****	10		12		(230)	****	39		(332)
Total core earnings	$	1,743	$	1,637	$	1,339	$	4,911	$	4,258
^(1)^ Effective January 1, 2023, we have made a number of changes to the composition of reporting segments to better align our financial reporting with our business strategy and<br>operations. Our international high net worth business was reclassified from the U.S. segment to the Asia segment to reflect the contributions of our Bermuda operations alongside the high net worth business that we report in our Singapore and Hong<br>Kong operations. Our investment in the start-up capital of segregated and mutual funds, and investment-related revenue and expense were reclassified from the Corporate and Other segment to the Global WAM segment to more closely align with Global<br>WAM’s management practices. Refinements were made to the allocations of corporate overhead and interest on surplus among segments. Prior period comparative information has been restated to reflect the changes in segment reporting.<br><br><br><br> <br>The table below presents transitional net income attributed to shareholders and net income<br>attributed to shareholders consisting of core earnings and items excluded from core earnings.
	Quarterly Results						YTD Results
($ millions, unaudited)	3Q23		2Q23		3Q22		2023		2022
Core earnings	$	1,743	$	1,637	$	1,339	$	4,911	$	4,258
Items excluded from core earnings:
Market experience gains (losses)^(1)^	****	(1,022)		(570)		(575)	****	(1,657)		(1,930)
Realized gains (losses) on debt instruments	****	(24)		(24)		(225)	****	(79)		(708)
Derivatives and hedge accounting ineffectiveness	****	(266)		(13)		354	****	(186)		449
Actual less expected long-term returns on public equity	****	(273)		86		(375)	****	(79)		(1,565)
Actual less expected long-term returns on ALDA	****	(400)		(478)		(113)	****	(1,242)		602
Other investment results	****	(59)		(141)		(216)	****	(71)		(708)
Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income^(2)^	****	(14)		–		26	****	(14)		26
Reinsurance transactions, tax-related items and other^(3)^	****	306		(42)		(13)	****	204		(84)
Total items excluded from core earnings	****	(730)		(612)		(562)	****	(1,467)		(1,988)
Transitional net income attributed to shareholders	****	n/a		n/a	$	777	****	n/a	$	2,270
Less: IFRS 9 transitional impacts:
Change in expected credit loss						(9)				(8)
Hedge accounting						438				6,895
Total IFRS 9 transitional impacts (pre-tax)						429				6,887
Tax on IFRS 9 transitional impacts						(143)				(1,769)
Total IFRS 9 transitional impacts (post-tax)						286				5,118
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders	$	1,013	$	1,025	$	491	$	3,444	$	(2,848)
^(1)^	Market experience was a net charge of $1,022 million in 3Q23 primarily driven by lower-than-expected returns (including<br>fair value changes) relative to long-term assumptions on ALDA mainly related to real estate, lower-than-expected returns relative to long-term assumptions on public equity, a charge from derivatives and hedge accounting ineffectiveness, net realized<br>losses from the sale of debt instruments which are classified as fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”) and a charge in other investment results. Market experience was a net charge of $575 million in 3Q22 consisting of a<br>net loss from lower-than-expected returns relative to long-term assumptions on public equity, net realized losses from the sale of debt instruments which are classified as FVOCI, a loss from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and a net loss<br>from lower-than-expected returns (including fair value changes) relative to long-term assumptions on ALDA mainly related to real estate. This was partially offset by losses on derivatives and hedge accounting ineffectiveness due to unusually large<br>interest rate movements.
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^(2)^	Refer to section D2 “Actuarial methods and assumptions” below for detail.
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^(3)^	The 3Q23 net gain of $306 million included a one-time tax-related benefit of $290 million, additional tax-related true-ups<br>of $11 million and a gain of $5 million related to a reinsurance transaction in Vietnam. The 3Q22 charge of $13 million is related to an increase to an existing legal provision in the U.S.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	10
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Transitional net income attributed to shareholders by segment and net income attributed to shareholders by segment are presented in the following tables.

Transitional net income attributed to<br> <br>shareholders bysegment^(1)^	Quarterly Results						YTD Results
($ millions, unaudited)	3Q23		2Q23		3Q22 <br>Transitional		2023		2022<br>Transitional
Asia	$	84	$	130	$	176	$	733	$	154
Canada	****	290		227		481	****	826		1,078
U.S.	****	72		183		314	****	441		1,554
Global Wealth and Asset Management	****	318		317		287	****	932		720
Corporate and Other	****	249		168		(481)	****	512		(1,236)
Total transitional net income attributed to shareholders	$	1,013	$	1,025	$	777	$	3,444	$	2,270
Net income attributed to shareholders bysegment^(1)^	Quarterly Results						YTD Results
($ millions, unaudited)	3Q23		2Q23		3Q22		2023		2022
Asia	$	84	$	130	$	280	$	733	$	368
Canada	****	290		227		853	****	826		(430)
U.S.	****	72		183		(447)	****	441		(2,272)
Global Wealth and Asset Management	****	318		317		287	****	932		720
Corporate and Other	****	249		168		(482)	****	512		(1,234)
Total net income attributed to shareholders	$	1,013	$	1,025	$	491	$	3,444	$	(2,848)
^(1)^	Effective January 1, 2023, we have made a number of changes to the composition of reporting segments to better align<br>our financial reporting with our business strategy and operations. Our international high net worth business was reclassified from the U.S. segment to the Asia segment to reflect the contributions of our Bermuda operations alongside the high net<br>worth business that we report in our Singapore and Hong Kong operations. Our investment in the start-up capital of segregated and mutual funds, and investment-related revenue and expense were reclassified from the Corporate and Other segment to the<br>Global WAM segment to more closely align with Global WAM’s management practices. Refinements were made to the allocations of corporate overhead and interest on surplus among segments. Prior period comparative information has been restated to<br>reflect the changes in segment reporting.
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Expenditure efficiency ratio and expense efficiency ratio

In 2018 we introduced our strategic priority of expense efficiency. The expense efficiency ratio is a financial measure which we use to measure progress on this priority. The expense efficiency ratio reflects only those expenses that flow directly through core earnings (“core expenses”). Due to changes introduced by IFRS 17, certain costs that are directly attributable to acquire new business are capitalized into the CSM instead of directly flowing through core earnings and are now excluded from the ratio.

To provide a reference point to our expense efficiency ratio prior to the adoption of IFRS 17, we are temporarily introducing an additional efficiency ratio, the expenditure efficiency ratio, for 2022 and 2023 only, which captures all expenses, including costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of new business (“core expenditures”).

Quarterly expenditure efficiency ratio and expense efficiency ratio

The expenditure efficiency ratio was 50.9% in 3Q23, compared with 53.6% in 3Q22. The 2.7 percentage point decrease in the ratio compared with 3Q22 was driven by a 25% increase in pre-tax core earnings partially offset by a 12% increase in core expenditures. 3Q23 core expenditures increased as a result of higher performance-related costs, investments in technology and additional expenses related to the impact of now consolidating 100% of Manulife Fund Management (“MFM”). Costs directly attributable to the acquisition of new business represented approximately 23% and 25% of total core expenditures in 3Q23 and 3Q22, respectively.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	11

The expense efficiency ratio was 44.3% in 3Q23, compared with 46.3% in 3Q22. The 2.0 percentage point decrease in the ratio compared with 3Q22 was driven by the items noted above related to the decrease in the expenditure efficiency ratio excluding those costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of new business which are reflected in the CSM under IFRS 17.

Total 3Q23 general expenses increased 14% on an actual exchange rate basis and 12% on a constant exchange rate basis compared with 3Q22 driven by the items noted above related to the decrease in the expenditure efficiency ratio and items outside of core earnings, which were not material in 3Q23. However, general expenses are also net of directly attributable maintenance expenses and directly attributable acquisition expenses for products measured using the premium allocation approach (“PAA”) which are included in insurance service expenses on our financial statements. Directly attributable maintenance expenses and directly attributable acquisition expenses for products measured using the PAA increased 12% on a constant exchange rate basis and 13% on an actual exchange rate basis in 3Q23 compared with 3Q22.

Year-to-date expenditure efficiency ratio and expense efficiency ratio

On a year-to-date basis, the expenditure efficiency ratio was 52.2% in 2023 compared with 52.3% in the same period of 2022. The 0.1 percentage point decrease in the year-to-date ratio compared with 2022 was driven by an 11% increase in year-to-date pre-tax core earnings, partially offset by an 11% increase in year-to-date core expenditures. 2023 year-to-date core expenditures increased as a result of higher performance-related costs, investments in technology, higher distribution costs reflecting stronger top-line growth, additional expenses related to the impact of now consolidating 100% of MFM and higher travel and return to pre-pandemic activities. Year-to-date costs directly attributable to the acquisition of new business represented approximately 24% and 25% of total year-to-date core expenditures in 2023 and 2022, respectively. ****

The year-to-date expense efficiency ratio was 45.5% in 2023, compared with 45.2% in the same period of 2022. The 0.3 percentage point increase in the year-to-date ratio compared with 2022 was driven by the items noted above related to the decrease in the year-to-date expenditure efficiency ratio excluding those costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of new business which are reflected in the CSM under IFRS 17.

Total year-to-date general expenses in 2023 increased 15% on an actual exchange rate basis and 12% on a constant exchange rate basis compared with 2022 driven by the items noted above related to the decrease in the expenditure efficiency ratio and items outside of core earnings. However, general expenses are also net of directly attributable maintenance expenses and directly attributable acquisition expenses for products measured using the PAA which are included in insurance service expenses on our financial statements. Directly attributable maintenance expenses and directly attributable acquisition expenses for products measured using the PAA increased 14% on a constant exchange rate basis and 16% on an actual exchange rate basis in 2023 compared with 2022.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	12

A3	Business performance^1^
							YTD Results
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
( millions, unless otherwise stated) (unaudited)			2Q23		3Q22		2023		2022
Asia APE sales	1,120	****	$	1,181	$	913	$	3,474	$	2,900
Canada APE sales	431	****		322		285	****	1,046		1,009
U.S. APE sales	106	****		130		149	****	370		456
Total APE sales(1)	1,657	****		1,633		1,347	****	4,890		4,365
Asia new business value	414	****		424		380	****	1,210		1,142
Canada new business value	153	****		106		89	****	351		275
U.S. new business value	33	****		55		46	****	133		122
Total new business value(1),(2)	600	****		585		515	****	1,694		1,539
Asia new business CSM(3)	402	****		432		340	****	1,135		985
Canada new business CSM	51	****		57		44	****	154		152
U.S. new business CSM	54	****		103		86	****	252		316
Total new business CSM(3)	507	****		592		470	****	1,541		1,453
Asia CSM net of NCI	10,030	****		9,630		9,309	****	10,030		9,309
Canada CSM	3,662	****		3,656		3,558	****	3,662		3,558
U.S. CSM	3,651	****		4,106		4,185	****	3,651		4,185
Corporate and Other CSM	26	****		31		34	****	26		34
Total CSM net of NCI	17,369	****		17,423		17,086	****	17,369		17,086
Post-tax CSM net of NCI(4)	14,992	****		14,877		14,560	****	14,992		14,560
Global WAM gross flows ( billions)(1)	34.3	****		35.2		32.0	****	108.2		104.5
Global WAM net flows ( billions)(1)	(0.8	)		2.2		3.0	****	5.8		11.5
Global WAM assets under management and administration ( billions)(4)	806.7	****		819.6		751.3	****	806.7		751.3
Global WAM total invested assets ( billions)	6.7	****		5.5		5.6	****	6.7		5.6
Global WAM segregated funds net assets ( billions)	233.9	****		238.7		214.5	****	233.9		214.5
Total assets under management and administration ( billions)(4),(5)	1,321.7	****		1,344.8		1,263.1	****	1,321.7		1,263.1
Total invested assets ( billions)(5)	398.7	****		403.4		396.6	****	398.7		396.6
Total segregated funds net assets (<br>billions)(5)	356.9	****		366.0		335.2	****	356.9		335.2

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	For more information on this metric, see “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below.
^(2)^	Quarterly and year-to-date 2022 NBV has not been restated as a result of the adoption of IFRS 17. The impact of not<br>restating 2022 is not material.
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^(3)^	New business CSM is net of NCI.
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^(4)^	This item is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more<br>information.
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^(5)^	See section A5 below for more information.
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Annualized premium equivalent (“APE”) sales were $1.7 billion in 3Q23, an increase of 21%^2^ compared with 3Q22. Our APE sales in the third quarter were boosted by strong performance in Asia, reflecting our diverse business model. In Asia, APE sales increased 20% compared with 3Q22 as a result of growth in Hong Kong and Asia Other^3^. In Hong Kong, APE sales increased 57% compared with 3Q22 driven by strong growth in our broker and bancassurance channels reflecting the return of demand from mainland Chinese visitor (“MCV”) customers following the Hong Kong and mainland China border reopening in February 2023. In Japan, APE sales decreased 6% compared with 3Q22, due to lower sales in corporate-owned life insurance (“COLI”) products. APE sales increased 14% in Asia Other compared with 3Q22. Higher bancassurance sales in mainland China and higher broker sales in our International High Net Worth business and in Singapore were partially offset by lower agency and bancassurance sales in Vietnam. In Canada, APE sales increased 51% compared with 3Q22 driven by a large affinity markets sale. U.S. APE sales decreased 31% compared with 3Q22 due to the adverse impact of higher short-term interest rates on accumulation insurance products, particularly for our affluent customers.

^1^	Effective January 1, 2023, our international high net worth business was reclassified from the U.S. segment to the<br>Asia segment to reflect the contributions of our Bermuda operations alongside the high net worth business that we report in our Singapore and Hong Kong operations. Prior period comparative information has been restated to reflect the<br>reclassification.
^2^	Percentage growth / declines in APE sales is stated on a constant exchange rate basis.
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^3^	Asia Other excludes Hong Kong and Japan.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	13
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Year-to-date APE sales of $4.9 billion in 2023 were 9% higher than the same period of 2022, driven by higher year-to-date sales in Asia and Canada partially offset by lower year-to-date sales in the U.S.

New business value (“NBV”) was $600 million in 3Q23, an increase of 15%^1^ compared with 3Q22. In Asia, NBV increased 7% compared with 3Q22 driven by higher sales volumes partially offset by business mix. In Canada, NBV increased 72% compared with 3Q22 driven by higher sales volumes in Individual Insurance and higher margins in Group Insurance. In the U.S., NBV decreased 29% compared with 3Q22 primarily due to lower sales volumes and product mix, partially offset by pricing actions and higher interest rates.

Year-to-date NBV was $1,694 million in 2023, an increase of 6% compared with the same period of 2022. In Asia, year-to-date NBV in 2023 increased 2% compared with 2022 driven by higher sales volumes partially offset by business mix. In Canada, year-to-date NBV increased 28% compared with 2022 driven by higher sales volumes in Individual Insurance, partially offset by lower Annuities margins largely due to product mix, and lower segregated fund sales volumes. In the U.S., year-to-date NBV increased 4% compared with 2022 due to pricing actions, higher interest rates and product mix, partially offset by lower sales volumes.

New business contractual service margin (“New Business CSM”) was $507 million in 3Q23, an increase of 6% compared with 3Q22. In Asia, new business CSM increased 16% compared with 3Q22 primarily due to higher sales volumes partially offset by business mix. In Canada, new business CSM increased 16% compared with 3Q22 driven by product mix in Individual Insurance. Under IFRS 17, the majority of Group Insurance and affinity products are classified as PAA and do not generate CSM. In the U.S., new business CSM decreased 39% compared with 3Q22 driven by lower sales volumes and product mix.

Year-to-date new business CSM was $1,541 million in 2023, an increase of 3% compared with the same period of 2022. In Asia, year-to-date new business CSM in 2023 increased 12% compared with 2022, primarily due to higher sales volumes partially offset by business mix. In Canada, year-to-date new business CSM increased 1% compared with 2022 due to product mix in Individual Insurance. As noted above, under IFRS 17, the majority of group insurance and affinity products are classified as PAA and do not generate CSM. In the U.S., year-to-date new business CSM decreased 24% compared with 2022 driven primarily by lower sales volumes and product mix.

The contractual service margin (“CSM”) net of NCI was $17,369 million as at September 30, 2023, an increase of $86 million compared with December 31, 2022. The increase in CSM net of NCI reflects an increase in total CSM movement of $172 million, net of an increase in NCI of $86 million. Organic CSM movement was an increase of $629 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, driven by the impact of new insurance business and expected movements related to finance income or expenses, partially offset by amounts recognized for service provided in year-to-date earnings and a net reduction from insurance experience. Inorganic CSM movement was a decrease of $457 million for the same period, driven by net unfavourable impacts of equity market experience and higher interest rates on certain participating and variable annuity contracts, as well as changes in foreign currency exchange rates, partially offset by the changes from our annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions. Post-tax CSM net of NCI was $14,992 million as at September 30, 2023.

Global WAM reported net outflows were $0.8 billion in 3Q23 compared with net inflows of $3.0 billion in 3Q22. Net outflows in Retirement were $3.4 billion in 3Q23 compared with net inflows of $1.4 billion in 3Q22, driven entirely by a large-case pension plan redemption in the U.S. Net outflows in Retail were $0.2 billion in 3Q23 compared with net inflows of $1.0 billion in 3Q22, reflecting lower demand as investors continued to favour short-term cash and money market instruments amid market volatility and higher interest rates. This was partially offset by the launch of our Global Semiconductors strategy in Japan and higher net inflows in mainland China from acquiring full ownership of MFM in the fourth quarter of 2022 (“4Q22”). Net inflows in Institutional Asset Management were $2.8 billion in 3Q23 compared with net inflows of $0.6 billion in 3Q22, driven by higher net flows in fixed income mandates, and higher sales of equity and agriculture mandates, as well as the impact of the MFM acquisition.

^1^	Percentage growth / declines in NBV is stated on a constant exchange rate basis.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	14
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Year-to-date net inflows were $5.8 billion in 2023, compared with $11.5 billion in the same period of 2022. The decrease was primarily due to higher pension plan redemptions in Retirement, and lower Retail sales from lower investor demand. This was partially offset by lower mutual fund redemption rates, and the launch of new products in Institutional Asset Management in 2023 as well as the impact of the MFM acquisition as mentioned above.

A4	Financial strength
	Quarterly Results						YTD Results
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
(unaudited)	3Q23		2Q23		3Q22		2023		2022
MLI’s LICAT ratio^(1)^	****	137%		136%		136%	****	137%		136%
Financial leverage ratio^(2)^	****	25.2%		25.8%		25.8%	****	25.2%		25.8%
Consolidated capital ($ billions)^(3)^	$	71.4	$	69.3	$	71.5	$	71.4	$	71.5
Book value per common share ($)	$	22.42	$	21.30	$	21.78	$	22.42	$	21.78
Adjusted book value per common share ($)^(2)^	$	30.67	$	29.42	$	29.49	$	30.67	$	29.49
^(1)^	This item is disclosed under OSFI’s Life Insurance Capital Adequacy Test Public Disclosure Requirements guideline.<br>Comparative LICAT ratios for 2022 are as reported in 2022 and have not been restated for the implementation of IFRS 17.
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^(2)^	This item is a non-GAAP ratio. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more information.<br>
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^(3)^	This item is a capital management measure. For more information on this metric, see “Non-GAAP and other financial<br>measures” below.
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The Life Insurance Capital Adequacy Test (“LICAT”) ratio for The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company (“MLI”) as at September 30, 2023 was 137% compared with 136% as at June 30, 2023. The one percentage point increase reflects the impact of core earnings and market movements in the quarter, partly offset by shareholders’ dividends and common share buybacks.

MFC’s LICAT ratio was 124% as at September 30, 2023 compared with 123% as at June 30, 2023 with the increase driven by similar factors that impacted the movement in MLI’s LICAT ratio. The difference between the MLI and MFC ratios as at September 30, 2023 was largely due to the $6.2 billion of MFC senior debt outstanding that does not qualify as available capital at the MFC level but, based on the form it was down-streamed, qualifies as regulatory capital for MLI.

MFC’s financial leverage ratio^1^ as at September 30, 2023 was 25.2%, a decrease of 0.6 percentage points from 25.8% as at June 30, 2023. The decrease in the ratio was driven by the increase in total equity due to net accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) gains from higher interest rates, growth in retained earnings and the impact of weaker Canadian dollar.

MFC’s consolidated capital^1^ was $71.4 billion as at September 30, 2023, an increase of $1.8 billion compared with $69.6 billion as at December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by net issuance of subordinated debt^2^, an increase in total equity and higher post-tax CSM^3^. The increase in total equity was due to net AOCI gains from higher interest rates, and growth in retained earnings, partially offset by common share buybacks and the impact of stronger Canadian dollar.

Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities ^4^ was $237.7 billion as at September 30, 2023 compared with $241.0 billion as at December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by the lower market value of debt instruments due to higher interest rates.

Book value per common share as at September 30, 2023 was $22.42, a 4% increase compared with $21.56 as at December 31, 2022. The number of common shares outstanding was 1,818 million as at September 30, 2023, a decrease of 47 million shares from 1,865 million as at December 31, 2022, due to common share buybacks.

^1^	Effective January 1, 2022, the calculation of financial leverage ratio and consolidated capital now includes the<br>impact of post-tax CSM. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures below” for more information.
^2^	The net issuance of subordinated debt consists of the issuance of $1.2 billion in the first quarter of 2023 and the<br>redemption of $0.6 billion in the second quarter of 2023.
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^3^	This item is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more<br>information.
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^4^	Includes cash & cash equivalents, comprised of cash on deposit, Canadian and U.S. Treasury Bills and high quality<br>short-term investments, and marketable assets, comprised of investment grade government and agency bonds, investment grade corporate bonds, investment grade securitized instruments, publicly traded common stocks and preferred shares.<br>
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	15
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Adjusted book value per common share as at September 30, 2023 was $30.67, a 4% increase compared with $29.42 as at December 31, 2022 driven by an increase in adjusted book value^1^ and a lower number of common shares outstanding. The adjusted book value increased $0.9 billion due to growth in total common shareholder’s equity and an increase in post-tax CSM. The increase in common shareholder’s equity reflects the impact of net AOCI gains from higher interest rates, and growth in retained earnings partially offset by a stronger Canadian dollar and common share buybacks.

A5	Assets under management and administration (“AUMA”)

AUMA as at September 30, 2023 was $1.3 trillion, an increase of 2% compared with December 31, 2022, primarily due to the favourable impact of markets and net inflows. Segregated funds net assets increased 2% primarily due to the favourable impact of markets and total invested assets were in line with December 31, 2022, on an actual exchange rate basis.

A6	Impact of foreign currency exchange rates

Changes in foreign currency exchange rates from 3Q22 to 3Q23 increased core earnings by $29 million in 3Q23, primarily due to a weaker Canadian dollar compared with the U.S. dollar. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates increased year-to-date core earnings by $136 million in 2023 compared with the same period of 2022 primarily due to a weaker Canadian dollar compared with the U.S. dollar. The impact of foreign currency exchange rates on items excluded from core earnings does not provide relevant information given the nature of those items.

A7	Business highlights

We are making decisions easier for our global and diverse customer base

During 3Q23 we launched a unified high net worth onboarding platform in Bermuda^2^, Hong Kong and Singapore, to our international brokers to deliver a consistent high touch experience for both distributors and customers by streamlining new business application, underwriting and compliance processes across our three high net worth markets. In Canada, we expanded our Personalized Medicine program to all Group Benefits extended healthcare plans, making this service available to more customers, while enabling them to learn about medications that best meet their needs and work with healthcare providers on customized treatment plans that can lead to better outcomes. Meanwhile, Global WAM continued to fulfill investor needs for wealth solutions through the expansion of our offerings with the launch of the Global Semiconductors strategy in Japan which garnered more than $0.7 billion in net flows during the quarter, as well as the launch of a Municipal Opportunities Separately Managed Account in U.S. Retail, built on our mutual fund of the same name.

^1^	This item is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more<br>information.
^2^	This represents our International High Net Worth business.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	16
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We are accelerating digital initiatives to move faster and meet customers’ personalized needs

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	17

B	PERFORMANCE BY SEGMENT
B1	Asia^1^
---	---
						YTD Results
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
( millions, unless otherwise stated)
Canadian dollars
Net income attributed to shareholders(1)	84		130		176		733		154
U.S. dollars
Net income attributed to shareholders(1)	63	US	96	US	134	US	543	US	118
( millions, unless otherwise stated)						YTD Results
Canadian dollars
Profitability:
Net income attributed to shareholders(1)	84		130		280		733		368
Core earnings(1)	522		473		387		1,484		1,316
Business performance:
Annualized premium equivalent sales	1,120		1,181		913		3,474		2,900
New business value	414		424		380		1,210		1,142
New business contractual service margin net of NCI	402		432		340		1,135		985
Contractual service margin net of NCI	10,030		9,630		9,309		10,030		9,309
Assets under management ( billions)(2)	159.6		159.3		149.7		159.6		149.7
Total invested assets ( billions)	135.8		135.2		127.6		135.8		127.6
Total segregated funds net assets ( billions)	23.8		24.1		22.0		23.8		22.0
U.S. dollars
Profitability:
Net income attributed to shareholders(1)	63	US	96	US	216	US	543	US	285
Core earnings(1)	390		353		296		1,104		1,027
Business performance:
Annualized premium equivalent sales	835		879		699		2,582		2,262
New business value	310		315		291		900		889
New business contractual service margin net of NCI	300		323		261		845		768
Contractual service margin net of NCI	7,414		7,273		6,772		7,414		6,772
Assets under management ( billions)(2)	118.0		120.3		108.9		118.0		108.9
Total invested assets ( billions)	100.4		102.1		92.9		100.4		92.9
Total segregated funds net assets ( billions)	17.6		18.2		16.0		17.6		16.0

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for a reconciliation of quarterly core earnings to net income<br>(loss) attributed to shareholders for 2023 and quarterly core earnings and transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2022.
^(2)^	This item is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more<br>information.
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Asia’s net income attributed to shareholders was $84 million in 3Q23 compared with net income attributed to shareholders of $280 million and transitional net income attributed to shareholders of $176 million in 3Q22. The 3Q22 transitional net income attributed to shareholders includes a charge of $104 million from IFRS 9 transitional impacts. Net income attributed to shareholders is comprised of core earnings, which were $522 million in 3Q23 compared with $387 million in 3Q22, and items excluded from core earnings, which amounted to a net charge of $438 million in 3Q23 compared with a net charge of $107 million in 3Q22. Items excluded from core earnings in 3Q22 on a transitional basis amounted to a net charge of $211 million. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for a reconciliation of quarterly core earnings to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 3Q23 and quarterly core earnings and transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 3Q22. See section A2 “Profitability” above, for explanations of the items excluded from core earnings. The changes in core earnings expressed in Canadian dollars were due to the factors described below and additionally, reflected a net $9 million favourable impact due to changes in various foreign currency exchange rates versus the Canadian dollar.

^1^	Effective January 1, 2023, we have made a change to the composition of reporting segments to better align our<br>financial reporting with our business strategy and operations. Our international high net worth business was reclassified from the U.S. segment to the Asia segment (in Asia Other) to reflect the contributions of our Bermuda operations alongside the<br>high net worth business that we report in our Singapore and Hong Kong operations. Refinements were made to the allocations of corporate overhead and interest on surplus among segments. Prior period comparative information has been restated to<br>reflect the changes in segment reporting.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	18
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^1^

Effective January 1, 2023, we have made a change to the composition of reporting segments to better align our financial reporting with our business strategy and operations. Our international high net worth business was reclassified from the U.S. segment to the Asia segment (in Asia Other) to reflect the contributions of our Bermuda operations alongside the high net worth business that we report in our Singapore and Hong Kong operations. Refinements were made to the allocations of corporate overhead and interest on surplus among segments. Prior period comparative information has been restated to reflect the changes in segment reporting.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023

---

Expressed in U.S. dollars, the presentation currency of the segment, net income attributed to shareholders was US$63 million in 3Q23 compared with net income attributed to shareholders of US$216 million and transitional net income attributed to shareholders of US$134 million in 3Q22. Core earnings were US$390 million in 3Q23 compared with US$296 million in 3Q22 and items excluded from core earnings were a net charge of US$327 million in 3Q23 compared with a net charge of US$80 million in 3Q22. Items excluded from core earnings in 3Q22 on a transitional basis were a net charge of US$162 million.

Core earnings in 3Q23 increased 33% compared with 3Q22 driven by higher expected investment income due to higher investment yields and business growth, an increase in CSM amortization in Hong Kong, reflecting the impact of the annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions, and improved new business results on onerous contracts as a result of product actions.

Year-to-date net income attributed to shareholders was US$543 million in 2023 compared with net income attributable to shareholders of US$285 million and transitional net income attributed to shareholders of US$118 million in the same period of 2022. The 2022 year-to-date transitional net income attributed to shareholders includes a charge of US$167 million from IFRS 9 transitional adjustments. Year-to-date core earnings were US$1,104 million in 2023 compared with US$1,027 million in 2022 driven by higher expected investment income due to higher investment yields and business growth, improved new business results on onerous contracts as a result of product actions, and a neutral provision for ECL in 2023 compared with a charge in 2022, partially offset by a slower CSM amortization and less favourable claims experience. Items excluded from year-to-date core earnings were a net charge of US$561 million in 2023 compared with a net charge of US$742 million for the same period of 2022. Items excluded from core earnings in 2022 on a transitional basis amounted to a net charge of US$909 million. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for a reconciliation of year-to-date core earnings to year-to-date net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2023, and year-to-date core earnings and year-to-date transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to year-to-date net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2022. Expressed in Canadian dollars, year-to-date core earnings reflected a net $40 million favourable impact of changes in various foreign currency exchange rates versus the Canadian dollar.

APE sales in 3Q23 were US$835 million, an increase of 20% compared with 3Q22, driven by growth in Hong Kong and Asia Other. NBV in 3Q23 was US$310 million, an increase of 7% compared with 3Q22 driven by higher sales volumes partially offset by business mix. New business CSM in 3Q23 was US$300 million, an increase of 16% compared with 3Q22, primarily due to higher sales volumes partially offset by business mix. New business value margin (“NBV margin”)^1^was 41.9% in 3Q23 compared with 44.9% in 3Q22. Year-to-date APE sales were US$2,582 million in 2023, an increase of 16% compared with the same period of 2022, driven by strong growth in our broker and bancassurance channels in Hong Kong and higher bancassurance sales in Asia Other. Year-to-date NBV and new business CSM in 2023 were US$900 million and US$845 million, an increase of 2% and 12%, respectively, compared with 3Q22, driven by similar reasons noted above for the quarter.

•	Hong Kong APE sales in 3Q23 were US$209 million, an increase of 57% compared with 3Q22. The increase reflected strong<br>growth in our broker and bancassurance channels, primarily driven by a return of demand from MCV customers following the reopening of the border between Hong Kong and mainland China since February 2023. Hong Kong NBV and new business CSM in 3Q23<br>were US$132 million and US$125 million, an increase of 20% and 29%, respectively, compared with 3Q22 due to higher sales volumes, partially offset by higher proportion of lower margin savings products. Hong Kong NBV margin was 63.0% in 3Q23, a<br>decrease of 19.7 percentage points compared with 3Q22.
•	Japan APE sales in 3Q23 were US$67 million, a decrease of 6% compared with 3Q22 reflecting lower sales in COLI products.<br>Japan NBV was US$32 million in 3Q23, an increase of 21% compared with 3Q22 due to product management actions, partially offset by lower sales volume. Japan NBV margin was 47.2% in 3Q23, an increase of 10.5 percentage points compared with 3Q22. Japan<br>new business CSM was US$22 million in 3Q23, a decrease of 21% compared with 3Q22 due to lower sales volume and model refinements.
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^1^	For more information on this metric, see “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	19
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•

Asia Other APE sales in 3Q23 were US$559 million, an increase of 14% compared with 3Q22. Higher bancassurance sales in mainland China and higher broker sales in our International High Net Worth business and in Singapore were partially offset by lower agency and bancassurance sales in Vietnam. Asia Other NBV in 3Q23 was US$146 million, a decrease of 5% compared with 3Q22 due to product mix, partially offset by higher sales volumes. Asia Other NBV margin was 31.6% in 3Q23, a decrease of 3.3 percentage points compared with 3Q22. Asia Other new business CSM in 3Q23 was US$153 million in 3Q23, an increase of 13% compared with 3Q22, driven by higher sales volumes, partially offset by product mix.

CSM net of NCI was US$7,414 million as at September 30, 2023, an increase of US$463 million, net of a US$64 million increase attributed to NCI compared with December 31, 2022. Organic CSM movement was an increase of US$441 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 driven by the impact of new insurance business and expected movements related to finance income or expenses, partially offset by amounts recognized for service provided in year-to-date earnings and a net reduction from insurance experience. Inorganic CSM movement was an increase of US$86 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 largely due to changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that adjust the CSM, partially offset by the impact of markets from an increase in interest rates and unfavourable equity market performance on certain participating and variable annuity contracts, and strengthening of the U.S. dollar against Asian currencies.

Assets under management were US$118.0 billion as at September 30, 2023, an increase of US$2.9 billion or 5% compared with December 31, 2022, driven by the impact of positive equity market performance in 2023 on invested assets and segregated funds net assets, and business growth.

Business highlights – In 3Q23, we:

•	launched a unified high net worth onboarding platform in Bermuda^1^,<br>Hong Kong, and Singapore, to our international brokers to deliver a consistent high touch experience for both distributors and customers by streamlining new business application, underwriting and compliance processes across our three high net worth<br>operations;
•	further automated the claims-handling process in Hong Kong to improve operational efficiency and deliver a better customer<br>experience as we continue to leverage data to enhance our auto-adjudication engine, driving an almost twofold increase of straight-through processed claims compared with 3Q22; and
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•	completed the seamless data migration of more than 3 million customers in mainland China as a part of policy<br>administration system modernization. This cloud-native solution enables scale and efficiency, and lays the foundation for improved customer, distributor and partner experience; this milestone will enable faster speed to market through collaborative<br>product development and easier integration with our digital partners’ ecosystems.
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^1^	This represents our International High Net Worth business.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	20
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B2	Canada^1^
						YTD Results
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
( millions, unless otherwise stated)		2Q23		3Q22<br>Transitional		2023		2022<br>Transitional
Net income attributed to shareholders(1)	290	$	227	$	481	$	826	$	1,078
						YTD Results
( millions, unless otherwise stated)		2Q23		3Q22		2023		2022
Profitability:
Net income attributed to shareholders(1)	290	$	227	$	853	$	826	$	(430	)
Core earnings(1)	408		374		391	****	1,135		1,091
Business performance:
Annualized premium equivalent sales	431		322		285	****	1,046		1,009
Contractual service margin	3,662		3,656		3,558	****	3,662		3,558
Manulife Bank average net lending<br>assets( billions)(2)	25.1		24.9		24.6	****	25.0		24.0
Assets under management ( billions)(2)	137.9		144.0		141.2	****	137.9		141.2
Total invested assets ( billions)	103.5		108.0		106.4	****	103.5		106.4
Segregated funds net assets ( billions)	34.4		36.0		34.8	****	34.4		34.8

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for a reconciliation of quarterly core earnings to net income<br>(loss) attributed to shareholders for 2023 and quarterly core earnings and transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2022.
^(2)^	This item is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more<br>information.
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Canada’s net income attributed to shareholders was $290 million in 3Q23 compared with net income attributed to shareholders of $853 million and transitional net income attributed to shareholders of $481 million in 3Q22. The 3Q22 transitional net income attributed to shareholders includes a charge of $372 million from IFRS 9 transitional impacts. Net income attributed to shareholders is comprised of core earnings, which were $408 million in 3Q23 compared with $391 million in 3Q22, and items excluded from core earnings, which amounted to a net charge of $118 million in 3Q23 compared with a net gain of $462 million in 3Q22. Items excluded from core earnings in 3Q22 on a transitional basis amounted to a net gain of $90 million. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for a reconciliation of quarterly core earnings to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 3Q23 and quarterly core earnings and transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 3Q22. See section A2 “Profitability” above, for explanations of the items excluded from core earnings.

Core earnings in 3Q23 increased $17 million or 4% compared with 3Q22, reflecting more favourable insurance experience, business growth in Group Insurance and higher expected investment earnings due to higher yields and business growth, partially offset by an increase in the ECL provision, and an increase in the corporate tax rate enacted in 4Q22.

Year-to-date net income attributed to shareholders was $826 million in 2023 compared with a year-to-date net loss attributable to shareholders of $430 million and year-to-date transitional net income attributed to shareholders of $1,078 million in the same period of 2022. The 2022 year-to-date transitional net income includes a gain of $1,508 million from IFRS 9 transitional adjustments. Year-to-date core earnings were $1,135 million in 2023 compared with $1,091 million in the same period of 2022. The increase in year-to-date core earnings of $44 million or 4% reflected higher expected investment earnings from higher yields, more favourable insurance experience, and business growth in Group Insurance, partially offset by slower amortization of CSM on certain VFA contracts, an increase in the ECL provision and the increase in the corporate tax rate enacted in 4Q22. Items excluded from year-to-date core earnings were a net charge of $309 million in 2023 compared with a net charge of $1,521 million for the same period of 2022. Items excluded from year-to-date core earnings in 2022 on a transitional basis amounted to a net charge of $13 million. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for a reconciliation of year-to-date core earnings to year-to-date net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2023, and year-to-date core earnings and year-to-date transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to year-to-date net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2022.

^1^	Effective January 1, 2023, refinements were made to the allocations of corporate overhead and interest on surplus among<br>segments. Prior period comparative information has been restated to reflect the changes in segment reporting.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	21
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APE sales of $431 million in 3Q23 increased by $146 million or 51% compared with 3Q22.

•	Individual insurance APE sales in 3Q23 of $250 million increased $148 million or 145% compared with 3Q22, primarily due to<br>a large affinity markets sale, partially offset by lower participating life insurance sales.
•	Group insurance APE sales in 3Q23 of $135 million increased $2 million or 2% compared with 3Q22, primarily due to higher<br>small business and mid-size sales, partially offset by lower large-case sales.
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•	Annuities APE sales in 3Q23 of $46 million decreased $4 million or 8% compared with 3Q22, primarily due to lower sales of<br>segregated fund products.
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Year-to-date APE sales in 2023 were $1,046 million, $37 million or 4% higher than in the same period of 2022, primarily due to a large affinity markets sale, higher small business and mid-size group insurance sales, partially offset by lower Annuities sales of segregated fund products and lower large-case Group Insurance sales.

CSM was $3,662 million as at September 30, 2023, a decrease of $13 million compared with December 31, 2022. Organic CSM movement was an increase of $25 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 driven by the impact of new insurance business, expected movements related to finance income or expenses, and insurance experience gains, partially offset by amounts recognized for service provided in year-to-date earnings. Inorganic CSM movement was a decrease of $38 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 reflecting the unfavourable impact of markets primarily related to equity market experience on certain variable annuity contracts, partially offset by changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that adjust the CSM.

Manulife Bank average net lending assets for the quarter were $25.1 billion as at September 30, 2023, up $0.4 billion or 1% compared with December 31, 2022, driven by improved retention and business growth.

Assets under management were $137.9 billion as at September 30, 2023, a decrease of $4.7 billion or 3% compared with December 31, 2022, due to lower total invested assets, primarily reflecting the impact of higher interest rates, and lower segregated funds net assets, driven by net outflows.

Businesshighlights – In 3Q23, we:

•	announced a strategic partnership with League, a leading healthcare technology provider, to offer our group benefits<br>members more integrated digital healthcare experiences, enabling them to connect their benefits directly with healthcare options. This partnership continues our digitization efforts to meet growing demand for more personalized digital experiences<br>that help customers understand their health, focus on prevention, access care, and better comprehend and optimize their benefits;
•	expanded our Personalized Medicine program to all Group Benefits extended healthcare plans, making this service available<br>to more customers, while enabling them to learn about medications that best meet their needs and work with healthcare providers on customized treatment plans that can lead to better outcomes; and
---	---
•	completed a successful communication campaign highlighting the ease and speed of online claims submission with our Group<br>Benefits customers which led to a 15%-increase in Manulife Mobile app downloads, and an increase of more than 1 million claims initiated through digital channels since the beginning of the year.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	22
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B3	U.S.^1^
						YTD Results
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
( millions, unless otherwise stated)
Canadian dollars
Net income attributed to shareholders(1)	72		183		314		441		1,554
U.S. dollars
Net income attributed to shareholders(1)	53	US	136	US	241	US	327	US	1,218
( millions, unless otherwise stated)						YTD Results
Canadian dollars
Profitability:
Net income attributed to shareholders(1)	72		183		(447)		441		(2,272)
Core earnings(1)	442		458		437		1,285		1,158
Business performance:
Annualized premium equivalent sales	106		130		149		370		456
Contractual service margin	3,651		4,106		4,185		3,651		4,185
Assets under management ( billions)	193.6		199.4		197.6		193.6		197.6
Total invested assets ( billions)	128.8		132.1		133.6		128.8		133.6
Total segregated funds invested net assets<br>( billions)	64.8		67.3		64.0		64.8		64.0
U.S. dollars
Profitability:
Net income attributed to shareholders(1)	53	US	136	US	(342)	US	327	US	(1,776)
Core earnings(1)	329		341		335		955		901
Business performance:
Annualized premium equivalent sales	79		97		115		275		356
Contractual service margin	2,695		3,104		3,046		2,695		3,046
Assets under management ( billions)	143.2		150.7		143.8		143.2		143.8
Total invested assets ( billions)	95.3		99.8		97.2		95.3		97.2
Total segregated funds invested net assets<br>( billions)	47.9		50.9		46.6		47.9		46.6

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for a reconciliation of quarterly core earnings to net income<br>(loss) attributed to shareholders for 2023 and quarterly core earnings and transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2022.

U.S.’s net income attributed to shareholders was $72 million in 3Q23 compared with a net loss attributed to shareholders of $447 million and transitional net income attributed to shareholders of $314 million in 3Q22. The 3Q22 transitional net income attributed to shareholders includes a gain of $761 million from IFRS 9 transitional impacts. Net income attributed to shareholders is comprised of core earnings, which were $442 million in 3Q23 compared with $437 million in 3Q22, and items excluded from core earnings, which amounted to a net charge of $370 million in 3Q23 compared with a net charge of $884 million in 3Q22. Items excluded from core earnings in 3Q22 on a transitional basis amounted to a net charge of $123 million. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for a reconciliation of quarterly core earnings to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 3Q23 and quarterly core earnings and transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 3Q22. See section A2 “Profitability” above, for explanations of the items excluded from core earnings. The changes in core earnings expressed in Canadian dollars were due to the factors described below and additionally, reflected a $11 million favourable impact from the strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared with the Canadian dollar.

^1^	Effective January 1, 2023, we have made a number of changes to the composition of reporting segments to better align<br>our financial reporting with our business strategy and operations. Our international high net worth business was reclassified from U.S. Insurance in the U.S. segment to the Asia segment to reflect the contributions of our Bermuda operations<br>alongside the high net worth business that we report in our Singapore and Hong Kong operations. Refinements were made to the allocations of corporate overhead and interest on surplus among segments. Prior period comparative information has been<br>restated to reflect the changes in segment reporting.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	23
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^1^

Effective January 1, 2023, we have made a number of changes to the composition of reporting segments to better align our financial reporting with our business strategy and operations. Our international high net worth business was reclassified from U.S. Insurance in the U.S. segment to the Asia segment to reflect the contributions of our Bermuda operations alongside the high net worth business that we report in our Singapore and Hong Kong operations. Refinements were made to the allocations of corporate overhead and interest on surplus among segments. Prior period comparative information has been restated to reflect the changes in segment reporting.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023

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Expressed in U.S. dollars, the functional currency of the segment, net income attributed to shareholders was US$53 million in 3Q23 compared with a net loss attributed to shareholders of US$342 million and transitional net income attributed to shareholders of US$241 million in 3Q22. Core earnings were US$329 million in 3Q23 compared with US$335 million in 3Q22 and items excluded from core earnings were a net charge of US$276 million in 3Q23 compared with a net charge of US$677 million in 3Q22. Items excluded from core earnings on a transitional basis in 3Q22 were a net charge of US$94 million.

Core earnings decreased US$6 million or 2% compared with 3Q22 reflecting an increase in the ECL provision primarily related to electric utility bonds and private placements compared with a reduction in the provision in 3Q22, and lower CSM amortization reflecting the impact of the annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions as well as slower CSM amortization on certain VFA contracts. These impacts were partially offset by an increase in expected investment earnings driven by higher investment yields and business growth and improved insurance experience primarily due to net favourable claims experience. Net favourable claims experience included in core earnings was primarily due to favourable life experience, partially offset by unfavourable long-term care claims experience.

Year-to-date net income attributed to shareholders was US$327 million in 2023 compared with a net loss attributable to shareholders of US$1,776 million and transitional net income attributed to shareholders of US$1,218 million in the same period of 2022. The 2022 year-to-date transitional net income includes a gain of US$2,994 million from IFRS 9 transitional adjustments. Year-to-date core earnings were US$955 million in 2023 compared with US$901 million in the same period of 2022. Year-to-date core earnings increased US$54 million mainly due to increased expected investment earnings due to higher investment yields and business growth as well as improved, although unfavourable, insurance experience primarily driven by the non-recurrence of excess mortality claims related to COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2022. These impacts were partially offset by an increase in the ECL provision in 2023 primarily related to commercial mortgages, electric utility bonds and private placements compared with a reduction in the provision in 2022, and lower CSM recognized into earnings due to a slower CSM amortization on certain VFA contracts, the reinsurance of a significant portion of the variable annuities block in the prior year, and the impact of the annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions. Long-term care experience included in core earnings was more unfavourable. Items excluded from year-to-date core earnings were a net charge of US$628 million in 2023 compared with a net charge of US$2,677 million for the same period of 2022. Items excluded from core earnings in 2022 on a transitional basis amounted to a net gain of US$317 million. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for a reconciliation of year-to-date core earnings to year-to-date net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2023 and year-to-date core earnings and year-to-date transitional net income (loss) to shareholders to year-to-date net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2022. Expressed in Canadian dollars, year-to-date core earnings reflected a $59 million favourable impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates versus the Canadian dollar.

APE sales in 3Q23 of US$79 million decreased 31% compared with 3Q22 due to the adverse impact of higher short-term interest rates on accumulation insurance products, particularly for our affluent customers. Year-to-date APE sales in 2023 of US$275 million decreased 23% compared with the same period of 2022 due to the reason outlined above. APE sales of products with the John Hancock Vitality PLUS feature represented 71% and 73% of overall U.S. sales in 3Q23 and year-to-date 2023, respectively, compared with 74% and 72% in the same periods of 2022.

CSM was US$2,695 million as at September 30, 2023, a decrease of US$358 million compared with December 31, 2022. Organic CSM movement was an increase of US$26 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 driven by the impact of new insurance business and expected movements related to finance income or expenses, partially offset by amounts recognized for service provided in year-to-date earnings and a net reduction from insurance experience. The net unfavourable insurance experience in organic CSM movement was due to unfavourable life insurance lapse and claims experience partially offset by favourable long-term care and annuities claims and lapse experience. Inorganic CSM movement was a decrease of US$384 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 mainly due to changes in actuarial methods and assumptions primarily related to life insurance, partially offset by favourable market impacts from equity market experience and higher interest rates primarily on variable annuity contracts.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	24

Assets under management were US$143.2 billion as at September 30, 2023, a decrease of US$3.8 billion or 3% compared with December 31, 2022. The decrease in total invested assets and segregated funds net assets was primarily due to the impact from markets, reflecting changes in interest rates and equity markets.

Business highlights – In 3Q23, we:

•	expanded our reach into the employer market by introducing a Premier Benefit Indexed Universal Life product. This permanent<br>life insurance product, available through the workplace, offers a streamlined digital process for employees to purchase individual coverage and includes our John Hancock Vitality PLUS feature;
•	launched a distribution relationship with JPMorgan Chase & Co. enabling new sales of our suite of products,<br>including our John Hancock Vitality program, through its network of more than 6,900 advisors;
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•	furthered our mission of helping customers live longer, healthier, better lives and differentiating ourselves from other<br>life insurance carriers by hosting ‘Longer.Healthier.Better.’ – the first longevity symposium in the industry – that brought together 250 life insurance brokers, leadership from reinsurance companies, media, and local<br>government officials to give them a first-hand look at the innovations and science shaping the future of longevity; and
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•	continued to optimize our digital capabilities to create a more seamless, digital customer experience through the launch of<br>single sign-on for John Hancock Vitality customers between John Hancock Life and Vitality websites, improvement of the website navigation of our producer portal, and enhancement of the interactive voice response authentication enabling 31% of<br>inbound calls to be completed with no human interaction in the quarter.
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B4	Global Wealth and Asset Management^1^****
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						YTD Results
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( millions, unless otherwise stated)		2Q23
Profitability:
Net income attributed to shareholders(1)	318	$	317		287		932		720
Core earnings(1)	361		320		354		968		1,025
Core EBITDA(2)	480		424		465		1,297		1,384
Core EBITDA margin (%)(3)	26.9%		24.6%		28.9%		24.7%		28.4%
Business performance:
Sales
Wealth and asset management gross flows	34,274		35,152		31,992		108,241		104,452
Wealth and asset management net flows	(795)		2,187		3,047		5,832		11,543
Assets under management and administration ( billions)	806.7		819.6		751.3		806.7		751.3
Total invested assets ( billions)	6.7		5.5		5.6		6.7		5.6
Segregated funds net assets ( billions)	233.9		238.7		214.5		233.9		214.5
Average assets under management and administration<br>( billions)(2)	813.1		814.9		773.6		812.3		787.9

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for a reconciliation of quarterly core earnings to net income<br>(loss) attributed to shareholders for 2023 and quarterly core earnings and transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2022. Transitional impacts in Global WAM are not material.<br>
^(2)^	This item is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more<br>information.
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^(3)^	This item is a non-GAAP ratio. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more information.<br>
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^1^	Effective January 1, 2023, we have made a number of changes to the composition of reporting segments to better align<br>our financial reporting with our business strategy and operations. Our investment in the start-up capital of segregated and mutual funds, and investment-related revenue and expense were reclassified from the Corporate and Other segment to the Global<br>WAM segment to more closely align with Global WAM’s management practices. Refinements were made to the allocations of corporate overhead and interest on surplus among segments. Prior period comparative information has been restated to reflect<br>the changes in segment reporting.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	25
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Global WAM’s net income attributed to shareholders was $318 million in 3Q23 compared with $287 million in 3Q22. Net income attributed to shareholders is comprised of core earnings, which were $361 million in 3Q23 compared with $354 million in 3Q22, and items excluded from core earnings, which amounted to a net charge of $43 million in 3Q23 compared with a net charge of $67 million in 3Q22. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for a reconciliation of quarterly core earnings to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 3Q23 and quarterly core earnings and transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 3Q22. See section A2 “Profitability” above, for explanations of the items excluded from core earnings.

Core earnings in 3Q23 were in line with 3Q22, driven by an increase in net fee income from higher average AUMA and higher performance fees in Institutional Asset Management, offset by an increase in performance-related costs.

Core EBITDA was $480 million in 3Q23, an increase of 1% compared with 3Q22, driven by similar factors as noted above for core earnings. Core EBITDA margin was 26.9% in 3Q23, a decrease of 200 basis points compared with 3Q22, driven by an increase in performance-related costs. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for additional information on core EBITDA and core EBITDA margin.

Year-to-date net income attributed to shareholders was $932 million in 2023 compared with $720 million in the same period of 2022 and year-to-date core earnings were $968 million in 2023 compared with $1,025 million in the same period of 2022. The decrease in year-to-date core earnings of $57 million or 8% reflected an increase in performance-related costs and lower earnings from seed capital investments due to repatriations. This was partially offset by an increase in net fee income from higher fee spreads and higher performance fees in Institutional Asset Management. Items excluded from year-to-date core earnings were a net charge of $36 million in 2023 compared with a net charge of $305 million in the same period of 2022. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for a reconciliation of year-to-date core earnings to year-to-date net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2023 and year-to-date core earnings and year-to-date transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to year-to-date net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2022.

Year-to-date core EBITDA was $1,297 million in 2023 compared with $1,384 million in the same period of 2022. The decrease in year-to-date core EBITDA of $87 million or 9% was driven by similar factors as noted above for year-to-date core earnings. Year-to-date core EBITDA margin was 24.7% in 2023 compared with 28.4% in the same period of 2022. The decrease of 370 basis points was mainly driven by an increase in performance-related costs. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for additional information on year-to-date core EBITDA and year-to-date core EBITDA margin.

Gross flows were $34.3 billion in 3Q23, an increase of 5%^1^ compared with 3Q22. By business line, the results were:

•	Retirement gross flows in 3Q23 were $13.6 billion, an increase of 4% compared with 3Q22, driven by growth in member<br>contributions.
•	Retail gross flows in 3Q23 were $14.8 billion, a decrease of 5% compared with 3Q22, reflecting lower demand as investors<br>continued to favour short-term cash and money market instruments amid market volatility and higher interest rates. This was partially offset by higher gross flows in mainland China that include the impact of acquiring full ownership of MFM in 4Q22<br>and the launch of our Global Semiconductors strategy in Japan.
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•	Institutional Asset Management gross flows in 3Q23 were $5.8 billion, an increase of 56% compared with 3Q22, primarily<br>driven by higher sales in mainland China and the impact of acquiring full ownership interest of MFM as mentioned above, as well as higher sales in equity, fixed income, and agriculture mandates.
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^1^	Percentage growth / declines in gross flows is stated on a constant exchange rate basis.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	26
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Year-to-date gross flows were $108.2 billion in 2023, in line with the same period of 2022. Higher retail and institutional sales in mainland China from acquiring full ownership interest of MFM, and new institutional product launches totaling $1.6 billion in the first quarter of 2023, coupled with higher sales in fixed income mandates were offset by lower retail sales from lower investor demand as noted above.

Net outflows were $0.8 billion in 3Q23 compared with net inflows of $3.0 billion in 3Q22. By business line, the results were: ****

•	Net outflows in Retirement were $3.4 billion in 3Q23 compared with net inflows of $1.4 billion in 3Q22 driven entirely by a<br>large-case pension plan redemption in the U.S.
•	Net outflows in Retail were $0.2 billion in 3Q23 compared with net inflows of $1.0 billion in 3Q22, reflecting lower demand<br>as investors continued to favour short-term cash and money market instruments amid market volatility and higher interest rates. This was partially offset by the launch of the new strategy in Japan and higher net inflows in mainland China from<br>acquiring full ownership of MFM in 4Q22.
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•	Net inflows in Institutional Asset Management were $2.8 billion in 3Q23 compared with inflows of $0.6 billion in 3Q22,<br>driven by higher net flows in fixed income mandates, and higher sales of equity and agriculture mandates, as well as the impact of the MFM acquisition.
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Assets under management and administration of $806.7 billion as at September 30, 2023 increased 4% compared with December 31, 2022. The increase was driven by the favourable year-to-date impact of markets and net inflows. As at September 30, 2023, Global WAM also managed $201.4 billion in assets for the Company’s non-WAM reporting segments. Including those managed assets, AUMA managed by Global WAM^1^ was $1,008.2 billion compared with $984.3 billion as at December 31, 2022.

Segregated funds net assets were $233.9 billion as at September 30, 2023, 4% higher compared with December 31, 2022 on an actual exchange rate basis, driven by the favourable year-to-date impact of markets.

Business highlights – In 3Q23, we:

•	continued to fulfil investor needs for wealth solutions through the expansion of our offerings with the launch of the<br>Global Semiconductors strategy in Japan which garnered more than $0.7 billion in net flows during the quarter, as well as the launch of a Municipal Opportunities Separately Managed Account in U.S. Retail, built on our mutual fund of the same name;<br>and
•	accelerated customer adoption of digital applications in Canada Retirement through our “Say Goodbye to Paper”<br>campaign which contributed to a 165% increase in members converting to e-statements over the 3-month campaign period and an increase in satisfaction in their digital experience over the prior quarter.
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^1^	This item is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for more<br>information.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	27
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B5	Corporate and Other^1^ ****
	Quarterly Results						YTD Results
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($ millions, unless otherwise stated)	3Q23
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders^(1)^	$	249		168		(481)		512		(1,236)
	Quarterly Results						YTD Results
($ millions, unless otherwise stated)	3Q23
Net income (loss) attributed to<br>shareholders^(1)^	$	249		168		(482)		512		(1,234)
Core earnings<br>(loss)^(1)^	****	10		12		(230)		39		(332)

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	See “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below for a reconciliation of quarterly core earnings to net income<br>(loss) attributed to shareholders for 2023 and quarterly core earnings and transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2022.

Corporate and Other is composed of investment performance on assets backing capital, net of amounts allocated to operating segments; financing costs; costs incurred by the corporate office related to shareholder activities (not allocated to the operating segments); our Property and Casualty (“P&C”) Reinsurance business; as well as our run-off reinsurance operation including variable annuities and accident and health. In addition, for segment reporting purposes, consolidations and eliminations of transactions between operating segments are also included in Corporate and Other earnings.

Corporate and Other reported net income attributed to shareholders of $249 million in 3Q23 compared with a net loss attributed to shareholders of $482 million and transitional net loss attributed to shareholders of $481 million for 3Q22. The 3Q22 transitional net loss includes a gain of $1 million from IFRS 9 transitional impacts. Net income attributed to shareholders is comprised of core earnings, which was $10 million in 3Q23 compared with a core loss of $230 million in 3Q22, and the items excluded from core earnings which amounted to a net gain of $239 million in 3Q23 compared with a net charge of $252 million in 3Q22. Items excluded from core earnings in 3Q22 on a transitional basis amounted to a charge of $251 million. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for a reconciliation of quarterly core earnings to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 3Q23 and quarterly core earnings and transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 3Q22. See section A2 “Profitability” above, for explanations of the items excluded from core earnings.

The $240 million increase in core earnings was primarily related to the non-recurrence of a $256 million charge in our P&C Reinsurance business for estimated losses relating to Hurricane Ian in 3Q22 and higher yields on debt instruments, net of higher cost of debt financing. These items were partially offset by higher core expenses due to higher performance-related costs as well as investments in technology.

Year-to-date net income attributed to shareholders was $512 million in 2023 compared with a net loss attributable to shareholders of $1,234 million and a transitional net loss attributed to shareholders of $1,236 million in the same period of 2022. The year-to-date transitional net loss attributed to shareholders in 2022 includes a charge of $2 million from IFRS 9 transitional adjustments. The year-to-date core earnings was $39 million in 2023 compared with a core loss of $332 million in the same period of 2022. The increase in the year-to-date core earnings of $371 million was primarily driven by similar reasons mentioned above. Items excluded from the year-to-date core earnings were a net gain of $473 million in 2023 compared with a net charge of $902 million in the same period of 2022. Items excluded from year-to-date core earnings in 2022 on a transitional basis amounted to a net charge of $904 million. See section E3 “Non-GAAP and other financial measures” below, for a reconciliation of year-to-date core earnings to year-to-date net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2023 and year-to-date core earnings and year-to-date transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders to year-to-date net income (loss) attributed to shareholders for 2022.

^1^

Effective January 1, 2023, we have made a number of changes to the composition of reporting segments to better align our financial reporting with our business strategy and operations. Our investment in the start-up capital of segregated and mutual funds, and investment-related revenue and expense were reclassified from the Corporate and Other segment to the Global WAM segment to more closely align with Global WAM’s management practices. Refinements were made to the allocations of corporate overhead and interest on surplus among segments. Prior period comparative information has been restated to reflect the changes in segment reporting.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023

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C	RISK MANAGEMENT AND RISK FACTORS UPDATE

This section provides an update to our risk management practices and risk factors outlined in the 2022 MD&A. Text and tables in this section of the MD&A represent our disclosure on insurance, market, and liquidity risk in accordance with IFRS 7 “Financial Instruments – Disclosures” and/or IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts”. Disclosures in accordance with IFRS 7 and/or IFRS 17 are identified by a vertical line in the left margin of each page. The identified text and tables represent an integral part of our unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

C1	Variable annuity and segregated fund guarantees
As described in the MD&A in our 2022 Annual Report, guarantees on variable annuity products and segregated funds may include one or more of death,<br>maturity, income and withdrawal guarantees. Variable annuity and segregated fund guarantees are contingent and only payable upon the occurrence of the relevant event, if fund values at that time are below guarantee values. Depending on future equity<br>market levels, liabilities on current in-force business would be due primarily in the period from 2023 to 2043.
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We seek to mitigate a portion of the risks embedded in our retained (i.e. net of reinsurance) variable annuity and segregated fund guarantee business<br>through the combination of our dynamic and macro hedging strategies (see section C3 “Publicly traded equity performance risk” below).
The table below shows selected information regarding the Company’s variable annuity and segregated fund investment-related guarantees gross and net<br>of reinsurance.

Variable annuity and segregated fund guarantees, net of reinsurance

	September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
As at<br><br><br>($ millions)	Guarantee<br><br><br>value^(1)^		Fund<br>value		Amount at<br>risk^(1),(2),(3)^		Guarantee<br>value^(1)^		Fund<br>value		Amount at<br>risk^(1),(2),(3)^
Guaranteed minimum income benefit	$	4,055	$	2,620	$	1,443	$	4,357	$	2,723	$	1,639
Guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit	****	35,944	****	32,149	****	5,450		38,319		34,203		5,734
Guaranteed<br>minimum accumulation benefit	****	19,344	****	19,226	****	231		20,035		19,945		221
Gross living benefits^(4)^	****	59,343	****	53,995	****	7,124		62,711		56,871		7,594
Gross death<br>benefits^(5)^	****	9,570	****	15,448	****	1,738		10,465		15,779		2,156
Total gross of<br>reinsurance	****	68,913	****	69,443	****	8,862		73,176		72,650		9,750
Living benefits reinsured	****	25,365	****	22,394	****	4,547		26,999		23,691		4,860
Death benefits<br>reinsured	****	3,579	****	2,516	****	848		3,923		2,636		1,061
Total<br>reinsured	****	28,944	****	24,910	****	5,395		30,922		26,327		5,921
Total, netof reinsurance	$	39,969	$	44,533	$	3,467	$	42,254	$	46,323	$	3,829
^(1)^	Guarantee Value and Net Amount at Risk in respect of guaranteed minimum withdrawal business in Canada and the U.S. reflect the time value of money of these claims.
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^(2)^	Amount at risk (in-the-money amount) is the excess of guarantee values over fund values on all policies where the guarantee value exceeds the fund value. For guaranteed minimum death benefit, the amount at risk is defined as the<br>current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance and assumes that all claims are immediately payable. In practice, guaranteed death benefits are contingent and only payable upon the eventual death of policyholders if<br>fund values remain below guarantee values. For guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit, the amount at risk assumes that the benefit is paid as a lifetime annuity commencing at the earliest contractual income start age. These benefits are also<br>contingent and only payable at scheduled maturity/income start dates in the future, if the policyholders are still living and have not terminated their policies and fund values remain below guarantee values. For all guarantees, the amount at risk is<br>floored at zero at the single contract level.
^(3)^	The amount at risk net of reinsurance at September 30, 2023 was $3,467 million (December 31, 2022 – $3,829 million) of which: US$601 million (December 31, 2022 – US$737 million) was on our U.S. business, $2,105<br>million (December 31, 2022 – $2,154 million) was on our Canadian business, US$183 million (December 31, 2022 – US$275 million) was on our Japan business and US$223 million (December 31, 2022 – US$224 million) was related to Asia<br>(other than Japan) and our run-off reinsurance business.
^(4)^	Where a policy includes both living and death benefits, the guarantee in excess of the living benefit is included in the death benefit category as outlined in footnote 5.
^(5)^	Death benefits include standalone guarantees and guarantees in excess of living benefit guarantees where both death and living benefits are provided on a policy.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	29
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Caution related to sensitivities

In this document, we provide sensitivities and risk exposure measures for certain risks. These include sensitivities due to specific changes in market prices and interest rate levels projected using internal models as at a specific date, and are measured relative to a starting level reflecting the Company’s assets and liabilities at that date. The risk exposures measure the impact of changing one factor at a time and assume that all other factors remain unchanged. Actual results can differ significantly from these estimates for a variety of reasons including the interaction among these factors when more than one changes; changes in liabilities from updates to non-economic assumptions, changes in business mix, effective tax rates and other market factors; and the general limitations of our internal models. For these reasons, the sensitivities should only be viewed as directional estimates of the underlying sensitivities for the respective factors based on the assumptions outlined below. Given the nature of these calculations, we cannot provide assurance that the actual impact on contractual service margin, net income attributed to shareholders, other comprehensive income attributed to shareholders, and total comprehensive income attributed to shareholders or on MLI’s LICAT ratio will be as indicated.

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Market movements affect LICAT capital sensitivities through the available capital, surplus allowance and required capital components of the regulatory capital framework. The LICAT available capital component is primarily affected by total comprehensive income and the CSM.

C3	Publicly traded equity performance risk

As outlined in our 2022 Annual Report, we have net exposure to equity risk through asset and liability mismatches; our variable annuity guarantee dynamic hedging strategy is not designed to completely offset the sensitivity of insurance contract liabilities to all risks associated with the guarantees embedded in these products. The macro hedging strategy is designed to mitigate public equity risk arising from variable annuity guarantees not dynamically hedged and from other unhedged exposures in our insurance contracts (see page 60 of our 2022 Annual Report).

Changes in public equity prices may impact other items including, but not limited to, asset-based fees earned on assets under management and administration or policyholder account value, and estimated profits and amortization of deferred policy acquisition and other costs. These items are not hedged.

The tables below include the potential impacts from an immediate 10%, 20% and 30% change in market values of publicly traded equities on contractual service margin, net income attributed to shareholders, other comprehensive income attributed to shareholders, and total comprehensive income attributed to shareholders. The potential impact is shown after taking into account the impact of the change in markets on the hedge assets. While we cannot reliably estimate the amount of the change in dynamically hedged variable annuity guarantee liabilities that will not be offset by the change in the dynamic hedge assets, we make certain assumptions for the purposes of estimating the impact on net income attributed to shareholders.

This estimate assumes that the performance of the dynamic hedging program would not completely offset the gain/loss from the dynamically hedged variable annuity guarantee liabilities. It assumes that the hedge assets are based on the actual position at the period end, and that equity hedges in the dynamic program offset 95% of the hedged variable annuity liability movement that occur as a result of market changes.

It is also important to note that these estimates are illustrative, and that the dynamic and macro hedging programs may underperform these estimates, particularly during periods of high realized volatility and/or periods where both interest rates and equity market movements are unfavourable. The adoption of IFRS 17 did not change the method or assumptions used for deriving sensitivity information.

Changes in equity markets impact our available and required components of the LICAT ratio. The second set of tables shows the potential impact to MLI’s LICAT ratio resulting from changes in public equity market values.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	30

Potential immediate impact on net income attributed to shareholders arising from changes to public equityreturns^(1)^

As at September 30, 2023	Net income attributed to shareholders
($ millions)	-30%		-20%		-10%		+10%		+20%		+30%
Underlying sensitivity
Variable annuity guarantees^(2)^	$	(2,420)	$	(1,500)	$	(700)	$	590	$	1,100	$	1,520
General fund<br>equity investments^(3)^	****	(1,280)	****	(820)	****	(390)	****	390	****	770	****	1,150
Total underlying sensitivity before<br>hedging	****	(3,700)	****	(2,320)	****	(1,090)	****	980	****	1,870	****	2,670
Impact of macro<br>and dynamic hedge assets^(4)^	****	850	****	520	****	240	****	(200)	****	(350)	****	(480)
Net potential impact on net income attributed to<br>shareholders after impact of hedging and before impact of reinsurance	****	(2,850)	****	(1,800)	****	(850)	****	780	****	1,520	****	2,190
Impact of<br>reinsurance	****	1,540	****	960	****	450	****	(390)	****	(730)	****	(1,020)
Netpotential impact on net income attributed to shareholders after impact of hedging and reinsurance	$	(1,310)	$	(840)	$	(400)	$	390	$	790	$	1,170
As at December 31, 2022	Net income attributed to shareholders
($ millions)	-30%		-20%		-10%		+10%		+20%		+30%
Underlying sensitivity
Variable annuity guarantees^(2)^	$	(2,110)	$	(1,310)	$	(610)	$	530	$	980	$	1,360
General fund<br>equity investments^(3)^		(1,450)		(920)		(420)		400		780		1,170
Total underlying sensitivity before<br>hedging		(3,560)		(2,230)		(1,030)		930		1,760		2,530
Impact of macro<br>and dynamic hedge assets^(4)^		930		570		260		(220)		(400)		(540)
Net potential impact on net income attributed to<br>shareholders after impact of hedging and before impact of reinsurance		(2,630)		(1,660)		(770)		710		1,360		1,990
Impact of<br>reinsurance		1,170		740		350		(310)		(580)		(810)
Netpotential impact on net income attributed to shareholders after impact of hedging and reinsurance	$	(1,460)	$	(920)	$	(420)	$	400	$	780	$	1,180
^(1)^	See “Caution related to sensitivities” above.
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^(2)^	For variable annuity contracts measured under VFA the impact of financial risk and changes in interest rates adjusts CSM, unless the risk mitigation option applies. The Company has elected to apply risk mitigation and therefore a<br>portion of the impact is reported in net income attributed to shareholders instead of adjusting the CSM. If the CSM for a group of variable annuity contracts is exhausted the full impact is reported in net income attributed to<br>shareholders.
^(3)^	This impact for general fund equity investments includes general fund investments supporting our insurance contract liabilities, investment in seed money investments (in segregated and mutual funds made by Global WAM segment) and<br>the impact on insurance contract liabilities related to the projected future fee income on variable universal life and other unit linked products. The impact does not include any potential impact on public equity weightings. The participating policy<br>funds are largely self-supporting and generate no material impact on net income attributed to shareholders as a result of changes in equity markets.
^(4)^	Includes the impact of assumed rebalancing of equity hedges in the macro and dynamic hedging program. The impact of dynamic hedge represents the impact of equity hedges offsetting 95% of the dynamically hedged variable annuity<br>liability movement that occurs as a result of market changes, but does not include any impact in respect of other sources of hedge accounting ineffectiveness (e.g. fund tracking, realized volatility and equity, interest rate correlations different<br>from expected among other factors).
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	31
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Potential immediate impact on contractual service margin, other comprehensive income to shareholders, totalcomprehensive income to shareholders and MLI’s LICAT ratio from changes to public equity market values^(1),(2),(3)^

As at September 30, 2023	-30%		-20%		-10%		+10%		+20%		+30%
Variable annuity guarantees reported in<br>CSM	$	(3,830)	$	(2,390)	$	(1,120)	$	980	$	1,840	$	2,600
Impact of risk mitigation - hedging^(4)^	****	1,110	****	680	****	310	****	(250)	****	(460)	****	(620)
Impact of risk<br>mitigation - reinsurance^(4)^	****	1,950	****	1,220	****	570	****	(500)	****	(920)	****	(1,290)
VA net of risk mitigation	****	(770)	****	(490)	****	(240)	****	230	****	460	****	690
General fund<br>equity	****	(730)	****	(500)	****	(260)	****	260	****	530	****	780
Contractual service margin ($ millions, pre-tax)	$	(1,500)	$	(990)	$	(500)	$	490	$	990	$	1,470
Other comprehensive income attributed toshareholders ($ millions, post-tax)^(5)^	$	(760)	$	(500)	$	(250)	$	240	$	470	$	690
Total comprehensive income attributed toshareholders ($ millions, post-tax)	$	(2,070)	$	(1,340)	$	(650)	$	630	$	1,260	$	1,860
MLI’s LICAT ratio (change inpercentage points)	****	(4)	****	(2)	****	(1)	****	1	****	2	****	3
As at December 31, 2022, except MLI LICAT, which is as at<br>January 1, 2023^(6)^	-30%		-20%		-10%		+10%		+20%		+30%
Variable annuity guarantees reported in<br>CSM	$	(3,410)	$	(2,140)	$	(1,010)	$	890	$	1,670	$	2,360
Impact of risk mitigation - hedging^(4)^		1,200		740		340		(280)		(510)		(690)
Impact of risk<br>mitigation - reinsurance^(4)^		1,480		930		440		(390)		(730)		(1,030)
VA net of risk mitigation		(730)		(470)		(230)		220		430		640
General fund<br>equity		(520)		(370)		(210)		240		490		730
Contractualservice margin ($ millions, pre-tax)	$	(1,250)	$	(840)	$	(440)	$	460	$	920	$	1,370
Other comprehensive income attributed toshareholders ($ millions, post-tax)^(5)^	$	(620)	$	(410)	$	(210)	$	210	$	400	$	600
Total comprehensive income attributed toshareholders ($ millions, post-tax)	$	(2,080)	$	(1,330)	$	(630)	$	610	$	1,180	$	1,780
MLI’s LICAT ratio (change inpercentage points)^(6)^		(3)		(2)		(1)		1		2		3
^(1)^	See “Caution related to sensitivities” above.
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^(2)^	This estimate assumes that the performance of the dynamic hedging program would not completely offset the gain/loss from the dynamically hedged variable annuity guarantee liabilities. It assumes that the hedge assets are based on<br>the actual position at the period end, and that equity hedges in the dynamic program offset 95% of the hedged variable annuity liability movement that occur as a result of market changes.
^(3)^	The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (“OSFI”) rules for segregated fund guarantees reflect full capital impacts of shocks over 20 quarters within a prescribed range. As such, the deterioration in<br>equity markets could lead to further increases in capital requirements after the initial shock.
^(4)^	For variable annuity contracts measured under VFA the impact of financial risk and changes in interest rates adjusts CSM, unless the risk mitigation option applies. The Company has elected to apply risk mitigation and therefore a<br>portion of the impact is reported in net income attributed to shareholders instead of adjusting the CSM. If the CSM for a group of variable annuity contracts is exhausted the full impact is reported in net income attributed to<br>shareholders.
^(5)^	The impact of financial risk and changes to interest rates for variable annuity contracts is not expected to generate sensitivity in Other Comprehensive Income.
^(6)^	LICAT capital sensitivity is based on the 2023 LICAT guideline that became effective January 1, 2023.
C4	Interest rate and spread risk sensitivities and exposure measures
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As at September 30, 2023, we estimated the sensitivity of our net income attributed to shareholders to a 50 basis point parallel decline in interest<br>rates to be a benefit of $100 million, and to a 50 basis point parallel increase in interest rates to be a charge of $100 million.
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The table below includes the potential impacts from a 50 basis point parallel move in interest rates on contractual service margin, net income attributed<br>to shareholders, other comprehensive income attributed to shareholders, and total comprehensive income attributed to shareholders. This includes a change in current government, swap and corporate rates for all maturities across all markets with no<br>change in credit spreads between government, swap and corporate rates. Also shown separately are the potential impacts from a 50 basis point parallel move in corporate spreads and a 20 basis point parallel move in swap spreads. The impacts reflect<br>the net impact of movements in asset values in liability and surplus segments and movements in the present value of cash flows for insurance contracts including those with cash flows that vary with the returns of underlying items where the present<br>value is measured by stochastic modelling. The adoption of IFRS 17 did not change the method or assumptions used for deriving sensitivity information.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	32
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The disclosed interest rate sensitivities reflect the accounting designations of our financial assets and corresponding insurance contract liabilities. In<br>most cases these assets and liabilities are designated as fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”) and as a result, impacts from changes to interest rates are largely in other comprehensive income. There are also changes in<br>interest rates that impact the CSM for VFA contracts that relate to amounts that are not passed through to policyholders. In addition, changes in interest rates impacts net income as it relates to derivatives not in hedge accounting relationships<br>and on VFA contracts where the CSM has been exhausted.
The disclosed interest rate sensitivities assume no hedge accounting ineffectiveness, as our hedge accounting programs are optimized for parallel<br>movements in interest rates, leading to immaterial net income impacts under these shocks. However, the actual hedge accounting ineffectiveness is sensitive to non-parallel interest rate movements and will depend on the shape and magnitude of the<br>interest rate movements which could lead to variations in the impact to net income attributed to shareholders.
Our sensitivities vary across all regions in which we operate, and the impacts of yield curve changes will vary depending upon the geography where the<br>change occurs. Furthermore, the impacts from non-parallel movements may be materially different from the estimated impacts of parallel movements.
The interest rate and spread risk sensitivities are determined in isolation of each other and therefore do not reflect the combined impact of changes in<br>government rates and credit spreads between government, swap and corporate rates occurring simultaneously. As a result, the impact of the summation of each individual sensitivity may be materially different from the impact of sensitivities to<br>simultaneous changes in interest rate and spread risk.
The potential impacts also do not take into account other potential effects of changes in interest rate levels, for example, contractual service margin at<br>recognition on the sale of new business or lower interest earned on future fixed income asset purchases.
The impacts do not reflect any potential effect of changing interest rates on the value of our ALDA. Rising interest rates could negatively impact the<br>value of our ALDA (see “Critical Actuarial and Accounting Policies – Fair Value of Invested Assets”, on page 96 of our 2022 Annual Report). More information on ALDA can be found under the section C5 “Alternative long-duration<br>asset performance risk”.
A reduction in interest rates results in a neutral impact to the LICAT ratio while a rise in interest rates results in a small improvement to the LICAT ratio. This reflects the sum of the impacts on total comprehensive income, the<br>LICAT adjustments to earnings for the CSM and the surplus allowance.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	33
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Potential impacts on contractual service margin, net income attributed to shareholders, other comprehensive incomeattributed to shareholders, and total comprehensive income attributed to shareholders of an immediate parallel change in interest rates, corporate spreads or swap spreads relative to currentrates^(1),(2),(3),(4)^

As at September 30, 2023	Interest rates				Corporate spreads				Swap spreads
($ millions, post-tax except CSM)	-50bp		+50bp		-50bp		+50bp		-20bp		+20bp
CSM	$	100	$	(200)	$	–	$	(200)	$	–	$	–
Net income attributed to shareholders	****	100	****	(100)	****	–	****	–	****	100	****	(100)
Other comprehensive income attributed to<br>shareholders	****	(400)	****	400	****	(200)	****	200	****	(100)	****	100
Total<br>comprehensive income attributed to shareholders	****	(300)	****	300	****	(200)	****	200	****	–	****	–
As at December 31, 2022	Interest rates^(2),(3)^				Corporate spreads^(4)^				Swap spreads^(4)^
($ millions, post-tax except CSM)	-50bp		+50bp		-50bp		+50bp		-20bp		+20bp
CSM	$	(100)	$	–	$	(100)	$	–	$	–	$	–
Net income attributed to shareholders		100		(100)		–		–		100		(100)
Other comprehensive income attributed to<br>shareholders		(300)		200		–		–		(100)		100
Total<br>comprehensive income attributed to shareholders		(200)		100		–		–		–		–
^(1)^	See “Caution related to sensitivities” above.
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^(2)^	Estimates include changes to the net actuarial gains/losses with respect to the Company’s pension obligations as a result of changes in interest rates.
^(3)^	Includes guaranteed insurance and annuity products, including variable annuity contracts as well as adjustable benefit products where benefits are generally adjusted as interest rates and investment returns change, a portion of<br>which have minimum credited rate guarantees. For adjustable benefit products subject to minimum rate guarantees, the sensitivities are based on the assumption that credited rates will be floored at the minimum.
^(4)^	The participating policy funds are largely self-supporting and generate no material impact as a result of changes in corporate and swap spreads.

Swap spreads remain at low levels, and if they were to rise, this could generate material changes to net income attributed to shareholders.

Potential impact on MLI’s LICAT ratio of an immediate parallel change in interest rates, corporate spreads or swap spreads relative tocurrent rates^(1),(2),(3),(4),(5)^ ****

As at September 30, 2023	Interest rates				Corporate spreads				Swap spreads
(change in percentage points)	-50bp		+50bp		-50bp		+50bp		-20bp		+20bp
MLI’s LICAT ratio	****	(1)	****	1	****	(3)	****	2	****	–	****	–
As at January 1, 2023^(6)^	Interest rates				Corporate spreads				Swap spreads
(change in percentage points)	-50bp		+50bp		-50bp		+50bp		-20bp		+20bp
MLI’s LICAT ratio		(1)		1		(3)		3		–		–
^(1)^	See “Caution related to sensitivities” above.
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^(2)^	In addition, estimates include changes to the net actuarial gains/losses with respect to the Company’s pension obligations as a result of changes in interest rates.
^(3)^	Includes guaranteed insurance and annuity products, including variable annuity contracts as well as adjustable benefit products where benefits are generally adjusted as interest rates and investment returns change, a portion of<br>which have minimum credited rate guarantees. For adjustable benefit products subject to minimum rate guarantees, the sensitivities are based on the assumption that credited rates will be floored at the minimum.
^(4)^	LICAT impacts reflect the impact of anticipated scenario switches.
^(5)^	Under LICAT, spread movements are determined from a selection of investment grade bond indices with BBB and better bonds for each jurisdiction. For LICAT, we use the following indices: FTSE TMX Canada All Corporate Bond Index,<br>Barclays USD Liquid Investment Grade Corporate Index, and Nomura-BPI (Japan). LICAT impacts presented for corporate spreads reflect the impact of anticipated scenario switches.
^(6)^	LICAT capital sensitivity is based on the 2023 LICAT guideline that became effective January 1, 2023.

LICAT Scenario Switch

When interest rates change past a certain threshold, reflecting the combined movement in risk-free rates and corporate spreads, a different prescribed interest rate stress scenario needs to be taken into account in the LICAT ratio calculation in accordance with OSFI’s LICAT guideline.

The LICAT guideline specifies four stress scenarios for interest rates and prescribes the methodology to determine the most adverse scenario to apply for each LICAT geographic region^1^ based on current market inputs and the Company’s balance sheet.

^1^	LICAT geographic locations to determine the most adverse scenario include North America, the United Kingdom, Europe,<br>Japan, and Other Region.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	34
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With the current level of interest rates in 3Q23, the probability of a scenario switch that could materially impact our LICAT ratio is low.^1^ Should a scenario switch be triggered in a LICAT geographic region, the full impact would be reflected immediately for non-participating products while the impact for participating products would be reflected over six quarters using a rolling average of interest rate risk capital, in line with the smoothing approach prescribed in the LICAT guideline. The LICAT interest rate, corporate spread and swap spread sensitivities presented above reflect the impact of scenario switches, if any, for each disclosed sensitivity.

The level of interest rates and corporate spreads that would trigger a switch in the scenarios is dependent on market conditions and movements in the Company’s asset and liability position. The scenario switch, if triggered, could reverse in response to subsequent changes in interest rates and/or corporate spreads.

C5	Alternative long-duration asset performance risk
The following table shows the potential impact on contractual service margin, net income attributed to shareholders, other comprehensive income attributed<br>to shareholders, and total comprehensive income attributed to shareholders resulting from an immediate 10% change in market values of ALDA. The adoption of IFRS 17 did not change the method or assumptions used for deriving sensitivity<br>information.
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ALDA includes commercial real estate, timber and farmland real estate, infrastructure, and private equities, some of which relate to energy^2^.
The impacts do not reflect any future potential changes to non-fixed income return volatility. Refer to “C3 Publicly traded equity performance<br>risk” for more details.

Potential immediate impacts on contractual service margin, net income attributed to shareholders, other comprehensive incomeattributed to shareholders, and total comprehensive income attributed to shareholders from changes in ALDA market values^(1)^

As at	September 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
($ millions, post-tax except CSM)	-10%		+10%		-10%		+10%
CSM excluding NCI	$	(100)	$	100	$	(100)	$	100
Net income attributed to shareholders^(2)^	****	(2,500)	****	2,500		(2,500)		2,500
Other comprehensive income attributed to<br>shareholders	****	(100)	****	100		(100)		100
Total<br>comprehensive income attributed to shareholders	****	(2,600)	****	2,600		(2,600)		2,600
^(1)^	See “Caution related to sensitivities” above.
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^(2)^	Net income attributed to shareholders includes core earnings and the amounts excluded from core earnings.

Potential immediate impact on MLI LICAT ratio arising from changes in ALDA market values^(1)^

	September 30, 2023				January 1, 2023^(2)^
(change in percentage points)	-10%		+10%		-10%		+10%
MLI’s LICAT ratio	****	(3)	****	3		(3)		3
^(1)^	See “Caution Related to Sensitivities” above.
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^(2)^	LICAT capital sensitivity is based on the 2023 LICAT guideline that became effective January 1, 2023.<br>
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C6	Foreign exchange risk sensitivities and exposure measures
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We generally match the currency of our assets with the currency of the insurance and investment contract liabilities they support, with the objective of<br>mitigating risk of loss arising from foreign exchange rate changes. As at December 31, 2022, we did not have a material unmatched currency exposure.
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^1^	See “Caution regarding forward-looking statements” below.
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^2^	Energy includes Oil & Gas equity interests related to upstream and midstream assets, and Energy Transition<br>private equity interests in areas supportive of the transition to lower carbon forms of energy, such as wind, solar, batteries, magnets, etc.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	35
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The following table shows the potential impact on core earnings of a 10% change in the value of the Canadian dollar relative to our other key operating currencies. Note that the impact of foreign currency exchange rates on items excluded from core earnings does not provide relevant information given the nature of these items.

Potential impact on core earnings of changes in foreign exchange rates^(1),(2)^

As at December 31, 2022<br><br><br>($ millions)	+10%<br><br><br>strengthening			-10%<br><br><br>weakening
10% change in the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar and the Hong Kong dollar	$	(320	)	$	320
10% change in the Canadian dollar relative to the Japanese<br>yen		(40	)		40
^(1)^	This item is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures” below for more<br>information.
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^(2)^	See “Caution Related to Sensitivities” above.
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LICAT regulatory ratios are also sensitive to the fluctuations in the Canadian dollar relative to our other key operating currencies. The direction and materiality of this sensitivity varies across various capital metrics.

C7	Credit risk exposure measures

We use the ECL impairment allowance model in accordance with IFRS to establish and maintain allowances on our debt instruments measured at FVOCI or amortized cost. ECL allowances are measured on a probability-weighted basis, based on four macroeconomic scenarios, and incorporate past events, current market conditions, and reasonable supportable information about future economic conditions.

We measure ECL allowances using a three-stage approach. We recognize the credit losses expected to result from defaults occurring within 12 months of the reporting date for financial instruments which have not experienced a significant increase in credit risk (Stage 1). Full lifetime ECLs are recognized following a significant increase in credit risk since original recognition or having become 30 days in arrears in principal or interest payments (Stage 2) and when financial instruments are considered credit-impaired (Stage 3). Interest income on Stage 3 financial instruments is determined based on the carrying amount of the asset, net of any credit loss allowance.

For more information on ECL, refer to note 25 of our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.

C8	Risk factors – strategic risk from changes in tax laws^1^

As noted in “Risk Management and Risk Factors – Strategic Risk Factors” in the MD&A in our 2022 Annual Report, we outlined risk factors that could impact our financial plans and ability to implement our business strategy. The macro-economic environment can be significantly impacted by the actions of both the government sector, including central banks, and the private sector. Changes in tax laws, tax regulations, or interpretations of such laws or regulations could make some of our products less attractive to consumers, could increase our corporate taxes or cause us to change the value of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as our tax assumptions included in the valuation of our policy liabilities. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

•	In 2021, 136 of the 140 members of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (“OECD”) / G20<br>Inclusive Framework agreed on a two-pillar solution to address tax challenges from the digital economy, and to close the gaps in international tax systems. These include a new approach to allocating certain profits of multinational entities amongst<br>countries and a global minimum income tax rate of 15%. On July 12, 2023, the Canadian government reaffirmed its commitment to the two-pillar solution and the target date of December 31, 2023 for implementation of the Pillar 2 global<br>minimum tax. This would first apply to the Company’s 2024 fiscal year if enacted on this timeline. The Company is closely monitoring developments and potential impacts and, in particular, for issues unique to the insurance industry. If enacted,<br>we expect an increase in the effective tax rate, pending further details on timing and specific implementation in both Canada and other affected countries.
^1^	See “Caution regarding forward-looking statements” below.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	36
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•

Canada’s 2023 Budget statement proposed to deny financial institutions of the traditional tax deduction of dividends received on shares of Canadian corporations when such shares are held as mark-to-market property. The affected property is a small component of the investment portfolio that supports the Company’s business. Should this rule be enacted as proposed, the Company would expect its tax expense on investment income to increase starting in 2024, though not significantly. The resulting lower net investment income would also reduce the value of certain in-force insurance policies and put pressure on policy pricing going forward.

CRITICAL ACTUARIAL AND ACCOUNTING POLICIES

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Disclosures in accordance with IFRS 7 and/or IFRS 17 are identified by a vertical line in the left margin of each page. The identified text and tables represent an integral part of our unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

D1	Critical actuarial and accounting policies

Our significant accounting policies are described in notes 1 and 25 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. The critical actuarial policies and estimation processes relating to the determination of insurance and investment contract liabilities are described in notes 5 and 6 of our unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. The critical accounting policies and estimation processes relating to the assessment of control over other entities for consolidation, estimation of fair value of invested assets, evaluation of invested asset impairment under IAS 39, appropriate accounting for derivative financial instruments under IAS 39, determination of pension and other post-employment benefit obligations and expenses, accounting for income taxes and uncertain tax positions and valuation and impairment of goodwill and intangible assets are described starting on page 96 of our 2022 Annual Report. The critical accounting policies and estimation processes relating to the evaluation of invested asset impairment and appropriate accounting for derivative financial instruments under IFRS 9 are described starting on page 222 of our 2022 Annual Report.

D2	Actuarial methods and assumptions

2023 Review of Actuarial Methods and Assumptions

A comprehensive review of actuarial methods and assumptions is performed annually. The review is designed to reduce the Company’s exposure to uncertainty by ensuring assumptions for liability risks remain appropriate. This is accomplished by monitoring experience and updating assumptions that represent a best estimate of expected future experience, and margins that are appropriate for the risks assumed. While the assumptions selected represent the Company’s best estimates and assessment of risk, the ongoing monitoring of experience and changes in the economic environment are likely to result in future changes to the actuarial assumptions, which could materially impact the insurance contract liabilities.

The completion of the 2023 annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions resulted in a decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $347 million.^1^ These changes resulted in an increase in pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders of $27 million (a decrease of $14 million post-tax), an increase in pre-tax net income attributed to participating policyholders of $58 million ($74 million post-tax), an increase in CSM of $116 million, and an increase in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $146 million ($110 million post-tax).

Since the beginning of 2020, some lines of business have seen impacts to mortality and policyholder behaviour driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the long-term nature of our assumptions, our 2023 experience studies have excluded experience that was materially impacted by COVID-19 as this is not seen to be indicative of the levels of actual future claims or lapses.

^1^

Fulfilment cash flows include an estimate of future cash flows; an adjustment to reflect the time value of money and the financial risk related to future cash flows if not included in the estimate of future cash flows; and a risk adjustment for non-financial risk. Additional information on fulfilment cash flows can be found in note 5 of our unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023

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Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions on pre-tax fulfilment cash flows^(1)^

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023<br><br><br>($ millions)	Total
Canada variable annuity product review	$	(133)
Mortality and morbidity updates	****	265
Lapse and policyholder behaviour updates	****	98
Methodology and other updates	****	(577)
Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions,pre-tax	$	(347)
^(1)^	Excludes the portion related to non-controlling interests of $103 million.
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Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions on pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders, pre-tax net income attributed to participatingpolicyholders, OCI and CSM^(1)^ ****

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023<br><br><br>($ millions)	Total
Portion recognized in net income (loss) attributed to:
Participating policyholders	$	58
Shareholders	****	27
	****	85
Portion recognized in OCI attributed to:
Participating policyholders	****	–
Shareholders	****	146
	****	146
Portion recognized in CSM	****	116
Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions,pre-tax	$	347
^(1)^	Excludes the portion related to non-controlling interests, of which $72 million is related to CSM.
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Canada variable annuity product review

The review of our variable annuity products in Canada resulted in a decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $133 million.

The decrease was driven by a reduction in investment management fees, partially offset by updates to product assumptions, including surrenders, incidence, and utilization, to reflect emerging experience.

Mortality and morbidityupdates

Mortality and morbidity updates resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $265 million.

The increase was driven by a strengthening of incidence rates for certain products in Vietnam to align with emerging experience and updates to mortality assumptions in our U.S. life insurance business to reflect industry trends, as well as emerging experience. This was partially offset by updates to morbidity assumptions for certain products in Japan to reflect actual experience.

Lapse and policyholder behaviour updates

Updates to lapses and policyholder behaviour assumptions resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $98 million.

The increase was primarily driven by a detailed review of lapse assumptions for our universal life level cost of insurance products in Canada, which resulted in a reduction to the lapse rates to align with emerging trends.

Methodology and other updates

Methodology and other updates resulted in a decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $577 million.

The decrease was driven by the impact of cost-of-guarantees for participating policyholders across all segments from annual updates related to parameters, dividend recalibration, and market movements during the year, as well as modelling refinements for certain products in Asia. This was partially offset by a modelling methodology update to project future premiums on our U.S. life insurance business.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	38

Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions on pre-tax fulfilment cash flows, net income attributed toshareholders, CSM and OCI by segment^1^

The impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions in Canada resulted in a decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $159 million. The decrease was driven by updates to our variable annuity product assumptions, as well as by updates to our valuation models for participating products, driven by the annual dividend recalibration, partially offset by a reduction in lapse rates on our universal life level cost of insurance products to reflect emerging trends. These changes resulted in an increase in pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders of $52 million ($37 million post-tax), an increase in CSM of $142 million, and an increase in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $2 million ($1 million post-tax).

The impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions in the U.S. resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $270 million. The increase was related to our life insurance business and primarily driven by a modelling methodology update to project future premiums, as well as updates to mortality assumptions. These changes resulted in an increase in pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders of $134 million ($106 million post-tax), a decrease in CSM of $600 million, and an increase in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $196 million ($155 million post-tax).

The impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions in Asia resulted in a decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $457 million. The decrease largely relates to participating products, primarily driven by model refinements, dividend recalibration updates, as well as annual updates to reflect market movements during the year. This, and the updates to morbidity assumptions on certain products in Japan, were partially offset by updates to incidence rates on certain products in Vietnam. These changes resulted in a decrease in pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders of $159 million ($157 million post-tax), an increase in CSM of $574 million, and a decrease in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $53 million ($47 million post-tax).

The impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions in Corporate and Other (which includes our Reinsurance businesses) resulted in a decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $1 million. These changes resulted in no impacts to pre-tax net income attributable to shareholders or CSM, and an increase in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $1 million ($1 million post-tax).

2022 Review of Actuarial Methods and Assumptions

The completion of the 2022 annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $192 million. These changes resulted in an increase in pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders of $23 million ($26 million post-tax), a decrease in pre-tax net income attributed to participating policyholders of $26 million ($18 million post-tax), a decrease in CSM of $279 million, and an increase in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $90 million ($73 million post-tax).

Since the beginning of 2020, some lines of business have seen impacts to mortality and policyholder behaviour driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the long-term nature of our assumptions, our 2022 experience studies have excluded experience that was materially impacted by COVID-19 as this is not seen to be indicative of the levels of actual future claims or lapses.

^1^	Our annual update of actuarial methods and assumptions also impacts net income attributed to participating policyholders.<br>The total company impact can be found in the above table.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	39
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Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions on pre-tax fulfilment cash flows^(1)^

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022<br><br><br>($ millions)	Total
Long-term care triennial review	$	118
Mortality and morbidity updates		83
Lapse and policyholder behaviour updates		234
Methodology and other updates		(243)
Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions,pre-tax	$	192
^(1)^	Excludes the portion related to non-controlling interests of $8 million.
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Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions on pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders, pre-tax net income attributed to participatingpolicyholders, OCI and CSM^(1)^ ****

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022<br><br><br>($ millions)	Total
Portion recognized in net income (loss) attributed to:
Participating policyholders	$	(26)
Shareholders		23
		(3)
Portion recognized in OCI attributed to:
Participating policyholders		–
Shareholders		90
		90
Portion recognized in CSM		(279)
Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions,pre-tax	$	(192)
^(1)^	Excludes the portion related to non-controlling interests, of which $nil million is related to CSM.
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Long-term care triennial review

U.S. Insurance completed a comprehensive long-term care (“LTC”) experience study. The review included all aspects of claim assumptions, as well as the progress on future premium rate increases. The impact of the LTC review was an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $118 million.

The experience study showed that claim costs established in our last triennial review remain appropriate in aggregate for our older blocks of business^1^ supported by robust claims data on this mature block. Pre-tax fulfilment cash flows were increased for claim costs on our newer block of business^2^. This was driven by lower active life mortality^3^ supported by Company experience and a recent industry study, as well as higher utilization of benefits, which included the impact of reflecting higher inflation in the cost-of-care up to 2022. We also reviewed and updated incidence and claim termination assumptions which, on a net basis, provided a partial offset to the increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows on active life mortality and utilization. In addition, some policyholders are electing to reduce their benefits in lieu of paying increased premiums which resulted in a reduction in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows.

Experience continues to support the assumptions of both future morbidity and mortality improvement, resulting in no changes to these assumptions.

^1^	First generation policies issued prior to 2002.
^2^	Second generation policies with an average issue date of 2007 and Group policies with an average issue date of 2003.<br>
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^3^	The mortality rate of LTC policyholders who are currently not on claim.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	40
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As of September 30, 2022, we had received actual premium increase approvals of $2.5 billion pre-tax (US$1.9 billion pre-tax) on a present value basis since the last triennial review in 2019. This aligns with the full amount assumed in our pre-tax fulfilment cash flows at that time and demonstrates our continued strong track record of securing premium rate increases^1^. In 2022, the review of future premium increases assumed in fulfilment cash flows resulted in a net $2.5 billion (US$1.9 billion) decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows. This reflects expected future premium increases that are due to our 2022 review of morbidity, mortality, and lapse assumptions, as well as outstanding amounts from prior state filings. Premium increases averaging approximately 30% will be sought on about one-half of the business, excluding the carryover of 2019 amounts requested. Our assumptions reflect the estimated timing and amount of state approved premium increases.

Mortality and morbidity updates

Mortality and morbidity updates resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $83 million, driven by updates to morbidity assumptions in Vietnam to align with experience, partially offset by a detailed review of the mortality assumptions for our Canada insurance business.

Lapse and policyholder behaviour updates

Updates to lapses and policyholder behaviour assumptions resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $234 million.

We completed a detailed review of lapse assumptions for Singapore, and increased lapse rates to align with experience on our index-linked products, which reduced projected future fee income to be received on these products.

We also increased lapse rates on Canada’s term insurance products for policies approaching their renewal date, reflecting emerging experience in our study.

Methodology and other updates

Other updates resulted in a decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $243 million**,** which included updates to discount rates and policyholder dividends on participating products, as well as various other modelling and projection updates. ****

Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions on pre-tax fulfilment cash flows, net income attributed to shareholders, CSM and OCI by segment

The impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions in Canada resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $22 million. The increase was driven by updates to the lapse assumptions for certain term insurance products, largely offset by updates to discount rates and policyholder dividends on participating products, as well as updates to mortality assumptions for our insurance business. These changes resulted in an increase in pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders of $64 million ($47 million post-tax), an increase in CSM of $43 million, and a decrease in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $96 million ($71 million post-tax).

The impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions in the U.S. resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $108 million, driven by the triennial review of long-term care. These changes resulted in a decrease in pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders of $16 million ($12 million post-tax), a decrease in CSM of $202 million, and an increase in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $110 million ($86 million post-tax).

The impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions in Asia resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $62 million. The increase was driven by updates to lapse assumptions in Singapore and morbidity updates in Vietnam, partially offset by various other modelling and projection updates. These changes resulted in a decrease in pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders of $25 million ($9 million post-tax), a decrease in CSM of $120 million, and an increase in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $76 million ($58 million post-tax).

^1^	Actual experience obtaining premium increases could be materially different than what the Company has assumed, resulting<br>in further increases or decreases in insurance contract liabilities, which could be material.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	41
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D3	Sensitivity of earnings to changes in assumptions

The following tables present information on how reasonably possible changes in assumptions made by the Company on insurance contracts’ non-economic risk variables and certain economic risk variables impact contractual service margin, net income attributed to shareholders, other comprehensive income attributed to shareholders and total comprehensive income attributed to shareholders. For non-economic risk variables, the impacts are shown separately gross and net of the impacts of reinsurance contracts held. The adoption of IFRS 17 did not change the method or assumptions used for deriving sensitivity information.

The analysis is based on a simultaneous change in assumptions across all business units and holds all other assumptions constant. In practice, experience for each assumption will frequently vary by geographic market and business, and assumption updates are made on a business/geographic specific basis. Actual results can differ materially from these estimates for a variety of reasons including the interaction among these factors when more than one changes, actual experience differing from the assumptions, changes in business mix, effective tax rates, and the general limitations of our internal models.

Potential impact on contractual service margin, net income attributed to shareholders, other comprehensive income attributed to shareholders, and total comprehensiveincome attributed to shareholders arising from changes to non-economic assumptions^(1)^ ****

As at December 31, 2022	CSM net of NCI						Net income<br>attributed to<br>shareholders						Other<br>comprehensive<br>income attributed<br>to shareholders						Total<br>comprehensive<br>income attributed<br>to shareholders
($ millions, post-tax except CSM)	Gross			Net			Gross			Net			Gross			Net			Gross			Net
Policy related assumptions
2% adverse change in future mortality rates^(2),(3),(5)^
Portfolios where an increase in rates increases<br>insurance contract liabilities	$	(1,400	)	$	(600	)	$	100		$	–		$	100		$	–		$	200		$	–
Portfolios where a decrease in rates increases<br>insurance contract liabilities		–			(500	)		(100	)		–			100			100			–			100
5% adverse change in future morbidity rates^(4),(5),(6)^ (incidence and termination)		(1,100	)		(1,000	)		(3,600	)		(3,600	)		600			600			(3,000	)		(3,000	)
10% change in future policy termination rates^(3),(5)^
Portfolios where an increase in rates increases<br>insurance contract liabilities		(500	)		(400	)		(100	)		(100	)		(100	)		(100	)		(200	)		(200	)
Portfolios where a decrease in rates increases<br>insurance contract liabilities		(1,800	)		(1,200	)		–			(100	)		400			300			400			200
5% increase<br>in future expense levels		(800	)		(700	)		–			–			–			–			–			–
^(1)^	The participating policy funds are largely self-supporting and experience gains or losses would generally result in changes to future dividends reducing the direct impact to the contractual service margin and shareholder<br>income.
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^(2)^	An increase in mortality rates will generally increase insurance contract liabilities for life insurance contracts whereas a decrease in mortality rates will generally increase insurance contract liabilities for policies with<br>longevity risk such as payout annuities.
^(3)^	The sensitivity is measured for each direct insurance portfolio net of the impacts of any reinsurance held on the policies within that portfolio to determine if the overall insurance contract liabilities increased.
^(4)^	No amounts related to morbidity risk are included for policies where the insurance contract liability provides only for claims costs expected over a short period, generally less than one year, such as Group Life and<br>Health.
^(5)^	The impacts of the sensitivities on LTC for morbidity, mortality and lapse do not assume any offsets from the Company’s ability to contractually raise premium rates in such events, subject to state regulatory approval. In<br>practice, we would plan to file for rate increases equal to the amount of deterioration resulting from the sensitivity.
^(6)^	This includes a 5% deterioration in incidence rates and 5% deterioration in claim termination rates.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	42
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Potential impact on contractual service margin, net income attributed to shareholders, other comprehensive incomeattributed to shareholders, and total comprehensive income attributed to shareholders arising from changes to non-economic assumptions on Long Term Care^(1)^

As at December 31, 2022	CSM net of<br>NCI						Net income<br>attributed to<br>shareholders						Other<br>comprehensive<br>income<br>attributed to<br>shareholders				Total<br>comprehensive<br>income attributed<br>to shareholders
($ millions, post-tax except CSM)	Gross			Net			Gross			Net			Gross		Net		Gross			Net
Policy related assumptions
2% adverse change in future mortality rates^(2),(3)^	$	(400	)	$	(400	)	$	–		$	–		$	–	$	–	$	–		$	–
5% adverse change in future morbidity incidence<br>rates^(2),(3)^		(700	)		(700	)		(1,100	)		(1,100	)		200		200		(900	)		(900	)
5% adverse change in future morbidity claims<br>termination rates^(2),(3)^		(700	)		(700	)		(1,800	)		(1,800	)		300		300		(1,500	)		(1,500	)
10% adverse change in future policy termination<br>rates^(2),(3)^		(400	)		(400	)		–			–			100		100		100			100
5% increase<br>in future expense levels^(3)^		(100	)		(100	)		–			–			–		–		–			–
^(1)^	Translated from US$ at 1.3549 for 2022.
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^(2)^	The impacts of the sensitivities on LTC for morbidity, mortality and lapse do not assume any offsets from the Company’s ability to contractually raise premium rates in such events, subject to state regulatory approval. In<br>practice, we would plan to file for rate increases equal to the amount of deterioration resulting from the sensitivities.
^(3)^	The impact of favourable changes to all the sensitivities is relatively symmetrical.

Potential impact on contractual service margin, net income attributed to shareholders, other comprehensive income attributed toshareholders, and total comprehensive income attributed to shareholders arising from changes to certain economic financial assumptions used in the determination of insurance contractliabilities^(1)^

As at September 30, 2023<br><br><br>($ millions, post-tax except CSM)	CSM net of NCI		Net income<br>attributed to<br>shareholders		Other<br>comprehensive<br>income attributed<br><br><br>to shareholders		Total<br>comprehensive<br>income attributed<br><br><br>to shareholders
Financial assumptions
10 basis point reduction in ultimate spot<br>rate	$	(300)	$	–	$	(300)	$	(300)
50 basis point increase in interest rate<br>volatility^(2)^		–		–		–		–
50 basis<br>point increase in non-fixed income return volatility^(2)^		(100)		–		–		–
As at December 31, 2022<br><br><br>($ millions, post-tax except CSM)	CSM net of NCI		Net income<br>attributed to<br>shareholders		Other<br>comprehensive<br>income attributed<br>to shareholders		Total<br>comprehensive<br>income attributed<br>to shareholders
Financial assumptions
10 basis point reduction in ultimate spot<br>rate	$	(300)	$	–	$	(300)	$	(300)
50 basis point increase in interest rate<br>volatility^(2)^		(100)		–		–		–
50 basis<br>point increase in non-fixed income return volatility^(2)^		(100)		–		–		–
^(1)^	Notethat the impact of these assumptions are not linear.
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^(2)^	Used in the determination of insurance contract liabilities with financial guarantees. This includes universal Life minimum crediting rate guarantees, participating life zero dividend floor implicit guarantees, and variable<br>annuities guarantees, where a stochastic approach is used to capture the asymmetry of the risk.
D4	Accounting and reporting changes
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Manulife adopted IFRS 17 and IFRS 9 effective for years beginning on January 1, 2023, to be applied retrospectively. See “Future Accounting and Reporting Changes” in the MD&A in our 2022 Annual Report (“2022 MD&A”). Our 2022 results have been restated for the adoption of IFRS 17, including the classification transition option, and IFRS 9. For other accounting and reporting changes during the quarter, refer to note 2 of our unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

E	OTHER
E1	Outstanding common shares – selected information
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As at October 31, 2023, MFC had 1,812,390,809 common shares outstanding.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	43

E2	Legal and regulatory proceedings

We are regularly involved in legal actions, both as a defendant and as a plaintiff. Information on legal and regulatory proceedings can be found in note 13 of our unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

E3	Non-GAAP and other financial measures

The Company prepares its Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. We use a number of non-GAAP and other financial measures to evaluate overall performance and to assess each of our businesses. This section includes information required by National Instrument 52-112 – Non-GAAP and Other Financial Measures Disclosure in respect of “specified financial measures” (as defined therein).

Non-GAAP financialmeasures include core earnings (loss); pre-tax core earnings; core earnings available to common shareholders; core earnings before income taxes, depreciation and amortization (“core EBITDA”); total expenses; core expenses; total expenditures; core expenditures; transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders; transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders before tax; transitional net income (loss) before income taxes; transitional net income (loss); common shareholders’ transitional net income; Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) line items for net investment result, other, income tax (expense) recovery and transitional net

income attributed to participating policyholders and NCI; core DOE line items for core net insurance service result, core net investment result, other core earnings, and core income tax (expense) recovery; post-tax contractual service margin (“post-tax CSM”); post-tax contractual service margin net of NCI (“post-tax CSM net of NCI”); Manulife Bank net lending assets; Manulife Bank average net lending assets; assets under management (“AUM”); assets under management and administration (“AUMA”); Global WAM managed AUMA; core revenue; adjusted book value; and net annualized fee income. In addition, non-GAAP financial measures include the following stated on a constant exchange rate (“CER”) basis: any of the foregoing non-GAAP financial measures; net income attributed to shareholders; and common shareholders’ net income.

Non-GAAP ratios include core return on shareholders’ equity (“core ROE”); diluted core earnings per common share (“core EPS”); transitional return on common shareholders’ equity (“transitional ROE”); transitional basic earnings per common share (“transitional basic EPS”); transitional diluted earnings per common share (“transitional diluted EPS”); financial leverage ratio; adjusted book value per common share; common share core dividend payout ratio (“dividend payout ratio”); expense efficiency ratio; expenditure efficiency ratio; core EBITDA margin; effective tax rate on core earnings; effective tax rate on transitional net income attributed to shareholders; and net annualized fee income yield on average AUMA. In addition, non-GAAP ratios include the percentage growth/decline on a CER basis in any of the above non-GAAP financial measures; net income attributed to shareholders; common shareholders’ net income; pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders; general expenses; DOE line item for net insurance service result; CSM; CSM net of NCI; impact of new insurance business; new business CSM net of NCI; basic earnings per common share (“basic EPS”); and diluted earnings per common share (“diluted EPS”).

Other specified financial measures include assets under administration (“AUA”); consolidated capital; embedded value (“EV”); new business value (“NBV”); new business value margin (“NBV margin”); sales; annualized premium equivalent (“APE”) sales; gross flows; net flows; average assets under management and administration (“average AUMA”); Global WAM average managed AUMA; average assets under administration; remittances; any of the foregoing specified financial measures stated on a CER basis; and percentage growth/decline in any of the foregoing specified financial measures on a CER basis. In addition, we provide an explanation below of the components of core DOE line items other than the change in expected credit loss, the items that comprise certain items excluded from core earnings, and the components of CSM movement other than the new business CSM.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	44

Our reporting currency for the Company is Canadian dollars and U.S. dollars is the functional currency for Asia and U.S. segment results. Financial measures presented in U.S. dollars are calculated in the same manner as the Canadian dollar measures. These amounts are translated to U.S. dollars using the period end rate of exchange for financial measures such as AUMA and the CSM balance and the average rates of exchange for the respective quarter for periodic financial measures such as our income statement, core earnings and items excluded from core earnings, transitional net income measures, and line items in our CSM movement schedule and DOE. Year-to-date or full year periodic financial measures presented in U.S. dollars are calculated as the sum of the quarterly results translated to U.S. dollars. See section E5 “Quarterly Financial Information” below for the Canadian to U.S. dollar quarterly rates of exchange.

Non-GAAP financial measures and non-GAAP ratios are not standardized financial measures under GAAP and, therefore, might not be comparable to similar financial measures disclosed by other issuers. Therefore, they should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for any other financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Core earnings (loss) is a financial measure which we believe aids investors in better understanding the long-term earnings capacity and valuation of the business. Core earnings allows investors to focus on the Company’s operating performance by excluding the impact of market related gains or losses, changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income as well as a number of other items, outlined below, that we believe are material, but do not reflect the underlying earnings capacity of the business. For example, due to the long-term nature of our business, the mark-to-market movements in equity markets, interest rates including impacts on hedge accounting ineffectiveness, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices as well as the change in the fair value of ALDA from period-to-period can, and frequently do, have a substantial impact on the reported amounts of our assets, insurance contract liabilities and net income attributed to shareholders. These reported amounts may not be realized if markets move in the opposite direction in a subsequent period. This makes it very difficult for investors to evaluate how our businesses are performing from period-to-period and to compare our performance with other issuers.

We believe that core earnings better reflect the underlying earnings capacity and valuation of our business. We use core earnings and core EPS as key metrics in our short-term incentive plans at the total Company and operating segment level. We also base our mid- and long-term strategic priorities on core earnings.

We have updated our definition of core earnings to reflect the change in the recognition, measurement and presentation of insurance contract liabilities and financial assets and liabilities under IFRS 17 and IFRS 9, respectively, and have also replaced the nomenclature of the items included in core earnings and the net income items excluded from core earnings to conform with the nomenclature under IFRS 17 and IFRS 9.

Core earnings includes the expected return on our invested assets and any other gains (charges) from market experience are included in net income but excluded from core earnings. The expected return for fixed income assets is based on the related book yields. For ALDA and public equities, the expected return reflects our long-term view of asset class performance. These returns for ALDA and public equities vary by asset class and range from 3.25% to 11.5%, leading to an average return of between 9.0% to 9.5% on these assets as of September 30, 2023.

While core earnings is relevant to how we manage our business and offers a consistent methodology, it is not insulated from macroeconomic factors which can have a significant impact. See below for a reconciliation of core earnings to net income attributed to shareholders and income before income taxes. Net income attributed to shareholders excludes net income attributed to participating policyholders and non-controlling interests.

Any future changes to the core earnings definition referred to below, will be disclosed.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	45

Items included in core earnings:

1.	Expected insurance service result on in-force policies, including expected release of the risk adjustment, CSM recognized<br>for service provided, and expected earnings from short-term products measured under the premium allocation approach (“PAA”).
2.	Impacts from the initial recognition of new contracts (onerous contracts, including the impact of the associated<br>reinsurance contracts).
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3.	Insurance experience gains or losses that flow directly through net income.
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4.	Operating and investment expenses compared with expense assumptions used in the measurement of insurance and investment<br>contract liabilities.
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5.	Expected investment earnings, which is the difference between expected return on our invested assets and the associated<br>finance income or expense from the insurance contract liabilities.
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6.	Net provision for ECL on FVOCI and amortized cost debt instruments.
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7.	Expected asset returns on surplus investments.
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8.	All earnings for the Global WAM segment, except for applicable net income items excluded from core earnings as noted<br>below.
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9.	All earnings for the Manulife Bank business, except for applicable net income items excluded from core earnings as noted<br>below.
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10.	Routine or non-material legal settlements.
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11.	All other items not specifically excluded.
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12.	Tax on the above items.
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13.	All tax related items except the impact of enacted or substantively enacted income tax rate changes and taxes on items<br>excluded from core earnings.
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Net income items excluded from core earnings:

1.	Market experience gains (losses) including the items listed below:
•	Gains (charges) on general fund public equity and ALDA investments from returns being different than expected.<br>
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•	Gains (charges) on derivatives not in hedging relationships, or gains (charges) resulting from hedge accounting<br>ineffectiveness.
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•	Realized gains (charges) from the sale of FVOCI debt instruments.
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•	Market related gains (charges) on onerous contracts measured using the variable fee approach (e.g. variable annuities, unit<br>linked, participating insurance) net of the performance on any related hedging instruments.
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•	Gains (charges) related to certain changes in foreign exchange rates.
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2.	Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions used in the measurement of insurance contract liabilities that flow directly<br>through income.
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•	The Company reviews actuarial methods and assumptions annually, and this process is designed to reduce the Company’s<br>exposure to uncertainty by ensuring assumptions remain appropriate. This is accomplished by monitoring experience and selecting assumptions which represent a current view of expected future experience and ensuring that the risk adjustment is<br>appropriate for the risks assumed.
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•	Changes related to the ultimate spot rate within the discount curves are included in the market experience gains (losses).<br>
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3.	The impact on the measurement of insurance and investment contract liabilities from changes in product features and new<br>or changes to in-force reinsurance contracts, if material.
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4.	The fair value changes in long-term investment plan (“LTIP”) obligations for Global WAM investment management.<br>
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	46
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5.	Goodwill impairment charges.
6.	Gains or losses on acquisition and disposition of a business.
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7.	Material one-time only adjustments, including highly unusual / extraordinary and material legal settlements and<br>restructuring charges, or other items that are material and exceptional in nature.
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8.	Tax on the above items.
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9.	Net income (loss) attributed to participating shareholders and non-controlling interests.
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10.	Impact of enacted or substantially enacted income tax rate changes.
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As noted in section A1 “Implementation of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9”, our 2022 quarterly and year-to-date results are not directly comparable with 2023 results because IFRS 9 hedge accounting and expected credit loss (“ECL”) principles are applied prospectively effective January 1, 2023. Accordingly, we have presented comparative quarterly and year-to-date 2022 core earnings and our transitional net income metrics (see “Transitional net income to shareholders” paragraph below) inclusive of IFRS 9 hedge accounting and expected credit loss principles as if IFRS had allowed such principles to be implemented for 2022 (the “IFRS 9 transitional impacts”).

Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders is a financial measure where our 2022 net income attributed to shareholders includes the effects of the IFRS 9 transitional impacts which we believe will assist investors in evaluating our operational performance because the associated adjustments are reported in our 2023 net income attributed to shareholders. Transitional net income (loss) before income taxes, Transitional net income (loss), Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders before income taxes and Common shareholders’ transitional net income (loss) similarly include the effect of the IFRS 9 transitional impacts on our income (loss) before income taxes, net income (loss), net income (loss) attributed to shareholders before income taxes and common shareholders’ net income (loss), respectively. Transitional financial measures are temporary and will be reported for 2022 comparative periods in our quarterly and annual 2023 MD&A.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	47

Reconciliation of core earnings to net income attributed to shareholders


( millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange<br>rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Income (loss) before income taxes	439	$	376	$	68	$	366	$	(75)	$	1,174
Income tax (expense) recovery
Core earnings	(62)	****	(109)	****	(93)	****	(59)	****	30	****	(293)
Items excluded from core earnings	(73)	****	15	****	97	****	11	****	294	****	344
Income tax (expense) recovery	(135)	****	(94)	****	4	****	(48)	****	324	****	51
Net income (post-tax)	304	****	282	****	72	****	318	****	249	****	1,225
Less: Net income (post-tax) attributed to
Non-controlling interests (“NCI”)	25	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	25
Participating policyholders	195	****	(8)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	187
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	84	****	290	****	72	****	318	****	249	****	1,013
Less: Items excluded from core earnings (post-tax)
Market experience gains (losses)	(286)	****	(159)	****	(476)	****	(43)	****	(58)	****	(1,022)
Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income	(157)	****	37	****	106	****	–	****	–	****	(14)
Restructuring charge	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Reinsurance transactions, tax related items and other	5	****	4	****	–	****	–	****	297	****	306
Core earnings (post-tax)	522	$	408	$	442	$	361	$	10	$	1,743
Income tax on core earnings (see above)	62	****	109	****	93	****	59	****	(30)	****	293
Core earnings (pre-tax)	584	$	517	$	535	$	420	$	(20)	$	2,036
Core earnings, CER basis and U.S. dollars

(Canadian millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign<br>exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise<br>stated)		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Core earnings (post-tax)	522	$	408	$	442	$	361	$	10	$	1,743
CER<br>adjustment(1)	–		–		–		–		–		–
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax)	522	$	408	$	442	$	361	$	10	$	1,743
Income tax on core earnings, CER basis(2)	62	****	109	****	93	****	59	****	(30)	****	293
Core earnings, CER basis (pre-tax)	584	$	517	$	535	$	420	$	(20)	$	2,036
Core earnings (U.S. dollars) – Asia and U.S. segments
Core earnings (post-tax)(3), US	390			$	329
CER adjustment US<br>(1)	–				–
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax), US	390			$	329

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
^(2)^	Income tax on core earnings adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
^(3)^	Core earnings (post-tax) in Canadian $ is translated to US $ using the US $ Statement of Income exchange rate for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	48
---	---

Reconciliation of core earnings to net income attributed to shareholders


( millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange<br>rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Income (loss) before income taxes	345	$	312	$	220	$	362	$	197	$	1,436
Income tax (expense) recovery
Core earnings	(73)		(97)		(110)		(45)		18		(307)
Items excluded from core earnings	(18)		33		73		1		(47)		42
Income tax (expense) recovery	(91)		(64)		(37)		(44)		(29)		(265)
Net income (post-tax)	254		248		183		318		168		1,171
Less: Net income (post-tax) attributed to
Non-controlling interests (“NCI”)	25		–		–		1		–		26
Participating policyholders	99		21		–		–		–		120
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	130		227		183		317		168		1,025
Less: Items excluded from core earnings (post-tax)
Market experience gains (losses)	(297)		(147)		(275)		(7)		156		(570)
Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income	–		–		–		–		–		–
Restructuring charge	–		–		–		–		–		–
Reinsurance transactions, tax related items and other	(46)		–		–		4		–		(42)
Core earnings (post-tax)	473	$	374	$	458	$	320	$	12	$	1,637
Income tax on core earnings (see above)	73		97		110		45		(18)		307
Core earnings (pre-tax)	546	$	471	$	568	$	365	$	(6)	$	1,944
Core earnings, CER basis and U.S. dollars

(Canadian millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign<br>exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise<br>stated)		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Core earnings (post-tax)	473	$	374	$	458	$	320	$	12	$	1,637
CER<br>adjustment(1)	(8)		–		(1)		–		–		(9)
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax)	465	$	374	$	457	$	320	$	12	$	1,628
Income tax on core earnings, CER basis(2)	71		97		110		44		(17)		305
Core earnings, CER basis (pre-tax)	536	$	471	$	567	$	364	$	(5)	$	1,933
Core earnings (U.S. dollars) – Asia and U.S. segments
Core earnings (post-tax)(3), US	353			$	341
CER adjustment US<br>(1)	(6)				–
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax), US	347			$	341

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
^(2)^	Income tax on core earnings adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
^(3)^	Core earnings (post-tax) in Canadian $ is translated to US $ using the US $ Statement of Income exchange<br>rate for 2Q23.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	49
---	---

Reconciliation of core earnings to net income attributed to shareholders


( millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange<br>rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Income (loss) before income taxes	613	$	423	$	219	$	345	$	119	$	1,719
Income tax (expense) recovery
Core earnings	(68)		(85)		(86)		(45)		14		(270)
Items excluded from core earnings	(37)		(14)		53		(3)		(38)		(39)
Income tax (expense) recovery	(105)		(99)		(33)		(48)		(24)		(309)
Net income (post-tax)	508		324		186		297		95		1,410
Less: Net income (post-tax) attributed to
Non-controlling interests (“NCI”)	54		–		–		–		–		54
Participating policyholders	(65)		15		–		–		–		(50)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	519		309		186		297		95		1,406
Less: Items excluded from core earnings (post-tax)
Market experience gains (losses)	30		(44)		(166)		9		106		(65)
Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income	–		–		–		–		–		–
Restructuring charge	–		–		–		–		–		–
Reinsurance transactions, tax related items and other	–		–		(33)		1		(28)		(60)
Core earnings (post-tax)	489	$	353	$	385	$	287	$	17	$	1,531
Income tax on core earnings (see above)	68		85		86		45		(14)		270
Core earnings (pre-tax)	557	$	438	$	471	$	332	$	3	$	1,801
Core earnings, CER basis and U.S. dollars

(Canadian millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign<br>exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise<br>stated)		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Core earnings (post-tax)	489	$	353	$	385	$	287	$	17	$	1,531
CER<br>adjustment(1)	(15)		–		(3)		(2)		–		(20)
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax)	474	$	353	$	382	$	285	$	17	$	1,511
Income tax on core earnings, CER basis(2)	66		85		85		45		(14)		267
Core earnings, CER basis (pre-tax)	540	$	438	$	467	$	330	$	3	$	1,778
Core earnings (U.S. dollars) – Asia and U.S. segments
Core earnings (post-tax)(3), US	361			$	285
CER adjustment US<br>(1)	(7)				–
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax), US	354			$	285

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
^(2)^	Income tax on core earnings adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
^(3)^	Core earnings (post-tax) in Canadian $ is translated to US $ using the US $ Statement of Income exchange rate for 1Q23.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	50
---	---

Reconciliation of core earnings and transitional net income attributed to shareholders to net income attributed toshareholders

( millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange<br>rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)
		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Income (loss) before income taxes	403	$	(37)	$	(68)	$	461	$	(62)	$	697
Income tax (expense) recovery
Core earnings	(82)		(81)		(96)		(47)		71		(235)
Items excluded from core earnings	(21)		67		120		(13)		308		461
Income tax (expense) recovery	(103)		(14)		24		(60)		379		226
Net income (post-tax)	300		(51)		(44)		401		317		923
Less: Net income (post-tax) attributed to
Non-controlling interests	32		–		–		–		1		33
Participating policyholders	(47)		22		–		–		–		(25)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	315		(73)		(44)		401		316		915
IFRS 9 transitional impacts (post-tax)	178		193		(62)		–		4		313
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	493		120		(106)		401		320		1,228
Less: Items excluded from core earnings (post-tax)
Market experience gains (losses)	12		(136)		(514)		45		(62)		(655)
Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income	–		–		–		–		–		–
Restructuring charge	–		–		–		–		–		–
Reinsurance transactions, tax related items and other	(15)		(40)		–		82		313		340
Core earnings (post-tax)	496	$	296	$	408	$	274	$	69	$	1,543
Income tax on core earnings (see above)	82		81		96		47		(71)		235
Core earnings (pre-tax)	578	$	377	$	504	$	321	$	(2)	$	1,778
Core earnings, CER basis and U.S. dollars
(Canadian millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign<br>exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise<br>stated)
		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Core earnings (post-tax)	496	$	296	$	408	$	274	$	69	$	1,543
CER<br>adjustment(1)	(4)		–		(5)		(3)		(1)		(13)
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax)	492	$	296	$	403	$	271	$	68	$	1,530
Income tax on core earnings, CER basis(2)	80		81		94		48		(71)		232
Core earnings, CER basis (pre-tax)	572	$	377	$	497	$	319	$	(3)	$	1,762
Core earnings (U.S. dollars) – Asia and U.S. segments
Core earnings (post-tax)(3), US	365			$	301
CER adjustment US<br>(1)	2				–
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax), US	367			$	301

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
^(2)^	Income tax on core earnings adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
^(3)^	Core earnings (post-tax) in Canadian $ is translated to US $ using the US $ Statement of Income exchange rate for 4Q22.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	51
---	---

Reconciliation of core earnings and transitional net income attributed to shareholders to net income attributed toshareholders

( millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange<br>rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)
		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Income (loss) before income taxes	266	$	1,029	$	(607)	$	324	$	(528)	$	484
Income tax (expense) recovery
Core earnings	(54)		(94)		(83)		(51)		13		(269)
Items excluded from core earnings	11		(92)		243		14		33		209
Income tax (expense) recovery	(43)		(186)		160		(37)		46		(60)
Net income (post-tax)	223		843		(447)		287		(482)		424
Less: Net income (post-tax) attributed to
Non-controlling interests	34		–		–		–		–		34
Participating policyholders	(91)		(10)		–		–		–		(101)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	280		853		(447)		287		(482)		491
IFRS 9 transitional impacts (post-tax)	(104)		(372)		761		–		1		286
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	176		481		314		287		(481)		777
Less: Items excluded from core earnings (post-tax)
Market experience gains (losses)	(202)		43		(98)		(67)		(251)		(575)
Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income	(9)		47		(12)		–		–		26
Restructuring charge	–		–		–		–		–		–
Reinsurance transactions, tax related items and other	–		–		(13)		–		–		(13)
Core earnings (post-tax)	387	$	391	$	437	$	354	$	(230)	$	1,339
Income tax on core earnings (see above)	54		94		83		51		(13)		269
Core earnings (pre-tax)	441	$	485	$	520	$	405	$	(243)	$	1,608
Core earnings, CER basis and U.S. dollars
(Canadian millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign<br>exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise<br>stated)
		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Core earnings (post-tax)	387	$	391	$	437	$	354	$	(230)	$	1,339
CER<br>adjustment(1)	6		–		11		7		(5)		19
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax)	393	$	391	$	448	$	361	$	(235)	$	1,358
Income tax on core earnings, CER basis(2)	56		94		86		51		(13)		274
Core earnings, CER basis (pre-tax)	449	$	485	$	534	$	412	$	(248)	$	1,632
Core earnings (U.S. dollars) – Asia and U.S. segments
Core earnings (post-tax)(3), US	296			$	335
CER adjustment US<br>(1)	(3)				–
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax), US	293			$	335

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
^(2)^	Income tax on core earnings adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
^(3)^	Core earnings (post-tax) in Canadian $ is translated to US $ using the US $ Statement of Income exchange rate for 3Q22.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	52
---	---

Reconciliation of core earnings to net income attributed to shareholders


( millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange<br>rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Income (loss) before income taxes	1,397	$	1,111	$	507	$	1,073	$	241	$	4,329
Income tax (expense) recovery
Core earnings	(203)	****	(291)	****	(289)	****	(149)	****	62	****	(870)
Items excluded from core earnings	(128)	****	34	****	223	****	9	****	209	****	347
Income tax (expense) recovery	(331)	****	(257)	****	(66)	****	(140)	****	271	****	(523)
Net income (post-tax)	1,066	****	854	****	441	****	933	****	512	****	3,806
Less: Net income (post-tax) attributed to
Non-controlling interests	104	****	–	****	–	****	1	****	–	****	105
Participating policyholders	229	****	28	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	257
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	733	****	826	****	441	****	932	****	512	****	3,444
Less: Items excluded from core earnings (post-tax)
Market experience gains (losses)	(553)	****	(350)	****	(917)	****	(41)	****	204	****	(1,657)
Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income	(157)	****	37	****	106	****	–	****	–	****	(14)
Restructuring charge	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Reinsurance transactions, tax related items and other	(41)	****	4	****	(33)	****	5	****	269	****	204
Core earnings (post-tax)	1,484	$	1,135	$	1,285	$	968	$	39	$	4,911
Income tax on core earnings (see above)	203	****	291	****	289	****	149	****	(62)	****	870
Core earnings (pre-tax)	1,687	$	1,426	$	1,574	$	1,117	$	(23)	$	5,781
Core earnings, CER basis and U.S. dollars

(Canadian millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign<br>exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise<br>stated)		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Core earnings (post-tax)	1,484	$	1,135	$	1,285	$	968	$	39	$	4,911
CER<br>adjustment(1)	(23)	****	–	****	(4)	****	(2)	****	–	****	(29)
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax)	1,461	$	1,135	$	1,281	$	966	$	39	$	4,882
Income tax on core earnings, CER basis(2)	199	****	291	****	288	****	148	****	(61)	****	865
Core earnings, CER basis (pre-tax)	1,660	$	1,426	$	1,569	$	1,114	$	(22)	$	5,747
Core earnings (U.S. dollars) – Asia and U.S. segments
Core earnings (post-tax)(3), US	1,104			$	955
CER adjustment US<br>(1)	(13)			****	–
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax), US	1,091			$	955

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
^(2)^	Income tax on core earnings adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
^(3)^	Core earnings (post-tax) in Canadian $is translated to US $using the US $Statement of Income exchange rate for the 3<br>respective quarters that make up 2023 year-to-date core earnings.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	53
---	---

Reconciliation of core earnings and transitional net income attributed to shareholders to net income attributed toshareholders

( millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange<br>rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)
		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Income (loss) before income taxes	508	$	(932)	$	(2,944)	$	830	$	(1,297)	$	(3,835)
Income tax (expense) recovery
Core earnings	(183)		(254)		(244)		(175)		45		(811)
Items excluded from core earnings	(33)		778		916		65		18		1,744
Income tax (expense) recovery	(216)		524		672		(110)		63		933
Net income (post-tax)	292		(408)		(2,272)		720		(1,234)		(2,902)
Less: Net income (post-tax) attributed to
Non-controlling interests	88		–		–		–		–		88
Participating policyholders	(164)		22		–		–		–		(142)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	368		(430)		(2,272)		720		(1,234)		(2,848)
IFRS 9 transitional impacts (post-tax)	(214)		1,508		3,826		–		(2)		5,118
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	154		1,078		1,554		720		(1,236)		2,270
Less: Items excluded from core earnings (post-tax)
Market experience gains (losses)	(1,153)		(60)		421		(305)		(833)		(1,930)
Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income	(9)		47		(12)		–		–		26
Restructuring charge	–		–		–		–		–		–
Reinsurance transactions, tax related items and other	–		–		(13)		–		(71)		(84)
Core earnings (post-tax)	1,316	$	1,091	$	1,158	$	1,025	$	(332)	$	4,258
Income tax on core earnings (see above)	181		254		245		175		(45)		810
Core earnings (pre-tax)	1,497	$	1,345	$	1,403	$	1,200	$	(377)	$	5,068
Core earnings, CER basis and U.S. dollars
(Canadian millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign<br>exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise<br>stated)
		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Core earnings (post-tax)	1,316	$	1,091	$	1,158	$	1,025	$	(332)	$	4,258
CER<br>adjustment(1)	19				51		30		(3)		97
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax)	1,335	$	1,091	$	1,209	$	1,055	$	(335)	$	4,355
Income tax on core earnings, CER basis(2)	184		254		256		178		(45)		827
Core earnings, CER basis (pre-tax)	1,519	$	1,345	$	1,465	$	1,233	$	(380)	$	5,182
Core earnings (U.S. dollars) – Asia and U.S. segments
Core earnings (post-tax)(3), US	1,027			$	901
CER adjustment US<br>(1)	(31)				–
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax), US	996			$	901

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
^(2)^	Income tax on core earnings adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
^(3)^	Core earnings (post-tax) in Canadian $ is translated to US $ using the US $ Statement of Income exchange rate for the 3<br>respective quarters that make up 2022 year-to-date core earnings.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	54
---	---

Reconciliation of core earnings and transitional net income attributed to shareholders to net income attributed toshareholders

( millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange<br>rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)
		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Income (loss) before income taxes	910	$	(969)	$	(3,011)	$	1,291	$	(1,359)	$	(3,138)
Income tax (expense) recovery
Core earnings	(264)		(335)		(341)		(222)		116		(1,046)
Items excluded from core earnings	(54)		845		1,036		52		326		2,205
Income tax (expense) recovery	(318)		510		695		(170)		442		1,159
Net income (post-tax)	592		(459)		(2,316)		1,121		(917)		(1,979)
Less: Net income (post-tax) attributed to
Non-controlling interests	120		–		–		–		1		121
Participating policyholders	(211)		44		–		–		–		(167)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	683		(503)		(2,316)		1,121		(918)		(1,933)
IFRS 9 transitional impacts (post-tax)	(36)		1,701		3,764		–		2		5,431
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	647		1,198		1,448		1,121		(916)		3,498
Less: Items excluded from core earnings (post-tax)
Market experience gains (losses)	(1,141)		(196)		(93)		(260)		(895)		(2,585)
Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income	(9)		47		(12)		–		–		26
Restructuring charge	–		–		–		–		–		–
Reinsurance transactions, tax related items and other	(15)		(40)		(13)		82		242		256
Core earnings (post-tax)	1,812	$	1,387	$	1,566	$	1,299	$	(263)	$	5,801
Income tax on core earnings (see above)	263		335		341		222		(116)		1,045
Core earnings (pre-tax)	2,075	$	1,722	$	1,907	$	1,521	$	(379)	$	6,846
Core earnings, CER basis and U.S. dollars
(Canadian millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign<br>exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise<br>stated)
		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Core earnings (post-tax)	1,812	$	1,387	$	1,566	$	1,299	$	(263)	$	5,801
CER<br>adjustment(1)	15		–		45		27		(3)		84
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax)	1,827	$	1,387	$	1,611	$	1,326	$	(266)	$	5,885
Income tax on core earnings, CER basis(2)	264		335		351		225		(116)		1,059
Core earnings, CER basis (pre-tax)	2,091	$	1,722	$	1,962	$	1,551	$	(382)	$	6,944
Core earnings (U.S. dollars) – Asia and U.S. segments
Core earnings (post-tax)(3), US	1,392			$	1,202
CER adjustment US<br>(1)	(29)				–
Core earnings, CER basis (post-tax), US	1,363			$	1,202

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
^(2)^	Income tax on core earnings adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
^(3)^	Core earnings (post-tax) in Canadian $ is translated to US $ using the US $ Statement of Income exchange rate for the 4<br>respective quarters that make up 2022 core earnings.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	55
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Segment core earnings by business line or geographic source

($ millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

Asia

													YTD Results						Full Year<br><br><br>Results
(US millions)			2Q23			1Q23		4Q22		3Q22			2023			2022			2022
Hong Kong	190	****	$	161		$	159	$	153	$	127		$	510	****	$	515		$	668
Japan	87	****		81			62		76		71		****	230	****		232			308
Asia Other(1)	119	****		119			137		126		102		****	375	****		293			419
International High Net Worth																				75
Mainland China																				29
Singapore																				136
Vietnam																				109
Other Emerging<br>Markets(2)																				70
Regional Office	(6	)		(8	)		3		10		(4	)	****	(11	)		(13	)		(3	)
Total Asia core earnings	390	****	$	353		$	361	$	365	$	296		$	1,104	****	$	1,027		$	1,392
(1) Core earnings for Asia Other is reported by country annually, on a full year basis.<br>(2) Other Emerging Markets includes Indonesia, the Philippines,<br>Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar.																					^^<br><br><br>^^
													YTD Results						Full Year<br><br><br>Results
(US millions), CER basis(1)			2Q23			1Q23		4Q22		3Q22			2023			2022			2022
Hong Kong	190	****	$	161		$	159	$	153	$	127		$	510	****	$	515		$	668
Japan	87	****		78			57		75		68		****	222	****		205			280
Asia Other(2)	119	****		116			135		129		102		****	370	****		289			418
International High Net Worth																				75
Mainland China																				27
Singapore																				140
Vietnam																				108
Other Emerging<br>Markets(3)																				68
Regional Office	(6	)		(8	)		3		10		(4	)	****	(11	)		(13	)		(3	)
Total Asia core earnings, CER basis	390	****	$	347		$	354	$	367	$	293		$	1,091	****	$	996		$	1,363
(1) Core earnings adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>(2) Core earnings for Asia Other is reported by country<br>annually, on a full year basis. (3) Other Emerging Markets<br>includes Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar. <br>Canada																					^^<br><br><br>^^<br><br><br>^^<br><br><br><br> <br>****
													YTD Results						Full Year<br><br><br>Results
(Canadian millions)	3Q23	****		2Q23			1Q23		4Q22		3Q22		****	2023	****		2022			2022
Insurance	310	****	$	276		$	257	$	206	$	283		$	843	****	$	778		$	984
Annuities	48	****		55			53		45		57		****	156	****		193			238
Manulife Bank	50	****		43			43		45		51		****	136	****		120			165
Total Canada core earnings	408	****	$	374		$	353	$	296	$	391		$	1,135	****	$	1,091		$	1,387

All values are in US Dollars.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	56

U.S.

										YTD Results				Full Year<br><br><br>Results
(US millions)	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22	****	2023		2022		2022
U.S. Insurance	283	$	293	$	257	$	259	$	291	$	833	$	757	$	1,016
U.S. Annuities	46		48		28		42		44	****	122		144		186
Total U.S. core<br>earnings	329	$	341	$	285	$	301	$	335	$	955	$	901	$	1,202

All values are in US Dollars.

Global WAM by business line

										YTD Results				Full Year<br><br><br>Results
(Canadian millions)	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22	****	2023		2022		2022
Retirement	192	$	186	$	164	$	156	$	186	$	542	$	517	$	673
Retail	135		119		121		130		149	****	375		441		571
Institutional asset management	34		15		2		(12)		19	****	51		67		55
Total Global WAM core earnings	361	$	320	$	287	$	274	$	354	$	968	$	1,025	$	1,299
										YTD Results				Full Year<br><br><br>Results
(Canadian millions), CER basis(1)	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22	****	2023		2022		2022
Retirement	192	$	186	$	163	$	154	$	191	$	541	$	535	$	689
Retail	135		119		120		129		151	****	374		450		579
Institutional asset management	34		15		2		(12)		19	****	51		70		58
Total Global WAM core earnings, CER basis	361	$	320	$	285	$	271	$	361	$	966	$	1,055	$	1,326

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	Core earnings adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>

Global WAM by geographic source

										YTD Results				Full Year<br><br><br>Results
(Canadian millions)	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22	****	2023		2022		2022
Asia	108	$	103	$	84	$	79	$	82	$	295	$	257	$	336
Canada	94		96		88		78		113	****	278		323		401
U.S.	159		121		115		117		159	****	395		445		562
Total Global WAM core earnings	361	$	320	$	287	$	274	$	354	$	968	$	1,025	$	1,299
										YTD Results				Full Year<br><br><br>Results
(Canadian millions), CER basis(1)	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22	****	2023		2022		2022
Asia	108	$	103	$	83	$	79	$	84	$	294	$	267	$	346
Canada	94		96		88		78		113	****	278		323		401
U.S.	159		121		114		114		164	****	394		465		579
Total Global WAM core earnings, CER basis	361	$	320	$	285	$	271	$	361	$	966	$	1,055	$	1,326

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	Core earnings adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	57
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Core earnings available to common shareholders is a financial measure that is used in the calculation of core ROE and core EPS. It is calculated as core earnings (post-tax) less preferred share dividends.

($ millions, and based on actual foreign<br><br><br>exchange rates in effect in the<br> <br>applicable reporting period, unless<br><br><br>otherwise stated)	Quarterly Results										YTD Results				Full Year<br><br><br>Results
	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22		2023		2022		2022
Core earnings	$	1,743	$	1,637	$	1,531	$	1,543	$	1,339	$	4,911	$	4,258	$	5,801
Less: Preferred share dividends	****	(54)		(98)		(52)		(97)		(51)	****	(204)		(163)		(260)
Core earnings available to common shareholders	****	1,689		1,539		1,479		1,446		1,288	****	4,707		4,095		5,541
CER<br>adjustment^(1)^	****	–		(9)		(20)		(13)		19	****	(29)		97		84
Core earnings available to common shareholders, CERbasis	$	1,689	$	1,530	$	1,459	$	1,433	$	1,307	$	4,678	$	4,192	$	5,625
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---

Core ROE measures profitability using core earnings available to common shareholders as a percentage of the capital deployed to earn the core earnings. The Company calculates core ROE using average common shareholders’ equity quarterly, as the average of common shareholders’ equity at the start and end of the quarter, and annually, as the average of the quarterly average common shareholders’ equity for the year.

	Quarterly Results										YTD Results				FullYearResults
($ millions, unless otherwise stated)	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22		2023		2022		2022
Core earnings available to common shareholders	$	1,689	$	1,539	$	1,479	$	1,446	$	1,288	$	4,707	$	4,095	$	5,541
Annualized core earnings available to commonshareholders	$	6,701	$	6,173	$	5,998	$	5,737	$	5,110	$	6,293	$	5,475	$	5,541
Average common shareholders’ equity (see below)	$	39,897	$	39,881	$	40,465	$	40,667	$	40,260	$	40,081	$	39,412	$	39,726
Core ROE (annualized) (%)	****	16.8%		15.5%		14.8%		14.1%		12.7%	****	15.7%		13.9%		14.0%
Average common shareholders’ equity
Total shareholders’ and other equity	$	47,407	$	45,707	$	47,375	$	46,876	$	47,778	$	47,407	$	47,778	$	46,876
Less: Preferred shares and other equity	****	6,660		6,660		6,660		6,660		6,660	****	6,660		6,660		6,660
Common shareholders’ equity	$	40,747	$	39,047	$	40,715	$	40,216	$	41,118	$	40,747	$	41,118	$	40,216
Average common shareholders’ equity	$	39,897	$	39,881	$	40,465	$	40,667	$	40,260	$	40,081	$	39,412	$	39,726

Core EPS is equal to core earnings available to common shareholders divided by diluted weighted average common shares outstanding. ****

Core earnings related to strategic priorities

The Company measures its progress on certain strategic priorities using core earnings, including core earnings from highest potential businesses. The core earnings for these businesses is calculated consistent with our definition of core earnings.

For the nine months ended September 30,<br><br><br>($ millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in<br>effect in the applicable reporting period)	2023		2022
Core earnings highest potential businesses^(1)^	$	2,950	$	2,684
Core earnings - All other businesses	****	1,961		1,574
Core earnings	****	4,911		4,258
Items excluded from core earnings	****	(1,467)		(1,988)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders /Transitional	$	3,444	$	2,270
Less: IFRS 9 transitional impacts (post-tax)	****	–		5,118
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders	$	3,444	$	(2,848)
Highest potential businesses core earningscontribution	****	60%		63%
^(1)^	Includes core earnings from Asia and Global WAM segments, Canada Group Benefits, and behavioural insurance products.<br>
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	58
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The effective tax rate on core earnings is equal to income tax on core earnings divided by pre-tax core earnings. The effective tax rate on net income attributed to shareholders is equal to income tax on transitional net income attributed to shareholders divided by pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders.

Common share core dividend payout ratio is a ratio that measures the percentage of core earnings paid to common shareholders as dividends. It is calculated as dividends per common share divided by core EPS.

	Quarterly Results										YTD Results				Full Year<br><br><br>Results
	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22		2023		2022		2022
Per share dividend	$	0.37	$	0.37	$	0.37	$	0.33	$	0.33	$	1.10	$	0.99	$	1.32
Core EPS	$	0.92	$	0.83	$	0.79	$	0.77	$	0.68	$	2.55	$	2.13	$	2.90
Common share core dividend payout ratio	****	40%		44%		46%		43%		49%	****	43%		46%		46%

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) is used to identify the primary sources of gains or losses in each reporting period. It is one of the key tools we use to understand and manage our business. The DOE has replaced the Source of Earnings that was disclosed under OSFI’s Source of Earnings Disclosure (Life Insurance Companies) guideline. The DOE line items are comprised of amounts that have been included in our financial statements. The DOE shows the sources of net income (loss) attributed to shareholders and the core DOE shows the sources of core earnings and the items excluded from core earnings, reconciled to net income attributed to shareholders. We have included transitional non-GAAP financial measures for our 2022 comparative quarterly results. The elements of the core earnings view are described below:

Net Insurance Service Result represents the net income attributed to shareholders associated with providing insurance service to policyholders within the period. This includes lines attributed to core earnings including: ****

•	Expected earnings on insurance contracts which includes the release of risk adjustment for expired non-financial<br>risk, the CSM recognized for service provided and expected earnings on short-term PAA insurance business.
•	Impact of new insurance business relates to income at initial recognition from new insurance contracts. Losses would<br>occur if the group of new insurance contracts was onerous at initial recognition. If reinsurance contracts provide coverage for the direct insurance contracts, then the loss is offset by a corresponding gain on reinsurance contracts held.<br>
---	---
•	Insurance experience gains (losses) arise from items such as claims, persistency, and expenses, where the actual<br>experience in the current period differs from the expected results assumed in the insurance and investment contract liabilities. Generally, this line would be driven by claims and expenses, as persistency experience relates to future service and<br>would be offset by changes to the carrying amount of the contractual service margin unless the group is onerous, in which case the impact of persistency experience would be included in core earnings.
---	---
•	Other represents pre-tax net income on residual items in the insurance result section.
---	---

Net Investment Result represents the net income attributed to shareholders associated with investment results within the period. Note that results associated with Global WAM and Manulife Bank are shown on separate DOE lines. However within the income statement, the results associated with these businesses would impact the total investment result. This section includes lines attributed to core earnings including:

•	Expected investment earnings, which is the difference between expected asset returns and the associated finance<br>income or expense from insurance contract liabilities, net of investment expenses.
•	Change in expected credit loss, which is the gain or charge to net income attributed to shareholders for credit<br>losses to bring the allowance for credit losses to a level management considers adequate for expected credit-related losses on its portfolio.
---	---
•	Expected earnings on surplus reflects the expected investment return on surplus assets.<br>
---	---
•	Other represents pre-tax net income on residual items in the investment result section.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	59
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Global WAM is the pre-tax net income from the Global Wealth and Asset Management segment, adjusted for applicable items excluded from core earnings as noted in the core earnings (loss) section above.

Manulife Bank is the pre-tax net income from Manulife Bank, adjusted for applicable items excluded from core earnings as noted in the core earnings (loss) section above.

Other represents net income associated with items outside of the net insurance service result, net investment result, Global WAM and Manulife Bank. Other includes lines attributed to core earnings such as:

•	Non-Directly Attributable Expenses are expenses incurred by the Company which are not directly attributable to<br>fulfilling insurance contracts. Non-directly attributable expenses excludes non-directly attributable investment expenses as they are included in the net investment result.
•	Other represents pre-tax net income on residual items in the Other section. Most notably this would include the cost<br>of financing debt issued by Manulife.
---	---

Net income attributed to shareholders includes the following items excluded from core earnings:

•	Market experience gains (losses) related to items excluded from core earnings that relate to changes in market<br>variables.
•	Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that flow directly through income related to updates in the methods and<br>assumptions used to value insurance contract liabilities.
---	---
•	Restructuring charges includes a charge taken to reorganize operations.
---	---
•	Reinsurance transactions, tax-related items and other include the impacts of new or changes to in-force reinsurance<br>contracts, the impact of enacted or substantially enacted income tax rate changes and other amounts defined as items excluded from core earnings not specifically captured in the lines above.
---	---

All of the above items are discussed in more details in our definition of items excluded from core earnings.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	60

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 3Q23

($ millions, pre-tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

	3Q23
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result	$	467	$	366	$	108	$	–	$	64	$	1,005
Net investment result	****	4	****	(14)	****	(45)	****	–	****	142	****	87
Global WAM	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	365	****	–	****	365
Manulife Bank	****	–	****	55	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	55
Other	****	(32)	****	(31)	****	5	****	1	****	(281)	****	(338)
Net income (loss) before income taxes	****	439	****	376	****	68	****	366	****	(75)	****	1,174
Income tax (expense) recovery	****	(135)	****	(94)	****	4	****	(48)	****	324	****	51
Net income (loss)	****	304	****	282	****	72	****	318	****	249	****	1,225
Less: Net income (loss) attributed to NCI	****	(25)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(25)
Less: Net income (loss) attributed to participating<br>policyholders	****	(195)	****	8	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(187)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders(post-tax)	$	84	$	290	$	72	$	318	$	249	$	1,013
Reconciliations of DOE line items to the consolidated financialstatements and DOE presentation
	3Q23
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result reconciliation
Total insurance service result - financial statements	$	467	$	366	$	108	$	–	$	64	$	1,005
Less: Insurance service result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings	****	(112)	****	11	****	(51)	****	–	****	(1)	****	(153)
NCI	****	15	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	15
Participating policyholders	****	177	****	21	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	198
Core net insurance result	****	387	****	334	****	159	****	–	****	65	****	945
Core net insurance result, CER adjustment^(1)^	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Core net insurance result, CER basis	$	387	$	334	$	159	$	–	$	65	$	945
Total investment result reconciliation
Total investment result per financial statements	$	4	$	389	$	(45)	$	(303)	$	273	$	318
Less: Reclassify net investment result in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of<br>the DOE	****	–	****	(380)	****	–	****	303	****	–	****	(77)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(2)^	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(131)	****	(131)
Less: Other	****	–	****	(23)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(23)
Net investment result	****	4	****	(14)	****	(45)	****	–	****	142	****	87
Less: Net investment result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings	****	(274)	****	(130)	****	(418)	****	–	****	(5)	****	(827)
NCI	****	17	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	17
Participating policyholders	****	28	****	(21)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	7
Core net investment result	****	233	****	137	****	373	****	–	****	147	****	890
Core net investment result, CER adjustment^(1)^	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Core net investment result, CER basis	$	233	$	137	$	373	$	–	$	147	$	890
Manulife Bank and Global WAM by DOE line reconciliation
Manulife Bank and Global WAM net income attributed to shareholders	$	–	$	55	$	–	$	365	$	–	$	420
Less: Manulife Bank and Global WAM attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings	****	–	****	(11)	****	–	****	(55)	****	–	****	(66)
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM	****	–	****	66	****	–	****	420	****	–	****	486
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CER adjustment^(1)^	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CERbasis	$	–	$	66	$	–	$	420	$	–	$	486
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(2)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	61
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Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 3Q23 (continued)

	3Q23
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Other reconciliation
Other revenue per financial statements	$	26	$	53	$	31	$	1,709	$	(174)	$	1,645
General expenses per financial statements	****	(52)	****	(128)	****	(29)	****	(703)	****	(129)	****	(1,041)
Commission related to non-insurance contracts	****	(3)	****	(14)	****	6	****	(334)	****	9	****	(336)
Interest expense per financial statements	****	(3)	****	(290)	****	(3)	****	(1)	****	(119)	****	(416)
Total financial statements values included in Other	****	(32)	****	(379)	****	5	****	671	****	(413)	****	(148)
Less: Reclassify Other in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of the DOE	****	–	****	325	****	–	****	(670)	****	–	****	(345)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(1)^	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	132	****	132
Other	****	–	****	23	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	23
Other	****	(32)	****	(31)	****	5	****	1	****	(281)	****	(338)
Less: Other attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings	****	5	****	(4)	****	2	****	–	****	(49)	****	(46)
NCI	****	2	****	–	****	–	****	1	****	–	****	3
Participating policyholders	****	3	****	(5)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(2)
Add: Par earnings transfer to shareholders	****	6	****	2	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	8
Core Other	****	(36)	****	(20)	****	3	****	–	****	(232)	****	(285)
Core Other, CER adjustment^(2)^	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Core Other, CER basis	$	(36)	$	(20)	$	3	$	–	$	(232)	$	(285)
Income tax recovery (expense) reconciliation
Income tax recovery (expense) per financial statements	$	(135)	$	(94)	$	4	$	(48)	$	324	$	51
Less: Income tax recovery (expense) attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings	****	(58)	****	16	****	97	****	12	****	294	****	361
NCI	****	(9)	****	–	****	–	****	(1)	****	–	****	(10)
Participating policyholders	****	(6)	****	(1)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(7)
Core income tax recovery (expense)	****	(62)	****	(109)	****	(93)	****	(59)	****	30	****	(293)
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER adjustment^(2)^	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER basis	$	(62)	$	(109)	$	(93)	$	(59)	$	30	$	(293)
Net income attributable to shareholders, CERbasis^(3)^
Net insurance service result	$	467	$	366	$	108	$	–	$	64	$	1,005
Net investment result	****	4	****	(14)	****	(45)	****	–	****	142	****	87
Global WAM	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	365	****	–	****	365
Manulife Bank	****	–	****	55	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	55
Other	****	(32)	****	(31)	****	5	****	1	****	(281)	****	(338)
Net income (loss) before income taxes, CER basis	$	439	$	376	$	68	$	366	$	(75)	$	1,174
^(1)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
^(2)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(3)^	DOE on a CER basis adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	62
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Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 2Q23

($ millions, pre-tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

	2Q23
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result	$	460	$	262	$	131	$	–	$	34	$	887
Net investment result		(96)		12		105		–		351		372
Global WAM		–		–		–		362		–		362
Manulife Bank		–		59		–		–		–		59
Other		(19)		(21)		(16)		–		(188)		(244)
Net income (loss) before income taxes		345		312		220		362		197		1,436
Income tax (expense) recovery		(91)		(64)		(37)		(44)		(29)		(265)
Net income (loss)		254		248		183		318		168		1,171
Less: Net income (loss) attributed to NCI		(25)		–		–		(1)		–		(26)
Less: Net income (loss) attributed to participating<br>policyholders		(99)		(21)		–		–		–		(120)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders(post-tax)	$	130	$	227	$	183	$	317	$	168	$	1,025
Reconciliations of DOE line items to the consolidated financialstatements and DOE presentation
	2Q23
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result reconciliation
Total insurance service result - financial statements	$	460	$	262	$	131	$	–	$	34	$	887
Less: Insurance service result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(44)		(4)		(26)		–		1		(73)
NCI		13		–		–		–		–		13
Participating policyholders		122		21		–		–		–		143
Core net insurance result		369		245		157		–		33		804
Core net insurance result, CER adjustment^(1)^		(6)		(1)		1		–		1		(5)
Core net insurance result, CER basis	$	363	$	244	$	158	$	–	$	34	$	799
Total investment result reconciliation
Total investment result per financial statements	$	(96)	$	354	$	105	$	(244)	$	478	$	597
Less: Reclassify net investment result in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of<br>the DOE		–		(342)		–		244		–		(98)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(2)^		–		–		–		–		(127)		(127)
Less: Other		–		–		–		–		–		–
Net investment result		(96)		12		105		–		351		372
Less: Net investment result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(318)		(184)		(319)		–		183		(638)
NCI		14		–		–		–		–		14
Participating policyholders		(7)		14		–		–		–		7
Core net investment result		215		182		424		–		168		989
Core net investment result, CER adjustment^(1)^		(6)		1		(1)		–		–		(6)
Core net investment result, CER basis	$	209	$	183	$	423	$	–	$	168	$	983
Manulife Bank and Global WAM by DOE line reconciliation
Manulife Bank and Global WAM net income attributed to shareholders	$	–	$	59	$	–	$	362	$	–	$	421
Less: Manulife Bank and Global WAM attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		–		–		–		(3)		–		(3)
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM		–		59		–		365		–		424
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CER adjustment^(1)^		–		–		–		(1)		–		(1)
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CERbasis	$	–	$	59	$	–	$	364	$	–	$	423
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(2)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	63
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 2Q23 (continued)

	2Q23
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Other reconciliation
Other revenue per financial statements	$	47	$	72	$	16	$	1,647	$	(91)	$	1,691
General expenses per financial statements		(61)		(127)		(25)		(709)		(101)		(1,023)
Commission related to non-insurance contracts		(2)		(13)		(3)		(329)		11		(336)
Interest expense per financial statements		(3)		(236)		(4)		(5)		(133)		(381)
Total financial statements values included in Other		(19)		(304)		(16)		604		(314)		(49)
Less: Reclassify Other in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of the DOE		–		283		–		(604)		–		(321)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(1)^		–		–		–		–		126		126
Other		–		–		–		–		–		–
Other		(19)		(21)		(16)		–		(188)		(244)
Less: Other attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		23		(1)		(3)		–		19		38
NCI		4		–		–		–		–		4
Participating policyholders		1		(3)		–		–		–		(2)
Add: Par earnings transfer to shareholders		9		2		–		–		–		11
Core Other		(38)		(15)		(13)		–		(207)		(273)
Core Other, CER adjustment^(2)^		2		–		(1)		–		–		1
Core Other, CER basis	$	(36)	$	(15)	$	(14)	$	–	$	(207)	$	(272)
Income tax recovery (expense) reconciliation
Income tax recovery (expense) per financial statements	$	(91)	$	(64)	$	(37)	$	(44)	$	(29)	$	(265)
Less: Income tax recovery (expense) attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(4)		42		73		1		(47)		65
NCI		(6)		–		–		–		–		(6)
Participating policyholders		(8)		(9)		–		–		–		(17)
Core income tax recovery (expense)		(73)		(97)		(110)		(45)		18		(307)
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER adjustment^(2)^		2		–		–		1		(1)		2
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER basis	$	(71)	$	(97)	$	(110)	$	(44)	$	17	$	(305)
Net income attributable to shareholders, CERbasis^(3)^
Net insurance service result	$	452	$	262	$	131	$	–	$	34	$	879
Net investment result		(85)		12		105		–		351		383
Global WAM		–		–		–		361		–		361
Manulife Bank		–		59		–		–		–		59
Other		(18)		(21)		(17)		–		(188)		(244)
Net income (loss) before income taxes, CER basis	$	349	$	312	$	219	$	361	$	197	$	1,438
^(1)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
^(2)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(3)^	DOE on a CER basis adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	64
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 1Q23

($ millions, pre-tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

	1Q23
		Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result	$	370	$	259	$	173	$	–	$	47	$	849
Net investment result		285		117		101		–		244		747
Global WAM		–		–		–		345		–		345
Manulife Bank		–		65		–		–		–		65
Other		(42)		(18)		(55)		–		(172)		(287)
Net income (loss) before income taxes		613		423		219		345		119		1,719
Income tax (expense) recovery		(105)		(99)		(33)		(48)		(24)		(309)
Net income (loss)		508		324		186		297		95		1,410
Less: Net income (loss) attributed to NCI		(54)		–		–		–		–		(54)
Less: Net income (loss) attributed to participating<br>policyholders		65		(15)		–		–		–		50
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders(post-tax)	$	519	$	309	$	186	$	297	$	95	$	1,406
Reconciliations of DOE line items to the consolidated financial statements and DOEpresentation
	1Q23
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result reconciliation
Total insurance service result - financial statements	$	370	$	259	$	173	$	–	$	47	$	849
Less: Insurance service result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		26		–		1		–		(1)		26
NCI		40		–		–		–		–		40
Participating policyholders		(51)		26		–		–		–		(25)
Core net insurance result		355		233		172		–		48		808
Core net insurance result, CER adjustment^(1)^		(8)		–		(2)		–		(1)		(11)
Core net insurance result, CER basis	$	347	$	233	$	170	$	–	$	47	$	797
Total investment result reconciliation
Total investment result per financial statements	$	285	$	463	$	101	$	(260)	$	381	$	970
Less: Reclassify net investment result in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of<br>the DOE		–		(346)		–		260		–		(86)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(2)^		–		–		–		–		(137)		(137)
Less: Other		–		–		–		–		–		–
Net investment result		285		117		101		–		244		747
Less: Net investment result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		34		(40)		(200)		–		81		(125)
NCI		24		–		–		–		–		24
Participating policyholders		3		–		–		–		–		3
Core net investment result		224		157		301		–		163		845
Core net investment result, CER adjustment^(1)^		(10)		–		(2)		–		1		(11)
Core net investment result, CER basis	$	214	$	157	$	299	$	–	$	164	$	834
Manulife Bank and Global WAM by DOE line reconciliation
Manulife Bank and Global WAM net income attributed to shareholders	$	–	$	65	$	–	$	345	$	–	$	410
Less: Manulife Bank and Global WAM attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		–		5		–		13		–		18
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM		–		60		–		332		–		392
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CER adjustment^(1)^		–		–		–		(2)		–		(2)
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CERbasis	$	–	$	60	$	–	$	330	$	–	$	390
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(2)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	65
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 1Q23 (continued)

	1Q23
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Other reconciliation
Other revenue per financial statements	$	10	$	72	$	24	$	1,665	$	(80)	$	1,691
General expenses per financial statements		(48)		(123)		(74)		(726)		(115)		(1,086)
Commission related to non-insurance contracts		(2)		(16)		(1)		(329)		10		(338)
Interest expense per financial statements		(2)		(232)		(4)		(5)		(124)		(367)
Total financial statements values included in Other		(42)		(299)		(55)		605		(309)		(100)
Less: Reclassify Other in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of the DOE		–		281		–		(605)		–		(324)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(1)^		–		–		–		–		137		137
Other		–		–		–		–		–		–
Other		(42)		(18)		(55)		–		(172)		(287)
Less: Other attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(9)		(1)		(53)		–		36		(27)
NCI		–		–		–		–		–		–
Participating policyholders		(2)		(3)		–		–		–		(5)
Add: Par earnings transfer to shareholders		9		2		–		–		–		11
Core Other		(22)		(12)		(2)		–		(208)		(244)
Core Other, CER adjustment^(2)^		1		–		–		–		–		1
Core Other, CER basis	$	(21)	$	(12)	$	(2)	$	–	$	(208)	$	(243)
Income tax recovery (expense) reconciliation
Income tax recovery (expense) per financial statements	$	(105)	$	(99)	$	(33)	$	(48)	$	(24)	$	(309)
Less: Income tax recovery (expense) attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(21)		(8)		53		(3)		(38)		(17)
NCI		(10)		–		–		–		–		(10)
Participating policyholders		(6)		(6)		–		–		–		(12)
Core income tax recovery (expense)		(68)		(85)		(86)		(45)		14		(270)
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER adjustment^(2)^		2		–		1		–		–		3
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER basis	$	(66)	$	(85)	$	(85)	$	(45)	$	14	$	(267)
Net income attributable to shareholders, CERbasis^(3)^
Net insurance service result	$	362	$	259	$	171	$	–	$	47	$	839
Net investment result		276		117		100		–		244		737
Global WAM		–		–		–		342		–		342
Manulife Bank		–		65		–		–		–		65
Other		(41)		(18)		(53)		–		(173)		(285)
Net income (loss) before income taxes, CER basis	$	597	$	423	$	218	$	342	$	118	$	1,698
^(1)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
^(2)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(3)^	DOE on a CER basis adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	66
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 4Q22

($ millions, pre-tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

	4Q22
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result	$	485	$	301	$	126	$	–	$	49	$	961
Transitional net investment result		169		(69)		(259)		–		62		(97)
Global WAM		–		–		–		461		–		461
Manulife Bank		–		72		–		–		–		72
Other		(39)		(27)		(15)		–		(167)		(248)
Transitional net income (loss) before income taxes		615		277		(148)		461		(56)		1,149
Transitional income tax (expense) recovery		(122)		(135)		42		(60)		377		102
Transitional net income (loss)		493		142		(106)		401		321		1,251
Less: Transitional net income (loss) attributed to NCI		(34)		–		–		–		(1)		(35)
Less: Transitional net income (loss) attributed to participating<br>policyholders		34		(22)		–		–		–		12
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders(post-tax)	$	493	$	120	$	(106)	$	401	$	320	$	1,228
Reconciliations of DOE line items to the consolidated financial statements and DOEpresentation
	4Q22
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result reconciliation
Total insurance service result - financial statements	$	485	$	301	$	126	$	–	$	49	$	961
Less: Insurance service result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		69		1		10		–		(1)		79
NCI		18		–		–		–		–		18
Participating policyholders		15		84		–		–		–		99
Core net insurance result		383		216		116		–		50		765
Core net insurance result, CER adjustment^(1)^		(2)		–		(2)		–		(2)		(6)
Core net insurance result, CER basis	$	381	$	216	$	114	$	–	$	48	$	759
Transitional net investment result reconciliation
Total investment result per financial statements	$	(45)	$	(60)	$	(179)	$	(149)	$	157	$	(276)
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		214		312		(80)		–		7		453
Total including transitional impacts		169		252		(259)		(149)		164		177
Less: Reclassify net investment result in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of<br>the DOE		–		(324)		–		149		–		(175)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(2)^		–		–		–		–		(102)		(102)
Less: Other		–		3		–		–		–		3
Transitional net investment result		169		(69)		(259)		–		62		(97)
Less: Transitional net investment result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(54)		(189)		(662)		–		(75)		(980)
NCI		31		–		–		–		–		31
Participating policyholders		(15)		(2)		–		–		–		(17)
Core net investment result		207		122		403		–		137		869
Core net investment result, CER adjustment^(1)^		(3)		–		(5)		–		–		(8)
Core net investment result, CER basis	$	204	$	122	$	398	$	–	$	137	$	861
Manulife Bank and Global WAM by DOE line reconciliation
Manulife Bank and Global WAM net income attributed to shareholders	$	–	$	72	$	–	$	461	$	–	$	533
Less: Manulife Bank and Global WAM attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		–		5		–		140		–		145
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM		–		67		–		321		–		388
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CER<br>adjustment^(1)^		–		–		–		(2)		–		(2)
Core earnings in Manulife Bankand Global WAM, CER basis	$	–	$	67	$	–	$	319	$	–	$	386
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(2)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	67
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 4Q22 (continued)

	4Q22
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Other reconciliation
Other revenue per financial statements	$	15	$	67	$	17	$	1,646	$	(74)	$	1,671
General expenses per financial statements		(42)		(135)		(29)		(715)		(81)		(1,002)
Commission related to non-insurance contracts		(3)		(14)		2		(316)		11		(320)
Interest expense per financial statements		(8)		(196)		(4)		(5)		(124)		(337)
Total financial statements values included in Other		(38)		(278)		(14)		610		(268)		12
Less: Reclassify Other in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of the DOE		–		252		–		(610)		–		(358)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(1)^		–		–		–		–		101		101
Other		(1)		(1)		(1)		–		–		(3)
Other		(39)		(27)		(15)		–		(167)		(248)
Less: Other attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		–		–		–		–		22		22
NCI		–		–		–		–		–		–
Participating policyholders		(7)		(1)		–		–		–		(8)
Add: Par earnings transfer to shareholders		20		(2)		–		–		–		18
Core Other		(12)		(28)		(15)		–		(189)		(244)
Core Other, CER adjustment^(2)^		(1)		–		–		–		1		–
Core Other, CER basis	$	(13)	$	(28)	$	(15)	$	–	$	(188)	$	(244)
Income tax recovery (expense) reconciliation
Income tax recovery (expense) per financial statements	$	(102)	$	(14)	$	23	$	(60)	$	379	$	226
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		(20)		(121)		19		–		(2)		(124)
Transitional income tax recovery (expense)		(122)		(135)		42		(60)		377		102
Less: Transitional income tax recovery (expense) attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(18)		6		138		(13)		306		419
NCI		(13)		–		–		–		–		(13)
Participating policyholders		(9)		(60)		–		–		–		(69)
Core income tax recovery (expense)		(82)		(81)		(96)		(47)		71		(235)
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER adjustment^(2)^		2		–		2		(1)		–		3
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER basis	$	(80)	$	(81)	$	(94)	$	(48)	$	71	$	(232)
Net income (loss) attributed to NCI	$	32	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	1	$	33
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		2		–		–		–		–		2
Transitional net income (loss) to NCI	$	34	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	1	$	35
Net income (loss) attributed to participating policyholders	$	(47)	$	22	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	(25)
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		13		–		–		–		–		13
Transitional net income (loss) to participating<br>policyholders	$	(34)	$	22	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	(12)
Transitional net income attributable to shareholders, CER basis^(3)^
Net insurance service result	$	483	$	301	$	125	$	–	$	48	$	957
Net investment result		165		(69)		(256)		–		62		(98)
Global WAM		–		–		–		454		–		454
Manulife Bank		–		72		–		–		–		72
Other		(40)		(27)		(16)		–		(168)		(251)
Transitional net income (loss) before income taxes, CERbasis	$	608	$	277	$	(147)	$	454	$	(58)	$	1,134
^(1)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
^(2)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(3)^	DOE on a CER basis adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	68
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 3Q22

($ millions, pre-tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

	3Q22
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result	$	296	$	319	$	40	$	–	$	(206)	$	449
Transitional net investment result		(99)		260		334		–		(125)		370
Global WAM		–		–		–		324		–		324
Manulife Bank		–		66		–		–		–		66
Other		(47)		(23)		(16)		–		(197)		(283)
Transitional net income (loss) before income taxes		150		622		358		324		(528)		926
Transitional income tax (expense) recovery		(20)		(151)		(44)		(37)		47		(205)
Transitional net income (loss)		130		471		314		287		(481)		721
Less: Transitional net income (loss) attributed to NCI		(33)		–		–		–		–		(33)
Less: Transitional net income (loss) attributed to participating<br>policyholders		79		10		–		–		–		89
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders(post-tax)	$	176	$	481	$	314	$	287	$	(481)	$	777
Reconciliations of DOE line items to the consolidated financialstatements and DOE presentation
	3Q22
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result reconciliation
Total insurance service result - financial statements	$	296	$	319	$	40	$	–	$	(206)	$	449
Less: Insurance service result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(13)		28		(12)		–		–		3
NCI		20		–		–		–		–		20
Participating policyholders		(56)		–		–		–		–		(56)
Core net insurance result		345		291		52		–		(206)		482
Core net insurance result, CER adjustment^(1)^		5		1		1		–		(5)		2
Core net insurance result, CER basis	$	350	$	292	$	53	$	–	$	(211)	$	484
Transitional net investment result reconciliation
Total investment result per financial statements	$	17	$	968	$	(631)	$	(292)	$	(19)	$	43
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		(116)		(406)		965		–		(1)		442
Total including transitional impacts		(99)		562		334		(292)		(20)		485
Less: Reclassify net investment result in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of<br>the DOE		–		(299)		–		292		–		(7)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(2)^		–		–		–		–		(105)		(105)
Less: Other		–		(3)		–		–		–		(3)
Transitional net investment result		(99)		260		334		–		(125)		370
Less: Transitional net investment result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(262)		131		(135)		–		(200)		(466)
NCI		15		–		–		–		–		15
Participating policyholders		(5)		(16)		–		–		–		(21)
Core net investment result		153		145		469		–		75		842
Core net investment result, CER adjustment^(1)^		3		(1)		13		–		–		15
Core net investment result, CER basis	$	156	$	144	$	482	$	–	$	75	$	857
Manulife Bank and Global WAM by DOE line reconciliation
Manulife Bank and Global WAM net income attributed to shareholders	$	–	$	66	$	–	$	324	$	–	$	390
Less: Manulife Bank and Global WAM attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		–		(4)		–		(81)		–		(85)
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM		–		70		–		405		–		475
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CER adjustment^(1)^		–		–		–		7		–		7
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CERbasis	$	–	$	70	$	–	$	412	$	–	$	482
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(2)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	69
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 3Q22 (continued)

	3Q22
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Other reconciliation
Other revenue per financial statements	$	47	$	62	$	51	$	1,555	$	(168)	$	1,547
General expenses per financial statements		(89)		(126)		(65)		(618)		(16)		(914)
Commission related to non-insurance contracts		(4)		(12)		1		(319)		2		(332)
Interest expense per financial statements		(1)		(182)		(3)		(2)		(121)		(309)
Total financial statements values included in Other		(47)		(258)		(16)		616		(303)		(8)
Less: Reclassify Other in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of the DOE		–		233		–		(616)		–		(383)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(1)^		–		–		–		–		106		106
Other		–		2		–		–		–		2
Other		(47)		(23)		(16)		–		(197)		(283)
Less: Other attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		16		–		(15)		–		(85)		(84)
NCI		1		–		–		–		–		1
Participating policyholders		2		–		–		–		–		2
Add: Par earnings transfer to shareholders		9		2		–		–		–		11
Core Other		(57)		(21)		(1)		–		(112)		(191)
Core Other, CER adjustment^(2)^		–		–		–		–		–		–
Core Other, CER basis	$	(57)	$	(21)	$	(1)	$	–	$	(112)	$	(191)
Income tax recovery (expense) reconciliation
Income tax recovery (expense) per financial statements	$	(43)	$	(186)	$	160	$	(37)	$	46	$	(60)
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		23		35		(204)		–		1		(145)
Transitional income tax recovery (expense)		(20)		(151)		(44)		(37)		47		(205)
Less: Transitional income tax recovery (expense) attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		47		(65)		39		14		34		69
NCI		(3)		–		–		–		–		(3)
Participating policyholders		(10)		8		–		–		–		(2)
Core income tax recovery (expense)		(54)		(94)		(83)		(51)		13		(269)
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER adjustment^(2)^		(2)		–		(3)		–		–		(5)
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER basis	$	(56)	$	(94)	$	(86)	$	(51)	$	13	$	(274)
Net income (loss) attributed to NCI	$	34	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	34
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		(1)		–		–		–		–		(1)
Transitional net income (loss) to NCI	$	33	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	33
Net income (loss) attributed to participating policyholders	$	(91)	$	(10)	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	(101)
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		12		–		–		–		–		12
Transitional net income (loss) to participating<br>policyholders	$	(79)	$	(10)	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	(89)
Transitional net income attributable to shareholders, CER basis^(3)^
Net insurance service result	$	297	$	319	$	41	$	–	$	(211)	$	446
Net investment result		(96)		260		343		–		(125)		382
Global WAM		–		–		–		331		–		331
Manulife Bank		–		66		–		–		–		66
Other		(46)		(23)		(17)		–		(197)		(283)
Transitional net income (loss) before income taxes, CERbasis	$	155	$	622	$	367	$	331	$	(533)	$	942
^(1)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
^(2)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(3)^	DOE on a CER basis adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	70
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – YTD 2023

($ millions, pre– tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

	YTD 2023
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result	$	1,297	$	887	$	412	$	–	$	145	$	2,741
Net investment result	****	193	****	115	****	161	****	–	****	737	****	1,206
Global WAM	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	1,072	****	–	****	1,072
Manulife Bank	****	–	****	179	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	179
Other	****	(93)	****	(70)	****	(66)	****	1	****	(641)	****	(869)
Net income (loss) before income taxes	****	1,397	****	1,111	****	507	****	1,073	****	241	****	4,329
Income tax (expense) recovery	****	(331)	****	(257)	****	(66)	****	(140)	****	271	****	(523)
Net income (loss)	****	1,066	****	854	****	441	****	933	****	512	****	3,806
Less: Net income (loss) attributed to NCI	****	(104)	****	–	****	–	****	(1)	****	–	****	(105)
Less: Net income (loss) attributed to participating<br>policyholders	****	(229)	****	(28)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(257)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post–tax)	$	733	$	826	$	441	$	932	$	512	$	3,444
Reconciliations of DOE line items to the consolidated financial statements and DOEpresentation
	YTD 2023
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result reconciliation
Total insurance service result – financial statements	$	1,297	$	887	$	412	$	–	$	145	$	2,741
Less: Insurance service result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings	****	(130)	****	7	****	(76)	****	–	****	(1)	****	(200)
NCI	****	68	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	68
Participating policyholders	****	248	****	68	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	316
Core net insurance result	****	1,111	****	812	****	488	****	–	****	146	****	2,557
Core net insurance result, CER adjustment^(1)^	****	(14)	****	(1)	****	(1)	****	–	****	–	****	(16)
Core net insurance result, CER basis	$	1,097	$	811	$	487	$	–	$	146	$	2,541
Total investment result reconciliation
Total investment result per financial statements	$	193	$	1,206	$	161	$	(807)	$	1,132	$	1,885
Less: Reclassify net investment result in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of<br>the DOE	****	–	****	(1,068)	****	–	****	807	****	–	****	(261)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(2)^	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(395)	****	(395)
Less: Other	****	–	****	(23)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(23)
Net investment result	****	193	****	115	****	161	****	–	****	737	****	1,206
Less: Net investment result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings	****	(558)	****	(354)	****	(937)	****	–	****	259	****	(1,590)
NCI	****	55	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	55
Participating policyholders	****	24	****	(7)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	17
Core net investment result	****	672	****	476	****	1,098	****	–	****	478	****	2,724
Core net investment result, CER adjustment^(1)^	****	(16)	****	1	****	(3)	****	–	****	1	****	(17)
Core net investment result, CER basis	$	656	$	477	$	1,095	$	–	$	479	$	2,707
Manulife Bank and Global WAM by DOE line reconciliation
Manulife Bank and Global WAM net income attributed to shareholders	$	–	$	179	$	–	$	1,072	$	–	$	1,251
Less: Manulife Bank and Global WAM attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings	****	–	****	(6)	****	–	****	(45)	****	–	****	(51)
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM	****	–	****	185	****	–	****	1,117	****	–	****	1,302
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CER adjustment^(1)^	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(3)	****	–	****	(3)
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CERbasis	$	–	$	185	$	–	$	1,114	$	–	$	1,299
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(2)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	71
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – YTD 2023 (continued)

	YTD 2023
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Other reconciliation
Other revenue per financial statements	$	83	$	197	$	71	$	5,021	$	(345)	$	5,027
General expenses per financial statements	****	(161)	****	(378)	****	(128)	****	(2,138)	****	(345)	****	(3,150)
Commission related to non– insurance contracts	****	(7)	****	(43)	****	2	****	(992)	****	30	****	(1,010)
Interest expense per financial statements	****	(8)	****	(758)	****	(11)	****	(11)	****	(376)	****	(1,164)
Total financial statements values included in Other	****	(93)	****	(982)	****	(66)	****	1,880	****	(1,036)	****	(297)
Less: Reclassify Other in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of the DOE	****	–	****	889	****	–	****	(1,879)	****	–	****	(990)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(1)^	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	395	****	395
Other	****	–	****	23	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	23
Other	****	(93)	****	(70)	****	(66)	****	1	****	(641)	****	(869)
Less: Other attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings	****	19	****	(6)	****	(54)	****	–	****	6	****	(35)
NCI	****	6	****	–	****	–	****	1	****	–	****	7
Participating policyholders	****	2	****	(11)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(9)
Add: Par earnings transfer to shareholders	****	24	****	6	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	30
Core Other	****	(96)	****	(47)	****	(12)	****	–	****	(647)	****	(802)
Core Other, CER adjustment^(2)^	****	3	****	–	****	(1)	****	–	****	–	****	2
Core Other, CER basis	$	(93)	$	(47)	$	(13)	$	–	$	(647)	$	(800)
Income tax recovery (expense) reconciliation
Income tax recovery (expense) per financial statements	$	(331)	$	(257)	$	(66)	$	(140)	$	271	$	(523)
Less: Income tax recovery (expense) attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings	****	(83)	****	50	****	223	****	10	****	209	****	409
NCI	****	(25)	****	–	****	–	****	(1)	****	–	****	(26)
Participating policyholders	****	(20)	****	(16)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(36)
Core income tax recovery (expense)	****	(203)	****	(291)	****	(289)	****	(149)	****	62	****	(870)
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER adjustment^(2)^	****	4	****	–	****	1	****	1	****	(1)	****	5
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER basis	$	(199)	$	(291)	$	(288)	$	(148)	$	61	$	(865)
Net income attributable to shareholders, CERbasis^(3)^
Net insurance service result	$	1,281	$	887	$	410	$	–	$	145	$	2,723
Net investment result	****	195	****	115	****	160	****	–	****	737	****	1,207
Global WAM	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	1,068	****	–	****	1,068
Manulife Bank	****	–	****	179	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	179
Other	****	(91)	****	(70)	****	(65)	****	1	****	(642)	****	(867)
Net income (loss) before income taxes, CER basis	$	1,385	$	1,111	$	505	$	1,069	$	240	$	4,310
^(1)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
^(2)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(3)^	DOE on a CER basis adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	72
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – YTD 2022

($ millions, pre– tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

	YTD 2022
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result	$	1,069	$	889	$	407	$	–	$	(166)	$	2,199
Transitional net investment result		(653)		449		1,531		–		(454)		873
Global WAM		–		–		–		830		–		830
Manulife Bank		–		143		–		–		–		143
Other		(236)		(58)		(37)		–		(680)		(1,011)
Transitional net income (loss) before income taxes		180		1,423		1,901		830		(1,300)		3,034
Transitional income tax (expense) recovery		(115)		(323)		(347)		(110)		64		(831)
Transitional net income (loss)		65		1,100		1,554		720		(1,236)		2,203
Less: Transitional net income (loss) attributed to NCI		(80)		–		–		–		–		(80)
Less: Transitional net income (loss) attributed to participating<br>policyholders		169		(22)		–		–		–		147
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders(post– tax)	$	154	$	1,078	$	1,554	$	720	$	(1,236)	$	2,270
Reconciliations of DOE line items to the consolidated financial statements and DOEpresentation
	YTD 2022
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result reconciliation
Total insurance service result – financial statements	$	1,069	$	889	$	407	$	–	$	(166)	$	2,199
Less: Insurance service result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(103)		27		169		–		(1)		92
NCI		52		–		–		–		–		52
Participating policyholders		(88)		48		–		–		–		(40)
Core net insurance result		1,208		814		238		–		(165)		2,095
Core net insurance result, CER adjustment^(1)^		20		–		11		–		(2)		29
Core net insurance result, CER basis	$	1,228	$	814	$	249	$	–	$	(167)	$	2,124
Transitional net investment result reconciliation
Total investment result per financial statements	$	(325)	$	(1,240)	$	(3,314)	$	(1,051)	$	(163)	$	(6,093)
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		(328)		2,355		4,845		–		(3)		6,869
Total including transitional impacts		(653)		1,115		1,531		(1,051)		(166)		776
Less: Reclassify net investment result in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of<br>the DOE		–		(653)		–		1,051		–		398
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(2)^		–		–		–		–		(288)		(288)
Less: Other		–		(13)		–		–		–		(13)
Transitional net investment result		(653)		449		1,531		–		(454)		873
Less: Transitional net investment result attributed to:												–
Items excluded from core earnings		(1,104)		58		346		–		(642)		(1,342)
NCI		20		–		–		–		–		20
Participating policyholders		(39)		(29)		–		–		–		(68)
Core net investment result		470		420		1,185		–		188		2,263
Core net investment result, CER adjustment^(1)^		2		–		52		–		(1)		53
Core net investment result, CER basis	$	472	$	420	$	1,237	$	–	$	187	$	2,316
Manulife Bank and Global WAM by DOE line reconciliation
Manulife Bank and Global WAM net income attributed to shareholders	$	–	$	143	$	–	$	830	$	–	$	973
Less: Manulife Bank and Global WAM attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		–		(20)		–		(370)		–		(390)
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM		–		163		–		1,200		–		1,363
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CER adjustment^(1)^		–		–		–		33		–		33
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CERbasis	$	–	$	163	$	–	$	1,233	$	–	$	1,396
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(2)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	73
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – YTD 2022 (continued)

	YTD 2022
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Other reconciliation
Other revenue per financial statements	$	41	$	195	$	84	$	4,745	$	(550)	$	4,515
General expenses per financial statements		(261)		(383)		(111)		(1,868)		(106)		(2,729)
Commission related to non-insurance contracts		(12)		(41)		2		(994)		32		(1,013)
Interest expense per financial statements		(4)		(352)		(12)		(2)		(344)		(714)
Total financial statements values included in Other		(236)		(581)		(37)		1,881		(968)		59
Less: Reclassify Other in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of the DOE		–		510		–		(1,881)		–		(1,371)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(1)^		–		–		–		–		288		288
Other		–		13		–		–		–		13
Other		(236)		(58)		(37)		–		(680)		(1,011)
Less: Other attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(29)		–		(17)		–		(280)		(326)
NCI		7		–		–		–		–		7
Participating policyholders		(7)		–		–		–		–		(7)
Add: Par earnings transfer to shareholders		26		6		–		–		–		32
Core Other		(181)		(52)		(20)		–		(400)		(653)
Core Other, CER adjustment^(2)^		–		–		(1)		–		–		(1)
Core Other, CER basis	$	(181)	$	(52)	$	(21)	$	–	$	(400)	$	(654)
Income tax recovery (expense) reconciliation
Income tax recovery (expense) per financial statements	$	(216)	$	524	$	672	$	(110)	$	63	$	933
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		101		(847)		(1,019)		–		1		(1,764)
Transitional income tax recovery (expense)		(115)		(323)		(347)		(110)		64		(831)
Less: Transitional income tax recovery (expense) attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		72		(77)		(102)		65		19		(23)
NCI		1		–		–		–		–		1
Participating policyholders		(7)		8		–		–		–		1
Core income tax recovery (expense)		(181)		(254)		(245)		(175)		45		(810)
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER adjustment^(2)^		(3)		–		(11)		(3)		–		(17)
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER basis	$	(184)	$	(254)	$	(256)	$	(178)	$	45	$	(827)
Net income (loss) attributed to NCI	$	88	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	88
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		(8)		–		–		–		–		(8)
Transitional net income (loss) to NCI	$	80	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	80
Net income (loss) attributed to participating policyholders	$	(164)	$	22	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	(142)
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		(5)		–		–		–		–		(5)
Transitional net income (loss) to participating<br>policyholders	$	(169)	$	22	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	(147)
Transitional net income attributable to shareholders, CER basis^(3)^
Net insurance service result	$	1,076	$	889	$	427	$	–	$	(168)	$	2,224
Net investment result		(632)		449		1,610		–		(453)		974
Global WAM		–		–		–		863		–		863
Manulife Bank		–		143		–		–		–		143
Other		(238)		(58)		(39)		–		(680)		(1,015)
Transitional net income (loss) before income taxes, CERbasis	$	206	$	1,423	$	1,998	$	863	$	(1,301)	$	3,189
^(1)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
^(2)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(3)^	DOE on a CER basis adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	74
---	---

Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 2022

($ millions, pre-tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

	2022
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result	$	1,554	$	1,190	$	533	$	–	$	(117)	$	3,160
Transitional net investment result		(484)		380		1,272		–		(392)		776
Global WAM		–		–		–		1,291		–		1,291
Manulife Bank		–		215		–		–		–		215
Other		(275)		(85)		(52)		–		(847)		(1,259)
Transitional net income (loss) before income taxes		795		1,700		1,753		1,291		(1,356)		4,183
Transitional income tax (expense) recovery		(237)		(458)		(305)		(170)		441		(729)
Transitional net income (loss)		558		1,242		1,448		1,121		(915)		3,454
Less: Transitional net income (loss) attributed to NCI		(114)		–		–		–		(1)		(115)
Less: Transitional net income (loss) attributed to participating<br>policyholders		203		(44)		–		–		–		159
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders(post-tax)	$	647	$	1,198	$	1,448	$	1,121	$	(916)	$	3,498
Reconciliations of DOE line items to the consolidated financial statements and DOEpresentation
	2022
	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Net insurance service result reconciliation
Total insurance service result - financial statements	$	1,554	$	1,190	$	533	$	–	$	(117)	$	3,160
Less: Insurance service result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(34)		28		179		–		(2)		171
NCI		70		–		–		–		–		70
Participating policyholders		(73)		132		–		–		–		59
Core net insurance result	$	1,591	$	1,030	$	354	$	–	$	(115)	$	2,860
Core net insurance result, CER adjustment^(1)^		18		–		9		–		(3)		24
Core net insurance result, CER basis	$	1,609	$	1,030	$	363	$	–	$	(118)	$	2,884
Transitional net investment result reconciliation
Total investment result per financial statements	$	(370)	$	(1,300)	$	(3,493)	$	(1,200)	$	(6)	$	(6,369)
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		(114)		2,667		4,765		–		4		7,322
Total including transitional impacts		(484)		1,367		1,272		(1,200)		(2)		953
Less: Reclassify net investment result in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of<br>the DOE		–		(977)		–		1,200		–		223
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(2)^		–		–		–		–		(390)		(390)
Less: Other		–		(10)		–		–		–		(10)
Transitional net investment result	$	(484)	$	380	$	1,272	$	–	$	(392)	$	776
Less: Transitional net investment result attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(1,158)		(131)		(316)		–		(717)		(2,322)
NCI		51		–		–		–		–		51
Participating policyholders		(54)		(31)		–		–		–		(85)
Core net investment result		677		542		1,588		–		325		3,132
Core net investment result, CER adjustment^(1)^		(1)		–		48		–		(1)		46
Core net investment result, CER basis	$	676	$	542	$	1,636	$	–	$	324	$	3,178
Manulife Bank and Global WAM by DOE line reconciliation
Manulife Bank and Global WAM net income attributed to shareholders	$	–	$	215	$	–	$	1,291	$	–	$	1,506
Less: Manulife Bank and Global WAM attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		–		(15)		–		(230)		–		(245)
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM	$	–	$	230	$	–	$	1,521	$	–	$	1,751
Core earnings in Manulife Bank and Global WAM, CER<br>adjustment^(1)^		–		–		–		30		–		30
Core earnings in Manulife Bankand Global WAM, CER basis	$	–	$	230	$	–	$	1,551	$	–	$	1,781
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(2)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	75
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Drivers of Earnings (“DOE”) – 2022 (continued)

	2022
	Asia			Canada			U.S.			Global<br>WAM			Corporate<br>and Other			Total
Other reconciliation
Other revenue per financial statements	$	56		$	262		$	101		$	6,391		$	(624	)	$	6,186
General expenses per financial statements		(303	)		(518	)		(140	)		(2,583	)		(187	)		(3,731	)
Commission related to non-insurance contracts		(15	)		(55	)		4			(1,310	)		43			(1,333	)
Interest expense per financial statements		(12	)		(548	)		(16	)		(7	)		(468	)		(1,051	)
Total financial statements values included in Other		(274	)		(859	)		(51	)		2,491			(1,236	)		71
Less: Reclassify Other in each of Manulife Bank in Canada and Global WAM to its own line of the DOE		–			762			–			(2,491	)		–			(1,729	)
Less: Consolidation adjustments^(1)^		–			–			–			–			389			389
Other		(1	)		12			(1	)		–			–			10
Other		(275	)		(85	)		(52	)		–			(847	)		(1,259	)
Less: Other attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		(29	)		–			(17	)		–			(258	)		(304	)
NCI		7			–			–			–			–			7
Participating policyholders		(14	)		(1	)		–			–			–			(15	)
Add: Par earnings transfer to shareholders		46			4			–			–			–			50
Core Other		(193	)		(80	)		(35	)		–			(589	)		(897	)
Core Other, CER adjustment^(2)^		(1	)		–			(2	)		–			1			(2	)
Core Other, CER basis	$	(194	)	$	(80	)	$	(37	)	$	–		$	(588	)	$	(899	)
Income tax recovery (expense) reconciliation
Income tax recovery (expense) per financial statements	$	(318	)	$	510		$	695		$	(170	)	$	442		$	1,159
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		81			(968	)		(1,000	)		–			(1	)		(1,888	)
Transitional income tax recovery (expense)		(237	)		(458	)		(305	)		(170	)		441			(729	)
Less: Transitional income tax recovery (expense) attributed to:
Items excluded from core earnings		54			(71	)		36			52			325			396
NCI		(12	)		–			–			–			–			(12	)
Participating policyholders		(16	)		(52	)		–			–			–			(68	)
Core income tax recovery (expense)		(263	)		(335	)		(341	)		(222	)		116			(1,045	)
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER adjustment^(2)^		(1	)		–			(10	)		(3	)		–			(14	)
Core income tax recovery (expense), CER basis	$	(264	)	$	(335	)	$	(351	)	$	(225	)	$	116		$	(1,059	)
Net income (loss) attributed to NCI	$	120		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	1		$	121
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		(6	)		–			–			–			–			(6	)
Transitional net income (loss) to NCI	$	114		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	1		$	115
Net income (loss) attributed to participating policyholders	$	(211	)	$	44		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	(167	)
IFRS 9 transitional impacts		8			–			–			–			–			8
Transitional net income (loss) to participating<br>policyholders	$	(203	)	$	44		$	–		$	–		$	–		$	(159	)
Transitional net income attributable to shareholders, CER basis^(3)^
Net insurance service result	$	1,559		$	1,190		$	551		$	–		$	(120	)	$	3,180
Net investment result		(467	)		380			1,354			–			(391	)		876
Global WAM		–			–			–			1,317			–			1,317
Manulife Bank		–			215			–			–			–			215
Other		(278	)		(85	)		(55	)		–			(847	)		(1,265	)
Transitional net income (loss) before income taxes, CERbasis	$	814		$	1,700		$	1,850		$	1,317		$	(1,358	)	$	4,323
^(1)^	Consolidation adjustments in Other DOE line reclassified to net investment result DOE line.
---	---
^(2)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(3)^	DOE on a CER basis adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	76
---	---

The contractual service margin (“CSM”) is a liability that represents future unearned profits on insurance contracts written. It is a component of our insurance and reinsurance contract liabilities on our Statement of Financial Position. Organic and inorganic changes in CSM include amounts attributable to participating shareholders and non-controlling interests. CSM growth is the percentage change in the CSM net of NCI compared with a prior period on a constant exchange rate basis.

Changes in CSM that are classified as organic include the following impacts:

•	Impact of new business is the impact on CSM from insurance contracts initially recognized in the period and includes<br>acquisition expense related gains (losses) which impact the CSM in the period. It excludes the impact on CSM from entering into new in-force reinsurance contracts which would generally be considered a management action.
•	Expected movement related to finance income or expenses includes interest accreted on the CSM during the period and<br>the expected change in the CSM on VFA contracts if returns are as expected.
---	---
•	CSM recognized for service provided is the portion of the CSM that is recognized in net income for service provided<br>in the period.
---	---
•	Insurance experience gains (losses) and other is primarily the change in the CSM balance from experience variances<br>that relate to future periods. This includes persistency experience and changes in future period cash flows caused by other current period experience.
---	---

Changes in CSM that are classified as inorganic include:

•	Changes in actuarial methods and assumptions that adjust the CSM;
•	Effect of movement in exchange rates over the reporting period;
---	---
•	Impact of markets; and
---	---
•	Reinsurance transactions, tax-related and other items that reflects the impact related to future cash flows from<br>items such as gains or losses on disposition of a business, the impact of enacted or substantially enacted income tax rate changes, material one-time only adjustments that are exceptional in nature and other amounts not specifically captured in the<br>previous inorganic items.
---	---

Post-tax CSM is used in the definition of financial leverage ratio and consolidated capital and is calculated as the CSM adjusted for the marginal income tax rate in the jurisdictions that report a CSM balance. Post-tax CSM net of NCI is used in the adjusted book value per share calculation and is calculated as the CSM excluding non-controlling interests adjusted for the marginal income tax rate in the jurisdictions that report this balance.

New Business CSM is the impact of new business defined above, excluding CSM attributable to non-controlling interests. New business CSM growth is the percentage change in the New Business CSM net of NCI compared with a prior period on a constant exchange rate basis.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	77

CSM and post-tax CSM information

($ millions and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

As at<br><br><br>($ millions)	Sept 30,2023		Jun 30,<br>2023		Mar 31,<br>2023		Dec 31,<br>2022		Sept 30,<br>2022
CSM	$	18,149	$	18,103	$	18,200	$	17,977	$	17,798
Less: CSM for NCI	****	(780)		(680)		(733)		(694)		(712)
CSM, net of NCI	$	17,369	$	17,423	$	17,467	$	17,283	$	17,086
CER<br>adjustment^(1)^	****	(41)		165		(324)		(288)		(273)
CSM, net of NCI, CER basis	$	17,328	$	17,588	$	17,143	$	16,995	$	16,813
CSM by segment
Asia	$	10,030	$	9,630	$	9,678	$	9,420	$	9,309
Asia NCI	****	780		680		733		694		712
Canada	****	3,662		3,656		3,659		3,675		3,558
U.S.	****	3,651		4,106		4,080		4,136		4,185
Corporate and Other	****	26		31		50		52		34
CSM	$	18,149	$	18,103	$	18,200	$	17,977	$	17,798
CSM, CER adjustment^(1)^
Asia	$	(3)	$	110	$	(287)	$	(246)	$	(173)
Asia NCI	****	(1)		10		(44)		(34)		(30)
Canada	****	–		–		–		–		–
U.S.	****	(38)		55		(37)		(42)		(100)
Corporate and Other	****	–		–		–		–		–
Total	$	(42)	$	175	$	(368)	$	(322)	$	(303)
CSM, CER basis
Asia	$	10,027	$	9,740	$	9,391	$	9,174	$	9,136
Asia NCI	****	779		690		689		660		682
Canada	****	3,662		3,656		3,659		3,675		3,558
U.S.	****	3,613		4,161		4,043		4,094		4,085
Corporate and Other	****	26		31		50		52		34
Total CSM, CER basis	$	18,107	$	18,278	$	17,832	$	17,655	$	17,495
Post-tax CSM
CSM	$	18,149	$	18,103	$	18,200	$	17,977	$	17,798
Marginal tax rate on CSM	****	(2,474)		(2,645)		(2,724)		(2,726)		(2,632)
Post-tax CSM	$	15,675	$	15,458	$	15,476	$	15,251	$	15,166
CSM, net of NCI	$	17,369	$	17,423	$	17,467	$	17,283	$	17,086
Marginal tax rate on CSM net of NCI	****	(2,377)		(2,546)		(2,617)		(2,624)		(2,526)
Post-tax CSM net of NCI	$	14,992	$	14,877	$	14,850	$	14,659	$	14,560
^(1)^	The impact of reflecting CSM and CSM net of NCI using the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Financial Position<br>in effect for 3Q23.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	78
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New business CSM detail, CER basis

($ millions pre-tax, and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

	Quarterly Results														YTD Results						Full YearResults
	3Q23		2Q23			1Q23			4Q22			3Q22			2023			2022			2022
New business CSM, net of NCI
Hong Kong	$	167	$	191		$	119		$	110		$	127		$	477	****	$	327		$	437
Japan	****	29		19			36			28			37		****	84	****		112			140
Asia Other	****	206		222			146			186			176		****	574	****		546			732
International High Net Worth																						197
Mainland China																						12
Singapore																						189
Vietnam																						305
Other Emerging Markets																						29
Asia	****	402		432			301			324			340		****	1,135	****		985			1,309
Canada	****	51		57			46			47			44		****	154	****		152			199
U.S.	****	54		103			95			71			86		****	252	****		316			387
Total new business CSM net of NCI	****	507		592			442			442			470		****	1,541	****		1,453			1,895
Asia NCI	****	46		38			19			–			2		****	103	****		20			20
Total impact of new insurance business in CSM	$	553	$	630		$	461		$	442		$	472		$	1,644	****	$	1,473		$	1,915
New business CSM, net of NCI, CER adjustment^(1),(2)^
Hong Kong	$	–	$	–		$	(1	)	$	(2	)	$	3		$	(1	)	$	15		$	13
Japan	****	–		(1	)		(3	)		(1	)		(1	)	****	(4	)		(9	)		(10	)
Asia Other	****	–		(3	)		(4	)		1			5		****	(7	)		16			17
International High Net Worth																						4
Mainland China																						–
Singapore																						10
Vietnam																						3
Other Emerging Markets																						–
Asia	****	–		(4	)		(8	)		(2	)		7		****	(12	)		22			20
Canada	****	–		–			–			–			–		****	–	****		–			–
U.S.	****	–		(1	)		–			(1	)		3		****	(1	)		15			14
Total new business CSM net of NCI	****	–		(5	)		(8	)		(3	)		10		****	(13	)		37			34
Asia NCI	****	–		(1	)		(2	)		–			–		****	(3	)		(1	)		(1	)
Total impact of new insurance business in CSM	$	–	$	(6	)	$	(10	)	$	(3	)	$	10		$	(16	)	$	36		$	33
New business CSM net of NCI, CER basis
Hong Kong	$	167	$	191		$	118		$	108		$	130		$	476	****	$	342		$	450
Japan	****	29		18			33			27			36		****	80	****		103			130
Asia Other	****	206		219			142			187			181		****	567	****		562			749
International High Net Worth																						201
Mainland China																						12
Singapore																						199
Vietnam																						308
Other Emerging Markets																						29
Asia	****	402		428			293			322			347		****	1,123	****		1,007			1,329
Canada	****	51		57			46			47			44		****	154	****		152			199
U.S.	****	54		102			95			70			89		****	251	****		331			401
Total new business CSM net of NCI, CER basis	****	507		587			434			439			480		****	1,528	****		1,490			1,929
Asia NCI, CER basis	****	46		37			17			–			2		****	100	****		19			19
Total impact of new insurance business in CSM, CERbasis	$	553	$	624		$	451		$	439		$	482		$	1,628	****	$	1,509		$	1,948
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(2)^	New business CSM for Asia Other is reported by country annually, on a full year basis. Other Emerging Markets within Asia<br>Other include Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	79
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The Company also uses financial performance measures that are prepared on a constant exchange rate basis, which exclude the impact of currency fluctuations (from local currency to Canadian dollars at a total Company level and from local currency to U.S. dollars in Asia). Such financial measures may be stated on a constant exchange rate basis or the percentage growth/decline in the financial measure on a constant exchange rate basis, using the income statement and balance sheet exchange rates effective for the third quarter of 2023.

Information supporting constant exchange rate basis for GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures is presented below and throughout this section.

Basic EPS and diluted EPS, CER basis is equal to common shareholders’ net income on a CER basis divided by the weighted average common shares outstanding and diluted weighted common shares outstanding, respectively.

General expenses, CER basis

($ millions, and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

	Quarterly Results												YTD Results					Full YearResults
	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23			4Q22			3Q22		2023			2022		2022
General expenses	$	1,042	$	1,022	$	1,086		$	1,002		$	914	$	3,150	****	$	2,729	$	3,731
CER<br>adjustment^(1)^	****	–		–		(7	)		(5	)		16	****	(7	)		70		66
General expenses, CER basis	$	1,042	$	1,022	$	1,079		$	997		$	930	$	3,143	****	$	2,799	$	3,797
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	80
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Net income financial measures on a CER basis

($ Canadian millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

										YTD Results				Full YearResults
		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22		2023		2022		2022
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders:
Asia	84	$	130	$	519	$	315	$	280	$	733	$	368	$	683
Canada	290		227		309		(73)		853	****	826		(430)		(503)
U.S.	72		183		186		(44)		(447)	****	441		(2,272)		(2,316)
Global WAM	318		317		297		401		287	****	932		720		1,121
Corporate and Other	249		168		95		316		(482)	****	512		(1,234)		(918)
Total net income (loss) attributed to shareholders	1,013		1,025		1,406		915		491	****	3,444		(2,848)		(1,933)
Preferred share dividends and other equity distributions	(54)		(98)		(52)		(97)		(51)	****	(204)		(163)		(260)
Common shareholders’ net income (loss)	959	$	927	$	1,354	$	818	$	440	$	3,240	$	(3,011)	$	(2,193)
CER adjustment(1)
Asia	–	$	8	$	(7)	$	14	$	51	$	1	$	233	$	247
Canada	–		–		(2)		(1)		17	****	(2)		64		63
U.S.	–		(1)		(3)		(3)		(8)	****	(4)		(120)		(123)
Global WAM	–		(1)		(3)		(6)		5	****	(4)		12		6
Corporate and Other	–		(8)		(2)		(8)		(15)	****	(10)		(58)		(66)
Total net income (loss) attributed to shareholders	–		(2)		(17)		(4)		50	****	(19)		131		127
Preferred share dividends and other equity distributions	–		–		–		–		–	****	–		–		–
Common shareholders’ net income (loss)	–	$	(2)	$	(17)	$	(4)	$	50	$	(19)	$	131	$	127
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders, CER basis
Asia	84	$	138	$	512	$	329	$	331	$	734	$	601	$	930
Canada	290		227		307		(74)		870	****	824		(366)		(440)
U.S.	72		182		183		(47)		(455)	****	437		(2,392)		(2,439)
Global WAM	318		316		294		395		292	****	928		732		1,127
Corporate and Other	249		160		93		308		(497)	****	502		(1,292)		(984)
Total net income (loss) attributed to shareholders, CER basis	1,013		1,023		1,389		911		541	****	3,425		(2,717)		(1,806)
Preferred share dividends and other equity distributions, CER<br>basis	(54)		(98)		(52)		(97)		(51)	****	(204)		(163)		(260)
Common shareholders’ net income (loss), CER<br>basis	959	$	925	$	1,337	$	814	$	490	$	3,221	$	(2,880)	$	(2,066)
Asia net income attributed to shareholders, U.S. dollars
Asia net income (loss) attributed to shareholders, US<br>(2)	63	$	96	$	384	$	231	$	216	$	543	$	285	$	516
CER adjustment, US<br>(1)	–		7		(2)		16		31	****	5		164		180
Asia net income (loss) attributed to shareholders, U.S. , CER<br>basis(1)	63	$	103	$	382	$	247	$	247	$	548	$	449	$	696
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (pre-tax)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	1,013	$	1,025	$	1,406	$	915	$	491	$	3,444	$	(2,848)	$	(1,933)
Tax on net income attributed to shareholders	(67)		242		287		(307)		59	****	462		(934)		(1,241)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (pre-tax)	946		1,267		1,693		608		550	****	3,906		(3,782)		(3,174)
CER<br>adjustment(1)	–		7		(21)		(8)		(9)	****	(14)		(82)		(90)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (pre-tax), CER<br>basis	946	$	1,274	$	1,672	$	600	$	541	$	3,892	$	(3,864)	$	(3,264)

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
^(2)^	Asia net income attributed to shareholders (post-tax) in Canadian dollars is translated to U.S. dollars using the U.S.<br>dollar Statement of Income rate for the reporting period.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	81
---	---

Transitional net income financial measures on a CER basis

($ Canadian millions, post-tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

								YTDResults		Full YearResults
		3Q22		2Q22		1Q22		2022		2022
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders:
Asia	493	$	176	$	(227)	$	205	$	154	$	647
Canada	120		481		271		326		1,078		1,198
U.S.	(106)		314		355		885		1,554		1,448
Global WAM	401		287		150		283		720		1,121
Corporate and Other	320		(481)		(381)		(374)		(1,236)		(916)
Total transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders	1,228		777		168		1,325		2,270		3,498
Preferred share dividends and other equity distributions	(97)		(51)		(60)		(52)		(163)		(260)
Common shareholders’ transitional net income<br>(loss)	1,131	$	726	$	108	$	1,273	$	2,107	$	3,238
CER adjustment(1)
Asia	12	$	25	$	31	$	59	$	115	$	127
Canada	(2)		12		6		9		27		25
U.S.	(2)		12		(5)		46		53		51
Global WAM	(6)		5		1		6		12		6
Corporate and Other	(8)		(16)		(18)		(24)		(58)		(66)
Total CER adjustment - transitional net income attributed to shareholders	(6)		38		15		96		149		143
Preferred share dividends and other equity distributions	–		–		–		–		–		–
Common shareholders’ transitional net income<br>(loss)	(6)	$	38	$	15	$	96	$	149	$	143
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders, CER basis
Asia	505	$	201	$	(196)	$	264	$	269	$	774
Canada	118		493		277		335		1,105		1,223
U.S.	(108)		326		350		931		1,607		1,499
Global WAM	395		292		151		289		732		1,127
Corporate and Other	312		(497)		(399)		(398)		(1,294)		(982)
Total transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders, CER basis	1,222		815		183		1,421		2,419		3,641
Preferred share dividends and other equity distributions, CER<br>basis	(97)		(51)		(60)		(52)		(163)		(260)
Common shareholders’ net income (loss), CER<br>basis	1,125	$	764	$	123	$	1,369	$	2,256	$	3,381
Asia transitional net income attributed to shareholders, U.S. dollars
Asia transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders, US (2)	363	$	134	$	(177)	$	161	$	118	$	481
CER adjustment, US<br>(1)	14		17		31		36		84		98
Asia transitional net income (loss) attributed to<br>shareholders, U.S. , CER basis(1)	377	$	151	$	(146)	$	197	$	202	$	579
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (pre-tax)
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (post-tax)	1,228	$	777	$	168	$	1,325	$	2,270	$	3,498
Tax on transitional net income attributed to shareholders	(184)		200		230		403		833		649
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders (pre-tax)	1,044		977		398		1,728		3,103		4,147
CER<br>adjustment(1)	(13)		20		49		95		164		151
Transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders<br>(pre-tax), CER basis	1,031	$	997	$	447	$	1,823	$	3,267	$	4,298

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
^(2)^	Asia transitional net income attributed to shareholders (post-tax) in Canadian dollars is translated to U.S. dollars using<br>the U.S. dollar Statement of Income rate for the reporting period.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	82
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Transitional ROE measures profitability in 2022 using common shareholders’ transitional net income (loss) as a percentage of capital deployed to earn that income. The Company calculates transitional ROE using average common shareholders’ equity quarterly, as the average of common shareholders’ equity at the start and end of the quarter, and annually, as the average of the quarterly average common shareholders’ equity for the year. Transitional ROE is a temporary measure and will be reported for 2022 comparative periods in our quarterly and annual 2023 MD&A.

	Quarterly Results								YTDResults		Full Year Results
($ millions, unless otherwise stated)	4Q22		3Q22		2Q22		1Q22		2022		2022
Total transitional net income (loss) attributed to shareholders	$	1,228	$	777	$	168	$	1,325	$	2,270	$	3,498
Preferred share dividends and other equity distributions		(97)		(51)		(60)		(52)		(163)		(260)
Common shareholders transitional net income (loss)	$	1,131	$	726	$	108	$	1,273	$	2,107	$	3,238
Annualized common shareholders transitional net income(loss)	$	4,487	$	2,876	$	437	$	5,163	$	2,817	$	3,238
Average common shareholders’ equity (see below)	$	40,667	$	40,260	$	39,095	$	38,881	$	39,412	$	39,726
Transitional ROE (annualized) (%)		11.0%		7.1%		1.1%		13.3%		7.2%		8.2%

Transitional basic EPS and transitional diluted EPS is equal to transitional common shareholders’ net income divided by the weighted average common shares outstanding and diluted weighted common shares outstanding, respectively. Transitional basic EPS and transitional diluted EPS, CER basis is equal to transitional common shareholders’ net income on a CER basis divided by the weighted average common shares outstanding and diluted weighted common shares outstanding, respectively. Each of these EPS measures are temporary and will be reported for 2022 comparative periods in our quarterly and annual 2023 MD&A.

AUMA is a financial measure of the size of the Company. It is comprised of AUM and AUA. AUM includes assets of the General Account, consisting of total invested assets and segregated funds net assets, and external client assets for which we provide investment management services, consisting of mutual fund, institutional asset management and other fund net assets. AUA are assets for which we provide administrative services only. Assets under management and administration is a common industry metric for wealth and asset management businesses.

Our Global WAM business also manages assets on behalf of other segments of the Company. Global WAM-managed AUMA is a financial measure equal to the sum of Global WAM’s AUMA and assets managed by Global WAM on behalf of other segments. It is an important measure of the assets managed by Global WAM. ****

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	83

AUM and AUMA reconciliations

(Canadian $ in millions, and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

											US (4)
											September 30, 2023
As at	Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total		Asia	U.S.
Total invested assets
Manulife Bank net lending assets	$	25,123	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	25,123		$	–
Derivative reclassification(1)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	8,141	****	8,141		****	–
Invested assets excluding above items	****	78,377	****	128,790	****	6,723	****	15,762	****	365,472		****	95,259
Total	****	103,500	****	128,790	****	6,723	****	23,903	****	398,736		****	95,259
Segregated funds net assets
Segregated funds net assets – Institutional	****	–	****	–	****	3,477	****	–	****	3,477		****	–
Segregated funds net assets – Other(2)	****	34,448	****	64,796	****	230,469	****	(47)	****	353,435		****	47,926
Total	****	34,448	****	64,796	****	233,946	****	(47)	****	356,912		****	47,926
AUM per financial statements	****	137,948	****	193,586	****	240,669	****	23,856	****	755,648		****	143,185
Mutual funds	****	–	****	–	****	266,069	****	–	****	266,069		****	–
Institutional asset management(3)	****	–	****	–	****	111,754	****	–	****	111,754		****	–
Other funds	****	–	****	–	****	14,359	****	–	****	14,359		****	–
Total AUM	****	137,948	****	193,586	****	632,851	****	23,856	****	1,147,830		****	143,185
Assets under administration	****	–	****	–	****	173,897	****	–	****	173,897		****	–
Total AUMA	$	137,948	$	193,586	$	806,748	$	23,856	$	1,321,727		$	143,185
Total AUMA, US (4)									$	977,609
Total AUMA	$	137,948	$	193,586	$	806,748	$	23,856	$	1,321,727
CER<br>adjustment(5)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Total AUMA, CER basis	$	137,948	$	193,586	$	806,748	$	23,856	$	1,321,727
Global WAM Managed AUMA
Global WAM AUMA					$	806,748
AUM managed by Global WAM for Manulife’s other<br>segments					****	201,407
Total					$	1,008,155

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	Corporate and Other consolidation adjustment related to net derivative assets reclassified from total invested assets to<br>other lines on the Statement of Financial Position.
^(2)^	Corporate and Other segregated funds net assets represent elimination of amounts held by the Company.<br>
---	---
^(3)^	Institutional asset management excludes Institutional segregated funds net assets.
---	---
^(4)^	US $ AUMA is calculated as total AUMA in Canadian $ divided by the US $ exchange rate in effect at the end of the quarter.<br>
---	---
^(5)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	84
---	---

AUM and AUMA reconciliations

(Canadian $ in millions, and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

											US (4)
											June 30, 2023
As at	Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total		Asia	U.S.
Total invested assets
Manulife Bank net lending assets	$	25,003	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	25,003		$	–
Derivative reclassification(1)		–		–		–		3,895		3,895			–
Invested assets excluding above items		83,026		132,133		5,464		18,699		374,530			99,855
Total		108,029		132,133		5,464		22,594		403,428			99,855
Segregated funds net assets
Segregated funds net assets – Institutional		–		–		3,564		–		3,564			–
Segregated funds net assets – Other(2)		35,993		67,303		235,113		(44)		362,417			50,862
Total		35,993		67,303		238,677		(44)		365,981			50,862
AUM per financial statements		144,022		199,436		244,141		22,550		769,409			150,717
Mutual funds		–		–		267,835		–		267,835			–
Institutional asset management(3)		–		–		112,491		–		112,491			–
Other funds		–		–		14,674		–		14,674			–
Total AUM		144,022		199,436		639,141		22,550		1,164,409			150,717
Assets under administration		–		–		180,430		–		180,430			–
Total AUMA	$	144,022	$	199,436	$	819,571	$	22,550	$	1,344,839		$	150,717
Total AUMA, US (4)									$	1,016,277
Total AUMA	$	144,022	$	199,436	$	819,571	$	22,550	$	1,344,839
CER<br>adjustment(5)		–		4,317		11,961		–		18,295
Total AUMA, CER basis	$	144,022	$	203,753	$	831,532	$	22,550	$	1,363,134
Global WAM Managed AUMA
Global WAM AUMA					$	819,571
AUM managed by Global WAM for Manulife’s other<br>segments						203,825
Total					$	1,023,396

All values are in US Dollars.

Note: For footnotes (1) to (5), refer to the “AUM and AUMA reconciliation” table as at September 30, 2023 above.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	85

											US (4)
											March 31, 2023
As at	Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total		Asia	U.S.
Total invested assets
Manulife Bank net lending assets	$	24,747	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	24,747		$	–
Derivative reclassification(1)		–		–		–		3,488		3,488			–
Invested assets excluding above items		82,733		136,454		5,565		21,460		384,241			100,827
Total		107,480		136,454		5,565		24,948		412,476			100,827
Segregated funds net assets
Segregated funds net assets – Institutional		–		–		3,718		–		3,718			–
Segregated funds net assets – Other(2)		36,374		67,935		231,860		(46)		360,326			50,197
Total		36,374		67,935		235,578		(46)		364,044			50,197
AUM per financial statements		143,854		204,389		241,143		24,902		776,520			151,024
Mutual funds		–		–		267,767		–		267,767			–
Institutional asset management(3)		–		–		113,781		–		113,781			–
Other funds		–		–		14,302		–		14,302			–
Total AUM		143,854		204,389		636,993		24,902		1,172,370			151,024
Assets under administration		–		–		177,510		–		177,510			–
Total AUMA	$	143,854	$	204,389	$	814,503	$	24,902	$	1,349,880		$	151,024
Total AUMA, US (4)									$	997,399
Total AUMA	$	143,854	$	204,389	$	814,503	$	24,902	$	1,349,880
CER<br>adjustment(5)		–		(224)		(4,006)		–		(8,964)
Total AUMA, CER basis	$	143,854	$	204,165	$	810,497	$	24,902	$	1,340,916
Global WAM Managed AUMA
Global WAM AUMA					$	814,503
AUM managed by Global WAM for Manulife’s other<br>segments						208,013
Total					$	1,022,516

All values are in US Dollars.

Note: For footnotes (1) to (5), refer to the “AUM and AUMA reconciliation” table as at September 30, 2023 above.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	86

											US (4)
											December 31, 2022
As at	Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total		Asia	U.S.
Total invested assets
Manulife Bank net lending assets	$	24,779	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	24,779		$	–
Derivative reclassification(1)		–		–		–		5,701		5,701			–
Invested assets excluding above items		82,150		133,635		5,752		15,317		369,662			98,628
Total		106,929		133,635		5,752		21,018		400,142			98,628
Segregated funds net assets
Segregated funds net assets – Institutional		–		–		3,719		–		3,719			–
Segregated funds net assets – Other(2)		35,695		65,490		220,471		(40)		344,843			48,333
Total		35,695		65,490		224,190		(40)		348,562			48,333
AUM per financial statements		142,624		199,125		229,942		20,978		748,704			146,961
Mutual funds		–		–		258,273		–		258,273			–
Institutional asset management(3)		–		–		109,740		–		109,740			–
Other funds		–		–		13,617		–		13,617			–
Total AUM		142,624		199,125		611,572		20,978		1,130,334			146,961
Assets under administration		–		–		170,768		–		170,768			–
Total AUMA	$	142,624	$	199,125	$	782,340	$	20,978	$	1,301,102		$	146,961
Total AUMA, US (4)									$	960,259
Total AUMA	$	142,624	$	199,125	$	782,340	$	20,978	$	1,301,102
CER<br>adjustment(5)		–		(468)		(4,247)		–		(9,222)
Total AUMA, CER basis	$	142,624	$	198,657	$	778,093	$	20,978	$	1,291,880
Global WAM Managed AUMA
Global WAM AUMA					$	782,340
AUM managed by Global WAM for Manulife’s other<br>segments						201,920
Total					$	984,260

All values are in US Dollars.

Note: For footnotes (1) to (5), refer to the “AUM and AUMA reconciliation” table as at September 30, 2023 above.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	87

											US (4)
											September 30, 2022
As at	Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total		Asia	U.S.
Total invested assets
Manulife Bank net lending assets	$	24,779	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	24,779		$	–
Derivative reclassification(1)		–		–		–		5,880		5,880			–
Invested assets excluding above items		81,682		133,567		5,586		17,465		365,924			97,206
Total		106,461		133,567		5,586		23,345		396,583			97,206
Segregated funds net assets
Segregated funds net assets – Institutional		–		–		4,118		–		4,118			–
Segregated funds net assets – Other(2)		34,773		63,996		210,351		(26)		331,127			46,575
Total		34,773		63,996		214,469		(26)		335,245			46,575
AUM per financial statements		141,234		197,563		220,055		23,319		731,828			143,781
Mutual funds		–		–		249,591		–		249,591			–
Institutional asset management(3)		–		–		100,474		–		100,474			–
Other funds		–		–		12,910		–		12,910			–
Total AUM		141,234		197,563		583,030		23,319		1,094,803			143,781
Assets under administration		–		–		168,316		–		168,316			–
Total AUMA	$	141,234	$	197,563	$	751,346	$	23,319	$	1,263,119		$	143,781
Total AUMA, US (4)									$	932,226
Total AUMA	$	141,234	$	197,563	$	751,346	$	23,319	$	1,263,119
CER<br>adjustment(5)		–		(3,164)		(9,329)		–		(14,988)
Total AUMA, CER basis	$	141,234	$	194,399	$	742,017	$	23,319	$	1,248,131
Global WAM Managed AUMA
Global WAM AUMA					$	751,346
AUM managed by Global WAM for Manulife’s other<br>segments						199,285
Total					$	950,631

All values are in US Dollars.

Note: For footnotes (1) to (5), refer to the “AUM and AUMA reconciliation” table as at September 30, 2023 above.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	88

Global WAM AUMA and managed AUMA by business line and geographic source

($ millions, and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

As at	Sept 30, 2023		June 30, 2023		Mar 31, 2023		Dec 31, 2022		Sept 30, 2022
Global WAM AUMA by business line
Retirement	$	410,432	$	419,380	$	413,769	$	395,108	$	380,292
Retail	****	278,372		281,814		281,198		271,351		264,029
Institutional asset management	****	117,943		118,377		119,536		115,881		107,025
Total	$	806,747	$	819,571	$	814,503	$	782,340	$	751,346
Global WAM AUMA by business line, CER basis^(1)^
Retirement	$	410,432	$	426,424	$	413,389	$	394,403	$	375,472
Retail	****	278,372		285,478		279,737		269,784		260,843
Institutional asset management	****	117,943		119,630		117,370		113,906		105,702
Total	$	806,747	$	831,532	$	810,496	$	778,093	$	742,017
Global WAM AUMA by geographic source
Asia	$	113,642	$	112,283	$	115,819	$	110,724	$	97,941
Canada	****	219,518		226,087		223,045		213,802		205,042
U.S.	****	473,587		481,201		475,639		457,814		448,363
Total	$	806,747	$	819,571	$	814,503	$	782,340	$	751,346
Global WAM AUMA by geographic source, CER basis^(1)^
Asia	$	113,642	$	113,792	$	112,289	$	107,471	$	95,799
Canada	****	219,518		226,087		223,045		213,802		205,042
U.S.	****	473,587		491,653		475,162		456,820		441,176
Total	$	806,747	$	831,532	$	810,496	$	778,093	$	742,017
Global WAM Managed AUMA by business line
Retirement	$	410,432	$	419,380	$	413,769	$	395,108	$	380,292
Retail	****	351,384		357,539		358,098		346,200		338,181
Institutional asset management	****	246,339		246,477		250,649		242,952		232,158
Total	$	1,008,155	$	1,023,396	$	1,022,516	$	984,260	$	950,631
Global WAM Managed AUMA by business line, CERbasis^(1)^
Retirement	$	410,432	$	426,424	$	413,389	$	394,403	$	375,472
Retail	****	351,384		362,210		356,599		344,528		334,260
Institutional asset management	****	246,339		250,076		248,372		240,742		229,144
Total	$	1,008,155	$	1,038,710	$	1,018,360	$	979,673	$	938,876
Global WAM Managed AUMA by geographic source
Asia	$	188,098	$	185,198	$	191,720	$	183,893	$	169,985
Canada	****	266,935		274,957		272,101		261,756		252,669
U.S.	****	553,122		563,241		558,695		538,611		527,977
Total	$	1,008,155	$	1,023,396	$	1,022,516	$	984,260	$	950,631
Global WAM Managed AUMA by geographic source, CERbasis^(1)^
Asia	$	188,098	$	188,297	$	188,123	$	180,477	$	166,694
Canada	****	266,935		274,957		272,101		261,756		252,669
U.S.	****	553,122		575,456		558,136		537,440		519,513
Total	$	1,008,155	$	1,038,710	$	1,018,360	$	979,673	$	938,876
^(1)^	AUMA adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Financial Position in effect for 3Q23.<br>
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Average assets under management and administration (“average AUMA”) is the average of Global WAM’s AUMA during the reporting period. It is a measure used in analyzing and explaining fee income and earnings of our Global WAM segment. It is calculated as the average of the opening balance of AUMA and the ending balance of AUMA using daily balances where available and month-end or quarter-end averages when daily averages are unavailable. Similarly, Global WAM average managed AUMA and average AUA are the average of Global WAM’s managed AUMA and AUA, respectively, and are calculated in a manner consistent with average AUMA. ****

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	89

Manulife Bank net lending assets is a financial measure equal to the sum of Manulife Bank’s loans and mortgages, net of allowances. Manulife Bank average net lending assets is a financial measure which is calculated as the quarter-end average of the opening and the ending balance of net lending assets. Both of these financial measures are a measure of the size of Manulife Bank’s portfolio of loans and mortgages and are used to analyze and explain its earnings.

As at<br><br><br>($ millions)	Sept 30,2023		June 30,<br>2023		Mar 31,<br>2023		Dec 31,<br>2022		Sept 30,<br>2022
Mortgages	$	51,012	$	51,459	$	52,128	$	51,765	$	51,445
Less: Mortgages not held by Manulife Bank	****	28,402		29,088		30,087		29,767		29,607
Total mortgages held by Manulife Bank	****	22,610		22,371		22,041		21,998		21,838
Loans to Bank clients	****	2,513		2,632		2,706		2,781		2,799
Manulife Bank net lending assets	$	25,123	$	25,003	$	24,747	$	24,779	$	24,637
Manulife Bank average net lending assets
Beginning of period	$	25,003	$	24,747	$	24,779	$	24,637	$	24,500
End of period	****	25,123		25,003		24,747		24,779		24,637
Manulife Bank average net lending assets byquarter	$	25,063	$	24,875	$	24,763	$	24,708	$	24,569
Manulife Bank average net lending assets –Year-to-date	$	24,951							$	24,042
Manulife Bank average net lending assets – fullyear							$	24,113

Financial leverage ratio is a debt-to-equity ratio. With the adoption of IFRS 17 on January 1, 2023, the calculation of financial leverage ratio was updated to include the CSM on a post-tax basis, and prior period comparatives were updated. The ratio is calculated as the sum of long-term debt, capital instruments and preferred shares and other equity instruments divided by the sum of long-term debt, capital instruments, equity and post-tax CSM. ****

Adjusted book value is the sum of common shareholders’ equity and post-tax CSM net of NCI. It is an important measure for monitoring growth and measuring insurance businesses’ value. Adjusted book value per common share is calculated by dividing adjusted book value by the number of common shares outstanding at the end of the period.

As at<br><br><br>($ millions)	Sept 30,2023		June 30,<br>2023		Mar 31,<br>2023		Dec 31,<br>2022		Sept 30,<br>2022
Common shareholders’ equity	$	40,747	$	39,047	$	40,715	$	40,216	$	41,118
Post tax CSM, net of NCI	****	14,992		14,877		14,850		14,659		14,560
Adjusted book value	$	55,739	$	53,924	$	55,565	$	54,875	$	55,678

Consolidated capital serves as a foundation of our capital management activities at the MFC level. Consolidated capital is calculated as the sum of: (i) total equity excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) on cash flow hedges; (ii) post-tax CSM; and (iii) certain other capital instruments that qualify as regulatory capital. For regulatory reporting purposes under the LICAT framework, the numbers are further adjusted for various additions or deductions to capital as mandated by the guidelines defined by OSFI.

As at<br><br><br>($ millions)	Sept 30,2023		June 30,<br>2023		Mar 31,<br>2023		Dec 31,<br>2022		Sept 30,<br>2022
Total equity	$	49,035	$	47,156	$	48,751	$	48,226	$	49,180
Less: AOCI gain/(loss) on cash flow hedges	****	47		–		(38)		8		(18)
Total equity excluding AOCI on cash flow hedges	****	48,988		47,156		48,789		48,218		49,198
Post-tax CSM	****	15,675		15,458		15,476		15,251		15,166
Qualifying capital instruments	****	6,702		6,662		7,317		6,122		7,118
Consolidated capital	$	71,365	$	69,276	$	71,582	$	69,591	$	71,482
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	90
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Core EBITDA is a financial measure which Manulife uses to better understand the long-term earnings capacity and valuation of our Global WAM business on a basis more comparable to how the profitability of global asset managers is generally measured. Core EBITDA presents core earnings before the impact of interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. Core EBITDA excludes certain acquisition expenses related to insurance contracts in our retirement businesses which are deferred and amortized over the expected lifetime of the customer relationship. Core EBITDA was selected as a key performance indicator for our Global WAM business, as EBITDA is widely used among asset management peers, and core earnings is a primary profitability metric for the Company overall.

Reconciliation of Global WAM core earnings to core EBITDA and Global WAM core EBITDA by business line and geographic source

($ millions, pre-tax and based on actual foreign exchange rates in effect in the applicable reporting period, unless otherwise stated)

	Quarterly Results										YTD Results				Full Year<br><br><br>Results
	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22		2023		2022		2022
Global WAM core earnings (post-tax)	$	361	$	320	$	287	$	274	$	354	$	968	$	1,025	$	1,299
Addback taxes, acquisition costs, other expenses and deferred sales commissions
Core income tax (expense) recovery (see above)	****	59		45		45		47		51	****	149		175		222
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs and other depreciation	****	41		40		40		43		36	****	121		111		154
Amortization of deferred sales commissions	****	19		19		21		25		24	****	59		73		98
Core EBITDA	$	480	$	424	$	393	$	389	$	465	$	1,297	$	1,384	$	1,773
CER<br>adjustment^(1)^	****	-		-		(3)		(3)		8	****	(3)		38		35
Core EBITDA, CER basis	$	480	$	424	$	390	$	386	$	473	$	1,294	$	1,422	$	1,808
Core EBITDA by business line
Retirement	$	242	$	233	$	217	$	211	$	232	$	692	$	672	$	883
Retail	****	190		168		171		181		207	****	529		615		796
Institutional Asset Management	****	48		23		5		(3)		26	****	76		97		94
Total	$	480	$	424	$	393	$	389	$	465	$	1,297	$	1,384	$	1,773
Core EBITDA by geographic source
Asia	$	132	$	125	$	113	$	108	$	117	$	370	$	347	$	455
Canada	****	146		148		136		129		168	****	430		488		617
U.S.	****	202		151		144		152		180	****	497		549		701
Total	$	480	$	424	$	393	$	389	$	465	$	1,297	$	1,384	$	1,773
Core EBITDA by business line, CER basis^(2)^
Retirement	$	242	$	233	$	216	$	209	$	236	$	691	$	694	$	903
Retail	****	190		167		170		180		209	****	527		627		807
Institutional Asset Management	****	48		24		4		(3)		28	****	76		101		98
Total, CER basis	$	480	$	424	$	390	$	386	$	473	$	1,294	$	1,422	$	1,808
Core EBITDA by geographic source, CER basis^(2)^
Asia	$	132	$	125	$	111	$	107	$	121	$	368	$	360	$	467
Canada	****	146		148		136		129		168	****	430		488		617
U.S.	****	202		151		143		150		184	****	496		574		724
Total, CER basis	$	480	$	424	$	390	$	386	$	473	$	1,294	$	1,422	$	1,808
^(1)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---
^(2)^	Core EBITDA adjusted to reflect the foreign exchange rates for the Statement of Income in effect for 3Q23.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	91
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Core EBITDA margin is a financial measure which Manulife uses to better understand the long-term profitability of our Global WAM business on a more comparable basis to how profitability of global asset managers are measured. Core EBITDA margin presents core earnings before the impact of interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization divided by core revenue from these businesses. Core revenue is used to calculate our core EBITDA margin, and is equal to the sum of pre-tax other revenue and investment income in Global WAM included in core EBITDA, and it excludes such items as revenue related to integration and acquisitions and market experience gains (losses). Core EBITDA margin was selected as a key performance indicator for our Global WAM business, as EBITDA margin is widely used among asset management peers, and core earnings is a primary profitability metric for the Company overall.

	Quarterly Results										YTD Results				Full Year<br><br><br>Results
($ millions, unless otherwise stated)	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22		2023		2022		2022
Core EBITDA margin
Core EBITDA	$	480	$	424	$	393	$	389	$	465	$	1,297	$	1,384	$	1,773
Core revenue	$	1,783	$	1,722	$	1,756	$	1,646	$	1,610	$	5,261	$	4,870	$	6,516
Core EBITDA margin	****	26.9%		24.6%		22.4%		23.6%		28.9%	****	24.7%		28.4%		27.2%
Global WAM core revenue
Other revenue per financial statements	$	1,645	$	1,691	$	1,691	$	1,671	$	1,547	$	5,027	$	4,515	$	6,186
Less: Other revenue in segments other than Global WAM	****	(64)		44		26		26		(9)	****	6		(231)		(205)
Other revenue in Global WAM (fee income)	$	1,709	$	1,647	$	1,665	$	1,645	$	1,556	$	5,021	$	4,746	$	6,391
Investment income per financial statements	$	4,028	$	4,135	$	3,520	$	4,271	$	3,832	$	11,683	$	10,933	$	15,204
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on assets supporting<br>insurance and investment contract liabilities per financial statements	****	(2,430)		950		1,944		(2,453)		(1,112)	****	464		(11,193)		(13,646)
Total investment income	****	1,598		5,085		5,464		1,818		2,720	****	12,147		(260)		1,558
Less: Investment income in segments other than Global<br>WAM	****	1,578		5,010		5,357		1,672		2,748	****	11,945		(13)		1,659
Investment income in Global WAM	$	20	$	75	$	107	$	146	$	(28)	$	202	$	(247)	$	(101)
Total other revenue and investment income in Global WAM	$	1,729	$	1,722	$	1,772	$	1,791	$	1,528	$	5,223	$	4,499	$	6,290
Less: Total revenue reported in items excluded from core earnings
Market experience gains (losses)	****	(54)		7		12		55		(82)	****	(35)		(371)		(316)
Revenue related to integration and acquisitions	****	–		(7)		4		90		–	****	(3)		–		90
Global WAM core revenue	$	1,783	$	1,722	$	1,756	$	1,646	$	1,610	$	5,261	$	4,870	$	6,516

Expense measures

With the adoption of IFRS 17, we have replaced core general expenses with two new measures: core expenses and core expenditures. Under IFRS 17, expenses previously reported in general expenses are now reported as:

1.	General expenses that flow directly through income;
2.	Directly attributable maintenance expenses, which are reported in insurance service expenses and flow directly through<br>income;
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3.	Directly attributable acquisition expenses for contracts measured using the PAA method which are reported in insurance<br>service expenses, and flow directly through income; and
---	---
4.	Directly attributable acquisition expenses that are capitalized into the CSM.
---	---

Total expenses include items 1 to 3 above and total expenditures include items 1 to 4 above.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	92

Core expenses is used to calculate our expense efficiency ratio and is equal to total expenses that are included in core earnings and excludes such items as material legal provisions for settlements, restructuring charges and expenses related to integration and acquisitions.

	Quarterly Results										YTD Results				Full YearResults
($ millions, and based on actual foreign<br>exchange rates in effect in the applicable<br>reporting period, unless otherwise stated)	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22		2023		2022		2022
Core expenses
General expenses - Statements of Income	$	1,042	$	1,022	$	1,086	$	1,002	$	914	$	3,150	$	2,729	$	3,731
Directly attributable acquisition expense for contracts measured using the PAA method^(1)^	****	37		35		33		15		17	****	105		43		58
Directly attributable maintenance expense^(1)^	****	544		550		546		577		497	****	1,640		1,462		2,039
Total expenses	****	1,623		1,607		1,665		1,594		1,428	****	4,895		4,234		5,828
Less: General expenses included in items excluded from core earnings
Restructuring charge	****	–		–		–		–	****	–	****	–		–		–
Integration and acquisition	****	–		–		–		18		–	****	–		8		26
Legal provisions and Other expenses	****	1		9		60		-		39	****	70		40		40
Total	****	1		9		60		18		39	****	70		48		66
Core expenses	$	1,622	$	1,598	$	1,605	$	1,576	$	1,389	$	4,825	$	4,186	$	5,762
CER<br>adjustment^(2)^	****	–		(5)		(17)		(9)		20	****	(22)		81		72
Core expenses, CER basis	$	1,622	$	1,593	$	1,588	$	1,567	$	1,409	$	4,803	$	4,267	$	5,834
Total expenses	$	1,623	$	1,607	$	1,665	$	1,594	$	1,428	$	4,895	$	4,234	$	5,828
CER<br>adjustment^(2)^	****	–		(6)		(16)		(9)		21	****	(22)		82		73
Total expenses, CER basis	$	1,623	$	1,601	$	1,649	$	1,585	$	1,449	$	4,873	$	4,316	$	5,901
^(1)^	Expenses are components of insurance service expenses on the Statements of Income that flow directly through income.<br>
---	---
^(2)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
---	---

Core expenditures is used to calculate our expenditure efficiency ratio and is equal to total expenditures excluding such items as material legal provisions for settlements, restructuring charges and expenses related to integration and acquisitions. Total expenditures is equal to the sum of total expenses and costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of new business that are capitalized into the CSM.

	Quarterly Results										YTD Results				Full YearResults
($ millions, and based on actual foreign<br>exchange rates in effect in the applicable<br>reporting period, unless otherwise stated)	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22		2023		2022		2022
Core expenditures
Total expenses	$	1,623	$	1,607	$	1,665	$	1,594	$	1,428	$	4,895	$	4,234	$	5,828
Directly attributable acquisition expenses capitalized through the<br>CSM^(1)^	****	489		501		507		532		467	****	1,497		1,377		1,909
Total expenditures	****	2,112		2,108		2,172		2,126		1,895	****	6,392		5,611		7,737
Less: General expenses included in items excluded from core<br>earnings (see core expenses reconciliation above)	****	1		9		60		18		39	****	70		48		66
Core expenditures	$	2,111	$	2,099	$	2,112	$	2,108	$	1,856	$	6,322	$	5,563	$	7,671
CER<br>adjustment^(2)^	****	–		(13)		(30)		(16)		26	****	(43)		89		73
Core expenditures, CER basis	$	2,111	$	2,086	$	2,082	$	2,092	$	1,882	$	6,279	$	5,652	$	7,744
Total expenditures	$	2,112	$	2,108	$	2,172	$	2,126	$	1,895	$	6,392	$	5,611	$	7,737
CER<br>adjustment^(2)^	****	–		(14)		(29)		(16)		28	****	(43)		90		74
Total expenditures, CER basis	$	2,112	$	2,094	$	2,143	$	2,110	$	1,923	$	6,349	$	5,701	$	7,811
^(1)^	Expenses are components of insurance service expenses on the Statements of Income and are then capitalized to CSM.<br>
---	---
^(2)^	The impact of updating foreign exchange rates to that which was used in 3Q23.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	93
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Expense efficiency ratio is a financial measure which Manulife uses to measure progress towards our target to be more efficient. It is defined as core expenses divided by the sum of core earnings before income taxes (“pre-tax core earnings”) and core expenses.

Expenditure efficiency ratio is a financial measure which Manulife uses to measure progress towards our target to be more efficient. It is defined as core expenditures divided by the sum of core earnings before income taxes (“pre-tax core earnings”) and core expenditures.

Embedded value(“EV”) is a measure of the present value of shareholders’ interests in the expected future distributable earnings on in-force business reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position of Manulife, excluding any value associated with future new business. EV is calculated as the sum of the adjusted net worth and the value of in-force business calculated as at December 31. The adjusted net worth is the IFRS shareholders’ equity adjusted for goodwill and intangible assets, fair value of surplus assets, the fair value of debt, preferred shares, and other equity, and local statutory balance sheet, regulatory reserve, and capital for our Asian businesses. The value of in-force business in Canada and the U.S. is the present value of expected future IFRS earnings, on an IFRS 4 basis, on in-force business less the present value of the cost of holding capital to support the in-force business under the LICAT framework. The value of in-force business in Asia reflects local statutory earnings and capital requirements. The value of in-force business excludes Global WAM, Bank or P&C Reinsurance businesses.

Net annualized fee income yield on average AUMA (“Net fee income yield”) is a financial measure that represents the net annualized fee income from Global WAM channels over average AUMA. This measure provides information on Global WAM’s adjusted return generated from managing AUMA.

Net annualized feeincome is a financial measure that represents Global WAM income before income taxes, adjusted to exclude items unrelated to net fee income, including general expenses, investment income, non-AUMA related net benefits and claims, and net premium taxes. It also excludes the components of Global WAM net fee income from managing assets on behalf of other segments. This measure is annualized based on the number of days in the year divided by the number of days in the reporting period.

Reconciliation of income before income taxes to net fee income yield

	Quarterly Results										YTD Results				Full YearResults
($ millions, unless otherwise stated)	3Q23		2Q23		1Q23		4Q22		3Q22		2023		2022		2022
Income before income taxes	$	1,174	$	1,436	$	1,719	$	697	$	484	$	4,329	$	(3,835)	$	(3,138)
Less: Income before income taxes for segments other than Global<br>WAM	****	808		1,074		1,374		236		160	****	3,256		(4,665)		(4,429)
Global WAM income before income taxes	****	366		362		345		461		324	****	1,073		830		1,291
Items unrelated to net fee income	****	717		674		676		527		658	****	2,067		2,126		2,653
Global WAM net fee income	****	1,083		1,036		1,021		988		982	****	3,140		2,956		3,944
Less: Net fee income from other segments	****	171		142		136		134		136	****	449		413		547
Global WAM net fee income excluding net fee income from other<br>segments	****	912		894		885		854		846	****	2,691		2,543		3,397
Net annualized fee income	$	3,618	$	3,584	$	3,589	$	3,388	$	3,356	$	3,597	$	3,400	$	3,397
Average Assets under Management and Administration	$	813,157	$	814,945	$	804,455	$	779,642	$	773,575	$	812,341	$	787,876	$	790,268
Net fee income yield (bps)	****	44.5		44.0		44.6		43.5		43.4	****	44.3		43.2		43.0

New business value (“NBV”) is the change in embedded value as a result of sales in the reporting period. The definition of NBV has changed for periods beginning after 2022 as follows:

•	adopting IFRS 17 in the calculation of expected future distributable earnings in Canada, and international high net worth<br>business, which was reclassified to the Asia segment in 2023; and
•	changing the basis for calculating expected future distributable earnings in the U.S. from IFRS to local capital<br>requirements.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	94
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NBV for periods beginning after December 31, 2022 is calculated as the present value of shareholders’ interests in expected future distributable earnings in accordance with IFRS 17, after the cost of capital calculated under the LICAT framework in Canada and the local capital requirements in the U.S. and Asia, on actual new business sold in the period using assumptions that are consistent with the assumptions used in the calculation of embedded value.

NBV for periods prior to January 1, 2023 is calculated as the present value of shareholders’ interests in expected future distributable earnings in accordance with IFRS 4 “Insurance Contracts”, after the cost of capital calculated under the LICAT framework in Canada and the U.S. and the local capital requirements in Asia, on actual new business sold in the period using assumptions that are consistent with the assumptions used in the calculation of embedded value.

NBV excludes businesses with immaterial insurance risks, such as the Company’s Global WAM, Manulife Bank and the P&C Reinsurance businesses. NBV is a useful metric to evaluate the value created by the Company’s new business franchise.

New business value margin (“NBV margin”) is calculated as NBV divided by APE sales excluding non-controlling interests. APE sales are calculated as 100% of regular premiums and deposits sales and 10% of single premiums and deposits sales. NBV margin is a useful metric to help understand the profitability of our new business.

Sales are measured according to product type:

For individual insurance, sales include 100% of new annualized premiums and 10% of both excess and single premiums. For individual insurance, new annualized premiums reflect the annualized premium expected in the first year of a policy that requires premium payments for more than one year. Single premium is the lump sum premium from the sale of a single premium product, e.g. travel insurance. Sales are reported gross before the impact of reinsurance.

For group insurance, sales include new annualized premiums and administrative services only premium equivalents on new cases, as well as the addition of new coverages and amendments to contracts, excluding rate increases.

Insurance-based wealth accumulation product sales include all new deposits into variable and fixed annuity contracts. As we discontinued sales of new variable annuity contracts in the U.S. in 1Q13, subsequent deposits into existing U.S. variable annuity contracts are not reported as sales. Asia variable annuity deposits are included in APE sales.

APE sales are comprised of 100% of regular premiums and deposits and 10% of excess and single premiums and deposits for both insurance and insurance-based wealth accumulation products.

Gross flows is a new business measure presented for our Global WAM business and includes all deposits into mutual funds, group pension/retirement savings products, private wealth and institutional asset management products. Gross flows is a common industry metric for WAM businesses as it provides a measure of how successful the businesses are at attracting assets.

Net flows is presented for our Global WAM business and includes gross flows less redemptions for mutual funds, group pension/retirement savings products, private wealth and institutional asset management products. In addition, net flows include the net flows of exchange traded funds and non-proprietary product sold by Manulife Securities. Net flows is a common industry metric for WAM businesses as it provides a measure of how successful the businesses are at attracting and retaining assets. When net flows are positive, they are referred to as net inflows. Conversely, negative net flows are referred to as net outflows.

Remittances is defined as the cash remitted or available for distribution to the Manulife Group from operating subsidiaries and excess capital generated by standalone Canadian operations. It is one of the key metrics used by management to evaluate our financial flexibility.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	95

E4	Caution regarding forward-looking statements

From time to time, MFC makes written and/or oral forward-looking statements, including in this document. In addition, our representatives may make forward-looking statements orally to analysts, investors, the media and others. All such statements are made pursuant to the “safe harbour” provisions of Canadian provincial securities laws and the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

The forward-looking statements in this document include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to the impact of changes in tax laws, the estimated timing and amount of state approved future premium increases on our U.S. LTC business, the probability and impact of LICAT scenario switches and also relate to, among other things, our objectives, goals, strategies, intentions, plans, beliefs, expectations and estimates, and can generally be identified by the use of words such as “may”, “will”, “could”, “should”, “would”, “likely”, “suspect”, “outlook”, “expect”, “intend”, “estimate”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “plan”, “forecast”, “objective”, “seek”, “aim”, “continue”, “goal”, “restore”, “embark” and “endeavour” (or the negative thereof) and words and expressions of similar import, and include statements concerning possible or assumed future results. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, such statements involve risks and uncertainties, and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements and they should not be interpreted as confirming market or analysts’ expectations in any way.

Certain material factors or assumptions are applied in making forward-looking statements and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations include but are not limited to: general business and economic conditions (including but not limited to the performance, volatility and correlation of equity markets, interest rates, credit and swap spreads, inflation rates, currency rates, investment losses and defaults, market liquidity and creditworthiness of guarantors, reinsurers and counterparties); the ongoing prevalence of COVID-19, including any variants, as well as actions that have been, or may be taken by governmental authorities in response to COVID-19, including the impacts of any variants; changes in laws and regulations; changes in accounting standards applicable in any of the territories in which we operate; changes in regulatory capital requirements; our ability to obtain premium rate increases on in-force policies; our ability to execute strategic plans and changes to strategic plans; downgrades in our financial strength or credit ratings; our ability to maintain our reputation; impairments of goodwill or intangible assets or the establishment of provisions against future tax assets; the accuracy of estimates relating to morbidity, mortality and policyholder behaviour; the accuracy of other estimates used in applying accounting policies, actuarial methods and embedded value methods; our ability to implement effective hedging strategies and unforeseen consequences arising from such strategies; our ability to source appropriate assets to back our long-dated liabilities; level of competition and consolidation; our ability to market and distribute products through current and future distribution channels; unforeseen liabilities or asset impairments arising from acquisitions and dispositions of businesses; the realization of losses arising from the sale of investments classified as fair value through other comprehensive income; our liquidity, including the availability of financing to satisfy existing financial liabilities on expected maturity dates when required; obligations to pledge additional collateral; the availability of letters of credit to provide capital management flexibility; accuracy of information received from counterparties and the ability of counterparties to meet their obligations; the availability, affordability and adequacy of reinsurance; legal and regulatory proceedings, including tax audits, tax litigation or similar proceedings; our ability to adapt products and services to the changing market; our ability to attract and retain key executives, employees and agents; the appropriate use and interpretation of complex models or deficiencies in models used; political, legal, operational and other risks associated with our non-North American operations; geopolitical uncertainty, including international conflicts; acquisitions and our ability to complete acquisitions including the availability of equity and debt financing for this purpose; the disruption of or changes to key elements of the Company’s or public infrastructure systems; environmental concerns, including climate change; our ability to protect our intellectual property and exposure to claims of infringement; and our inability to withdraw cash from subsidiaries.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	96

Additional information about material risk factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations and about material factors or assumptions applied in making forward-looking statements may be found in this document under “Risk Management and Risk Factors Update” and “Critical Actuarial and Accounting Policies”, under “Risk Management and Risk Factors” and “Critical Actuarial and Accounting Policies” in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis in our most recent annual report and, in the “Risk Management” note to the consolidated financial statements in our most recent annual and interim reports and elsewhere in our filings with Canadian and U.S. securities regulators.

The forward-looking statements in this document are, unless otherwise indicated, stated as of the date hereof and are presented for the purpose of assisting investors and others in understanding our financial position and results of operations, our future operations, as well as our objectives and strategic priorities, and may not be appropriate for other purposes. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statements, except as required by law.

E5	Quarterly financial information

The following table provides summary information related to our eight most recently completed quarters. With the adoption of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9 on January 1, 2023, we have provided quarterly 2023 and restated quarterly 2022 information based on the new standard. See section A1 “Implementation of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9” for additional information. Information has not been restated prior to January 1, 2022 and as a result, quarterly 2021 information is based on what was reported in those quarters.

As at and for the three months<br>ended(1) ( millions, except per share amounts orotherwise stated,<br>unaudited)		Jun 30,<br><br><br>2023		Mar 31,<br><br><br>2023		Dec 31,<br><br><br>2022		Sept 30,<br><br><br>2022		Jun 30,<br><br><br>2022		Mar 31,<br><br><br>2022		Dec 31,<br><br><br>2021
Revenue
Insurance revenue	6,412	$	5,580	$	5,763	$	6,128	$	5,560	$	5,732	$	5,698
Net investment income	1,265		4,819		5,153		1,440		2,439		(2,454)		(1,088)
Other revenue	1,645		1,691		1,691		1,671		1,547		1,446		1,522
Total revenue	9,322	$	12,090	$	12,607	$	9,239	$	9,546	$	4,724	$	6,132
Income (loss) before income taxes	1,174	$	1,436	$	1,719	$	697	$	484	$	(2,656)	$	(1,663)
Income tax (expense) recovery	51		(265)		(309)		226		(60)		553		440
Net income (loss)	1,225	$	1,171	$	1,410	$	923	$	424	$	(2,103)	$	(1,223)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders	1,013	$	1,025	$	1,406	$	915	$	491	$	(2,119)	$	(1,220)
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	0.53	$	0.50	$	0.73	$	0.43	$	0.23	$	(1.13)	$	(0.66)
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share	0.52	$	0.50	$	0.73	$	0.43	$	0.23	$	(1.13)	$	(0.66)
Segregated funds deposits	10,172	$	10,147	$	11,479	$	10,165	$	9,841	$	10,094	$	12,328
Total assets (in billions)	836	$	851	$	862	$	834	$	818	$	810	$	865
Revenue
Life, health and property and casualty insurance net premium income														$	9,159
Annuities and pensions net premium income															901
Total net premium income															10,060
Investment income															4,350
Realized and unrealized gains and losses on assets supporting insurance and investment contract<br>liabilities															4,460
Other revenue															2,741
Total revenue														$	21,611
Income (loss) before income taxes														$	2,481
Income tax (expense) recovery															(430)
Net income (loss)														$	2,051
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders														$	2,084
Basic earnings (loss) per common share														$	1.04
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share														$	1.03
Segregated funds deposits														$	10,920
Total assets (in billions)														$	918
Weighted average common shares (in millions)	1,826		1,842		1,858		1,878		1,902		1,921		1,938		1,943
Diluted weighted average common shares (in<br>millions)	1,829		1,846		1,862		1,881		1,904		1,924		1,942		1,946
Dividends per common share	0.365	$	0.365	$	0.365	$	0.330	$	0.330	$	0.330	$	0.330	$	0.330
CDN to US1 - Statement of Financial Position	1.3520		1.3233		1.3534		1.3549		1.3740		1.2900		1.2496		1.2678
CDN to US1 - Statement of Income	1.3411		1.3430		1.3524		1.3575		1.3057		1.2765		1.2663		1.2601

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	2021 quarterly results are not restated for IFRS 17 and IFRS 9.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	97
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E6	Revenue
Revenue	Quarterly Results						YTD Results
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
($ millions, unaudited)	3Q23		2Q23		3Q22		2023		2022
Insurance revenue	$	6,412	$	5,580	$	5,560	$	17,755	$	16,990
Net investment income	****	1,265		4,819		2,439	****	11,237		(1,103)
Other revenue	****	1,645		1,691		1,547	****	5,027		4,515
Total revenue	$	9,322	$	12,090	$	9,546	$	34,019	$	20,402
Asia	$	1,547	$	3,594	$	1,872	$	8,424	$	5,061
Canada	****	2,643		3,139		3,599	****	9,327		4,651
U.S.	****	3,478		3,422		2,854	****	10,756		7,234
Global Wealth and Asset Management	****	1,382		1,431		1,270	****	4,264		3,737
Corporate and Other	****	272		504		(49)	****	1,248		(281)
Total revenue	$	9,322	$	12,090	$	9,546	$	34,019	$	20,402

Total revenue was $9.3 billion in 3Q23 compared with $9.5 billion in 3Q22 due to a decrease in net investment income partially offset by higher insurance revenue.

•	Asia total revenue was $1.5 billion in 3Q23 compared with $1.9 billion in 3Q22. The decrease was primarily driven by a<br>decrease in net investment income due to net realized and unrealized losses on derivatives and bonds in 3Q23 compared with gains in 3Q22 partially offset by lower net realized and unrealized losses on public equities in 3Q23.
•	Canada total revenue was $2.6 billion in 3Q23 compared with $3.6 billion in 3Q22. The decrease was primarily due to lower<br>net investment income as a result of net realized and unrealized losses on derivatives and bonds in 3Q23 compared with gains in 3Q22. This was partially offset by higher insurance revenue due to business growth.
---	---
•	U.S. total revenue was $3.5 billion in 3Q23 compared with $2.9 billion in 3Q22. The increase was primarily driven by higher<br>insurance revenue and lower net realized and unrealized losses on derivatives, with losses in both years as a result of changes in interest rates, partially offset by lower investment income from ALDA.
---	---
•	Global WAM total revenue was $1.4 billion in 3Q23 compared with $1.3 billion in 3Q22. The increase was mainly due to higher<br>fee income from growth in average AUMA and higher performance fees in Institutional Asset Management.
---	---
•	Corporate and Other total revenue was $0.3 billion in 3Q23 compared with $nil in 3Q22. The increase was primarily driven by<br>net realized gains on the sale of FVOCI debt instruments in 3Q23 compared with realized losses in 3Q22 and higher yields on debt instruments.
---	---

On a year-to-date basis total revenue was $35.0 billion in 2023 compared with $20.4 billion for the same period in 2022.

•	Asia year-to-date total revenue was $8.4 billion in 2023 compared with $5.1 billion in 2022. The year-to-date increase was<br>primarily driven by net realized and unrealized public equity gains in 2023 compared with losses in 2022, and lower net realized and unrealized losses on derivatives in 2023 partially offset by lower net realized and unrealized gains on bonds in<br>2023 compared with 2022.
•	Canada year-to-date total revenue was $9.3 billion in 2023 compared with $4.7 billion in 2022. The year-to-date increase<br>was primarily due to higher net investment income driven by lower net realized and unrealized losses on derivatives, and net unrealized gains from public equities in 2023 compared with losses in 2022, and higher insurance revenue due to business<br>growth.
---	---
•	U.S. year-to-date total revenue was $10.8 billion in 2023 compared with $7.2 billion in 2022. The year-to-date increase was<br>primarily driven by net realized and unrealized losses on derivatives in 2022, partially offset by lower investment income.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	98
---	---

•	Global WAM year-to-date total revenue was $4.3 billion in 2023 compared with $3.7 billion in 2022. The year-to-date<br>increase was due mainly to higher losses from seed money investments in 2022 and the favourable impact of a weaker Canadian dollar compared with the U.S. dollar.
•	Corporate and Other year-to-date total revenue was $1.2 billion in 2023 compared with a loss of $0.3 billion in 2022. The<br>year-to-date increase was primarily due to similar reasons noted above and a more favourable impact of markets on public equities and other assets.
---	---
E7	Other
---	---

No changes were made in our internal control over financial reporting during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting except that, in connection with the adoption of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9, the Company made significant updates and modifications to existing internal controls and implemented a number of new internal controls. These changes include controls over new and existing systems, including technological systems, and controls that were implemented or modified in our actuarial and accounting processes to address the risks associated with the newly adopted accounting standards.

As in prior quarters, MFC’s Audit Committee has reviewed this MD&A and the unaudited interim financial report and MFC’s Board of Directors approved this MD&A prior to its release.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	99

Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
As at<br><br><br>(Canadian $ in millions, unaudited)	September 30, 2023		Restated (note 2)<br><br><br>December 31, 2022		Restated (note 2)<br><br><br>January 1, 2022
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Assets
Cash and short-term securities	$	22,137	$	19,153	$	22,594
Debt securities	****	197,838		203,842		224,139
Public equities	****	24,272		23,519		28,067
Mortgages	****	51,012		51,765		53,948
Private placements	****	41,849		42,010		47,289
Loans to Bank clients	****	2,513		2,781		2,506
Real estate	****	13,344		14,269		14,269
Other invested assets	****	45,771		42,803		35,291
Total invested assets (note 3)	****	398,736		400,142		428,103
Other assets
Accrued investment income	****	2,919		2,635		2,428
Derivatives (note 4)	****	9,131		8,588		17,503
Insurance contract assets (note 5)	****	190		673		972
Reinsurance contract held assets (note 5)	****	41,140		45,871		52,829
Deferred tax assets	****	6,778		6,708		7,767
Goodwill and intangible assets	****	10,428		10,519		9,919
Miscellaneous	****	9,640		9,991		8,911
Total other assets	****	80,226		84,985		100,329
Segregated funds net assets (note 15)	****	356,912		348,562		399,788
Total assets	$	835,874	$	833,689	$	928,220
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities
Insurance contract liabilities, excluding those for account of segregated fund holders (note 5)	$	343,360	$	354,849	$	405,621
Reinsurance contract held liabilities (note 5)	****	2,687		2,391		2,079
Investment contract liabilities (note 6)	****	11,645		10,079		10,064
Deposits from Bank clients	****	21,956		22,507		20,720
Derivatives (note 4)	****	17,254		14,289		10,038
Deferred tax liabilities	****	1,694		1,536		1,713
Other liabilities	****	18,405		18,894		19,443
Long-term debt (note 8)	****	6,224		6,234		4,882
Capital instruments (note 9)	****	6,702		6,122		6,980
Total liabilities, excluding those for account of segregatedfund holders	****	429,927		436,901		481,540
Insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund holders (note 5)	****	108,781		110,216		130,836
Investment contract liabilities for account of segregated fund<br>holders	****	248,131		238,346		268,952
Insurance and investment contract liabilities for account ofsegregated fund holders (note 15)	****	356,912		348,562		399,788
Total liabilities	****	786,839		785,463		881,328
Equity
Preferred shares and other equity (note 10)	****	6,660		6,660		6,381
Common shares (note 10)	****	21,642		22,178		23,093
Contributed surplus	****	229		238		262
Shareholders’ and other equity holders’ retained earnings	****	4,097		3,947		9,656
Shareholders’ accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”):
Insurance finance income (expenses)	****	45,758		38,057		(17,117)
Reinsurance finance income (expenses)	****	(6,793)		(5,410)		984
Fair value through other comprehensive income (“OCI”) investments	****	(29,563)		(24,645)		17,764
Translation of foreign operations	****	5,385		5,918		4,578
Other	****	(8)		(67)		(246)
Total shareholders’ and other equity	****	47,407		46,876		45,355
Participating policyholders’ equity	****	166		(77)		101
Non-controlling<br>interests	****	1,462		1,427		1,436
Total equity	****	49,035		48,226		46,892
Total liabilities and equity	$	835,874	$	833,689	$	928,220

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

Roy Gori<br> <br>President and Chief Executive Officer	Don Lindsay<br> <br>Chair of the Board of Directors
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	100
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Consolidated Statements of Income
For the<br><br><br>(Canadian $ in millions except per share amounts,<br>unaudited)	three months ended September 30,				nine months ended September 30,
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	2023		Restated (note 2)<br><br><br>2022		2023		Restated (note 2)<br><br><br>2022
Insurance service result
Insurance revenue (note 5)	$	6,412	$	5,560	$	17,755	$	16,990
Insurance service expenses (note 5)	****	(5,341)		(4,911)	****	(14,615)		(14,441)
Net expenses from reinsurance contracts held (note 5)	****	(66)		(200)	****	(399)		(350)
Total insurance service result	****	1,005		449	****	2,741		2,199
Investment result
Investment income (note 3)
Investment income	****	4,028		3,832	****	11,683		10,933
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on assets supporting insurance and investment contract<br>liabilities	****	(2,430)		(1,112)	****	464		(11,193)
Investment expenses	****	(333)		(281)	****	(910)		(843)
Net investment income (loss)	****	1,265		2,439	****	11,237		(1,103)
Insurance finance income (expense) and effect of movement in foreign exchange rates (note 5)	****	(780)		(2,961)	****	(8,292)		(5,657)
Reinsurance finance income (expense) and effect of movement in foreign exchange rates (note 5)	****	(95)		674	****	(748)		962
Decrease (increase) in investment contract liabilities	****	(72)		(109)	****	(312)		(295)
	****	318		43	****	1,885		(6,093)
Segregated funds investment result (note 15)
Investment income related to segregated funds net assets	****	(10,891)		(11,584)	****	18,000		(75,450)
Financial changes related to insurance and investment contract<br>liabilities for account of segregated fund holders	****	10,891		11,584	****	(18,000)		75,450
Net segregated funds investment result	****	–		–	****	–		–
Total investment result	****	318		43	****	1,885		(6,093)
Other revenue (note 11)	****	1,645		1,547	****	5,027		4,515
General expenses	****	(1,042)		(914)	****	(3,150)		(2,729)
Commissions related to non-insurance contracts	****	(336)		(332)	****	(1,010)		(1,013)
Interest expense	****	(416)		(309)	****	(1,164)		(714)
Net income (loss) before income taxes	****	1,174		484	****	4,329		(3,835)
Income tax recovery (expense)	****	51		(60)	****	(523)		933
Net income (loss)	$	1,225	$	424	$	3,806	$	(2,902)
Net income (loss) attributed to:
Non-controlling interests	$	25	$	34	$	105	$	88
Participating policyholders	****	187		(101)	****	257		(142)
Shareholders and other equity holders	****	1,013		491	****	3,444		(2,848)
	$	1,225	$	424	$	3,806	$	(2,902)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders	$	1,013	$	491	$	3,444	$	(2,848)
Preferred share dividends and other equity distributions	****	(54)		(51)	****	(204)		(163)
Common shareholders’ net income (loss)	$	959	$	440	$	3,240	$	(3,011)
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per common share (note 10)	$	0.53	$	0.23	$	1.76	$	(1.57)
Diluted earnings per common share (note 10)	****	0.52		0.23	****	1.76		(1.57)
Dividends per common share	****	0.37		0.33	****	1.10		0.99

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	101

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
For the<br><br><br>(Canadian $ in millions, unaudited)	three months ended<br><br><br>September 30,				nine months ended<br><br><br>September 30,
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	2023		Restated (note 2)<br><br><br>2022		2023		Restated (note 2)<br><br><br>2022
Net income (loss)	$	1,225	$	424	$	3,806	$	(2,902)
Other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”), net of tax:
Items that may be subsequently reclassified to net income:
Foreign exchange gains (losses) on:
Translation of foreign operations	****	655		1,953	****	(568)		1,925
Net investment hedges	****	(143)		(404)	****	34		(464)
Insurance finance income (expense)	****	13,516		14,091	****	7,800		61,599
Reinsurance finance income (expense)	****	(1,860)		(2,124)	****	(1,369)		(6,868)
Fair value through OCI investments:
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period on assets supporting insurance and investment<br>contract liabilities	****	(10,501)		(11,360)	****	(5,702)		(48,854)
Reclassification of net realized gains (losses) and provision for credit losses recognized in<br>income	****	60		265	****	193		831
Cash flow hedges:
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period	****	38		19	****	51		143
Reclassification of realized gains (losses) to net income	****	9		11	****	10		(5)
Cost of hedging:
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period	****	(1)		–	****	(8)		–
Share of other comprehensive income (losses) of<br>associates	****	1		(9)	****	1		(7)
Total items that may be subsequently reclassified to netincome	****	1,774		2,442	****	442		8,300
Items that will not be reclassified to net income:
Change in actuarial gains (losses) on pension and other post-employment plans	****	11		(49)	****	5		17
Real estate revaluation reserve	****	–		–	****	1		–
Total items that will not be reclassified to netincome	****	11		(49)	****	6		17
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	****	1,785		2,393	****	448		8,317
Total comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	$	3,010	$	2,817	$	4,254	$	5,415
Total comprehensive income (loss) attributed to:
Non-controlling interests	$	6	$	6	$	49	$	42
Participating policyholders	****	183		(109)	****	243		(154)
Shareholders and other equity holders	****	2,821		2,920	****	3,962		5,527
Income Taxes included in Other Comprehensive Income
For the<br><br><br>(Canadian $ in millions, unaudited)	three months ended<br><br><br>September 30,				nine months ended<br><br><br>September 30,
	2023		Restated (note 2)<br><br><br>2022		2023		Restated (note 2)<br><br><br>2022
Income tax expense (recovery) on:
Unrealized foreign exchange gains (losses) on translation of foreign operations	$	–	$	1	$	–	$	1
Unrealized foreign exchange gains (losses) on net investment hedges	****	(11)		(19)	****	7		(24)
Insurance / reinsurance finance income (expense)	****	2,649		2,280	****	1,578		12,247
Unrealized gains (losses) on fair value through OCI investments	****	(2,249)		(1,887)	****	(1,326)		(9,620)
Reclassification of net realized gains (losses) on fair value through OCI investments	****	1		53	****	1		176
Unrealized gains (losses) on cash flow hedges	****	10		20	****	6		51
Reclassification of realized gains (losses) to net income on cash flow hedges	****	3		4	****	3		(1)
Unrealized gains (losses) on cost of hedging	****	(1)		–	****	4		–
Change in actuarial gains (losses) on pension and other post-employment plans	****	3		(18)	****	1		7
Share of other comprehensive income (losses) of<br>associates	****	–		(2)	****	–		(2)
Total income tax expense (recovery)	$	405	$	432	$	274	$	2,835

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	102

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity
For the nine months ended September 30,<br><br><br>(Canadian $ in millions, unaudited)	2023		Restated (note 2)<br><br><br>2022
---	---	---	---	---
Preferred shares and other equity
Balance, beginning of period	$	6,660	$	6,381
Issued (note 10)	****	–		1,000
Redeemed (note 10)	****	–		(711)
Issuance costs, net of tax	****	–		(10)
Balance, end of period	****	6,660		6,660
Common shares
Balance, beginning of period	****	22,178		23,093
Repurchased (note 10)	****	(590)		(659)
Issued on exercise of stock options and deferred share<br>units	****	54		19
Balance, end of period	****	21,642		22,453
Contributed surplus
Balance, beginning of period	****	238		262
Exercise of stock options and deferred share units	****	(9)		(3)
Stock option expense	****	–		3
Balance, end of period	****	229		262
Shareholders’ and other equity holders’ retained earnings
Balance, beginning of period	****	3,947		23,492
Opening adjustment of insurance contracts at adoption of IFRS 17	****	–		(3,191)
Opening adjustment of financial assets at adoption of IFRS 9 / IFRS<br>17	****	(409)		(10,645)
Restated balance, beginning of period	****	3,538		9,656
Net income attributed to shareholders and other equity holders	****	3,444		(2,848)
Common shares repurchased	****	(672)		(673)
Common share dividends	****	(2,009)		(1,893)
Preferred share dividends and other equity distributions	****	(204)		(163)
Preferred shares redeemed (note 10)	****	–		(14)
Balance, end of period	****	4,097		4,065
Shareholders’ accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”)
Balance, beginning of period	****	13,853		5,180
Opening adjustment of insurance contracts at adoption of IFRS 17	****	–		(16,133)
Opening adjustment of financial assets at adoption of IFRS 9 / IFRS<br>17	****	408		16,916
Restated balance, beginning of period	****	14,261		5,963
Change in unrealized foreign exchange gains (losses) on net foreign operations	****	(533)		1,464
Changes in insurance / reinsurance finance income (expenses)	****	6,367		50,839
Change in unrealized gains (losses) on fair value through OCI investments	****	(5,375)		(44,076)
Other changes in OCI attributed to shareholders and other equity<br>holders	****	59		148
Balance, end of period	****	14,779		14,338
Total shareholders’ and other equity, end ofperiod	****	47,407		47,778
Participating policyholders’ equity
Balance, beginning of period	****	(77)		(1,233)
Opening adjustment of insurance contracts at adoption of IFRS 17	****	–		707
Opening adjustment of financial assets at adoption of IFRS 9 / IFRS<br>17	****	–		626
Restated balance, beginning of period	****	(77)		100
Net income (loss) attributed to participating policyholders	****	257		(142)
Other comprehensive income (losses) attributed to participating<br>policyholders	****	(14)		(12)
Balance, end of period	****	166		(54)
Non-controlling interests
Balance, beginning of period	****	1,427		1,694
Opening adjustment of insurance contracts at adoption of IFRS 17	****	–		(258)
Opening adjustment of financial assets at adoption of IFRS 9 / IFRS<br>17	****	–		–
Restated balance, beginning of period	****	1,427		1,436
Net income attributed to non-controlling interests	****	105		88
Other comprehensive income (losses) attributed to non-controlling<br>interests	****	(56)		(46)
Contributions (distributions and acquisition), net	****	(14)		(22)
Balance, end of period	****	1,462		1,456
Total equity, end of period	$	49,035	$	49,180

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	103

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
For the nine months ended September 30,<br><br><br>(Canadian $ in millions, unaudited)	2023		Restated (note 2)<br><br><br>2022
---	---	---	---	---
Operating activities
Net income (loss)	$	3,806	$	(2,902)
Adjustments:
Increase (decrease) in net insurance contract liabilities (note 5)	****	2,397		2,692
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities	****	312		295
(Increase) decrease in reinsurance contract assets excluding reinsurance transaction noted below (note<br>5)	****	1,027		385
Amortization of (premium) discount on invested assets	****	(78)		(82)
Contractual service margin (“CSM”) amortization	****	(1,395)		(1,537)
Other amortization	****	420		383
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses and impairment on assets	****	796		13,789
Deferred income tax expense (recovery)	****	(95)		(1,456)
Stock option expense	****	–		3
Gain on U.S. variable annuity reinsurance transaction (pre-tax) (note 5)	****	–		(1,026)
Cash provided by operating activities before undernoted items	****	7,190		10,544
Changes in policy related and operating receivables and payables	****	7,065		2,463
Cash decrease due to U.S. variable annuity reinsurance<br>transaction (note 5)	****	–		(1,263)
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities	****	14,255		11,744
Investing activities
Purchases and mortgage advances	****	(59,631)		(87,706)
Disposals and repayments	****	51,668		74,226
Change in investment broker net receivables and payables	****	424		(218)
Net cash increase (decrease) from sale (purchase) of<br>subsidiary	****	(1)		–
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities	****	(7,540)		(13,698)
Financing activities
Change in repurchase agreements and securities sold but not yet purchased	****	(391)		429
Issue of long-term debt (note 8)	****	–		946
Issue of capital instruments, net (note 9)	****	1,194		–
Redemption of capital instruments (note 9)	****	(600)		–
Secured borrowing from securitization transactions	****	412		735
Change in deposits from Bank clients, net	****	(567)		885
Lease payments	****	(71)		(90)
Shareholders’ dividends and other equity distributions	****	(2,213)		(2,070)
Contributions from (distributions to) non-controlling interests,<br>net	****	(14)		(22)
Common shares repurchased (note 10)	****	(1,262)		(1,332)
Common shares issued, net (note 10)	****	54		19
Preferred shares and other equity issued, net (note 10)	****	–		990
Preferred shares redeemed, net (note 10)	****	–		(711)
Cash provided by (used in) financing activities	****	(3,458)		(221)
Cash and short-term securities
Increase (decrease) during the period	****	3,257		(2,175)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and short-term securities	****	(153)		595
Balance, beginning of period	****	18,635		21,930
Balance, end of period	****	21,739		20,350
Cash and short-term securities
Beginning of period
Gross cash and short-term securities	****	19,153		22,594
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities	****	(518)		(664)
Net cash and short-term securities, beginning ofperiod	****	18,635		21,930
End of period
Gross cash and short-term securities	****	22,137		20,943
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities	****	(398)		(593)
Net cash and short-term securities, end of period	$	21,739	$	20,350
Supplemental disclosures on cash flow information
Interest received	$	9,071	$	8,300
Interest paid	****	1,158		618
Income taxes paid	****	251		1,240

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	104

CONDENSED NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Canadian $ in millions except per share amounts or unless otherwise stated, unaudited)

Note 1 Nature of Operations and Significant Accounting Policies

(a) Reporting entity

Manulife Financial Corporation (“MFC”) is a publicly traded company and the holding company of The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company (“MLI”), a Canadian life insurance company. MFC, including its subsidiaries (collectively, “Manulife” or the “Company”) is a leading financial services group with principal operations in Asia, Canada and the United States. Manulife’s international network of employees, agents and distribution partners offers financial protection and wealth management products and services to personal and business clients as well as asset management services to institutional customers. The Company operates as Manulife in Asia and Canada and as Manulife and John Hancock in the United States.

These Interim Consolidated Financial Statements and condensed notes have been prepared in accordance with International Accounting Standard (“IAS”) 34 “Interim Financial Reporting” as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), using accounting policies which are consistent with those used in the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements, and those described in notes 1, 2 and 25 of the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Notes 2 and 25 notably relate to the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) 17 (“Insurance Contracts”) and IFRS 9 (“Financial Instruments”) and related accounting policies.

These Interim Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, included on pages 131 to 229 of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report, as well as the disclosures on risk in denoted components of the “Risk Management and Risk Factors” section of the Third Quarter 2023 Management Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”). These denoted risk disclosures are an integral part of these Interim Consolidated Financial Statements. Additional disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2022 under IFRS 17 are included directly in these Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

These Interim Consolidated Financial Statements as at and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 were authorized for issue by MFC’s Board of Directors on November 8, 2023.

(b) Basis of preparation

Refer to notes 1, 2 and 25 of the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for a summary of the most significant estimation processes used in the preparation of these Interim Consolidated Financial Statements under IFRS and description of the Company’s measurement techniques in determining carrying values and respective fair values of its assets and liabilities.

Note 2 Accounting and Reporting Changes

(a) Changes in accounting and reporting policy

(I) IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts”

IFRS 17 “Insurance Contracts” (“IFRS 17”) was issued in May 2017 to be effective for years beginning on January 1, 2021. Amendments to IFRS 17 were issued in June 2020 and included a two-year deferral of the effective date. IFRS 17 as amended, became effective for years beginning on January 1, 2023, to be applied retrospectively. If full retrospective application to a group of contracts is impracticable the modified retrospective or fair value methods may be used. The standard replaced IFRS 4 “Insurance Contracts” (“IFRS 4”) and therefore replaced the Canadian Asset Liability Method (“CALM”) and materially changed the recognition and measurement of insurance contracts and the corresponding presentation and disclosures in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	105

Narrow-scope amendments to IFRS 17 were issued in December 2021 and were effective on initial application of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” (“IFRS 9”) which the Company has adopted on January 1, 2023. The amendments reduce accounting mismatches between insurance contract liabilities and financial assets in scope of IFRS 9 within comparative prior periods when initially applying IFRS 17 and IFRS 9. The amendments allow insurers to present comparative information on financial assets as if IFRS 9 were fully applicable during the comparative period. The amendments do not permit application of IFRS 9 hedge accounting principles to the comparative period.

The Company adopted IFRS 17 on January 1, 2023, with an effective date of January 1, 2022. To illustrate the effects of adoption, the Company presented in note 2 (b)(i) of the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements a condensed opening Statement of Financial Position prepared under IFRS 17 as at January 1, 2022 and also the Company’s invested assets classified and measured in accordance with IFRS 9 as at January 1, 2022 compared to how they are classified and measured under IAS 39 “Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement” (“IAS 39”). The Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements note 2 b(i) includes explanations of differences in IFRS 17 principles compared to CALM and of the detailed effects of the Company’s adoption.

The 2022 comparative figures as presented in these Interim Consolidated Financial Statements have been restated, where indicated, for the adoption of IFRS 17. For the Company’s accounting policies for applying IFRS 17 to the Company’s insurance and reinsurance contracts, refer to note 25 of the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.

(II) IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” and IFRS 7 “Financial Instruments: Disclosures”

IFRS 9 was issued in November 2009 and amended in October 2010, November 2013 and July 2014, and is effective for years beginning on or after January 1, 2018, to be applied retrospectively, or on a modified retrospective basis. Additionally, the IASB issued amendments in October 2017 that are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019. In conjunction with the amendments to IFRS 17 issued in June 2020, the IASB amended IFRS 4 to permit eligible insurers to apply IFRS 9 effective January 1, 2023, alongside IFRS 17. The standard replaced IAS 39. IFRS 9 addresses accounting and reporting principles for the classification and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities, the impairment of financial assets and hedge accounting. IFRS 7 “Financial Instruments: Disclosures” (“IFRS 7”) was amended in conjunction with IFRS 9 and IFRS 17, with expanded qualitative and quantitative disclosures related to financial instruments and became effective along with IFRS 9 and IFRS 17 on January 1, 2023.

The Company adopted IFRS 9 on January 1, 2023, as permitted under the June 2020 amendments to IFRS 4. The Company’s accounting policies for invested assets, and derivative and hedging instruments in accordance with IFRS 9 are presented in note 25 of the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. Note 2 (b)(ii) of the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements includes explanations of IFRS 9’s accounting and reporting principles.

IFRS 9 does not require restatement of comparative periods and the Company has not done so. The Company elected the option under IFRS 17 to reclassify financial assets, including those held in respect of activities not connected to contracts within the scope of IFRS 17, on an instrument-by-instrument basis, for 2022 comparatives in order to align with the classifications on initial application of IFRS 9 as at January 1, 2023. These classification changes are illustrated in note 2 (b)(i) of the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements. These classification changes led the Company to present certain investment results previously reported in net investment income or OCI under IAS 39, within OCI or net investment income under IFRS 9, respectively. For 2022 comparative information, the Company did not apply IFRS 9’s expected credit loss (“ECL”) impairment model or hedge accounting principles. With respect to these matters, the guidance contained in IAS 39 was maintained. In the case of assets previously classified as fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”) under IAS 39 and classified as fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVOCI”) or amortized cost under IFRS 9, no IAS 39 impairment was calculated for these Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	106

Consistent with IFRS 17 amendments, the adoption of IFRS 9 resulted in certain differences in the classification and measurement of financial assets when compared to their classification and measurement under IAS 39. The most significant classification changes included approximately $184 billion of debt securities previously classified as FVTPL which are classified as FVOCI under IFRS 9.

The Company has elected to apply the hedge accounting requirements under IFRS 9 to all designated hedge accounting relationships prospectively, with the exception to the cost of hedging guidance, that has been applied retrospectively for certain cash flow hedge and net investment hedge relationships. As at January 1, 2023, all existing IAS 39 hedge accounting relationships were assessed and qualified for hedge accounting under IFRS 9. These existing relationships are treated as continuing hedge accounting relationships under IFRS 9 on January 1, 2023 and are disclosed with comparative information for 2022 under IAS 39. Refer to note 4.

The Company has designated new hedge accounting relationships with the objective to reduce potential accounting mismatches between changes in the fair value of derivatives in income, and changes in fair value due to financial risk of insurance liabilities and financial assets in OCI. The incremental notional of derivatives designated in new hedge accounting relationships amounted to $232,637 on transition date. New hedge accounting relationships are effective prospectively on January 1, 2023.

The effects of adoption were as follows:

•	Effects from applying IFRS 17 asset classification changes among FVTPL, AFS and amortized cost under IAS 39 to FVOCI and<br>FVTPL under IFRS 9 resulted in a reduction in retained earnings of $10,645, net of tax, and an increase in OCI of $16,916, net of tax, as at January 1, 2022 when IFRS 17’s transition option was elected. These were presented under<br>“Opening adjustment of financial assets at adoption of IFRS 9 / IFRS 17” in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity.
•	The adoption of IFRS 9 resulted in recognition of ECL of $724. Loss allowances when applied to assets held at amortized<br>cost reduce the carrying value of the assets, and reduce equity. Loss allowances do not affect the fair value of assets held at FVOCI and therefore do not affect their carrying value. Loss allowances for assets held at FVOCI do not change total<br>equity, instead result in movement between OCI and retained earnings.
---	---
•	The impact of adopting IFRS 9’s ECL impairment methodology resulted in a reduction to retained earnings of $409, net<br>of tax, and an increase to accumulated OCI (“AOCI”) of $408 net of tax, on January 1, 2023. This results from the derecognition of loss allowances in accordance with IAS 39, and the recognition of ECL on FVOCI assets with reductions<br>in retained earnings and corresponding increases in AOCI. For financial assets held at amortized cost and investment commitments, ECL was recognized with reductions in retained earnings.
---	---
•	As at January 1, 2023, the retrospective application of IFRS 9 cost of hedging for currency basis spread resulted with<br>a net $22 reclassification from cash flow hedge and foreign currency translation reserve to a new separate component of accumulated OCI, the cost of hedging. Other IFRS 9 hedge accounting principles had $nil impact as at January 1, 2023 for<br>these Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.
---	---
•	The impact of changes made as at January 1, 2023 were presented under line items labeled “Opening adjustment of<br>financial assets at adoption of IFRS 9 / IFRS 17” in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity.
---	---

The implementation of IFRS 9 has been incorporated into the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management Framework (“ERM”) and supervised by the Executive Risk Committee (“ERC”). The integration of forward-looking information into the calculation of the ECL and the definition and evaluation of what constitutes a significant increase in credit risk (“SICR”) of an investment are inherently subjective and involve the use of significant expert judgement. Therefore, the Company has developed a front-to-back governance framework over the ECL calculation and has designed controls and procedures to provide reasonable assurance that information is properly recorded. The Company has effective credit risk management processes in place that continue to be applicable and aim to ensure that the effects of economic developments are appropriately considered, mitigation actions are taken where required and risk appetite is reassessed and adjusted as needed.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	107

The Company adopted IFRS 7 (as amended), which expanded qualitative and quantitative disclosures related to financial instruments on January 1, 2023. Refer to notes 3, 4 and 7.

The following table illustrates the impact on loss allowances for invested assets on transition from the incurred loss impairment under IAS 39 to the expected credit losses impairment allowance under IFRS 9.

	December 31, 2022<br><br><br>IAS 39<br> <br>impairment allowance		January 1, 2023<br><br><br>IFRS 9<br> <br>ECL allowance
Debt securities at FVOCI under IFRS 9	$	–	$	348
Private placements at FVOCI under IFRS 9	****	–	****	255
Private placements at amortized cost under IAS 39	****	25	****	–
Mortgages at FVOCI under IFRS 9	****	–	****	83
Mortgages at amortized cost under IAS 39	****	10	****	–
Other invested assets at FVOCI under IFRS 9	****	–	****	13
Financial assets at amortized cost under IFRS 9	****	–	****	14
Mortgages at amortized cost under IAS 39	****	7	****	–
Loans to Bank clients under IAS 39	****	5	****	–
Total on-balance sheet exposures	****	47	****	713
Allowance for credit losses on<br>off-balance sheet exposures	****	–	****	11
Total	$	47	$	724

The following table shows financial liabilities under IAS 39 and the impact of classification and measurement changes on adoption of IFRS 9.

	Measurement<br><br><br>category		December 31, 2022<br><br><br>IAS 39<br> <br>Total carrying value		Impact of classification<br>and measurement<br>changes^(1),(2)^		January 1, 2023<br><br><br>IFRS 9<br> <br>Total carrying value
Investment contract liabilities		FVTPL	$	796	$	2	$	798
		Amortized cost	****	2,452	****	6,829	****	9,281
Deposits from Bank clients		Amortized cost	****	22,507	****	–	****	22,507
Derivative liabilities		FVTPL	****	14,289	****	–	****	14,289
Other liabilities		Amortized cost	****	17,421	****	1,473	****	18,894
Long-term debt		Amortized cost	****	6,234	****	–	****	6,234
Capital instruments		Amortized cost	****	6,122	****	–	****	6,122
Totalin-scope financial liabilities			$	69,821	$	8,304	$	78,125
^(1)^	Investment contract liabilities held at amortized cost of $6,829 were reclassified from insurance contract liabilities<br>under IFRS 4.
---	---
^(2)^	Other liabilities include amounts not in scope of IFRS 9, for example pension obligations. Other liabilities of $1,473<br>held at amortized cost under IFRS 9 were reclassified from insurance contract liabilities under IFRS 4.
---	---
(III)	Amendments to IAS 1 “Presentation of Financial Statements”
---	---

Amendments to IAS 1 “Presentation of Financial Statements” and IFRS Practice Statement 2 “Making Materiality Judgements” were issued in February 2021 and are effective prospectively on or after January 1, 2023 with earlier application permitted. The amendments address the process of selecting accounting policy disclosures, which will be based on assessments of the materiality of the accounting policies to the entity’s financial statements. Adoption of these amendments did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

(IV)	Amendments to IAS 8 “Accounting Policies, Changes to Accounting Estimates and Errors”

Amendments to IAS 8 “Accounting Policies, Changes to Accounting Estimates and Errors” were issued in February 2021, and are effective prospectively on or after January 1, 2023, with earlier application permitted. The amendments include new definitions of estimate and change in accounting estimate, intended to help clarify the distinction among changes in accounting estimates, changes in accounting policies, and corrections of errors. Adoption of these amendments did not have a significant impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	108

(V)	Amendments to IAS 12 “Income Taxes”

Amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes” were issued in May 2023. The amendments relate to international Pillar Two tax reform, which seeks to establish a global minimum corporate income tax and addresses base erosion and profit shifting. Effective on issuance, the amendments provide a temporary exception to the requirements to recognize and disclose information about deferred taxes related to implementation of Pillar Two tax reforms with disclosure of application of this exception being required. The Company has applied the mandatory temporary exemption from accounting for deferred taxes in respect of the Pillar Two income taxes, which is effective immediately. Effective for annual reporting for the year ending December 31, 2023, disclosure of current tax expense or recovery related to Pillar Two income taxes is required along with, to the extent that Pillar Two legislation is enacted or substantively enacted but not yet in effect, disclosure of known or reasonably estimable information that helps users of financial statements understand the Company’s exposure to Pillar Two income taxes arising from that legislation. The Company is assessing the impact of these amendments on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	109

Note 3 Invested Assets and Investment Income

(a) Carrying values and fairvalues of invested assets

As at September 30, 2023	FVTPL^(1)^		FVOCI^(2)^		Other^(3)^		Total<br>carrying<br>value		Total fair<br>value^(4)^
Cash and short-term securities^(5)^	$	13	$	15,321	$	6,803	$	22,137	$	22,137
Debt securities^(6),(7)^
Canadian government and agency	****	1,015	****	17,996	****	–	****	19,011	****	19,011
U.S. government and agency	****	1,250	****	22,516	****	910	****	24,676	****	24,392
Other government and agency	****	88	****	28,586	****	–	****	28,674	****	28,674
Corporate	****	2,141	****	120,846	****	498	****	123,485	****	123,291
Mortgage / asset-backed securities	****	17	****	1,975	****	–	****	1,992	****	1,992
Public equities (FVTPL mandatory)	****	24,272	****	–	****	–	****	24,272	****	24,272
Mortgages	****	977	****	27,417	****	22,618	****	51,012	****	50,532
Private placements^(7)^	****	623	****	41,226	****	–	****	41,849	****	41,849
Loans to Bank clients	****	–	****	–	****	2,513	****	2,513	****	2,491
Real estate
Own use property^(8)^	****	–	****	–	****	2,704	****	2,704	****	2,834
Investment property	****	–	****	–	****	10,640	****	10,640	****	10,640
Other invested assets
Alternative long-duration assets^(9)^	****	29,271	****	339	****	11,842	****	41,452	****	42,323
Various other	****	129	****	–	****	4,190	****	4,319	****	4,319
Total invested assets	$	59,796	$	276,222	$	62,718	$	398,736	$	398,757
As at December 31, 2022	FVTPL^(1)^		FVOCI^(2)^		Other^(3)^		Total<br>carrying<br>value		Total fair<br>value^(4)^
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Cash and short-term securities^(5)^	$	–	$	12,859	$	6,294	$	19,153	$	19,153
Debt securities^(6),(7)^
Canadian government and agency		987		20,279		–		21,266		21,266
U.S. government and agency		1,378		22,446		912		24,736		24,494
Other government and agency		159		26,314		–		26,473		26,473
Corporate		2,209		126,371		499		129,079		128,910
Mortgage / asset-backed securities		22		2,266		–		2,288		2,288
Public equities (FVTPL mandatory)		23,519		–		–		23,519		23,519
Mortgages		1,138		28,621		22,006		51,765		51,372
Private placements^(7)^		516		41,494		–		42,010		42,010
Loans to Bank clients		–		–		2,781		2,781		2,760
Real estate
Own use property^(8)^		–		–		2,852		2,852		3,008
Investment property		–		–		11,417		11,417		11,417
Other invested assets
Alternative long-duration assets^(9)^		26,938		296		11,226		38,460		39,225
Various other		130		–		4,213		4,343		4,343
Total invested assets	$	56,996	$	280,946	$	62,200	$	400,142	$	400,238
^(1)^	FVTPL classification was elected for debt instruments backing certain insurance contract liabilities to substantially<br>reduce any accounting mismatch arising from changes in the fair value of these assets, or changes in the carrying value of the related insurance contract liabilities.
---	---
^(2)^	FVOCI classification for debt instruments backing certain insurance contract liabilities inherently reduces any accounting<br>mismatch arising from changes in the fair value of these assets, or changes in the carrying value of the related insurance contract liabilities.
---	---
^(3)^	Other includes mortgages and loans to Bank clients held at amortized cost, own use properties, investment properties,<br>equity method accounted investments, and leveraged leases. Also includes debt securities, which qualify as having Solely Payment of Principal and Interest (“SPPI”), are held to collect contractual cash flows and are carried at amortized<br>cost.
---	---
^(4)^	Invested assets above include debt securities, mortgages, private placements and approximately $344 (December 31, 2022<br>– $302) of other invested assets, which primarily qualify as SPPI. Invested assets which do not have SPPI qualifying cash flows as at September 30, 2023 include debt securities, private placements and other invested assets with fair values<br>of $nil, $116 and $526 respectively (December 31, 2022 – $nil, $98 and $507). The change in the fair value of these invested assets was $15 increase and $37 increase for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively ($94<br>decrease during the year ended December 31, 2022).
---	---
^(5)^	Includes short-term securities with maturities of less than one year at acquisition amounting to $5,897 (December 31, 2022<br>– $4,148), cash equivalents with maturities of less than 90 days at acquisition amounting to $9,543 (December 31, 2022 – $8,711) and cash of $6,697 (December 31, 2022 – $6,294).
---	---
^(6)^	Debt securities include securities which were acquired with maturities of less than one year and less than 90 days of<br>$1,054 and $593, respectively (December 31, 2022 – $1,787 and $870, respectively).
---	---
^(7)^	Floating rate invested assets above which are subject to interest rate benchmark reform, but have not yet transitioned to<br>replacement reference rates, include debt securities benchmarked to CDOR and AUD BBSW of $156 and $14 (December 31, 2022 – $173 and $15, respectively), and private placements benchmarked to AUD BBSW and NZD BKBM of $190 and $24 (December 31,<br>2022 – $199 and $43, respectively). USD LIBOR was decommissioned on June 30, 2023. Exposures indexed to CDOR represent floating rate invested assets with maturity dates beyond June 28, 2024. The interest rate benchmark reform is<br>expected to have an impact on the valuation of invested assets whose value is tied to the affected interest rate benchmarks. The Company has assessed its exposure at the contract level, by benchmark and instrument type. The Company is monitoring<br>market developments with respect to alternative reference rates and the time horizon during which they will evolve. As at September 30, 2023, the interest rate benchmark reform has not resulted in significant changes in the Company’s risk<br>management strategy.
---	---
^(8)^	Own use property of $2,537 as at September 30, 2023 (December 31, 2022 – $2,682), are underlying items for<br>insurance contracts with direct participating features and are measured at fair value as if they were investment properties, as permitted by IFRS 17. Own use property of $167 (December 31, 2022 – $170) is carried at cost less accumulated<br>depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.
---	---
^(9)^	Alternative long-duration assets (“ALDA”) include investments in private equity of $15,549, infrastructure of<br>$14,681, timber and agriculture of $6,034, energy of $1,889 and various other ALDA of $3,299 (December 31, 2022 – $14,153, $12,751, $5,979, $2,347 and $3,230, respectively).
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	110
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(b) Investment income

	three months ended<br><br><br>September 30,				nine months ended<br><br><br>September 30,
For the	2023		2022		2023		2022
Interest income	$	3,297	$	3,047	$	9,446	$	8,660
Dividend, rental income and other income	****	859		991	****	2,245		2,953
Impairments, provisions and recoveries,<br>net^(1)^	****	(119)		21	****	(289)		1
Other	****	(9)		(227)	****	281		(681)
	****	4,028		3,832	****	11,683		10,933
Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on assets supporting insurance and investment contract<br>liabilities
Debt securities	****	(386)		581	****	580		1,476
Public equities	****	(735)		(1,230)	****	943		(4,889)
Mortgages	****	(22)		(15)	****	51		(23)
Private placements	****	15		87	****	455		454
Real estate	****	(357)		(228)	****	(993)		155
Other invested assets	****	174		345	****	606		1,828
Derivatives	****	(1,119)		(652)	****	(1,178)		(10,194)
	****	(2,430)		(1,112)	****	464		(11,193)
Investment expenses	****	(333)		(281)	****	(910)		(843)
Total investment income (loss)	$	1,265	$	2,439	$	11,237	$	(1,103)
^(1)^	The Company adopted IFRS 9’s ECL impairment requirements as at January 1, 2023 without restating the comparative<br>period. Impairments for 2023 are based on IFRS 9’s ECL requirements and impairments for 2022 are based on IAS 39’s incurred loss impairment requirements.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	111
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(c) Fair value measurement

The following table presents fair values and the fair value hierarchy of invested assets and segregated funds net assets measured at fair value in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

As at September 30, 2023	Total fair<br>value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and short-term securities
FVOCI	$	15,321	$	–	$	15,321	$	–
FVTPL	****	13	****	–	****	13	****	–
Other	****	6,697	****	6,697	****	–	****	–
Debt securities
FVOCI
Canadian government and agency	****	17,996	****	–	****	17,996	****	–
U.S. government and agency	****	22,516	****	–	****	22,516	****	–
Other government and agency	****	28,586	****	–	****	28,576	****	10
Corporate	****	120,846	****	–	****	120,707	****	139
Residential mortgage-backed securities	****	6	****	–	****	6	****	–
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	****	400	****	–	****	400	****	–
Other asset-backed securities	****	1,569	****	–	****	1,548	****	21
FVTPL
Canadian government and agency	****	1,015	****	–	****	1,015	****	–
U.S. government and agency	****	1,250	****	–	****	1,250	****	–
Other government and agency	****	88	****	–	****	88	****	–
Corporate	****	2,141	****	–	****	2,141	****	–
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	****	2	****	–	****	2	****	–
Other asset-backed securities	****	15	****	–	****	15	****	–
Private placements
FVOCI	****	41,226	****	–	****	33,250	****	7,976
FVTPL	****	623	****	–	****	563	****	60
Mortgages
FVOCI	****	27,417	****	–	****	–	****	27,417
FVTPL	****	977	****	–	****	–	****	977
Public equities
FVTPL	****	24,272	****	24,199	****	69	****	4
Real estate^(1)^
Investment property	****	10,640	****	–	****	–	****	10,640
Own use property	****	2,537	****	–	****	–	****	2,537
Other invested assets^(2)^	****	33,487	****	–	****	–	****	33,487
Segregated funds net assets^(3)^	****	356,912	****	323,861	****	29,367	****	3,684
Total	$	716,552	$	354,757	$	274,843	$	86,952
^(1)^	For real estate properties, the significant unobservable inputs are capitalization rates (ranging from 2.72% to 10.00%<br>during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and ranging from 2.25% to 9.00% during the year ended December 31, 2022), terminal capitalization rates (ranging from 3.00% to 10.00% during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and<br>ranging from 3.25% to 9.50% during the year ended December 31, 2022) and discount rates (ranging from 3.20% to 14.00% during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and ranging from 3.30% to 11.00% during the year ended December 31,<br>2022). Holding other factors constant, a lower capitalization or terminal capitalization rate will tend to increase the fair value of an investment property. Changes in fair value based on variations in unobservable inputs generally cannot be<br>extrapolated because the relationship between the directional changes of each input is not usually linear.
---	---
^(2)^	Other invested assets measured at fair value are held primarily in infrastructure and timber sectors. The significant<br>inputs used in the valuation of the Company’s infrastructure investments are primarily future distributable cash flows, terminal values and discount rates. Holding other factors constant, an increase to future distributable cash flows or<br>terminal values would tend to increase the fair value of an infrastructure investment, while an increase in the discount rate would have the opposite effect. Discount rates during the period ranged from 7.35% to 15.60% during the nine months ended<br>September 30, 2023 (during the year ended December 31, 2022 – ranged from 7.15% to 15.60%). Disclosure of distributable cash flow and terminal value ranges are not meaningful given the disparity in estimates by project. The<br>significant inputs used in the valuation of the Company’s investments in timberland properties are timber prices and discount rates. Holding other factors constant, an increase to timber prices would tend to increase the fair value of a<br>timberland investment, while an increase in the discount rates would have the opposite effect. Discount rates during the period ranged from 4.00% to 7.00% during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 (during the year ended December 31,<br>2022 – ranged from 4.25% to 7.00%). A range of prices for timber is not meaningful as the market price depends on factors such as property location and proximity to markets and export yards.
---	---
^(3)^	Segregated funds net assets are measured at fair value. The Company’s Level 3 segregated funds assets are<br>predominantly investment properties and timberland properties valued as described above.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	112
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As at December 31, 2022	Total fair<br>value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Cash and short-term securities
FVOCI	$	12,859	$	–	$	12,859	$	–
Other		6,294		6,294		–		–
Debt securities
FVOCI
Canadian government and agency		20,279		–		20,279		–
U.S. government and agency		22,446		–		22,446		–
Other government and agency		26,314		–		26,305		9
Corporate		126,371		–		126,339		32
Residential mortgage-backed securities		7		–		7		–
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		589		–		589		–
Other asset-backed securities		1,670		–		1,644		26
FVTPL
Canadian government and agency		987		–		987		–
U.S. government and agency		1,378		–		1,378		–
Other government and agency		159		–		159		–
Corporate		2,209		–		2,209		–
Commercial mortgage-backed securities		6		–		6		–
Other asset-backed securities		16		–		16		–
Private placements
FVOCI		41,494		–		33,666		7,828
FVTPL		516		–		485		31
Mortgages
FVOCI		28,621		–		–		28,621
FVTPL		1,138		–		–		1,138
Public equities
FVTPL		23,519		23,448		–		71
Real estate^(1)^
Investment property		11,417		–		–		11,417
Own use property		2,682		–		–		2,682
Other invested assets^(2)^		31,095		26		–		31,069
Segregated funds net assets^(3)^		348,562		314,436		30,141		3,985
Total	$	710,628	$	344,204	$	279,515	$	86,909
^(1)^	For footnotes (1) to (3), refer to the “Fair value measurement” table as at September 30, 2023 above.<br>
---	---

The following table presents fair value of invested assets not measured at fair value by the fair value hierarchy.

	Carrying		Total fair
As at September 30, 2023	value		value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Short-term securities	$	106	$	106	$	–	$	106	$	–
Mortgages	****	22,618	****	22,138	****	–	****	–	****	22,138
Loans to Bank clients	****	2,513	****	2,491	****	–	****	2,491	****	–
Real estate - own use property	****	167	****	297	****	–	****	–	****	297
Public bonds held at amortized cost	****	1,408	****	930	****	–	****	930	****	–
Other invested assets^(1)^	****	12,284	****	13,155	****	250	****	–	****	12,905
Total invested assets disclosed at fair value	$	39,096	$	39,117	$	250	$	3,527	$	35,340
	Carrying		Total fair
As at December 31, 2022	value		value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Mortgages	$	22,006	$	21,613	$	–	$	–	$	21,613
Loans to Bank clients		2,781		2,760		–		2,760		–
Real estate - own use property		170		326		–		–		326
Public bonds held at amortized cost		1,411		1,000		–		1,000		–
Other invested<br>assets^(1)^		11,708		12,473		72		–		12,401
Total invested assets disclosed at fair value	$	38,076	$	38,172	$	72	$	3,760	$	34,340
^(1)^	Other invested assets disclosed at fair value include $3,869 (December 31, 2022 – $3,840) of leveraged leases which<br>are disclosed at their carrying values as fair value is not routinely calculated on these investments.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	113
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Transfers between Level 1 and Level 2

The Company records transfers of assets and liabilities between Level 1 and Level 2 at their fair values as at the end of each reporting period, consistent with the date of the determination of fair value. Assets are transferred out of Level 1 when they are no longer transacted with sufficient frequency and volume in an active market. Conversely, assets are transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 when transaction volume and frequency are indicative of an active market. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company had $nil and $nil transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 (September 30, 2022 – $nil and $nil).

For segregated funds net assets, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company had $3 and $nil transfers from Level 1 to Level 2 (September 30, 2022 – $nil and $nil). During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company had $nil and $nil transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 (September 30, 2022 – $nil and $nil).

Invested assets and segregated funds net assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)

The Company classifies fair values of invested assets and segregated funds net assets as Level 3 if there are no observable markets for these assets or, in the absence of active markets, most significant non-market observable inputs used to determine fair value are based on the Company’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions. The Company prioritizes the use of market-based inputs over entity-based assumptions in determining Level 3 fair values. The gains and losses in the table below include the changes in fair value due to both observable and unobservable factors.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	114

The following table presents the movement in invested assets, net derivatives and segregated funds net assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

For the threemonths endedSeptember 30, 2023	Balance,<br>July 1,<br>2023		Total<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>included<br>in net<br>income^(1)^		Total<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>included<br>in AOCI^(2)^		Purchases		Sales		Settlements		Transfer<br><br><br>in^(3)^		Transfer<br><br><br>out^(3)^		Currency<br>movement		Balance,September 30,2023		Change in<br>unrealized<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>on assets<br>still held
Debt instruments
FVOCI
Other government & agency	$	10	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	10	$	–
Corporate	****	102	****	–	****	1	****	34	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	2	****	139	****	–
Other securitized assets	****	23	****	–	****	1	****	–	****	–	****	(2)	****	–	****	–	****	(1)	****	21	****	–
Public equities
FVTPL	****	4	****	(1)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	1	****	4	****	(1)
Private placements
FVOCI	****	8,918	****	–	****	(196)	****	224	****	(133)	****	(262)	****	133	****	(863)	****	155	****	7,976	****	–
FVTPL	****	64	****	(4)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	60	****	(5)
Mortgages
FVOCI	****	28,073	****	(13)	****	(850)	****	293	****	(297)	****	(188)	****	–	****	–	****	399	****	27,417	****	–
FVTPL	****	1,008	****	(19)	****	–	****	30	****	(30)	****	(11)	****	–	****	–	****	(1)	****	977	****	–
Investment property	****	10,715	****	(299)	****	–	****	104	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	120	****	10,640	****	(299)
Own use property	****	2,548	****	(51)	****	–	****	6	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	34	****	2,537	****	(51)
Other invested assets	****	32,093	****	(478)	****	812	****	999	****	(78)	****	(287)	****	–	****	–	****	426	****	33,487	****	(410)
Total invested assets	****	83,558	****	(865)	****	(232)	****	1,690	****	(538)	****	(750)	****	133	****	(863)	****	1,135	****	83,268	****	(766)
Derivatives, net	****	(2,391)	****	(1,954)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(11)	****	–	****	377	****	(51)	****	(4,030)	****	(1,953)
Segregated funds net assets	****	3,739	****	(57)	****	–	****	(24)	****	(32)	****	19	****	–	****	–	****	39	****	3,684	****	14
Total	$	84,906	$	(2,876)	$	(232)	$	1,666	$	(570)	$	(742)	$	133	$	(486)	$	1,123	$	82,922	$	(2,705)
For the three<br> <br>months<br>ended<br>September 30, 2022	Balance,<br>July 1,<br>2022		Total<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>included<br>in net<br>income^(1)^		Total<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>included<br>in AOCI^(2)^		Purchases		Sales		Settlements		Transfer<br><br><br>in^(3)^		Transfer<br><br><br>out^(3)^		Currency<br>movement		Balance,September 30,2022		Change in<br>unrealized<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>on assets<br>still held
Debt instruments
FVOCI
Other government & agency	$	9	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	9	$	–
Corporate		12		–		(1)		–		–		(1)		6		(12)		1		5		–
Other securitized assets		26		–		1		27		–		(2)		–		–		2		54		–
Public equities
FVTPL		1		1		–		69		(1)		–		6		–		(1)		75		2
Private placements
FVOCI		4,617		(4)		(202)		835		(64)		(26)		1,958		(20)		182		7,276		–
FVTPL		24		–		–		–		–		–		8		–		–		32		–
Mortgages
FVOCI		28,402		(80)		(1,087)		733		(523)		(187)		–		–		1,203		28,461		–
FVTPL		1,148		(7)		–		7		–		(9)		–		–		–		1,139		–
Investment property		11,791		(89)		–		158		(7)		–		–		–		344		12,197		(89)
Own use property		2,715		(87)		–		6		–		–		–		–		100		2,734		(87)
Other invested assets		27,553		436		44		1,138		(332)		(492)		244		–		1,262		29,853		292
Total invested assets		76,298		170		(1,245)		2,973		(927)		(717)		2,222		(32)		3,093		81,835		118
Derivatives, net		(2,061)		(1,102)		(1)		–		–		(44)		–		146		(177)		(3,239)		(1,119)
Segregated funds net assets		4,374		19		–		49		(167)		(2)		–		–		135		4,408		(71)
Total	$	78,611	$	(913)	$	(1,246)	$	3,022	$	(1,094)	$	(763)	$	2,222	$	114	$	3,051	$	83,004	$	(1,072)
^(1)^	These amounts are included in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Income except for the amount<br>related to segregated funds net assets, where the amount is recorded in investment income related to segregated funds net assets.
---	---
^(2)^	These amounts are included in AOCI on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
---	---
^(3)^	The Company uses fair values of the assets at the beginning of the period for assets transferred into and out of<br>Level 3 except for derivatives, where the Company uses fair value at the end of the period and at the beginning of the period, respectively.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	115
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For the ninemonths endedSeptember 30, 2023	Balance,<br>January 1,<br>2023		Total<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>included<br>in net<br>income^(1)^		Total<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>included<br>in AOCI^(2)^		Purchases		Sales		Settlements		Transfer<br><br><br>in^(3)^		Transfer<br><br><br>out^(3),(4)^		Currency<br>movement		Balance,September 30,2023		Change in<br>unrealized<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>on assets<br>still held
Debt instruments
FVOCI
Other government & agency	$	9	$	–	$	–	$	2	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	(1)	$	10	$	–
Corporate	****	32	****	–	****	1	****	100	****	–	****	(3)	****	8	****	–	****	1	****	139	****	–
Other securitized assets	****	26	****	–	****	2	****	–	****	–	****	(5)	****	–	****	–	****	(2)	****	21	****	–
Public equities
FVTPL	****	71	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(67)	****	–	****	4	****	–
Private placements
FVOCI	****	7,828	****	(5)	****	(1)	****	1,549	****	(442)	****	(610)	****	2,461	****	(2,634)	****	(170)	****	7,976	****	–
FVTPL	****	31	****	(1)	****	–	****	17	****	–	****	(1)	****	13	****	–	****	1	****	60	****	(1)
Mortgages
FVOCI	****	28,621	****	61	****	(766)	****	1,127	****	(965)	****	(566)	****	–	****	–	****	(95)	****	27,417	****	–
FVTPL	****	1,138	****	(17)	****	–	****	48	****	(160)	****	(31)	****	–	****	–	****	(1)	****	977	****	–
Investment property	****	11,417	****	(831)	****	–	****	235	****	(102)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(79)	****	10,640	****	(833)
Own use property	****	2,682	****	(131)	****	–	****	8	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(22)	****	2,537	****	(131)
Other invested assets	****	31,069	****	3	****	816	****	3,303	****	(534)	****	(789)	****	–	****	–	****	(381)	****	33,487	****	(20)
Total invested assets	****	82,924	****	(921)	****	52	****	6,389	****	(2,203)	****	(2,005)	****	2,482	****	(2,701)	****	(749)	****	83,268	****	(985)
Derivatives, net	****	(3,188)	****	(1,721)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	413	****	–	****	449	****	17	****	(4,030)	****	(1,723)
Segregated funds net assets	****	3,985	****	(24)	****	–	****	48	****	(336)	****	15	****	–	****	1	****	(5)	****	3,684	****	25
Total	$	83,721	$	(2,666)	$	52	$	6,437	$	(2,539)	$	(1,577)	$	2,482	$	(2,251)	$	(737)	$	82,922	$	(2,683)
For the nine<br> <br>months<br>ended<br>September 30, 2022	Balance,<br>January 1,<br>2022		Total<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>included<br>in net<br>income^(1)^		Total<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>included<br>in AOCI^(2)^		Purchases		Sales		Settlements		Transfer<br><br><br>in^(3)^		Transfer<br><br><br>out^(3)^		Currency<br>movement		Balance,September 30,2022		Change in<br>unrealized<br>gains<br>(losses)<br>on assets<br>still held
Debt instruments
FVOCI
Other government & agency	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	9	$	–	$	–	$	9	$	–
Corporate		41		–		(1)		–		–		(1)		6		(41)		1		5		–
Other securitized assets		28		–		4		27		–		(4)		–		–		(1)		54		–
Public equities
FVTPL		–		1		–		69		(1)		–		6		–		–		75		2
Private placements
FVOCI		5,136		(4)		(1,423)		1,063		(76)		(35)		2,778		(362)		199		7,276		–
FVTPL		30		(7)		–		1		–		–		8		–		–		32		(7)
Mortgages
FVOCI		31,798		(36)		(5,056)		2,749		(1,876)		(573)		–		–		1,455		28,461		–
FVTPL		1,203		(118)		–		81		–		(28)		–		–		1		1,139		–
Investment property		11,443		291		–		254		(156)		–		–		–		365		12,197		286
Own use property		2,661		(48)		–		16		–		–		–		–		105		2,734		(48)
Other invested assets		24,884		1,697		(3)		3,593		(632)		(1,265)		248		–		1,331		29,853		1,686
Total invested assets		77,224		1,776		(6,479)		7,853		(2,741)		(1,906)		3,055		(403)		3,456		81,835		1,919
Derivatives, net		2,101		(5,508)		(27)		1		–		478		–		(103)		(181)		(3,239)		(4,121)
Segregated funds net assets		4,281		213		–		196		(422)		(32)		–		(1)		173		4,408		22
Total	$	83,606	$	(3,519)	$	(6,506)	$	8,050	$	(3,163)	$	(1,460)	$	3,055	$	(507)	$	3,448	$	83,004	$	(2,180)
^(1)^	These amounts are included in net investment income on the Consolidated Statements of Income except for the amount<br>related to segregated funds net assets, where the amount is recorded in investment income related to segregated funds net assets.
---	---
^(2)^	These amounts are included in AOCI on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.
---	---
^(3)^	The Company uses fair values of the assets at the beginning of the year for assets transferred into and out of<br>Level 3 except for derivatives, where the Company uses fair value at the end of the period and at the beginning of the year, respectively.
---	---
^(4)^	Private placement bonds of $1,771 with maturity dates beyond 30 years were reclassed from Level 3 to Level 2<br>in the current period to align with the fair value leveling treatment of public bonds.
---	---

Transfers into Level 3 primarily result from securities that were impaired during the periods or securities where a lack of observable market data (versus the previous period) resulted in reclassifying assets into Level 3. Transfers from Level 3 primarily result from observable market data becoming available for the entire term structure of the debt security.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	116

(d) Remaining term to maturity

The following table presents remaining term to maturity for invested assets.

	Remaining terms to maturities^(1)^
As at September 30, 2023	Less<br>than 1<br>year		1 to 3<br>years		3 to 5<br>years		5 to 10<br>years		Over 10<br>years		With no<br>specific<br>maturity		Total
Cash and short-term securities	$	22,137	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	22,137
Debt securities
Canadian government and agency	****	725	****	1,255	****	1,727	****	3,640	****	11,664	****	–	****	19,011
U.S. government and agency	****	259	****	856	****	553	****	3,826	****	19,182	****	–	****	24,676
Other government and agency	****	405	****	662	****	1,754	****	3,633	****	22,220	****	–	****	28,674
Corporate	****	7,266	****	15,713	****	18,050	****	32,693	****	49,709	****	54	****	123,485
Mortgage / asset-backed securities	****	92	****	120	****	283	****	596	****	901	****	–	****	1,992
Public equities	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	24,272	****	24,272
Mortgages	****	3,598	****	11,079	****	10,131	****	7,331	****	9,329	****	9,544	****	51,012
Private placements	****	1,385	****	3,042	****	4,840	****	8,639	****	23,870	****	73	****	41,849
Loans to Bank clients	****	37	****	23	****	1	****	–	****	2	****	2,450	****	2,513
Real estate
Own use property	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	2,704	****	2,704
Investment property	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	10,640	****	10,640
Other invested assets
Alternative long-duration assets	****	–	****	122	****	22	****	71	****	714	****	40,523	****	41,452
Various<br>other^(2)^	****	23	****	–	****	20	****	1,550	****	2,276	****	450	****	4,319
Total invested assets	$	35,927	$	32,872	$	37,381	$	61,979	$	139,867	$	90,710	$	398,736
	Remaining terms to maturities^(1)^
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
As at December 31, 2022	Less<br>than 1<br>year		1 to 3<br>years		3 to 5<br>years		5 to 10<br>years		Over 10<br>years		With no<br>specific<br>maturity		Total
Cash and short-term securities	$	19,153	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	19,153
Debt securities
Canadian government and agency		738		1,242		2,536		3,811		12,939		–		21,266
U.S. government and agency		380		775		505		3,560		19,516		–		24,736
Other government and agency		457		753		1,490		3,801		19,972		–		26,473
Corporate		8,599		14,542		16,767		36,778		52,392		1		129,079
Mortgage / asset-backed securities		6		89		265		574		1,354		–		2,288
Public equities		–		–		–		–		–		23,519		23,519
Mortgages		3,288		7,838		10,911		7,906		11,629		10,193		51,765
Private placements		1,485		2,962		4,090		7,958		25,440		75		42,010
Loans to Bank clients		40		18		5		–		2		2,716		2,781
Real estate
Own use property		–		–		–		–		–		2,852		2,852
Investment property		–		–		–		–		–		11,417		11,417
Other invested assets
Alternative long-duration assets		1		46		22		35		674		37,682		38,460
Various<br>other^(2)^		105		–		19		509		3,206		504		4,343
Total invested assets	$	34,252	$	28,265	$	36,610	$	64,932	$	147,124	$	88,959	$	400,142
^(1)^	Represents contractual maturities. Actual maturities may differ due to prepayment privileges in the applicable contract.<br>
---	---
^(2)^	Primarily includes equity method accounted investments and leveraged leases.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	117
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Note 4 Derivative and Hedging Instruments

Derivatives are financial contracts, the value of which is derived from a variety of factors described in note 4 (a). The Company uses derivatives including swaps, forward and futures agreements, and options to manage current and anticipated exposures to changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodity prices and equity market prices, and to replicate exposure to different types of investments.

Swaps are contractual agreements between the Company and a third party to exchange a series of cash flows based upon rates applied to a notional amount. For interest rate swaps, counterparties generally exchange fixed or floating interest rate payments based on a notional value in a single currency. Cross currency swaps involve the exchange of principal amounts between parties as well as the exchange of interest payments in one currency for the receipt of interest payments in another currency. Total return swaps are contracts that involve the exchange of payments based on changes in the values of a reference asset, including any returns such as interest earned on these assets, in return for amounts based on reference rates specified in the contract.

Forward and futures agreements are contractual obligations to buy or sell a financial instrument, foreign currency or other underlying commodity on a predetermined future date at a specified price. Forward contracts are OTC contracts negotiated between counterparties, whereas futures agreements are contracts with standard amounts and settlement dates that are traded on regulated exchanges.

Options are contractual agreements whereby the holder has the right, but not the obligation, to buy (call option) or sell (put option) a security, exchange rate, interest rate, or other financial instrument at a predetermined price/rate within a specified time.

See variable annuity dynamic hedging strategy in the “Risk Management and Risk Factors” section of the MD&A in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report for an explanation of the Company’s dynamic hedging strategy for its variable annuity product guarantees.

(a) Fair value of derivatives

The pricing models used to value derivatives are based on market standard valuation methodologies and the inputs to these models are consistent with what a market participant would use when pricing the instruments. Derivative valuations can be affected by changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates, financial indices, commodity prices or indices, credit spreads, default risk (including the counterparties to the contract), and market volatility. The significant inputs to the pricing models for most derivatives are inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data and are classified as Level 2. Inputs that are observable generally include interest rates, foreign exchange rates and interest rate curves. However, certain derivatives may rely on inputs that are significant to the fair value that are not observable in the market or cannot be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data and these derivatives are classified as Level 3. Inputs that are unobservable generally include broker quoted prices, volatilities and inputs that are outside of the observable portion of the interest rate curve or other relevant market measures. These unobservable inputs may involve significant management judgment or estimation. Even though unobservable, these inputs are based on assumptions deemed appropriate given the circumstances and consistent with what market participants would use when pricing such instruments. The credit risk of both the counterparty and the Company are considered in determining the fair value for all derivatives after considering the effects of netting agreements and collateral arrangements.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	118

The following table presents gross notional amount and fair value of derivative instruments by the underlying risk exposure.

		September 30, 2023						December 31, 2022
As at		Notional		Fair value				Notional		Fair value
Type of hedge	Instrument type	amount		Assets		Liabilities		amount		Assets		Liabilities
Qualifying hedge accounting relationships
Fair value hedges	Interest rate swaps	$	193,597	$	3,031	$	4,406	$	–	$	–	$	–
	Foreign currency swaps	****	9,157	****	118	****	1,536		48		5		–
	Forward contracts	****	23,135	****	–	****	4,585		–		–		–
Cash flow hedges	Interest rate swaps	****	8,584	****	5	****	11		–		–		–
	Foreign currency swaps	****	1,145	****	33	****	141		1,155		40		203
	Forward contracts	****	–	****	–	****	–		–		–		–
	Equity contracts	****	253	****	–	****	15		173		3		–
Net investment hedges	Forward contracts	****	608	****	–	****	6		626		–		28
Total derivatives in qualifying hedge accounting<br>relationships		****	236,479	****	3,187	****	10,700		2,002		48		231
Derivatives not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships
	Interest rate swaps	****	93,971	****	3,405	****	5,104		268,081		5,751		7,557
	Interest rate futures	****	9,129	****	–	****	–		11,772		–		–
	Interest rate options	****	6,181	****	24	****	–		6,090		98		–
	Foreign currency swaps	****	32,170	****	1,698	****	364		39,667		2,029		1,579
	Currency rate futures	****	2,453	****	–	****	–		2,319		–		–
	Forward contracts	****	30,620	****	384	****	927		45,124		295		4,697
	Equity contracts	****	19,122	****	429	****	115		16,930		363		225
	Credit default swaps	****	127	****	4	****	–		159		4		–
	Equity futures	****	4,014	****	–	****	–		3,813		–		–
Total derivatives not designated in qualifying hedge<br>accounting relationships		****	197,787	****	5,944	****	6,510		393,955		8,540		14,058
Total derivatives		$	434,266	$	9,131	$	17,210	$	395,957	$	8,588	$	14,289

The total notional amount above includes $79 billion (December 31, 2022 – $211 billion) of derivative instruments which reference rates that are impacted under the interest rate benchmark reform, with a significant majority to CDOR. USD LIBOR was decommissioned on June 30, 2023. Exposures indexed to CDOR represent derivatives with a maturity date beyond June 28, 2024. Upon adoption of IFRS 9, the Company designated additional existing derivatives in hedge accounting relationships. The exposure in the Company’s hedge accounting programs is primarily to the CDOR benchmark. Compared to the overall risk exposure, the effect of interest rate benchmark reform on existing accounting hedges is not significant. The Company continues to apply high probability and high effectiveness expectation assumptions for cash flows and there would be no automatic de-designation of qualifying hedge relationships due to the impact from interest rate benchmark reform.

The following table presents the fair values of the derivative instruments by the remaining term to maturity. Fair values disclosed below do not incorporate the impact of master netting agreements (refer to note 7).

	Remaining term to maturity
As at September 30, 2023	Less than<br><br><br>1 year		1 to 3<br><br><br>years		3 to 5<br><br><br>years		Over 5<br><br><br>years		Total
Derivative assets	$	719	$	513	$	499	$	7,400	$	9,131
Derivative liabilities	****	3,028	****	2,523	****	1,252	****	10,407	****	17,210
	Remaining term to maturity
As at December 31, 2022	Less than<br><br><br>1 year		1 to 3<br><br><br>years		3 to 5<br><br><br>years		Over 5<br><br><br>years		Total
Derivative assets	$	580	$	556	$	556	$	6,896	$	8,588
Derivative liabilities		2,656		1,956		1,146		8,531		14,289
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	119
---	---

The following table presents gross notional amount by the remaining term to maturity, total fair value (including accrued interest), credit equivalent amount and capital requirement by contract type.

	Remaining term to maturity (notional amounts)								Fair value						Credit<br>equivalent<br><br><br>amount^(1)^		Capital<br><br><br>requirement^(2)^
As at September 30, 2023	Under 1<br><br><br>year		1 to 5<br><br><br>years		Over<br><br><br>5 years		Total		Positive		Negative		Net
Interest rate contracts
OTC swap contracts	$	6,252	$	20,692	$	105,765	$	132,709	$	6,734	$	(10,084)	$	(3,350)	$	48	$	–
Cleared swap contracts	****	10,653	****	25,948	****	126,842	****	163,443	****	262	****	(236)	****	26	****	–	****	–
Forward contracts	****	17,497	****	14,401	****	–	****	31,898	****	74	****	(5,358)	****	(5,284)	****	4	****	–
Futures	****	9,129	****	–	****	–	****	9,129	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Options purchased	****	656	****	1,722	****	3,803	****	6,181	****	24	****	–	****	24	****	7	****	1
Subtotal	****	44,187	****	62,763	****	236,410	****	343,360	****	7,094	****	(15,678)	****	(8,584)	****	59	****	1
Foreign exchange
Swap contracts	****	1,939	****	11,820	****	28,713	****	42,472	****	1,849	****	(2,119)	****	(270)	****	900	****	16
Forward contracts	****	22,465	****	–	****	–	****	22,465	****	310	****	(161)	****	149	****	39	****	–
Futures	****	2,453	****	–	****	–	****	2,453	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Subtotal	****	26,857	****	11,820	****	28,713	****	67,390	****	2,159	****	(2,280)	****	(121)	****	939	****	16
Credit derivatives	****	9	****	118	****	–	****	127	****	4	****	–	****	4	****	–	****	–
Equity contracts
Swap contracts	****	1,060	****	673	****	–	****	1,733	****	29	****	(55)	****	(26)	****	30	****	–
Futures	****	4,014	****	–	****	–	****	4,014	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Options purchased	****	14,406	****	3,236	****	–	****	17,642	****	407	****	(76)	****	331	****	124	****	1
Subtotal	****	19,489	****	4,027	****	–	****	23,516	****	440	****	(131)	****	309	****	154	****	1
Subtotal including accrued interest	****	90,533	****	78,610	****	265,123	****	434,266	****	9,693	****	(18,089)	****	(8,396)	****	1,152	****	18
Less accrued interest	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	562	****	(879)	****	(317)	****	–	****	–
Total	$	90,533	$	78,610	$	265,123	$	434,266	$	9,131	$	(17,210)	$	(8,079)	$	1,152	$	18
	Remaining term to maturity (notional amounts)								Fair value						Credit<br>equivalent<br><br><br>amount^(1)^		Capital<br><br><br>requirement^(2)^
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
As at December 31, 2022	Under 1<br><br><br>year		1 to 5<br><br><br>years		Over<br><br><br>5 years		Total		Positive		Negative		Net
Interest rate contracts
OTC swap contracts	$	8,817	$	19,253	$	98,380	$	126,450	$	5,992	$	(8,135)	$	(2,143)	$	419	$	9
Cleared swap contracts		2,494		16,823		122,314		141,631		254		(219)		35		–		–
Forward contracts		14,290		13,926		198		28,414		70		(4,468)		(4,398)		8		–
Futures		11,772		–		–		11,772		–		–		–		–		–
Options purchased		1,199		1,069		3,822		6,090		98		–		98		64		4
Subtotal		38,572		51,071		224,714		314,357		6,414		(12,822)		(6,408)		491		13
Foreign exchange
Swap contracts		2,026		10,475		28,369		40,870		2,067		(1,846)		221		1,166		23
Forward contracts		17,336		–		–		17,336		226		(258)		(32)		89		–
Futures		2,319		–		–		2,319		–		–		–		–		–
Subtotal		21,681		10,475		28,369		60,525		2,293		(2,104)		189		1,255		23
Credit derivatives		15		144		–		159		4		–		4		–		–
Equity contracts
Swap contracts		547		396		–		943		26		(7)		19		24		–
Futures		3,813		–		–		3,813		–		–		–		–		–
Options purchased		12,634		3,526		–		16,160		335		(218)		117		232		2
Subtotal		17,009		4,066		–		21,075		365		(225)		140		256		2
Subtotal including accrued interest		77,262		65,612		253,083		395,957		9,072		(15,151)		(6,079)		2,002		38
Less accrued interest		–		–		–		–		484		(862)		(378)		–		–
Total	$	77,262	$	65,612	$	253,083	$	395,957	$	8,588	$	(14,289)	$	(5,701)	$	2,002	$	38
^(1)^	Credit equivalent amount is the sum of replacement cost and the potential future credit exposure less any collateral held.<br>Replacement cost represents the current cost of replacing all contracts with a positive fair value. The amounts take into consideration legal contracts that permit offsetting of positions. The potential future credit exposure is calculated based on<br>a formula prescribed by OSFI.
---	---
^(2)^	Capital requirement represents the credit equivalent amount, weighted according to the creditworthiness of the<br>counterparty, as prescribed by OSFI.
---	---

The total notional amount of $434 billion (December 31, 2022 – $396 billion) includes $82 billion (December 31, 2022 – $77 billion) related to derivatives utilized in the Company’s variable annuity guarantee dynamic hedging. Due to the Company’s variable annuity hedging practices, many trades are in offsetting positions, resulting in materially lower net fair value exposure for the Company than what the gross notional amount would suggest.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	120

The average rate of the hedging instruments in hedge relationships that do not frequently reset is presented as below:

As at September 30, 2023										Fair value
Hedged item	Hedging<br>instrument	Average rate		1 to 5<br><br><br>years		Over 5<br><br><br>years		Total		Positive		Negative		Net
Inflation risk
Inflation linked insurance liabilities	Interest rate swaps	CPI rate: 290.13	89	$	471	$	8,024	$	8,584	$	5	$	(11)	$	(6)
Foreign exchange risk
Fixed rate liabilities	Foreign currency<br>swaps	SGD/CAD:0.93503	–	****	495	****	–	****	495	****	33	****	–	****	33
Foreign exchange and interest rate risk
Floating rate foreign currency liabilities	Foreign currency<br>swaps	CAD/:0.86655	–	****	–	****	650	****	650	****	–	****	(141)	****	(141)
Debt securities at fair value through OCI	Foreign currency<br>swaps	CAD/:1.22914	–	****	48	****	–	****	48	****	6	****	–	****	6
Equity risk
Stock-based compensation	Equity contracts	MFC price:26.23	21	****	232	****	–	****	253	****	–	****	(15)	****	(15)
Total			110	$	1,246	$	8,674	$	10,030	$	44	$	(167)	$	(123)
As at December 31, 2022										Fair value
Hedged item	Hedging<br>instrument	Average rate		1 to 5<br><br><br>years		Over 5<br><br><br>years		Total		Positive		Negative		Net
Foreign exchange risk
Fixed rate liabilities	Foreign currency<br>swaps	SGD/CAD:0.93503	–	$	505	$	–	$	505	$	40	$	–	$	40
Foreign exchange and interest rate risk
Floating rate foreign currency liabilities	Foreign currency<br>swaps	CAD/:0.86655	–		–		650		650		–		(203)		(203)
Debt securities at fair value through OCI	Foreign currency<br>swaps	CAD/:1.22914	–		48		–		48		5		–		5
Equity risk
Stock-based compensation	Equity contracts	MFC price:25.39	9		164		–		173		3		–		3
Total			9	$	717	$	650	$	1,376	$	48	$	(203)	$	(155)

All values are in US Dollars.

Fair value and the fair value hierarchy of derivative instruments
As at September 30, 2023	Fair value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Derivative assets
Interest rate contracts	$	6,538	$	–	$	6,448	$	90
Foreign exchange contracts	****	2,160	****	–	****	2,160	****	–
Equity contracts	****	429	****	–	****	428	****	1
Credit default swaps	****	4	****	–	****	4	****	–
Total derivative assets	$	9,131	$	–	$	9,040	$	91
Derivative liabilities
Interest rate contracts	$	14,878	$	–	$	10,767	$	4,111
Foreign exchange contracts	****	2,202	****	–	****	2,200	****	2
Equity contracts	****	130	****	–	****	122	****	8
Total derivative liabilities	$	17,210	$	–	$	13,089	$	4,121
As at December 31, 2022	Fair value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Derivative assets
Interest rate contracts	$	5,919	$	–	$	5,766	$	153
Foreign exchange contracts		2,299		–		2,298		1
Equity contracts		366		–		361		5
Credit default swaps		4		–		4		–
Total derivative assets	$	8,588	$	–	$	8,429	$	159
Derivative liabilities
Interest rate contracts	$	12,025	$	–	$	8,689	$	3,336
Foreign exchange contracts		2,039		–		2,037		2
Equity contracts		225		–		216		9
Total derivative liabilities	$	14,289	$	–	$	10,942	$	3,347

Movement in net derivatives measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) is presented in note 3 (c).

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	121

(b) Hedge accounting relationships

The Company uses derivatives for economic hedging purposes. In certain circumstances, these hedges also meet the requirements of hedge accounting and designating derivatives in qualifying hedge accounting relationships achieves the desired IFRS presentation. Risk management strategies eligible for hedge accounting are designated as fair value hedges, cash flow hedges or net investment hedges.

At the inception of a hedge accounting relationship, the Company documents the relationship between hedging instrument and hedged item, its risk management objective, and its strategy for undertaking the hedge. At hedge inception and on an ongoing basis, an assessment is performed and documented to demonstrate that the hedging relationship qualifies for hedge accounting. In order to qualify for hedge accounting, there has to be an economic relationship between the hedging instrument and the hedged item, an assessment that the effect of credit risk does not dominate the economic relationship, and the hedge ratio between the hedging instrument and the hedged item will be based on the approach used by risk management, unless the hedge ratio used by risk management results in an imbalance that would create hedge ineffectiveness that is inconsistent with the purpose of hedge accounting.

•	The Company designates a specific risk component or a combination of risk components as the hedged risk, including<br>benchmark interest rate, foreign exchange rate, equity price and consumer price index components. All these risk components are observable in the relevant market environment and the changes in fair value or variability in cash flows attributable to<br>these risk components can be reliably measured for hedged items. The hedged risk is generally the most significant risk component of the overall changes in fair value or in cash flows. The Company acquires derivatives for economic hedging purposes<br>with underlying characteristics that offset the hedged risk, based on the risk management strategy.
•	The Company executes hedging derivatives with counterparties with high credit quality and monitors the creditworthiness of<br>the counterparties to ensure they are expected to meet cash flow obligations on the hedging instruments as they come due, and that the probability of counterparty default is remote. Further, changes in the Company’s own credit risk are<br>immaterial and have insignificant impact to the hedging relationship.
---	---
•	A hedge ratio is calculated as the ratio between the quantity of the hedged item that the Company hedges and the quantity<br>of the hedging instrument the Company uses to hedge that quantity of hedged item.
---	---
•	For group fair value hedges of interest rate risk of insurance liabilities and group fair value hedges of foreign exchange<br>and interest rate risk of foreign currency denominated debt instruments, the Company constructs the hedge relationship by comparing interest rate sensitivities of the group of hedging derivatives and the group of hedged items in the same currency.<br>Interest rate sensitivities are compared by estimating the change in the present value of cash flows of hedged items and hedging derivatives from an instantaneous shock to interest rates, assuming no rebalancing actions are undertaken.<br>
---	---
•	For the rest of the Company’s hedge accounting relationships, the Company generally constructs the hedge relationships<br>by comparing the notional amounts of the hedging derivatives with that of the hedged items.
---	---

Hedge ineffectiveness in various hedging relationships may still exist and potential sources of hedge ineffectiveness by risk category are summarized as below:

	Interest<br>rate risk	Foreign<br>currency<br>risk	Equity<br> <br>risk	Consumer<br>price index<br>risk
Mismatches in some critical terms of hedging instrument and hedged item	✓	✓	✓	✓
Differences in valuation methodologies including discounting factor	✓	✓		✓
Changes in timing and amount of forecasted hedged items		✓		✓
Differences due to the use of non-zero fair value hedging instruments	✓	✓
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	122
---	---

Hedging relationships that frequently reset

The Company uses a portfolio of derivatives as a fair value hedge of foreign exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations of fixed rate debt instruments denominated in non-functional currencies, as well as interest rate fluctuations of guaranteed insurance liabilities. The risk management objective is to hedge these foreign exchange and interest rate fluctuations with a hedge horizon of three months. At the end of each hedge horizon, the hedging relationships mature; and new fair value hedging relationships will be designated with a new pool of hedging instruments and hedged items.

Fair value hedges

The Company uses interest rate swaps to manage its exposure to changes in the fair value of fixed rate financial instruments and guaranteed insurance liabilities due to changes in interest rates. The Company also uses cross currency swaps to manage its exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations, interest rate fluctuations, or both.

The Company recognizes gains and losses on derivatives and the related hedged items in fair value hedges in Total investment result. These investment gains (losses) are shown in the following table.

For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2023	Change in<br>value of the<br>hedged item for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Change in<br>value of the<br>hedging<br>instrument for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Ineffectiveness<br>recognized in<br>Total<br>investment<br>result		Carrying<br>amount for<br>hedged<br>items^(1)^		Accumulated<br>fair value<br>adjustments on<br>hedged items		Accumulated<br>fair value<br>adjustments on<br>de-designated<br>hedged items
Assets
Interest rate risk
Debt securities at FVOCI	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	249
Foreign currency and interest rate risk
Debt securities at FVOCI	****	425	****	(499)	****	(74)	****	9,390	****	(361)	****	(70)
Total assets	$	425	$	(499)	$	(74)	$	9,390	$	(361)	$	179
Liabilities
Interest rate risk
Insurance contract liabilities	$	2,642	$	(2,441)	$	201	$	26,825	$	3,430	$	(726)
Total liabilities	$	2,642	$	(2,441)	$	201	$	26,825	$	3,430	$	(726)
For the year ended December 31,<br>2022	Change in<br>value of the<br>hedged item for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Change in<br>value of the<br>hedging<br>instrument for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Ineffectiveness<br>recognized in<br>Total<br>investment<br>result		Carrying<br>amount for<br>hedged<br>items		Accumulated<br>fair value<br>adjustments on<br>hedged items		Accumulated<br>fair value<br>adjustments on<br>de-designated<br>hedged items
Assets^(2)^
Interest rate risk
Debt securities at FVOCI	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	265
Foreign currency and interest rate risk
Debt securities at FVOCI		7		(5)		2		31		7		–
Total assets	$	7	$	(5)	$	2	$	31	$	7	$	265
Total liabilities	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
^(1)^	The carrying amounts for hedged items presented are related to hedged items in active hedging relationships as at the<br>reporting date. Out of the $9,390 related to assets, $9,360 relates to new hedge relationships designated under IFRS 9 and accordingly no amounts are presented for the comparative period. Further, $26,825 related to liabilities are new hedge<br>relationships designated under IFRS 9 and accordingly no amounts are presented for the comparative period.
---	---
^(2)^	Represents existing hedges designated under IAS 39.
---	---

Cash flow hedges

The Company uses interest rate swaps to hedge the variability in cash flows from variable rate financial instruments and forecasted transactions. The Company also uses cross currency swaps and foreign currency forward contracts to hedge the variability from foreign currency financial instruments and foreign currency expenses. Total return swaps are used to hedge the variability in cash flows associated with certain stock-based compensation awards. Inflation swaps are used to reduce inflation risk generated from inflation-indexed liabilities.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	123

The effects of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the Consolidated Statements of Income and the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income are shown in the following table. The effective portion of the change in fair value of hedging instruments associated with the CPI cash flow hedge accounting program is presented in AOCI, in the same line as the hedged item – Insurance finance income (expense). The AOCI balances of $67 as at September 30, 2023 (December 31, 2022 – $86) are all related to continuing cash flow hedges, of which $105 (December 31, 2022 – $nil) related to CPI cash flow hedges that were reported in AOCI – Insurance finance income (expense). There is $nil balance in AOCI related to de-designated hedges as at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

For the nine monthsended September 30, 2023	Hedged items in<br><br><br>qualifying cash flow<br>hedging<br> <br>relationships	Change in fair<br>value of hedged<br>items for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Change in fair<br>value of hedging<br>instruments for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Gains (losses)<br>deferred in AOCI<br>on derivatives		Gains (losses)<br>reclassified from<br>AOCI into Total<br>investment result		Ineffectiveness<br>recognized in<br>Total<br>investment<br>result
Interest rate risk
Treasury lock	Forecasted liability issuance	$	(5)	$	5	$	5	$	–	$	–
Foreign exchange risk
Foreign currency swaps	Fixed rate liabilities	****	9	****	(9)	****	(9)	****	(11)	****	–
Interest and foreign exchange risk
Foreign currency swaps	Floating rate liabilities	****	(60)	****	60	****	60	****	(4)	****	–
Equity price risk
Equity contracts	Stock-based compensation	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	2	****	–
CPI risk
Interest rate<br>swaps^(1)^	Inflation linked insurance liabilities	****	(185)	****	185	****	185	****	80	****	–
Total		$	(241)	$	241	$	241	$	67	$	–
For the year ended<br>December 31, 2022	Hedged items in qualifying<br>cash flow hedging<br>relationships	Change in fair<br>value of hedged<br>items for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Change in fair<br>value of hedging<br>instruments for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Gains (losses)<br>deferred in AOCI<br>on derivatives		Gains (losses)<br>reclassified from<br>AOCI into Total<br>investment result		Ineffectiveness<br>recognized in<br>Total<br>investment<br>result
Foreign exchange risk
Foreign currency swaps	Fixed rate assets	$	1	$	(1)	$	(1)	$	(1)	$	–
	Fixed rate liabilities		(34)		34		34		35		–
Interest and foreign exchange risk
Foreign currency swaps	Floating rate liabilities		(175)		175		175		(49)		–
Equity price risk
Equity contracts	Stock-based compensation		(2)		2		2		6		–
Total		$	(210)	$	210	$	210	$	(9)	$	–
^(1)^	Gains (losses) deferred in AOCI on derivatives are presented in AOCI under Insurance finance income (expense).<br>
---	---

The Company anticipates that net losses of approximately $30 will be reclassified from AOCI to net income within the next 12 months. The maximum time frame for which variable cash flows are hedged is 13 years with exception to CPI hedge relationships where the maximum time frame for which variable cash flows are hedged is 29 years.

Hedges of net investments in foreign operations

The Company may use non-functional currency denominated long-term debt, forward currency contracts, and cross currency swaps to mitigate the foreign exchange translation risk of net investments in foreign operations. Refer to note 8.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	124

The effects of net investment hedging relationships on the Consolidated Statements of Income and the Consolidated Statements of Other Comprehensive Income are shown in the following table.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023	Change in fair<br>value of hedged<br>items for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Change in fair<br>value of<br>hedging<br>instruments for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Gains (losses)<br>deferred in<br>AOCI		Gains (losses)<br>reclassified<br>from AOCI<br>into Total<br>investment<br>result		Ineffectiveness<br>recognized in<br>Total<br>investment<br>result
Non-functional currency denominated debt	$	(16)	$	16	$	16	$	–	$	–
Forward currency contracts	****	(25)	****	25	****	25	****	–	****	–
Total	$	(41)	$	41	$	41	$	–	$	–
For the year ended December 31, 2022	Change in fair<br>value of hedged<br>items for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Change in fair<br>value of<br>hedging<br>instruments for<br>ineffectiveness<br>measurement		Gains (losses)<br>deferred in<br>AOCI		Gains (losses)<br>reclassified<br>from AOCI<br>into Total<br>investment<br>result		Ineffectiveness<br>recognized in<br>Total<br>investment<br>result
Non-functional currency denominated debt	$	458	$	(458)	$	(458)	$	–	$	–
Forward currency contracts		(14)		14		14		–		–
Total	$	444	$	(444)	$	(444)	$	–	$	–

The table below details the movement in the Company’s net investment hedge reserve.

As at	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Balances in the foreign currency translation reserve for continuing hedges	$	(96)	$	(137)
Balances remaining in the cash flow hedge reserve on de-designated hedges	****	–		–
Total	$	(96)	$	(137)

Reconciliation of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to cash flow hedges

For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2023	Accumulated other<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss),<br>beginning of the<br>period		Hedging gains<br>(losses)<br>recognized in<br>AOCI during<br>the period		Reclassification<br>from AOCI to<br>income		Accumulated<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss),<br>end of the<br>period		Reclassification<br>adjustment<br>related to<br>de-designated<br>hedges as<br>hedged item<br>affects income		Reclassification<br>adjustment<br>related to items<br>for which the<br>hedged future<br>cash flows are<br>no longer<br>expected to<br>occur
Interest rate risk	$	–	$	5	$	–	$	5	$	–	$	–
Interest rate and foreign exchange risk	****	(114)	****	60	****	(4)	****	(50)	****	–	****	–
Foreign exchange translation risk	****	5	****	(9)	****	(11)	****	7	****	–	****	–
CPI risk	****	–	****	185	****	80	****	105	****	–	****	–
Equity price risk	****	2	****	–	****	2	****	–	****	–	****	–
Total	$	(107)	$	241	$	67	$	67	$	–	$	–
For the year ended<br><br><br>December 31, 2022	Accumulated other<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss),<br>beginning of the<br>period		Hedging gains<br>(losses)<br>recognized in<br>AOCI during<br>the period		Reclassification<br>from AOCI to<br>income		Accumulated<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss),<br>end of the<br>period		Reclassification<br>adjustment<br>related to<br>de-designated<br>hedges as<br>hedged item<br>affects income		Reclassification<br>adjustment<br>related to items<br>for which the<br>hedged future<br>cash flows are<br>no longer<br>expected to<br>occur
Interest rate risk	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–	$	–
Interest rate and foreign exchange risk		(313)		175		(49)		(89)		–		–
Foreign exchange translation risk		3		33		34		2		–		–
CPI risk		–		–		–		–		–		–
Equity price risk		6		2		6		2		–		–
Total	$	(304)	$	210	$	(9)	$	(85)	$	–	$	–
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	125
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Reconciliation of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to net investment hedges

For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2023	Accumulated other<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss),<br>beginning of the<br>period		Hedging gains<br>(losses)<br>recognized in<br>AOCI during<br>the period		Reclassification<br>from AOCI to<br>income		Accumulated<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss),<br>end of the<br>period		Reclassification<br>adjustment<br>related to<br>de-designated<br>hedges as<br>hedged item<br>affects income		Reclassification<br>adjustment<br>related to items<br>for which the<br>hedged future<br>cash flows are<br>no longer<br>expected to<br>occur
Foreign exchange translation risk	$	(137)	$	41	$	–	$	(96)	$	–	$	–
For the year ended<br><br><br>December 31, 2022	Accumulated other<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss),<br>beginning of the<br>period		Hedging gains<br>(losses)<br>recognized in<br>AOCI during<br>the period		Reclassification<br>from AOCI to<br>income		Accumulated<br>other<br>comprehensive<br>income (loss),<br>end of the<br>period		Reclassification<br>adjustment<br>related to<br>de-designated<br>hedges as<br>hedged item<br>affects income		Reclassification<br>adjustment<br>related to items<br>for which the<br>hedged future<br>cash flows are<br>no longer<br>expected to<br>occur
Foreign exchange translation risk	$	307	$	(444)	$	–	$	(137)	$	–	$	–

Cost of hedging

The Company has elected to apply cost of hedging guidance retrospectively for certain hedging relationships existing on January 1, 2023. The excluded components from hedging relationships related to forward elements and foreign currency basis spreads are presented in AOCI as cost of hedging. The following table provides details of the movement in the cost of hedging by hedged risk category.

	For the nine monthsended September 30, 2023
Foreign exchange risk
Balance, beginning of year	$	(3)
Changes in fair value	****	1
Balance, end of period	$	(2)
Foreign exchange and interest rate risk
Balance, beginning of year	$	25
Changes in fair value	****	(5)
Balance, end of period	$	20
(c)	Derivatives not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships
---	---

The Company uses derivatives to economically hedge various financial risks, however, not all derivatives qualify for hedge accounting and in some cases, the Company has not elected to apply hedge accounting. As noted above, upon adoption of IFRS 9, the Company has designated additional existing derivatives in hedge accounting relationships. Below are the investment income impacts of derivatives not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships.

Investment income (loss) on derivatives not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships

	For the nine monthsended September 30, 2023		For the year ended<br>December 31, 2022
Interest rate swaps	$	(569)	$	(3,428)
Interest rate futures	****	107		(431)
Interest rate options	****	(23)		(258)
Foreign currency swaps	****	(162)		1,171
Currency rate futures	****	(50)		(103)
Forward contracts	****	(56)		(7,561)
Equity futures	****	(212)		794
Equity contracts	****	72		(818)
Total	$	(893)	$	(10,634)
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	126
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(d) Embedded derivatives

Certain insurance contracts contain features that are classified as embedded derivatives and are measured separately at FVTPL, including reinsurance contracts related to guaranteed minimum income benefits and contracts containing certain credit and interest rate features.

Certain reinsurance contracts related to guaranteed minimum income benefits contain embedded derivatives requiring separate measurement at FVTPL as the financial component contained in the reinsurance contracts does not contain significant insurance risk. Claims recovered under reinsurance ceded contracts offset claims expenses and claims paid on the reinsurance assumed. As at September 30, 2023, reinsurance ceded guaranteed minimum income benefits had a fair value of $401 (December 31, 2022 – $535) and reinsurance assumed guaranteed minimum income benefits had a fair value of $44 (December 31, 2022 – $58).

The Company’s credit and interest rate embedded derivatives promise to pay the returns on a portfolio of assets to the contract holder. These embedded derivatives contain credit and interest rate risks that are financial risks embedded in the underlying insurance contract. As at September 30, 2023, these embedded derivative liabilities had a fair value of $334 (December 31, 2022 – $395).

Other insurance contract features which are classified as embedded derivatives but are exempt from separate measurement at fair value include variable universal life and variable life products’ minimum guaranteed credited rates, no lapse guarantees, guaranteed annuitization options, CPI indexing of benefits, and segregated fund minimum guarantees other than reinsurance ceded/assumed guaranteed minimum income benefits. These embedded derivatives are measured and reported within insurance contract liabilities and are exempt from separate fair value measurement as they contain insurance risk and/or are closely related to the insurance host contract.

Note 5 Insurance and Reinsurance Contract Assets and Liabilities

(a) Movements in carrying amounts of insurance and reinsurance contracts

The following tables present the movement in the net carrying amounts of insurance contracts issued and reinsurance contracts held during the period for each reporting segment. The changes include amounts that are recognized in income and OCI, and movements due to cash flows.

There are two types of tables presented:

•	Tables which analyze movements in the net assets or liabilities for remaining coverage and for incurred claims separately<br>and reconcile them to the relevant Consolidated Statements of Income and Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income line items.
•	Tables which analyze movements of contracts by measurement components including estimates of the present value of future<br>cash flows, risk adjustment and CSM for portfolios.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	127
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Insurance contracts

The following tables present the movement in the net assets or liabilities for insurance contracts issued, showing amounts for remaining coverage and for incurred claims for the nine and twelve months ended September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	Liabilities for remaining coverage				Liabilities for incurred claims
	Excluding loss<br>component		Loss<br>component		Products not<br>under PAA		PAA<br><br><br>Estimates of<br>PV of future<br>cash flows		PAA Risk<br>adjustment<br>for non-<br><br><br>financial risk		Assets for<br>insurance<br>acquisition<br>cash flows		Total
Opening insurance contract assets	$	(659)	$	–	$	7	$	(12)	$	–	$	(9)	$	(673)
Opening insurance contract liabilities	****	336,981	****	1,328	****	5,857	****	10,877	****	602	****	(796)	****	354,849
Opening insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund<br>holders	****	110,216	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	110,216
Net opening balance, January 1, 2023	****	446,538	****	1,328	****	5,864	****	10,865	****	602	****	(805)	****	464,392
Insurance revenue
Expected incurred claims and other insurance service result	****	(9,666)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(9,666)
Change in risk adjustment for non-financial risk expired	****	(1,126)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(1,126)
CSM recognized for services provided	****	(1,533)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(1,533)
Recovery of insurance acquisition cash flows	****	(600)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(600)
Contracts under Premium Allocation Approach<br>(“PAA”)	****	(4,830)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(4,830)
	****	(17,755)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(17,755)
Insurance service expense
Incurred claims and other insurance service expenses	****	–	****	(299)	****	9,985	****	4,412	****	202	****	–	****	14,300
Losses and reversal of losses on onerous contracts (future service)	****	–	****	208	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	208
Changes to liabilities for incurred claims (past service)	****	–	****	–	****	(34)	****	(851)	****	(208)	****	–	****	(1,093)
Amortization of insurance acquisition cash flows	****	1,200	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	1,200
Net impairment of assets for insurance acquisition cash<br>flows	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
	****	1,200	****	(91)	****	9,951	****	3,561	****	(6)	****	–	****	14,615
Investment components and premium refunds	****	(13,962)	****	–	****	12,856	****	1,106	****	–	****	–	****	–
Insurance service result	****	(30,517)	****	(91)	****	22,807	****	4,667	****	(6)	****	–	****	(3,140)
Insurance finance (income) expense	****	(5,831)	****	21	****	(45)	****	44	****	(13)	****	–	****	(5,824)
Effects of movements in foreign exchange rates	****	(4,039)	****	(28)	****	(26)	****	(3)	****	–	****	2	****	(4,094)
Total changes in income and OCI	****	(40,387)	****	(98)	****	22,736	****	4,708	****	(19)	****	2	****	(13,058)
Cash flows
Premiums and premium tax received	****	36,078	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	36,078
Claims and other insurance service expenses paid, including investment components	****	–	****	–	****	(22,892)	****	(5,880)	****	–	****	–	****	(28,772)
Insurance acquisition cash flows	****	(5,127)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(5,127)
Total cash flows	****	30,951	****	–	****	(22,892)	****	(5,880)	****	–	****	–	****	2,179
Allocation from assets for insurance acquisition cash flows to groups of insurance contracts	****	(147)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	147	****	–
Acquisition cash flows incurred in the period	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(127)	****	(127)
Movements related to insurance contract liabilities for account of<br>segregated fund holders	****	(1,435)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(1,435)
Net closing balance	****	435,520	****	1,230	****	5,708	****	9,693	****	583	****	(783)	****	451,951
Closing insurance contract assets	****	(245)	****	10	****	51	****	2	****	–	****	(8)	****	(190)
Closing insurance contract liabilities	****	326,984	****	1,220	****	5,657	****	9,691	****	583	****	(775)	****	343,360
Closing insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund<br>holders	****	108,781	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	108,781
Net closing balance, September 30, 2023	$	435,520	$	1,230	$	5,708	$	9,693	$	583	$	(783)	$	451,951
Insurance finance (income)expense (“IFIE”)
Insurance finance (income) expense, per disclosure above													$	(5,824)
Reclassification of derivative OCI to IFIE – cash flow hedges													****	(185)
Reclassification of derivative (income) loss changes to<br>IFIE – fair value hedge													****	2,441
Insurance finance (income) expense, per disclosurein note 5 (f)													$	(3,568)
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	128
---	---

	Liabilities for remaining coverage				Liabilities for incurred claims
	Excluding loss<br>component		Loss<br>component		Products<br><br><br>not under<br>PAA		PAA<br><br><br>Estimates of<br>PV of future<br>cash flows		PAA Risk<br>adjustment<br>for non-<br><br><br>financial risk		Assets for<br>insurance<br>acquisition<br>cash flows		Total
Opening insurance contract assets	$	(842)	$	–	$	60	$	27	$	–	$	(217)	$	(972)
Opening insurance contract liabilities		388,585		303		4,342		12,230		689		(528)		405,621
Opening insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund<br>holders		130,836		–		–		–		–		–		130,836
Net opening balance, January 1, 2022		518,579		303		4,402		12,257		689		(745)		535,485
Insurance revenue
Expected incurred claims and other insurance service result		(13,019)		–		–		–		–		–		(13,019)
Change in risk adjustment for non-financial risk expired		(1,665)		–		–		–		–		–		(1,665)
CSM recognized for service provided		(2,298)		–		–		–		–		–		(2,298)
Recovery of insurance acquisition cash flows		(534)		–		–		–		–		–		(534)
Contracts under PAA		(5,602)		–		–		–		–		–		(5,602)
		(23,118)		–		–		–		–		–		(23,118)
Insurance service expense
Incurred claims and other insurance service expenses		–		233		12,775		5,982		266		–		19,256
Losses and reversal of losses on onerous contracts (future service)		–		742		–		–		–		–		742
Changes to liabilities for incurred claims (past service)		–		–		(41)		(1,554)		(353)		–		(1,948)
Amortization of insurance acquisition cash flows		1,285		–		–		–		–		–		1,285
Net impairment of assets for insurance acquisition cash<br>flows		–		–		–		–		–		–		–
		1,285		975		12,734		4,428		(87)		–		19,335
Investment components and premium refunds		(18,222)		–		16,514		1,708		–		–		–
Insurance service result		(40,055)		975		29,248		6,136		(87)		–		(3,783)
Insurance finance (income) expense		(68,366)		9		753		(1,229)		–		–		(68,833)
Effects of movements in foreign exchange rates		15,886		41		136		12		–		(14)		16,061
Total changes in income and OCI		(92,535)		1,025		30,137		4,919		(87)		(14)		(56,555)
Cash flows
Premiums and premium tax received		47,526		–		–		–		–		–		47,526
Claims and other insurance service expenses paid, including investment components		–		–		(28,675)		(6,311)		–		–		(34,986)
Insurance acquisition cash flows		(6,266)		–		–		–		–		–		(6,266)
Total cash flows		41,260		–		(28,675)		(6,311)		–		–		6,274
Allocation from assets for insurance acquisition cash flows to groups of insurance contracts		(146)		–		–		–		–		146		–
Acquisition cash flows incurred in the period		–		–		–		–		–		(192)		(192)
Movements related to insurance contract liabilities for account of<br>segregated fund holders		(20,620)		–		–		–		–		–		(20,620)
Net closing balance		446,538		1,328		5,864		10,865		602		(805)		464,392
Closing insurance contract assets		(659)		–		7		(12)		–		(9)		(673)
Closing insurance contract liabilities		336,981		1,328		5,857		10,877		602		(796)		354,849
Closing insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund<br>holders		110,216		–		–		–		–		–		110,216
Net closing balance, December 31, 2022	$	446,538	$	1,328	$	5,864	$	10,865	$	602	$	(805)	$	464,392
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	129
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Insurance contracts

The following tables present the movement in the net assets or liabilities for insurance contracts issued, showing estimates of the present value of future cash flows, risk adjustment and CSM for the nine and twelve months ended September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

					CSM
	Estimates of<br>PV of future<br>cash flows		Risk adjustment<br>for non-<br><br><br>financial risk		Fair value		Other		Assets for<br>insurance<br>acquisition<br>cash flows		Total
Opening General Measurement Method (“GMM”) and Variable Fee Approach (“VFA”) insurance<br>contract assets	$	(1,827)	$	512	$	100	$	557	$	–	$	(658)
Opening GMM and VFA insurance contract liabilities	****	297,967	****	25,750	****	17,105	****	2,087	****	(56)	****	342,853
Opening PAA insurance contract net liabilities	****	12,125	****	605	****	–	****	–	****	(749)	****	11,981
Opening insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund<br>holders	****	110,216	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	110,216
Net opening balance, January 1, 2023	****	418,481	****	26,867	****	17,205	****	2,644	****	(805)	****	464,392
CSM recognized for services provided	****	–	****	–	****	(1,296)	****	(237)	****	–	****	(1,533)
Change in risk adjustment for non-financial risk for risk<br>expired	****	–	****	(1,246)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(1,246)
Experience adjustments	****	199	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	199
Changes that relate to current services	****	199	****	(1,246)	****	(1,296)	****	(237)	****	–	****	(2,580)
Contracts initially recognized during the period	****	(2,394)	****	938	****	–	****	1,684	****	–	****	228
Changes in estimates that adjust the CSM	****	1,965	****	(123)	****	(1,330)	****	(512)	****	–	****	–
Changes in estimates that relate to losses and reversal of losses on<br>onerous contracts	****	(28)	****	9	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(19)
Changes that relate to future services	****	(457)	****	824	****	(1,330)	****	1,172	****	–	****	209
Adjustments to liabilities for incurred claims	****	(33)	****	(1)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(34)
Changes that relate to past services	****	(33)	****	(1)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(34)
Insurance service result	****	(291)	****	(423)	****	(2,626)	****	935	****	–	****	(2,405)
Insurance finance (income) expense	****	(5,640)	****	(454)	****	189	****	52	****	–	****	(5,853)
Effects of movements in foreign exchange rates	****	(3,554)	****	(325)	****	(175)	****	(27)	****	–	****	(4,081)
Total changes in income and OCI	****	(9,485)	****	(1,202)	****	(2,612)	****	960	****	–	****	(12,339)
Total cash flows	****	1,756	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	1,756
Allocation from assets for insurance acquisition cash flows to groups of insurance contracts	****	(4)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	4	****	–
Acquisition cash flows incurred in the period	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(5)	****	(5)
Change in PAA balance	****	(423)	****	(18)	****	–	****	–	****	23	****	(418)
Movements related to insurance contract liabilities for account of<br>segregated fund holders	****	(1,435)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(1,435)
Net closing balance	****	408,890	****	25,647	****	14,593	****	3,604	****	(783)	****	451,951
Closing GMM and VFA insurance contract assets	****	(658)	****	233	****	27	****	209	****	–	****	(189)
Closing GMM and VFA insurance contract liabilities	****	289,065	****	24,827	****	14,566	****	3,395	****	(57)	****	331,796
Closing PAA insurance contract net liabilities	****	11,702	****	587	****	–	****	–	****	(726)	****	11,563
Closing insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund<br>insurance holders	****	108,781	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	108,781
Net closing balance, September 30, 2023	$	408,890	$	25,647	$	14,593	$	3,604	$	(783)	$	451,951
Insurance finance (income) expense
Insurance finance (income) expense, per disclosure above											$	(5,853)
Reclassification of derivative OCI to IFIE – cash flow hedges											****	(185)
Reclassification of derivative (income) loss changes to IFIE – fair value hedge											****	2,296
PAA items:
PAA IFIE per disclosure											****	29
PAA Reclassification of derivative OCI to IFIE – cash flow hedges											****	–
PAA Reclassification of derivative (income) loss changes<br>to IFIE – fair value hedge											****	145
Insurance finance (income) expense, per disclosurein note 5 (f)											$	(3,568)
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	130
---	---

					CSM
	Estimates of<br>PV of future<br>cash flows		Risk<br>adjustment<br>for non-<br><br><br>financial<br>risk		Fair value		Other		Assets for<br>insurance<br>acquisition<br>cash flows		Total
Opening GMM and VFA insurance contract assets	$	(1,955)	$	365	$	179	$	453	$	–	$	(958)
Opening GMM and VFA insurance contract liabilities		341,125		30,780		19,842		992		(54)		392,685
Opening PAA insurance contract net liabilities		12,919		694		–		–		(691)		12,922
Opening insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund<br>holders		130,836		–		–		–		–		130,836
Net opening balance, January 1, 2022		482,925		31,839		20,021		1,445		(745)		535,485
CSM recognized for services provided		–		–		(2,064)		(234)		–		(2,298)
Change in risk adjustment for non-financial risk for risk<br>expired		–		(1,582)		–		–		–		(1,582)
Experience adjustments		6		–		–		–		–		6
Changes that relate to current services		6		(1,582)		(2,064)		(234)		–		(3,874)
Contracts initially recognized during the year		(2,880)		1,396		35		1,963		–		514
Changes in estimates that adjust the CSM		3,377		(994)		(1,737)		(646)		–		–
Changes in estimates that relate to losses and reversal of losses on<br>onerous contracts		229		(2)		–		–		–		227
Changes that relate to future services		726		400		(1,702)		1,317		–		741
Adjustments to liabilities for incurred claims		(33)		(7)		–		–		–		(40)
Changes that relate to past services		(33)		(7)		–		–		–		(40)
Insurance service result		699		(1,189)		(3,766)		1,083		–		(3,173)
Insurance finance (income) expense		(62,812)		(5,105)		311		31		–		(67,575)
Effects of movements in foreign exchange rates		13,898		1,411		639		85		–		16,033
Total changes in income and OCI		(48,215)		(4,883)		(2,816)		1,199		–		(54,715)
Total cash flows		5,190		–		–		–		–		5,190
Allocation from assets for insurance acquisition cash flows to groups of insurance contracts		(5)		–		–		–		5		–
Acquisition cash flows incurred in the period		–		–		–		–		(7)		(7)
Change in PAA balance		(794)		(89)		–		–		(58)		(941)
Movements related to insurance contract liabilities for account of<br>segregated fund holders		(20,620)		–		–		–		–		(20,620)
Net closing balance		418,481		26,867		17,205		2,644		(805)		464,392
Closing GMM and VFA insurance contract assets		(1,827)		512		100		557		–		(658)
Closing GMM and VFA insurance contract liabilities		297,967		25,750		17,105		2,087		(56)		342,853
Closing PAA insurance contract net liabilities		12,125		605		–		–		(749)		11,981
Closing insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund<br>insurance holders		110,216		–		–		–		–		110,216
Net closing balance, December 31, 2022	$	418,481	$	26,867	$	17,205	$	2,644	$	(805)	$	464,392
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	131
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Reinsurance contracts held

The following tables present the movement in the net assets or liabilities for reinsurance contracts held, showing assets for remaining coverage and amounts recoverable on incurred claims arising from business ceded to reinsurers for the nine and twelve months ended September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

	Assets for remaining coverage				Assets for incurred claims
	Excluding<br>loss recovery<br>component		Loss recovery<br>component		Products not<br>under PAA		PAA Estimates<br>of PV of future<br>cash flows		PAA Risk<br>adjustment for<br><br><br>non-financial risk		Total
Opening reinsurance contract held assets	$	37,853	$	209	$	7,521	$	280	$	8	$	45,871
Opening reinsurance contract held liabilities	****	(2,196)	****	4	****	(137)	****	(62)	****	–	****	(2,391)
Net opening balance, January 1, 2023	****	35,657	****	213	****	7,384	****	218	****	8	****	43,480
Changes in income and OCI
Allocation of reinsurance premium paid	****	(4,771)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(4,771)
Amounts recoverable from reinsurers
Recoveries of incurred claims and other insurance service expenses	****	–	****	(34)	****	3,895	****	432	****	–	****	4,293
Recoveries and reversals of recoveries of losses on onerous underlying contracts	****	–	****	94	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	94
Adjustments to assets for incurred claims	****	–	****	–	****	4	****	(24)	****	5	****	(15)
Insurance service result	****	(4,771)	****	60	****	3,899	****	408	****	5	****	(399)
Investment components and premium refunds	****	(1,161)	****	–	****	1,161	****	–	****	–	****	–
Net expenses from reinsurance contracts	****	(5,932)	****	60	****	5,060	****	408	****	5	****	(399)
Net finance (income) expense from reinsurance contracts	****	(2,734)	****	6	****	15	****	4	****	4	****	(2,705)
Effect of changes in non-performance risk of reinsurers	****	17	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	17
Effects of movements in foreign exchange rates	****	52	****	–	****	(12)	****	–	****	–	****	40
Contracts measured under PAA	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Total changes in income and OCI	****	(8,597)	****	66	****	5,063	****	412	****	9	****	(3,047)
Cash flows
Premiums paid	****	3,587	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	3,587
Amounts received	****	–	****	–	****	(5,162)	****	(405)	****	–	****	(5,567)
Total cash flows	****	3,587	****	–	****	(5,162)	****	(405)	****	–	****	(1,980)
Net closing balance	****	30,647	****	279	****	7,285	****	225	****	17	****	38,453
Closing reinsurance contract held assets	****	33,180	****	276	****	7,375	****	292	****	17	****	41,140
Closing reinsurance contract held liabilities	****	(2,533)	****	3	****	(90)	****	(67)	****	–	****	(2,687)
Net closing balance, September 30, 2023	$	30,647	$	279	$	7,285	$	225	$	17	$	38,453
	Assets for remaining coverage				Assets for incurred claims
	Excluding<br>loss recovery<br>component		Loss recovery<br>component		Products not<br>under PAA		PAA Estimates<br>of PV of future<br>cash flows		PAA Risk<br>adjustment for<br><br><br>non-financial risk		Total
Opening reinsurance contract held assets	$	45,699	$	79	$	6,740	$	303	$	8	$	52,829
Opening reinsurance contract held liabilities		(2,030)		19		(27)		(41)		–		(2,079)
Net opening balance, January 1, 2022		43,669		98		6,713		262		8		50,750
Changes in income and OCI
Allocation of reinsurance premium paid		(6,024)		–		–		–		–		(6,024)
Amounts recoverable from reinsurers
Recoveries of incurred claims and other insurance service expenses		–		(30)		4,925		417		(4)		5,308
Recoveries and reversals of recoveries of losses on onerous underlying contracts		–		132		–		–		–		132
Adjustments to assets for incurred claims		–		–		3		(33)		(9)		(39)
Insurance service result		(6,024)		102		4,928		384		(13)		(623)
Investment components and premium refunds		(1,341)		–		1,341		–		–		–
Net expenses from reinsurance contracts		(7,365)		102		6,269		384		(13)		(623)
Net finance (income) expense from reinsurance contracts		(9,586)		5		446		(14)		13		(9,136)
Effect of changes in non-performance risk of reinsurers		97		–		–		–		–		97
Effects of movements in foreign exchange rates		2,683		8		455		–		–		3,146
Contracts measured under PAA		–		–		–		–		–		–
Total changes in income and OCI		(14,171)		115		7,170		370		–		(6,516)
Cash flows
Premiums paid		6,159		–		–		–		–		6,159
Amounts received		–		–		(6,499)		(414)		–		(6,913)
Total cash flows		6,159		–		(6,499)		(414)		–		(754)
Net closing balance		35,657		213		7,384		218		8		43,480
Closing reinsurance contract held assets		37,853		209		7,521		280		8		45,871
Closing reinsurance contract held liabilities		(2,196)		4		(137)		(62)		–		(2,391)
Net closing balance, December 31, 2022	$	35,657	$	213	$	7,384	$	218	$	8	$	43,480
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	132
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Reinsurance contracts held

The following tables present the movement in the net assets or liabilities for reinsurance contracts held, showing estimates of the present value of future cash flows, risk adjustment and CSM for the nine and twelve months ended September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

					CSM
	Estimates of<br>PV of future<br>cash flows		Risk adjustment<br>for non-<br><br><br>financial risk		Fair value		Other		Total
Opening reinsurance contract held assets	$	39,656	$	4,049	$	1,774	$	99	$	45,578
Opening reinsurance contract held liabilities	****	(3,919)	****	1,574	****	(39)	****	38	****	(2,346)
Opening PAA reinsurance contract net assets	****	240	****	8	****	–	****	–	****	248
Net opening balance, January 1, 2023	****	35,977	****	5,631	****	1,735	****	137	****	43,480
CSM recognized for services received	****	–	****	–	****	(181)	****	43	****	(138)
Change in risk adjustment for non-financial risk for risk<br>expired	****	–	****	(358)	****	–	****	–	****	(358)
Experience adjustments	****	25	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	25
Changes that relate to current services	****	25	****	(358)	****	(181)	****	43	****	(471)
Contracts initially recognized during the period	****	(55)	****	311	****	–	****	(197)	****	59
Changes in recoveries of losses on onerous underlying contracts that adjust the CSM	****	–	****	–	****	(15)	****	(4)	****	(19)
Changes in estimates that adjust the CSM	****	1,374	****	86	****	(1,447)	****	(13)	****	–
Changes in estimates that relate to losses and reversal of losses on<br>onerous contracts	****	75	****	(21)	****	–	****	–	****	54
Changes that relate to future services	****	1,394	****	376	****	(1,462)	****	(214)	****	94
Adjustments to liabilities for incurred claims	****	4	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	4
Changes that relate to past services	****	4	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	4
Insurance service result	****	1,423	****	18	****	(1,643)	****	(171)	****	(373)
Insurance finance (income) expense from reinsurance contracts	****	(2,323)	****	(400)	****	34	****	(25)	****	(2,714)
Effects of changes in non-performance risk of reinsurers	****	17	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	17
Effects of movements in foreign exchange rates	****	144	****	(86)	****	(17)	****	(2)	****	39
Total changes in income and OCI	****	(739)	****	(468)	****	(1,626)	****	(198)	****	(3,031)
Total cash flows	****	(2,017)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(2,017)
Change in PAA balance	****	12	****	9	****	–	****	–	****	21
Net closing balance	****	33,233	****	5,172	****	109	****	(61)	****	38,453
Closing reinsurance contract held assets	****	36,970	****	3,799	****	209	****	(152)	****	40,826
Closing reinsurance contract held liabilities	****	(3,989)	****	1,356	****	(100)	****	91	****	(2,642)
Closing PAA reinsurance contract net assets	****	252	****	17	****	–	****	–	****	269
Net closing balance, September 30, 2023	$	33,233	$	5,172	$	109	$	(61)	$	38,453
					CSM
	Estimates of<br>PV of future<br>cash flows		Risk adjustment<br>for non-<br><br><br>financial risk		Fair value		Other		Total
Opening reinsurance contract held assets	$	46,025	$	4,977	$	2,012	$	(501)	$	52,513
Opening reinsurance contract held liabilities		(5,138)		1,719		1,262		105		(2,052)
Opening PAA reinsurance contract net assets		281		8		–		–		289
Net opening balance, January 1, 2022		41,168		6,704		3,274		(396)		50,750
CSM recognized for services received		–		–		(231)		(74)		(305)
Change in risk adjustment for non-financial risk for risk<br>expired		–		(424)		–		–		(424)
Experience adjustments		9		–		–		–		9
Changes that relate to current services		9		(424)		(231)		(74)		(720)
Contracts initially recognized during the year		(1,276)		717		(7)		717		151
Changes in recoveries of losses on onerous underlying contracts that adjust the CSM		–		–		(15)		(50)		(65)
Changes in estimates that adjust the CSM		1,337		173		(1,440)		(70)		–
Changes in estimates that relate to losses and reversal of losses on<br>onerous contracts		106		(60)		–		–		46
Changes that relate to future services		167		830		(1,462)		597		132
Adjustments to liabilities for incurred claims		3		–		–		–		3
Changes that relate to past services		3		–		–		–		3
Insurance service result		179		406		(1,693)		523		(585)
Insurance finance (income) expense from reinsurance contracts		(7,463)		(1,715)		56		(14)		(9,136)
Effects of changes in non-performance risk of reinsurers		97		–		–		–		97
Effects of movements in foreign exchange rates		2,787		236		98		24		3,145
Total changes in income and OCI		(4,400)		(1,073)		(1,539)		533		(6,479)
Total cash flows		(750)		–		–		–		(750)
Change in PAA balance		(41)		–		–		–		(41)
Net closing balance		35,977		5,631		1,735		137		43,480
Closing reinsurance contract held assets		39,656		4,049		1,774		99		45,578
Closing reinsurance contract held liabilities		(3,919)		1,574		(39)		38		(2,346)
Closing PAA reinsurance contract net assets		240		8		–		–		248
Net closing balance, December 31, 2022	$	35,977	$	5,631	$	1,735	$	137	$	43,480
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	133
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(b)	Insurance revenue by transition method

The following table provides information as a supplement to the insurance revenue disclosures in note 5 (a).

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Other		Total
Contracts under the fair value method	$	1,842	$	2,458	$	7,439	$	(13)	$	11,726
Contracts under the full retrospective method	****	407	****	32	****	118	****	–	****	557
Other contracts	****	1,449	****	4,064	****	(131)	****	90	****	5,472
Total	$	3,698	$	6,554	$	7,426	$	77	$	17,755
For the year ended December 31, 2022	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Other		Total
Contracts under the fair value method	$	2,656	$	3,370	$	9,901	$	(96)	$	15,831
Contracts under the full retrospective method		666		122		76		–		864
Other contracts		1,412		4,625		268		118		6,423
Total	$	4,734	$	8,117	$	10,245	$	22	$	23,118
(c)	Effect of new business recognized in the period
---	---

The following table presents components of new business for insurance contracts issued for the periods presented.

	For the ninemonths ended September 30,2023				For the year ended<br>December 31, 2022
	Non-onerous		Onerous		Non-onerous		Onerous
New business insurance contracts
Estimates of present value of cash outflows	$	17,988	$	7,510	$	13,316	$	5,572
Insurance acquisition cash flows	****	2,358	****	497		2,809		838
Claims and other insurance service expenses payable	****	15,630	****	7,013		10,507		4,734
Estimates of present value of cash inflows	****	(20,428)	****	(7,464)		(16,346)		(5,422)
Risk adjustment for non-financial risk	****	756	****	182		1,032		364
Contractual service margin	****	1,684	****	–		1,998		–
Amount included in insurance contract liabilities for theperiod	$	–	$	228	$	–	$	514

The following table presents components of new business for reinsurance contracts held portfolios for the periods presented:

	For the ninemonths endedSeptember 30, 2023		For the year ended<br>December 31, 2022
New business reinsurance contracts
Estimates of present value of cash outflows	$	(2,732)	$	(7,894)
Estimates of present value of cash inflows	****	2,677		6,618
Risk adjustment for non-financial risk	****	311		717
Contractual service margin	****	(197)		710
Amount included in reinsurance assets for theperiod	$	59	$	151
(d)	Expected recognition of contractual service margin
---	---

The following table presents expectations for the timing of recognition of CSM in income in future years.

As at December 31, 2022	Less than<br><br><br>1 year		1 to 5<br><br><br>years		5 to 10<br><br><br>years		10 to 20<br><br><br>years		More than 20<br><br><br>years		Total
Canada
Insurance contracts issued	$	333	$	1,088	$	936	$	1,015	$	620	$	3,992
Reinsurance contracts held		(36)		(100)		(69)		(62)		(48)		(315)
		297		988		867		953		572		3,677
U.S.
Insurance contracts issued		541		1,770		1,468		1,375		547		5,701
Reinsurance contracts held		(189)		(586)		(433)		(296)		(62)		(1,566)
		352		1,184		1,035		1,079		485		4,135
Asia
Insurance contracts issued		922		2,933		2,442		2,435		1,516		10,248
Reinsurance contracts held		(17)		(79)		(55)		5		11		(135)
		905		2,854		2,387		2,440		1,527		10,113
Corporate
Insurance contracts issued		(8)		(27)		(23)		(24)		(10)		(92)
Reinsurance contracts held		12		40		35		38		19		144
		4		13		12		14		9		52
Total	$	1,558	$	5,039	$	4,301	$	4,486	$	2,593	$	17,977
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	134
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(e)	Amortization of contractual service margin

The CSM represents the unearned profit for a group of insurance contracts which the Company will recognize in insurance revenue as it provides insurance services in the period. The amortization of the CSM as insurance revenue is determined by (1) identifying the coverage units in the group, (2) allocating the CSM at the end of the period (before amortizing any amounts in insurance revenue in the current period) equally to each coverage unit provided in the period and expected to be provided in future periods, and (3) recognizing in insurance revenue the amount allocated to coverage units provided in the current period.

The number of coverage units is the quantity of services provided by the contracts in the group, determined by considering for each contract the quantity of benefits provided and its expected coverage period. The coverage units are reviewed and updated at each reporting date.

(f)	Investment income and insurance finance income and expense
For the three months ended September 30, 2023	Insurancecontracts		Non-<br><br><br>insurance^(1)^		Total
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Investment return
Investment related income	$	3,401	$	659	$	4,060
Net gains (losses) on financial assets at FVTPL	****	(2,381)	****	39	****	(2,342)
Unrealized gains (losses) on FVOCI assets	****	(10,109)	****	(2,522)	****	(12,631)
Impairment loss on financial assets	****	(113)	****	(6)	****	(119)
Investment expenses	****	(115)	****	(218)	****	(333)
Interest on required surplus	****	130	****	(130)	****	–
Total investment return	****	(9,187)	****	(2,178)	****	(11,365)
Portion recognized in income (expense)	****	937	****	328	****	1,265
Portion recognized in OCI	****	(10,124)	****	(2,506)	****	(12,630)
Insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contracts issued and effect of movement in exchangerates
Interest accreted to insurance contracts using locked-in<br>rate	****	(1,944)	****	8	****	(1,936)
Due to changes in interest rates and other financial assumptions	****	18,619	****	93	****	18,712
Changes in fair value of underlying items of direct participation contracts	****	2,336	****	–	****	2,336
Effects of risk mitigation option	****	839	****	–	****	839
Net foreign exchange income (expense)	****	(2)	****	–	****	(2)
Hedge accounting offset from insurance contracts issued	****	(5)	****	–	****	(5)
Reclassification of derivative OCI to IFIE – cash flow hedges	****	93	****	–	****	93
Reclassification of derivative income (loss) changes to IFIE – fair value hedge	****	(3,376)	****	–	****	(3,376)
Other	****	27	****	–	****	27
Total insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contracts issued	****	16,587	****	101	****	16,688
Effect of movements in foreign exchange rates	****	(451)	****	–	****	(451)
Total insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contractsissued and effect of movement in foreign exchange rates	****	16,136	****	101	****	16,237
Portion recognized in income (expense), including effects of exchange rates	****	(787)	****	7	****	(780)
Portion recognized in OCI, including effects of exchange<br>rates	****	16,923	****	94	****	17,017
Reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held and effect of movement in foreignexchange rates
Interest accreted to insurance contracts using locked-in<br>rate	****	257	****	(3)	****	254
Due to changes in interest rates and other financial assumptions	****	(3,196)	****	10	****	(3,186)
Changes in risk of non-performance of reinsurer	****	28	****	–	****	28
Other	****	39	****	–	****	39
Total reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held	****	(2,872)	****	7	****	(2,865)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange rates	****	58	****	–	****	58
Total reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurancecontracts held and effect of movement in foreign exchange rates	****	(2,814)	****	7	****	(2,807)
Portion recognized in income (expense), including effects of foreign exchange rates	****	(91)	****	(4)	****	(95)
Portion recognized in OCI, including effects of exchange<br>rates	****	(2,723)	****	11	****	(2,712)
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities	****	(3)	****	(69)	****	(72)
Total net investment income (loss), insurance finance income(expense) and reinsurance finance income (expense)	****	4,132	****	(2,139)	****	1,993
Amounts recognized in income (expense)	****	56	****	262	****	318
Amounts recognized in OCI	****	4,076	****	(2,401)	****	1,675
^(1)^	Non-insurance includes consolidations and eliminations of transactions between<br>operating segments.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	135
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For the three months ended September 30, 2022	Insurance<br>contracts		Non-<br><br><br>insurance^(1)^		Total
Investment return
Investment related income	$	3,464	$	573	$	4,037
Net gains (losses) on financial assets at FVTPL		(1,184)		(40)		(1,224)
Unrealized gains (losses) on FVOCI assets		(10,729)		(2,268)		(12,997)
Impairment loss on financial assets		3		18		21
Investment expenses		(90)		(191)		(281)
Interest on required surplus		129		(129)		–
Total investment return		(8,407)		(2,037)		(10,444)
Portion recognized in income (expense)		2,385		54		2,439
Portion recognized in OCI		(10,792)		(2,091)		(12,883)
Insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contracts issued and effect of movement in exchangerates
Interest accreted to insurance contracts using locked-in<br>rate		(1,635)		4		(1,631)
Due to changes in interest rates and other financial assumptions		14,325		(42)		14,283
Changes in fair value of underlying items of direct participation contracts		2,199		–		2,199
Effects of risk mitigation option		430		–		430
Net foreign exchange income (expense)		(37)		–		(37)
Hedge accounting offset from insurance contracts issued		–		–		–
Reclassification of derivative OCI to IFIE – cash flow hedges		–		–		–
Reclassification of derivative income (loss) changes to IFIE – fair value hedge		–		–		–
Other		23		–		23
Total insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contracts issued		15,305		(38)		15,267
Effect of movements in foreign exchange rates		(981)		(8)		(989)
Total insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contractsissued and effect of movement in foreign exchange rates		14,324		(46)		14,278
Portion recognized in income (expense), including effects of exchange rates		(2,928)		(33)		(2,961)
Portion recognized in OCI, including effects of exchange<br>rates		17,252		(13)		17,239
Reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held and effect of movement in foreignexchange rates
Interest accreted to insurance contracts using locked-in<br>rate		252		(2)		250
Due to changes in interest rates and other financial assumptions		(2,892)		16		(2,876)
Changes in risk of non-performance of reinsurer		15		–		15
Other		80		–		80
Total reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held		(2,545)		14		(2,531)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange rates		215		–		215
Total reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurancecontracts held and effect of movement in foreign exchange rates		(2,330)		14		(2,316)
Portion recognized in income (expense), including effects of foreign exchange rates		675		(1)		674
Portion recognized in OCI, including effects of exchange<br>rates		(3,005)		15		(2,990)
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities		(7)		(102)		(109)
Total net investment income (loss), insurance finance income(expense) and reinsurance finance income (expense)		3,580		(2,171)		1,409
Amounts recognized in income (expense)		125		(82)		43
Amounts recognized in OCI		3,455		(2,089)		1,366
^(1)^	Non-insurance includes consolidations and eliminations of transactions between<br>operating segments.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	136
---	---

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023	Insurancecontracts		Non-<br><br><br>insurance^(1)^		Total
Investment return
Investment related income	$	9,399	$	2,296	$	11,695
Net gains (losses) on financial assets at FVTPL	****	(799)	****	268	****	(531)
Unrealized gains (losses) on FVOCI assets	****	(4,006)	****	(1,489)	****	(5,495)
Impairment loss on financial assets	****	(275)	****	(14)	****	(289)
Investment expenses	****	(314)	****	(596)	****	(910)
Interest on required surplus	****	391	****	(391)	****	–
Total investment return	****	4,396	****	74	****	4,470
Portion recognized in income (expense)	****	9,725	****	1,512	****	11,237
Portion recognized in OCI	****	(5,329)	****	(1,438)	****	(6,767)
Insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contracts issued and effect of movement in exchangerates
Interest accreted to insurance contracts using locked-in<br>rate	****	(5,575)	****	20	****	(5,555)
Due to changes in interest rates and other financial assumptions	****	10,882	****	41	****	10,923
Changes in fair value of underlying items of direct participation contracts	****	(1,386)	****	–	****	(1,386)
Effects of risk mitigation option	****	1,702	****	–	****	1,702
Net foreign exchange income (expense)	****	(48)	****	–	****	(48)
Hedge accounting offset from insurance contracts issued	****	(39)	****	–	****	(39)
Reclassification of derivative OCI to IFIE – cash flow hedges	****	185	****	–	****	185
Reclassification of derivative income (loss) changes to IFIE – fair value hedge	****	(2,441)	****	–	****	(2,441)
Other	****	227	****	–	****	227
Total insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contracts issued	****	3,507	****	61	****	3,568
Effect of movements in foreign exchange rates	****	(2,033)	****	–	****	(2,033)
Total insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contractsissued and effect of movement in foreign exchange rates	****	1,474	****	61	****	1,535
Portion recognized in income (expense), including effects of exchange rates	****	(8,327)	****	35	****	(8,292)
Portion recognized in OCI, including effects of exchange<br>rates	****	9,801	****	26	****	9,827
Reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held and effect of movement in foreignexchange rates
Interest accreted to insurance contracts using locked-in<br>rate	****	(31)	****	(9)	****	(40)
Due to changes in interest rates and other financial assumptions	****	(2,626)	****	(3)	****	(2,629)
Changes in risk of non-performance of reinsurer	****	17	****	–	****	17
Other	****	(36)	****	–	****	(36)
Total reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held	****	(2,676)	****	(12)	****	(2,688)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange rates	****	122	****	–	****	122
Total reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurancecontracts held and effect of movement in foreign exchange rates	****	(2,554)	****	(12)	****	(2,566)
Portion recognized in income (expense), including effects of foreign exchange rates	****	(736)	****	(12)	****	(748)
Portion recognized in OCI, including effects of exchange<br>rates	****	(1,818)	****	–	****	(1,818)
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities	****	(18)	****	(294)	****	(312)
Total net investment income (loss), insurance finance income(expense) and reinsurance finance income (expense)	****	3,298	****	(171)	****	3,127
Amounts recognized in income (expense)	****	644	****	1,241	****	1,885
Amounts recognized in OCI	****	2,654	****	(1,412)	****	1,242
^(1)^	Non-insurance includes consolidations and eliminations of transactions between<br>operating segments.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	137
---	---

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022	Insurance<br>contracts		Non-<br><br><br>insurance^(1)^		Total
Investment return
Investment related income	$	10,283	$	1,329	$	11,612
Net gains (losses) on financial assets at FVTPL		(13,259)		(471)		(13,730)
Unrealized gains (losses) on FVOCI assets		(47,464)		(7,967)		(55,431)
Impairment loss on financial assets		3		(2)		1
Investment expenses		(268)		(575)		(843)
Interest on required surplus		383		(383)		–
Total investment return		(50,322)		(8,069)		(58,391)
Portion recognized in income (expense)		(680)		(423)		(1,103)
Portion recognized in OCI		(49,642)		(7,646)		(57,288)
Insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contracts issued and effect of movement in exchangerates
Interest accreted to insurance contracts using locked-in<br>rate		(4,360)		9		(4,351)
Due to changes in interest rates and other financial assumptions		66,392		(325)		66,067
Changes in fair value of underlying items of direct participation contracts		11,016		–		11,016
Effects of risk mitigation option		2,023		–		2,023
Net foreign exchange income (expense)		(157)		–		(157)
Hedge accounting offset from insurance contracts issued		–		–		–
Reclassification of derivative OCI to IFIE – cash flow hedges		–		–		–
Reclassification of derivative income (loss) changes to IFIE – fair value hedge		–		–		–
Other		312		(2)		310
Total insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contracts issued		75,226		(318)		74,908
Effect of movements in foreign exchange rates		(3,638)		(9)		(3,647)
Total insurance finance income (expense) from insurance contractsissued and effect of movement in foreign exchange rates		71,588		(327)		71,261
Portion recognized in income (expense), including effects of exchange rates		(5,626)		(31)		(5,657)
Portion recognized in OCI, including effects of exchange<br>rates		77,214		(296)		76,918
Reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held and effect of movement in foreignexchange rates
Interest accreted to insurance contracts using locked-in<br>rate		587		(5)		582
Due to changes in interest rates and other financial assumptions		(10,459)		83		(10,376)
Changes in risk of non-performance of reinsurer		100		–		100
Other		241		–		241
Total reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurance contracts held		(9,531)		78		(9,453)
Effect of movements in foreign exchange rates		476		–		476
Total reinsurance finance income (expense) from reinsurancecontracts held and effect of movement in foreign exchange rates		(9,055)		78		(8,977)
Portion recognized in income (expense), including effects of foreign exchange rates		968		(6)		962
Portion recognized in OCI, including effects of exchange<br>rates		(10,023)		84		(9,939)
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities		(70)		(225)		(295)
Total net investment income (loss), insurance finance income(expense) and reinsurance finance income (expense)		12,141		(8,543)		3,598
Amounts recognized in income (expense)		(5,408)		(685)		(6,093)
Amounts recognized in OCI		17,549		(7,858)		9,691
^(1)^	Non-insurance includes consolidations and eliminations of transactions between<br>operating segments.
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Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	138
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(g)	Significant judgements and estimates
(I)	Fulfilment cash flows
---	---

Fulfilment cash flows have three major components:

•	Estimate of future cash flows
•	An adjustment to reflect the time value of money and the financial risk related to future cash flows if not included in the<br>estimate of future cash flows
---	---
•	A risk adjustment for non-financial risk
---	---

The determination of insurance fulfilment cash flows involves the use of estimates and assumptions. A comprehensive review of valuation assumptions and methods is performed annually. The review reduces the Company’s exposure to uncertainty by ensuring assumptions for liability risks remain appropriate. This is accomplished by monitoring experience and updating assumptions which represent a best estimate of expected future experience, and margins that are appropriate for the risks assumed. While the assumptions selected represent the Company’s current best estimates and assessment of risk, the ongoing monitoring of experience and the changes in economic environment are likely to result in future changes to the actuarial assumptions, which could materially impact the insurance contract liabilities.

Method used to measure insurance & reinsurance contract fulfilment cash flows

The Company primarily uses deterministic projections using best estimate assumptions to determine the present value of future cash flows. For product features such as universal life minimum crediting rates guarantees, participating life zero dividend floor implicit guarantees and variable annuities guarantees, the Company developed a stochastic approach to capture the asymmetry of the risk.

Determination of assumptions used

For the deterministic projections, assumptions are made with respect to mortality, morbidity, rates of policy termination, operating expenses and certain taxes. Actual experience is monitored to ensure that assumptions remain appropriate and assumptions are changed as warranted. Assumptions are discussed in more detail in the following table.

Nature of factors and assumption methodology		Risk management
Mortality	Mortality relates to the occurrence of death. Mortality is a key assumption for life insurance and certain forms of annuities. Mortality assumptions are based<br>on the Company’s internal experience as well as past and emerging industry experience. Assumptions are differentiated by sex, underwriting class, policy type and geographic market. Assumptions are made for future mortality improvements.	The Company maintains underwriting standards to determine the insurability of applicants. Claim trends are monitored on an ongoing basis.<br>Exposure to large claims is managed by establishing policy retention limits, which vary by market and geographic location. Policies in excess of the limits are reinsured with other companies. Mortality is monitored monthly.
Morbidity	Morbidity relates to the occurrence of accidents and sickness for insured risks. Morbidity is a key assumption for long-term care insurance, disability<br>insurance, critical illness and other forms of individual and group health benefits. Morbidity assumptions are based on the Company’s internal experience as well as past and emerging industry experience and are established for each type of<br>morbidity risk and geographic market. Assumptions are made for future morbidity improvements.	The Company maintains underwriting standards to determine the insurability of applicants. Claim trends are monitored on an ongoing basis.<br>Exposure to large claims is managed by establishing policy retention limits, which vary by market and geographic location. Policies in excess of the limits are reinsured with other companies. Morbidity is also monitored monthly.
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	139
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Policy termination	Policies are terminated through lapses and surrenders, where lapses represent the termination of policies due to non-payment of premiums and surrenders<br>represent the voluntary termination of policies by policyholders. Premium persistency represents the level of ongoing deposits on contracts where there is policyholder discretion as to the amount and timing of deposits. Policy termination and<br>premium persistency assumptions are primarily based on the Company’s recent experience adjusted for expected future conditions. Assumptions reflect differences by type of contract within each geographic market.	The Company seeks to design products that minimize financial exposure to lapse, surrender and premium persistency risk. The Company monitors lapse, surrender and persistency<br>experience.
Directly attributable expenses	Directly attributable operating expense assumptions reflect the projected costs of maintaining and servicing in-force policies, including associated directly attributable overhead expenses. The directly attributable expenses are derived from internal cost studies projected into the future with an allowance for inflation.<br>For some developing businesses, there is an expectation that unit costs will decline as these businesses grow.<br> <br><br><br><br>Directly attributable acquisitions expenses are derived from internal cost studies.	The Company prices its products to cover the expected costs of servicing and maintaining them. In addition, the Company monitors expenses monthly, including comparisons of<br>actual expenses to expense levels allowed for in pricing and valuation.
Tax	Taxes reflect assumptions for future premium taxes and other non-income related taxes.	The Company prices its products to cover the expected cost of taxes.
Policyholder dividends, experience rating refunds, and other adjustable policy elements	The best estimate projections for policyholder dividends and experience rating refunds, and other adjustable elements of policy benefits are determined to be<br>consistent with management’s expectation of how these elements will be managed should experience emerge consistently with the best estimate assumptions.	The Company monitors policy experience and adjusts policy benefits and other adjustable elements to reflect this experience. Policyholder<br>dividends are reviewed annually for all businesses under a framework of Board-approved policyholder dividend policies.

The Company reviews actuarial methods and assumptions on an annual basis. If changes are made to non-economic assumptions, the impact based on locked-in economic assumptions would adjust the contractual service margin for general model and VFA contracts if there is any remaining contractual service margin for the group of policies where the change was made. This amount would then be recognized in income over the period of service provided. Changes could also impact net income and other comprehensive income to the extent that the contractual service margin has been depleted, or discount rates are different than the locked-in rates used to quantify changes to the contractual service margin.

(II)	Determination of discretionary changes

The terms of some contracts measured under the GMM give the Company discretion over the cash flows to be paid to the policyholders, either in their timing or in their amount. Changes in discretionary cash flows are regarded as relating to future service and accordingly adjust the CSM. The Company determines how to identify a change in discretionary cash flows by specifying the basis on which it expects to determine its commitment under the contract; for example, based on a fixed interest rate, or on returns that vary based on specified asset returns. This determination is specified at the inception of the contract.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	140

(III)	Discount rates

Insurance contract cash flows for non-participating business are discounted using risk free yield curves adjusted by an illiquidity premium to reflect the liquidity characteristics of the liabilities. Cash flows that vary based on returns of underlying items are adjusted to reflect their variability under these adjusted yield curves. Each yield curve is interpolated between the spot rate at the last observable market data point and an ultimate spot rate which reflects the long-term real interest rate plus inflation expectations.

For participating business, insurance contract cash flows that vary based on the return of underlying items are discounted at rates reflecting that variability.

For insurance contracts with cash flows that vary with the return of underlying items and where the present value is measured by stochastic modelling, cash flows are both projected and discounted at scenario specific rates, calibrated on average to be the risk free yield curves adjusted for liquidity.

The spot rates used for discounting liability cash flows are presented in the following table and include illiquidity premiums determined with reference to net asset spreads indicative of the liquidity characteristics of the liabilities by geography.

					September 30, 2023
	Currency	Liquiditycategory	Observableyears	Ultimateyear	1 year		5 years		10 years		20 years		30 years		Ultimate
Canada	CAD	Illiquid	30	70	****	5.90%	****	5.60%	****	5.94%	****	5.72%	****	5.54%	****	4.40%
		More liquid	30	70	****	5.85%	****	5.45%	****	5.65%	****	5.54%	****	5.37%	****	4.40%
U.S.	USD	Illiquid	30	70	****	6.12%	****	5.53%	****	6.35%	****	6.57%	****	5.95%	****	5.00%
		More liquid	30	70	****	6.06%	****	5.54%	****	6.21%	****	6.47%	****	5.83%	****	4.88%
Japan	JPY	Mixed	30	70	****	0.49%	****	0.89%	****	1.22%	****	1.83%	****	2.25%	****	1.60%
Hong Kong	HKD	Illiquid	15	55	****	4.93%	****	5.01%	****	6.09%	****	5.29%	****	4.51%	****	3.80%
					December 31, 2022
	Currency	Liquiditycategory	Observableyears	Ultimateyear	1 year		5 years		10 years		20 years		30 years		Ultimate
Canada	CAD	Illiquid	30	70		5.29%		4.81%		5.35%		5.35%		5.03%		4.40%
		More liquid	30	70		5.21%		4.63%		4.97%		5.02%		4.91%		4.40%
U.S.	USD	Illiquid	30	70		5.28%		4.87%		5.74%		5.86%		5.34%		5.00%
		More liquid	30	70		5.23%		4.88%		5.61%		5.76%		5.23%		4.88%
Japan	JPY	Mixed	30	70		0.72%		0.98%		0.91%		1.70%		2.22%		1.60%
Hong Kong	HKD	Illiquid	15	55		4.69%		4.95%		5.60%		4.99%		4.36%		3.80%

Amounts presented in income for policies where changes in assumptions that relate to financial risk do not have a substantial impact on amounts paid to policyholders reflect discount rates locked in beginning with the adoption of IFRS 17 or locked in at issue for later insurance contracts. These policies include term insurance, guaranteed whole life insurance, and health products including critical illness and long-term care. For policies where changes in assumptions to financial risk have a substantial impact on amounts paid to policyholders, discount rates are updated as future cash flows change due to changes in financial risk, so that the amount presented in income from future changes in financial variables is $nil. These policies include adjustable universal life contracts. Impacts from differences between current period rates and discount rates used to determine income are presented in other comprehensive income.

(IV)	Risk adjustment and confidence level used to determine risk adjustment

Risk adjustment for non-financial risk represents the compensation an entity requires for bearing the uncertainty about the amount and timing of the cash flows that arises from non-financial risk as the entity fulfils insurance contracts. The risk adjustment process considers insurance, lapse and expense risks, includes both favourable and unfavourable outcomes, and reflects diversification benefits from insurance contracts issued.

The Company has estimated the risk adjustment using a margin approach. This approach applies a margin for adverse deviation, typically in terms of a percentage of best estimate assumptions, where future cash flows are uncertain. The resulting cash flows are discounted at rates consistent with the best estimate cash flows to arrive at the total risk adjustment. The ranges for these margins are set by the Company and reviewed periodically.

The risk adjustment for non-financial risk for insurance contracts correspond to a 90% – 95% confidence level for all segments.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	141

(V)	Investment component, investment-return service and investment-related service

The Company identifies the investment component, investment-return service (contract without direct participation features) and investment-related service (contract with direct participation features) of a contract as part of the product governance process.

Investment components are amounts that are to be paid to the policyholder under all circumstances. Investment components are excluded from insurance revenue and insurance service expenses.

Investment-return services and investment-related services are investment services rendered as part of an insurance contract and are part of the insurance contract services provided to the policyholder.

(VI)	Relative weighting of the benefit provided by insurance coverage, investment-return service and investment-relatedservice

The contractual service margin is released into income, when insurance contract services are provided, by using coverage units. Coverage units represent the quantity of service (insurance coverage, investment-return and investment-related services) provided and are determined by considering the benefit provided under the contract and its expected coverage duration. When the relative size of the investment-related service coverage or the investment-return service coverage unit is disproportionate compared to the insurance service coverage unit, or vice-versa, the Company must determine a relative weighting of the services to reflect the delivery of each of those services. The Company identifies the coverage units as part of the product governance process and did not identify contracts where such weighting was required.

(h)	Composition of underlying items

The following table sets out the composition and fair value of the underlying items supporting the Company’s liabilities for direct participation contracts.

	December 31, 2022
As at	Participating		Variable<br>annuity		Unit<br>linked
Underlying assets
Debt securities	$	39,894	$	–	$	–
Public equities		12,119		–		–
Mortgages		3,813		–		–
Private placements		5,666		–		–
Real estate		3,190		–		–
Other		26,009		69,033		13,476
Total	$	90,691	$	69,033	$	13,476
(i)	Insurance and reinsurance contracts contractual obligations – maturity analysis and amounts payable on demand
---	---

The table below represents the maturities of the insurance and reinsurance contract liabilities.

As at December 31, 2022

Payments due by period	Less than<br>1 year		1 to 2 years		2 to 3 years		3 to 4 years		4 to 5 years		Over<br><br><br>5 years		Total
Insurance contract liabilities^(1)^	$	3,091	$	4,976	$	7,224	$	9,212	$	11,223	$	996,460	$	1,032,186
Reinsurance contract liabilities^(1)^		235		237		250		243		337		5,320		6,622
^(1)^	Insurance contract liabilities cash flows include estimates related to the timing and payment of death and disability<br>claims, policy surrenders, policy maturities, annuity payments, minimum guarantees on segregated fund products, policyholder dividends, commissions and premium taxes offset by contractual future premiums on<br>in-force contracts and exclude amount from insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund holders. These estimated cash flows are based on the best estimate assumptions used in the determination<br>of insurance contract liabilities. These amounts are undiscounted. Reinsurance contract liabilities cash flows include estimates related to the timing and payment of future reinsurance premiums offset by recoveries on<br>in-force reinsurance agreements. Due to the use of assumptions, actual cash flows may differ from these estimates. Cash flows include embedded derivatives measured separately at fair value.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	142
---	---

The amounts from insurance contract liabilities that are payable on demand are set out below.

	December 31, 2022
As at	Amounts<br>payable on<br>demand		Carrying<br>amount
Asia	$	85,144	$	108,196
Canada		25,745		52,300
U.S.		56,027		72,915
Total	$	166,916	$	233,411

The amounts payable on demand represent the policyholders’ cash and/or account values less applicable surrender fees as at the time of the reporting date. Segregated fund insurance net liabilities are excluded from the amounts payable on demand and the carrying amount.

(j)	Actuarial methods and assumptions

2023 Review of Actuarial Methods and Assumptions

The completion of the 2023 annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions resulted in a decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $347. These changes resulted in an increase in pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders of $27 (a decrease of $14 post-tax), an increase in pre-tax net income attributed to participating policyholders of $58 ($74 post-tax), an increase in CSM of $116, and an increase in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $146 ($110 post-tax).

Since the beginning of 2020, some lines of business have seen impacts to mortality and policyholder behaviour driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the long-term nature of the Company’s assumptions, the Company’s 2023 experience studies have excluded experience that was materially impacted by COVID-19 as this is not seen to be indicative of the levels of actual future claims or lapses.

Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions on pre-tax fulfilment cash flows^(1)^ ****

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023	Total
Canada variable annuity product review	$	(133)
Mortality and morbidity updates	****	265
Lapse and policyholder behaviour updates	****	98
Methodology and other updates	****	(577)
Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions, pre-tax	$	(347)
^(1)^	Excludes the portion related to non-controlling interests of $103.<br>
---	---

Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions on pre-tax net income attributed toshareholders, pre-tax net income attributed to participating policyholders, OCI and CSM^(1)^ ****

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023	Total
Portion recognized in net income (loss) attributed to:
Participating policyholders	$	58
Shareholders and other equity holders	****	27
	****	85
Portion recognized in OCI attributed to:
Participating policyholders	****	–
Shareholders and other equity holders	****	146
	****	146
Portion recognized in CSM	****	116
Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions, pre-tax	$	347
^(1)^	Excludes the portion related to non-controlling interests, of which $72 is related<br>to CSM.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	143
---	---

Canada variable annuity product review

The review of the Company’s variable annuity products in Canada resulted in a decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $133.

The decrease was driven by a reduction in investment management fees, partially offset by updates to product assumptions, including surrenders, incidence and utilization, to reflect emerging experience.

Mortality and morbidity updates

Mortality and morbidity updates resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $265.

The increase was driven by a strengthening of incidence rates for certain products in Vietnam to align with emerging experience and updates to mortality assumptions in the Company’s U.S. life insurance business to reflect industry trends, as well as emerging experience. This was partially offset by updates to morbidity assumptions for certain products in Japan to reflect actual experience.

Lapse and policyholder behaviour updates

Updates to lapses and policyholder behaviour assumptions resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $98.

The increase was primarily driven by a detailed review of lapse assumptions for the Company’s universal life level cost of insurance products in Canada, which resulted in a reduction to the lapse rates to align with emerging trends.

Methodology and other updates

Methodology and other updates resulted in a decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash **** flows of $577.

2022 Review of Actuarial Methods and Assumptions

The completion of the 2022 annual review of actuarial methods and assumptions resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $192. These changes resulted in an increase in pre-tax net income attributed to shareholders of $23 ($26 post-tax), a decrease in pre-tax net income attributed to participating policyholders of $26 ($18 post-tax), a decrease in CSM of $279, and an increase in pre-tax other comprehensive income of $90 ($73 post-tax).

Since the beginning of 2020, some lines of business have seen impacts to mortality and policyholder behaviour driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the long-term nature of the Company’s assumptions, the Company’s 2022 experience studies have excluded experience that was materially impacted by COVID-19 as this is not seen to be indicative of the levels of actual future claims or lapses.

Impact of changes in actuarialmethods and assumptions on pre-tax fulfilment cash flows^(1)^

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022	Total
Long-term care triennial review	$	118
Mortality and morbidity updates		83
Lapse and policyholder behaviour updates		234
Methodology and other updates		(243	)
Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions, pre-tax	$	192
^(1)^	Excludes the portion related to non-controlling interests of $8.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	144
---	---

Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions on pre-tax netincome attributed to shareholders, pre-tax net income attributed to participating policyholders, OCI andCSM^(1)^^****^

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022	Total
Portion recognized in net income (loss) attributed to:
Participating policyholders	$	(26)
Shareholders and other equity holders		23
		(3)
Portion recognized in OCI attributed to:
Participating policyholders		–
Shareholders and other equity holders		90
		90
Portion recognized in CSM		(279	)
Impact of changes in actuarial methods and assumptions, pre-tax	$	(192	)
^(1)^	Excludes the portion related to non-controlling interests, of which $nil is<br>related to CSM.
---	---

Long-term care triennial review

The experience study showed that claim costs established in the Company’s last triennial review remain appropriate in aggregate for the Company’s older blocks of business^1^ supported by robust claims data on this mature block. Pre-tax fulfilment cash flows were increased for claim costs on the Company’s newer block of business^2^. This was driven by lower active life mortality^3^ supported by Company experience and a recent industry study, as well as higher utilization of benefits, which included the impact of reflecting higher inflation in the cost-of-care up to 2022. The Company also reviewed and updated incidence and claim termination assumptions which, on a net basis, provided a partial offset to the increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows on active life mortality and utilization. In addition, some policyholders are electing to reduce their benefits in lieu of paying increased premiums which resulted in a reduction in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows.

Experience continues to support the assumptions of both future morbidity and mortality improvement, resulting in no changes to these assumptions.

As of September 30, 2022, the Company had received actual premium increase approvals of $2.5 billion pre-tax (US$1.9 billion pre-tax) on a present value basis since the last triennial review in 2019. This aligns with the full amount assumed in the Company’s pre-tax fulfilment cash flows at that time and demonstrates the Company’s continued strong track record of securing premium rate increases^4^. In 2022, the review of future premium increases assumed in fulfilment cash flows resulted in a net $2.5 billion (US$1.9 billion) decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows. This reflects expected future premium increases that are due to the Company’s 2022 review of morbidity, mortality, and lapse assumptions, as well as outstanding amounts from prior state filings. Premium increases averaging approximately 30% will be sought on about one-half of the business, excluding the carryover of 2019 amounts requested. The Company’s assumptions reflect the estimated timing and amount of state approved premium increases.

Mortality and morbidity updates

Mortality and morbidity updates resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $83, driven by updates to morbidity assumptions in Vietnam to align with experience, partially offset by a detailed review of the mortality assumptions for the Company’s Canada insurance business.

^1^	First generation policies issued prior to 2002.
^2^	Second generation policies with an average issue date of 2007 and Group policies with an average issue date of 2003.<br>
---	---
^3^	The mortality rate of LTC policyholders who are currently not on claim.
---	---
^4^	Actual experience obtaining premium increases could be materially different than what the Company has assumed, resulting<br>in further increases or decreases in insurance contract liabilities, which could be material.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	145
---	---

Lapse and policyholder behaviour updates

Updates to lapses and policyholder behaviour assumptions resulted in an increase in pre-tax fulfilment cash flows of $234.

The Company completed a detailed review of lapse assumptions for Singapore, and increased lapse rates to align with experience on the Company’s index-linked products, which reduced projected future fee income to be received on these products.

The Company also increased lapse rates on Canada’s term insurance products for policies approaching their renewal date, reflecting emerging experience in the Company’s study.

Methodology and other updates

Other updates resulted in a decrease in pre-tax fulfilment cash **** flows of $243**,** which included updates to discount rates and policyholder dividends on participating products, as well as various other modelling and projection updates.

(k)	Reinsurance transaction

On November 15, 2021 and October 3, 2022, the Company, through its subsidiary John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.) (“JHUSA”), entered into reinsurance agreements with Venerable Holdings, Inc. to reinsure a block of legacy U.S. variable annuity (“VA”) policies. Under the terms of the transaction, the Company will retain responsibility for the maintenance of the policies with no intended impact to VA policyholders. The transaction was structured as coinsurance for the general fund liabilities and modified coinsurance for the segregated fund liabilities.

The transaction closed on February 1, 2022 and October 3, 2022, respectively, resulting in a cumulative pre-tax decrease to the contractual service margin of $905, recognized in 2022.

Note 6 Investment Contract Liabilities

Investment contract liabilities are contractual financial obligations of the Company that do not contain significant insurance risk. Those contracts are subsequently measured either at FVTPL or at amortized cost.

As at September 30, 2023, the fair value of investment contract liabilities measured at fair value was $731 (December 31, 2022 – $798). The carrying value and fair value of investment contract liabilities measured at amortized cost were $10,914 and $10,550, respectively (December 31, 2022 – $9,281 and $9,034, respectively). The carrying value and fair value of investment contract liabilities net of reinsurance assets were $10,883 and $10,520, respectively (December 31, 2022 – $9,243 and $8,996, respectively).

Note 7 Risk Management

The Company’s policies and procedures for managing risk related to financial instruments and insurance contracts can be found in note 9 of the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements as well as the denoted text and tables in the “Risk Management and Risk Factors” section of the Company’s MD&A in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report.

(a)	Risk disclosures included in the Third Quarter 2023 MD&A

Market risk sensitivities related to variable annuity and segregated fund guarantees, publicly traded equity performance risk, interest rate and spread risk and alternative long-duration asset performance risk are disclosed in denoted text and tables in the “Risk Management and Risk Factors” section of the Third Quarter 2023 MD&A. These disclosures are in accordance with IFRS 7 “Financial Instruments: Disclosures” and IAS 34 “Interim Financial Reporting” and are an integral part of these Interim Consolidated Financial Statements. The risks to which the Company is exposed at the end of the reporting period are representative of risks it is typically exposed to throughout the reporting period.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	146

(b)	Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of loss due to inability or unwillingness of a borrower, or counterparty, to fulfill its payment obligations. Worsening regional and global economic conditions, segment or industry sector challenges, or company specific factors could result in defaults or downgrades and could lead to increased provisions or impairments related to the Company’s general fund invested assets.

The Company’s exposure to credit risk is managed through risk management policies and procedures which include a defined credit evaluation and adjudication process, delegated credit approval authorities and established exposure limits by borrower, corporate connection, credit rating, industry and geographic region. The Company measures derivative counterparty exposure as net potential credit exposure, which takes into consideration mark-to-market values of all transactions with each counterparty, net of any collateral held, and an allowance to reflect future potential exposure. Reinsurance counterparty exposure is measured reflecting the level of ceded liabilities.

The Company also ensures where warranted, that mortgages, private placements and loans to Bank clients are secured by collateral, the nature of which depends on the credit risk of the counterparty.

Credit risk associated with derivative counterparties is discussed in note 7(e).

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	147

(I)	Credit quality

The following table presents the gross carrying amount of financial instruments subject to credit exposure, without considering any collateral held or other credit enhancements, and other significant credit risk exposures from loan commitments, presenting separately Stage 1, Stage 2, and Stage 3 allowances.

As at September 30, 2023	Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3		Total
Debt securities
Investment grade	$	186,186	$	1,210	$	–	$	187,396
Non-investment grade	****	4,547	****	659	****	8	****	5,214
Default	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Total	****	190,733	****	1,869	****	8	****	192,610
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at amortized<br>cost	****	1	****	–	****	–	****	1
Net of allowance	****	190,732	****	1,869	****	8	****	192,609
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at FVOCI	****	297	****	59	****	21	****	377
Private placements
Investment grade	****	38,826	****	588	****	–	****	39,414
Non-investment<br>grade	****	4,400	****	557	****	145	****	5,102
Total	****	43,226	****	1,145	****	145	****	44,516
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at amortized<br>cost	****	1	****	–	****	–	****	1
Net of allowance	****	43,225	****	1,145	****	145	****	44,515
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at FVOCI	****	130	****	109	****	104	****	343
Commercial mortgages
AAA	****	520	****	–	****	–	****	520
AA	****	5,832	****	–	****	–	****	5,832
A	****	14,486	****	141	****	–	****	14,627
BBB	****	5,059	****	880	****	–	****	5,939
BB	****	73	****	458	****	–	****	531
B and lower	****	136	****	73	****	112	****	321
Total	****	26,106	****	1,552	****	112	****	27,770
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at amortized<br>cost	****	1	****	2	****	–	****	3
Net of allowance	****	26,105	****	1,550	****	112	****	27,767
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at FVOCI	****	39	****	38	****	131	****	208
Residential mortgages
Performing	****	20,709	****	1,506	****	–	****	22,215
Non-performing	****	–	****	–	****	50	****	50
Total	****	20,709	****	1,506	****	50	****	22,265
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at amortized<br>cost	****	3	****	3	****	2	****	8
Net of allowance	****	20,706	****	1,503	****	48	****	22,257
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at FVOCI	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Loans to Bank clients
Performing	****	2,455	****	50	****	–	****	2,505
Non-performing	****	–	****	–	****	11	****	11
Total	****	2,455	****	50	****	11	****	2,516
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at amortized<br>cost	****	2	****	–	****	1	****	3
Net of allowance	****	2,453	****	50	****	10	****	2,513
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at FVOCI	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Other invested assets
Investment grade	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Below investment grade	****	317	****	–	****	–	****	317
Default	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Total	****	317	****	–	****	–	****	317
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at amortized<br>cost	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Net of allowance	****	317	****	–	****	–	****	317
Allowance for credit losses on assets measured at FVOCI	****	16	****	–	****	–	****	16
Loan commitments
Allowance for credit losses	****	9	****	1	****	2	****	12
Net of allowance, total	$	283,538	$	6,117	$	323	$	289,978
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	148
---	---

(II)	Allowance for credit losses

The following table provides details on the allowance for credit losses by stage as at and for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 under IFRS 9.

	Stage 1		Stage 2		Stage 3		Total
Balance, January 1, 2023	$	511	$	141	$	72	$	724
Net remeasurement due to transfers	****	5	****	(17)	****	12	****	–
Transfer to stage 1	****	11	****	(11)	****	–	****	–
Transfer to stage 2	****	(5)	****	5	****	–	****	–
Transfer to stage 3	****	(1)	****	(11)	****	12	****	–
Net originations, purchases and disposals	****	34	****	9	****	(10)	****	33
Repayments	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Changes to risk, parameters, and models	****	(49)	****	70	****	210	****	231
Foreign exchange and other adjustments	****	(2)	****	9	****	(23)	****	(16)
Balance, September 30, 2023	$	499	$	212	$	261	$	972

The following table presents past due but not impaired and impaired financial assets as at December 31, 2022 under IAS 39.

	Past due but not impaired
As at December 31, 2022	Less than 90<br>days		90 days and<br>greater		Total		Total<br>impaired
Debt securities^(1),(2)^
FVTPL	$	2,059	$	71	$	2,130	$	9
AFS		922		–		922		–
Private placements^(1)^		317		152		469		229
Mortgages and loans to Bank clients		103		–		103		74
Other financial assets		36		34		70		1
Total	$	3,437	$	257	$	3,694	$	313
^(1)^	Payments of $12 on $3,297 of financial assets past due less than 90 days were delayed.
---	---
^(2)^	Payments of $4 on $224 of financial assets past due greater than 90 days were delayed.
---	---
(III)	Significant judgements and estimates
---	---

The following table shows certain key macroeconomic variables used to estimate the allowance for credit losses by market. For the base case, upside and downside scenarios, the projections are provided for the next 12 months and then for the remaining forecast period, which represents a medium-term view.

			Base case scenario				Upside scenario				Downside scenario 1				Downside scenario 2
As at September 30, 2023	Current<br>quarter		Next 12<br>months		Ensuing<br>4 years		Next 12<br>months		Ensuing<br>4 years		Next 12<br>months		Ensuing<br>4 years		Next 12<br>months		Ensuing<br>4 years
Canada
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	****	1,780	****	1.0%	****	1.8%	****	3.0%	****	2.1%	****	(2.7%)	****	2.0%	****	(4.6%)	****	2.0%
Unemployment rate	****	5.6%	****	5.9%	****	5.9%	****	5.2%	****	5.0%	****	7.8%	****	7.8%	****	9.1%	****	9.4%
Oil prices	****	80.9	****	82.6	****	68.2	****	85.0	****	68.4	****	67.9	****	61.8	****	58.8	****	55.7
U.S.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	****	20,490	****	1.1%	****	2.6%	****	3.6%	****	2.5%	****	(2.5%)	****	2.7%	****	(4.1%)	****	2.7%
Unemployment rate	****	3.6%	****	3.9%	****	4.2%	****	3.1%	****	3.5%	****	6.4%	****	6.0%	****	6.8%	****	7.7%
7-10 Year BBB U.S. Corporate Index	****	5.7%	****	6.0%	****	5.9%	****	5.8%	****	6.0%	****	5.6%	****	5.4%	****	6.2%	****	5.2%
Japan
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	****	553,874	****	0.9%	****	0.9%	****	3.1%	****	1.0%	****	(4.2%)	****	1.2%	****	(8.2%)	****	1.8%
Unemployment rate	****	2.5%	****	2.5%	****	2.3%	****	2.4%	****	2.1%	****	3.0%	****	3.0%	****	3.1%	****	3.5%
Hong Kong
Unemployment rate	****	2.9%	****	2.8%	****	3.0%	****	2.5%	****	2.7%	****	3.9%	****	3.8%	****	4.3%	****	4.7%
Share Index	****	20,155	****	23.0%	****	3.7%	****	36.3%	****	2.5%	****	(12.9%)	****	3.4%	****	(34.8%)	****	4.5%
China
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)	****	106,912	****	5.6%	****	4.5%	****	9.1%	****	4.6%	****	(1.5%)	****	4.8%	****	(5.0%)	****	4.1%
Share Index	****	10,582	****	4.1%	****	6.5%	****	22.7%	****	4.5%	****	(33.4%)	****	13.5%	****	(43.6%)	****	15.1%
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	149
---	---

(IV)	Sensitivity to changes in economic assumptions

The following table compares the allowances resulting from the ECL baseline scenario and resulting from ECL scenarios weighted by probability of occurrence.

As at	September 30, 2023
Probability-weighted ECLs	$	972
Base ECLs	$	649
Difference – in amount	$	323
Difference – in percentage	****	33.24%
(c)	Securities lending, repurchase and reverse repurchase transactions
---	---

As at September 30, 2023, the Company had loaned securities (which are included in invested assets) with a market value of $1,067 (December 31, 2022 – $723). The Company holds collateral with a current market value that exceeds the value of securities lent in all cases.

As at September 30, 2023, the Company had engaged in reverse repurchase transactions of $504 (December 31, 2022 – $895) which are recorded as short-term receivables. In addition, the Company had engaged in repurchase transactions of $504 as at September 30, 2023 (December 31, 2022 – $895) which are recorded as payables.

(d)	Credit default swaps

The Company replicates exposure to specific issuers by selling credit protection via credit default swaps (“CDS”) to complement its cash debt securities investing. The Company does not write CDS protection more than its government bond holdings.

The following table presents details of the credit default swap protection sold by type of contract and external agency rating for the underlying reference security.

As at September 30, 2023	Notional<br>amount^(1)^		Fair value		Weighted<br>average<br>maturity<br><br><br>(in years)^(2)^
Single name CDS^(3),(4)^– Corporatedebt
AA	$	23	$	1	****	4
A	****	91	****	3	****	4
BBB	****	13	****	–	****	1
Total single name CDS	$	127	$	4	****	3
Total CDS protection sold	$	127	$	4	****	3
As at December 31, 2022	Notional<br>amount^(1)^		Fair value		Weighted<br>average<br>maturity<br><br><br>(in years)^(2)^
Single name CDS^(3),(4)^– Corporatedebt
AA	$	–	$	–		–
A		133		4		4
BBB		26		–		1
Total single name CDS	$	159	$	4		4
Total CDS protection sold	$	159	$	4		4
^(1)^	Notional amounts represent the maximum future payments the Company would have to pay its counterparties assuming a default<br>of the underlying credit and zero recovery on the underlying issuer obligations.
---	---
^(2)^	The weighted average maturity of the CDS is weighted based on notional amounts.
---	---
^(3)^	Ratings are based on S&P where available followed by Moody’s, DBRS, and Fitch. If no rating is available from a<br>rating agency, an internally developed rating is used.
---	---
^(4)^	The Company held no purchased credit protection as at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.<br>
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	150
---	---

(e)	Derivatives

The Company’s point-in-time exposure to losses related to credit risk of a derivative counterparty is limited to the amount of any net gains that may have accrued with the particular counterparty. Gross derivative counterparty exposure is measured as the total fair value (including accrued interest) of all outstanding contracts in a gain position excluding any offsetting contracts in a loss position and the impact of collateral on hand. The Company limits the risk of credit losses from derivative counterparties by: using investment grade counterparties, entering into master netting arrangements which permit the offsetting of contracts in a loss position in the case of a counterparty default, and entering into Credit Support Annex agreements whereby collateral must be provided when the exposure exceeds a certain threshold.

All contracts are held with or guaranteed by investment grade counterparties, the majority of whom are rated A- or higher. As at September 30, 2023, the percentage of the Company’s derivative exposure with counterparties rated AA- or higher was 38 per cent (December 31, 2022 – 36 per cent). As at September 30, 2023, the largest single counterparty exposure, without taking into consideration the impact of master netting agreements or the benefit of collateral held, was $2,034 (December 31, 2022 – $1,582). The net exposure to this counterparty, after taking into consideration master netting agreements and the fair value of collateral held, was $nil (December 31, 2022 – $nil).

(f)	Offsetting financial assets and financial liabilities

Certain derivatives, securities lent and repurchase agreements have conditional offset rights. The Company does not offset these financial instruments in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position, as the rights of offset are conditional.

In the case of derivatives, collateral is collected from and pledged to counterparties and clearing houses to manage credit risk exposure in accordance with Credit Support Annexes to swap agreements and clearing agreements. Under master netting agreements, the Company has a right of offset in the event of default, insolvency, bankruptcy or other early termination.

In the case of reverse repurchase and repurchase transactions, additional collateral may be collected from or pledged to counterparties to manage credit exposure according to bilateral reverse repurchase or repurchase agreements. In the event of default by a reverse purchase transaction counterparty, the Company is entitled to liquidate the collateral held to offset against the same counterparty’s obligation.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	151

The following table presents the effect of conditional master netting and similar arrangements. Similar arrangements may include global master repurchase agreements, global master securities lending agreements, and any related rights to financial collateral pledged or received.

			Related amounts not set off in the<br>Consolidated Statements of<br>Financial Position
As at September 30, 2023	Gross amounts of<br>financial<br>instruments^(1)^		Amounts subject to<br>an enforceable<br>master netting<br>arrangement or<br>similar agreements		Financial and<br>cash collateral<br>pledged<br>(received)^(2)^		Net amounts<br>including<br>financing<br>entity^(3)^		Net amounts<br>excluding<br>financing<br>entity
Financial assets
Derivative assets	$	9,693	$	(8,101)	$	(1,495)	$	97	$	95
Securities lending	****	1,067	****	–	****	(1,067)	****	–	****	–
Reverse repurchase agreements	****	504	****	(504)	****	–	****	–	****	–
Total financial assets	$	11,264	$	(8,605)	$	(2,562)	$	97	$	95
Financial liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$	(18,089)	$	8,101	$	9,934	$	(54)	$	(54)
Repurchase agreements	****	(504)	****	504	****	–	****	–	****	–
Total financial liabilities	$	(18,593)	$	8,605	$	9,934	$	(54)	$	(54)
			Related amounts not set off in the<br>Consolidated Statements of<br>Financial Position
As at December 31, 2022	Gross amounts of<br>financial<br>instruments^(1)^		Amounts subject to<br>an enforceable<br>master netting<br>arrangement or<br>similar agreements		Financial and<br>cash collateral<br>pledged<br>(received)^(2)^		Net amounts<br>including<br>financing<br>entity^(3)^		Net amounts<br>excluding<br>financing<br>entity
Financial assets
Derivative assets	$	9,072	$	(7,170)	$	(1,687)	$	215	$	215
Securities lending		723		–		(723)		–		–
Reverse repurchase agreements		895		(779)		(116)		–		–
Total financial assets	$	10,690	$	(7,949)	$	(2,526)	$	215	$	215
Financial liabilities
Derivative liabilities	$	(15,151)	$	7,170	$	7,834	$	(147)	$	(103)
Repurchase agreements		(895)		779		116		–		–
Total financial liabilities	$	(16,046)	$	7,949	$	7,950	$	(147)	$	(103)
^(1)^	Financial assets and liabilities include accrued interest of $570 and $879, respectively (December 31, 2022 – $488<br>and $862, respectively).
---	---
^(2)^	Financial and cash collateral exclude over-collateralization. As at September 30, 2023, the Company was<br>over-collateralized on OTC derivative assets, OTC derivative liabilities, securities lending and reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements in the amounts of $851, $2,216, $269 and $nil, respectively (December 31, 2022 – $507,<br>$1,528, $63 and $nil, respectively). As at September 30, 2023, collateral pledged (received) does not include collateral-in-transit on OTC instruments or initial<br>margin on exchange traded contracts or cleared contracts.
---	---
^(3)^	Includes derivative contracts entered between the Company and its unconsolidated financing entity. The Company does not<br>exchange collateral on derivative contracts entered with this entity.
---	---

The Company also has certain credit linked note assets and variable surplus note liabilities which have unconditional offsetting rights. Under the netting agreements, the Company has rights of offset including in the event of the Company’s default, insolvency, or bankruptcy. These financial instruments are offset in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	152

A credit linked note is a debt instrument the term of which, in this case, is linked to a variable surplus note. A surplus note is a subordinated debt obligation that often qualifies as surplus (the U.S. statutory equivalent of equity) by some U.S. state insurance regulators. Interest payments on surplus notes are made after all other contractual payments are made. The following table presents the effect of unconditional netting.

As at September 30, 2023	Gross<br>amounts of<br>financial<br>instruments		Amounts<br>subject to an<br>enforceable<br>netting<br>arrangement		Net<br>amounts of<br>financial<br>instruments
Credit linked note	$	1,313	$	(1,313)	$	–
Variable surplus note	****	(1,313)	****	1,313	****	–
As at December 31, 2022	Gross<br>amounts of<br>financial<br>instruments		Amounts<br>subject to an<br>enforceable<br>netting<br>arrangement		Net<br>amounts of<br>financial<br>instruments
Credit linked note	$	1,242	$	(1,242)	$	–
Variable surplus note		(1,242)		1,242		–
Note 8 Long-Term Debt
---
(a)	Carrying value of long-term debt instruments
---	---
As at	Issue date	Maturity date	Par value		December 31,<br>2022
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
3.050% Senior notes^(1)^	August 27, 2020	August 27, 2060	US1,155	1,557	$	1,559
5.375% Senior notes^(1)^	March 4, 2016	March 4, 2046	US750	1,002		1,004
3.703% Senior notes^(1)^	March 16, 2022	March 16, 2032	US750	1,008		1,011
2.396% Senior notes^(1)^	June 1, 2020	June 1, 2027	US200	270		270
2.484% Senior notes^(1)^	May 19, 2020	May 19, 2027	US500	673		674
3.527% Senior notes^(1)^	December 2, 2016	December 2, 2026	US270	365		365
4.150% Senior<br>notes^(1)^	March 4, 2016	March 4, 2026	US1,000	1,349		1,351
Total				6,224	$	6,234

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	These U.S. dollar senior notes have been designated as hedges of the Company’s net investment in its U.S. operations<br>which reduces the earnings volatility that would otherwise arise from the re-measurement of these senior notes into Canadian dollars.
(b)	Fair value measurement
---	---

Fair value of long-term debt instruments is determined using the following hierarchy:

Level 1 – Fair value is determined using quoted market prices where available.

Level 2 – When quoted market prices are not available, fair value is determined with reference to quoted prices of similar debt instruments or estimated using discounted cash flows based on observable market rates.

The Company measures long-term debt at amortized cost in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. As at September 30, 2023, the fair value of long-term debt was $5,363 (December 31, 2022 – $5,587). Fair value of long-term debt was determined using Level 2 valuation techniques (December 31, 2022 – Level 2).

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	153

Note 9 Capital Instruments
(a)	Carrying value of capital instruments
---	---
As at	Issue date	Earliest par<br>redemption date	Maturity date	Par value		December 31,<br>2022
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
JHFC Subordinated notes^(1)^	December 14, 2006	n/a	December 15, 2036	650	647	$	647
2.818% MFC Subordinated debentures^(1)^	May 12, 2020	May 13, 2030	May 13, 2035	1,000	996		996
5.409% MFC Subordinated debentures^(1),(2)^	March 10, 2023	March 10, 2028	March 10, 2033	1,200	1,195		–
4.061% MFC Subordinated notes^(1),(3)^	February 24, 2017	February 24, 2027	February 24, 2032	US750	1,012		1,013
2.237% MFC Subordinated debentures^(1)^	May 12, 2020	May 12, 2025	May 12, 2030	1,000	998		998
3.00% MFC Subordinated notes^(1)^	November 21, 2017	November 21, 2024	November 21, 2029	S500	495		504
3.049% MFC Subordinated debentures^(1)^	August 18, 2017	August 20, 2024	August 20, 2029	750	749		749
7.375% JHUSA Surplus notes	February 25, 1994	n/a	February 15, 2024	US450	610		615
3.317% MFC Subordinated debentures^(1),(4)^	May 9, 2018	May 9, 2023	May 9, 2028	600	–		600
Total					6,702	$	6,122

All values are in US Dollars.

^(1)^	The Company is monitoring regulatory and market developments globally with respect to the interest rate benchmark reform.<br>As these rates could potentially be discontinued in the future, the Company will take appropriate actions in due course to accomplish the necessary transitions or replacements. As at September 30, 2023, capital instruments of $647 (December 31,<br>2022 – $647) have interest rate referencing CDOR. In addition, capital instruments of $2,743, $1,195, $1,012 and $495 (December 31, 2022 – $3,343, $nil, $1,013, and $504, respectively) have interest rate reset in the future referencing<br>CDOR, CORRA, the USD Mid-Swap rate, and the SGD swap rate, respectively.
^(2)^	Issued by MFC during the first quarter, interest is payable semi-annually. After March 10, 2028, the interest rate<br>will reset to equal the Daily Compounded CORRA plus 1.85%. With regulatory approval, MFC may redeem the debentures, in whole, or in part, on or after March 10, 2028, at a redemption price together with accrued and unpaid interest.<br>
---	---
^(3)^	Designated as a hedge of the Company’s net investment in its U.S. operations which reduces the earnings volatility<br>that would otherwise arise from the re-measurement of the subordinated notes into Canadian dollars.
---	---
^(4)^	MFC redeemed in full the 3.317% MFC Subordinated debentures at par, on May 9, 2023, the earliest par redemption date.<br>
---	---
(b)	Fair value measurement
---	---

Fair value of capital instruments is determined using the following hierarchy:

Level 1 – Fair value is determined using quoted market prices where available.

The Company measures capital instruments at amortized cost in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position. As at September 30, 2023, the fair value of capital instruments was $6,330 (December 31, 2022 – $5,737). Fair value of capital instruments was determined using Level 2 valuation techniques (December 31, 2022 – Level 2).

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	154

Note 10 Equity Capital and Earnings Per Share
(a)	Preferred shares and other equity instruments
---	---

The following table presents information about the outstanding preferred shares and other equity instruments as at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

			Annual		Earliest		Number of				Net amount^(4)^
As at	Issue date		dividend rate /<br>interest rate^(1)^		redemption<br><br><br>date^(2),(3)^		shares<br><br><br>(in millions)		Face<br>amount		September 30,2023		December 31,<br>2022
Preferred shares
Class A preferred shares
Series 2		February 18, 2005		4.65%		n/a		14	$	350	$	344	$	344
Series 3		January 3, 2006		4.50%		n/a		12		300	****	294		294
Class 1 preferred shares
Series 3^(5),(6)^		March 11, 2011		2.348%		June 19, 2026		7		163	****	160		160
Series 4^(7)^		June 20, 2016		floating		June 19, 2026		1		37	****	36		36
Series 9^(5),(6)^		May 24, 2012		5.978%		September 19, 2027		10		250	****	244		244
Series 11^(5),(6),(8)^		December 4, 2012		6.159%		March 19, 2028		8		200	****	196		196
Series 13^(5),(6),(9)^		June 21, 2013		6.350%		September 19, 2028		8		200	****	196		196
Series 15^(5),(6)^		February 25, 2014		3.786%		June 19, 2024		8		200	****	195		195
Series 17^(5),(6)^		August 15, 2014		3.800%		December 19, 2024		14		350	****	343		343
Series 19^(5),(6)^		December 3, 2014		3.675%		March 19, 2025		10		250	****	246		246
Series 25^(5),(6),(10)^		February 20, 2018		5.942%		June 19, 2028		10		250	****	245		245
Other equity instruments
Limited recourse capital<br>notes^(11)^
Series 1^(12)^		February 19, 2021		3.375%		May 19, 2026		n/a		2,000	****	1,982		1,982
Series 2^(12)^		November 12, 2021		4.100%		February 19, 2027		n/a		1,200	****	1,189		1,189
Series<br>3^(12)^		June 16, 2022		7.117%		June 19, 2027		n/a		1,000	****	990		990
Total								102	$	6,750	$	6,660	$	6,660
^(1)^	Holders of Class A and Class 1 preferred shares are entitled to receive<br>non-cumulative preferential cash dividends on a quarterly basis, as and when declared by the Board of Directors. Non-deferrable distributions are payable to all LRCN<br>holders semi-annually at the Company’s discretion.
---	---
^(2)^	Redemption of all preferred shares is subject to regulatory approval. MFC may redeem each series, in whole or in part, at<br>par, on the earliest redemption date or every five years thereafter, except for Class A Series 2, Class A Series 3 and Class 1 Series 4 preferred shares. Class A Series 2 and Series 3 preferred shares are past their respective<br>earliest redemption date and MFC may redeem these preferred shares, in whole or in part, at par at any time, subject to regulatory approval, as noted. MFC may redeem the Class 1 Series 4 preferred shares, in whole or in part, at any time, at<br>$25.00 per share if redeemed on June 19, 2026 (the earliest redemption date) and on June 19 every five years thereafter, or at $25.50 per share if redeemed on any other date after June 19, 2021, subject to regulatory approval, as<br>noted.
---	---
^(3)^	Redemption of all LRCN series is subject to regulatory approval. MFC may at its option redeem each series in whole or in<br>part, at a redemption price equal to par, together with accrued and unpaid interest. The redemption period for Series 1 is every five years during the period from May 19 and including June 19, commencing in 2026. The redemption period for<br>Series 2 is every five years during the period from February 19 and including March 19, commencing in 2027. After the first redemption date, the redemption period for Series 3 is every five years during the period from May 19 to and<br>including June 19, commencing in 2032.
---	---
^(4)^	Net of after-tax issuance costs.
---	---
^(5)^	On the earliest redemption date and every five years thereafter, the annual dividend rate will be reset to the five-year<br>Government of Canada bond yield plus a yield specified for each series. The specified yield for Class 1 preferred shares is: Series 3 – 1.41%, Series 9 – 2.86%, Series 11 – 2.61%, Series 13 – 2.22%, Series 15 – 2.16%,<br>Series 17 – 2.36%, Series 19 – 2.30%, and Series 25 – 2.55%.
---	---
^(6)^	On the earliest redemption date and every five years thereafter, Class 1 preferred shares are convertible at the<br>option of the holder into a new series that is one number higher than their existing series, and the holders are entitled to non-cumulative preferential cash dividends, payable quarterly if and when declared<br>by the Board of Directors, at a rate equal to the three-month Government of Canada Treasury bill yield plus the rate specified in footnote 5 above.
---	---
^(7)^	The floating dividend rate for the Class 1 Series 4 shares equals the three-month Government of Canada Treasury bill<br>yield plus 1.41%.
---	---
^(8)^	MFC did not exercise its right to redeem the outstanding Class 1 Shares Series 11 on March 19, 2023, which was<br>the earliest redemption date. The dividend rate was reset as specified in footnote 5 above to an annual fixed rate of 6.159%, for a five-year period commencing on March 20, 2023.
---	---
^(9)^	MFC did not exercise its right to redeem the outstanding Class 1 Shares Series 13 on September 19, 2023, which<br>was the earliest redemption date. The dividend rate was reset as specified in footnote 5 above to an annual fixed rate of 6.350%, for a five-year period commencing on September 20, 2023.
---	---
^(10)^	MFC did not exercise its right to redeem the outstanding Class 1 Shares Series 25 on June 19, 2023, which was<br>the earliest redemption date. The dividend rate was reset as specified in footnote 5 above to an annual fixed rate of 5.942%, for a five-year period commencing on June 20, 2023.
---	---
^(11)^	Non-payment of distributions or principal on any LRCN series notes when due will<br>result in a recourse event. The recourse of each noteholder will be limited to their proportionate amount of the Limited Recourse Trust’s assets which comprise of Class 1 Series 27 preferred shares for LRCN Series 1 notes, Class 1<br>Series 28 preferred shares for LRCN Series 2 notes, and Class 1 Series 29 preferred shares for LRCN Series 3 notes. All claims of the holders of LRCN series notes against MFC will be extinguished upon receipt of the corresponding trust assets.<br>The Class 1 Series 27, Class 1 Series 28, and Class 1 Series 29 preferred shares are eliminated on consolidation while being held in the Limited Recourse Trust.
---	---
^(12)^	The LRCN Series 1 distribute at a fixed rate of 3.375% payable semi-annually, until June 18, 2026; on June 19,<br>2026 and every five years thereafter until June 19, 2076, the rate will be reset at a rate equal to the five-year Government of Canada yield as defined in the prospectus, plus 2.839%. The LRCN Series 2 distribute at a fixed rate of 4.10%<br>payable semi-annually, until March 18, 2027; on March 19, 2027 and every five years thereafter until March 19, 2077, the rate will be reset at a rate equal to the five-year Government of Canada yield as defined in the prospectus, plus<br>2.704%. The LRCN Series 3 distribute at a fixed rate of 7.117% payable semi-annually, until June 18, 2027; on June 19, 2027 and every five years thereafter until June 19, 2077, the rate will be reset at a rate equal to the five-year<br>Government of Canada yield as defined in the prospectus, plus 3.95%.
---	---
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	155
---	---

(b)	Common shares

As at September 30, 2023, there were 19 million outstanding stock options and deferred share units that entitle the holders to receive common shares or payment in cash or common shares, at the option of the holders (December 31, 2022 – 21 million).

Number of common shares (in millions)	For the nine months ended<br>September 30, 2023
Balance, beginning of period	****	1,865	1,943
Purchased for cancellation	****	(49)	(79)
Issued on exercise of stock options and deferred share<br>units	****	2	1
Balance, end of period	****	1,818	1,865

Normal course issuer bid

On February 21, 2023, the Company announced that the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”) approved a normal course issuer bid (“NCIB”) permitting the purchase for cancellation of up to 55.7 million common shares, representing approximately 3% of its issued and outstanding common shares. Purchases under the NCIB commenced on February 23, 2023 and will continue until February 22, 2024, when the NCIB expires, or such earlier date as the Company completes its purchases.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company had purchased 42.6 million shares under the current NCIB commenced on February 23, 2023, and 6.9 million shares under the previous NCIB that expired on February 2, 2023, totaling 49.5 million shares for $1,262. Of this, $590 was recorded in common shares and $672 was recorded in retained earnings in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity.

(c)	Earnings per share

The following is a reconciliation of the denominator (number of shares) in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share.

For the	three months ended September 30,				nine months ended September 30,
(in millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Weighted average number of common shares	****	1,826		1,902	****	1,842		1,920
Dilutive stock-based awards^(1)^	****	3		2	****	3		3
Weighted average number of diluted common shares^^	****	1,829		1,904	****	1,845		1,923
^(1)^	The dilutive effect of stock-based awards was calculated using the treasury stock method. This method calculates the<br>number of incremental shares by assuming the outstanding stock-based awards are (i) exercised and (ii) then reduced by the number of shares assumed to be repurchased from the issuance proceeds, using the average market price of MFC common<br>shares for the period.
---	---
Note 11 Revenue from ServiceContracts
---

The Company provides investment management services, transaction processing and administrative services and distribution and related services to proprietary and third-party investment funds, retirement plans, group benefit plans, institutional investors and other arrangements. The Company also provides real estate management services to tenants of the Company’s investment properties.

The Company’s service contracts generally impose single performance obligations, each consisting of a series of similar related services for each customer.

The Company’s performance obligations within service arrangements are generally satisfied over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services rendered, measured using an output method. Fees typically include variable consideration and the related revenue is recognized to the extent that it is highly probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty is subsequently resolved.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	156

Asset based fees vary with asset values of accounts under management, subject to market conditions and investor behaviors beyond the Company’s control. Transaction processing and administrative fees vary with activity volume, also beyond the Company’s control. Some fees, including distribution fees, are based on account balances and transaction volumes. Fees related to account balances and transaction volumes are measured daily. Real estate management service fees include fixed portions plus recovery of variable costs of services rendered to tenants. Fees related to services provided are generally recognized as services are rendered, which is when it becomes highly probable that no significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will occur. The Company has determined that its service contracts have no significant financing components because fees are collected monthly. The Company has no significant contract assets or contract liabilities.

The following tables present revenue from service contracts by service lines and reporting segments as disclosed in note 14. Asia, Canada, and U.S reporting segments are combined with Corporate and Other as a result of the implementation of IFRS 17.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023	Global WAM		Asia,<br>Canada,<br>U.S., and<br>Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Investment management and other related fees	$	852	$	(117)	$	735
Transaction processing, administration, and service fees	****	651	****	62	****	713
Distribution fees and other	****	211	****	17	****	228
Total included in other revenue	****	1,714	****	(38)	****	1,676
Revenue fromnon-service lines	****	(5)	****	(26)	****	(31)
Total other revenue	$	1,709	$	(64)	$	1,645
Real estate management services included in net investmentincome	$	–	$	74	$	74
For the three months ended September 30, 2022	Global WAM		Asia,<br>Canada,<br>U.S., and<br>Corporate<br>and Other		Total
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Investment management and other related fees	$	766	$	(80)	$	686
Transaction processing, administration, and service fees		595		65		660
Distribution fees and other		197		52		249
Total included in other revenue		1,558		37		1,595
Revenue from non-servicelines		(3)		(45)		(48)
Total other revenue	$	1,555	$	(8)	$	1,547
Real estate management services included in net investmentincome	$	–	$	82	$	82
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023	Global WAM		Asia,<br>Canada,<br>U.S., and<br>Corporate<br>and Other		Total
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Investment management and other related fees	$	2,480	$	(306)	$	2,174
Transaction processing, administration, and service fees	****	1,912	****	200	****	2,112
Distribution fees and other	****	632	****	43	****	675
Total included in other revenue	****	5,024	****	(63)	****	4,961
Revenue from non-servicelines	****	(3)	****	69	****	66
Total other revenue	$	5,021	$	6	$	5,027
Real estate management services included in net investmentincome	$	–	$	231	$	231
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022	Global WAM		Asia,<br>Canada,<br>U.S., and<br>Corporate<br>and Other		Total
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Investment management and other related fees	$	2,327	$	(235)	$	2,092
Transaction processing, administration, and service fees		1,812		202		2,014
Distribution fees and other		616		84		700
Total included in other revenue		4,755		51		4,806
Revenue from non-servicelines		(10)		(281)		(291)
Total other revenue	$	4,745	$	(230)	$	4,515
Real estate management services included in net investmentincome	$	–	$	239	$	239
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	157
---	---

Note 12 Employee Future Benefits

The Company maintains a number of pension plans, both defined benefit and defined contribution, and retiree welfare plans for eligible employees and agents. Information about the financial impacts of the Company’s material pension and retiree welfare plans in the U.S. and Canada is as follows.

	Pension plans				Retiree welfare plans^(1)^
For the three months ended September 30,	2023		2022		2023		2022
Defined benefit current service cost	$	11	$	12	$	–	$	–
Defined benefit administrative expenses	****	3		3	****	1		–
Service cost	****	14		15	****	1		–
Interest on net defined benefit (asset) liability	****	2		–	****	(1)		–
Defined benefit cost	****	16		15	****	–		–
Defined contribution cost	****	22		20	****	–		–
Net benefit cost reported in earnings	$	38	$	35	$	–	$	–
Actuarial (gain) loss on economic assumption changes	$	(146)	$	(15)	$	(21)	$	(10)
Investment (gain) loss (excluding interest income)	****	149		88	****	14		9
Change in effect of asset limit	****	(5)		(16)	****	–		–
Remeasurement (gain) loss recorded in AOCI, net oftax	$	(2)	$	57	$	(7)	$	(1)
	Pension plans				Retiree welfare plans^(1)^****
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
For the nine months ended September 30,	2023		2022		2023		2022
Defined benefit current service cost	$	31	$	34	$	–	$	–
Defined benefit administrative expenses	****	8		8	****	1		1
Service cost	****	39		42	****	1		1
Interest on net defined benefit (asset) liability	****	4		1	****	(2)		–
Defined benefit cost	****	43		43	****	(1)		1
Defined contribution cost	****	72		66	****	–		–
Net benefit cost reported in earnings	$	115	$	109	$	(1)	$	1
Actuarial (gain) loss on economic assumption changes	$	(116)	$	(636)	$	(17)	$	(95)
Investment (gain) loss (excluding interest income)	****	84		661	****	12		67
Change in effect of asset limit	****	(2)		(4)	****	–		–
Remeasurement (gain) loss recorded in AOCI, net oftax	$	(34)	$	21	$	(5)	$	(28)
^(1)^	There are no significant current service costs for the retiree welfare plans as they are closed and mostly frozen. The<br>remeasurement gain or loss on these plans is due to the volatility of discount rates and investment returns.
---	---
Note 13 Commitments and Contingencies
---
(a)	Legal proceedings
---	---

The Company is regularly involved in legal actions, both as a defendant and as a plaintiff. The legal actions where the Company is a party ordinarily relate to its activities as a provider of insurance protection or wealth management products, reinsurance, or in its capacity as an investment adviser, employer, or taxpayer. Other life insurers and asset managers, operating in the jurisdictions in which the Company does business, have been subject to a wide variety of other types of actions, some of which resulted in substantial judgments or settlements against the defendants; it is possible that the Company may become involved in similar actions in the future. In addition, government and regulatory bodies in Canada, the United States, Asia, and other jurisdictions where the Company conducts business regularly make inquiries and sometimes require the production of information or conduct examinations concerning the Company’s compliance with, among other things, insurance laws, securities laws, and laws governing the activities of broker-dealers.

In June 2018, a class action was initiated against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York on behalf of owners of Performance Universal Life (“Perf UL”) policies issued between 2003 and 2010 whose policies were subject to a Cost of Insurance (“COI”) increase announced in 2018. The class policies in the COI-increase block made up approximately two-thirds of the total face amount of the policies in the COI-increase block. The class case was settled effective May 17, 2022, and the settlement has been implemented.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	158

In addition to the class action, twelve individual lawsuits opposing the Perf UL COI increases were filed; nine in federal court and three in state court. Each of the lawsuits, except two, have been brought by plaintiffs who own multiple policies. On March 22, 2023, the last group of pending individual federal cases settled, and on September 18, 2023, the last group of individual state cases settled. With the prior settlements, including the May 17, 2022 class action settlement, the Company has now resolved litigation with respect to 100% of the filed lawsuits, which represents 84% of the total face amount of policies in the COI-increase block. Litigation remains possible with the final approximately 16% of the total face amount of the COI-increase block.

(b)	Guarantees
(I)	Guarantees regarding Manulife Finance (Delaware), L.P. (“MFLP”)
---	---

MFC has guaranteed the payment of amounts on the $650 subordinated debentures due on December 15, 2041 issued by MFLP, a wholly owned unconsolidated financing entity.

The following tables present certain condensed consolidated financial information for MFC and MFLP.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income Information

For the three months ended September 30, 2023	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		Other<br>subsidiaries<br>on a<br>combined<br>basis		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Total<br>consolidated<br>amounts		MFLP
Insurance service result	$	–	$	1,005	$	–	$	1,005	$	–
Investment result	****	283	****	595	****	(560)	****	318	****	14
Other revenue	****	(7)	****	1,652	****	–	****	1,645	****	4
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders and other equity<br>holders	****	1,013	****	825	****	(825)	****	1,013	****	7
For the three months ended September 30, 2022	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		Other<br>subsidiaries<br>on a<br>combined<br>basis		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Total<br>consolidated<br>amounts		MFLP
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Insurance service result	$	–	$	449	$	–	$	449	$	–
Investment result		214		240		(411)		43		11
Other revenue		(17)		1,564		–		1,547		14
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders and other equity<br>holders		491		383		(383)		491		13
For the nine months ended September 30, 2023	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		Other<br>subsidiaries<br>on a<br>combined<br>basis		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Total<br>consolidated<br>amounts		MFLP
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Insurance service results	$	–	$	2,741	$	–	$	2,741	$	–
Investment results	****	415	****	2,341	****	(871)	****	1,885	****	40
Other revenue	****	14	****	5,015	****	(2)	****	5,027	****	(1)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders and other equity<br>holders	****	3,444	****	3,268	****	(3,268)	****	3,444	****	6
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		Other<br>subsidiaries<br>on a<br>combined<br>basis		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Total<br>consolidated<br>amounts		MFLP
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Insurance service results	$	–	$	2,199	$	–	$	2,199	$	–
Investment results		356		(5,723)		(726)		(6,093)		36
Other revenue		(10)		4,526		(1)		4,515		18
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders and other equity<br>holders		(2,848)		(2,970)		2,970		(2,848)		22
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	159
---	---

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Position Information

As at September 30, 2023	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		Other subsidiaries<br>on a combined<br>basis		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Total<br>consolidated<br>amounts		MFLP
Invested assets	$	88	$	398,648	$	–	$	398,736	$	14
Insurance contract assets	****	–	****	190	****	–	****	190	****	–
Reinsurance contract held assets	****	–	****	41,140	****	–	****	41,140	****	–
Total other assets	****	90,475	****	101,188	****	(152,767)	****	38,896	****	917
Segregated funds net assets	****	–	****	356,912	****	–	****	356,912	****	–
Insurance contract liabilities, excluding those for account of segregated fund holders	****	–	****	343,360	****	–	****	343,360	****	–
Reinsurance contract held liabilities	****	–	****	2,687	****	–	****	2,687	****	–
Investment contract liabilities	****	–	****	11,645	****	–	****	11,645	****	–
Total other liabilities	****	43,156	****	114,671	****	(85,592)	****	72,235	****	667
Insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund holders	****	–	****	108,781	****	–	****	108,781	****	–
Investment contract liabilities for account of segregated fund<br>holders	****	–	****	248,131	****	–	****	248,131	****	–
As at December 31, 2022	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		Other subsidiaries<br>on a combined<br>basis		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Total<br>consolidated<br>amounts		MFLP
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Invested assets	$	63	$	400,079	$	–	$	400,142	$	21
Insurance contract assets		–		673		–		673		–
Reinsurance contract held assets		–		45,871		–		45,871		–
Total other assets		58,357		42,751		(62,667)		38,441		950
Segregated funds net assets		–		348,562		–		348,562		–
Insurance contract liabilities, excluding those for account of segregated fund holders		–		354,849		–		354,849		–
Reinsurance contract held liabilities		–		2,391		–		2,391		–
Investment contract liabilities		–		10,079		–		10,079		–
Total other liabilities		11,544		58,482		(444)		69,582		712
Insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund holders		–		110,216		–		110,216		–
Investment contract liabilities for account of segregated fund<br>holders		–		238,346		–		238,346		–
(II)	Guarantees regarding John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.) (“JHUSA”)
---	---

Details of guarantees regarding certain securities issued or to be issued by JHUSA are outlined in note 16.

Note 14 Segment and Geographic Reporting

The Company’s reporting segments are Asia, Canada, U.S., Global WAM and Corporate and Other. Each reporting segment is responsible for managing its operating results, developing products, defining strategies for services and distribution based on the profile and needs of its business and market. The Company’s significant product and service offerings by the reporting segments are mentioned below.

Wealth and asset management businesses (Global WAM) – branded as Manulife Investment Management, provides investment advice and innovative solutions to retirement, retail, and institutional clients. Products and services are distributed through multiple distribution channels, including agents and brokers affiliated with the Company, independent securities brokerage firms and financial advisors pension plan consultants and banks.

Insurance and annuity products (Asia, Canada and U.S.) – include a variety of individual life insurance, individual and group long-term care insurance and guaranteed and partially guaranteed annuity products. Products are distributed through multiple distribution channels, including insurance agents, brokers, banks, financial planners and direct marketing. Manulife Bank of Canada offers a variety of deposit and credit products to Canadian customers.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	160

Corporate and Other Segment – comprised of investment performance of assets backing capital, net of amounts allocated to operating segments; costs incurred by the corporate office related to shareholder activities (not allocated to the operating segments); financing costs; Property and Casualty Reinsurance Business; and run-off reinsurance operations including variable annuities and accident and health. In addition, consolidations and eliminations of transactions between operating segments are also included.

Effective January 1, 2023, the Company has made a number of changes to the composition of reporting segments to better align its financial reporting with its business strategy and operations. The Company’s international high net worth business was reclassified from the U.S. segment to the Asia segment to reflect the contributions of the Company’s Bermuda operations alongside the high net worth business that is reported in the Company’s Singapore and Hong Kong operations. The Company’s investment in the startup capital of segregated and mutual funds and investment-related revenue and expense were reclassified from the Corporate and Other segment to the Global WAM segment to more closely align with Global WAM’s management practices. Refinements were made to the allocations of corporate overhead and interest on surplus among segments. Prior period comparative information has been restated to reflect the changes in segment reporting.

The following tables present results by reporting segments and by geographical location.

(a)	By Segment
For the three months ended<br><br><br>September 30, 2023	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Insurance service result
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	$	500	$	314	$	87	$	–	$	64	$	965
Annuities and pensions	****	(33)	****	52	****	21	****	–	****	–	****	40
Total insurance service result	****	467	****	366	****	108	****	–	****	64	****	1,005
Net investment income (loss)	****	362	****	188	****	773	****	(317)	****	259	****	1,265
Insurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	****	227	****	(69)	****	(775)	****	–	****	5	****	(612)
Annuities and pensions	****	(533)	****	279	****	86	****	–	****	–	****	(168)
Total insurance finance income (expense)	****	(306)	****	210	****	(689)	****	–	****	5	****	(780)
Reinsurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	****	(48)	****	9	****	35	****	–	****	2	****	(2)
Annuities and pensions	****	1	****	–	****	(94)	****	–	****	–	****	(93)
Total reinsurance finance income (expense)	****	(47)	****	9	****	(59)	****	–	****	2	****	(95)
Decrease (increase) in investment contract liabilities	****	(5)	****	(18)	****	(70)	****	14	****	7	****	(72)
Net segregated fund investment result	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Total investment result	****	4	****	389	****	(45)	****	(303)	****	273	****	318
Other revenue	****	26	****	53	****	31	****	1,709	****	(174)	****	1,645
Other expenses	****	(55)	****	(142)	****	(23)	****	(1,038)	****	(120)	****	(1,378)
Interest expense	****	(3)	****	(290)	****	(3)	****	(2)	****	(118)	****	(416)
Net income (loss) before income taxes	****	439	****	376	****	68	****	366	****	(75)	****	1,174
Income tax recovery (expense)	****	(135)	****	(94)	****	4	****	(48)	****	324	****	51
Net income (loss)	****	304	****	282	****	72	****	318	****	249	****	1,225
Less net income (loss) attributed to:
Non-controlling interests	****	25	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	25
Participating policyholders	****	195	****	(8)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	187
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders and otherequity holders	$	84	$	290	$	72	$	318	$	249	$	1,013
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	161
---	---

For the three months ended<br><br><br>September 30, 2022	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Insurance service result
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	$	360	$	259	$	7	$	–	$	(206)	$	420
Annuities and pensions		(64)		60		33		–		–		29
Total insurance service result		296		319		40		–		(206)		449
Net investment income (loss)		672		1,562		469		(275)		11		2,439
Insurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance		(51)		(357)		(1,602)		–		(48)		(2,058)
Annuities and pensions		(809)		(132)		37		1		–		(903)
Total insurance finance income (expense)		(860)		(489)		(1,565)		1		(48)		(2,961)
Reinsurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance		212		(90)		636		–		12		770
Annuities and pensions		1		(1)		(96)		–		–		(96)
Total reinsurance finance income (expense)		213		(91)		540		–		12		674
Decrease (increase) in investment contract liabilities		(8)		(14)		(75)		(18)		6		(109)
Net segregated fund investment result		–		–		–		–		–		–
Total investment result		17		968		(631)		(292)		(19)		43
Other revenue		47		62		51		1,555		(168)		1,547
Other expenses		(93)		(138)		(64)		(937)		(14)		(1,246)
Interest expense		(1)		(182)		(3)		(2)		(121)		(309)
Net income (loss) before income taxes		266		1,029		(607)		324		(528)		484
Income tax recovery (expense)		(43)		(186)		160		(37)		46		(60)
Net income (loss)		223		843		(447)		287		(482)		424
Less net income (loss) attributed to:
Non-controlling interests		34		–		–		–		–		34
Participating policyholders		(91)		(10)		–		–		–		(101)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders andotherequity holders	$	280	$	853	$	(447)	$	287	$	(482)	$	491
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	162
---	---

For the nine months ended<br><br><br>September 30, 2023	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Insurance service result
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	$	1,405	$	742	$	348	$	–	$	145	$	2,640
Annuities and pensions	****	(108)	****	145	****	64	****	–	****	–	****	101
Total insurance service result	****	1,297	****	887	****	412	****	–	****	145	****	2,741
Net investment income (loss)	****	4,782	****	2,685	****	3,399	****	(726)	****	1,097	****	11,237
Insurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	****	(2,458)	****	(1,804)	****	(3,124)	****	–	****	722	****	(6,664)
Annuities and pensions	****	(2,140)	****	346	****	166	****	–	****	–	****	(1,628)
Total insurance finance income (expense)	****	(4,598)	****	(1,458)	****	(2,958)	****	–	****	722	****	(8,292)
Reinsurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	****	41	****	31	****	215	****	–	****	(692)	****	(405)
Annuities and pensions	****	4	****	(1)	****	(346)	****	–	****	–	****	(343)
Total reinsurance finance income (expense)	****	45	****	30	****	(131)	****	–	****	(692)	****	(748)
Decrease (increase) in investment contract liabilities	****	(36)	****	(51)	****	(149)	****	(81)	****	5	****	(312)
Net segregated fund investment result	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Total investment result	****	193	****	1,206	****	161	****	(807)	****	1,132	****	1,885
Other revenue	****	83	****	197	****	71	****	5,021	****	(345)	****	5,027
Other expenses	****	(168)	****	(421)	****	(126)	****	(3,130)	****	(315)	****	(4,160)
Interest expense	****	(8)	****	(758)	****	(11)	****	(11)	****	(376)	****	(1,164)
Net income (loss) before income taxes	****	1,397	****	1,111	****	507	****	1,073	****	241	****	4,329
Income tax recovery (expense)	****	(331)	****	(257)	****	(66)	****	(140)	****	271	****	(523)
Net income (loss)	****	1,066	****	854	****	441	****	933	****	512	****	3,806
Less net income (loss) attributed to:
Non-controlling interests	****	104	****	–	****	–	****	1	****	–	****	105
Participating policyholders	****	229	****	28	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	257
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders andotherequity holders	$	733	$	826	$	441	$	932	$	512	$	3,444
Total assets	$	167,878	$	147,472	$	234,816	$	243,467	$	42,241	$	835,874
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	163
---	---

For the nine months ended<br>September 30, 2022	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Global<br>WAM		Corporate<br>and Other		Total
Insurance service result
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	$	1,205	$	675	$	270	$	–	$	(166)	$	1,984
Annuities and pensions		(136)		214		137		–		–		215
Total insurance service result		1,069		889		407		–		(166)		2,199
Net investment income (loss)		1,628		(1,447)		(167)		(977)		(140)		(1,103)
Insurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance		1,115		(6)		(3,793)		–		113		(2,571)
Annuities and pensions		(3,425)		343		(5)		1		–		(3,086)
Total insurance finance income (expense)		(2,310)		337		(3,798)		1		113		(5,657)
Reinsurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance		440		(90)		811		–		(151)		1,010
Annuities and pensions		(1)		(2)		(45)		–		–		(48)
Total reinsurance finance income (expense)		439		(92)		766		–		(151)		962
Decrease (increase) in investment contract liabilities		(82)		(38)		(115)		(75)		15		(295)
Net segregated fund investment result		–		–		–		–		–		–
Total investment result		(325)		(1,240)		(3,314)		(1,051)		(163)		(6,093)
Other revenue		41		195		84		4,745		(550)		4,515
Other expenses		(273)		(424)		(109)		(2,862)		(74)		(3,742)
Interest expense		(4)		(352)		(12)		(2)		(344)		(714)
Net income (loss) before income taxes		508		(932)		(2,944)		830		(1,297)		(3,835)
Income tax recovery (expense)		(216)		524		672		(110)		63		933
Net income (loss)		292		(408)		(2,272)		720		(1,234)		(2,902)
Less net income (loss) attributed to:
Non-controlling interests		88		–		–		–		–		88
Participating policyholders		(164)		22		–		–		–		(142)
Net income (loss) attributed to shareholders and other equityholders	$	368	$	(430)	$	(2,272)	$	720	$	(1,234)	$	(2,848)
Total assets	$	158,183	$	150,368	$	244,134	$	221,155	$	44,040	$	817,880
(b)	By Geographic Location
---	---
For the three months ended<br><br><br>September 30, 2023	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Other		Total
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Insurance service result
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	$	505	$	310	$	89	$	61	$	965
Annuities and pensions	****	(33)	****	52	****	21	****	–	****	40
Total insurance service result	****	472	****	362	****	110	****	61	****	1,005
Net investment income (loss)	****	360	****	275	****	629	****	1	****	1,265
Insurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	****	228	****	(63)	****	(782)	****	5	****	(612)
Annuities and pensions	****	(533)	****	279	****	86	****	–	****	(168)
Total insurance finance income (expense)	****	(305)	****	216	****	(696)	****	5	****	(780)
Reinsurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	****	(52)	****	15	****	35	****	–	****	(2)
Annuities and pensions	****	1	****	–	****	(94)	****	–	****	(93)
Total reinsurance finance income (expense)	****	(51)	****	15	****	(59)	****	–	****	(95)
Decrease (increase) in investment contract liabilities	****	(31)	****	(35)	****	(5)	****	(1)	****	(72)
Net segregated fund investment result	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Total investment result	$	(27)	$	471	$	(131)	$	5	$	318
Other revenue	$	404	$	520	$	763	$	(42)	$	1,645
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	164
---	---

For the three months ended<br>September 30, 2022	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Other		Total
Insurance service result
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	$	447	$	255	$	(83)	$	(199)	$	420
Annuities and pensions		(64)		60		33		–		29
Total insurance service result		383		315		(50)		(199)		449
Net investment income (loss)		655		1,528		193		63		2,439
Insurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance		(51)		(388)		(1,624)		5		(2,058)
Annuities and pensions		(809)		(132)		38		–		(903)
Total insurance finance income (expense)		(860)		(520)		(1,586)		5		(2,961)
Reinsurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance		211		(77)		636		–		770
Annuities and pensions		1		(1)		(96)		–		(96)
Total reinsurance finance income (expense)		212		(78)		540		–		674
Decrease (increase) in investment contract liabilities		(18)		(21)		(70)		–		(109)
Net segregated fund investment result		–		–		–		–		–
Total investment result	$	(11)	$	909	$	(923)	$	68	$	43
Other revenue	$	324	$	506	$	722	$	(5)	$	1,547
For the nine months endedSeptember 30, 2023	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Other		Total
Insurance service result
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	$	1,420	$	728	$	339	$	153	$	2,640
Annuities and pensions	****	(108)	****	145	****	64	****	–	****	101
Total insurance service result	****	1,312	****	873	****	403	****	153	****	2,741
Net investment income (loss)	****	4,911	****	3,195	****	3,111	****	20	****	11,237
Insurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	****	(2,457)	****	(1,780)	****	(2,444)	****	17	****	(6,664)
Annuities and pensions	****	(2,140)	****	346	****	166	****	–	****	(1,628)
Total insurance finance income (expense)	****	(4,597)	****	(1,434)	****	(2,278)	****	17	****	(8,292)
Reinsurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	****	29	****	(649)	****	215	****	–	****	(405)
Annuities and pensions	****	4	****	(1)	****	(346)	****	–	****	(343)
Total reinsurance finance income (expense)	****	33	****	(650)	****	(131)	****	–	****	(748)
Decrease (increase) in investment contract liabilities	****	(143)	****	(93)	****	(71)	****	(5)	****	(312)
Net segregated fund investment result	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	–
Total investment result	$	204	$	1,018	$	631	$	32	$	1,885
Other revenue	$	1,086	$	1,603	$	2,387	$	(49)	$	5,027
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	165
---	---

For the nine months ended<br>September 30, 2022	Asia		Canada		U.S.		Other		Total
Insurance service result
Life, health and property and casualty insurance	$	1,308	$	661	$	158	$	(143)	$	1,984
Annuities and pensions		(136)		214		137		–		215
Total insurance service result		1,172		875		295		(143)		2,199
Net investment income (loss)		1,508		(1,658)		(1,220)		267		(1,103)
Insurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance		1,114		(34)		(3,658)		7		(2,571)
Annuities and pensions		(3,425)		343		(4)		–		(3,086)
Total insurance finance income (expense)		(2,311)		309		(3,662)		7		(5,657)
Reinsurance finance income (expense)
Life, health and property and casualty insurance		434		(235)		811		–		1,010
Annuities and pensions		(1)		(2)		(45)		–		(48)
Total reinsurance finance income (expense)		433		(237)		766		–		962
Decrease (increase) in investment contract liabilities		(105)		(58)		(132)		–		(295)
Net segregated fund investment result		–		–		–		–		–
Total investment result	$	(475)	$	(1,644)	$	(4,248)	$	274	$	(6,093)
Other revenue	$	846	$	1,570	$	2,109	$	(10)	$	4,515
Note 15 SegregatedFunds
---

The Company manages a number of segregated funds on behalf of policyholders. Policyholders are provided with the opportunity to invest in different categories of segregated funds that hold a range of underlying investments. The underlying investments consist of both individual investments and mutual funds.

Segregated funds underlying investments may be exposed to a variety of financial and other risks. These risks are primarily mitigated by investment guidelines that are actively monitored by professional and experienced portfolio advisors. The Company is not exposed to these risks beyond the liabilities related to the guarantees associated with certain variable life and annuity products included in segregated funds. Accordingly, the Company’s exposure to loss from segregated fund products is limited to the value of these guarantees.

As at September 30, 2023, these guarantees are recorded within the Company’s insurance contract liabilities amounting to $2,332 (December 31, 2022 – $3,496), of which $1,031 are reinsured (December 31, 2022 – $1,249). Assets supporting these guarantees, net of reinsurance, are recognized in invested assets according to their investment type. “Insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund holders” on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position exclude these guarantees and are considered to be a non-distinct investment component of insurance contract liabilities. The “Risk Management and Risk Factors Update” section of the Third Quarter 2023 MD&A provides information regarding market risk sensitivities associated with variable annuity and segregated fund guarantees.

Note 16 Information Provided inConnection with Investments in Deferred Annuity Contracts and Signature Notes Issued or Assumed by John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.)

The following condensed consolidated financial information, presented in accordance with IFRS, and the related disclosure have been included in these Interim Consolidated Financial Statements with respect to JHUSA in compliance with Regulation S-X and Rule 12h-5 of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”). These financial statements are (i) incorporated by reference in the registration statements of MFC and JHUSA that relate to MFC’s guarantee of certain securities to be issued by JHUSA and (ii) are provided in reliance on an exemption from continuous disclosure obligations of JHUSA. For information about JHUSA, the MFC guarantees and restrictions on the ability of MFC to obtain funds from its subsidiaries by dividend or loan, refer to note 24 to the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	166

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

As at September 30, 2023	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		JHUSA<br>(Issuer)		Other<br>subsidiaries		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Consolidated<br>MFC
Assets
Invested assets	$	88	$	106,909	$	292,223	$	(484)	$	398,736
Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries	****	63,087	****	8,898	****	46,100	****	(118,085)	****	–
Insurance contract assets	****	–	****	–	****	267	****	(77)	****	190
Reinsurance contract held assets	****	–	****	40,130	****	10,029	****	(9,019)	****	41,140
Other assets	****	27,388	****	8,751	****	64,726	****	(61,969)	****	38,896
Segregated funds net assets	****	–	****	178,273	****	180,547	****	(1,908)	****	356,912
Total assets	$	90,563	$	342,961	$	593,892	$	(191,542)	$	835,874
Liabilities and equity
Insurance contract liabilities, excluding those for account of segregated fund holders	$	–	$	137,139	$	215,644	$	(9,423)	$	343,360
Reinsurance contract held liabilities	****	–	****	–	****	2,705	****	(18)	****	2,687
Investment contract liabilities	****	–	****	3,444	****	8,794	****	(593)	****	11,645
Other liabilities	****	31,487	****	8,195	****	81,599	****	(61,972)	****	59,309
Long-term debt	****	6,224	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	6,224
Capital instruments	****	5,445	****	610	****	27,247	****	(26,600)	****	6,702
Insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund holders	****	–	****	49,195	****	59,586	****	–	****	108,781
Investment contract liabilities for account of segregated fund holders	****	–	****	129,078	****	120,961	****	(1,908)	****	248,131
Shareholders’ and other equity	****	47,407	****	15,358	****	75,670	****	(91,028)	****	47,407
Participating policyholders’ equity	****	–	****	(58)	****	224	****	–	****	166
Non-controlling<br>interests	****	–	****	–	****	1,462	****	–	****	1,462
Total liabilities and equity	$	90,563	$	342,961	$	593,892	$	(191,542)	$	835,874

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

	Restated (note 2)
As at December 31, 2022	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		JHUSA<br>(Issuer)		Other<br>subsidiaries		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Consolidated<br>MFC
Assets
Invested assets	$	63	$	109,332	$	291,266	$	(519)	$	400,142
Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries		58,024		8,584		18,018		(84,626)		–
Insurance contract assets		–		–		739		(66)		673
Reinsurance contract held assets		–		44,849		11,215		(10,193)		45,871
Other assets		333		8,899		33,082		(3,873)		38,441
Segregated funds net assets		–		173,417		177,361		(2,216)		348,562
Total assets	$	58,420	$	345,081	$	531,681	$	(101,493)	$	833,689
Liabilities and equity
Insurance contract liabilities, excluding those for account of segregated fund holders	$	–	$	147,440	$	217,942	$	(10,533)	$	354,849
Reinsurance contract held liabilities		–		–		2,391		–		2,391
Investment contract liabilities		–		2,585		8,207		(713)		10,079
Other liabilities		450		7,206		53,186		(3,616)		57,226
Long-term debt		6,234		–		–		–		6,234
Capital instruments		4,860		614		648		–		6,122
Insurance contract liabilities for account of segregated fund holders		–		49,947		60,269		–		110,216
Investment contract liabilities for account of segregated fund holders		–		123,470		117,092		(2,216)		238,346
Shareholders’ and other equity		46,876		13,865		70,550		(84,415)		46,876
Participating policyholders’ equity		–		(46)		(31)		–		(77)
Non-controlling<br>interests		–		–		1,427		–		1,427
Total liabilities and equity	$	58,420	$	345,081	$	531,681	$	(101,493)	$	833,689
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	167
---	---

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income

For the three months ended September 30, 2023	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		JHUSA<br>(Issuer)		Other<br>subsidiaries		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Consolidated<br>MFC
Insurance service result
Insurance revenue	$	–	$	2,634	$	4,144	$	(366)	$	6,412
Insurance service expenses	****	–	****	(2,453)	****	(3,376)	****	488	****	(5,341)
Net expenses from reinsurance contracts held	****	–	****	23	****	15	****	(104)	****	(66)
Total insurance service result	****	–	****	204	****	783	****	18	****	1,005
Investment result
Net investment income (loss)	****	283	****	509	****	968	****	(495)	****	1,265
Insurance/reinsurance finance income (expenses)	****	–	****	(77)	****	(792)	****	(6)	****	(875)
Other investment result	****	–	****	39	****	(86)	****	(25)	****	(72)
Total investment result	****	283	****	471	****	90	****	(526)	****	318
Other revenue	****	(7)	****	140	****	1,624	****	(112)	****	1,645
Other expenses	****	(13)	****	(260)	****	(1,169)	****	64	****	(1,378)
Interest expense	****	(110)	****	10	****	(872)	****	556	****	(416)
Net income (loss) before income taxes	****	153	****	565	****	456	****	–	****	1,174
Income tax (expense) recovery	****	(35)	****	(88)	****	174	****	–	****	51
Net income (loss) after income taxes	****	118	****	477	****	630	****	–	****	1,225
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated<br>subsidiaries	****	895	****	181	****	658	****	(1,734)	****	–
Net income (loss)	$	1,013	$	658	$	1,288	$	(1,734)	$	1,225
Net income (loss) attributed to:
Non-controlling interests	$	–	$	–	$	25	$	–	$	25
Participating policyholders	****	–	****	(2)	****	188	****	1	****	187
Shareholders and other equity holders	****	1,013	****	660	****	1,075	****	(1,735)	****	1,013
	$	1,013	$	658	$	1,288	$	(1,734)	$	1,225

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income

	Restated (note 2)
For the three months ended September 30, 2022	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		JHUSA<br>(Issuer)		Other<br>subsidiaries		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Consolidated<br>MFC
Insurance service result
Insurance revenue	$	–	$	2,293	$	3,667	$	(400)	$	5,560
Insurance service expenses		–		(2,183)		(3,243)		515		(4,911)
Net expenses from reinsurance contracts held		–		(86)		(31)		(83)		(200)
Total insurance service result		–		24		393		32		449
Investment result
Net investment income (loss)		214		153		2,435		(363)		2,439
Insurance/reinsurance finance income (expenses)		–		(499)		(1,932)		144		(2,287)
Other investment result		–		50		(129)		(30)		(109)
Total investment result		214		(296)		374		(249)		43
Other revenue		(17)		144		1,535		(115)		1,547
Other expenses		(9)		(222)		(1,081)		66		(1,246)
Interest expense		(122)		(20)		(433)		266		(309)
Net income (loss) before income taxes		66		(370)		788		–		484
Income tax (expense) recovery		(12)		128		(176)		–		(60)
Net income (loss) after income taxes		54		(242)		612		–		424
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries		437		352		109		(898)		–
Net income (loss)	$	491	$	110	$	721	$	(898)	$	424
Net income (loss) attributed to:
Non-controlling interests	$	–	$	–	$	34	$	–	$	34
Participating policyholders		–		(203)		(39)		141		(101)
Shareholders and other equity holders		491		313		726		(1,039)		491
	$	491	$	110	$	721	$	(898)	$	424
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	168
---	---

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		JHUSA<br>(Issuer)		Other<br>subsidiaries		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Consolidated<br>MFC
Insurance service result
Insurance revenue	$	–	$	7,166	$	11,760	$	(1,171)	$	17,755
Insurance service expenses	****	–	****	(6,532)	****	(9,406)	****	1,323	****	(14,615)
Net expenses from reinsurance contracts held	****	–	****	(206)	****	(65)	****	(128)	****	(399)
Total insurance service result	****	–	****	428	****	2,289	****	24	****	2,741
Investment result
Net investment income (loss)	****	415	****	2,699	****	8,759	****	(636)	****	11,237
Insurance/reinsurance finance income (expenses)	****	–	****	(2,339)	****	(6,797)	****	96	****	(9,040)
Other investment result	****	–	****	87	****	(321)	****	(78)	****	(312)
Total investment result	****	415	****	447	****	1,641	****	(618)	****	1,885
Other revenue	****	14	****	542	****	4,815	****	(344)	****	5,027
Other expenses	****	(42)	****	(816)	****	(3,506)	****	204	****	(4,160)
Interest expense	****	(324)	****	(23)	****	(1,551)	****	734	****	(1,164)
Net income (loss) before income taxes	****	63	****	578	****	3,688	****	–	****	4,329
Income tax (expense) recovery	****	16	****	(16)	****	(523)	****	–	****	(523)
Net income (loss) after income taxes	****	79	****	562	****	3,165	****	–	****	3,806
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated<br>subsidiaries	****	3,365	****	583	****	1,145	****	(5,093)	****	–
Net income (loss)	$	3,444	$	1,145	$	4,310	$	(5,093)	$	3,806
Net income (loss) attributed to:
Non-controlling interests	$	–	$	–	$	105	$	–	$	105
Participating policyholders	****	–	****	(77)	****	257	****	77	****	257
Shareholders and other equity holders	****	3,444	****	1,222	****	3,948	****	(5,170)	****	3,444
	$	3,444	$	1,145	$	4,310	$	(5,093)	$	3,806

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income

	Restated (note 2)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022	MFC<br>(Guarantor)		JHUSA<br>(Issuer)		Other<br>subsidiaries		Consolidation<br>adjustments		Consolidated<br>MFC
Insurance service result
Insurance revenue	$	–	$	7,253	$	10,893	$	(1,156)	$	16,990
Insurance service expenses		–		(8,224)		(9,472)		3,255		(14,441)
Net expenses from reinsurance contracts held		–		(401)		348		(297)		(350)
Total insurance service result		–		(1,372)		1,769		1,802		2,199
Investment result
Net investment income (loss)		356		(969)		143		(633)		(1,103)
Insurance/reinsurance finance income (expenses)		–		868		(3,996)		(1,567)		(4,695)
Other investment result		–		60		(372)		17		(295)
Total investment result		356		(41)		(4,225)		(2,183)		(6,093)
Other revenue		(10)		306		4,574		(355)		4,515
Other expenses		(24)		(612)		(3,314)		208		(3,742)
Interest expense		(316)		(15)		(911)		528		(714)
Net income (loss) before income taxes		6		(1,734)		(2,107)		–		(3,835)
Income tax (expense) recovery		18		424		491		–		933
Net income (loss) after income taxes		24		(1,310)		(1,616)		–		(2,902)
Equity in net income (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries		(2,872)		712		(598)		2,758		–
Net income (loss)	$	(2,848)	$	(598)	$	(2,214)	$	2,758	$	(2,902)
Net income (loss) attributed to:
Non-controlling interests	$	–	$	–	$	88	$	–	$	88
Participating policyholders		–		(563)		332		89		(142)
Shareholders and other equity holders		(2,848)		(35)		(2,634)		2,669		(2,848)
	$	(2,848)	$	(598)	$	(2,214)	$	2,758	$	(2,902)
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	169
---	---

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023	MFC<br><br><br>(Guarantor)		JHUSA<br><br><br>(Issuer)		Other<br><br><br>subsidiaries		Consolidation<br><br><br>adjustments		Consolidated<br><br><br>MFC
Operating activities
Net income (loss)	$	3,444	$	1,145	$	4,310	$	(5,093)	$	3,806
Adjustments:
Equity in net income of unconsolidated subsidiaries	****	(3,365)	****	(583)	****	(1,145)	****	5,093	****	–
Increase (decrease) in net insurance contract liabilities	****	–	****	348	****	2,049	****	–	****	2,397
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities	****	–	****	(172)	****	484	****	–	****	312
(Increase) decrease in reinsurance contract assets excluding reinsurance transactions	****	–	****	33	****	994	****	–	****	1,027
Amortization of (premium) discount on invested assets	****	–	****	25	****	(103)	****	–	****	(78)
Contractual service margin (“CSM”) amortization	****	–	****	(348)	****	(1,047)	****	–	****	(1,395)
Other amortization	****	7	****	101	****	312	****	–	****	420
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on assets and impairment on assets	****	7	****	763	****	26	****	–	****	796
Deferred income tax expense (recovery)	****	(18)	****	32	****	(109)	****	–	****	(95)
Stock option expense	****	–	****	(2)	****	2	****	–	****	–
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities before undernoted items	****	75	****	1,342	****	5,773	****	–	****	7,190
Dividends from unconsolidated subsidiary	****	–	****	258	****	(408)	****	150	****	–
Changes in policy related and operating receivables and payables	****	(472)	****	(1,024)	****	8,561	****	–	****	7,065
Cash provided by (used in)operating activities	****	(397)	****	576	****	13,926	****	150	****	14,255
Investing activities
Purchases and mortgage advances	****	–	****	(10,619)	****	(49,012)	****	–	****	(59,631)
Disposals and repayments	****	–	****	11,238	****	40,430	****	–	****	51,668
Changes in investment broker net receivables and payables	****	–	****	68	****	356	****	–	****	424
Net cash flows from acquisition and disposal of subsidiaries and businesses	****	–	****	–	****	(1)	****	–	****	(1)
Investment in common shares of subsidiaries	****	(1,200)	****	–	****	–	****	1,200	****	–
Notes receivable from parent	****	–	****	–	****	(31,108)	****	31,108	****	–
Notes receivable from subsidiaries	****	(26,659)	****	–	****	–	****	26,659	****	–
Cash provided by (used in) investing activities	****	(27,859)	****	687	****	(39,335)	****	58,967	****	(7,540)
Financing activities
Change in repurchase agreements and securities sold but not yet purchased	****	–	****	–	****	(391)	****	–	****	(391)
Issue of capital instruments, net	****	1,194	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	1,194
Redemption of capital instruments	****	(600)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(600)
Secured borrowing from securitization transactions	****	–	****	–	****	412	****	–	****	412
Changes in deposits from Bank clients, net	****	–	****	–	****	(567)	****	–	****	(567)
Lease payments	****	–	****	(2)	****	(69)	****	–	****	(71)
Shareholders’ dividends and other equity distributions	****	(2,213)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(2,213)
Common shares repurchased	****	(1,262)	****	–	****	–	****	–	****	(1,262)
Common shares issued, net	****	54	****	–	****	1,200	****	(1,200)	****	54
Contributions from (distributions to) non-controlling interests,<br>net	****	–	****	–	****	(14)	****	–	****	(14)
Dividends paid to parent	****	–	****	408	****	(258)	****	(150)	****	–
Notes payable to parent	****	–	****	–	****	26,659	****	(26,659)	****	–
Notes payable to subsidiaries	****	31,108	****	–	****	–	****	(31,108)	****	–
Cash provided by (used in)financing activities	****	28,281	****	406	****	26,972	****	(59,117)	****	(3,458)
Cash and short-term securities
Increase (decrease) during the period	****	25	****	1,669	****	1,563	****	–	****	3,257
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and short-term securities	****	–	****	(4)	****	(149)	****	–	****	(153)
Balance, beginning of period	****	63	****	2,215	****	16,357	****	–	****	18,635
Balance, end ofperiod	****	88	****	3,880	****	17,771	****	–	****	21,739
Cash and short-term securities
Beginning of period
Gross cash and short-term securities	****	63	****	2,614	****	16,476	****	–	****	19,153
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities	****	–	****	(399)	****	(119)	****	–	****	(518)
Net cash and short-termsecurities, beginning of period	****	63	****	2,215	****	16,357	****	–	****	18,635
End of period
Gross cash and short-term securities	****	88	****	4,187	****	17,862	****	–	****	22,137
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities	****	–	****	(307)	****	(91)	****	–	****	(398)
Net cash and short-termsecurities, end of period	$	88	$	3,880	$	17,771	$	–	$	21,739
Supplemental disclosures on cash flow information:
Interest received	$	442	$	2,307	$	7,295	$	(973)	$	9,071
Interest paid	****	375	****	72	****	1,684	****	(973)	****	1,158
Income taxes paid (refund)	****	2	****	7	****	242	****	–	****	251
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	170
---	---

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

	Restated (note 2)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022	MFC<br><br><br>(Guarantor)		JHUSA<br><br><br>(Issuer)		Other<br><br><br>subsidiaries		Consolidation<br><br><br>adjustments		Consolidated<br><br><br>MFC
Operating activities
Net income (loss)	$	(2,848)	$	(598)	$	(2,214)	$	2,758	$	(2,902)
Adjustments:
Equity in net income of unconsolidated subsidiaries		2,872		(712)		598		(2,758)		–
Increase (decrease) in net insurance contract liabilities		–		1,875		817		–		2,692
Increase (decrease) in investment contract liabilities		–		(137)		432		–		295
(Increase) decrease in reinsurance contract assets excluding reinsurance transactions		–		17		368		–		385
Amortization of (premium) discount on invested assets		–		33		(115)		–		(82)
Contractual service margin (“CSM”) amortization		–		(440)		(1,097)		–		(1,537)
Other amortization		7		105		271		–		383
Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses on assets and impairment on assets		(7)		4,529		9,267		–		13,789
Gain on U.S. variable annuity reinsurance transaction<br>(pre-tax)		–		(1,026)		–		–		(1,026)
Deferred income tax expense (recovery)		(18)		(194)		(1,244)		–		(1,456)
Stock option expense		–		(2)		5		–		3
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities before undernoted items		6		3,450		7,088		–		10,544
Dividends from unconsolidated subsidiary		–		289		734		(1,023)		–
Changes in policy related and operating receivables and payables		(352)		1,096		1,700		19		2,463
Gain on U.S. variable annuity reinsurance transaction<br>(pre-tax)		–		(1,263)		–		–		(1,263)
Cash provided by (used in) operatingactivities		(346)		3,572		9,522		(1,004)		11,744
Investing activities
Purchases and mortgage advances		1		(24,005)		(63,702)		–		(87,706)
Disposals and repayments		–		19,614		54,612		–		74,226
Changes in investment broker net receivables and payables		–		24		(242)		–		(218)
Investment in common shares of subsidiaries		(1,962)		–		–		1,962		–
Return of capital from unconsolidated subsidiaries		–		19		–		(19)		–
Notes receivable from parent		–		–		(23,052)		23,052		–
Notes receivable from subsidiaries		(18,597)		(7)		–		18,604		–
Cash provided by (used in) investingactivities		(20,558)		(4,355)		(32,384)		43,599		(13,698)
Financing activities
Change in repurchase agreements and securities sold but not yet purchased		–		–		429		–		429
Issue of long-term debt, net		946		–		–		–		946
Secured borrowing from securitization transactions		–		–		735		–		735
Changes in deposits from Bank clients, net		–		–		885		–		885
Lease payments		–		(4)		(86)		–		(90)
Shareholders’ dividends and other equity distributions		(2,070)		–		–		–		(2,070)
Common shares repurchased		(1,332)		–		–		–		(1,332)
Common shares issued, net		19		–		1,962		(1,962)		19
Preferred shares and other equity issued, net		990		–		–		–		990
Preferred shares redeemed, net		(711)		–		–		–		(711)
Contributions from (distributions to) non-controlling interests,<br>net		–		–		(22)		–		(22)
Dividends paid to parent		–		(734)		(289)		1,023		–
Notes payable to parent		–		–		18,604		(18,604)		–
Notes payable to subsidiaries		23,052		–		–		(23,052)		–
Cash provided by (used in) financingactivities		20,894		(738)		22,218		(42,595)		(221)
Cash and short-term securities
Increase (decrease) during the period		(10)		(1,521)		(644)		–		(2,175)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and short-term securities		2		274		319		–		595
Balance, beginning of period		78		3,565		18,287		–		21,930
Balance, end of period		70		2,318		17,962		–		20,350
Cash and short-term securities
Beginning of period
Gross cash and short-term securities		78		4,087		18,429		–		22,594
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities		–		(522)		(142)		–		(664)
Net cash and short-term securities,beginning of period		78		3,565		18,287		–		21,930
End of period
Gross cash and short-term securities		70		2,545		18,328		–		20,943
Net payments in transit, included in other liabilities		–		(227)		(366)		–		(593)
Net cash and short-term securities,end of period	$	70	$	2,318	$	17,962	$	–	$	20,350
Supplemental disclosures on cash flow information:
Interest received	$	355	$	2,646	$	6,100	$	(801)	$	8,300
Interest paid		346		41		1,032		(801)		618
Income taxes paid (refund)		–		125		1,115		–		1,240
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	171
---	---

Note 17 Comparatives

Certain comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation.

As disclosed in Note 2 “Accounting and Reporting Changes”, comparative amounts have been prepared and presented in accordance with IFRS 9 and IFRS 17. Refer to note 2 and also note 2 of the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for adoption impacts of IFRS 9 and IFRS 17. Refer to note 25 of the Company’s 2022 Annual Consolidated Financial Statements for the Company’s accounting policies in accordance with IFRS 9 and IFRS 17.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	172

SHAREHOLDER INFORMATION

MANULIFE FINANCIAL CORPORATION

HEAD OFFICE

200 Bloor Street East

Toronto, ON Canada M4W 1E5

Telephone: 416 926-3000

Website: www.manulife.com

INVESTOR RELATIONS

Financial analysts, portfolio managers and other investors requiring financial information may contact our Investor Relations Department or access our website at www.manulife.com

Email: InvestRel@manulife.com

SHAREHOLDER SERVICES

For information or assistance regarding your share account, including dividends, changes of address or ownership, lost

certificates, to eliminate duplicate mailings or to receive shareholder material electronically, please contact our Transfer Agents in Canada, the United States, Hong Kong or the Philippines. If you live outside one of these countries, please contact our Canadian Transfer Agent.

TRANSFER AGENTS

Canada

TSX Trust Company

P.O. Box 700, Station B

Montreal, QC Canada H3B 3K3

Toll Free: 1 800 783-9495

Collect: 416 682-3864

Email: manulifeinquiries@tmx.com

Website: www.tsxtrust.com

TSX Trust Company offices are also located in Toronto, Vancouver and Calgary.

United States

Equiniti Trust Company, LLC

P.O. Box 199036

Brooklyn, NY

United States 11219

Toll Free: 1 800 249-7702

Collect: 416 682-3864

Email: manulifeinquiries@tmx.com

Website: https://equiniti.com/us/ast-access/

Hong Kong

Tricor Investor Services Limited

17/F, Far East Finance Centre

16 Harcourt Road

Hong Kong

Telephone: 852 2980-1333

Email: is-enquiries@hk.tricorglobal.com

Website: www.tricoris.com

Philippines

Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation Ground Floor, West Wing

GPL (Grepalife) Building

221 Senator Gil Puyat Avenue

Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines

Telephone: 632 5318-8567

Email: rcbcstocktransfer@rcbc.com

Website: www.rcbc.com/stocktransfer

AUDITORS

Ernst & Young LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants

Licensed Public Accountants

Toronto, Canada

The following Manulife documents are available online at www.manulife.com

•	Annual Report and Proxy Circular
•	Notice of Annual Meeting
---	---
•	Shareholders Reports
---	---
•	Public Accountability Statement
---	---
•	2022 Environmental, Social and Governance Report
---	---

Rating

Financial strength is a key factor in generating new business, maintaining and expanding distribution relations and providing a base for expansion, acquisitions and growth. As at September 30, 2023, Manulife had total capital of C$71.4 billion, including C$47.4 billion of total shareholders’ and other equity. The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company’s financial strength ratings are among the strongest in the insurance industry. Rating agencies include AM Best Company (“AM Best”), DBRS Limited and affiliated entities (“DBRS Morningstar”), Fitch

Ratings Inc. (“Fitch”), Moody’s Investors Service Inc. (“Moody’s”), and S&P Global Ratings (“S&P”).

Rating Agency	MLI Rating	Rank
S&P	AA-	(4^th^ of 21 ratings)
Moody’s	A1	(5^th^ of 21 ratings)
Fitch	AA-	(4^th^ of 21 ratings)
DBRS Morningstar	AA	(3^rd^ of 22 ratings)
AM Best	A+ (Superior)	(2^nd^ of 13 ratings)

Common Stock Trading Data

The following values are the high, low and close prices, including the average daily trading volume for Manulife Financial Corporation’s common stock on the Canadian exchanges, the U.S. exchanges, The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong and the Philippine Stock Exchange for the third quarter. The common stock symbol is MFC on all exchanges except Hong Kong where it is 945.

As at September 30, 2023, there were 1,818 million common shares outstanding.

July 1 –<br><br><br>September 30,<br>2023	Philippines<br><br><br>Philippine<br> <br>Pesos
High	P	1,120
Low	P	920
Close	P	1,100
Average Daily Volume (000)		0.2

All values are in US Dollars.

Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	173

Consent to receive documents electronically

Electronic documents available from Manulife.

Manulife is pleased to offer Electronic Documents. Access the information when you want, no more waiting for the mail.

The Manulife documents available electronically are:

•	Annual Report and Proxy Circular
•	Notice of Annual Meeting
---	---
•	Shareholder Reports
---	---

These documents will be available to you on our website www.manulife.com at the same time as they are mailed to other shareholders. Documents relating to the annual meeting, including annual reports, will be available on the website at least until the next version is available.

We will notify you when documents will be available on the website and confirm the instructions for accessing the documents at the same time. In the event that the documents are not available on our website, paper copies will be mailed to you.

This information is also available for viewing or downloading under quarterly reports from the Investor Relations section of our website at www.manulife.com

Detach Here

To receive documents electronically when they are available through Manulife’s electronic delivery service, complete this form and return it as indicated.

I have read and understand the statement on the reverse and consent to receive electronically the Manulife documents listed in the manner described. I acknowledge that I have the computer requirements to access the documents that are made available on Manulife’s website. I understand that I am not required to consent to electronic delivery and that I may revoke my consent at any time.

Please note: We will contact you by phone only if there is a problem with your email address.

The information provided is confidential and will not be used for any purpose other than that described.

Please Print:
Shareholder Name
Contact Phone Number
Shareholder Email Address
Shareholder Signature
Date
Manulife Financial Corporation – Third Quarter 2023	174
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LOGO

manulife.com

Manulife, Manulife & Stylized M Design, and Stylized M Design are trademarks of The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company and are used by it, and by its affiliates, including Manulife Financial Corporation, under license.

EX-99.2

Exhibit 99.2

Form 52-109F2

Certification of Interim Filings

FullCertificate

I, Roy Gori, President and Chief Executive Officer of Manulife Financial Corporation, certify the following:

1.	Review: I have reviewed the interim financial report and interim MD&A (together, the “interim<br>filings”) of Manulife Financial Corporation (the “issuer”) for the interim period ended September 30, 2023.
2.	No misrepresentations: Based on my knowledge, having exercised reasonable diligence, the interim filings do not<br>contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated or that is necessary to make a statement not misleading in light of the circumstances under which it was made, with respect to the period covered<br>by the interim filings.
---	---
3.	Fair presentation: Based on my knowledge, having exercised reasonable diligence, the interim financial report<br>together with the other financial information included in the interim filings fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, financial performance and cash flows of the issuer, as of the date of and for the periods presented in the<br>interim filings.
---	---
4.	Responsibility: The issuer’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and<br>maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (DC&P) and internal control over financial reporting (ICFR), as those terms are defined in National Instrument 52-109 Certification of Disclosure inIssuer’s Annual and Interim Filings, for the issuer.
---	---
5.	Design: Subject to the limitations, if any, described in paragraphs 5.2 and 5.3, the issuer’s other<br>certifying officer(s) and I have, as at the end of the period covered by the interim filings
---	---
(a)	designed DC&P, or caused it to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance that<br>
---	---
(i)	material information relating to the issuer is made known to us by others, particularly during the period in which the<br>interim filings are being prepared; and
---	---
(ii)	information required to be disclosed by the issuer in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or<br>submitted by it under securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in securities legislation; and
---	---
(b)	designed ICFR, or caused it to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the<br>reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with the issuer’s GAAP.
---	---
5.1	Control framework: The control framework the issuer’s other certifying officer(s) and I used to design the<br>issuer’s ICFR is Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
---	---
5.2	N/A
---	---
5.3	N/A
---	---
6.	Reporting changes in ICFR: The issuer has disclosed in its interim MD&A any change in the issuer’s ICFR<br>that occurred during the period beginning on July 1, 2023 and ended on September 30, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s ICFR.
---	---

Date: November 8, 2023

/s/ Roy Gori
Roy Gori
President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-99.3

Exhibit 99.3

Form 52-109F2

Certification of Interim Filings

FullCertificate

I, Colin Simpson, Chief Financial Officer of Manulife Financial Corporation, certify the following:

1.	Review: I have reviewed the interim financial report and interim MD&A (together, the “interim<br>filings”) of Manulife Financial Corporation (the “issuer”) for the interim period ended September 30, 2023.
2.	No misrepresentations: Based on my knowledge, having exercised reasonable diligence, the interim filings do not<br>contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated or that is necessary to make a statement not misleading in light of the circumstances under which it was made, with respect to the period covered<br>by the interim filings.
---	---
3.	Fair presentation: Based on my knowledge, having exercised reasonable diligence, the interim financial report<br>together with the other financial information included in the interim filings fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, financial performance and cash flows of the issuer, as of the date of and for the periods presented in the<br>interim filings.
---	---
4.	Responsibility: The issuer’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and<br>maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (DC&P) and internal control over financial reporting (ICFR), as those terms are defined in National Instrument 52-109 Certification of Disclosure inIssuer’s Annual and Interim Filings, for the issuer.
---	---
5.	Design: Subject to the limitations, if any, described in paragraphs 5.2 and 5.3, the issuer’s other<br>certifying officer(s) and I have, as at the end of the period covered by the interim filings
---	---
(a)	designed DC&P, or caused it to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance that<br>
---	---
(i)	material information relating to the issuer is made known to us by others, particularly during the period in which the<br>interim filings are being prepared; and
---	---
(ii)	information required to be disclosed by the issuer in its annual filings, interim filings or other reports filed or<br>submitted by it under securities legislation is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in securities legislation; and
---	---
(b)	designed ICFR, or caused it to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the<br>reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with the issuer’s GAAP.
---	---
5.1	Control framework: The control framework the issuer’s other certifying officer(s) and I used to design the<br>issuer’s ICFR is Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
---	---
5.2	N/A
---	---
5.3	N/A
---	---
6.	Reporting changes in ICFR: The issuer has disclosed in its interim MD&A any change in the issuer’s ICFR<br>that occurred during the period beginning on July 1, 2023 and ended on September 30, 2023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the issuer’s ICFR.
---	---

Date: November 8, 2023

/s/ Colin Simpson
Colin Simpson
Chief Financial Officer

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