10-Q
Research Frontiers Inc (REFR)
View as plain text
UNITED
STATES
SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON,
D.C. 20549
FORM
10-Q
☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarter ended
March 31, 2026
OR
☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission
File Number 000-14893
RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| delaware | 11-2103466 |
|---|---|
| (State<br> or other jurisdiction of<br><br> <br>incorporation<br> or organization) | (I.R.S.<br> Employer<br><br> <br>Identification<br> No.) |
| 240<br> CROSSWAYS PARK DRIVE<br><br> <br>WOODBURY,<br> new york | 11797-2033 |
| --- | --- |
| (Address<br> of principal executive offices) | (Zip<br> Code) |
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (516) 364-1902
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title<br> of Class | Name<br> of Exchange on Which Registered |
|---|---|
| Common<br> Stock, $0.0001 Par Value | The<br> NASDAQ Stock Market |
Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
| Large<br> accelerated filer ☐ | Accelerated<br> filer ☐ | Non-accelerated<br> filer ☐ |
|---|---|---|
| Smaller<br> reporting company ☒ | Emerging<br> growth company ☐ | |
| --- | --- |
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title<br> of Each Class | Trading<br> Symbol(s) | Name<br> of each exchange on which registered |
|---|---|---|
| Common<br> Stock, par value $0.0001 per share | REFR | The<br> NASDAQ Stock Market |
Indicate
the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: As of May 7, 2026, there were outstanding 34,867,786 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share.
| TABLE OF CONTENTS | Page(s) |
|---|---|
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets March 31, 2026 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2025 | 3 |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 (Unaudited) | 4 |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 (Unaudited) | 5 |
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 (Unaudited) | 6 |
| Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 7-13 |
| Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 14-16 |
| Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 17 |
| Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 17 |
| PART II - OTHER INFORMATION | |
| Item 6. Exhibits | 18 |
| SIGNATURES | 19 |
| 2 |
| --- |
RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED
Condensed
Consolidated Balance Sheets
| December 31, 2025 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (See Note 1) | |||||
| Assets | |||||
| Current assets: | |||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,279,301 | $ | 664,299 | ||
| Royalties receivable, net of reserves of 1,354,850 in 2026 and<br> 1,354,850 in 2025, respectively | 544,985 | 408,666 | |||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 192,457 | 70,969 | |||
| Total current assets | 2,016,743 | 1,143,934 | |||
| Fixed assets, net | 3,147 | 3,393 | |||
| Operating lease ROU assets | 1,004,671 | 1,048,352 | |||
| Deposits and other assets | 56,066 | 56,066 | |||
| Total assets | 3,080,627 | $ | 2,251,745 | ||
| Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity | |||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||
| Current portion of operating lease liability | 149,471 | $ | 146,043 | ||
| Accounts payable | 101,112 | 132,666 | |||
| Accrued expenses | 65,524 | 19,168 | |||
| Total current liabilities | 316,107 | 297,877 | |||
| Operating lease liability, net of current portion | 981,259 | 1,020,242 | |||
| Total liabilities | 1,297,366 | 1,318,119 | |||
| Shareholders’ equity: | |||||
| Common stock, par value 0.0001 per share; authorized 100,000,000<br> shares, issued and outstanding 34,867,786 in 2026 and 33,648,221 in 2025 | 3,487 | 3,365 | |||
| Additional paid-in capital | 129,926,946 | 128,552,068 | |||
| Accumulated deficit | (128,147,172 | ) | (127,621,807 | ) | |
| Total shareholders’ equity | 1,783,261 | 933,626 | |||
| Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | 3,080,627 | $ | 2,251,745 |
All values are in US Dollars.
See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
| 3 |
| --- |
RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED
Condensed
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Unaudited)
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Three months ended March 31, | ||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||
| Fee income | $ | 136,319 | $ | 559,776 | ||
| Operating expenses | 521,382 | 636,476 | ||||
| Research and development | 145,350 | 162,877 | ||||
| Total expenses | 666,732 | 799,353 | ||||
| Operating loss | (530,413 | ) | (239,577 | ) | ||
| Net interest income | 5,048 | 14,533 | ||||
| Other income | - | 47,357 | ||||
| Net loss | $ | (525,365 | ) | $ | (177,687 | ) |
| Basic and diluted net loss per common share | $ | (0.02 | ) | $ | (0.01 | ) |
| Weighted average number of common shares outstanding | 34,159,694 | 33,648,221 |
See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
| 4 |
| --- |
RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED
Condensed
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
(Unaudited)
For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025
| Shares | Amount | Paid-in Capital | Deficit | Total | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common Stock | Additional | Accumulated | ||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Paid-in Capital | Deficit | Total | ||||||||
| Balance, January 1, 2025 | 33,648,221 | $ | 3,365 | $ | 128,177,193 | $ | (125,576,223 | ) | $ | 2,604,335 | ||
| Net loss | - | - | - | (177,687 | ) | (177,687 | ) | |||||
| Balance, March 31, 2025 | 33,648,221 | $ | 3,365 | $ | 128,177,193 | $ | (125,753,910 | ) | $ | 2,426,648 | ||
| Balance, January 1, 2026 | 33,648,221 | $ | 3,365 | $ | 128,552,068 | $ | (127,621,807 | ) | $ | 933,626 | ||
| Balance | 33,648,221 | $ | 3,365 | $ | 128,552,068 | $ | (127,621,807 | ) | $ | 933,626 | ||
| Issuance of common stock and warrants | 1,219,565 | 122 | 1,374,878 | - | 1,375,000 | |||||||
| Net loss | - | - | - | (525,365 | ) | (525,365 | ) | |||||
| Balance, March 31, 2026 | 34,867,786 | $ | 3,487 | $ | 129,926,946 | $ | (128,147,172 | ) | $ | 1,783,261 | ||
| Balance | 34,867,786 | $ | 3,487 | $ | 129,926,946 | $ | (128,147,172 | ) | $ | 1,783,261 |
See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
| 5 |
| --- |
RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED
Condensed
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited)
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Three months ended March 31, | ||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||
| Net loss | $ | (525,365 | ) | $ | (177,687 | ) |
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | ||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 313 | 3,080 | ||||
| ROU asset amortization | 43,681 | 43,244 | ||||
| Change in assets and liabilities: | ||||||
| Royalty receivables | (136,319 | ) | (310,846 | ) | ||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | (121,488 | ) | (105,188 | ) | ||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 14,802 | (62,255 | ) | |||
| Operating lease liability | (35,555 | ) | (31,619 | ) | ||
| Net cash used in operating activities | (759,931 | ) | (641,271 | ) | ||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | ||||||
| Purchases of fixed assets | (67 | ) | (110 | ) | ||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (67 | ) | (110 | ) | ||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | ||||||
| Net proceeds from sale of common stock and warrants | 1,375,000 | - | ||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 1,375,000 | - | ||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 615,002 | (641,381 | ) | |||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 664,299 | 1,994,186 | ||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 1,279,301 | $ | 1,352,805 |
See
accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
| 6 |
| --- |
RESEARCH
FRONTIERS INCORPORATED
Notes
to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
March
31, 2026
(Unaudited)
Note
- Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Rule 8-03 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2026. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K relating to Research Frontiers Incorporated for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.
Note 2. Business
Research Frontiers Incorporated (“Research Frontiers” or the “Company”) operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Such devices, often referred to as “light valves” or suspended particle devices (“SPDs”), use colloidal particles that are either incorporated within a liquid suspension or a film, which is usually enclosed between two sheets of glass or plastic having transparent, electrically conductive coatings on the facing surfaces thereof. At least one of the two sheets is transparent. SPD technology, made possible by a flexible light-control film invented by Research Frontiers, allows the user to instantly and precisely control the shading of glass/plastic manually or automatically. SPD technology has numerous product applications, including SPD-Smart™ windows, sunshades, skylights and interior partitions for homes and buildings; automotive windows, sunroofs, sun visors, sunshades, rear-view mirrors, instrument panels and navigation systems; aircraft windows; museum display panels; eyewear products; and flat panel displays for electronic products. SPD-Smart light control film is now being developed for, or used in, architectural, automotive, marine, aerospace and appliance applications.
The
Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company’s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous factors, including the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and cost of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company’s relationships with its existing licensees. The degree of dependence of the Company’s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional working capital or working capital requirements; and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative impact depending upon the nature of such changes. We have incurred recurring losses since inception and expect to continue to incur losses as a result of costs and expenses related to our research and continued development of our SPD technology and our corporate general and administrative expenses. Our capital requirements and operations to date have been substantially funded through sales of our common stock, exercise of options and warrants and royalty fees collected. As of March 31, 2026, we had working capital of approximately $1.7 million, cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1.3 million, shareholders’ equity of approximately $1.8 million and an accumulated deficit of approximately $128.1 million. Based on current operations, we expect to have sufficient working capital for at least 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements.
| 7 |
| --- |
On February 18, 2026, the Company entered into subscription agreements from a group of private accredited investors, which included family members of a director of the Company, as well as the owner of a licensee of the Company licensed to produce SPD-SmartGlass products including for the retrofit architectural glass market.
The
investors purchased 1.1 million shares of common stock of the Company at a price of $1.00 per share (which represents the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on February 13, 2026 which was the date that the transaction was agreed to). The Company received $1.1 million in proceeds from the sale of common stock to these investors. For each share of common stock received, the investor also received one warrant (expiring on February 28, 2031) to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $1.10 if warrant exercises occur on or before February 28, 2027, $1.20 if warrant exercises occur between March 1, 2027 through February 29, 2028, $1.30 if warrant exercises occur between March 1, 2028 through February 28, 2029, and $1.50 if warrant exercises occur after February 28, 2029 and prior to the expiration of the warrants.
In the event that we are unable to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities or raise additional funds, we may be required to delay, reduce or severely curtail our operations or otherwise impede our on-going business efforts, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and long-term prospects. The Company may seek to obtain additional funding through future equity issuances. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might be available. The eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the commercialization of products using the Company’s technology by the Company’s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.
Note 3. Segment Information
The Company operates as a single1
operating segment which is engaged in the development and marketing
of technology and devices to control the flow of light (as described in Note 2). The Company develops and licenses our patented suspended particle device (“SPD-Smart”) light-control technology to other companies that manufacture and/or market the: (i) SPD-Smart chemical emulsion, (ii) light-control film made from the chemical emulsion, (iii) the light-control panels made by laminating the film, (iv) electronics to power end-products incorporating the film, or (v) lamination services for and the end-products themselves such as “smart” windows, skylights and sunroofs. The Company currently has numerous licensees that, in the aggregate, are licensed to primarily serve five major SPD-Smart application areas (aerospace, architectural, automotive, marine and display products) in every country of the world. The Company derives revenue from licensees in North America, Europe and Asia. The Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) reviews revenue and consolidated net operating loss as a total and not by industry of licensees, and the royalty rates that we charge our licensees are consistent when measuring the Company’s profitability and allocating resources across geographical location and by industry. The Company does not have intra-entity sales or transfers. The Company’s long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets (“ROU”), all of which are located in the United States. During the three month periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, 100 % of the Company’s revenue was generated from sources outside of the United States.
The CODM is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and acting Chief Financial Officer. The CODM assesses performance for the single operating segment and decides how to allocate resources based on consolidated net operating loss that is also reported on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Consolidated net operating loss is used by the Company’s CODM to monitor budget versus actual results; conducting this monitoring on at least a quarterly basis as a part of the Company’s quarterly 10-Q and annual 10-K filing processes. Included in the review process is a detailed review and discussion related to the Company’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis. In addition, meetings of the Company’s Audit Committee are also held at least quarterly and those meetings include a review of consolidated operating results.
| 8 |
| --- |
The following table illustrates the information about the Company’s single1 reportable segment, which the Company’s CODM regularly evaluates in addition to the information already presented on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and identifies expense items exceeding the Company’s significant expense thresholds described above:
Schedule of Segment Information Related to Statement of Operations
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Three months ended March 31, | ||||||
| 2026 | 2025 | |||||
| Revenue | $ | 136,319 | $ | 559,776 | ||
| Operating Expenses: | ||||||
| Employee compensation | 259,154 | 286,511 | ||||
| Professional fees | 106,800 | 87,900 | ||||
| Directors fees and expenses | - | 120,000 | ||||
| Marketing and investor relations | 21,256 | 30,246 | ||||
| Insurance** | 36,114 | 46,189 | ||||
| Occupancy costs | 19,666 | 21,515 | ||||
| Patent costs | 32,575 | 11,804 | ||||
| Stock listing fees | 18,125 | 17,500 | ||||
| Legal fees | 19,549 | - | ||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 144 | 2,860 | ||||
| Other operating expenses* | 7,999 | 11,951 | ||||
| Operating expenses | 521,382 | 636,476 | ||||
| Research and Development expenses | ||||||
| Employee compensation | 47,421 | 47,363 | ||||
| Insurance** | 35,237 | 45,210 | ||||
| Occupancy costs | 58,996 | 64,546 | ||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 169 | 220 | ||||
| Other research and development costs* | 3,527 | 5,538 | ||||
| Research and development<br> expenses | 145,350 | 162,877 | ||||
| Operating Loss | $ | (530,413 | ) | $ | (239,577 | ) |
| * | Other<br> operating expenses and other research and development expenses consist principally of miscellaneous expenses, each of which is under<br> the Company’s threshold to be separately presented as a significant expense. | |||||
| --- | --- | |||||
| ** | Insurance<br> includes all coverage including property, liability, directors’ and officers’ and employees’ medical. |
Note 4. Patent Costs
The Company expenses costs relating to the development, acquisition or enforcement of patents due to the uncertainty of the recoverability of these items.
| 9 |
| --- |
Note 5. Revenue Recognition
The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts withCustomers (Topic 606). The standard provides a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers and supersedes existing revenue recognition guidance. The revenue standard contains principles that an entity will apply to determine the measurement of revenue and timing of when it is recognized. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services.
ASC 606 follows a five-step approach to determining revenue recognition including: 1) Identification of the contract; 2) Identification of the performance obligations; 3) Determination of the transaction price; 4) Allocation of the transaction price; and 5) Recognition of revenue.
The Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations which include: (i) the Grant of Use to its Patent Portfolio (“Grant of Use”), (ii) Stand-Ready Technical Support (“Technical Support”) including the transfer of trade secrets and other know-how, production of materials, scale-up support, analytical testing, etc., and (iii) access to new Intellectual Property (“IP”) that may be developed sometime during the course of the contract period (“New Improvements”). Given the nature of IP development, such New Improvements are on an unspecified basis and can occur and be made available to licensees at any time during the contract period.
When a contract includes more than one performance obligation, the Company needs to allocate the total consideration to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price or estimate the standalone selling price if it is not observable. A standalone selling price is not available for our performance obligations since we do not sell any of the services separately and there is no competitor pricing that is available. As a consequence, the best method for determining the standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements. Comparable license agreements must consider several factors including: (i) the materials that are being licensed, (ii) the market application for the licensed materials, and (iii) the financial terms in the license agreements that can increase or decrease the risk/reward nature of the agreement.
Based on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations. The Company focuses a significant portion of its time and resources to provide the Technical Support and New Improvements services to its licensees which further supports the conclusions reached using the royalty rate analysis.
The Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are co-terminus over the term of the license agreement. For purposes of determining the transaction price, and recognizing revenue, the Company combined the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations because they have the same pattern of transfer and the same term. We maintain a staff of scientists and other professionals whose primary job responsibilities throughout the year are: (i) being available to respond to Technical Support needs of our licensees, and (ii) developing improvements to our technology which are offered to our licensees as New Improvements. Since the costs incurred to satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the initial contract period as these performance obligations are satisfied. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the initial contract period, it will automatically renew on the same terms as the initial contract for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalty obligations relating to this renewal contract will be allocated similarly to the initial contract over the additional one-year period.
We recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force. The value of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations is allocated throughout the contract period based on the satisfaction of its performance obligations. If the agreement is not terminated at the end of the contract period, it will renew on the same terms as the original agreement for a one-year period. Consequently, any fees or minimum annual royalties (“MAR”) relating to this renewal contract will be allocated similarly over that additional year.
The Company’s license agreements have a variable royalty fee structure (meaning that royalties are a fixed percentage of sales that vary from period to period) and frequently include a minimum annual royalty commitment. In instances when sales of licensed products by its licensees exceed the MAR, the Company recognizes fee income as the amounts have been earned. Typically, the royalty rate for such sales is 10-15% of the selling price. While this is variable consideration, it is subject to the sales/usage royalty exception to recognition of variable consideration in ASC 606 10-55-65 and therefore is not recognized until the subsequent sales or usage occurs or the MAR period commences.
Because of the immediate recognition of the Grant of Use performance obligation: (i) the first period of the contract term will generally have a higher percent allocation of the transaction price under ASC 606, and (ii) the remaining periods in the year will have less of the transaction price recognized under ASC 606. After the initial period in the contract term, the revenue for the remaining periods will be based on the satisfaction of the Technical Support and New Improvements obligations.
| 10 |
| --- |
As
of March 31, 2026, the Company had $19,000 in unbilled revenue included in royalty receivables.
Certain of the contract fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned resulting in deferred revenue (contract liabilities). Such excess amounts are recorded as deferred revenue and are recognized as revenue in future periods as earned. Contract assets represent unbilled receivables and are presented within accounts receivable, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Company operates in a single business segment which is engaged in the development and marketing of technology and devices to control the flow of light. Our revenue source comes from the licensing of this technology and all of these license agreements have similar terms and provisions. The majority of the Company’s licensing fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market will be the largest source of its royalty income over the next several years. The Company’s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to these macro factors, the Company’s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such as whether the Company’s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle that use SPD-SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of cars within each model produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates.
Note 6. Fee Income
Fee income represents amounts earned by the Company under various license and other agreements relating to technology developed by the Company.
During the first three months of 2026, three licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately 43%, 43% and 10% of fee income recognized during such period. During the first three months of 2025, four licensees accounted for 10% or more of fee income of the Company; these licensees accounted for approximately 40%, 33%, 10% and 10% of fee income recognized during such period.
Note 7. Income Taxes
Since inception, the Company has incurred losses from operations and as a result has not recorded income tax expense. Benefits related to net operating loss carryforwards and other deferred tax items have been fully reserved since it was more likely than not that the Company would not achieve profitable operations and be able to utilize the benefit of the net operating loss carryforwards.
| 11 |
| --- |
Note 8. Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share
Basic
net loss per share excludes any dilution. It is based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive net loss per share reflects the potential dilution that would occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. The Company’s dilutive loss per share equals basic loss per share for the periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively, because all common stock equivalents (i.e., options and warrants) were antidilutive in those periods. The number of options and warrants that were not included (because their effect is antidilutive) were 4,325,499 and 2,773,422 for the periods ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively.
Note 9. Equity
On
September 16, 2022, the Company entered into subscription agreements from a group of private accredited investors to sell them 2.0 million shares of common stock of the Company at a price of $2.30 per share (which represented the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on September 14, 2022 which was the date that the transaction was agreed to). As of December 31, 2022, the Company received $3,450,000 under these subscription agreements and issued 1,500,000 common shares and issued 1,500,000 warrants. During 2024, the Company received $300,000 and issued 130,434 shares and 130,434 warrants in connection with a remaining outstanding commitment under these subscription agreements. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company received $275,000 and issued 119,565 shares and 119,565 warrants in connection with the remaining outstanding commitment under these subscription agreements. The Company has an outstanding commitment from an investor for the remaining $575,000 under these subscription agreements. The Company did not sell any equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025.
On February 18, 2026, the Company entered into subscription agreements from a group of private accredited investors, which included family members of a director of the Company, as well as the owner of a licensee of the Company licensed to produce SPD-SmartGlass products including for the retrofit architectural glass market.
The
investors purchased 1.1 million shares of common stock of the Company at a price of $1.00 per share (which represents the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on February 13, 2026 which was the date that the transaction was agreed to). The Company received $1.1 million in proceeds from the sale of common stock to these investors. For each share of common stock received, the investor also received one warrant (expiring on February 28, 2031) to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $1.10 if warrant exercises occur on or before February 28, 2027, $1.20 if warrant exercises occur between March 1, 2027 through February 29, 2028, $1.30 if warrant exercises occur between March 1, 2028 through February 28, 2029, and $1.50 if warrant exercises occur after February 28, 2029 and prior to the expiration of the warrants.
The shares were issued to the investors in a private placement and, along with the shares issued in connection with the exercise of any warrants in the future, are not registered and therefore currently subject to at least a six-month holding period by the investor.
As
of March 31, 2026, there were 2,849,999 warrants and 1,475,500 options outstanding.
Note 10. Leases
The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. This determination generally depends on whether the arrangement conveys the right to control the use of an identified fixed asset explicitly or implicitly for a period of time in exchange for consideration. Control of an underlying asset is conveyed if the Company obtains the rights to direct the use of, and to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of, the underlying asset. Lease expense for variable leases and short-term leases is recognized when the obligation is incurred.
The Company has an operating lease for its facility, which was amended and extended in 2024, with a remaining lease term of 5.75 years (including renewal options) as of March 31, 2026. The initial term of the lease expires on December 31, 2027 with renewal options that potentially extend expiration through December 31, 2031. Operating leases are included in Operating lease ROU assets, other current liabilities and long-term lease liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at each lease’s commencement date based on the present value of its lease payments over its respective lease term. The Company does not have an established incremental borrowing rate as it does not have any debt. The Company uses the stated borrowing rate for a lease when readily determinable. When the interest rate implicit in its lease agreements is not readily determinable, the Company uses an interest rate based on the marketplace for public debt. The incremental borrowing rate associated with the operating lease as of March 31, 2026 is 7.0%. Cash rent paid for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025 was $65,800 and $57,000, respectively.
| 12 |
| --- |
Maturities of operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2026 were as follows:
Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease
| March 31, 2026 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year 1 | $ | 224,000 | |
| Years 2-3 | 468,000 | ||
| Years 4-5 | 499,000 | ||
| Thereafter | 194,000 | ||
| Total lease payments | 1,385,000 | ||
| Less: Imputed lease interest | (254,270 | ) | |
| Present value of lease liabilities | 1,130,730 | ||
| Less: Current portion of operating lease liability | (149,471 | ) | |
| Operating lease liability, net of current portion | $ | 981,259 |
Note 11. Related Party
Effective
June 4, 2023, the Chairman and CEO of Gauzy, Ltd., one of the Company’s licensees, joined the Board of the Company. Gauzy’s license agreement has been in effect since September 17, 2017 and provides for minimum annual royalties and earned royalties relating to sales of SPD-SmartGlass architectural window products. Because the Company collects a 10-15% royalty from the higher-priced end product sales by Gauzy’s customers purchasing their SPD-Smart light control film, under its license agreement with Gauzy, the Company does not collect a royalty on sales by Gauzy of SPD-Smart light control film to these licensee customers. In addition, the Company’s licensee Vision Systems, Inc. is a 100% owned subsidiary of Gauzy, Ltd. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, fee income related to Gauzy and Vision Systems represented 47% and 11%, respectively, of the Company’s total fee income. In addition, as of March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company’s accounts receivable from Gauzy and Vision Systems represented 71% and 79%, respectively, of the Company’s total net royalties receivables. The Company also utilized Gauzy in the past to manufacture SPD’s. As of March 31, 2026, $39,975 is included with accounts payable relating to prior purchases from Gauzy. There were no purchases from Gauzy during the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025.
| 13 |
| --- |
Item2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
CriticalAccounting Policies and Estimates
The following accounting estimates are important to understanding our financial condition and results of operations and should be read as an integral part of the discussion and analysis of the results of our operations and financial position.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from these estimates.
The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. The Company determined that its license agreements provide for three performance obligations: (i) Grant of Use, (ii) Technical Support, and (iii) New Improvements.
The best method for determining the standalone selling price of our Grant of Use performance obligation is through a comparison of the average royalty rate for comparable license agreements as compared to our license agreements. Based on the royalty rate comparison referred to above, any pricing above and beyond the average royalty rate would relate to the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations.
We recognize revenue when or as the performance obligations in the contract are satisfied. For performance obligations that are fulfilled at a point in time, revenue is recognized at the fulfillment of the performance obligation. Since the IP is determined to be a functional license, the value of the Grant of Use is recognized in the first period of the contract term in which the license agreement is in force. Since the costs incurred to satisfy the Technical Support and New Improvements performance obligations are incurred evenly throughout the year, the value of the Technical Support and New Improvements services are recognized throughout the contract period as these performance obligations are satisfied.
The Company has entered into license agreements covering products using the Company’s SPD technology. When royalties from the sales of licensed products by a licensee exceed its contractual minimum annual royalties, the excess amount is recognized by the Company as fee income in the period that it was earned. Certain of the fees are accrued by, or paid to, the Company in advance of the period in which they are earned, resulting in deferred revenue.
Royalty receivables are stated less allowance for credit losses. The allowance represents estimated uncollectible receivables usually due to licensees’ potential insolvency. The allowance includes amounts for certain licensees where risk of default has been specifically identified. The Company evaluates the collectability of its receivables on at least a quarterly basis and records appropriate allowances for credit losses when necessary.
Resultsof Operations
Overview
The majority of the Company’s fee income comes from the activities of several licensees participating in the automotive market. The Company currently believes that the automotive market and the architectural market will be the largest source of its royalty income over the next several years. The Company’s royalty income from this market may be influenced by numerous factors including various trends affecting demand in the automotive industry and the rate of introduction of new technology in OEM product lines. In addition to these macro factors, the Company’s royalty income from the automotive market could also be influenced by specific factors such as whether the Company’s SPD-SmartGlass technology appears as standard equipment or as an option on a particular vehicle, the number of additional vehicle models that SPD-SmartGlass appears on, the size of each window on a vehicle and the number of windows on a vehicle that use SPD-SmartGlass, fluctuations in the total number of vehicles produced by a manufacturer, and in the percentage of new car models produced with SPD-SmartGlass, and changes in pricing or exchange rates. Certain license fees, which are paid to the Company in advance of the accounting period in which they are earned resulting in the recognition of deferred revenue for the current accounting period, will be recognized as fee income in future periods. Also, licensees offset some or all of their royalty payments on sales of licensed products for a given period by applying these advance payments towards such earned royalty payments.
| 14 |
| --- |
In 2025 and 2024, the Company received royalty revenues from sales of SPD-SmartGlass products for various car models that were accretive to the Company’s royalty revenue. Production efficiencies are expected to continue and accelerate with the introduction of the higher vehicle production volumes for various car models going forward, and the Company expects that lower pricing per square foot of the Company’s technology could expand the market opportunities, adoption rates, and revenues for its technology in automotive and non-automotive applications. The Company expects to generate additional royalty income from the near-term introduction of additional new car and aircraft models from other OEMs (original equipment manufacturers), continued growth of sales of products using the Company’s technology for the marine industry in yachts and other watercraft, in trains, in museums, and in larger architectural projects.
Threemonths ended March 31, 2026 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2025
The Company’s fee income from licensing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was $136,319 as compared to $559,776 for the three months ended March 31, 2025. This decrease in fee income was primarily the result of royalties and upfront fees recognized by the Company under ASC 606 revenue treatment from a new license agreement entered into in the first quarter of 2025 that did not recur in the first quarter of 2026. The Company expects revenue in all market segments to increase as new car models and other products using the Company’s SPD-SmartGlass technology are introduced into the market.
Operating expenses decreased by $115,094 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 to $521,382 from $636,476 for the three months ended March 31, 2025. This decrease is primarily the result of lower directors fees ($120,000).
Research and development expenditures decreased by $17,527 to $145,350 for the three months ended March 31, 2026 from $162,877 for the three months ended March 31, 2025. This decrease is primarily a result of lower allocated insurance costs ($10,000) as well as lower allocated occupancy costs ($6,000).
The Company’s net investment income, consisting of interest income, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was $5,048 as compared to income of $14,533 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 with the change due to lower cash balances available for investment.
The Company recorded $47,357 of other income for the three months ended March 31, 2025 relating to an Employee Retention Credit, a refundable tax credit available under the CARES Act that was designed to keep employees on the payroll during the Covid-19 pandemic.
As a consequence of the factors discussed above, the Company’s net loss was $525,365 ($0.02 per common share) for the three months ended March 31, 2026 as compared to net loss of $177,687 ($0.01 per common share) for the three months ended March 31, 2025.
| 15 |
| --- |
FinancialCondition, Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company has primarily utilized its cash, cash equivalents, and investments generated from sales of our common stock, proceeds from the exercise of options and warrants, and royalty fees collected to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, for marketing initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. The Company’s working capital and capital requirements depend upon numerous factors, including, but not limited to, the results of research and development activities, competitive and technological developments, the timing and costs of patent filings, and the development of new licensees and changes in the Company’s relationship with existing licensees. The degree of dependence of the Company’s working capital requirements on each of the foregoing factors cannot be quantified; increased research and development activities and related costs would increase such requirements; the addition of new licensees may provide additional working capital or working capital requirements, and changes in relationships with existing licensees would have a favorable or negative impact depending upon the nature of such changes.
On February 18, 2026, the Company entered into subscription agreements from a group of private accredited investors, which included family members of a director of the Company, as well as the owner of a licensee of the Company licensed to produce SPD-SmartGlass products including for the retrofit architectural glass market.
The investors purchased 1.1 million shares of common stock of the Company at a price of $1.00 per share (which represents the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on February 13, 2026 which was the date that the transaction was agreed to). The Company received $1.1 million in proceeds from the sale of common stock to the investors. For each share received, the investor also received one warrant (expiring on February 28, 2031) to purchase one share of common stock at an exercise price of $1.10 for warrant exercises occurring on or before February 28, 2027, $1.20 for warrant exercises occurring between March 1, 2027 through February 29, 2028, $1.30 for warrant exercises occurring between March 1, 2028 through February 28, 2029, and $1.50 for warrant exercises occurring after February 28, 2029 and prior to the expiration of the warrants.
The shares were issued to the investors in a private placement and, along with the shares issued in connection with the exercise of any warrants in the future, are not registered and therefore currently subject to at least a six-month holding period by the investor.
During the three months ended March 31, 2026, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents balance increased by $615,002 as a result of cash received from the sale of common stock and warrants of $1,375,000 partially offset by used to fund operations of $759,931 and cash used to purchase fixed assets of $67. As of March 31, 2026, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1.3 million, working capital of $1.7 million and total shareholders’ equity of $1.8 million. Based on current operations, we expect to have sufficient working capital for a period of at least 12 months from the date of this filing.
The Company expects to use its cash to fund its research and development of SPD light valves, its expanded marketing initiatives, and for other working capital purposes. There can be no assurances that expenditures will not exceed the anticipated amounts or that additional financing, if required, will be available when needed or, if available, that its terms will be favorable or acceptable to the Company. Eventual success of the Company and generation of positive cash flow will be dependent upon the extent of commercialization of products using the Company’s technology by the Company’s licensees and payments of continuing royalties on account thereof.
| 16 |
| --- |
Item3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The information required by Item 3 has been disclosed in Item 7A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. There has been no material change in the disclosure regarding market risk.
Item4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluationof Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our Chief Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer, with assistance from other members of our management, has reviewed the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2026, and based on his evaluation, has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
Changesin Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the three months ended March 31, 2026 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Forward-LookingStatements
The information set forth in this Report and in all publicly disseminated information about the Company, including the narrative contained in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” above, includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is subject to the safe harbor created by that section. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements as they speak only as of the date hereof and are not guaranteed.
| 17 |
| --- |
PART
II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 6. Exhibits
| 31.1 | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certification of Joseph M. Harary - Filed herewith. |
|---|---|
| 32.1 | Section 1350 Certification of Joseph M. Harary - Filed herewith. |
| 101.INS | Inline<br> XBRL Instance Document |
| 101.SCH | Inline<br> XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |
| 101.CAL | Inline<br> XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |
| 101.DEF | Inline<br> XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |
| 101.LAB | Inline<br> XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |
| 101.PRE | Inline<br> XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |
| 104 | Cover<br> Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document) |
| 18 |
| --- |
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunder duly authorized.
| RESEARCH<br> FRONTIERS INCORPORATED |
|---|
| (Registrant) |
| /s/ Joseph M. Harary |
| Joseph<br> M. Harary, President, CEO, acting interim CFO and Treasurer |
| (Principal<br> Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer) |
Date: May 7, 2026
| 19 |
| --- |
Exhibit 31.1
CERTIFICATION
I, JosephM. Harary, certify that:
I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the “registrant”);
Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
Based on my knowledge, the condensed consolidated financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
The registrant’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
| a) | Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; |
|---|---|
| b) | Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; |
| c) | Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and |
| d) | Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and |
- The registrant’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):
| a) | All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and |
|---|---|
| b) | Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting. |
| Dated: May 7, 2026 | /s/ Joseph M. Harary |
| --- | --- |
| Joseph M. Harary | |
| President, Chief Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer |
Exhibit 32.1
CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO
18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,
AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
In connection with the Quarterly Report of Research Frontiers Incorporated (the “Company”) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2026 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), I, Joseph M. Harary, President and Chief Executive Officer and Principal Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial Officer and Principal Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
| 1. | The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and |
|---|---|
| 2. | The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. |
| /s/ Joseph M. Harary | |
| --- | |
| Joseph M. Harary | |
| President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal | |
| Executive Officer and acting interim Chief Financial | |
| Officer and Principal Financial Officer | |
| May 7, 2026 |