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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 1-11848

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Missouri	43-1627032
(State or other jurisdiction	(IRS employer
of incorporation or organization)	identification number)

16600 Swingley Ridge Road

Chesterfield, Missouri 63017

(Address of principal executive offices)

(636) 736-7000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ☒ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o

Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01	RGA	New York Stock Exchange
5.75% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2056	RZB	New York Stock Exchange
7.125% Fixed Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2052	RZC	New York Stock Exchange

As of April 30, 2024, 65,792,025 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Item		Page
	PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION
1	Financial Statements (Unaudited) as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Note 1 Business and Basis of Presentation	8
	Note 2 Earnings Per Share	8
	Note 3 Equity	8
	Note 4 Future Policy Benefits	11
	Note 5 Policyholder Account Balances	18
	Note 6 Unpaid Claims and Claim Expense – Short-Duration Contracts	20
	Note 7 Market Risk Benefits	21
	Note 8 Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs	22
	Note 9 Reinsurance	23
	Note 10 Investments	24
	Note 11 Derivative Instruments	33
	Note 12 Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities	37
	Note 13 Income Tax	43
	Note 14 Employee Benefit Plans	44
	Note 15 Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees	44
	Note 16 Segment Information	45
	Note 17 New Accounting Standards	47
2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	48
3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk	74
4	Controls and Procedures	74
	PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
1	Legal Proceedings	75
1A	Risk Factors	75
2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	75
5	Other Information	75
6	Exhibits	75
	Index to Exhibits	76
	Glossary of Selected Terms	77
	Signatures	81

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PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in millions, except share data)

(Unaudited)

	March 31,<br>2024		December 31,<br>2023
Assets
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $70,790 and $64,977; allowance for credit losses of $95 and $75)	$	65,827	$	60,467
Equity securities, at fair value	144		139
Mortgage loans (net of allowance for credit losses of $77 and $67)	7,539		7,377
Policy loans	1,198		1,206
Funds withheld at interest	5,642		5,683
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	2,697		2,635
Short-term investments	327		222
Other invested assets	1,140		1,171
Total investments	84,514		78,900
Cash and cash equivalents	5,935		2,970
Accrued investment income	808		759
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances	3,342		3,528
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	5,265		5,448
Deferred policy acquisition costs	4,673		4,617
Other assets	1,463		1,401
Total assets	$	106,000	$	97,623
Liabilities and equity
Future policy benefits	$	47,067	$	41,231
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	31,319		30,273
Market risk benefits, at fair value	228		258
Other policy claims and benefits	2,753		2,730
Other reinsurance balances	874		1,103
Deferred income taxes	1,897		1,862
Funds withheld payable	4,409		4,483
Other liabilities	3,468		2,085
Long-term debt	4,427		4,427
Total liabilities	96,442		88,452
Commitments and contingent liabilities (See Note 15)
Equity
Preferred stock – par value $0.01 per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding	—		—
Common stock – par value $0.01 per share, 140,000,000 shares authorized, 85,310,598 shares issued at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	1		1
Additional paid-in-capital	2,549		2,544
Retained earnings	8,934		8,805
Treasury stock, at cost – 19,522,343 and 19,689,885 shares	(1,891)		(1,900)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(125)		(369)
Total RGA, Inc. stockholders’ equity	9,468		9,081
Noncontrolling interest	90		90
Total equity	9,558		9,171
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	106,000	$	97,623

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(in millions, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)


	2024		2023
Revenues
Net premiums	$	5,376	$	3,385
Net investment income	961		856
Investment related gains (losses), net	(149)		(77)
Other revenues	149		87
Total revenues	6,337		4,251
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	5,132		3,063
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(24)		(26)
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(35)		14
Interest credited	254		215
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	387		331
Other operating expenses	283		250
Interest expense	68		53
Total benefits and expenses	6,065		3,900
Income before income taxes	272		351
Provision for income taxes	60		98
Net income	212		253
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	2		1
Net income available to RGA, Inc. shareholders	$	210	$	252
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share	$	3.20	$	3.77
Diluted earnings per share	$	3.16	$	3.72

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(in millions)

(Unaudited)


	2024		2023
Comprehensive income (loss)
Net income	$	212	$	253
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(11)		22
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	(395)		1,103
Effect of updating discount rates on future policy benefits	650		(721)
Change in instrument-specific credit risk for market risk benefits	—		1
Defined benefit pension and postretirement plan adjustments	—		5
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	244		410
Total comprehensive income	456		663
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest	2		1
Total comprehensive income attributable to RGA, Inc.	$	454	$	662

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

(in millions except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)


		Additional Paid In Capital		Retained<br>Earnings		Treasury<br>Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total RGA, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2023	1	$	2,544	$	8,805	$	(1,900)	$	(369)	9,081		$	90	$	9,171
Change in equity of noncontrolling interest												(2)		(2)
Net income				210						210		2		212
Total other comprehensive income (loss)								244		244				244
Dividends to stockholders, 0.85 per share				(56)						(56)				(56)
Purchase of treasury stock						(16)				(16)				(16)
Reissuance of treasury stock		5		(25)		25				5				5
Balance, March 31, 2024	1	$	2,549	$	8,934	$	(1,891)	$	(125)	$	9,468	$	90	$	9,558

All values are in US Dollars.


		Additional Paid In Capital		Retained<br>Earnings		Treasury<br>Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total RGA, Inc. Stockholders’ Equity		Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2022	1	$	2,502	$	8,169	$	(1,720)	$	(1,871)	7,081		$	90	$	7,171
Change in equity of noncontrolling interest												(1)		(1)
Net income				252						252		1		253
Total other comprehensive income (loss)								410		410				410
Dividends to stockholders, 0.80 per share				(53)						(53)				(53)
Purchase of treasury stock						(67)				(67)				(67)
Reissuance of treasury stock		4		(32)		31				3				3
Balance, March 31, 2023	1	$	2,506	$	8,336	$	(1,756)	$	(1,461)	$	7,626	$	90	$	7,716

All values are in US Dollars.

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in millions)

(Unaudited)

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Net cash provided by operating activities	5,736		1,574
Cash flows from investing activities
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	5,521		1,973
Purchases of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	(9,466)		(3,664)
Maturities of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	465		241
Sales of equity securities	—		1
Purchases of equity securities	—		(2)
Principal payments on mortgage loans	122		70
Cash invested in mortgage loans	(301)		(323)
Deposits in (withdrawals from) funds withheld at interest	97		81
Sales of limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	38		93
Purchases of limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	(101)		(119)
Sales of short-term investments	31		75
Purchases of short-term investments	(185)		(179)
Maturities of short-term investments	49		14
Change in other invested assets	7		29
Other, net	3		5
Net cash used in investing activities	(3,720)		(1,705)
Cash flows from financing activities
Dividends to stockholders	(56)		(53)
Proceeds from long-term debt issuance, net	—		494
Principal payments of long-term debt	(1)		(1)
Purchases of treasury stock	(16)		(67)
Change in cash collateral for derivatives and other arrangements	(145)		17
Change in deposit asset on reinsurance	89		11
Deposits on investment-type policies and contracts	2,546		976
Withdrawals on investment-type policies and contracts	(1,412)		(880)
Net cash provided by financing activities	1,005		497
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(56)		1
Change in cash and cash equivalents	2,965		367
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	2,970		2,927
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	5,935	$	3,294
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information
Interest paid	$	49	$	43
Income taxes paid, net of refunds	$	16	$	29
Non-cash investing activities
Transfer of invested assets	$	1,621	$	109

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

NOTE 1 BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Business

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (“RGA”) is an insurance holding company that was formed on December 31, 1992. RGA and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) is engaged in providing traditional reinsurance, which includes individual and group life and health, disability and critical illness reinsurance. The Company also provides financial solutions, which includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive products (primarily annuities), financial reinsurance, capital solutions and stable value products.

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2024 (the “2023 Annual Report”).

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation, have been included. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024.

Consolidation

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of RGA and its subsidiaries, and all intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Entities in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to be consolidated are reported under the equity method of accounting.

NOTE 2 EARNINGS PER SHARE

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share on net income (in millions, except per share information):


	2024		2023
Earnings:
Net income (numerator for basic and diluted calculations)	$	212	$	253
Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	2		1
Net income available to RGA, Inc. shareholders	$	210	$	252
Shares:
Weighted average outstanding shares (denominator for basic calculation)	66		67
Equivalent shares from outstanding stock awards	1		1
Diluted shares (denominator for diluted calculation)	67		68
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	3.20	$	3.77
Diluted	$	3.16	$	3.72

The calculation of common equivalent shares does not include the impact of stock awards with a conversion price that exceeds the average stock price for the earnings period as the result would be antidilutive. The calculation of common equivalent shares also excludes the impact of outstanding performance shares awards as the conditions necessary for their issuance have not been satisfied as of the end of the reporting period.

NOTE 3 EQUITY

Common stock

The changes in number of common stock shares issued, held in treasury and outstanding are as follows for the periods indicated:

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	Issued	Held In Treasury	Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2023	85,310,598	19,689,885	65,620,713
Common stock acquired	—	—	—
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(167,542)	167,542
Balance, March 31, 2024	85,310,598	19,522,343	65,788,255	Issued	Held In Treasury	Outstanding
---	---	---	---
Balance, December 31, 2022	85,310,598	18,634,390	66,676,208
Common stock acquired	—	371,343	(371,343)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(235,601)	235,601
Balance, March 31, 2023	85,310,598	18,770,132	66,540,466

(1)Represents net shares issued from treasury pursuant to the Company’s equity-based compensation programs.

Common Stock Held in Treasury

Common stock held in treasury is accounted for at average cost. Gains resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are credited to additional paid-in capital. Losses resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are charged first to additional paid-in capital to the extent the Company has previously recorded gains on treasury share transactions, then to retained earnings.

On January 23, 2024, the Company’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $500 million of its outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company did not repurchase any shares of common stock under this program.

Noncontrolling Interest

In 2022, Papara Financing LLC (“Papara”), a subsidiary of RGA Reinsurance Company, issued nonconvertible preferred interests to an unaffiliated third party. The membership interests in Papara consist of (1) common interests, which are held by RGA Reinsurance Company and (2) preferred interests. The preferred interests, included in noncontrolling interest, total $90 million.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The balance of and changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (dollars in millions):

	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Income Tax
	Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments		Net Unrealized Investment Gains<br><br>(Losses) (1)		Pension and <br>Postretirement <br>Benefits		Effect of Updating Discount Rates on Future Policy Benefits		Instrument-Specific Credit Risk for Market Risk Benefits		Total
Balance, December 31, 2023	$	69	$	(3,668)	$	(29)	$	3,256	$	3	$	(369)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	1		(638)		(1)		842		—		204
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI	—		123		1		—		—		124
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(13)		121		—		(192)		—		(84)
Balance, March 31, 2024	$	57	$	(4,062)	$	(29)	$	3,906	$	3	$	(125)	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Income Tax
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments		Net Unrealized Investment Gains<br><br>(Losses) (1)		Pension and <br>Postretirement <br>Benefits		Effect of Updating Discount Rates on Future Policy Benefits		Instrument-Specific Credit Risk for Market Risk Benefits		Total
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	(115)	$	(5,497)	$	(27)	$	3,755	$	13	$	(1,871)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	28		1,316		5		(927)		2		424
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI	—		88		1		—		—		89
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(6)		(301)		(1)		206		(1)		(103)
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	(93)	$	(4,394)	$	(22)	$	3,034	$	14	$	(1,461)

(1)Includes cash flow hedges of $(299) and $(218) as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and $(198) and $(205) as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. See Note 11 – “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.

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The following table presents the amounts of AOCI reclassifications for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

		Amount Reclassified from AOCI
	Three months ended March 31,			Affected Line Item in <br>Statements of Income
Details about AOCI Components		2024			2023
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities		$	(118)	$	(87)	Investment related gains (losses), net
Cash flow hedges – Interest rate		3		2		(1)
Cash flow hedges – Currency/Interest rate		(8)		(3)		(1)
Total		(123)		(88)
Provision for income taxes		24		18
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax		$	(99)	$	(70)
Amortization of defined benefit plan items:
Prior service cost (credit)		$	—	$	—	(2)
Actuarial gains (losses)		(1)		(1)		(2)
Total		(1)		(1)
Provision for income taxes		—		—
Amortization of defined benefit plans, net of tax		$	(1)	$	(1)
Total reclassifications for the period		$	(100)	$	(71)

(1)See Note 11 – “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.

(2)This AOCI component is included in the computation of the net periodic pension cost. See Note 14 – “Employee Benefit Plans” for additional details.

Equity Based Compensation

Equity compensation expense was $6 million and $4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In the first quarter of 2024, the Company granted 106,233 stock appreciation rights at $185.28 weighted average exercise price per share, 116,883 performance shares and 81,527 restricted stock units to employees. As of March 31, 2024, 1,464,521 share awards at a weighted average strike price per share of $119.44 were vested and exercisable with a remaining weighted average exercise period of 4.6 years. As of March 31, 2024, the total compensation cost of non-vested awards not yet recognized in the financial statements was $61 million. It is estimated that these costs will vest over a weighted average period of 1.0 years.

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NOTE 4 FUTURE POLICY BENEFITS

Liability for Future Policy Benefits – Traditional Business

The Company reviews actual and anticipated experience compared to the assumptions used to establish policy benefits on a quarterly basis and will update those assumptions if evidence suggests that they should be revised. The Company expects to complete its annual review and any necessary updates of cash flow assumptions used to calculate the liability for future policy benefits during the third quarter of each year. Updates may occur in other quarters if information becomes available during the quarter that indicates an assumption update is necessary.

The following tables provide the balances of and changes in the Company’s liability for future policy benefits for long-duration reinsurance contracts for its Traditional business, which primarily consists of individual life, group life and critical illness reinsurance for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

For the three months ended March 31, 2024:	U.S. and Latin America – Traditional		Canada – Traditional		Europe, Middle East and Africa – Traditional		Asia Pacific – Traditional
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Beginning of year balance at original discount rate	$	76,943	$	22,689	$	15,328	$	42,741
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	—		—		—		—
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(347)		52		81		(103)
Adjusted balance, beginning of year	76,596		22,741		15,409		42,638
Issuances (1)	884		124		294		1,131
Interest accrual (2)	872		188		127		272
Net premiums collected (3)	(1,271)		(246)		(354)		(533)
Derecognition (4)	(67)		—		—		—
Foreign currency translation	—		(496)		(183)		(1,123)
Ending balance at original discount rate	77,014		22,311		15,293		42,385
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(6,474)		(4,815)		(2,668)		(12,184)
Balance, end of period	$	70,540	$	17,496	$	12,625	$	30,201
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Beginning of year balance at original discount rate	$	89,036	$	26,275	$	16,756	$	47,370
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	—		—		—		—
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(378)		49		79		(104)
Adjusted balance, beginning of year	88,658		26,324		16,835		47,266
Issuances (1)	884		124		296		1,131
Interest accrual (2)	1,016		242		137		312
Benefit payments (5)	(1,348)		(263)		(372)		(485)
Derecognition (4)	(74)		—		—		—
Foreign currency translation	(1)		(574)		(202)		(1,194)
Ending balance at original discount rate	89,135		25,853		16,694		47,030
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(8,048)		(4,183)		(2,920)		(14,206)
Balance, end of period	$	81,087	$	21,670	$	13,774	$	32,824
Liability for future policy benefits	$	10,547	$	4,174	$	1,149	$	2,623
Less: reinsurance recoverable	(753)		(283)		(32)		(111)
Net liability for future policy benefits	$	9,794	$	3,891	$	1,117	$	2,512	Weighted average duration of the liability (in years)	12	15	8	15
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Weighted average interest accretion rate	4.6	%	3.6	%	3.3	%	2.6	%
Weighted average current discount rate	5.3	%	5.0	%	5.5	%	4.6	%

(1)Issuances: The present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits related to new reinsurance contracts that became effective during the current period and new policies assumed on existing contracts.

(2)Interest accrual: The interest earned on the beginning present value of either the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits using the original interest rate.

(3)Net premiums collected: The portion of gross premiums collected from the ceding company that is used to fund expected benefit payments.

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(4)Derecognition: Includes the effects of treaty recaptures and treaty amendments that resulted in the termination of an existing treaty and the issuance of a new treaty under the internal replacement model.

(5)Benefit payments: The release of the present value, using the original discount rate, of the expected future policy benefits due to death, lapse/withdrawal and other benefit payments based on current assumptions.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023:	U.S. and Latin America – Traditional		Canada – Traditional		Europe, Middle East and Africa – Traditional		Asia Pacific – Traditional
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Beginning of year balance at original discount rate	$	74,207	$	21,330	$	14,244	$	40,506
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	—		—		—		(8)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(103)		97		(256)		128
Adjusted balance, beginning of year	74,104		21,427		13,988		40,626
Issuances (1)	1,016		110		382		619
Interest accrual (2)	851		182		119		256
Net premiums collected (3)	(1,229)		(231)		(344)		(490)
Derecognition (4)	(35)		—		—		—
Foreign currency translation	—		46		184		(113)
Ending balance at original discount rate	74,707		21,534		14,329		40,898
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(4,074)		(4,376)		(2,515)		(11,029)
Balance, end of period	$	70,633	$	17,158	$	11,814	$	29,869
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Beginning of year balance at original discount rate	$	85,285	$	24,655	$	15,454	$	44,785
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	—		—		—		(8)
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(79)		98		(258)		121
Adjusted balance, beginning of year	85,206		24,753		15,196		44,898
Issuances (1)	1,018		110		382		619
Interest accrual (2)	981		233		127		293
Benefit payments (5)	(1,486)		(256)		(331)		(458)
Derecognition (4)	(54)		—		—		—
Foreign currency translation	1		56		201		(125)
Ending balance at original discount rate	85,666		24,896		15,575		45,227
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(5,188)		(3,607)		(2,686)		(12,914)
Balance, end of period	$	80,478	$	21,289	$	12,889	$	32,313
Liability for future policy benefits	$	9,845	$	4,131	$	1,075	$	2,444
Less: reinsurance recoverable	(417)		(227)		(37)		(99)
Net liability for future policy benefits	$	9,428	$	3,904	$	1,038	$	2,345
Weighted average duration of the liability (in years)	12		15		8		16
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Weighted average interest accretion rate	4.7	%	3.6	%	3.4	%	2.6	%
Weighted average current discount rate	4.9	%	4.7	%	3.4	%	4.3	%

(2)Interest accrual: The interest earned on the beginning present value of either the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits using the original interest rate.

(3)Net premiums collected: The portion of gross premiums collected from the ceding company that is used to fund expected benefit payments.

Significant assumptions used to compute the liability for future policy benefits for the Traditional business include mortality, morbidity, lapse rates and discount rates (both accretion and current). The Company updates the underlying market data used to determine the current discount rate resulting in changes to the discount rate assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits each period.

Table of Contents

The Company’s Traditional business actual-to-expected variances and the effects of changes in cash flow and discount rate assumptions for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized in the tables below:

For the three months ended March 31, 2024:
Segment	Liability for future policy benefits at original discount rate	Changes in cash flow assumptions	Actual-to-expected variance	Impact of updating discount rate recognized in OCI
U.S. and Latin America – Traditional	12.1 billion	None	$(31) million	$(428) million
			3.5% decrease
Canada – Traditional	3.5 billion	None	$(3) million	$(239) million
			6.7% decrease
Europe, Middle East and Africa – Traditional	1.4 billion	None	$(2) million	$(33) million
			2.3% decrease
Asia Pacific – Traditional	4.7 billion	None	$(1) million	$(57) million
			1.2% decrease

All values are in US Dollars.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023:
Segment	Liability for future policy benefits at original discount rate	Change in cash flow assumptions	Actual-to-expected variance	Impact of updating discount rate recognized in OCI
U.S. and Latin America – Traditional	11 billion	None	$24 million	$490 million
			4.4% increase
Canada – Traditional	3.4 billion	None	$1 million	$143 million
			4.3% increase
Europe, Middle East and Africa – Traditional	1.2 billion	None	$(2) million	$(2) million
			0.2% decrease
Asia Pacific – Traditional	4.3 billion	None	$(7) million	$46 million
			1.1% increase

All values are in US Dollars.

Liability for Future Policy Benefits – Financial Solutions Business

The following tables provide the balances of and changes in the Company’s liability for future policy benefits, including the deferred profit liability related to the longevity business, for its Financial Solutions business, which primarily consists of longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive products, primarily annuities and financial reinsurance for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

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For the three months ended March 31, 2024:	U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions		Canada – Financial Solutions		Europe, Middle East and Africa – Financial Solutions		Asia Pacific – Financial Solutions
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Beginning of year balance at original discount rate	$	1,455	$	3,184	$	54,832	$	2,057
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	—		—		—		—
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	—		(7)		338		1
Adjusted balance, beginning of year	1,455		3,177		55,170		2,058
Issuances (1)	1,893		—		4,963		4,760
Interest accrual (2)	11		25		418		7
Net premiums collected (3)	(1,928)		(79)		(1,388)		(4,912)
Derecognition (4)	—		—		—		—
Foreign currency translation	—		(69)		(702)		(143)
Ending balance at original discount rate	1,431		3,054		58,461		1,770
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(240)		(342)		(7,802)		(121)
Balance, end of period	$	1,191	$	2,712	$	50,659	$	1,649
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Beginning of year balance at original discount rate	$	6,843	$	3,210	$	60,938	$	8,019
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	—		—		—		—
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	2		(7)		340		1
Adjusted balance, beginning of year	6,845		3,203		61,278		8,020
Issuances (1)	2,021		—		4,963		4,909
Interest accrual (2)	79		25		471		24
Benefit payments (5)	(165)		(80)		(1,125)		(77)
Derecognition (4)	—		—		—		—
Foreign currency translation	—		(69)		(764)		(581)
Ending balance at original discount rate	8,780		3,079		64,823		12,295
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(484)		(341)		(8,609)		(796)
Balance, end of period	$	8,296	$	2,738	$	56,214	$	11,499
Liability for future policy benefits	$	7,105	$	26	$	5,555	$	9,850
Less: reinsurance recoverable	(878)		—		—		—
Net liability for future policy benefits	$	6,227	$	26	$	5,555	$	9,850
Weighted average duration of the liability (in years)	8		7		9		15
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Weighted average interest accretion rate	3.6	%	3.2	%	3.0	%	1.2	%
Weighted average current discount rate	5.3	%	4.9	%	4.9	%	2.2	%

(2)Interest accrual: The interest earned on the beginning present value of either the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits using the original interest rate.

(3)Net premiums collected: The portion of gross premiums collected from the ceding company that is used to fund expected benefit payments.

Table of Contents

For the three months ended March 31, 2023:	U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions		Canada – Financial Solutions		Europe, Middle East and Africa – Financial Solutions		Asia Pacific – Financial Solutions
Present Value of Expected Net Premiums
Beginning of year balance at original discount rate	$	1,671	$	3,394	$	38,782	$	1,605
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	—		—		—		—
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(7)		(2)		42		—
Adjusted balance, beginning of year	1,664		3,392		38,824		1,605
Issuances (1)	146		—		3,681		1,244
Interest accrual (2)	13		27		185		6
Net premiums collected (3)	(186)		(84)		(764)		(1,260)
Derecognition (4)	—		—		—		—
Foreign currency translation	—		9		742		(21)
Ending balance at original discount rate	1,637		3,344		42,668		1,574
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(223)		(336)		(8,323)		74
Balance, end of period	$	1,414	$	3,008	$	34,345	$	1,648
Present Value of Expected Future Policy Benefits
Beginning of year balance at original discount rate	$	5,823	$	3,447	$	44,330	$	6,561
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	—		—		—		—
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	(11)		(6)		31		(1)
Adjusted balance, beginning of year	5,812		3,441		44,361		6,560
Issuances (1)	154		—		3,681		1,289
Interest accrual (2)	56		28		225		18
Benefit payments (5)	(138)		(83)		(858)		(68)
Derecognition (4)	—		—		—		—
Foreign currency translation	(16)		8		852		(77)
Ending balance at original discount rate	5,868		3,394		48,261		7,722
Effect of changes in discount rate assumptions	(460)		(332)		(9,191)		(250)
Balance, end of period	$	5,408	$	3,062	$	39,070	$	7,472
Liability for future policy benefits	$	3,994	$	54	$	4,725	$	5,824
Less: reinsurance recoverable	—		—		—		—
Net liability for future policy benefits	$	3,994	$	54	$	4,725	$	5,824	Weighted average duration of the liability (in years)	8	7	9	15
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Weighted average interest accretion rate	3.5	%	3.3	%	1.9	%	1.3	%
Weighted average current discount rate	5.0	%	4.7	%	4.7	%	1.5	%

(2)Interest accrual: The interest earned on the beginning present value of either the expected net premiums or the expected future policy benefits using the original interest rate.

(3)Net premiums collected: The portion of gross premiums collected from the ceding company that is used to fund expected benefit payments.

Significant assumptions used to compute the liability for future policy benefits for the Financial Solutions business include mortality, morbidity, lapse rates and discount rates (both accretion and current). The Company updates the underlying market data used to determine the current discount rate resulting in changes to the discount rate assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits.

Table of Contents

The Company’s Financial Solutions business actual-to-expected variances (including the effects of model updates) and the effects of changes in cash flow and discount rate assumptions for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized in the tables below:

For the three months ended March 31, 2024:
Segment	Liability for future policy benefits at original discount rate	Changes in cash flow assumptions	Actual-to-expected variance	Impact of updating discount rate recognized in OCI
U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions	7.4 billion	None	$2 million	$(84) million
			1.6% decrease
Canada – Financial Solutions	25 million	None	$—	$(2) million
			7.7% decrease
Europe, Middle East and Africa – Financial Solutions	6.3 billion	None	$2 million	$(154) million
			2.5% decrease
Asia Pacific – Financial Solutions	10.5 billion	None	$—	$97 million
			1.6% increase

All values are in US Dollars.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023:
Segment	Liability for future policy benefits at original discount rate	Changes in cash flow assumptions	Actual-to-expected variance	Impact of updating discount rate recognized in OCI
U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions	4.2 billion	None	$(4) million	$96 million
			2.3% increase
Canada – Financial Solutions	50 million	None	$(4) million	$3 million
			5.7% increase
Europe, Middle East and Africa – Financial Solutions	5.6 billion	None	$(11) million	$46 million
			0.8% increase
Asia Pacific – Financial Solutions	6.1 billion	None	$(1) million	$136 million
			2.7% increase

All values are in US Dollars.

Reconciliation and Other Disclosures

The reconciliation of the rollforward of the liability for future policy benefits to the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

	March 31,
	2024		2023
Liability for future policy benefits included in the rollforwards:
Traditional:
U.S. and Latin America	$	10,547	$	9,845
Canada	4,174		4,131
Europe, Middle East and Africa	1,149		1,075
Asia Pacific	2,623		2,444
Financial Solutions:
U.S. and Latin America	7,105		3,994
Canada	26		54
Europe, Middle East and Africa	5,555		4,725
Asia Pacific	9,850		5,824
Other long-duration contracts	117		181
Claims liability and incurred but not reported claims	5,439		5,417
Unearned revenue liability	482		532
Total liability for future policy benefits	$	47,067	$	38,222

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The amount of undiscounted and discounted expected future gross premiums and expected future benefit payments for the liability for future policy benefits included in the rollforwards as of March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

	March 31,
	2024				2023
	Undiscounted		Discounted		Undiscounted		Discounted
Expected future gross premiums
Traditional:
U.S. and Latin America	$	179,131	$	82,691	$	172,081	$	82,288
Canada	55,118		21,591		53,244		21,317
Europe, Middle East and Africa	25,928		14,388		24,591		13,611
Asia Pacific	94,316		38,412		92,305		37,986
Financial Solutions:
U.S. and Latin America	2,914		1,829		3,112		1,975
Canada	4,390		2,900		4,738		3,149
Europe, Middle East and Africa	98,292		55,187		64,424		37,636
Asia Pacific	3,743		2,840		2,977		2,478
Expected future benefit payments
Traditional:
U.S. and Latin America	$	189,341	$	81,087	$	181,123	$	80,478
Canada	56,998		21,670		56,223		21,289
Europe, Middle East and Africa	25,709		13,774		24,150		12,889
Asia Pacific	90,670		32,824		88,496		32,313
Financial Solutions:
U.S. and Latin America	14,071		8,296		9,214		5,408
Canada	4,128		2,738		4,602		3,062
Europe, Middle East and Africa	100,423		56,214		66,775		39,070
Asia Pacific	17,399		11,499		10,144		7,472

The amount of gross premiums and interest expense recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of income for the liability for future policy benefits included in the rollforwards for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

	Gross Premiums				Interest Expense
	March 31,				March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Traditional:
U.S. and Latin America	$	1,473	$	1,422	$	144	$	130
Canada	271		262		54		51
Europe, Middle East and Africa	371		355		10		8
Asia Pacific	688		620		40		37
Financial Solutions:
U.S. and Latin America	1,912		156		68		43
Canada	23		23		—		1
Europe, Middle East and Africa	207		161		53		40
Asia Pacific	46		63		17		12
Total	$	4,991	$	3,062	$	386	$	322

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, no material charges were incurred resulting from net premiums exceeding gross premiums.

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NOTE 5 POLICYHOLDER ACCOUNT BALANCES

Policyholder Account Balances

The following tables provide the balances of and changes in the Company’s liability for its policyholder account balances, reflected in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

For the three months ended March 31, 2024:	U.S. and Latin America – Traditional			U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions			Asia Pacific – Financial Solutions
Balance, beginning of year	$	1,612		$	17,838		$	3,990
Deposits	3			29			211
Policy charges	(8)			(20)			(28)
Surrenders and withdrawals	(2)			(609)			(221)
Benefit payments	(26)			(129)			(254)
Interest credited	16			142			27
Foreign currency translation	—			—			(33)
Balance, end of period	$	1,595		$	17,251		$	3,692
Less: reinsurance recoverable	—			(2,975)			—
Balance, end of period, after reinsurance	$	1,595		$	14,276		$	3,692
Weighted average crediting rate	4.4		%	3.4		%	3.0		%
Net amount at risk (1)	$	656		$	6,999		$	—
Cash surrender value	$	1,589		$	17,130		$	3,256		For the three months ended March 31, 2023:	U.S. and Latin America – Traditional	U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions	Asia Pacific – Financial Solutions
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Balance, beginning of year	$	1,683		$	18,906		$	3,351
Deposits	3			41			431
Policy charges	(8)			(8)			—
Surrenders and withdrawals	(5)			(528)			(19)
Benefit payments	(43)			(116)			(22)
Interest credited	16			142			32
Foreign currency translation	—			—			(15)
Balance, end of period	$	1,646		$	18,437		$	3,758
Less: reinsurance recoverable	—			(1,532)			—
Balance, end of period, after reinsurance	$	1,646		$	16,905		$	3,758
Weighted average crediting rate	4.0		%	3.3		%	2.9		%
Net amount at risk (1)	$	697		$	2,468		$	—
Cash surrender value	$	1,635		$	18,398		$	3,340

(1) Net amount at risk is defined as the guaranteed amount less the account value as of the balance sheet date. The balance represents the amount of the claim the Company would incur if death claims were filed on all contracts on the balance sheet date.

Information regarding the Company’s policyholder account balances as of March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

	March 31,
	2024		2023
Policyholder account balances included in the rollforwards:
Traditional:
U.S. and Latin America	$	1,595	$	1,646
Financial Solutions:
U.S. and Latin America	17,251		18,437
Asia Pacific	3,692		3,758
Other policyholder account balances
U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions	48		70
Total policyholder account balances	$	22,586	$	23,911

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The balance of account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums as of March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024
	Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate	At Guaranteed Minimum		1 Basis Point – 50 Basis Points Above		51 Basis Points – 100 Basis Points Above		101 Basis Points – 150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
U.S. and Latin America – Traditional	Less than 1.00%	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
	1.00 – 1.99%	—		—		—		—		—		—
	2.00 – 2.99%	—		—		—		—		—		—
	3.00 – 3.99%	—		—		—		—		—		—
	4.00% and Greater	502		109		984		—		—		1,595
	Total	$	502	$	109	$	984	$	—	$	—	$	1,595
U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions	Less than 1.00%	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
	1.00 – 1.99%	1,501		9		13		52		22		1,597
	2.00 – 2.99%	1,462		16		37		632		103		2,250
	3.00 – 3.99%	4,019		241		105		2		—		4,367
	4.00% and Greater	8,993		44		—		—		—		9,037
	Total	$	15,975	$	310	$	155	$	686	$	125	$	17,251
Asia Pacific – Financial Solutions	Less than 1.00%	$	255	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	255
	1.00 – 1.99%	624		—		—		—		—		624
	2.00 – 2.99%	675		—		—		—		—		675
	3.00 – 3.99%	1,244		—		—		—		—		1,244
	4.00% and Greater	894		—		—		—		—		894
	Total	$	3,692	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,692

Table of Contents

	March 31, 2023
	Range of Guaranteed Minimum Crediting Rate	At Guaranteed Minimum		1 Basis Point – 50 Basis Points Above		51 Basis Points – 100 Basis Points Above		101 Basis Points – 150 Basis Points Above		Greater Than 150 Basis Points Above		Total
U.S. and Latin America – Traditional	Less than 1.00%	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
	1.00 – 1.99%	—		—		—		—		—		—
	2.00 – 2.99%	—		—		—		—		—		—
	3.00 – 3.99%	—		—		—		—		—		—
	4.00% and Greater	1,646		—		—		—		—		1,646
	Total	$	1,646	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,646
U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions	Less than 1.00%	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
	1.00 – 1.99%	1,844		14		32		65		40		1,995
	2.00 – 2.99%	1,831		9		82		645		14		2,581
	3.00 – 3.99%	4,718		240		67		12		1		5,038
	4.00% and Greater	8,773		50		—		—		—		8,823
	Total	$	17,166	$	313	$	181	$	722	$	55	$	18,437
Asia Pacific – Financial Solutions	Less than 1.00%	$	291	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	291
	1.00 – 1.99%	717		—		—		—		—		717
	2.00 – 2.99%	804		—		—		—		—		804
	3.00 – 3.99%	1,225		—		—		—		—		1,225
	4.00% and Greater	721		—		—		—		—		721
	Total	$	3,758	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	3,758

NOTE 6 UNPAID CLAIMS AND CLAIM EXPENSE – SHORT-DURATION CONTRACTS

Rollforward of Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses

The liability for unpaid claims for short-duration contracts is reported in other policy claims and benefits on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Activity associated with unpaid claims is summarized below (dollars in millions):

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Balance, beginning of year	$	2,730	$	2,480
Less: reinsurance recoverable	(80)		(57)
Net balance, beginning of year	2,650		2,423
Incurred:
Current year	399		363
Prior years	(28)		(25)
Total incurred	371		338
Payments:
Current year	(19)		(23)
Prior years	(290)		(249)
Total payments	(309)		(272)
Other changes:
Interest accretion	10		8
Foreign exchange adjustments	(44)		(6)
Total other changes	(34)		2
Net balance, end of period	2,678		2,491
Plus: reinsurance recoverable	75		67
Balance, end of period	$	2,753	$	2,558

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Incurred claims associated with prior periods are primarily due to the development of claims for prior years being different than were anticipated when the liabilities for unpaid claims were originally estimated. These trends have been considered in establishing the current year liability for unpaid claims.

NOTE 7 MARKET RISK BENEFITS

The following table provides the balances of and changes in the Company’s market risk benefits for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

	U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions
	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Balance, beginning of year	$	249	$	247
Balance, beginning of year, before effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	253		263
Interest accrual	3		4
Attributed fees collected	6		6
Benefit payments	—		—
Effect of changes in interest rates	(25)		21
Effect of changes in equity markets	(21)		(17)
Effect of changes in volatility	—		(5)
Other market impacts	(4)		—
Actual policyholder behavior different from expected behavior	6		5
Balance, end of period, before effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	218		277
Effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk	(4)		(18)
Balance, end of period	214		259
Less: reinsurance recoverable	—		—
Balance, end of period, after reinsurance	$	214	$	259
Net amount at risk	$	1,329	$	1,428
Weighted average attained age of contract holders (in years)	71		71

The reconciliation of the rollforward for market risk benefits to the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

	March 31,						March 31,
	2024						2023
	Asset (1)		Liability		Net		Asset (1)		Liability		Net
U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions	$	14	$	228	$	(214)	$	2	$	261	$	(259)
Total market risk benefits	$	14	$	228	$	(214)	$	2	$	261	$	(259)

(1)Included in Other assets

Fair Value Measurement

See Note 12 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” for information about fair value measurement of assets and liabilities, except for market risk benefits.

Market risk benefits are classified within Level 3 on the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of market risk benefits is monitored through the use of attribution reports to quantify the effect of underlying sources of fair value change, including capital market inputs based on policyholder account values, interest rates and short-term and long-term implied volatility from period to period.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no material changes made to the inputs in the market risk benefits calculations, and nonfinancial assumptions were unchanged.

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NOTE 8 DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

The following tables provide the balances of and changes in deferred policy acquisition costs for the Company’s Traditional business for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

For the three months ended March 31, 2024:	U.S. and Latin America – Traditional		Canada – Traditional		Europe, Middle East and Africa – Traditional		Asia Pacific – Traditional
Balance, beginning of year	$	2,191	$	173	$	347	$	1,098
Capitalization	84		2		19		43
Amortization expense	(37)		(3)		(13)		(14)
Foreign currency translation	—		(4)		(6)		(16)
Balance, end of period	$	2,238	$	168	$	347	$	1,111	For the three months ended March 31, 2023:	U.S. and Latin America – Traditional	Canada – Traditional	Europe, Middle East and Africa – Traditional	Asia Pacific – Traditional
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Balance, beginning of year	$	2,087	$	171	$	294	$	1,043
Capitalization	57		3		25		19
Amortization expense	(35)		(3)		(10)		(15)
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(3)
Balance, end of period	$	2,109	$	171	$	309	$	1,044

The following tables provide the balances of and changes in deferred policy acquisition costs for the Company’s Financial Solutions business for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

For the three months ended March 31, 2024:	U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions		Canada – Financial Solutions		Europe, Middle East and Africa – Financial Solutions		Asia Pacific – Financial Solutions
Balance, beginning of year	$	552	$	—	$	—	$	250
Capitalization	1		—		—		20
Amortization expense	(15)		—		—		(10)
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(1)
Balance, end of period	$	538	$	—	$	—	$	259	For the three months ended March 31, 2023:	U.S. and Latin America – Financial Solutions	Canada – Financial Solutions	Europe, Middle East and Africa – Financial Solutions	Asia Pacific – Financial Solutions
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Balance, beginning of year	$	341	$	—	$	—	$	188
Capitalization	—		—		—		108
Amortization expense	(11)		—		—		(6)
Foreign currency translation	—		—		—		(1)
Balance, end of period	$	330	$	—	$	—	$	289

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The reconciliation of deferred policy acquisition costs to the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

	March 31,
	2024		2023
Deferred policy acquisition costs included in the rollforwards:
Traditional:
U.S. and Latin America	$	2,238	$	2,109
Canada	168		171
Europe, Middle East and Africa	347		309
Asia Pacific	1,111		1,044
Financial Solutions:
U.S. and Latin America	538		330
Canada	—		—
Europe, Middle East and Africa	—		—
Asia Pacific	259		289
Other long-duration business:
Corporate and Other	12		5
Total deferred policy acquisition costs	$	4,673	$	4,257

NOTE 9 REINSURANCE

Ceded Reinsurance

Retrocession reinsurance treaties do not relieve the Company from its obligations to direct writing companies. Failure of retrocessionaires to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. Consequently, allowances would be established for amounts deemed uncollectible. The Company regularly evaluates the financial condition of the insurance companies from which it assumes and to which it cedes reinsurance. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, no allowances were deemed necessary.

Retrocessions are arranged through the Company’s retrocession pools for amounts in excess of the Company’s retention limit. As of March 31, 2024, all rated retrocession pool participants followed by the A.M. Best Company were rated “A- (excellent)” or better. The Company verifies retrocession pool participants’ ratings on a quarterly basis. For a majority of the retrocessionaires that were not rated, security in the form of letters of credit or trust assets have been posted. In addition, the Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, Ruby Reinsurance Company (Ruby Re), a Missouri-domiciled life reinsurance company to reinsure U.S. asset-intensive business was launched with the Company as a sponsor. The Company, which is not an investor in Ruby Re, does not consolidate the entity.

Two reinsurance companies, including Ruby Re, account for approximately 74% of reinsurance ceded receivables and other as of March 31, 2024.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, $12 million and $10 million of claims recoverable were in excess of 90 days past due, respectively. Also included in reinsurance ceded receivables and other is a deposit asset on reinsurance of $3.0 billion and $3.1 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Funds Withheld

Certain of the Company’s retrocession agreements, including those with Ruby Re, are on a modco or funds withheld basis. While the economic benefits of the funds withheld assets are passed on to the assuming company, the Company retains legal ownership of the assets within the funds withheld account and established a funds withheld liability. Net investment income related to the funds withheld assets are reported in other reinsurance expense, and net realized gains (losses) related to the assets are reported net of the amount that is passed on to the assuming company. The following assets were held in support of the Company’s funds withheld arrangements and are reported in the line items shown in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

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	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	2,380	$	2,442
Equity securities	2		2
Mortgage loans	437		451
Funds withheld at interest	1,515		1,545
Real estate joint ventures	36		35
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents	31		30
Accrued investment income	28		28
Net other assets	—		1
Net assets	$	4,429	$	4,534

Certain assets are reported at amortized cost while the fair value of those assets is reflected in the funds withheld payable. The Company had a $4,409 million and $4,483 million funds withheld payable, net of an embedded derivative asset of $190 million and $206 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

NOTE 10 INVESTMENTS

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The Company holds various types of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale and classifies them as corporate securities (“Corporate”), Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities (“Canadian government”), Japanese government and agencies (“Japanese government”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), U.S. government and agencies (“U.S. government”), state and political subdivisions, and other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises (“Other foreign government”). ABS, CMBS, and RMBS are collectively “structured securities.”

The following tables provide information relating to investments in fixed maturity securities by type as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

March 31, 2024:	Amortized		Allowance for		Unrealized		Unrealized		Estimated Fair		% of
	Cost		Credit Losses		Gains		Losses		Value		Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	44,575	$	79	$	485	$	3,933	$	41,048	62.4	%
Canadian government	3,455		—		326		68		3,713		5.6
Japanese government	5,722		—		4		522		5,204		7.9
ABS	5,137		15		30		207		4,945		7.5
CMBS	2,002		1		14		154		1,861		2.8
RMBS	1,250		—		10		110		1,150		1.7
U.S. government	3,028		—		2		244		2,786		4.2
State and political subdivisions	1,249		—		6		139		1,116		1.7
Other foreign government	4,372		—		39		407		4,004		6.2
Total fixed maturity securities	$	70,790	$	95	$	916	$	5,784	$	65,827	100.0	%	December 31, 2023:	Amortized	Allowance for	Unrealized	Unrealized	Estimated Fair	% of
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Cost		Credit Losses		Gains		Losses		Value		Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	42,014	$	62	$	554	$	3,751	$	38,755	64.1	%
Canadian government	3,477		—		473		33		3,917		6.5
Japanese government	3,630		—		3		502		3,131		5.2
ABS	4,661		12		19		239		4,429		7.3
CMBS	1,969		1		7		202		1,773		2.9
RMBS	1,173		—		8		102		1,079		1.8
U.S. government	2,725		—		9		214		2,520		4.2
State and political subdivisions	1,236		—		7		129		1,114		1.8
Other foreign government	4,092		—		45		388		3,749		6.2
Total fixed maturity securities	$	64,977	$	75	$	1,125	$	5,560	$	60,467	100.0	%

The Company monitors its concentrations of financial instruments on an ongoing basis and mitigates credit risk by maintaining a diversified investment portfolio that limits exposure to any one issuer. The Company’s exposure to concentrations of credit

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risk from single issuers, including certain agencies, greater than 10% of the Company’s equity are disclosed below, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Amortized<br>Cost		Estimated <br>Fair Value		Amortized<br>Cost		Estimated <br>Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities guaranteed or issued by:
Japanese government	$	5,722	$	5,204	$	3,630	$	3,131
U.S. government	3,028		2,786		2,725		2,520
Canadian province of Quebec	1,454		1,636		1,467		1,748
Canadian province of Ontario	1,002		1,070		1,019		1,125

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale as of March 31, 2024, are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in millions). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Structured securities are shown separately in the table below, as they are not due at a single maturity date.

	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less	$	1,316	$	1,313
Due after one year through five years	11,090		10,925
Due after five years through ten years	12,989		12,401
Due after ten years	37,006		33,232
Structured securities	8,389		7,956
Total	$	70,790	$	65,827

Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities

The tables below show the major sectors of the Company’s corporate fixed maturity holdings as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

March 31, 2024:	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	15,788	$	14,526	35.4	%
Industrial	22,606		20,946		51.0
Utility	6,181		5,576		13.6
Total	$	44,575	$	41,048	100.0	%
December 31, 2023:	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	15,052	$	13,789	35.6	%
Industrial	21,413		19,935		51.4
Utility	5,549		5,031		13.0
Total	$	42,014	$	38,755	100.0	%

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Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments – Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

As discussed in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report, allowances for credit losses on fixed maturity securities are recognized in investment related gains (losses), net. The amount recognized represents the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the fixed maturity security prior to the allowance for credit losses. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in OCI.

The following tables present the rollforward of the allowance for credit losses in fixed maturity securities by type for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

For the three months ended March 31, 2024:
	Corporate		ABS		CMBS		Total
Balance, beginning of year	$	62	$	12	$	1	$	75
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	30		—		—		30
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(8)		—		—		(8)
Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	(5)		3		—		(2)
Balance, end of period	$	79	$	15	$	1	$	95	For the three months ended March 31, 2023:
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Corporate		ABS		CMBS		Total
Balance, beginning of year	$	27	$	10	$	—	$	37
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	43		—		—		43
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(3)		—		—		(3)
Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	2		—		—		2
Balance, end of period	$	69	$	10	$	—	$	79

Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The following tables present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses for the 6,101 and 5,788 fixed maturity securities for which both the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost and an allowance for credit loss has not been recorded as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions). These investments are presented by class and grade of security, as well as the length of time the related fair value has continuously remained below amortized cost.

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	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
March 31, 2024:	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	4,063	$	89	$	23,710	$	3,753	$	27,773	$	3,842
Canadian government	291		14		433		54		724		68
Japanese government	2,728		63		2,013		459		4,741		522
ABS	560		8		2,883		191		3,443		199
CMBS	108		1		1,266		143		1,374		144
RMBS	161		3		683		107		844		110
U.S. government	1,932		14		654		230		2,586		244
State and political subdivisions	119		3		815		136		934		139
Other foreign government	466		6		2,190		348		2,656		354
Total investment grade securities	10,428		201		34,647		5,421		45,075		5,622
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	246		25		512		66		758		$	91
ABS	10		1		62		7		72		8
CMBS	—		—		4		1		4		1
Other foreign government	—		—		193		53		193		53
Total below investment grade securities	256		26		771		127		1,027		153
Total fixed maturity securities	$	10,684	$	227	$	35,418	$	5,548	$	46,102	$	5,775	Less than 12 months	12 months or greater	Total
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
December 31, 2023:	Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	2,134	$	70	$	24,207	$	3,524	$	26,341	$	3,594
Canadian government	—		—		459		33		459		33
Japanese government	876		50		2,193		452		3,069		502
ABS	336		5		3,025		223		3,361		228
CMBS	160		5		1,328		190		1,488		195
RMBS	115		3		681		99		796		102
U.S. government	614		10		717		204		1,331		214
State and political subdivisions	73		1		864		128		937		129
Other foreign government	254		3		2,290		333		2,544		336
Total investment grade securities	4,562		147		35,764		5,186		40,326		5,333
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	295		36		649		121		944		157
ABS	—		—		68		10		68		10
CMBS	—		—		4		1		4		1
Other foreign government	—		—		193		52		193		52
Total below investment grade securities	295		36		914		184		1,209		220
Total fixed maturity securities	$	4,857	$	183	$	36,678	$	5,370	$	41,535	$	5,553

The Company did not intend to sell, and more likely than not would not be required to sell, the securities outlined in the tables above, as of the dates indicated. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell fixed maturity securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality and liquidity guidelines. Changes in unrealized losses are primarily driven by changes in risk-free interest rates and credit spreads.

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Net Investment Income

Major categories of net investment income consist of the following (dollars in millions):


	2024		2023
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	760	$	645
Equity securities	2		2
Mortgage loans	90		74
Policy loans	14		13
Funds withheld at interest	89		72
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	7		54
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents	34		21
Other invested assets	4		9
Investment income	1,000		890
Investment expense	(39)		(34)
Net investment income	$	961	$	856

Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net

Investment related gains (losses), net consist of the following (dollars in millions):


	2024		2023
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Change in allowance for credit losses	$	(20)	$	(42)
Impairments on fixed maturity securities	—		(1)
Realized gains on investment activity	32		31
Realized losses on investment activity	(134)		(75)
Net gains (losses) on equity securities	4		2
Change in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses	(10)		3
Limited partnerships and real estate joint venture impairment losses	(8)		—
Change in fair value of certain limited partnership investments	1		(3)
Net losses on freestanding derivatives	(99)		(31)
Net gains (losses) on embedded derivatives	77		37
Other, net	8		2
Total investment related gains (losses), net	$	(149)	$	(77)

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Collateral Arrangements

The Company enters into various collateral arrangements with counterparties that require both the pledging and acceptance of invested assets as collateral. Pledged invested assets are included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Invested assets received as collateral are held in separate custodial accounts and are not recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or repledge collateral it receives; however, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, none of the collateral received had been sold or repledged.

The Company also holds invested assets on deposit to meet regulatory requirements and holds assets in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties.

The following table includes invested assets on deposit, invested assets pledged and received as collateral, assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements and FHLB common stock restricted as to sale as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Amortized<br>Cost		Estimated <br>Fair Value		Amortized<br>Cost		Estimated <br>Fair Value
Invested assets on deposit (regulatory deposits)	$	12	$	9	$	12	$	9
Invested assets pledged as collateral	717		631		572		517
Invested assets received as collateral	n/a		1,932		n/a		1,827
Assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements	33,402		30,798		32,758		30,359
FHLB common stock restricted as to sale	63		63		63		63

Securities Lending and Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements

The following table provides the estimated fair value of securities relating to securities lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Securities Loaned, Pledged, or<br><br>Sold (1)		Securities Borrowed or Collateral Received from Counterparties (2)		Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (3)		Securities Loaned, Pledged, or<br><br>Sold (1)		Securities Borrowed or Collateral Received from Counterparties (2)		Cash Collateral Received from Counterparties (3)
Securities lending transactions	$	912	$	1,160	$	—	$	732	$	1,013	$	—
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions	1,568		732		719		1,333		517		820

(1)Securities loaned or pledged through securities lending transactions or sold to counterparties through repurchase transactions are included within fixed maturity securities. Collateral associated with certain securities lending transactions is not included within this table as the collateral pledged to the counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows. Certain securities lending transactions do not require collateral.

(2)Securities borrowed or received as collateral through securities lending transactions or purchased from counterparties through reverse repurchase transactions are not reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

(3)A payable for the cash received by the Company is included within other liabilities.

The following tables present the estimated fair value of securities by the remaining contractual maturity of the Company’s securities lending and repurchase agreements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

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	March 31, 2024										December 31, 2023
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements										Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total		Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	—	$	75	$	66	$	202	$	343	$	—	$	—	$	94	$	41	$	135
Japanese government	—		—		—		536		536		—		88		—		480		568
U.S. government	—		—		—		9		9		—		—		—		—		—
State and political subdivisions	—		—		—		6		6		—		—		—		11		11
Other foreign government	—		—		7		11		18		—		—		13		5		18
Total	—		75		73		764		912		—		88		107		537		732
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:
Corporate	—		39		—		538		577		—		—		—		553		553
Japanese government	—		—		—		382		382		—		—		—		158		158
ABS	—		—		52		157		209		—		—		—		229		229
CMBS	—		24		56		108		188		—		—		—		221		221
RMBS	—		1		8		43		52		—		—		—		52		52
U.S. government	—		—		—		61		61		—		—		—		14		14
Other foreign government	—		—		—		99		99		—		—		—		106		106
Total	—		64		116		1,388		1,568		—		—		—		1,333		1,333
Total transactions	$	—	$	139	$	189	$	2,152	$	2,480	$	—	$	88	$	107	$	1,870	$	2,065

Mortgage Loans

As of March 31, 2024, mortgage loans were geographically dispersed throughout the U.S. with the largest concentrations in California (14.0%), Texas (10.4%) and Washington (7.3%), in addition to loans secured by properties in Canada (4.0%) and the United Kingdom (2.4%). The recorded investment in mortgage loans presented below is gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and allowance for credit losses.

The following table presents the distribution of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans by property type as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
Property type:	Carrying Value		% of Total		Carrying Value		% of Total
Office	$	1,692	22.2	%	$	1,700	22.8	%
Retail	2,487		32.6		2,437		32.7
Industrial	2,068		27.1		1,947		26.1
Apartment	927		12.1		913		12.2
Hotel	411		5.4		413		5.5
Other commercial	48		0.6		49		0.7
Recorded investment	7,633		100.0	%	7,459		100.0	%
Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses	(17)				(15)
Allowance for credit losses	(77)				(67)
Total mortgage loans	$	7,539			$	7,377

The following table presents the maturities of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Recorded<br>Investment		% of Total		Recorded<br>Investment		% of Total
Due within five years	$	3,463	45.4	%	$	3,228	43.3	%
Due after five years through ten years	3,321		43.5		3,334		44.7
Due after ten years	849		11.1		897		12.0
Total	$	7,633	100.0	%	$	7,459	100.0	%

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The following tables set forth certain key credit quality indicators of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total			% of Total
March 31, 2024:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	3,820	$	298	$	40	$	50		$	4,208		55.1	%
60% – 69.99%	1,950		160		38		—			2,148			28.2
70% – 79.99%	849		28		47		—			924			12.1
80% or greater	189		55		109		—			353			4.6
Total	$	6,808	$	541	$	234	$	50		$	7,633		100.0	%	Recorded Investment
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total			% of Total
December 31, 2023:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	3,672	$	272	$	27	$	46		$	4,017		53.9	%
60% – 69.99%	1,947		154		44		—			2,145			28.8
70% – 79.99%	843		52		34		—			929			12.4
80% or greater	198		70		100		—			368			4.9
Total	$	6,660	$	548	$	205	$	46		$	7,459		100.0	%

The following table sets forth credit quality grades by year of origination of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Total
March 31, 2024:
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	126	$	474	$	632	$	563	$	257	$	2,174	$	4,226
Investment grade	172		754		671		390		242		899		3,128
Average	—		12		—		—		18		203		233
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		23		23
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		23		23
Total	$	298	$	1,240	$	1,303	$	953	$	517	$	3,322	$	7,633	Recorded Investment
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Year of Origination
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Total
December 31, 2023:
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	475	$	635	$	573	$	304	$	491	$	1,734	$	4,212
Investment grade	754		668		384		245		313		564		2,928
Average	12		—		—		18		63		203		296
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		16		16
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		7		7
Total	$	1,241	$	1,303	$	957	$	567	$	867	$	2,524	$	7,459

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The following table presents the current and past due composition of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Current	$	7,610	$	7,431
31 – 60 days past due	7		28
Greater than 90 days past due	16		—
Total	$	7,633	$	7,459

The following table presents information regarding the Company’s allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):


	2024		2023
Balance, beginning of period	$	67	$	51
Change in allowance for credit losses	10		(3)
Balance, end of period	$	77	$	48

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company modified two mortgage loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, providing interest only payments and maturity extensions. The total recorded investment before allowance for credit losses for the modified loans was $21 million as of March 31, 2024. The Company did not modify any mortgage loans during the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The Company had three mortgage loans totaling $23 million that were on a nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2024. The Company had one mortgage loan in the amount of $19 million that was on nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2023. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company did not convert any mortgage loans to owned properties through a deed in lieu of foreclosure. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company converted one mortgage loan in the amount of $17 million to an owned property through a deed in lieu of foreclosure. The Company did not acquire any impaired mortgage loans during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Policy Loans

The majority of policy loans are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk as the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.

Funds Withheld at Interest

As of March 31, 2024, $3.3 billion of the funds withheld at interest balance is primarily associated with two clients. For reinsurance agreements written on a modco basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company and are reflected as funds withheld at interest. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed to the Company from the ceding company.

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

The carrying values of limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Limited partnerships – equity method	$	923	$	925
Limited partnerships – fair value	893		856
Limited partnerships – cost method	71		71
Real estate joint ventures	810		783
Total limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	$	2,697	$	2,635

Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets include lifetime mortgages, derivative contracts and FHLB common stock. Other invested assets also includes real estate held for investment, which is included in “Other” in the table below. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses for lifetime mortgages was not material. The carrying values of other invested assets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows (dollars in millions):

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	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Lifetime mortgages	$	939	$	944
Derivatives	70		97
FHLB common stock	63		63
Other	68		67
Total other invested assets	$	1,140	$	1,171

NOTE 11 DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report for a detailed discussion of the accounting treatment for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives. See Note 12 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” for additional disclosures related to the fair value hierarchy for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives.

Commonly used derivative instruments include, but are not necessarily limited to: interest rate swaps, interest rate options, total return swaps, interest rate futures, foreign currency swaps, foreign currency forwards, equity options, equity futures, credit default swaps, consumer price index (“CPI”) swaps, forward bond purchase commitments, synthetic guaranteed investment contracts (“GICs”), other derivatives and embedded derivatives. For detailed information on these derivative instruments and the related strategies, see Note 12 – “Derivative Instruments” of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report.

Summary of Derivative Positions

Freestanding derivatives are included in other invested assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Embedded derivative assets and liabilities on modco or funds withheld arrangements are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in funds withheld at interest or funds withheld payable, at fair value. Embedded derivative liabilities on indexed annuity products are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, at fair value. The following table presents the notional amounts and gross fair value of derivative instruments prior to taking into account the netting effects of master netting agreements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

			March 31, 2024									December 31, 2023
	Primary<br> Underlying Risk		Notional			Carrying Value/Fair Value						Notional			Carrying Value/Fair Value
		Amount			Assets			Liabilities			Amount			Assets			Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate		$	1,400		$	5		$	11		$	1,609		$	4		$	3
Interest rate options	Interest rate		5,555			3			—			5,555			7			—
Total return swaps	Interest rate		700			23			—			500			24			—
Interest rate futures	Interest rate		96			—			—			97			—			—
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency		150			39			—			150			27			—
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency		2,489			—			27			809			36			—
Equity options	Equity		253			4			—			253			8			—
Equity futures	Equity		211			—			—			255			—			—
Credit default swaps	Credit		2,005			4			3			1,475			5			1
CPI swaps	CPI		456			11			2			468			11			3
Synthetic GICs	Interest rate		15,801			—			—			16,135			—			—
Embedded derivatives in:
Modco or funds withheld arrangements			—			327			421			—			356			527
Indexed annuity products			—			—			398			—			—			415
Total non-designated derivatives			29,116			416			862			27,306			478			949
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate		1,830			1			97			1,770			9			86
Forward bond purchase commitments	Interest rate		1,072			2			107			1,076			11			80
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency		742			6			88			809			7			64
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency		1,143			15			2			1,143			5			17
Total hedging derivatives			4,787			24			294			4,798			32			247
Total derivatives			$	33,903		$	440		$	1,156		$	32,104		$	510		$	1,196

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Fair Value Hedges

The Company designates and reports the following as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging: (i) certain foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets; and (ii) interest rate swaps to convert fixed rate liabilities to floating rate liabilities. The gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to a change in interest rates or foreign currency and the offsetting gain or loss on the related interest rate or foreign currency swaps for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows (dollars in millions):

Derivative Type	Hedged Item	Investment Related <br>Gains (Losses), Net				Interest Credited
		Derivatives		Hedged Items		Derivatives		Hedged Items
For the three months ended March 31, 2024:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(1)	$	—	$	—	$	—
Interest rate swaps	Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	—		—		(2)		1
For the three months ended March 31, 2023:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	(3)		2		—		—
Interest rate swaps	Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	—		—		—		—

Cash Flow Hedges

Certain derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges: (i) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets and liabilities are variable based on a benchmark rate; (ii) certain interest rate swaps, in which floating rate assets are converted to fixed rate assets; (iii) forward bond purchase commitments; and (iv) certain foreign currency swaps, in which the cash flows of assets are denominated in different currencies, commonly referred to as cross-currency swaps.

The following table presents the cash flow hedge components of AOCI, before income tax, and the condensed consolidated income statement classification where the gain or loss is recognized related to cash flow hedges for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Balance, beginning of period	$	(218)	$	(205)
Gains (losses), net deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	(86)		6
Amounts reclassified to net investment income	8		3
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	(3)		(2)
Balance, end of period	$	(299)	$	(198)

As of March 31, 2024, approximately $40 million of before-tax deferred net losses on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI are expected to be reclassified to investment income during the next twelve months. For the same time period, approximately $10 million of before-tax deferred net gains on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI are expected to be reclassified to interest expense during the next twelve months.

The following table presents the effect of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

Derivative Type	Gains (Losses)<br> Deferred in OCI		Gains (Losses) Reclassified into Income from <br>AOCI
			Net Investment Income		Interest Expense
For the three months ended March 31, 2024:
Interest rate	$	(57)	$	(3)	$	3
Foreign currency	(29)		(5)		—
Total	$	(86)	$	(8)	$	3
For the three months ended March 31, 2023:
Interest rate	$	14	$	—	$	2
Foreign currency	(8)		(3)		—
Total	$	6	$	(3)	$	2

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For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no material amounts reclassified into earnings relating to instances in which the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transaction did not occur by the anticipated date or within the additional time period permitted by the authoritative guidance for the accounting for derivatives and hedging.

Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations

The Company uses foreign currency swaps and foreign currency forwards to hedge a portion of its net investment in certain foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The following table illustrates the Company’s net investments in foreign operations (“NIFO”) hedges and the gains (losses) deferred in OCI for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):

	Derivative Gains (Losses) Deferred in OCI
	For the three months ended March 31,
Derivative Type	2024		2023
Foreign currency swaps	$	—	$	—
Foreign currency forwards	25		—
Total	$	25	$	—

The cumulative foreign currency translation gain recorded in AOCI related to these hedges was $208 million and $183 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. If a hedged foreign operation was sold or substantially liquidated, the amounts in AOCI would be reclassified to the condensed consolidated statements of income. A pro rata portion would be reclassified upon partial sale of a hedged foreign operation. There were no sales or substantial liquidations of net investments in foreign operations that would have required the reclassification of gains or losses from AOCI into investment income during the periods presented.

Non-qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging

The Company uses various other derivative instruments for risk management purposes that either do not qualify or have not been elected for hedge accounting treatment. The gain or loss related to the change in fair value for these derivative instruments is recognized in investment related gains (losses), net, except where otherwise noted.

A summary of the effect of non-qualifying derivatives, including embedded derivatives, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows (dollars in millions):

		Gains (Losses) for the three months ended <br>March 31,
Type of Non-qualifying Derivative	Income Statement <br>Location of Gains (Losses)	2024		2023
Interest rate swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	(31)	$	20
Interest rate options	Investment related gains (losses), net	(3)		(23)
Total return swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	4		3
Interest rate futures	Investment related gains (losses), net	1		—
Foreign currency swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	14		—
Foreign currency forwards	Investment related gains (losses), net	(64)		(19)
Equity options	Investment related gains (losses), net	(4)		(14)
Equity futures	Investment related gains (losses), net	(17)		(9)
Credit default swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	2		11
CPI swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	—		1
Subtotal		(98)		(30)
Embedded derivatives in:
Modco or funds withheld arrangements	Investment related gains (losses), net	77		37
Indexed annuity products	Interest credited	(20)		16
Total non-qualifying derivatives		$	(41)	$	23

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Credit Derivatives

The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of credit default swaps sold by the Company at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024					December 31, 2023
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced Credit Obligations(1)	Estimated Fair<br>Value of Credit <br>Default Swaps		Maximum<br><br>Amount of Future<br><br>Payments under<br><br>Credit Default<br><br>Swaps(2)		Weighted<br><br>Average<br><br>Years to<br><br>Maturity(3)	Estimated Fair<br>Value of Credit <br>Default Swaps		Maximum<br><br>Amount of Future<br><br>Payments under<br><br>Credit Default<br><br>Swaps(2)		Weighted<br><br>Average<br><br>Years to<br><br>Maturity(3)
AAA/AA/A
Single name credit default swaps	$	(3)	$	420	17.8	$	2	$	420	18.1
BBB
Single name credit default swaps	4		150		2.6	4		165		2.8
Credit default swaps referencing indices	—		1,410		5.2	(1)		880		5.0
Subtotal	4		1,560		5.0	3		1,045		4.7
BB
Single name credit default swaps	—		15		2.7	(1)		10		2.2
B
Single name credit default swaps	—		10		2.0	—		—		0.0
Total	$	1	$	2,005	7.6	$	4	$	1,475	8.5

(1)The rating agency designations are based on ratings from Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”).

(2)Assumes the value of the referenced credit obligations is zero.

(3)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average notional amounts.

Netting Arrangements and Credit Risk

Certain of the Company’s freestanding derivatives are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements and reported as a net asset or liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company nets all derivatives that are subject to such arrangements.

The Company has elected to include all freestanding derivatives in the table below, irrespective of whether they are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or a similar agreement. See Note 10 – “Investments” for information regarding the Company’s securities borrowing, lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements.

The following table provides information relating to the netting of the Company’s derivative instruments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

	Gross Amounts <br>Recognized		Gross Amounts<br>Offset in the<br>Balance Sheet		Net Amounts<br>Presented in the<br>Balance Sheet		Financial<br><br>Instruments/Collateral (1)		Net Amount
March 31, 2024:
Derivative assets	$	113	$	(43)	$	70	$	(70)	$	—
Derivative liabilities	337		(43)		294		(294)		—
December 31, 2023:
Derivative assets	$	154	$	(57)	$	97	$	(97)	$	—
Derivative liabilities	254		(57)		197		(197)		—

(1)Includes initial margin posted to a central clearing partner for financial instruments and excludes the excess of collateral received/pledged from/to the counterparty.

The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. Generally, the credit exposure of the Company’s derivative contracts is limited to the fair value and accrued interest of non-collateralized derivative contracts in an asset position at the reporting date. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had credit exposure of $14 million.

Derivatives may be exchange-traded or they may be privately negotiated contracts, which are referred to as over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC cleared”) and others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties. The Company manages its credit risk related to OTC derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master netting agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. The Company is only exposed to the default of the central clearing counterparties for OTC

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cleared derivatives, and these transactions require initial and daily variation margin collateral postings. Exchange-traded derivatives are settled on a daily basis, thereby reducing the credit risk exposure in the event of non-performance by counterparties to such financial instruments.

NOTE 12 FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Fair Value Measurement

General accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. These principles also establish a three-level fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Active markets are defined through various characteristics for the measured asset/liability, such as having many transactions and narrow bid/ask spreads.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or market standard valuation techniques and assumptions that use significant inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the related assets or liabilities and include those whose value is determined using market standard valuation techniques described above. Prices are determined using valuation methodologies such as discounted cash flow models and other similar techniques that require management’s judgment or estimation in developing inputs that are consistent with those other market participants would use when pricing similar assets and liabilities.

For a discussion of the Company’s valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value and the fair value hierarchy, see Note 13 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report.

See Note 7 – “Market Risk Benefits” for information about fair value measurement of market risk benefits.

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Assets and Liabilities by Hierarchy Level

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are summarized below (dollars in millions):

March 31, 2024:			Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets: (1)
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	41,048	$	—	$	35,969	$	5,079
Canadian government	3,713		—		3,713		—
Japanese government	5,204		—		5,204		—
ABS	4,945		—		3,580		1,365
CMBS	1,861		—		1,829		32
RMBS	1,150		—		1,149		1
U.S. government	2,786		2,694		86		6
State and political subdivisions	1,116		—		1,095		21
Other foreign government	4,004		—		3,971		33
Total fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	65,827		2,694		56,596		6,537
Equity securities	144		75		—		69
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(284)		—		—		(284)
Funds withheld at interest	55		—		—		55
Cash equivalents	2,698		2,698		—		—
Short-term investments	280		178		92		10
Other invested assets:
Derivatives	70		—		70		—
Other	20		—		20		—
Total other invested assets	90		—		90		—
Total	$	68,810	$	5,645	$	56,778	$	6,387
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	398	$	—	$	—	$	398
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(190)		—		—		(190)
Derivatives – other liabilities	294		—		294		—
Total	$	502	$	—	$	294	$	208

(1)Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of March 31, 2024, the fair value of such investments was $893 million.

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December 31, 2023:			Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets: (1)
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	38,755	$	—	$	33,822	$	4,933
Canadian government	3,917		—		3,917		—
Japanese government	3,131		—		3,131		—
ABS	4,429		—		3,064		1,365
CMBS	1,773		—		1,714		59
RMBS	1,079		—		1,078		1
U.S. government	2,520		2,426		87		7
State and political subdivisions	1,114		—		1,095		19
Other foreign government	3,749		—		3,714		35
Total fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	60,467		2,426		51,622		6,419
Equity securities	139		69		—		70
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(377)		—		—		(377)
Funds withheld at interest	54		—		—		54
Cash equivalents	1,335		1,322		13		—
Short-term investments	187		90		95		2
Other invested assets:
Derivatives	97		—		97		—
Other	22		—		22		—
Total other invested assets	119		—		119		—
Total	$	61,924	$	3,907	$	51,849	$	6,168
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	415	$	—	$	—	$	415
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	(206)		—		—		(206)
Derivatives – other liabilities	197		—		197		—
Total	$	406	$	—	$	197	$	209

(1)Excludes limited partnerships that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of December 31, 2023, the fair value of such investments was $856 million.

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Quantitative Information Regarding Internally Priced Assets and Liabilities

The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements that are developed internally by the Company as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

		Estimated Fair Value					Valuation Technique		Unobservable Input	Range (Weighted Average)
	March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023				March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Assets:
Corporate		$	160		$	91	Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium	0-2% (1%)	0-2% (1%)
									EBITDA Multiple	6.7x-11.0x (8.9x)	6.0x-8.5x (7.1x)
ABS		292			268		Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium	0-9% (2%)	0-18% (2%)
U.S. government		6			7		Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium	0-1% (1%)	0-1% (1%)
Equity securities		29			31		Market comparable securities		Liquidity premium	4%	4%
									EBITDA Multiple	6.9x-12.4x (10.4x)	8.4x-12.3x (10.1x)
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives		6			(50)		Total return swap		Mortality	0-100% (3%)	0-100% (3%)
									Lapse	0-35% (18%)	0-35% (18%)
									Withdrawal	0-10% (4%)	0-5% (4%)
									CVA	0-5% (0%)	0-5% (0%)
									Crediting rate	1-4% (2%)	1-4% (2%)
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives – indexed annuities		398			415		Discounted cash flow		Mortality	0-100% (3%)	0-100% (3%)
									Lapse	0-35% (17%)	0-35% (17%)
									Withdrawal	0-10% (4%)	0-5% (4%)
									Option budget projection	1-4% (2%)	1-4% (2%)

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Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

Assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 are due to a lack of observable market transactions and price information. Transfers out of Level 3 are primarily the result of the Company obtaining observable pricing information or a third-party pricing quotation that appropriately reflects the fair value of those assets and liabilities.

For further information on the Company’s valuation processes, see Note 13 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report.

The reconciliations for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are as follows (dollars in millions):

For the three months ended March 31, 2024:	Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale														Funds<br><br>withheld at interest –embedded derivatives, net (1)		Funds <br>withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract <br>liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Cash equivalents		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	4,933	$	35	$	1,425	$	26	$	70	$	—	$	2	$	(171)	$	54	$	(415)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	2		—		1		—		—		—		—		—		2		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(24)		—		(2)		—		(3)		—		—		77		—		—
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(20)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	11		(2)		2		—		—		—		—		—		(1)		—
Purchases (2)	428		—		46		—		2		—		8		—		1		12
Sales (2)	(119)		—		(23)		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (2)	(118)		—		(60)		(1)		—		—		—		—		(1)		25
Transfers into Level 3	—		—		30		2		—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(34)		—		(21)		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	5,079	$	33	$	1,398	$	27	$	69	$	—	$	10	$	(94)	$	55	$	(398)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(27)		—		(3)		—		(3)		—		—		77		—		—
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		46
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	12		(2)		2		—		—		—		—		—		(1)		—

(1)Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

(2)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2023:	Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale														Funds<br><br>withheld at interest –embedded derivatives, net (1)		Funds <br>withheld at interest		Interest-sensitive contract <br>liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Cash equivalents		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	4,299	$	35	$	1,353	$	35	$	66	$	—	$	13	$	(8)	$	54	$	(530)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	1		—		1		—		—		—		—		—		(2)		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(1)		—		1		—		—		—		(1)		37		—		—
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		16
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	55		2		33		(1)		—		—		—		—		1		—
Purchases (2)	318		—		98		—		2		1		1		—		—		2
Sales (2)	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements (2)	(59)		—		(62)		(1)		—		—		—		—		—		17
Transfers into Level 3	—		—		64		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	—		—		(27)		(5)		—		—		(6)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	4,613	$	37	$	1,461	$	28	$	68	$	1	$	7	$	29	$	53	$	(495)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Net investment income	$	1	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(2)	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(2)		—		—		—		—		—		(1)		37		—		—
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(1)
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	52		2		33		(1)		—		—		—		—		1		—

(1)Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivative assets and liabilities are presented net for purposes of the rollforward.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company has certain assets subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial recognition if they are determined to be impaired. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not have any material assets that were measured at fair value due to impairment.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, which were not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions). For additional information regarding the methods and significant assumptions used by the Company to estimate these fair values, see Note 13 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report. This table excludes any payables or receivables for collateral under repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements and other transactions. The estimated fair value of the excluded amount approximates carrying value as they equal the amount of cash collateral received/paid.

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March 31, 2024:		Carrying<br><br>Value (1)			Estimated <br>Fair Value		Fair Value Measurement Using:
	Level 1			Level 2			Level 3
Assets:
Mortgage loans		$	7,539		$	7,116	$	—	$	—	$	7,116
Policy loans		1,198			1,198		—		1,198		—
Funds withheld at interest		5,871			5,485		—		—		5,485
Limited partnerships – cost method		71			74		—		—		74
Cash and cash equivalents		3,237			3,237		3,237		—		—
Short-term investments		47			47		47		—		—
Other invested assets		1,015			832		5		64		763
Accrued investment income		808			808		—		808		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities (2)		$	22,283		$	21,916	$	—	$	—	$	21,916
Funds withheld at interest		4,599			4,341		—		—		4,341
Long-term debt		4,427			4,235		—		—		4,235
December 31, 2023:
Assets:
Mortgage loans		$	7,377		$	6,975	$	—	$	—	$	6,975
Policy loans		1,206			1,206		—		1,206		—
Funds withheld at interest		6,005			5,547		—		—		5,547
Limited partnerships – cost method		71			73		—		—		73
Cash and cash equivalents		1,635			1,635		1,635		—		—
Short-term investments		35			35		35		—		—
Other invested assets		1,019			841		4		63		774
Accrued investment income		759			759		—		759		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities (2)		$	21,797		$	21,665	$	—	$	—	$	21,665
Funds withheld at interest		4,689			4,400		—		—		4,400
Long-term debt		4,427			4,243		—		—		4,243

(1)Carrying values presented herein may differ from those in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement captions may be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

(2)Carrying values and estimated fair values presented herein include a reinsurance recoverable of $2.1 billion and $2.2 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

NOTE 13 INCOME TAX

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024, was 22.0% on pre-tax income. The tax rate was higher than the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to income earned in jurisdictions with tax rates greater than the U.S. statutory tax rate, Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”), and Subpart F income which were partially offset with credits. The effective tax rate for the three months ending March 31, 2023, was 28.0%. The tax rate was higher than the U.S. statutory rate primarily as a result of income in jurisdictions with tax rates higher than the U.S. statutory tax rate, GILTI, Subpart F income and adjustments to the valuation allowance.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“the Act”) was enacted in 2022. For tax years ending after December 31, 2022, the Act imposes a 15% minimum tax on adjusted financial statement income for “applicable corporations” with average financial statement income over $1 billion for the previous 3-year period ending in 2022 or after. Based on the current guidance, the Company is not an applicable corporation for 2024. The Act also imposes a 1% excise tax on stock buybacks of a publicly traded corporation. The Act is not expected to have a material impact to the Company’s tax expense.

Bermuda enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act of 2023 on December 27, 2023. The Bermuda regime, which is effective for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2025, establishes a statutory tax rate of 15%, applicable to companies with annual revenue of EUR 750 million or more. This enactment did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results from operations.

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The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development developed Model Global Anti-Base Erosion (“GloBE”) rules under Pillar II establishing a Global Minimum Tax to ensure multinational enterprises with consolidated revenue of more than EUR 750 million pay at least an effective tax rate of 15% on income arising in each jurisdiction in which they operate. The GloBE model rules serve as a template to allow for each jurisdiction to modify and incorporate into domestic law. As of March 31, 2024, many of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates enacted Pillar II legislation into domestic law with an effective date of January 1, 2024. Guidance is expected to continue throughout 2024 and beyond. The Company continues to evaluate the expected impact of the new law.

NOTE 14 EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

The components of net periodic benefit cost, included in other operating expenses on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income, for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (dollars in millions):

	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	Three months ended March 31,				Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Service cost	$	3	$	3	$	—	$	—
Interest cost	3		2		1		1
Expected return on plan assets	(3)		(3)		—		—
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		—
Amortization of prior actuarial losses	1		1		—		—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	4	$	3	$	1	$	1

NOTE 15 COMMITMENTS, CONTINGENCIES AND GUARANTEES

Commitments

Funding of Investments

The Company’s commitments to fund investments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, are presented in the following table (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	$	1,025	$	1,058
Mortgage loans	184		137
Bank loans and private placements	883		810
Lifetime mortgages	50		53

The Company anticipates that the majority of its current commitments will be invested over the next five years; however, these commitments could become due any time at the request of the counterparties. Bank loans and private placements are included in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale.

The Company has an immaterial liability, included in other liabilities, for current expected credit losses associated with unfunded commitments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Funding Agreements

Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines

The Company is a member of the FHLB and, through membership, has issued funding agreements to the FHLB in exchange for cash advances. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion of FHLB funding agreements outstanding. The Company is required to provide collateral in excess of the funding agreement amounts outstanding, considering any discounts to the securities posted and prepayment penalties.

Funding Agreement Backed Notes

The Company’s Funding Agreement Backed Notes (“FABN”) program allows RGA Global Funding, a special-purpose, unaffiliated statutory trust, to offer its senior secured medium-term notes to investors. RGA Global Funding uses the net proceeds from each sale to purchase one or more funding agreements from the Company. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $2.0 billion and $1.3 billion, respectively, of FABN agreements outstanding and are included within interest-sensitive contract liabilities.

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Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is subject to litigation and regulatory investigations or actions from time to time. Based on current knowledge, management does not believe that loss contingencies arising from pending legal, regulatory and governmental matters will have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations or cash flows of the Company. However, in light of the inherent uncertainties involved in future or pending legal, regulatory and governmental matters, some of which are beyond the Company’s control, and indeterminate or potentially substantial amount of damages sought in any such matters, an adverse outcome could be material to the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows for any particular reporting period. A legal reserve is established when the Company is notified of an arbitration demand, litigation or regulatory action or is notified that an arbitration demand, litigation or regulatory action is imminent, it is probable that the Company will incur a loss as a result and the amount of the probable loss is reasonably capable of being estimated.

Other Contingencies

The Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Since this indemnity generally is not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount due under this indemnity in the future.

Guarantees

Statutory Reserve Support

Certain RGA subsidiaries have committed to provide statutory reserve support to third parties, in exchange for a fee, by funding loans if certain defined events occur. Such statutory reserves are required under the U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX for term life insurance policies and Regulation A-XXX for universal life secondary guarantees). In addition, certain subsidiaries have also committed to provide capital support to a third party, in exchange for a fee, by agreeing to assume real estate leases in the event of a severe and prolonged decline in the commercial lease market. Upon assumption of a lease, the Company would recognize a right to use asset and lease obligation. As of March 31, 2024, the Company does not believe that it will be required to provide any funding under these commitments as the occurrence of the defined events is considered remote. The following table presents the maximum potential obligation for these commitments as of March 31, 2024 (dollars in millions):

Commitment Period	Maximum Potential Obligation
2034	$	1,243
2035	1,909
2036	3,599
2037	5,100
2038	2,550
2039	8,751
2041	720
2046	3,000
2049	4,750

NOTE 16 SEGMENT INFORMATION

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report. The Company measures segment performance primarily based on profit or loss from operations before income taxes. There are no intersegment reinsurance transactions, and the Company does not have any material long-lived assets.

The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in the Company’s businesses. As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is credited to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

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The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into Traditional and Financial Solutions businesses. Information related to revenues, income (loss) before income taxes and total assets of the Company for each reportable segment are summarized below (dollars in millions):

	Three months ended March 31,
Revenues:		2024		2023
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional		$	1,914	$	1,812
Financial Solutions		2,309		515
Total		4,223		2,327
Canada:
Traditional		386		359
Financial Solutions		27		27
Total		413		386
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional		525		460
Financial Solutions		211		169
Total		736		629
Asia Pacific:
Traditional		791		729
Financial Solutions		143		131
Total		934		860
Corporate and Other		31		49
Total		$	6,337	$	4,251	Three months ended March 31,
---	---	---	---
Income (loss) before income taxes:		2024		2023
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional		$	116	$	121
Financial Solutions		17		114
Total		133		235
Canada:
Traditional		47		29
Financial Solutions		7		10
Total		54		39
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional		28		27
Financial Solutions		64		59
Total		92		86
Asia Pacific:
Traditional		109		79
Financial Solutions		13		(13)
Total		122		66
Corporate and Other		(129)		(75)
Total		$	272	$	351

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Assets:	March 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	24,272	$	24,320
Financial Solutions	29,571		28,385
Total	53,843		52,705
Canada:
Traditional	5,164		5,111
Financial Solutions	233		219
Total	5,397		5,330
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	4,486		4,334
Financial Solutions	7,652		5,656
Total	12,138		9,990
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	9,886		9,925
Financial Solutions	19,986		14,680
Total	29,872		24,605
Corporate and Other	4,750		4,993
Total	$	106,000	$	97,623

NOTE 17 NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS

Changes to the general accounting principles are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™. Accounting standards updates not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Description	Anticipated Date of Adoption	Effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements
Segment Reporting<br><br>This standard improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment and contain other disclosure requirements. Early adoption is permitted.	December 31, 2024	The adoption of the new standard will be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the year of adoption. The adoption of the new standard will not be material to the Company’s results of operations or financial position.
Income Taxes<br><br>This standard improves income tax disclosure requirements, which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation, information on income taxes paid and other disclosure requirements. Early adoption is permitted.	December 31, 2025	The adoption of the new standard will be applied prospectively. Retrospective application is permitted. The adoption of the new standard will not be material to the Company’s results of operations or financial position.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This document contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and federal securities laws including, among others, statements relating to projections of the future operations, strategies, earnings, revenues, income or loss, ratios, financial performance and growth potential of the Company. Forward-looking statements often contain words and phrases such as “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “if,” “intend,” “likely,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “pro forma,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” and other words and terms of similar meaning or that are otherwise tied to future periods or future performance, in each case in all derivative forms. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on the Company. Forward-looking statements are not a guarantee of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. Future events and actual results, performance, and achievements could differ materially from those set forth in, contemplated by or underlying the forward-looking statements.

Factors that could also cause results or events to differ, possibly materially, from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements, include, among others: (1) adverse changes in mortality, morbidity, lapsation or claims experience, (2) inadequate risk analysis and underwriting, (3) adverse capital and credit market conditions and their impact on the Company’s liquidity, access to capital and cost of capital, (4) changes in the Company’s financial strength and credit ratings and the effect of such changes on the Company’s future results of operations and financial condition, (5) the availability and cost of collateral necessary for regulatory reserves and capital, (6) requirements to post collateral or make payments due to declines in the market value of assets subject to the Company’s collateral arrangements, (7) action by regulators who have authority over the Company’s reinsurance operations in the jurisdictions in which it operates, (8) the effect of the Company parent’s status as an insurance holding company and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay principal of and interest on its debt obligations, (9) general economic conditions or a prolonged economic downturn affecting the demand for insurance and reinsurance in the Company’s current and planned markets, (10) the impairment of other financial institutions and its effect on the Company’s business, (11) fluctuations in U.S. or foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, or securities and real estate markets, (12) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the value of the Company’s investment securities or result in the impairment of all or a portion of the value of certain of the Company’s investment securities that in turn could affect regulatory capital, (13) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the Company’s ability to make timely sales of investment securities, (14) risks inherent in the Company’s risk management and investment strategy, including changes in investment portfolio yields due to interest rate or credit quality changes, (15) the fact that the determination of allowances and impairments taken on the Company’s investments is highly subjective, (16) the stability of and actions by governments and economies in the markets in which the Company operates, including ongoing uncertainties regarding the amount of U.S. sovereign debt and the credit ratings thereof, (17) the Company’s dependence on third parties, including those insurance companies and reinsurers to which the Company cedes some reinsurance, third-party investment managers and others, (18) financial performance of the Company’s clients, (19) the threat of natural disasters, catastrophes, terrorist attacks, pandemics, epidemics or other major public health issues anywhere in the world where the Company or its clients do business, (20) competitive factors and competitors’ responses to the Company’s initiatives, (21) development and introduction of new products and distribution opportunities, (22) execution of the Company’s entry into new markets, (23) integration of acquired blocks of business and entities, (24) interruption or failure of the Company’s telecommunication, information technology or other operational systems, or the Company’s failure to maintain adequate security to protect the confidentiality or privacy of personal or sensitive data and intellectual property stored on such systems, (25) adverse developments with respect to litigation, arbitration or regulatory investigations or actions (26) the adequacy of reserves, resources and accurate information relating to settlements, awards and terminated and discontinued lines of business, (27) changes in laws, regulations, and accounting standards applicable to the Company or its business, including Long Duration Targeted Improvement accounting changes and (28) other risks and uncertainties described in this document and in the Company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Forward-looking statements should be evaluated together with the many risks and uncertainties that affect the Company’s business, including those mentioned in this document and described in the periodic reports the Company files with the SEC. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update these forward-looking statements, even though the Company’s situation may change in the future. For a discussion of these risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements, you are advised to see Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the 2023 Annual Report, as may be supplemented by Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the Company’s subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

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Overview

The Company is among the leading global providers of life reinsurance and financial solutions, with $3.7 trillion of life reinsurance in force and assets of $106.0 billion as of March 31, 2024. Traditional reinsurance includes individual and group life and health, disability and critical illness reinsurance. Financial Solutions includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive reinsurance, capital solutions, including financial reinsurance and stable value products. The Company derives revenues primarily from renewal premiums from existing reinsurance treaties, new business premiums from existing or new reinsurance treaties, fee income from Financial Solutions business and income earned on invested assets.

The Company’s Traditional business involves reinsuring life insurance policies that are often in force for the remaining lifetime of the underlying individuals insured, with premiums earned typically over a period of 10 to 30 years. To a lesser extent, the Company also reinsures health business typically reinsured for one to three years. Each year, however, a portion of the business under existing treaties terminates due to, among other things, lapses or voluntary surrenders of underlying policies, deaths of insureds, and the exercise of recapture options by ceding companies. The Company’s Financial Solutions business, includes significant asset-intensive and longevity risk transactions, which allow its clients to take advantage of growth opportunities and manage their capital, longevity and investment risk. The Company also works with partners to provide pension plan sponsors solutions that enable them to diversify and protect the benefits provided to the annuitants.

For its traditional business, the Company’s profitability largely depends on the volume and amount of death- and health-related claims incurred and the ability to adequately price the risks it assumes. While death claims are reasonably predictable over a period of many years, claims become less predictable over shorter periods and are subject to significant fluctuation from quarter to quarter and year to year. For longevity business, the Company’s profitability depends on the lifespan of the underlying contract holders and the investment performance for certain contracts. Additionally, the Company generates profits on investment spreads associated with the reinsurance of investment type contracts and generates fees from financial reinsurance transactions, which are typically shorter duration than its traditional life reinsurance business. The Company believes its sources of liquidity are sufficient to cover potential claims payments on both a short-term and long-term basis.

As is customary in the reinsurance business, clients continually update, refine and revise reinsurance information provided to the Company. Such revised information is used by the Company in preparation of its condensed consolidated financial statements, and the financial effects resulting from the incorporation of revised data are reflected in the current period.

Segment Presentation

The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into Traditional and Financial Solutions businesses. The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a consistent basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in RGA’s businesses.

As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is credited to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses. Segment investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.

Segment revenue levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions, mix of business and reporting practices of ceding companies, and therefore may fluctuate from period to period. Although reasonably predictable over a period of years, segment claims experience can be volatile over shorter periods. See “Results of Operations by Segment” below for further information about the Company’s segments.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

Results from Operations – 2024 compared to 2023

The following table summarizes net income for the periods presented.

For the three months ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums	$	5,376	$	3,385	$	1,991
Net investment income	961		856		105
Investment related losses, net	(149)		(77)		(72)
Other revenues	149		87		62
Total revenues	6,337		4,251		2,086
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	5,132		3,063		2,069
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(24)		(26)		2
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(35)		14		(49)
Interest credited	254		215		39
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	387		331		56
Other operating expenses	283		250		33
Interest expense	68		53		15
Collateral finance and securitization expense	—		—		—
Total benefits and expenses	6,065		3,900		2,165
Income (loss) before income taxes	272		351		(79)
Provision for income taxes	60		98		(38)
Net income (loss)	$	212	$	253	$	(41)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	2		1		1
Net income (loss) available to RGA, Inc. shareholders	$	210	$	252	$	(42)
Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share	$	3.20	$	3.77	$	(0.57)
Diluted earnings per share	$	3.16	$	3.72	$	(0.56)

The decrease in income for the three months ended March 31, 2024, was primarily the result of:

•Unfavorable results in the U.S. Financial Solutions business as a result of a non-economic loss recognized at the inception of a single premium pension risk transfer (“PRT”) transaction completed in the quarter. The non-economic loss at inception is the difference between the single premium received and the valuation of the initial reserve based on interest rates prescribed by U.S. GAAP.

•An increase in investment related losses resulting from portfolio repositioning and an increase in losses on freestanding derivatives.

•The increases in claims and other policy benefits and investment related losses were partially offset by an increase in net investment income attributable to an increase in average asset base and higher interest rates on new investments.

Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency exchange fluctuation increased income before taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024, by $6 million primarily due to the strengthening of the Great British Pound and weakening of the Japanese Yen compared to the U.S. dollar. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

Premiums and business growth

The increase in premiums was primarily due to a single premium PRT transaction completed in the U.S. during the first quarter of 2024. The PRT single premium was offset by an increase in reserves. The remaining increase in premiums was attributable to organic growth on existing treaties and new business production, measured by the face amount of life reinsurance in force, of $109.1 billion and $80.6 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase in premiums was partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations of $12 million. Consolidated assumed life reinsurance in force increased to $3,729.8 billion as of March 31, 2024, from $3,426.7 billion as of March 31, 2023, due to new business production and a decrease in lapses and mortality claims, partially offset by unfavorable foreign currency fluctuations.

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Net investment income and investment related gains (losses), net

The increase in net investment income was primarily attributable to an increase in the average invested asset base and higher risk-free rates earned on new investments, partially offset by a decrease in variable investment income associated with joint venture and limited partnership investments:

•The average invested assets at amortized cost, excluding spread related business, totaled $38.5 billion and $35.9 billion in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

•The average yield earned on investments, excluding spread related business, was 4.70% and 4.71% for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The average yield will vary from period to period depending on several variables, including the prevailing risk-free interest rate and credit spread environment, prepayment fees and make-whole premiums, changes in the mix of the underlying investments and cash and cash equivalents balances. Variable investment income from joint ventures and limited partnerships will also vary from period to period and is highly dependent on the timing of dividends and distributions on certain investments. Investment income is allocated to the operating segments based upon average assets and related capital levels deemed appropriate to support segment operations.

The increase in investment related losses, net is primarily attributable to the following:

•During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company repositioned select investment portfolios generating net realized losses of $102 million compared to net realized losses of $44 million during the first three months of 2023.

•The Company uses various derivative instruments such as interest rate swaps, credit default swaps and foreign exchange forwards for risk management purposes that either do not qualify or have not been elected for hedge accounting treatment. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are included in investment related gains (losses), net. During the three months period ended March 31, 2024, the fair value of these instruments decreased by $99 million, compared to a decrease of $31 million during the first three months of 2023. See Note 11 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

•The decreases in investment related losses were partially offset by the following:

◦During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company incurred $20 million of impairments and change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities compared to $43 million during the first three months of 2023.

◦Changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives, associated with modco/funds withheld treaties, decreased investment related losses, net by $77 million for the three month period ended March 31 2024, compared to a decrease of $37 million for the three month period ended March 31, 2023.

The effective tax rate was 22.0% and 28.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. See Note 13 – “Income Tax” for additional information on the Company’s consolidated effective tax rate.

Impact of certain derivatives, market risk benefits and non-economic changes in insurance liabilities on income before taxes

The Company recognizes in consolidated income any changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on modco or funds withheld treaties and non-economic changes in insurance liabilities, such as the initial loss on PRT transactions, and changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with equity index annuities (“EIAs”). In addition, the Company recognizes the changes in fair value of market risk benefits associated with guaranteed minimum benefit riders in market risk benefits remeasurement gains (losses). The Company utilizes freestanding derivatives to minimize the income statement volatility due to changes in the fair value of market risk benefits associated with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. The following table presents the effect of embedded derivatives, market risk benefits, related freestanding derivatives and non-economic changes in insurance liabilities on income before income taxes for the periods indicated (dollars in millions):

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Modco/Funds withheld:
Change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivatives	$	77	$	37	$	40
Non-economic changes in insurance liabilities	(136)		(2)		(134)
Market Risk Benefits:
Market risk benefits remeasurement gains (losses)	35		(14)		49
Related freestanding derivatives	(44)		2		(46)
Net effect	(9)		(12)		3
Total net effect after freestanding derivatives	$	(68)	$	23	$	(91)

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Results of Operations by Segment

U.S. and Latin America Operations

The U.S. and Latin America operations consist of two major segments: Traditional and Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily specializes in the reinsurance of individual mortality-risk, health and long-term care and to a lesser extent, group reinsurance. The Financial Solutions segment consists of asset-intensive and capital solutions. Asset-intensive includes coinsurance of annuities, corporate-owned life insurance policies, pension risk transfer (“PRT”) group annuity contracts and, to a lesser extent, fee-based synthetic guaranteed investment contracts, which include investment-only, stable value contracts. Capital solutions includes assisting ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements by enhancing the ceding companies’ financial strength and regulatory surplus position through relatively low risk reinsurance and other transactions. Typically, these transactions do not qualify as reinsurance under GAAP due to the low-risk nature of the transactions; therefore, only the related net fees are reflected in other revenues on the condensed consolidated statements of income.

The following table summarizes income before income taxes for the Company’s U.S. and Latin America operations for the periods presented:

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums	$	3,631	$	1,778	$	1,853
Net investment income	509		474		35
Investment related gains (losses), net	15		19		(4)
Other revenues	68		56		12
Total revenues	4,223		2,327		1,896
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	3,651		1,646		2,005
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(19)		3		(22)
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(35)		14		(49)
Interest credited	167		147		20
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	255		223		32
Other operating expenses	71		59		12
Total benefits and expenses	4,090		2,092		1,998
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	133	$	235	$	(102)

The decrease in income before income taxes was primarily due to the net impact of certain derivatives, market risk benefits and non-economic change in insurance liabilities in Financial Solutions. The non-economic change in insurance liabilities was primarily related to the initial loss recognized at the inception of a single premium PRT transaction completed in the quarter. The non-economic loss at inception is the difference between the single premium received and the valuation of the initial reserve based on interest rates prescribed by U.S. GAAP.

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Traditional Reinsurance

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums					$	100
Net investment income	205		193		12
Investment related gains (losses), net	(12)		(1)		(11)
Other revenues	6		5		1
Total revenues	1,914		1,812		102
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	1,572		1,447		125
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(21)		7		(28)
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Interest credited	19		18		1
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	175		175		—
Other operating expenses	53		44		9
Total benefits and expenses	1,798		1,691		107
Income (loss) before income taxes					$	(5)
Key metrics
Life reinsurance in force	1,709.1 billion		1,676.8 billion
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions
Effect of actual variances from expected experience
Loss ratio (1)	90.4	%	90.0	%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	10.2	%	10.8	%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	3.1	%	2.7	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)Includes Claims and other policy benefits and Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses.

Income before income taxes for the U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment for the first three months of 2024 was relatively in line with the first three months of 2023, due to favorable claims experience period over period, primarily within the U.S. Individual Life business, offset by favorable impacts of in-force management actions in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums was primarily due to organic growth and new business treaties, as well as the recapture of a large retrocession treaty, effective April 1, 2023. The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of life reinsurance in-force, of $41.0 billion and $34.1 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

•The increase in net investment income during the three months ended March 31, 2024, was primarily due to a higher invested asset base in 2024 due to new business growth, partially offset by lower variable investment income period over period.

•Investment related losses in the three months ended March 31, 2024, were due to changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on funds withheld at interest associated with treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis.

Benefits and expenses

•The increase in future policy benefits remeasurement gains was attributable to favorable claims experience period over period, primarily within the U.S. Individual Life business, partially offset by favorable impacts of in-force management actions in the first three months of 2023.

•The slight decrease in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums was primarily due to varying allowance levels within coinsurance type arrangements and the mix of new business between coinsurance versus yearly renewable term.

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Financial Solutions

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums	$	1,916	$	163	$	1,753
Net investment income	304		281		23
Investment related gains (losses), net	27		20		7
Other revenues	62		51		11
Total revenues	2,309		515		1,794
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	2,079		199		1,880
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	2		(4)		6
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(35)		14		(49)
Interest credited	148		129		19
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	80		48		32
Other operating expenses	18		15		3
Total benefits and expenses	2,292		401		1,891
Income before income taxes	$	17	$	114	$	(97)

The decrease in income before income taxes for the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions segment was primarily due to the net impact of certain derivatives, market risk benefits and non-economic changes in insurance liabilities.

The invested asset base supporting asset-intensive transactions decreased to $22.4 billion as of March 31, 2024, from $23.2 billion as of March 31, 2023.

•The decrease in the asset base was primarily due to $2.2 billion of net run off of existing in-force transactions and $2.6 billion associated with an in-force retrocession transaction, partially offset by $3.8 billion from new transactions.

•As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, $3.6 billion and $4.1 billion, respectively, of the invested assets were funds withheld at interest, of which greater than 90% was associated with two clients.

As of March 31, 2024 and 2023, the amount of reinsurance assumed in capital solutions transactions, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial structures was $28.7 billion and $25.8 billion, respectively.

Impact of certain derivatives, market risk benefits and non-economic changes in insurance liabilities

Income from the Financial Solutions business tends to be volatile due to the impact of certain items such as changes in the fair value of certain derivatives, including embedded derivatives associated with reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis, non-economic changes in insurance liabilities, which include the initial loss on PRT transactions, changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with the Company’s reinsurance of EIAs and changes in the fair value of market risk benefits associated with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. Fluctuations occur period to period primarily due to changing investment conditions including, but not limited to, interest rate movements (including risk-free rates and credit spreads), implied volatility and equity market performance, all of which are factors in the calculations of the fair value of the assets and liabilities.

The following table summarizes the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions results and quantifies the impact of these embedded derivatives, market risk benefits and non-economic changes in insurance liabilities for the periods presented. Revenues before the impact of certain items should not be viewed as substitutes for GAAP revenues, GAAP benefits and expenses and GAAP income before income taxes.

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(dollars in millions)
	2024		2023
Revenues
Total revenues	$	2,309	$	515
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	89		38
Derivatives hedging market risk benefits	(44)		1
Revenues before impact of certain items	2,264		476
Benefits and expenses
Total benefits and expenses	2,292		401
Less:
Non-economic changes in insurance liabilities	136		2
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(35)		13
Benefits and expenses before impact of certain items	2,191		386
Income before income taxes:
Income (loss) before income taxes	17		114
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	89		38
Non-economic changes in insurance liabilities	(136)		(2)
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses and related freestanding derivatives	(9)		(12)
Income before income taxes and certain derivatives	$	73	$	90

Embedded Derivatives – Modco/Funds Withheld Treaties – Represents the change in the fair value of embedded derivatives on funds withheld at interest associated with treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis. The Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment did not have a material effect on the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

The change in fair value of the embedded derivatives related to modco/funds withheld treaties increased income before income taxes by $89 million and $38 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2024, was due to tightening credit spreads on funds withheld asset balances and the impact of higher risk-free interest rates on funds withheld liabilities balances. The increase in the prior year was due to tightening credit spreads on funds withheld asset balances.

Non-Economic Changes in Insurance Liabilities – Non-economic changes in insurance liabilities include the initial loss on PRT transactions and changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with the Company’s reinsurance of EIAs. The initial loss at inception of a PRT transaction is the difference between the single premium received and the valuation of the initial reserve based on interest rates prescribed by U.S. GAAP.

Market Risk Benefits – Represents the impact related to market risk benefits, which consist of guaranteed minimum benefits associated with the Company’s reinsurance of variable and equity-indexed annuities. The fair value changes of market risk benefits along with the changes in fair value of the freestanding derivatives (interest rate swaps, financial futures and equity options), purchased by the Company to substantially hedge the liability are reflected in revenues. The change in fair value of market risk benefits for guaranteed minimum benefits, after allowing for changes in the associated freestanding derivatives, decreased income before income taxes by $9 million and $12 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Discussion and analysis before certain derivatives, market risk benefits and non-economic changes in insurance liabilities

The impact of certain derivatives, market risk benefits and non-economic changes in insurance liabilities discussed above are considered unrealized and non-economic by management and do not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or performance on the underlying treaties. Fluctuations occur period to period primarily due to changing investment conditions including, but not limited to, interest rate movements (including benchmark rates and credit spreads), implied volatility and equity market performance, all of which are factors in the calculations of fair value. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these items as the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties are investment income, fee income (included in other revenues) and interest credited.

•Income before income taxes and certain items decreased by $17 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, primarily due to lower variable investment income in the current year.

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•Revenue before certain items increased by $1,794 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The increase in the first quarter of 2024 was primarily due to premiums recognized on PRT transactions, which was offset by a corresponding increase in reserves.

•Benefits and expenses before certain items increased by $1,891 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023. The increase in the current quarter was primarily due to the establishment of liabilities for future policy benefits associated with a new PRT transaction.

Canada Operations

The Canada operations are primarily engaged in traditional reinsurance, which consists mainly of traditional individual life reinsurance, and to a lesser extent, creditor, group life and health, critical illness and disability reinsurance. Creditor insurance covers the outstanding balance on personal, mortgage or commercial loans in the event of death, disability or critical illness and is generally shorter in duration than traditional individual life insurance. The Canada Financial Solutions segment consists of longevity and capital solutions.

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums	$	341	$	318	$	23
Net investment income	65		62		3
Investment related gains (losses), net	1		2		(1)
Other revenues	6		4		2
Total revenues	413		386		27
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	302		291		11
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(3)		(2)		(1)
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Interest credited	—		—		—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	48		46		2
Other operating expenses	12		12		—
Total benefits and expenses	359		347		12
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	54	$	39	$	15

•The increase in income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, was primarily due to favorable experience on group disability and life lines of business.

•Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency fluctuations did not impact income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

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Traditional Reinsurance

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums					$	23
Net investment income	64		61		3
Investment related gains (losses), net	1		2		(1)
Other revenues	3		1		2
Total revenues	386		359		27
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	283		270		13
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(3)		3		(6)
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Interest credited	—		—		—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	47		45		2
Other operating expenses	12		12		—
Total benefits and expenses	339		330		9
Income (loss) before income taxes					$	18
Key metrics
Life reinsurance in force	488.0 billion		469.5 billion
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions
Effect of actual variances from expected experience
Loss ratio (1)	88.1	%	92.5	%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	14.8	%	15.3	%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	3.8	%	4.1	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)Includes Claims and other policy benefits and Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses.

The increase in income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024, was primarily due to favorable experience on group lines of business and future policy benefits remeasurement gains on individual life business as compared to future policy benefits remeasurement losses for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums was primarily due to new group business and organic growth on all lines of business.

•The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of life reinsurance in force, of $11.5 billion and $10.8 billion during the first three months of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

•The increase in net investment income was primarily due to an increase in the invested asset base.

Benefits and expenses

•The decrease in the loss ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, was primarily due to favorable claims experience in the individual life line of business.

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Financial Solutions

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums	$	23	$	23	$	—
Net investment income	1		1		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	—		—		—
Other revenues	3		3		—
Total revenues	27		27		—
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	19		21		(2)
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		(5)		5
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Interest credited	—		—		—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	1		1		—
Other operating expenses	—		—		—
Total benefits and expenses	20		17		3
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	7	$	10	$	(3)
Key metrics
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	$	—	$	—
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	$	—	$	(5)

The decrease in income before income taxes was due to a decrease in future policy benefits remeasurement gains in the first quarter of 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023.

Europe, Middle East and Africa Operations

The Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) operations consists of two major segments: Traditional and Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily provides reinsurance through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements on a variety of life, health and critical illness products. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks and, in some markets, group risks. The Financial Solutions segment consists of reinsurance and other transactions associated with longevity closed blocks, payout annuities, capital management solutions and financial reinsurance.

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums	$	642	$	563	$	79
Net investment income	96		69		27
Investment related gains (losses), net	(15)		(6)		(9)
Other revenues	13		3		10
Total revenues	736		629		107
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	546		494		52
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(3)		(17)		14
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Interest credited	6		—		6
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	39		20		19
Other operating expenses	56		46		10
Total benefits and expenses	644		543		101
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	92	$	86	$	6

•The increase in income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, was primarily due to increased net premiums and an increase in net investment income, partially offset by increased claims and other policy benefits and increased policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

•Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency fluctuations resulted in a $3 million increase in income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

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Traditional Reinsurance

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums					$	58
Net investment income	27		23		4
Investment related gains (losses), net	—		—		—
Other revenues	2		(1)		3
Total revenues	525		460		65
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	424		390		34
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	(5)		(8)		3
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Interest credited	—		—		—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	37		18		19
Other operating expenses	41		33		8
Total benefits and expenses	497		433		64
Income (loss) before income taxes					$	1
Key metrics
Life reinsurance in force	985.1 billion		759.6 billion
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions
Effect of actual variances from expected experience
Loss ratio (1)	84.5	%	87.2	%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	7.5	%	4.1	%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	8.3	%	7.5	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)Includes Claims and other policy benefits and Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses.

The increase in income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, was primarily due to increased net premiums, largely offset by increased claims and other policy benefits and increased policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums was due to increased business volume on new and existing treaties in the first three months of 2024.

•The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of life reinsurance in force, of $38.0 billion and $30.1 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2024, and the same period in 2023, respectively.

Benefits and expenses

•The decrease in the loss ratio for the first three months of 2024 as compared to the same period in 2023, was primarily due to annual renewal premiums received in the current period.

•The increase in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums was largely due to an increase in premiums with higher allowances.

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Financial Solutions

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums	$	146	$	125	$	21
Net investment income	69		46		23
Investment related gains (losses), net	(15)		(6)		(9)
Other revenues	11		4		7
Total revenues	211		169		42
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	122		104		18
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	2		(9)		11
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Interest credited	6		—		6
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	2		2		—
Other operating expenses	15		13		2
Total benefits and expenses	147		110		37
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	64	$	59	$	5
Key metrics
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	$	—	$	—
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	$	2	$	(9)

The increase in income before income taxes for the first three months of 2024 was primarily due to increased net investment income and increased net premiums, partially offset by unfavorable claims experience related to closed longevity blocks.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums was primarily due to increased volumes of closed block longevity transactions.

•The increase in net investment income was primarily related to an increase in invested assets supporting the segment and higher yields from fixed-income securities.

•The increase in investment related losses was attributable to higher investment related losses on fixed-income security sales associated with portfolio repositioning.

•The increase in other revenues was primarily due to new capital solutions business.

Benefits and expenses

•The increase in claims and other policy benefits was the result of increased volumes of closed block longevity and asset-intensive transactions.

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Asia Pacific Operations

The Asia Pacific operations include business generated by its offices throughout Asia and Australia. The Traditional segment’s principal types of reinsurance include individual and group life and health, critical illness, disability and superannuation. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks, and in some markets, group risks. Superannuation is the Australian government mandated compulsory retirement savings program. Superannuation funds accumulate retirement funds for employees, and, in addition, typically offer life and disability insurance coverage. The Financial Solutions segment includes financial reinsurance, asset-intensive and certain disability and life blocks.

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums	$	762	$	726	$	36
Net investment income	185		169		16
Investment related gains (losses), net	(71)		(48)		(23)
Other revenues	58		13		45
Total revenues	934		860		74
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	633		632		1
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	1		(10)		11
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Interest credited	51		54		(3)
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	70		62		8
Other operating expenses	57		56		1
Total benefits and expenses	812		794		18
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	122	$	66	$	56

•The increase in income before taxes as compared to the same period in 2023 was primarily due to increased net investment income related to an increase in the asset base from new asset-intensive transactions, increased net premiums and other revenues, partially offset by increased investment related losses.

•Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency fluctuations resulted in a $2 million increase in income before income taxes during the three months ended March 31, 2024. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

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Traditional Reinsurance

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums					$	54
Net investment income	65		61		4
Investment related gains (losses), net	—		3		(3)
Other revenues	10		3		7
Total revenues	791		729		62
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	586		563		23
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	1		(9)		10
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Interest credited	—		—		—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	45		46		(1)
Other operating expenses	50		50		—
Total benefits and expenses	682		650		32
Income (loss) before income taxes					$	30
Key metrics
Life reinsurance in force	528.9 billion		508.2 billion
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions
Effect of actual variances from expected experience
Loss ratio (1)	82.0	%	83.7	%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	6.3	%	6.9	%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	7.0	%	7.6	%

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)Includes Claims and other policy benefits and Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses.

The increase in income before income taxes was primarily the result of increased net premiums, partially offset by increased claims and other policy benefits.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums was primarily due to continued business growth in the segment.

•The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of life reinsurance in force, of $17.6 billion and $3.9 billion during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, due to new business production.

•The increase in net investment income was attributable to higher investment yield.

Benefits and expenses

•The decrease in the loss ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, was primarily due to business growth with favorable claims experience across the segment.

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Financial Solutions

For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums	$	46	$	64	$	(18)
Net investment income	120		108		12
Investment related gains (losses), net	(71)		(51)		(20)
Other revenues	48		10		38
Total revenues	143		131		12
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	47		69		(22)
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		(1)		1
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Interest credited	51		54		(3)
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	25		16		9
Other operating expenses	7		6		1
Total benefits and expenses	130		144		(14)
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	13	$	(13)	$	26
Key metrics
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses
Effect of changes in cash flow assumptions	$	—	$	—
Effect of actual variances from expected experience	$	—	$	(1)

The increase in income before income taxes was attributable to the impact of higher surrender charges and market value adjustments due to higher lapses on a single premium annuity block of business.

The invested asset base supporting asset-intensive transactions increased to $18.6 billion as of March 31, 2024, from $14.4 billion as of March 31, 2023. The increase in the asset base compared to March 31, 2023, was primarily due to approximately $5.2 billion from recently executed transactions, partially offset by net organic decline of $1.0 billion from existing in-force blocks. The amount of reinsurance assumed from client companies, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial reinsurance structures was $1.4 billion and $1.1 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size, complexity and timing of the transactions and, therefore, can fluctuate from period to period.

Revenues

•The decrease in net premiums was driven by lower contributions from single premium asset-intensive transactions.

•The increase in net investment income was the result of a growing asset base and improved yields from increased interest rates.

•The increase in investment related losses, net was attributable to a decrease in the fair value of derivatives of $46 million primarily due to weakening of the Japanese yen, partially offset by net gains from investment activity of $27 million.

•The increase in other revenues was driven by higher surrender charges and market value adjustments due to higher lapses on a single premium annuity block of business.

Expenses

•The decrease in claims and other policy benefits was the result of lower contributions from single premiums asset-intensive transactions as well as new asset-intensive business in the prior year.

Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other revenues primarily include investment income from unallocated invested assets, investment related gains and losses and service fees. Corporate and Other expenses consist of the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments within the policy acquisition costs and other insurance income line item, unallocated overhead and executive costs and interest expense related to debt and service business expenses. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes results from the Company’s Funding Agreement Backed Notes (“FABN”) program and certain wholly-owned subsidiaries, that, among other activities, develop and market technology and provide consulting and outsourcing solutions for the insurance and reinsurance industries. The Company invests in this area in an effort to both support its clients and accelerate the development of innovative solutions and services to increase consumer engagement within the life insurance industry and hence generate new future revenue streams.

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For the three months ended March 31,
(dollars in millions)	2024		2023		2024 vs 2023
Revenues
Net premiums	$	—	$	—	$	—
Net investment income	106		82		24
Investment related gains (losses), net	(79)		(44)		(35)
Other revenues	4		11		(7)
Total revenues	31		49		(18)
Benefits and expenses
Claims and other policy benefits	—		—		—
Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses	—		—		—
Interest credited	30		14		16
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	(25)		(20)		(5)
Other operating expenses	87		77		10
Interest expense	68		53		15
Total benefits and expenses	160		124		36
Loss before income taxes	$	(129)	$	(75)	$	(54)

The increase in loss before income taxes was primarily due to increases in investment related losses, interest credited, other operating expenses and interest expense, partially offset by higher net investment income.

Revenues

•The increase in net investment income was the result of higher income on Corporate invested assets due to higher yields and a higher asset base.

•The increase in investment related losses was attributable to $57 million of losses on sales of fixed maturity securities associated with portfolio repositioning in the first three months of 2024, partially offset by $6 million increase in change in fair value of derivatives, primarily related to foreign currency swaps, in the first three months of 2024 compared to a decrease of $29 million, primarily related to derivatives used to economically hedge disintermediation risk in the first three months of 2023.

Expenses

•The increase in interest credited was primarily attributable to new FABN issuances.

•The increase in other operating expenses was primarily attributable to an increase in compensation expense.

•The increase in interest expense was primarily attributable to an increase in outstanding debt.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

The Company believes that cash flows from the source of funds available to it will provide sufficient cash flows for the next twelve months to satisfy the current liquidity requirements of the Company under various scenarios that include the potential risk of early recapture of reinsurance treaties, market events and higher than expected claims. The Company performs periodic liquidity stress testing to ensure its asset portfolio includes sufficient high quality liquid assets that could be utilized to bolster its liquidity position under stress scenarios. These assets could be utilized as collateral for secured borrowing transactions with various third parties or by selling the securities in the open market if needed. The Company’s liquidity requirements have been and will continue to be funded through net cash flows from operations. However, in the event of significant unanticipated cash requirements beyond normal liquidity needs, the Company has multiple liquidity alternatives available based on market conditions and the amount and timing of the liquidity need. These alternatives include the sale of invested assets subject to market conditions, borrowings under committed credit facilities, secured borrowings, and if necessary, issuing long-term debt, preferred securities or common equity.

Current Market Environment

The Company’s average investment yield, excluding spread related business, for the three months ended March 31, 2024, was 4.70%, 1 basis point below the same period in 2023. The average yield will vary from year to year depending on several variables, including the prevailing risk-fee interest rate and credit spread environment, prepayment fees and make-whole premiums, changes in the mix of the underlying investments and cash and cash equivalents balances. Variable investment income from joint ventures and limited partnerships will also vary from year to year and is highly dependent on the timing of

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dividends and distributions on certain investments. Gross unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities available-for-sale decreased from $1.1 billion at December 31, 2023, to $0.9 billion at March 31, 2024. Additionally, gross unrealized losses increased from $5.6 billion at December 31, 2023, to $5.8 billion at March 31, 2024.

The Company continues to be in a position to hold any investment security showing an unrealized loss until recovery, provided it remains comfortable with the credit of the issuer. The Company does not rely on short-term funding or commercial paper and to date it has experienced no liquidity pressure, nor does it anticipate such pressure in the foreseeable future.

The Company projects its reserves to be sufficient, and it would not expect to be required to take any actions to augment capital, even if interest rates remain at current levels for the next five years, assuming all other factors remain constant. To mitigate disintermediation risk, the Company purchased swaptions to protect against a material increase in interest rates. While the Company has felt the pressures of sustained low interest rates, followed by the recent significant increase in risk-free rates, and volatile equity markets, its business and results of operations are not overly sensitive to these risks. Mortality and morbidity risks continue to be the most significant risk for the Company. Although management believes the Company’s current capital base is adequate to support its business at current operating levels, it continues to monitor new business opportunities and any associated new capital needs that could arise from the changing financial landscape.

The Holding Company

RGA is an insurance holding company whose primary uses of liquidity include, but are not limited to, the immediate capital needs of its operating companies, dividends paid to its shareholders, repurchase of common stock and interest payments on its indebtedness. The primary sources of RGA’s liquidity include proceeds from its capital-raising efforts, interest income on undeployed corporate investments, interest income received on surplus notes with RGA Reinsurance Company (“RGA Reinsurance”), RGA Life and Annuity Insurance Company (“RGA Life and Annuity”) and Rockwood Reinsurance Company (“Rockwood Re”) and dividends from operating subsidiaries. As the Company continues its growth efforts, RGA will continue to be dependent upon these sources of liquidity. The following tables provide comparative information for RGA (dollars in millions):

	Three months ended March 31,
		2024		2023
Interest expense		$	50	$	49
Capital contributions to subsidiaries		5		8
Dividends to shareholders		56		53
Purchase of common stock		—		50
Interest and dividend income		33		37		March 31, 2024	December 31, 2023
---	---	---	---	---
Cash and invested assets	$	515	$	712

See Item 15, Schedule II – “Condensed Financial Information of the Registrant” in the 2023 Annual Report for additional financial information related to RGA.

The undistributed earnings of substantially all of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries have been reinvested indefinitely in those non-U.S. operations, as described in Note 14 – “Income Tax” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2023 Annual Report. As U.S. Tax Reform generally eliminates U.S. federal income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries, the Company does not expect to incur material income taxes if these funds are repatriated.

RGA endeavors to maintain a capital structure that provides financial and operational flexibility to its subsidiaries, credit ratings that support its competitive position in the financial services marketplace, and shareholder returns. As part of the Company’s capital deployment strategy, it has in recent years repurchased shares of RGA common stock and paid dividends to RGA shareholders, as authorized by the board of directors.

On January 23, 2024, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $500 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. In connection with this authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2019. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, RGA did not repurchase any shares under this program.

The pace of repurchase activity depends on various factors such as the level of available cash, an evaluation of the costs and benefits associated with alternative uses of excess capital, such as acquisitions and in force reinsurance transactions, and RGA’s stock price.

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Details underlying dividend and share repurchase program activity were as follows (in millions, except share data):

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024		2023
Dividends to shareholders	$	56	$	53
Purchase of common stock (1)	—		50
Total amount paid to shareholders	$	56	$	103
Number of common shares purchased (1)	—		371,343
Average price per share	$	—	$	134.64

(1)Excludes shares utilized to execute and settle certain stock incentive awards.

In April 2024, RGA’s board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.85 per share. All future payments of dividends are at the discretion of RGA’s board of directors and will depend on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, insurance regulatory conditions, operating conditions and other such factors as the board of directors may deem relevant. The amount of dividends that RGA can pay will depend in part on the operations of its reinsurance subsidiaries. See Note 3 – “Equity” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the Company’s share repurchase program.

Debt

Certain of the Company’s debt agreements contain financial covenant restrictions related to, among others, liens, the issuance and disposition of stock of restricted subsidiaries, minimum requirements of consolidated net worth, maximum ratios of debt to capitalization and change of control provisions. The Company renewed its syndicated credit facility in the first quarter of 2023. Under the terms of the new facility the Company is required to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth, as defined in the debt agreements, of $6.3 billion. Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2018-12, the minimum consolidated net worth, as defined in the debt agreements, was reduced to $5.8 billion effective with the June 30, 2023, covenant calculations. Also, consolidated indebtedness, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, cannot exceed 35% of the sum of the Company’s consolidated indebtedness plus adjusted RGA Inc.’s stockholders’ equity. A material ongoing covenant default could require immediate payment of the amount due, including principal, under the various agreements. Additionally, the Company’s debt agreements contain cross-acceleration covenants, which would make outstanding borrowings immediately payable in the event of a material uncured covenant default under any of the agreements, including, but not limited to, non-payment of indebtedness when due for an amount in excess of the amounts set forth in those agreements, bankruptcy proceedings, or any other event that results in the acceleration of the maturity of indebtedness.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $4.5 billion, in outstanding borrowings under its debt agreements and was in compliance with all covenants under those agreements. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the average interest rate on long-term debt outstanding was 5.09%. The ability of the Company to make debt principal and interest payments depends on the earnings and surplus of subsidiaries, investment earnings on undeployed capital proceeds, available liquidity at the holding company, and the Company’s ability to raise additional funds.

The Company enters into derivative agreements with counterparties that reference either the Company’s debt rating or its financial strength rating. If either rating is downgraded in the future, it could trigger certain terms in the Company’s derivative agreements, which could negatively affect overall liquidity. For the majority of the Company’s derivative agreements, there is a termination event should the long-term senior debt ratings drop below either BBB+ (S&P) or Baa1 (Moody’s) or the financial strength ratings drop below either A- (S&P) or A3 (Moody’s).

The Company may borrow up to $850 million in cash and obtain letters of credit in multiple currencies on its revolving credit facility that matures in March 2028. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had no cash borrowings outstanding and no issued letters of credit under this facility.

Based on the historic cash flows and the current financial results of the Company, management believes RGA’s cash flows will be sufficient to enable RGA to meet its obligations for at least the next 12 months.

Credit and Committed Facilities

The Company has obtained bank letters of credit in favor of various affiliated and unaffiliated insurance companies from which the Company assumes business. These letters of credit represent guarantees of performance under the reinsurance agreements and allow ceding companies to take statutory reserve credits. Certain of these letters of credit contain financial covenant restrictions similar to those described in the “Debt” discussion above. At March 31, 2024, there were approximately $53 million of outstanding bank letters of credit in favor of third parties. Additionally, in accordance with applicable regulations, the Company utilizes letters of credit to secure statutory reserve credits when it retrocedes business to its affiliated subsidiaries. The Company cedes business to its affiliates to help reduce the amount of regulatory capital required in certain jurisdictions, such as the U.S., Canada and UK. The Company believes the capital required to support the business in the affiliates reflects more

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realistic expectations than the original jurisdiction of the business, where capital requirements are often considered to be quite conservative. As of March 31, 2024, $1.5 billion in letters of credit from various banks were outstanding, but undrawn, backing reinsurance between the various subsidiaries of the Company.

On March 13, 2023, the Company entered into a syndicated revolving credit facility with a five year term and an overall capacity of $850 million. See Note 18 – “Financing Activities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2023 Annual Report for further information.

Cash Flows

The Company’s principal cash inflows from its reinsurance operations include premiums and deposit funds received from ceding companies. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are early recapture of the reinsurance contract by the ceding company and lapses of annuity products reinsured by the Company. The Company’s principal cash inflows from its invested assets result from investment income and the maturity and sales of invested assets. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash inflows relates to the risk of default by debtors and interest rate volatility. The Company manages these risks very closely. See “Investments” below.

Additional sources of liquidity to meet unexpected cash outflows in excess of operating cash inflows and current cash and equivalents on hand also includes drawing funds under a revolving credit facility, under which the Company had availability of $850 million as of March 31, 2024. The Company also has $801 million of funds available through collateralized borrowings from the FHLB as of March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, the Company could have borrowed these additional amounts without violating any of its existing debt covenants.

The Company’s principal cash outflows relate to the payment of claims liabilities, interest credited, operating expenses, income taxes, dividends to shareholders, purchases of treasury stock and principal and interest under debt and other financing obligations. The Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of benefits paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance enterprises or reinsurers under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts. See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2023 Annual Report. The Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance. The Company has never experienced a material default in connection with retrocession arrangements, nor has it experienced any difficulty in collecting claims recoverable from retrocessionaires; however, no assurance can be given as to the future performance of such retrocessionaires nor to the recoverability of future claims. The Company’s management believes its cash and cash equivalents as well as its current sources of liquidity are adequate to meet its cash requirements for the next 12 months.

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Summary of Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital

The Company’s primary sources and uses of liquidity and capital for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are summarized as follows (dollars in millions):

		Three Months Ended March 31,
		2024		2023
Sources:
	Net cash provided by operating activities	$	5,736	$	1,574
	Proceeds from long-term debt issuance, net	—		494
	Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	—		17
	Change in deposit asset on reinsurance	89		11
	Net deposits to investment-type policies and contracts	1,134		96
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	—		1
	Total sources	6,959		2,193
Uses:
	Net cash used in investing activities	3,720		1,705
	Dividends to stockholders	56		53
	Principal payments of long-term debt	1		1
	Purchases of treasury stock	16		67
	Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	145		—
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	56		—
	Total uses	3,994		1,826
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		$	2,965	$	367

Cash Flows from Operations – The principal cash inflows from the Company’s reinsurance activities come from premiums, investment and fee income, annuity considerations and deposit funds. The principal cash outflows relate to the liabilities associated with various life and health insurance, annuity and disability products, operating expenses, income tax payments and interest on outstanding debt obligations. The primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of shortfalls in premiums and investment income, particularly in periods with abnormally high claims levels.

Cash Flows from Investments – The principal cash inflows from the Company’s investment activities come from repayments of principal on invested assets, proceeds from maturities of invested assets, sales of invested assets and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments, issuances of policy loans and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The Company typically has a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with its asset/liability management discipline to fund insurance liabilities. The Company closely monitors and manages these risks through its credit risk management process. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are the risk of default by debtors and market disruption, which could make it difficult for the Company to sell investments.

Financing Cash Flows – The principal cash inflows from the Company’s financing activities come from issuances of RGA debt and equity securities, and deposit funds associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. The principal cash outflows come from repayments of debt, payments of dividends to stockholders, purchases of treasury stock, and withdrawals associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. A primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of early contractholder and policyholder withdrawal.

Contractual Obligations

There were no material changes in the Company’s contractual obligations from those reported in the 2023 Annual Report, except for the following:

•The Company’s contractual obligations associated with payables for collateral received under derivative transactions increased from $150 million at December 31, 2023, to $427 million at March 31, 2024, primarily relating to an increase in derivatives during the quarter. See Note 11 – “Derivative Instruments” for further details.

Asset / Liability Management

The Company actively manages its cash and invested assets using an approach that is intended to balance quality, diversification, asset/liability matching, liquidity and investment return. The goals of the investment process are to optimize after-tax, risk-adjusted investment income and after-tax, risk-adjusted total return while managing the assets and liabilities on a cash flow and duration basis.

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The Company has established target asset portfolios for its operating segments, which represent the investment strategies intended to profitably fund its liabilities within acceptable risk parameters. These strategies include objectives and limits for effective duration, yield curve sensitivity and convexity, liquidity, asset sector concentration and credit quality.

The Company’s asset-intensive products are primarily supported by investments in fixed maturity securities reflected on the Company’s balance sheet and under funds withheld arrangements with the ceding company. Investment guidelines are established to structure the investment portfolio based upon the type, duration and behavior of products in the liability portfolio so as to achieve targeted levels of profitability. The Company manages the asset-intensive business to provide a targeted spread between the interest rate earned on investments and the interest rate credited to the underlying interest-sensitive contract liabilities. The Company periodically reviews models projecting different interest rate scenarios and their effect on profitability. Certain of these asset-intensive agreements, primarily in the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions operating segment, are generally funded by fixed maturity securities that are withheld by the ceding company.

The Company’s liquidity position (cash and cash equivalents and short term investments) was $6.3 billion and $3.2 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Liquidity needs are determined from valuation analyses conducted by operational units and are driven by product portfolios. Periodic evaluations of demand liabilities and short-term liquid assets are designed to adjust specific portfolios, as well as their durations and maturities, in response to anticipated liquidity needs.

See “Securities Borrowing, Lending and Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements” in Note 10 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the Company’s securities borrowing, lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs. In addition to its security agreements with third parties, certain RGA subsidiaries have entered into intercompany securities lending agreements to more efficiently source securities for lending to third parties and to provide for more efficient regulatory capital management.

The Company is a member of the FHLB and holds $63 million of FHLB common stock, which is included in other invested assets on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company has entered into funding agreements with the FHLB under guaranteed investment contracts whereby the Company has issued the funding agreements in exchange for cash and for which the FHLB has been granted a blanket lien on the Company’s commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage loans used to collateralize the Company’s obligations under the funding agreements. The Company maintains control over these pledged assets, and may use, commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of the collateral as long as there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral is sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level. The funding agreements and the related security agreements represented by this blanket lien provide that upon any event of default by the Company, the FHLB’s recovery is limited to the amount of the Company’s liability under the outstanding funding agreements. The amount of the Company’s liability for the funding agreements with the FHLB was $1.2 billion and $1.1 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, which is included in interest-sensitive contract liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The advances on these agreements are collateralized primarily by commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage loans and U.S. Treasury and government agency securities. The amount of collateral exceeds the liability and is dependent on the type of assets collateralizing the guaranteed investment contracts.

Investments

Management of Investments

The Company’s investment and derivative strategies involve matching the characteristics of its reinsurance products and other obligations. The Company seeks to closely approximate the interest rate sensitivity of the assets with estimated interest rate sensitivity of the reinsurance liabilities. The Company achieves its income objectives through strategic and tactical asset allocations, applying security and derivative strategies within asset/liability and disciplined risk management frameworks. Derivative strategies are employed within the Company’s risk management framework to help manage duration, currency and other risks in assets and/or liabilities and to replicate the credit characteristics of certain assets.

The Company’s portfolio management groups work with the Enterprise Risk Management function to develop the investment policies for the assets of the Company’s domestic and international investment portfolios. All investments held by the Company, directly or in a funds withheld at interest reinsurance arrangement, are monitored for conformance with the Company’s stated investment policy limits as well as any limits prescribed by the applicable jurisdiction’s insurance laws and regulations. See Note 10 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s investments.

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Portfolio Composition

The Company had total cash and invested assets of $90.4 billion and $81.9 billion as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, as illustrated below (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024		% of Total		December 31, 2023		% of Total
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	65,827	72.7	%	$	60,467	73.9	%
Equity securities	144		0.2		139		0.2
Mortgage loans	7,539		8.3		7,377		9.0
Policy loans	1,198		1.3		1,206		1.5
Funds withheld at interest	5,642		6.2		5,683		6.9
Limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures	2,697		3.0		2,635		3.2
Short-term investments	327		0.4		222		0.3
Other invested assets	1,140		1.3		1,171		1.4
Cash and cash equivalents	5,935		6.6		2,970		3.6
Total cash and invested assets	$	90,449	100.0	%	$	81,870	100.0	%

Investment Yield

The following table presents consolidated average invested assets at amortized cost, net investment income, investment yield, variable investment income (“VII”) and investment yield excluding VII, which can vary significantly from period to period (dollars in millions). The table excludes spread related business. Spread related business is primarily associated with contracts on which the Company earns an interest rate spread between assets and liabilities. To varying degrees, fluctuations in the yield on other spread related business is generally subject to corresponding adjustments to the interest credited on the liabilities.

	Three months ended March 31,
	2024			2023			Increase/ <br> (Decrease)
Average invested assets at amortized cost	$	38,483		$	35,863		$	2,620
Net investment income	$	444		$	415		$	29
Annualized investment yield (ratio of net investment income to average invested assets at amortized cost)	4.70		%	4.71		%	(1) bp
VII (included in net investment income)	$	16		$	39		$	(23)
Annualized investment yield excluding VII (ratio of net investment income, excluding VII, to average invested assets, excluding assets with only VII, at amortized cost)	4.75		%	4.45		%	30 bps

Investment yield remained relatively unchanged for the three months ended March 31, 2024, in comparison to the same period in the prior year, due to decreased variable income from real estate joint ventures offset by increased yield due to higher new money rates.

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

See “Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 10 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that provide the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair value of these securities by type as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Important factors in the selection of investments include diversification, quality, yield, call protection and total rate of return potential. The relative importance of these factors is determined by market conditions and the underlying reinsurance liability and existing portfolio characteristics. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, approximately 94.6% and 94.3%, respectively, of the Company’s consolidated investment portfolio of fixed maturity securities were investment grade.

The Company owns floating rate securities that represent approximately 7.8% and 7.7% of the total fixed maturity securities as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These investments have a higher degree of income variability than the other fixed income holdings in the portfolio due to fluctuations in interest payments. The Company holds floating rate investments to enhance asset management strategies and match certain interest-sensitive contract liabilities.

The largest asset class in which fixed maturity securities were invested was corporate securities, which represented approximately 62.4% and 64.1% of total fixed maturity securities as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. See “Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities” in Note 10 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables showing the major sector types, which comprise the corporate fixed maturity holdings as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

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As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s investments in Canadian government securities represented 5.6% and 6.5%, respectively, of the fair value of total fixed maturity securities. These assets are primarily high quality, long duration provincial strip bonds, the valuation of which is closely linked to the interest rate curve. These assets are longer in duration and held primarily for asset/liability management to meet Canadian regulatory requirements.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s investments in Japanese government securities represented 7.9% and 5.2%, respectively, of the fair value of total fixed maturity securities. These assets are primarily long duration government bonds matching the liability profile of the Company’s Japanese business.

The Company references rating agency designations in some of its investments disclosures. These designations are based on the ratings from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, primarily Moody’s, S&P and Fitch. Structured securities held by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries that maintain the NAIC statutory basis of accounting utilize the NAIC rating methodology. The NAIC assigns designations to publicly traded as well as privately placed securities. The designations assigned by the NAIC range from class 1 to class 6, with designations in classes 1 and 2 generally considered investment grade (BBB or higher rating agency designation). NAIC designations in classes 3 through 6 are generally considered below investment grade (BB or lower rating agency designation). If no rating is available from a rating agency or the NAIC, then an internally developed rating is used.

The quality of the Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities portfolio, as measured at fair value and by the percentage of fixed maturity securities invested in various ratings categories, relative to the entire available-for-sale fixed maturity securities portfolio, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows (dollars in millions):

		March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
NAIC<br> Designation	Rating Agency<br>Designation	Amortized Cost		Estimated<br>Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Estimated<br>Fair Value		% of Total
1	AAA/AA/A	$	46,541	$	43,336	65.8	%	$	41,469	$	38,739	64.1	%
2	BBB	20,527		18,951		28.8		19,793		18,261		30.2
3	BB	3,039		2,952		4.5		3,068		2,956		4.9
4	B	515		468		0.8		479		396		0.7
5	CCC and lower	123		98		0.1		116		92		0.1
6	In or near default	45		22		—		52		23		—
	Total	$	70,790	$	65,827	100.0	%	$	64,977	$	60,467	100.0	%

The Company’s fixed maturity portfolio includes structured securities. The following table shows the types of structured securities the Company held as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Estimated<br>Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Estimated<br>Fair Value		% of Total
ABS:
Collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”)	$	2,540	$	2,518	31.6	%	$	2,086	$	2,048	28.1	%
ABS, excluding CLOs	2,597		2,427		30.5		2,575		2,381		32.7
Total ABS	5,137		4,945		62.1		4,661		4,429		60.8
CMBS	2,002		1,861		23.4		1,969		1,773		24.3
RMBS:
Agency	436		385		4.8		444		398		5.5
Non-agency	814		765		9.7		729		681		9.4
Total RMBS	1,250		1,150		14.5		1,173		1,079		14.9
Total	$	8,389	$	7,956	100.0	%	$	7,803	$	7,281	100.0	%

The Company’s ABS portfolio primarily consists of CLOs, aircraft, and single-family rentals. The principal risks in holding ABS are structural, credit, capital market and interest rate risks. Structural risks include the securities’ cash flow priority in the capital structure and the inherent prepayment sensitivity of the underlying collateral. Credit risks include the adequacy and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral. Credit risks are mitigated by credit enhancements that include excess spread, over-collateralization and subordination. Capital market risks include general level of interest rates and the liquidity for these securities in the marketplace.

The Company’s CMBS portfolio primarily consists of large pool securitizations that are diverse by property type, borrower and geographic dispersion. The principal risks in holding CMBS are structural and credit risks. Structural risks include the securities’ cash flow priority in the capital structure and the inherent prepayment sensitivity of the underlying collateral. Credit risks include the adequacy and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral. The Company focuses on investment grade rated tranches that provide additional credit support beyond the equity protection in the underlying loans. These assets are viewed as an attractive alternative to other fixed income asset classes.

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The Company’s RMBS portfolio includes agency-issued pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. Agency-issued pass-through securities are guaranteed or otherwise supported by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Federal National Mortgage Association, or the Government National Mortgage Association. The principal risks inherent in holding RMBS are prepayment and extension risks, which will affect the timing of when cash will be received and are dependent on the level of mortgage interest rates. Prepayment risk is the unexpected increase in principal payments from the expected, primarily as a result of owner refinancing. Extension risk relates to the unexpected slowdown in principal payments from the expected. In addition, non-agency RMBS face credit risk should the borrower be unable to pay the contractual interest or principal on their obligation. The Company monitors its mortgage-backed securities to mitigate exposure to the cash flow uncertainties associated with these risks.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $5.8 billion and $5.6 billion, respectively, of gross unrealized losses related to its fixed maturity securities. The Company monitors its fixed maturity securities to determine impairments in value and evaluates factors such as financial condition of the issuer, payment performance, compliance with covenants, general market and industry sector conditions, current intent and ability to hold securities, and various other subjective factors. Based on management’s judgment, an allowance for credit losses in the amount that fair value is less than the amortized cost is recorded for securities determined to have expected credit losses.

Mortgage Loans

The Company’s mortgage loan portfolio consists of U.S., Canada and UK based investments primarily in retail locations, light industrial properties, and commercial offices. The mortgage loan portfolio is diversified by geographic region and property type as discussed further under “Mortgage Loans” in Note 10 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Most of the mortgage loans in the Company’s portfolio range in size up to $40 million, with the average mortgage loan investment as of March 31, 2024, totaling approximately $10 million.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans, gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and allowance for credit losses, were distributed geographically as follows (dollars in millions):

	March 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Recorded<br>Investment		% of Total		Recorded<br>Investment		% of Total
U.S. Region:
West	$	2,953	38.7	%	$	2,806	37.6	%
South	2,464		32.3		2,472		33.1
Midwest	1,191		15.6		1,163		15.6
Northeast	537		7.0		541		7.3
Subtotal – U.S.	7,145		93.6		6,982		93.6
Canada	308		4.0		301		4.0
United Kingdom	180		2.4		176		2.4
Total	$	7,633	100.0	%	$	7,459	100.0	%

See “Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report and “Mortgage Loans” in Note 10 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the Company’s policy for allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans.

Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments

The table below summarizes investment related gains (losses), net related to allowances for credit losses and impairments for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in millions):


	2024			2023
Change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities		$	(20)		$	(38)
Impairments on fixed maturity securities		—			(3)
Change in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses		(10)			(16)
Limited partnership and real estate joint ventures impairment losses		(8)			—
Other impairment losses		(1)			(4)
Total		$	(39)		$	(61)

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The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value necessitates the recording of an allowance for credit losses includes an analysis of whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment. See “Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s 2023 Annual Report for additional information.

See “Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 10 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses for securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost by class and grade, as well as the length of time the related estimated fair value has remained below amortized cost as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company classified approximately 9.9% and 10.6%, respectively, of its fixed maturity securities in the Level 3 category. Refer to Note 12 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. These securities primarily consist of private placement corporate and asset-backed securities.

See “Securities Lending and Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements” in Note 10 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the Company’s securities lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements.

Funds Withheld at Interest

For reinsurance agreements written on a modified coinsurance basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company and are reflected as funds withheld at interest on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed by the ceding company. Interest accrues to the total funds withheld at rates defined by the treaty terms. The Company is subject to the investment performance on the withheld assets, although it does not directly control them. These assets are primarily fixed maturity investment securities and pose risks similar to the fixed maturity securities the Company owns. To mitigate this risk, the Company helps set the investment guidelines followed by the ceding company and monitors compliance. Ceding companies with funds withheld at interest had an average financial strength rating of “A” as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Certain ceding companies maintain segregated portfolios for the benefit of the Company.

Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets primarily include lifetime mortgages, derivative contracts, FHLB common stock and real estate held for investment. See “Other Invested Assets” in Note 10 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the carrying value of the Company’s other invested assets by type as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to protect the Company against possible changes in the fair value of its investment portfolio as a result of interest rate changes, to hedge against risk of changes in the purchase price of securities, to hedge liabilities associated with the reinsurance of variable annuities with guaranteed living benefits and to manage the portfolio’s effective yield, maturity and duration. In addition, the Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company uses exchange-traded, centrally cleared, and customized over-the-counter derivative financial instruments.

See Note 11 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the notional amounts and fair value of investment related derivative instruments held as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. As exchange-traded futures are affected through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties. See Note 11 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments.

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The Company holds $939 million and $944 million of beneficial interest in lifetime mortgages in the UK, net of allowance for credit losses, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Investment income includes $11 million and $10 million in interest income earned on lifetime mortgages for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Lifetime mortgages represent loans provided to individuals 55 years of age and older secured by the borrower’s residence. Lifetime mortgages are comparable to a home equity loan by allowing the borrower to utilize the equity in their home as collateral. The amount of the loan is dependent on the appraised value of the home at the time of origination, the borrower's age and interest rate. Unlike a home equity loan, no payment of principal or interest is required until the death of the borrower or sale of the home. Lifetime mortgages may also be either fully funded at origination, or the borrower can request periodic funding similar to a line of credit. Lifetime mortgages are subject to risks, including market, credit, interest rate, liquidity, operational, reputational and legal risks.

New Accounting Standards

See Note 17 – “New Accounting Standards” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on new accounting pronouncements and their impact, if any, on the Company’s results of operations and financial position.

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of fluctuations in the value of financial instruments as a result of absolute or relative changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, equity prices or commodity prices. To varying degrees, the Company products and services, and the investment activities supporting them, generate exposure to market risk. The market risk incurred, and the Company’s strategies for managing this risk, vary by product. As of March 31, 2024, there have been no material changes in the Company’s economic exposure to market risk or the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management function from December 31, 2023, a description of which may be found in its Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2023, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

The Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) during the quarter ended March 31, 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in the Company’s 2023 Annual Report.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table summarizes the Company’s repurchase activity of its common stock during the quarter ended March 31, 2024:

	Total Number of Shares<br><br>Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per <br>Share		Total Number of Shares<br><br>Purchased as Part of<br><br>Publicly Announced Plans<br><br>or Programs (1)	Maximum Number (or<br>Approximate Dollar<br>Value) of Shares that May<br>Yet Be Purchased Under<br>the Plan or Program
January 1, 2024 – January 31, 2024	75,025	$	168.24	—	$	500,000,000
February 1, 2024 – February 29, 2024	5,906	$	171.03	—	$	500,000,000
March 1, 2024 – March 31, 2024	12,436	$	184.12	—	$	500,000,000

(1)The Company did not repurchase any shares of common stock under its share repurchase program in January, February and March 2024. The Company net settled – issuing 210,747, 15,755 and 34,407 shares from treasury and repurchasing from recipients 75,025, 5,906, and 12,436 shares in January, February and March 2024, respectively, in settlement of income tax withholding requirements incurred by the recipients of equity incentive awards.

ITEM 5. Other Information

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, none of our directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.”

ITEM 6. Exhibits

See index to exhibits.

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit<br>Number	Description
3.1	Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective May 21, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(i) to Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 22, 2020
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective December 20, 2022, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 20, 2022
10.1	Form of 2024 Performance Contingent Share Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan, as amended and restated effective May 23, 2017 and as further amended effective May 19, 2021 (the “RGA Flexible Stock Plan”)*
10.2	Form of 2024 Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan*
10.3	Form of 2024 Restricted Stock Unit Agreement under RGA Flexible Stock Plan*
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101).

* Represents a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

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GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS

Throughout this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, the Company may use certain abbreviations, acronyms and terms which are defined below.

Entities

Term or Acronym	Definition
RGA Reinsurance	RGA Reinsurance Company
Parkway Re	Parkway Reinsurance Company
Rockwood Re	Rockwood Reinsurance Company
Castlewood Re	Castlewood Reinsurance Company
Chesterfield Re	Chesterfield Reinsurance Company
RGA Life and Annuity	RGA Life and Annuity Insurance Company
RGA Canada	RGA Life Reinsurance Company of Canada
RGA Barbados	RGA Reinsurance Company (Barbados) Ltd.
RGA Americas	RGA Americas Reinsurance Company, Ltd.
Manor Re	Manor Reinsurance, Ltd.
RGA Atlantic	RGA Atlantic Reinsurance Company Ltd.
RGA Worldwide	RGA Worldwide Reinsurance Company, Ltd.
RGA Global	RGA Global Reinsurance Company, Ltd.
RGA Australia	RGA Reinsurance Company of Australia Limited
RGA International	RGA International Reinsurance Company dac
Aurora National	Aurora National Life Assurance Company
Omnilife	Omnilife Insurance Company, Limited
Papara	Papara Financing LLC

Certain Terms and Acronyms

Term or Acronym	Definition
A.M. Best	A.M. Best Company
ABS	Asset-backed securities
Actuary	A specialist in the mathematics of risk, especially as it relates to insurance calculations such as premiums, reserves, dividends, insurance rates and annuity rates.
Allowance	An amount paid by the reinsurer to the ceding company to help cover the ceding company's acquisition and other costs, especially commissions. Allowances are usually calculated as a large percentage (often 100%) of first-year premiums reinsured and smaller percentages of renewal premiums reinsured.
AOCI	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Asset-Intensive Reinsurance	A transaction (usually coinsurance or funds withheld and often involving reinsurance of annuities) where performance of the underlying assets, more so than any mortality risk, is a key element.
Assumed reinsurance	Insurance risk that a reinsurer accepts (assumes) from a ceding company.
ASU	Accounting Standards Update
ASU 2018-12	Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-12, “Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts” and related amendments. Also referred to as LDTI.
Automatic Reinsurance	Reinsurance arrangement whereby the ceding company and reinsurer agree that all business of a certain description will be ceded to the reinsurer. Under this arrangement, the ceding company performs underwriting decision-making within agreed-upon parameters for all business reinsured.
Bermuda Insurance Act	Bermuda's Insurance Act 1978 which distinguishes between insurers carrying on long-term business, insurers carrying on special purpose business and insurers carrying on general business.
BMA	Bermuda Monetary Authority
BSCR	Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement
CCPA	California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018
Capital-motivated reinsurance	Reinsurance, including financial reinsurance, whose primary purpose is to enhance the cedant's capital position.
Captive insurer	An insurance or reinsurance entity designed to provide insurance or reinsurance coverage for risks of the entity or entities by which it is owned or to which it is affiliated.
CECL	Accounting for current expected credit losses using the model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses.
Ceding company (also known as cedant)	An insurer that transfers, or cedes, risk to a reinsurer
CEO	RGA’s Chief Executive Officer
Cession	The insurance risk associated with a policy that is reinsured from an insurer to a reinsurer.
CFO	RGA’s Chief Financial Officer
CIO	RGA’s Chief Information Officer

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CISO	RGA’s Global Chief Information Security and Privacy officer
CLOs	Collateralized loan obligations
CMBS	Commercial mortgage-backed securities, a part of our investment portfolio that consists of securities made up of commercial mortgages. Stated on our balance sheet at fair value.
Coinsurance (also known as original terms reinsurance)	A form of reinsurance under which the ceding company shares its premiums, death claims, surrender benefits, dividends and policy loans with the reinsurer, and the reinsurer pays expense allowances to reimburse the ceding company for a share of its expenses.
Coinsurance funds-withheld	A variant on coinsurance, in which the ceding company withholds assets equal to reserves and shares investment income on those assets with the reinsurer.
Counterparty	A party to a contract requiring or offering the exchange of risk.
Counterparty risk	The risk that a party to an agreement will be unable to fulfill its contractual obligations
CPI	Consumer price index
Critical illness (CI) insurance (also known as dread disease insurance)	Insurance that provides a guaranteed fixed sum upon diagnosis of a specified illness or condition such as cancer, heart disease, or permanent total disability. The coverage can be offered on a stand-alone basis or as an add-on to a life insurance policy.
CRO	RGA’s Chief Risk Officer
CVA	Credit valuation adjustment
DAC	Deferred policy acquisition costs: Costs of acquiring new business, which vary with and are directly related to the production of new business, have been deferred to the extent that such costs are deemed recoverable from future premiums or gross profits.
“Directors Plan”	Flexible Stock Plan for Directors
EBITDA	Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization
EBS	Economic balance sheet framework as part of the Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement that forms the basis for an insurer's enhanced capital requirements.
ECR	Enhanced capital requirement in accordance with the provisions of the Bermuda Insurance Act.
EEA	European Economic Area
EIAs	Equity-Indexed Annuities
EMEA	Europe, Middle East and Africa geographic segment
Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)	An enterprise-wide framework used by a firm to assess all risks facing the organization, manage mitigation strategies, monitor ongoing risks and report to interested audiences.
ESG	Environmental, social and governance
EU	European Union
Expected mortality	Number of deaths predicted to occur in a defined group of people.
FABN	Funding Agreement Backed Notes
Face amount	Amount payable at the death of the insured or at the maturity of the policy.
Facultative reinsurance	A type of reinsurance in which the reinsurer underwrites an individual risk submitted by the ceding company for a risk that is unusual, large, highly substandard or not covered by an automatic reinsurance treaty. Such risks are typically submitted to multiple reinsurers for competitive offers.
FASB	Financial Accounting Standards Board
FCA	Financial Conduct Authority
FHLB	Federal Home Loan Bank
FIA	Fixed indexed annuities
Financial reinsurance (also known as financially-motivated reinsurance)	A form of capital-motivated reinsurance that satisfies all regulatory requirements for risk transfer and is often designed to produce very predictable reinsurer profits as a percentage of the capital provided.
FSB	Financial Stability Board which consists of representatives of national financial authorities of the G20 nations.
FVO	Fair value option
GAAP	U.S. generally accepted accounting principles
GDPR	General Data Protection Regulation which establishes uniform data privacy laws across the European Union.
GICs	Guaranteed investment contracts
GILTI	Global intangible low-taxed income; a provision of U.S. Tax Reform that generally eliminates U.S. Federal income tax deferral on earnings of foreign subsidiaries.
GloBE	Model Global Anti-Base Erosion rules developed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
GMAB	Guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits; a feature of some variable annuities that the Company reinsures
GMDB	Guaranteed minimum death benefits; a feature of some variable annuities that the Company reinsures
GMIB	Guaranteed minimum income benefits; a feature of some variable annuities that the Company reinsures
GMWB	Guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefits; a feature of some variable annuities that the Company reinsures
Group life insurance	Insurance policy under which the lives of a group of people, most commonly employees of a single company, are insured in accordance with the terms of one master contract.
Guaranteed issue life insurance	Insurance products that are guaranteed upon application, regardless of past health conditions.
IAIG	Internationally Active Insurance Group
IAIS	International Association of Insurance Supervisors

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IBNR	Incurred but not reported; a liability on claims that are based on historical reporting patterns, but have not yet been reported.
Individual life insurance	An insurance policy that insures the life of usually one and sometimes two or more related individuals, rather than a group of people.
In-force sum insured	A measure of insurance in effect at a specific date.
Initial public offering (IPO)	The first sale to the public of shares of common stock issued by a private company. IPOs often are issued by smaller companies seeking the capital to expand, but they also can be used by large mutual or privately owned companies seeking to become publicly traded.
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)	Standards and interpretations adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)
ISO	International Organization Standardization
LDTI	Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-12, “Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts” and related amendments. Also referred to as ASU 2018-12.
Liquidity position	Combination of the Company’s cash equivalents and short-term investments
Longevity product	An insurance product that mitigates longevity risk by providing a stream of income for the duration of the policyholder's life.
Loss ratio	Claims and other policy benefits and Future policy benefits remeasurement (gains) losses as a percentage of net premiums
Market risk benefits (MRB)	Contracts or contract features that provide protection to the policyholder from capital market risk and expose the Company to other-than-nominal capital market risk and are measured at fair value
MDCI	Missouri Department of Commerce and Insurance
MMS	Minimum margin of solvency required to be maintained by the Company's Bermuda subsidiaries.
Modco	Modified coinsurance
Modified coinsurance	A variant on coinsurance in which the ceding company retains all the reserves, as well as assets backing reserves, and pays the reinsurer interest on the reinsurer's share of the reserves.
Moody’s	Moody’s Investors Service
Morbidity	A measure of the incidence of sickness or disease within a specific population group.
Mortality experience	Actual number of deaths occurring in a defined group of people.
Mortality risk reinsurance	Reinsurance that focuses primarily on transfer of mortality risk through coinsurance of term products or YRT.
NAIC	National Association of Insurance Commissioners
NAIC SAP	NAIC statutory accounting practices
NAV	Net asset value
Net Premium Ratio (NPR)	The NPR equals the present value of benefits divided by the present value of gross premiums
NIFO	Net investments in foreign operations
NIST	National Institute of Standards and Technology
NOL	Net operating loss
Non-traditional reinsurance	Usually synonymous with capital-motivated reinsurance, but includes any reinsurance of non-biometrical risks
Novation	The act of replacing one participating member of a contract with another, with all rights, duties and terms being transferred to the new party upon consent of all parties affected.
NYSE	New York Stock Exchange: the exchange where RGA is traded under the symbol "RGA"
OAS	Option-adjusted spread
OCI	Other comprehensive income (loss)
OTC	Derivatives that are privately negotiated contracts, which are known as over-the-counter derivatives
OTC Cleared	OTC derivatives that are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties.
PBR	Principles-based reserves
PCAOB	Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)
Pension Plans	The Company's sponsored or administrated qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans
Portfolio	The totality of risks assumed by an insurer or reinsurer.
Preferred risk coverage	Coverage designed for applicants who represent a better-than-average risk to an insurer.
Premium	Amount paid to insure a risk.
Primary insurance (also known as direct insurance)	Insurance business relating to contracts directly between insurers and policyholders. The insurance company is directly responsible to the policyholder.
Production	New business produced during a specified period.
PRT	Pension risk transfer
PSU	Performance Share Units
Quota share (also known as 'first dollar' quota share)	A reinsurance arrangement in which the reinsurer receives a certain percentage of each risk reinsured.
RBC	Risk based capital, which are guidelines promulgated by the NAIC and identify minimum capital requirements based upon business levels and asset mix.
Recapture	The right of the ceding company to cancel reinsurance under certain conditions.

Table of Contents

Regulation XXX/Regulation A-XXX	U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation implemented beginning in 2002 for various types of life insurance business, significantly increased the level of reserves that U.S. life insurance and life reinsurance companies must hold on their statutory financial statements for various types of life insurance business, primarily certain level premium term life products.
Reinsurance	The transfer of insurance risk from an insurer, referred to as the ceding company, to a reinsurer, in conjunction with the payment of a reinsurance premium. Through reinsurance, a reinsurer 'insures' an insurer.
Reserves	The amount required to be carried as a liability in the financial statement of an insurer or reinsurer to provide for future commitments under outstanding policies and contracts.
Retakaful	A form of reinsurance that is acceptable within Islamic law. See Takaful.
Retention limit	The maximum amount of risk a company will insure on one life.
Retrocession	A transfer of reinsurance risk from a reinsurer to another reinsurer, referred to as the retrocessionaire, in conjunction with the payment of a retrocession premium. Through retrocession, a retrocessionaire reinsures a reinsurer.
Retrocessionaire	A reinsurer that reinsures another reinsurer; see Retrocession.
RMBS	Residential mortgage-backed securities, a part of our investment portfolio that consists of securities made up of residential mortgages. Stated on our balance sheet at fair value.
RMSC	The Company's Risk Management Steering Committee
RSUs	Restricted Stock Units
S&P	Standard & Poor's
SARs	Stock Appreciation Rights
SEC	Securities and Exchange Commission
Securitization	The structuring of financial assets as collateral against which securities can be issued to investors.
Simplified issue life insurance	Insurance products with limited face amounts that require no or minimal underwriting.
SOFR	Secured Overnight Financing Rate
SPLRC	Special Purpose Life Reinsurance Captives
Statutory capital	The excess of statutory assets over statutory reserves, both of which are calculated in accordance with standards established by insurance regulators.
“Stock Plans”	The RGA flexible stock plan and the Flexible Stock Plan for Directors, collectively
Takaful	A form of insurance that is acceptable within Islamic law, and that is devised upon the principles of mutual advantage and group security.
TDR	Troubled Debt Restructuring
Tele-underwriting	A telephone interview process, during which an applicant's qualifications to be insured are assessed.
The “County”	The County of St. Louis, Missouri
The “Plan”	RGA Flexible Stock Plan
The Board	RGA's board of directors
The Companies Act	The Bermuda's Companies Act of 1981
The Company	Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated and its subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned, collectively
Treaty (also known as a contract)	A reinsurance agreement between a reinsurer and a ceding company. The three most common types of reinsurance treaties are YRT (yearly renewable term), coinsurance and modified coinsurance. The three most common methods of accepting reinsurance are automatic, facultative and facultative-obligatory.
TVaR	Tail Value-at-Risk used for calculated capital requirement for Bermuda subsidiaries.
U.S. Tax Reform	The U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
UAE	United Arab Emirates
UK	United Kingdom
UL	Universal life insurance
Underwriting	The process that assesses the risk inherent in an application for insurance prior to acceptance of the policy.
Valuation	The periodic calculation of reserves, the funds that insurance companies are required to hold in order satisfy all future insurance obligations.
Variable life insurance	A form of whole life insurance under which the death benefit and the cash value of the policy fluctuate according to the performance of an investment fund. Most variable life insurance policies guarantee that the death benefit will not fall below a specified minimum.
VII	Variable investment income
VOCRA	Value of customer relationships acquired which represents the present value of the expected future profits associated with the expected future business acquired through existing customers of the acquired company or business.
VODA	Value of distribution agreements which represents the present value of future profits associated with the expected future business derived from distribution agreements.
Webcasts	Presentation of information broadcast over the Internet.
WorkWise	The Company's hybrid approach to flexible work arrangements.
Yearly Renewable Term (YRT)	A type of reinsurance which covers only mortality risk, with each year's premium based on the current amount of risk.

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated
Date: May 3, 2024	By:	/s/ Tony Cheng
		Tony Cheng
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: May 3, 2024	By:	/s/ Todd C. Larson
		Todd C. Larson
		Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Document

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

FLEXIBLE STOCK PLAN

PERFORMANCE CONTINGENT SHARE AGREEMENT

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated, a Missouri corporation (the “Company”), and <first_name> <last_name> (“Employee”), hereby agree as follows:

SECTION 1

GRANT OF PERFORMANCE SHARES

Pursuant to the Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated Flexible Stock Plan as amended and restated on May 23, 2017 and further amended effective May 19, 2021 (the “Plan”), and pursuant to action of the Committee charged with the Plan’s administration, the Company has granted to Employee, effective March 15, 2024 (the “Date of Grant”), subject to the terms, conditions and limitations stated in this Performance Contingent Share Agreement (this “Agreement”), the Plan and the Company’s Executive Compensation Recoupment Policy (as discussed in Section 6(c)), an award of performance contingent shares with respect to <shares_awarded> shares of Common Stock (the “Target Grant”). The performance contingent shares awarded to Employee in this Agreement are referred to herein as “Performance Shares.”

SECTION 2

TERMS OF GRANT

(i)Performance Period. The performance period for this award is the three (3) year period beginning January 1 of the year of the Date of Grant and ending December 31 of the second year following the year of the Date of Grant (i.e., year 3) (the “Performance Period”).

(ii)Payment.

(a)Performance Shares Payable In Common Stock. Subject to early termination of this Agreement pursuant to Sections 4 or 5 below, as soon as practicable following the end of the Performance Period, the Company shall determine the Average ROE (as defined in Section 3(c)), BVPS Growth (as defined in Section 3(d)) and rTSR Percentile Ranking (as defined in Section 3(h)) over such Performance Period. The Company shall then adjust the number of Performance Shares constituting the Target Grant as provided in Section 3 to determine the number of Performance Shares earned hereunder. On or after January 1 but no later than December 31 following the last day of the Performance Period, the Company will deliver to Employee one (1) Share of the Company’s Common Stock for each Performance Share earned under this Agreement; provided, however, that any fractional Performance Share shall be paid in cash equal to such fraction of the Fair Market Value of a Share of Common Stock on the date of payment.

(b)Dividend Equivalents. Performance Shares shall not include dividend equivalent payments or dividend credit rights.

SECTION 3

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA AND ADJUSTMENTS

(a)Performance Criteria. The measures and weights for the grant of Performance Shares subject to this Agreement are set forth in a memorandum (the “Memorandum”) provided to Employee by the Company.

(2)Adjustment of Target Grant. As specified in the Memorandum, the number of Performance Shares in the Target Grant will be adjusted at the end of the Performance Period as determined by the Committee as follows:

(a)Fifty percent (50.0%) of the number of Performance Shares in the Target Grant will increase or decrease based upon the Company’s Average ROE over the Performance Period;

(b)Fifty percent (50.0%) of the number of Performance Shares in the Target Grant will increase or decrease based upon the Company’s BVPS Growth over the Performance Period (the adjustments described in Sections 3(b)(1) and 3(b)(2) shall be collectively referred to as the “Initial Adjustments”); and

(c)The final number of Performance Shares in the Target Grant will increase or decrease by multiplying (i) the number of Performance Shares after calculating the Initial Adjustments, and (ii) the rTSR Factor as set forth in the Memorandum.

In no event will Employee be entitled to receive a total number of shares of Common Stock with respect to Performance Shares in excess of 200% of the Target Grant, even if the Company’s Average ROE, BVPS Growth, and/or rTSR Percentile Ranking during the Performance Period exceeds the maximum values established for any such measure(s).

(i)Average ROE. “Average ROE” means the average adjusted operating return, excluding standard adjustments, on equity, excluding AOCI and cumulative change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivatives, for the trailing twelve-month period for each of the three years of the Performance Period. Standard adjustments identified are actuarial assumption reviews (e.g., mortality, morbidity, and lapse assumption changes and their impact on reserves and the carrying value of deferred acquisition costs), variable investment income outside of a range of -50% to +50% of income on these investments included in the three-year plan, and integration costs or other adjustments related to merger and acquisition activity. Standard adjustments represent a positive or negative impact to adjusted operating income. Adjusted operating return on equity is a non-GAAP financial measure.

(ii)BVPS Growth. “BVPS Growth” means the average of the annual growth rates in book value per share, excluding AOCI and cumulative change in fair value of funds withheld embedded derivatives, for each year in the Performance Period. BVPS Growth is a non-GAAP financial measure.

(iii)Potential Adjustments. Each of Average ROE and BVPS Growth may be adjusted by the Committee from time to time following the date of this Agreement to account for the effects of unusual or non-recurring accounting impacts or changes in accounting standards or treatment or any other unusual or extraordinary items as determined by the Committee.

(iv)Peer Group. “Peer Group” shall mean the group of competitor companies as determined by the Committee from time to time and as provided separately to Employee. If the Committee determines in its informed judgment that a significant event has occurred that the Committee expects to have, or the Committee determines has had, a substantial effect on the business or Total Shareholder Return (as defined below) of any company in the Peer Group, including by way of example events such as bankruptcies, insolvencies, delisting, and divestitures, mergers, acquisitions, or similar transactions in each case that significantly change the major markets or operational scope of the peer company’s business, it will remove that peer company from the Peer Group. A company that is removed from the Peer Group before the end of the Performance Period will be excluded from the calculation of rTSR Percentile Ranking.

(v)Total Shareholder Return. “Total Shareholder Return” shall mean total shareholder return as applied to the Company or any company in the Peer Group, determined by comparing the average of the applicable company’s closing stock prices over the 20 trading days immediately preceding the first day of the Performance Period with the average of the applicable company’s closing stock prices over the last 20 trading days of the Performance Period, including dividends (if any) when actually paid on Shares or peer company common stock, as applicable, on a reinvested basis during the applicable period.

(vi)rTSR Percentile Ranking. “rTSR Percentile Ranking” shall mean the relative ranking of the Company’s Total Shareholder Return as compared to the Total Shareholder Returns of the Peer Group companies, expressed as a percentile ranking.

SECTION 4

CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONS ON RIGHT TO RECEIVE

PERFORMANCE SHARES OR COMMON SHARES

(i)Demotion or Transfer. If Employee is demoted or transferred to a position with the Company or any of its Affiliates in which Employee is not eligible to participate in the Plan prior to the expiration of the Performance Period, as determined by the Committee, this Agreement will terminate and be of no further force or effect and the Performance Shares awarded to Employee hereunder shall be forfeited.

(ii)Termination of Employment.

(a)Death. If Employee ceases to be employed by the Company or any of its Affiliates prior to the expiration of the Performance Period due to his or her death, the Company shall pay to the legal representative of Employee’s estate or revocable living trust a pro rata proportion of the Target Grant. The number of shares of Common Stock representing such payment shall be determined by multiplying the Target Grant by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of calendar months in the Performance

Period prior to Employee’s death, and the denominator of which is 36. Such pro rata proportion shall be paid to the legal representative of Employee’s estate or revocable living trust at such time as determined by the Committee. Employment for any portion of a calendar month during the Performance Period shall be deemed employment for that calendar month.

(b)Disability. If Employee ceases to be employed by the Company or any of its Affiliates prior to the expiration of the Performance Period due to his or her Disability, the Company shall pay to Employee a pro rata proportion of the Target Grant that would have been issued to Employee under this Agreement. The number of shares of Common Stock representing such payment shall be determined by multiplying the Target Grant by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of calendar months in the Performance Period prior to Employee’s termination of employment due to Disability, and the denominator of which is 36. Such pro rata proportion shall be paid to Employee at the same time and in the same manner as specified in Section 2(b) above. Employment for any portion of a calendar month during the Performance Period shall be deemed employment for that calendar month. For purposes of this Agreement, “Disability” shall mean disability as defined in any long-term disability plan maintained by the Company or an Affiliate which covers Employee or, in the absence of any such plan, the physical or mental condition of Employee arising during the Performance Period, which in the opinion of a qualified physician chosen by the Company prevents Employee from continuing employment with the Company and its Affiliates.

(c)Retirement. If Employee ceases to be a full-time employee of the Company or any of its Affiliates (as may be determined by the Company or such Affiliate from time to time) at any time during the first year of the Performance Period due to Retirement, this Agreement will terminate and be of no further force or effect and the Performance Shares awarded to Employee hereunder shall be forfeited, unless otherwise determined by the Committee.

If Employee ceases to be employed by the Company or any of its Affiliates at any time during the second or third year of the Performance Period due to Retirement, Employee (or, upon Employee’s death following Retirement, the legal representative of Employee’s estate or revocable living trust) shall receive the shares of Common Stock that would have been issued to Employee under this Agreement had the Retirement not occurred, payable as set forth in Section 2(b) above; provided, however, that (i) Employee must maintain full-time equivalent employment status (as may be determined by the Company or such Affiliate) through December 31 of the first year of the Performance Period and (ii) if, following any such Retirement, Employee is employed by or associated with an organization that competes with the Company or any of its Affiliates as determined by the Committee, this Agreement will terminate and be of no further force or effect and the Performance Shares awarded to Employee hereunder shall be forfeited, unless otherwise determined by the Committee.

For purposes of this Agreement, “Retirement” shall mean termination of employment with the Company and its Affiliates after Employee has attained a combination of age and years of service that equals at least sixty-five (65); provided that, (A) Employee has been employed by the Company and its Affiliates for at least five (5) years and (B) the maximum number of years of service credited for purposes of this calculation shall be ten (10).

(d)Other Termination. If Employee’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates is terminated prior to payment of the shares of Common Stock as specified in Section 2(b) above, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, for any reason other than death, Disability or Retirement, this Agreement will terminate and be of no further force or effect and the Performance Shares awarded to Employee hereunder shall be forfeited, unless otherwise determined by the Committee.

SECTION 5

CHANGE OF CONTROL

Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if a Change of Control occurs during the Performance Period prior to Employee’s death, Disability, Retirement or other termination of employment, the number of Performance Shares in the Target Grant shall not be adjusted at the end of the Performance Period as provided in Section 3(b) and Employee shall instead be deemed to have earned the number of Performance Shares constituting the Target Grant. The number of shares of Common Stock due following a Change of Control determined in accordance with Sections 1 and 2(b) and this Section 5 (and, upon Employee’s death, Disability or Retirement prior to the end of the Performance Period, Section 4(b)) shall be delivered to Employee (or, upon Employee’s death, the legal representative of Employee’s estate or revocable living trust) at the same time and in the same manner as specified in Section 2(b) above. Section 4(b)(3) shall not apply in the case of involuntary termination of Employee’s employment by the Company or an Affiliate following a Change of Control other than for cause. For purposes of this Section, “cause” shall mean (a) any conduct, act or omission that is contrary to Employee’s duties as an officer or employee of the Company or any of its Affiliates, or that is inimical or in any way contrary to the best interests of the Company or any of its Affiliates, or (b) employment of Employee by or association of Employee with an organization that competes with the Company or any of its Affiliates, in each case as determined by the Committee.

SECTION 6

MISCELLANEOUS

(a) Rights in Shares Prior to Issuance. Prior to issuance of shares of Common Stock in accordance with Section 2(b), neither Employee nor his or her legatees, personal representatives, or distributees (i) shall be deemed to be a holder of any shares of Common Stock represented by the Performance Shares awarded hereunder or (ii) have any voting rights with respect to any such shares.

(b) Non-assignability. The Performance Shares shall not be transferable by Employee other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution; provided that, Employee may transfer the Performance Shares during his or her lifetime to a revocable living trust of which Employee is grantor, or to another form of trust indenture of which Employee is a grantor or a beneficiary.

(c) Recoupment. The award granted pursuant to this Agreement is subject to the terms and conditions contained in the Company’s Executive Compensation Recoupment Policy (as such policy may be amended from time to time, the “Recoupment Policy”), which permits the Company to recoup all or a portion of awards made to certain employees upon the occurrence of any Recoupment Event (as defined in the Recoupment Policy), and may become subject to any clawback policy that may be adopted by the Company in the future, including without limitation any such policy or amended version of the Recoupment Policy required to comply with the final Securities and Exchange Commission rules and/or New York Stock Exchange listing standards with respect to recoupment adopted pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the Recoupment Policy, together with any such other policies, collectively, the “Policies”). If the award granted pursuant to this Agreement becomes subject to recoupment pursuant to any one or more of the Policies, the Company may utilize any method of recovery specified in any of such Policies in connection with any award recoupments required or permitted under any of such Policies.

(d) Securities Law Requirements. The Company shall not be required to issue shares of Common Stock pursuant to this Agreement unless and until (i) such shares have been duly listed upon each stock exchange on which the Company’s Common Stock is then registered and (ii) a registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, with respect to such shares is then effective.

(e) Designation of Beneficiaries. Employee may file with the Company a written designation of a beneficiary or beneficiaries to receive, upon Employee’s death, the shares of Common Stock determined in accordance with Section 4(b) and subject to all of the provisions of this Agreement. An Employee may from time to time revoke or change any such designation of beneficiary and any designation of beneficiary under the Plan shall be controlling over any other disposition, testamentary or otherwise; provided, however, that if the Committee shall be in doubt as to the right of any such beneficiary to receive shares of Common Stock, the Committee may recognize only receipt of such shares by the personal representative of the estate of Employee, in which case the Company, the Committee and the members thereof shall not be under any further liability to anyone.

adjusted by the Committee. The issuance of shares of Common Stock for consideration and the issuance of rights with respect to Common Stock shall not be considered a change in the Company’s capital structure. No adjustment provided for in this Section shall require the issuance of any fractional shares.

(g) Right to Continued Employment. Nothing in this Agreement shall confer on Employee any right to continued employment or interfere with the right of an employer to terminate Employee’s employment at any time.

(h) Restrictive Covenants. In exchange for the consideration provided to Employee pursuant to this Agreement, which Employee acknowledges is in addition to any compensation for services performed, Employee agrees as follows:

(1) For the duration of Employee’s employment with the Company or any of its affiliates or subsidiaries, including, but not limited to, RGA Enterprise Services Company, and for a period of twelve (12) months following the termination of Employee’s employment, Employee shall not, directly or indirectly, be employed by or provide any services for any person, business, firm, company, or other entity engaged in the same or similar lines of business as the Company or that competes with the Company in any way, without the written consent of the Company.

(2) For the duration of Employee’s employment with the Company or any of its affiliates or subsidiaries, including, but not limited to, RGA Enterprise Services Company, and for a period of twelve (12) months following the termination of Employee’s employment, Employee shall not, directly or indirectly, solicit, induce, persuade, or advise, or attempt to or encourage another person or entity to solicit, induce, persuade, or advise, any person employed by the Company or any person retained by the Company as an independent contractor or contingent worker, to terminate their employment or contract relationship with the Company, or to obtain employment or commence a contract relationship with another person or entity, without the written consent of the Company.

(3) Employee shall keep in strict confidence all confidential and/or proprietary information of the Company, its affiliates, and subsidiaries in accordance with applicable Company policies and procedures. Confidential and/or proprietary information includes, but is not limited to, any trade secrets, processes, formulas, data, know-how, inventions, improvements, techniques, training methods, business management methods, financial data, technical data and documentation, contracts, strategic planning, product/service specifications, communication systems, marketing plans, forecasts, customer and supplier lists and contacts, price and cost lists, prototypes, computer programs, databases, drawings, models, marketing data, projections, client and employee information, books, records, accounts, data processing information, or any document in any form in Employee’s possession which refers or relates to RGA’s business and affairs. Confidential and proprietary information shall not include information that was, is, or becomes generally available to the public through no fault of the employee.

(4) Nothing in this Agreement is intended to interfere with or prohibit Employee from reporting to or participating in an investigation with any federal, state or local government agency about a possible violation of law, from recovering any award offered by such agency associated with such investigation, or from making other disclosures protected by applicable whistleblower statutes.

The provisions of this Section 6(h) shall survive the termination of Employee’s employment with the Company.

(i) Tax Withholding. Employee must pay, or make arrangements acceptable to the Company for the payment of, any and all federal, state and local tax withholding that in the opinion of the Company is required by law. Unless Employee satisfies any such tax withholding obligation by paying the amount in cash or by check, the Company will withhold shares of Common Stock having a Fair Market Value on the date of withholding equal to the tax withholding obligation.

(j) Copy of Plan. By signing this Agreement, Employee acknowledges receipt of a copy of the Plan and any offering circular related to the Plan.

(k) Choice of Law; Venue. This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the State of Missouri, without giving regard to the conflict of law provisions thereof. Any legal action arising out of this Agreement may only be brought in the Circuit Court in St. Louis County and/or the United States District Court in St. Louis, Missouri.

(l) Execution. An authorized representative of the Company has signed this Agreement, and Employee has signed this Agreement to evidence Employee’s acceptance of the award on the terms specified in this Agreement and the Plan, all as of the Date of Grant.

(m) Section 409A. This Agreement is intended to comply with Section 409A of the Code or an exemption thereunder and shall be construed and interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the requirements for avoiding additional taxes or penalties under Section 409A of the Code. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company makes no representations that the payments and benefits provided under this Agreement comply with Section 409A of the Code and in no event shall the Company be liable for all or any portion of any taxes, penalties, interest or other expenses that may be incurred by Employee on account of non-compliance with Section 409A of the Code. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if Employee is determined to be a specified employee within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code, any payment on account of termination of employment shall be made on the first payroll date which is more than six months following the date of Employee’s termination of employment to the extent required to avoid any adverse tax consequences under Section 409A of the Code. To the extent necessary for compliance with Code Section 409A, references to termination of employment under this Agreement shall mean a “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code.

SECTION 7

TERMS OF THE PLAN

This award is granted under and is expressly subject to all the terms and provisions of the Plan, which terms are incorporated herein by reference. The Plan and this Agreement are administered by the Committee. Any determination under the Plan or this Agreement made by the Committee shall be at the Committee’s sole discretion. Capitalized terms used and not otherwise defined in this Agreement shall have the same meanings ascribed to them in the Plan.

Signature page follows.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of this ____ day of____, 2024.

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated

By: ____________________________

Tony Cheng

President and Chief Executive Officer

Employee

_______________________________

Name: <first_name> <last_name>

Document

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

FLEXIBLE STOCK PLAN

STOCK APPRECIATION RIGHT AWARD AGREEMENT

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated, a Missouri corporation (the “Company”), and <first_name> <last_name> (“Employee”) hereby agree as follows:

SECTION 1

GRANT OF STOCK APPRECIATION RIGHT

Pursuant to the Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated Flexible Stock Plan, as amended and restated on May 23, 2017 and further amended effective May 19, 2021 (the “Plan”), and pursuant to action of the Committee charged with the Plan’s administration, the Company has granted to Employee, effective March 15, 2024 (the “Date of Grant”), subject to the terms, conditions and limitations stated in this Stock Appreciation Right Award Agreement (this “Agreement”), the Plan and the Company’s Executive Compensation Recoupment Policy (as discussed in Section 8(c)), a stock appreciation right (“SAR”), which is granted with respect to <shares_awarded> shares (each, a “SAR Share”) of Common Stock. The SAR is exercisable as provided in Section 3.

SECTION 2

EXERCISE PRICE PER SAR SHARE

The “Exercise Price” per SAR Share shall be $185.28 which is the Fair Market Value of one share of Common Stock as of the Date of Grant.

SECTION 3

EXERCISE OF SAR

(a) Right to Exercise. This SAR is exercisable at any time prior to the Expiration Date, but only to the extent vested on the date of such exercise.

(b) Terms of Exercise. Upon exercise of any vested portion of the SAR in accordance with this Section 3, Employee or the individual, trust or entity authorized to exercise such SAR as provided herein (collectively, the “Exercisor”) shall be entitled to receive the excess of (i) the Fair Market Value of the specified number of SAR Shares as of the date of exercise (which shall be determined by multiplying the number of SAR Shares being exercised by the Fair Market Value of one share of Common Stock on the date of exercise) over (ii) an amount equal to the Exercise Price Per Share multiplied by the number of SAR Shares being exercised. Such excess, if any, shall be paid either (x) in whole shares of Common Stock, the number of which shall be determined using the Fair Market Value of one share of Common Stock as of the date of exercise, disregarding any fractional shares, or (y) in cash, with such method of payment to be determined by the Committee from time to time.

#578510v3

(c) Method of Exercise. The SAR may be exercised in whole or in part by the Exercisor at any time or from time to time in accordance with procedures established by the Committee. As promptly as practicable after such exercise of the SAR, the Company shall issue the number of shares of Common Stock or pay the amount of cash, as applicable, determined pursuant to Section 3(b) above to the Exercisor. Each exercised SAR will be cancelled.

(d) Automatic Exercise. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Fair Market Value of an SAR Share on the Expiration Date or, if applicable, the earlier termination date of the Option in accordance with Section 4(b)(2) (each, a “Covered Termination Event”) exceeds the Exercise Price, then to the extent the SARs have not theretofore been exercised, expired or otherwise terminated, the Company shall cause the SARs to be automatically exercised immediately prior to its termination on the Expiration Date or, if applicable, following the earlier Covered Termination Event, and to provide for the full Purchase Price and related withholding taxes thereon (as described in Section 8(g)) to be satisfied through a cash payment, except as prohibited by applicable law, through the sale of Common Shares that would otherwise be delivered to the Employee having an aggregate Fair Market Value, determined as of the date of exercise, equal to the amount necessary to satisfy the Exercise Price and the withholding taxes thereon; provided, however, if the forgoing method for the payment of the Exercise Price and the withholding taxes thereon is prohibited by applicable law, then the payment of the Exercise Price and related withholding taxes shall be satisfied by withholding Common Shares that would otherwise be delivered to the Employee having an aggregate Fair Market Value, determined as of the date of exercise, equal to the amount necessary to satisfy the Exercise Price and the withholding taxes thereon. This Section is intended to constitute a written plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

SECTION 4

CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONS ON RIGHT TO EXERCISE SAR

(a) Vesting. Subject to paragraph (b) of this Section and subject to Sections 6 and 7, this SAR shall vest in three (3) equal annual installments, with one-third vesting on December 31, 2024, one-third vesting on December 31, 2025, and one-third vesting on December 31, 2026. The SAR must be exercised, if at all, no later than ten (10) years from the Date of Grant (the “Expiration Date”). The SAR may be exercised in full or in part pursuant to this vesting schedule at any time prior to the Expiration Date. Upon a partial exercise of this SAR, the number of SAR Shares available for future exercise shall be reduced by the portion of the SAR so exercised.

(b) Exercise if No Longer an Employee.

(1) Termination. Except as provided in paragraphs (2) or (3) below, the SAR may be exercised only by Employee while serving as an officer or employee of the Company or any of its Affiliates or within 30 days following termination of employment.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, Employee may exercise the SAR following termination only to the extent the SAR was vested and had not been exercised prior to termination, and in no event may the SAR be exercised after the Expiration Date.

An approved leave of absence shall not constitute a termination for purposes of this Section so long as Employee’s right to re-employment is guaranteed either by statute, local law, contract or pursuant to any Company policy. Where re-employment is not so guaranteed, termination shall be deemed to occur on the first day after the end of such approved period of leave.

(2) Disability or Death. Notwithstanding the vesting schedule set forth in Section 4(a) above, if Employee ceases to be employed by the Company or any of its Affiliates prior to the Expiration Date due to Disability or death, the SAR shall become immediately 100% vested with respect to the portion of the SAR not exercised prior to the date of Disability or death, and the SAR may be exercised at any time within five (5) years following the earlier to occur of death or Disability, but in no event later than the Expiration Date. Should this Section 4(b)(2) become operative because of Employee’s death, or should Employee die after Employee’s Disability, then the SAR may be exercised by: (i) a legatee or legatees of Employee under Employee’s last will; (ii) Employee’s personal representative(s) under Employee’s last will or, if Employee died without a will, the executor of Employee’s probate estate; or (iii) the trustee(s) of Employee’s revocable living trust or of a trust indenture of which Employee is a grantor or a beneficiary.

For purposes of this Agreement, “Disability” means disability as defined in any long-term disability plan maintained by the Company or an Affiliate which covers Employee or, in the absence of any such plan, the physical or mental condition of Employee arising prior to the Expiration Date, which in the opinion of a qualified physician chosen by the Company prevents Employee from continuing employment with the Company and its Affiliates.

(3) Retirement. If Employee ceases to be a full-time employee of the Company or any of its Affiliates (as may be determined by the Company or such Affiliate) at any time on or prior to December 31 of the year of the Date of Grant due to Retirement, this Agreement will terminate and be of no further force or effect and the SAR awarded to Employee hereunder shall be forfeited, unless otherwise determined by the Committee.

Upon Employee’s Retirement following December 31 of the year of the Date of Grant but prior to the Expiration Date, the SAR shall continue to vest following such Retirement as provided in Section 4(a) above and shall remain exercisable as if Employee had continued his or her employment with the Company or its Affiliates following such Retirement, subject to Section 7 below; provided, however, that Employee must maintain full-time equivalent employment status (as may be determined by the Company or such Affiliate) through December 31 of the year of the Date of Grant.

Notwithstanding the vesting schedule set forth in Section 4(a) above, upon Employee’s death following any such Retirement referred to in the immediately preceding sentence but prior to the Expiration Date, the SAR shall become immediately 100% vested with respect to the portion of the SAR not exercised prior to Employee’s death. The SAR may be exercised at any time within five (5) years following Employee’s death (but in no event later than the Expiration Date) by: (i) a legatee or legatees of Employee under Employee’s last will; (ii) Employee’s personal representative(s) under Employee’s last will or, if Employee died without a will, the executor of Employee’s probate estate; or (iii) the trustee(s) of Employee’s revocable living trust or of a trust indenture of which Employee is a grantor or a beneficiary. In no event may any portion of this SAR be exercised after the Expiration Date.

SECTION 5

DELIVERY OF SHARES

The Company shall not be required to issue or deliver any shares of Common Stock, if applicable, upon the exercise of this SAR prior to (a) the admission of such shares to listing on any stock exchange on which the Company’s Common Stock may then be listed, (b) the completion of any registration and/or qualification of such shares under any state or federal laws (including without limitation the Securities Act of 1933, as amended) or rulings or regulations of any governmental regulatory body, which the Company shall determine to be necessary or advisable, or (c) if the Company so requests, the filing with the Company by the Exercisor of a representation in writing at the time of such exercise that it is such Exercisor’s present intention to acquire the shares being purchased for investment and not for resale or distribution.

SECTION 6

CHANGE OF CONTROL

Notwithstanding the vesting schedule set forth in Section 4(a), upon a Change of Control prior to Employee’s termination, Retirement, Disability or death (as described in Section 4(b)), the SAR shall become immediately 100% vested with respect to the portion of the SAR not exercised prior to the Change of Control (but in no event may Employee exercise any portion of the SAR after the Expiration Date).

SECTION 7

CANCELLATION

Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, this Agreement shall be cancelled and the SAR granted hereby shall be forfeited, without any further action by the Committee, as a result of Employee’s Malfeasance. Upon such cancellation, all rights of Employee hereunder shall terminate, irrespective of whether the SAR is otherwise vested, and the shares of Common Stock reserved for use hereunder shall be available for future grant in accordance with the Plan. “Malfeasance” means (1) any conduct, act or omission that is contrary to Employee’s duties as an officer or employee of the Company or any of its Affiliates, or that is inimical or in any way contrary to the best interests of the Company or any of its Affiliates, or (2) employment of Employee by or association of Employee with an organization that competes with the Company or any of its Affiliates, in each case as determined by the Committee.

SECTION 8

MISCELLANEOUS

(a) Rights in Shares Prior to Issuance. Prior to issuance of shares of Common Stock in accordance with Section 3, neither Employee nor his or her legatees, personal representatives or distributees (i) shall be deemed to be a holder of any shares of Common Stock subject to this SAR or (ii) have any voting rights with respect to any such shares.

(b) Non-assignability. This SAR shall not be transferable by Employee other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution; provided that, Employee may transfer the SAR during his or her lifetime to a revocable living trust of which Employee is grantor, or to another form of trust indenture of which Employee is a grantor or a beneficiary. This SAR may be exercised during Employee’s lifetime only by: Employee; Employee’s guardian, power of attorney, or legal representative; or the trustee of Employee’s revocable living trust or of a trust indenture of which Employee is a grantor or a beneficiary.

(d) Designation of Beneficiaries. Employee may file with the Company a written designation of a beneficiary or beneficiaries to exercise, upon Employee’s death, the SAR granted hereunder, subject to all of the provisions of this Agreement. An Employee may from time to time revoke or change any such designation of beneficiary and any designation of beneficiary under the Plan shall be controlling over any other disposition, testamentary or otherwise; provided, however, that if the Committee shall be in doubt as to the right of any such beneficiary to exercise the SAR, the Committee may recognize only an exercise by the personal representative of the estate of Employee, in which case the Company, the Committee and the members thereof shall not be under any further liability to anyone.

(e) Changes in Capital Structure. If there is any change in the Common Stock by reason of any extraordinary dividend, stock dividend, spin-off, split-up, spin-out, recapitalization, warrant or rights issuance or combination, exchange or reclassification of shares, merger, consolidation, reorganization, sale of substantially all assets or, as determined by the Committee, other similar or relevant event, then the number, kind and class of shares of Common Stock available for SARs and the number, kind and class of shares of Common Stock subject to outstanding SARs and the exercise price thereof, as applicable, shall be appropriately adjusted by the Committee. The issuance of shares of Common Stock for consideration and the issuance of rights with respect to Common Stock shall not be considered a change in the Company’s capital structure. No adjustment provided for in this Section shall require the issuance of any fractional shares.

(f) Right to Continued Employment. Nothing in this Agreement shall confer on Employee any right to continued employment or interfere with the right of an employer to terminate Employee’s employment at any time.

(g) Restrictive Covenants. In exchange for the consideration provided to Employee pursuant to this Agreement, which Employee acknowledges is in addition to any compensation for services performed, Employee agrees as follows:

employment or contract relationship with the Company, or to obtain employment or commence a contract relationship with another person or entity, without the written consent of the Company.

The provisions of this Section 8(g) shall survive the termination of Employee’s employment with the Company.

(h) Tax Withholding. Employee must pay, or make arrangements acceptable to the Company for the payment of any and all federal, state and local tax withholding that in the opinion of the Company is required by law. Unless Employee satisfies any such tax withholding obligation by paying the amount in cash or by check, the Company will withhold shares of Common Stock having a Fair Market Value on the date of withholding equal to the tax withholding obligation.

(i) Copy of Plan. By signing this Agreement, Employee acknowledges receipt of a copy of the Plan and any offering circular related to the Plan.

(j) Choice of Law; Venue. This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the State of Missouri, without giving regard to the conflict of law provisions thereof. Any legal action arising out of this Agreement may only be brought in the Circuit Court in St. Louis County and/or the United States District Court in St. Louis, Missouri.

(k) Execution. An authorized representative of the Company has signed this Agreement, and Employee has signed this Agreement to evidence Employee’s acceptance of the award on the terms specified in this Agreement and the Plan, all as of the Date of Grant.

SECTION 9

TERMS OF THE PLAN

This award is granted under and is expressly subject to all the terms and provisions of the Plan, which terms are incorporated herein by reference. The Plan and this Agreement are administered by the Committee. Any determination under the Plan or this Agreement made by the Committee shall be at the Committee’s sole discretion. The Committee shall have the discretion to reduce or eliminate any unvested portion of the SARs outstanding hereunder. Capitalized terms used and not otherwise defined in this Agreement shall have the same meanings ascribed to them in the Plan.

Signature page follows.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of this ___ day of ____, 2024.

“Company”

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated

By:

Name: Tony Cheng

Title: President and Chief Executive Officer

“Employee”

Name: <first_name> <last_name>

Document

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

FLEXIBLE STOCK PLAN

RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AGREEMENT

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated, a Missouri corporation (the “Company”), and <first_name> <last_name> (“Employee”), hereby agree as follows:

SECTION 1

GRANT OF RSUs

Pursuant to the Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated Flexible Stock Plan, as amended and restated on May 23, 2017 and further amended effective May 19, 2021 (the “Plan”), and pursuant to action of the Committee charged with the Plan’s administration, the Company has granted to Employee, effective March 15, 2024 (the “Date of Grant”), subject to the terms, conditions and limitations stated in this Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (this “Agreement”), the Plan and the Company’s Executive Compensation Recoupment Policy (as discussed in Section 5(c)), an award of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) with respect to <shares_awarded> shares of Common Stock.

SECTION 2

TERMS OF GRANT

(i)Vesting. The RSUs will ratably vest in three (3) equal annual installments, with one-third vesting on December 31, 2024, one-third vesting on December 31, 2025, and one-third vesting on December 31, 2026 (each such day, a “Vesting Date” and the period between the Date of Grant and December 31, 2026, the “Vesting Period”).

(ii)Payment.

(a)RSUs Payable In Common Stock. Subject to early termination of this Agreement pursuant to Sections 3 or 4 below, on or after January 1 but no later than December 31 following each of the Vesting Dates in Section 2(a) above, the Company will deliver to Employee one (1) share of the Company’s Common Stock for each vested RSU granted under this Agreement; provided, however, that any fractional RSU for the first two Vesting Dates shall be rounded down to the nearest whole share and the RSUs vesting on the final Vesting Date shall be such number necessary to ensure the full award of RSUs granted pursuant to this Agreement vest at the end of the Vesting Period; provided, further, that the Committee shall have the discretion to reduce or eliminate the number of shares of Common Stock delivered hereunder.

(b)Dividend Equivalents. RSUs shall not include dividend equivalent payments or dividend credit rights.

#578509v3 1

SECTION 3

CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONS ON RIGHT TO RECEIVE

RSUs OR COMMON SHARES

(i)Demotion or Transfer. If Employee is demoted or transferred to a position with the Company or any of its Affiliates in which Employee is no longer eligible to participate in the Plan prior to any Vesting Date, the Committee shall determine whether this Agreement in whole or in part will terminate and be of no further force or effect and the RSUs awarded to Employee hereunder shall be forfeited.

(ii)Termination of Employment.

(a)Death. If Employee ceases to be employed by the Company or any of its Affiliates prior to the expiration of the Vesting Period due to his or her death, the Company shall pay to the legal representative of Employee’s estate or revocable living trust a pro rata proportion of the unvested shares of Common Stock that would have been issued to Employee under this Agreement. The number of shares of Common Stock representing such payment shall be determined by multiplying such unvested shares by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of calendar months elapsed in the year of the Employee’s death, and the denominator of which is 36 if the death occurs in 2024, 24 if the death occurs in 2025 and 12 if the death occurs in 2026. Such pro rata proportion shall be paid to the legal representative of Employee’s estate or revocable living trust at such time as determined by the Committee. Employment for any portion of a calendar month during the Vesting Period shall be deemed employment for that calendar month.

(b)Disability. If Employee ceases to be employed by the Company or any of its Affiliates prior to the expiration of the Vesting Period due to his or her Disability, the Company shall pay to Employee a pro rata proportion of the unvested shares of Common Stock that would have been issued to Employee under this Agreement. The number of shares of Common Stock representing such payment shall be determined by multiplying such unvested shares by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of calendar months elapsed in the year of the Employee’s termination of employment due to Disability, and the denominator of which is 36 if the termination occurs in 2024, 24 if the termination occurs in 2025 and 12 if the termination occurs in 2026. Such pro rata proportion shall be paid to Employee at such time as determined by the Committee. Employment for any portion of a calendar month during the Vesting Period shall be deemed employment for that calendar month. For purposes of this Agreement, “Disability” shall mean disability as defined in any long-term disability plan maintained by the Company or an Affiliate which covers Employee or, in the absence of any such plan, the physical or mental condition of Employee arising during the Vesting Period, which in the opinion of a qualified physician chosen by the Company prevents Employee from continuing employment with the Company and its Affiliates.

(c)Retirement. If Employee ceases to be a full-time employee of the Company or any of its Affiliates (as may be determined by the Company or such Affiliate from time to time) at any time prior to December 31, 2024 due to Retirement, this Agreement will terminate and be of no further force or effect and the RSUs awarded to Employee hereunder shall be forfeited, unless otherwise determined by the Committee.

If Employee ceases to be employed by the Company or any of its Affiliates at any time during the second or third year of the Vesting Period due to Retirement, Employee (or, upon Employee’s death following Retirement, the legal representative of Employee’s estate or revocable living trust) shall receive the shares of Common Stock that would have been issued to Employee under this Agreement had the Retirement not occurred, payable at such time as determined by the Committee; provided, however, that (i) Employee must maintain full-time equivalent employment status (as may be determined by the Company or such Affiliate) through December 31 of the first year of the Vesting Period and (ii) if, following any such Retirement, Employee is employed by or associated with an organization that competes with the Company or any of its Affiliates as determined by the Committee, this Agreement will terminate and be of no further force or effect and the RSUs awarded to Employee hereunder shall be forfeited, unless otherwise determined by the Committee.

(d)Other Termination. If Employee’s employment with the Company and its Affiliates is terminated prior to payment of the shares of Common Stock as specified in Section 2(b) above, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, for any reason other than death, Disability or Retirement, this Agreement will terminate and be of no further force or effect and the RSUs awarded to Employee hereunder shall be forfeited, unless otherwise determined by the Committee.

SECTION 4

CHANGE OF CONTROL

Following any Change of Control, the number of shares of Common Stock determined in accordance with Sections 1, 2(b) and 3 shall be delivered to Employee (or, upon Employee’s death, the legal representative of Employee’s estate or revocable living trust) at the same time and in the same manner as specified in Section 2(b) above. Section 3(b)(4) shall not apply in the case of involuntary termination of Employee’s employment by the Company or an Affiliate following a Change of Control other than for cause. For purposes of this Section, “cause” shall mean (a) any conduct, act or omission that is contrary to Employee’s duties as an officer or employee of the Company or any of its Affiliates, or that is inimical or in any way contrary to the

best interests of the Company or any of its Affiliates, or (b) employment of Employee by or association of Employee with an organization that competes with the Company or any of its Affiliates, in each case as determined by the Committee.

SECTION 5

MISCELLANEOUS

(a)Rights in Shares Prior to Issuance. Prior to issuance of shares of Common Stock in accordance with Section 2(b), neither Employee nor his or her legatees, personal representatives or distributees (i) shall be deemed to be a holder of any shares of Common Stock represented by the RSUs awarded hereunder or (ii) have any voting rights with respect to any such shares.

(1)Non-assignability. The RSUs shall not be transferable by Employee other than by will or by the laws of descent and distribution; provided that, Employee may transfer the RSUs during his or her lifetime to a revocable living trust of which Employee is grantor, or to another form of trust indenture of which Employee is a grantor or a beneficiary.

(2)Recoupment. The award granted pursuant to this Agreement is subject to the terms and conditions contained in the Company’s Executive Compensation Recoupment Policy (as such policy may be amended from time to time, the “Recoupment Policy”), which permits the Company to recoup all or a portion of awards made to certain employees upon the occurrence of any Recoupment Event (as defined in the Recoupment Policy), and may become subject to any clawback policy that may be adopted by the Company in the future, including without limitation any such policy or amended version of the Recoupment Policy required to comply with the final Securities and Exchange Commission rules and/or New York Stock Exchange listing standards with respect to recoupment adopted pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the Recoupment Policy, together with any such other policies, collectively, the “Policies”). If the award granted pursuant to this Agreement becomes subject to recoupment pursuant to any one or more of the Policies, the Company may utilize any method of recovery specified in any of such Policies in connection with any award recoupments required or permitted under any of such Policies.

(3)Securities Law Requirements. The Company shall not be required to issue shares of Common Stock pursuant to this Agreement unless and until (i) such shares have been duly listed upon each stock exchange on which the Company’s Common Stock is then registered and (ii) a registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933 with respect to such shares is then effective.

of beneficiary and any designation of beneficiary under the Plan shall be controlling over any other disposition, testamentary or otherwise; provided, however, that if the Committee shall be in doubt as to the right of any such beneficiary to receive shares of Common Stock, the Committee may recognize only receipt of such shares by the personal representative of the estate of Employee, in which case the Company, the Committee and the members thereof shall not be under any further liability to anyone.

(f) Changes in Capital Structure. If there is any change in the Common Stock by reason of any extraordinary dividend, stock dividend, spin-off, split-up, spin-out, recapitalization, warrant or rights issuance or combination, exchange or reclassification of shares, merger, consolidation, reorganization, sale of substantially all assets or, as determined by the Committee, other similar or relevant event, then the number, kind and class of shares of Common Stock available for RSUs and the number, kind and class of shares of Common Stock subject to outstanding RSUs, as applicable, shall be appropriately adjusted by the Committee. The issuance of shares of Common Stock for consideration and the issuance of rights with respect to Common Stock shall not be considered a change in the Company’s capital structure. No adjustment provided for in this Section shall require the issuance of any fractional shares.

The provisions of this Section 5(h) shall survive the termination of Employee’s employment with the Company.

(i) Tax Withholding. Employee must pay, or make arrangements acceptable to the Company for the payment of any and all federal, state and local tax withholding that in the opinion of the Company is required by law. Unless Employee satisfies any such tax withholding obligation by paying the amount in cash or by check, the Company will withhold shares of Common Stock having a Fair Market Value on the date of withholding equal to the tax withholding obligation.

(j) Copy of Plan. By signing this Agreement, Employee acknowledges receipt of a copy of the Plan and any offering circular related to the Plan.

the Code. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company makes no representations that the payments and benefits provided under this Agreement comply with Section 409A of the Code and in no event shall the Company be liable for all or any portion of any taxes, penalties, interest or other expenses that may be incurred by Employee on account of non-compliance with Section 409A of the Code. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if Employee is determined to be a specified employee within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code, any payment on account of termination of employment shall be made on the first payroll date which is more than six months following the date of Employee’s termination of employment to the extent required to avoid any adverse tax consequences under Section 409A of the Code. To the extent necessary for compliance with Code Section 409A, references to termination of employment under this Agreement shall mean a “separation from service” within the meaning of Section 409A of the Code.

SECTION 6

TERMS OF THE PLAN

Signature page follows.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of this ___ day of _____, 2024.

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated

By: ____________________________

Tony Cheng

President and Chief Executive Officer

Employee

_______________________________

Name: <first_name> <last_name>

Document

Exhibit 31.1

CEO CERTIFICATION

I, Tony Cheng, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant’s other certifying officer(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 3, 2024	/s/ Tony Cheng
	Tony Cheng
	President & Chief Executive Officer

Document

Exhibit 31.2

CFO CERTIFICATION

I, Todd C. Larson, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated;

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 3, 2024	/s/ Todd C. Larson
	Todd C. Larson
	Senior Executive Vice President<br>& Chief Financial Officer

Document

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated and subsidiaries, (the “Company”), for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Tony Cheng, Chief Executive Officer of the Company, certifies, to his best knowledge and belief, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 3, 2024	/s/ Tony Cheng
	Tony Cheng
	President & Chief Executive Officer

Document

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated and subsidiaries, (the “Company”), for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), Todd C. Larson, Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certifies, to his best knowledge and belief, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: May 3, 2024	/s/ Todd C. Larson
	Todd C. Larson
	Chief Financial Officer
	& Senior Executive Vice President

10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 1-11848

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

16600 Swingley Ridge Road

Chesterfield, Missouri 63017

(636) 736-7000

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1 BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

NOTE 2 EARNINGS PER SHARE

NOTE 3 EQUITY

Common stock

Common Stock Held in Treasury

Noncontrolling Interest

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Equity Based Compensation

NOTE 4 FUTURE POLICY BENEFITS

NOTE 5 POLICYHOLDER ACCOUNT BALANCES

NOTE 6 UNPAID CLAIMS AND CLAIM EXPENSE – SHORT-DURATION CONTRACTS

Rollforward of Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses

NOTE 7 MARKET RISK BENEFITS

Fair Value Measurement

NOTE 8 DEFERRED POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS

NOTE 9 REINSURANCE

Ceded Reinsurance

Funds Withheld

NOTE 10 INVESTMENTS

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities

Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments – Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

Net Investment Income

Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net

Collateral Arrangements

Securities Lending and Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements

Mortgage Loans

Policy Loans

Funds Withheld at Interest

Limited Partnerships and Real Estate Joint Ventures

Other Invested Assets

NOTE 11 DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

Summary of Derivative Positions

Fair Value Hedges

Cash Flow Hedges

Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations

Non-qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging

Credit Derivatives

Netting Arrangements and Credit Risk

NOTE 12 FAIR VALUE OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

Fair Value Measurement

Assets and Liabilities by Hierarchy Level

Quantitative Information Regarding Internally Priced Assets and Liabilities

Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities