UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

**** ☒ ANNUAL REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period

SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant in Its Charter)
Delaware	04-2217279
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(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
80 Orville Drive, Suite 102, Bohemia, New York	11716
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

(631) 567-4700

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Name of each exchange on which registered
None	None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act:

Title of Class ****

Common stock, $.05 par value

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated Filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the eﬀectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the average bid and asked prices of such stock, as of June 30, 2024 is $5,009,326.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, par value $.05 per share (“Common Stock”) as of March 27, 2025 is 10,503,599 shares.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None.

SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC.

PART I
Item 1.	BUSINESS	3
Item 1A.	RISK FACTORS	6
Item 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	13
Item 1C.	CYBERSECURITY	13
Item 2.	PROPERTIES	14
Item 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	14
Item 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	14
PART II
Item 5.	MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	15
Item 6.	[RESERVED]	16
Item 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	16
Item 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	20
Item 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	20
Item 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	20
Item 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	20
Item 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	21
Item 9C.	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS	21
PART III
Item 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	22
Item 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	24
Item 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	26
Item 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	27
Item 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	27
PART IV
Item 15.	EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	28
SIGNATURES		38
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Company and its representatives may from time to time make written or oral forward-looking statements with respect to the Company’s annual or long-term goals, including statements contained in its filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission and in its reports to stockholders.

The words or phrases “will likely result”, “will be”, “will”, “are expected to”, “will continue to”, “is anticipated”, “estimate”, “project” or similar expressions identify “forward- looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical earnings and those presently anticipated or projected. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made.

PART I

Item 1. Business.

General. Incorporated in 1954, Scientific Industries, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“SI” and along with its subsidiaries, the “Company”), is engaged in the design, manufacture, and marketing of standard benchtop laboratory equipment (“Benchtop Laboratory Equipment”), and through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Scientific Bioprocessing Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“SBHI”), the design, manufacture, and marketing of bioprocessing systems and products (“Bioprocessing Systems”). SBHI has two wholly-owned subsidiaries – Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“SBI”), and aquila biolabs GmbH, a German corporation (“Aquila”). The Company’s products are used primarily for research purposes by universities, pharmaceutical companies, pharmacies, national laboratories, medical device manufacturers, and other industries performing laboratory-scale research. Until November 30, 2020, the Company was also engaged in the design, manufacture and marketing of customized catalyst research instruments through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Altamira Instruments, Inc, a Delaware corporation (“Altamira”). On November 30, 2020, the Company sold substantially all of Altamira’s assets and Altamira’s operations were discontinued.

Operating Segments. The Company views its operations as two segments: the manufacture and marketing of standard Benchtop Laboratory Equipment which includes various types of equipment used for research and sample preparation in university, pharmacy and industrial laboratories sold primarily through laboratory equipment distributors and online, and weight and measurement products including pill counters and digital scales; and the design, development, manufacture and marketing of bioprocessing products, principally products incorporating smart sensors and state of the art software analytics, sold primarily on a direct basis through the Company’s internal sales force.

Products.

Benchtop Laboratory Equipment. The Company’s Benchtop Laboratory Equipment products consist of mixers and shakers, rotators/rockers, refrigerated and shaking incubators, and magnetic stirrers sold through the “Genie ™” division, and pharmacy and laboratory balances and scales, force gauges, automated pill counters and moisture analyzers sold through the “Torbal®” division. Sales of the Company’s principal product, the Vortex-Genie® 2 Mixer, excluding accessories, represented approximately 33% and 32% of the Company’s total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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The Company’s vortex mixer is used to mix the contents of test tubes, beakers, and other various containers by placing such containers on a rotating cup or other attachments which cause the contents to be mixed at varying speeds. The Company’s additional mixers and shakers include a high-speed touch mixer, a mixer with an integral timer, a cell disruptor, a bead beater, microplate mixers, programmable vortex mixers, two large capacity multi-vessel vortex mixers and a line of various orbital shakers.

The Company also offers various benchtop multi-purpose rotators and rockers, designed to rotate and rock a wide variety of containers, and a refrigerated incubator and incubated shakers, which are multi-functional benchtop environmental chambers designed to perform various shaking and stirring functions under controlled environmental conditions.

The Company’s line of magnetic stirrers includes a high/low programmable magnetic stirrer, a four-place high/low programmable magnetic stirrer, a large volume magnetic stirrer, and a four-place general purpose stirrer.

The Company’s Torbal® division line of products includes pharmacy, laboratory, industrial digital scales, moisture analyzers, mechanical and automated pill counters, force gauges and test stands.

Bioprocessing Systems. SBHI, through its two wholly-owned subsidiaries, SBI and Aquila, is engaged in the design, development, manufacture and marketing of bioprocessing products, principally products incorporating smart sensors and state of the art software analytics. Products include the Cell Growth Quantifier (“CGQ”) for biomass monitoring in shake flasks, the Liquid Injection System (“LIS”) for automated feeding in shake flasks, and a line of coaster systems and flow-through cells for pH and DO monitoring and analytical software, and the Multi-Parameter Sensor (“MPS”) and Dissolved Oxygen sensor pills which are marketed and will be sold under the Bioprocessing Systems DOTS brand platform.

Product Development. The Company designs and develops substantially all of its products. Company personnel formulate plans and concepts for new products and improvements or modifications of existing products. The Company engages outside consultants to augment its internal engineering capabilities in areas such as industrial and electronics design. The Company is investing significantly in the product development of its Bioprocessing Systems Operations with the launch of one major product line during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (“Fiscal 2024)” and several new product launches planned for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025 and thereafter with a view to generating meaningful revenues from its Bioprocessing Systems Operations in the future. To a lesser extent, the Company also invested in product development of its VIVID product line of the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations’ Torbal division, and as a result introduced a major new product in February 2025 and expects to continue to invest in this product line which the Company deems to have sales growth potential.

Major Customers. Sales to the three top customers, principally of the Vortex-Genie 2 Mixer, represented 15% and 16% of consolidated net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The three top customers also represented 18% and 18% of Benchtop Laboratory Equipment product sales, for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Marketing.

Benchtop Laboratory Equipment. The Company’s Benchtop Laboratory Equipment products sold under the “Genie” brand are generally distributed and marketed through an established network of domestic and overseas laboratory equipment distributors who sell the Company’s products through websites, printed catalogs and sales force. In general, due to the reliance on sales through distribution, it takes two to three years for a new Genie brand Benchtop Laboratory Equipment product to begin generating meaningful sales.

The Company’s “Torbal®” brand weighing products are primarily marketed and sold online, and primarily on a direct basis, and distributors. The Company’s VIVID® brand, automated pill counters are sold through two exclusive distributors in North America. The Company markets its products through online and trade publication advertising, brochures and catalogs, the Company’s websites, one sales professional in the North America, Central America, and South America, a consultant in Europe and Middle East and, when practicable, attendance at industry trade shows.

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Bioprocessing Systems. The Company’s Bioprocessing Systems products are marketed through a direct sales force consisting of eight sales professionals and four application scientists in the US and Germany, plus a network of 11 distributors that are managed by a distribution manager. Sales are supported via marketing through websites, content creation, application notes, mailings, trade shows, online marketing campaigns, and membership in various public/private research partnerships. The Company invests heavily in the sales and marketing of its Bioprocessing Systems Operations in an effort to attract new customers and sales opportunities for products recently launched and market research for future products.

Assembly and Production. The Company has facilities in Bohemia, New York and Pearl River, New York where it conducts the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations. The Company also has a shared-office facility in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and its primary operating facility in Baesweiller, Germany, where it conducts the Bioprocessing Systems operations. The Company’s production operations principally involve assembly of components supplied by various domestic and international independent suppliers.

Patents, Trademarks and Licenses.

The Company holds several patents relating to its benchtop laboratory products which include a United States patent that relates to a mixing method which expires in June 2036, and a patent relating to Torbal’s VIVID® automated pill counter which expires in March 2039.

The Company’s Bioprocessing Systems operations’ Aquila subsidiary holds three US patents relating to bioprocessing which expire in May 2036, February 2038 and March 2038, respectively. In addition, Aquila holds several European and German patents and Patent Cooperation Treaty (the “PCT”) patents, and has several other patent applications pending in the United States, Europe, and under the PCT.

The Company does not anticipate any material adverse effect on sales of its patented products following the expiration on any of its patents resulting in the loss of patent protection.

The Company has various proprietary trademarks, including aquila biolabs (in Germany), Bead Genie®, Disruptor Beads™, Disruptor Genie®, DOTS™, Enviro-Genie®, Genie™, Genie Temp-Shaker™, Incubator Genie™, MagStir Genie™, MegaMag Genie®, MicroPlate Genie®, MultiMagStir Genie™, Multi-MicroPlate Genie®, Orbital Genie®, QuadMag Genie®, Rotator Genie®, Roto-Shake Genie**®, Torbal®,** TurboMix™, VIVID**®, and Vortex-Genie®**, each of which it considers important to the success of the related product. No representation can be made that any application will be granted or as to the protection that any existing or future trademark registration may provide.

Foreign Sales. The Company’s sales to overseas customers, principally in Asia and Europe, accounted for approximately 39% and 34% of the Company’s net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Payments were primarily in United States dollars and were therefore not subject to risks of currency fluctuation.

Seasonality. The Company does not consider its business to be materially seasonal.

Backlog. The Company had a total backlog in benchtop equipment orders of approximately $368,300 and $563,800 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. There was no significant backlog for the Bioprocessing Systems operations.

Competition. Most of the Company’s principal competitors are substantially larger and have greater financial, production and marketing resources than the Company. Competition is generally based upon technical specifications, price, and product recognition and acceptance. The Company’s main competition for its Benchtop Laboratory Equipment products derives from private label brand mixers offered by laboratory equipment distributors in the United States and Europe and products exported from China.

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The Company’s major competitors for its Genie brand Benchtop Laboratory Equipment are Henry Troemner, Inc. (a private label supplier to the two largest laboratory equipment distributors in the U.S. and Europe), IKA-Werke GmbH & Co. KG, a German company, Benchmark Scientific, Inc. (a United States importer of China-produced products), and Heidolph Instruments GmbH, a German company and various other smaller importers (primarily from China). The Company’s main competitors for its Torbal® brand products are Ohaus Corporation, an American company, A&D Company Ltd., a Japanese company, Adam Equipment Co., Ltd., a British company, Avery Weigh-Tronix, an American company, and Capsa Healthcare, an American company for its VIVID® brand automated pill counters.

Direct competitors for the Company’s Bioprocessing Systems products are ABER Instruments (United Kingdom) and PreSens GmbH (Germany), indirect (systemic alternatives) competitors include Hamilton Bonaduz AG (Switzerland) and optek-Danulat GmbH (Germany) as well as total solution providers like Sartorius AG (Germany) or Eppendorf SE (Germany). The former direct competitor PyroScience GmbH (Germany) has entered a long-term partnership agreement with aquila.

Research and Development. The Company incurred research and development expenses, the majority of which related to its Bioprocessing Systems operations, of $2,906,100 and $3,566,200 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company expects that research and development expenditures in the fiscal year ending December 31, 2025 will continue to be material reflecting continued product development efforts for the Bioprocessing Systems operations.

Government and Environmental Regulation. The Company’s products and claims with respect thereto have not required approval of the Food and Drug Administration or any other governmental authority. The Company’s manufacturing operations, like those of the industry in general, are subject to numerous existing and proposed, if adopted, federal, state, and local regulations to protect the environment, establish occupational safety and health standards and cover other matters. The Company believes that its operations are in compliance with existing laws and regulations and the cost to comply is not significant to the Company.

Employees. As of March 27, 2025, the Company employed 67 persons (32 for the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations, and 35 for the Bioprocessing Systems operations, of whom 27 were located in Germany) of whom 61 were full-time, including its executive officers. The Company augments its internal staff with outside consultants as deemed necessary. None of the Company’s employees are represented by any union.

Available Information. The Company’s reports, including Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and other information filed with, or furnished to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC” or the “Commission”), including amendments to such reports, are available on the SEC’s website that contains such reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding companies that file electronically with the Commission. This information is available at www.sec.gov. In addition, all the Company’s public filings can be accessed through the Company’s website at https://www.scientificindustries.com/sec-filings.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

In connection with the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, important risk factors are identified below that could affect the Company’s financial performance and could cause the Company’s actual results for future periods to differ materially from any opinions or statements expressed with respect to such future periods in any current statements. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly revise any forward-looking announcements to reflect future events or circumstances.

Risks Relating to Our Financial Position and Capital Requirements

We have limited financial resources and we may need to raise additional funding. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we could be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product discovery and development programs or commercialization efforts.

In order to be successful with our product development and commercialization programs, principally as it pertains to our bioprocessing sector, we believe that we will need to continue to invest substantial capital into such programs in the foreseeable future. We expect our total operating expenses to continue to be material in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue with our emphasis on the bioprocessing sector. We expect to continue to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, after-sales support, manufacturing, and distribution. We also expect to continue to incur substantial expenses related to the development of new products and technologies, primarily related to bioprocessing products. Our ability to conduct additional research and development activities and commercialization efforts are dependent upon the availability of funding and cash generated from sales of newly introduced products.

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In such an event, we may be required to obtain further funding through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations and licensing arrangements, product line divestitures, or other sources. We do not have any committed external source of funds, other than a working line of credit of $300,000 with the Company’s primary bank. If additional funding is necessary, adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts and on terms acceptable to us, - we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of bioprocessing or any of our other products. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy.

Our future funding requirements, both short-term and long-term, will depend on many factors, including: the scope, progress, timing, costs and results of our current and future product candidates; our ability to enter into, and the terms and timing of, any collaborations, licensing or other arrangements; the number of future product candidates that we pursue and their development requirements; the costs and timing of establishing product sales, marketing, distribution and commercial-scale manufacturing capabilities; the effect of competing technological and market developments; our headcount growth and associated costs as we expand our research and development; and the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and protecting our intellectual property rights including enforcing and defending intellectual property related claims.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our then-existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our technologies or product candidates.

To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of common shares, convertible securities or other equity securities, the ownership interests of the then-existing equity holders may be diluted, and the terms of these securities could include liquidation or other preferences and anti-dilution protections that could adversely affect the rights of the then-existing common stockholders. In addition, debt financing, if available, may result in fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, creating liens, redeeming stock or declaring dividends, that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. In addition, securing financing could require a substantial amount of time and attention from our management and may divert a disproportionate amount of their attention away from day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our management’s ability to oversee the development of our product candidates.

If we raise additional funds through collaborations or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, or product line divestitures, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

We have a history of losses and will likely incur future losses during the next few years as we attempt to grow and develop our bioprocessing sector.

We incurred net losses of $6,445,400 and $9,086,500 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $33,930,500. We expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future as our expenses related to the growth and expansion of our Bioprocessing Systems operations will exceed revenues expected to be generated. Our Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations are profitable, but our ability to become and remain profitable on a combined basis depends on our ability to generate additional revenue, and therefore profits, from our Bioprocessing Systems operations. Because of the uncertainties and risks associated with these activities, we are unable to accurately predict the timing and amount of future revenues, and if or when we might achieve profitability. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, we may never generate revenues that are large enough for us to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

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If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting in the future, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, which could harm our operating results, investors’ views of us and, as a result, the value of our Common Stock.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules, our management is required to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to assess our internal control over financial reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. To comply with the requirements of being a reporting company under the Exchange Act, we may need to further upgrade our systems, including information technology, implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and hire additional accounting and finance staff, and specialists. If material weaknesses or deficiencies in our internal controls exist and go undetected, our financial statements could contain material misstatements that, when discovered in the future could cause us to fail to meet our future reporting obligations and cause the price of our Common Stock to decline.

Limited public market for our common stock and active trading market may never develop or be sustained.

As of March 27, 2025, there were 10,503,599 shares of Common Stock of the Company outstanding, of which 32% are held by the top three stockholders of the Company. The Common Stock of the Company is traded on the Over-the-Counter Bulletin Board and, historically, has been thinly traded. There have been a number of trading days during Fiscal 2024 and 2023 on which no trades of the Company’s Common Stock were reported. Accordingly, the market price for the Common Stock is subject to great volatility. The lack of an active trading market may impair the value of the shares of our common stock and stockholders’ ability to sell their shares. An inactive trading market may also impair the Company’s ability to raise capital by selling shares of common stock and to enter into strategic partnerships or other business strategies.

Risks Relating to Our Business

The commercial success of our bioprocessing products will largely depend upon attaining significant market acceptance.

Our ability to execute our growth strategy and achieve commercial success in our bioprocessing sector will depend upon the adoption by customers of our products and bioprocessing solutions. We cannot predict how quickly, if at all, our products will be accepted or, if accepted, how frequently they will be used. Our bioprocessing products may never gain broad market acceptance. The market for bioprocessing products is relatively new, subject to rapid innovation and remains uncertain. The degree of market acceptance of any of our products will depend on a number of factors, including the prevalence and severity of any complications associated with our products, the competitive pricing of our products; and the quality of our products meeting customer expectations.

Failure to achieve or maintain market acceptance and/or market share would limit our ability to generate revenue and would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, if we cannot build and maintain strong working relationships with these professionals and seek their advice and input on our product candidates, the development and marketing of our future products could suffer, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection for any of our new bioprocessing products, or if the scope of the patent and other intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize products and technology similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize any product we may develop may be adversely affected.

The commercial success of our bioprocessing segment will also depend on our ability to obtain and maintain patent, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property protection of our new bioprocessing products and other technology, methods used to manufacture them and methods of treatment, as well as successfully defending our patent and other intellectual property rights against third-party challenges. It is difficult and costly to protect and enforce intellectual property rights, and we may not be able to ensure the same for every product. Our ability to stop unauthorized third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell, importing or otherwise commercializing our new organ candidates is dependent upon the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities.

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We seek to protect our proprietary position by developing a comprehensive intellectual property portfolio including filing patent applications and obtaining granted patents in the United States and abroad related to our bioprocessing products that are important to our business. If we are unable to obtain or maintain patent protection with respect to a product we may develop, or if the scope of the patent protection secured is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize products and technology similar or identical to ours and our ability to commercialize that product candidate may be adversely affected.

The patent prosecution process is expensive, time-consuming, and complex, and we may not be able to file, prosecute, maintain, enforce, or license all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. In addition, we may not pursue or obtain patent protection in all relevant markets. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output in time to obtain patent protection. Although we enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to confidential or patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors, and other third parties, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose such output before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection. In addition, our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patents depends on whether the differences between our inventions and the prior art allow our inventions to be patentable over the prior art. Furthermore, publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our patents or pending patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition among potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors or other third parties may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

If we lose the services of key management personnel, we may not be able to execute our business strategy effectively.

Our future success depends in a large part upon the continued service of key members of our senior management team. The loss of services from any of Ms. Helena Santos, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Reginald Averilla, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. Robert Nichols, the President of the Company’s Genie Products Division of the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations, Mr. Karl Nowosielski, the President of the Torbal Products Division of the Benchtop Laboratory Operations, Mr. Daniel Donadille, the Chief Executive Officer and President of the Bioprocessing Systems Operations, or Mr. John A. Moore, the Company’s Chairman, or any material expansion of the Company’s operations could place a significant additional strain on the Company’s limited management resources and could be materially adverse to the Company’s operating results and financial condition.

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If we lose one or more of our key employees, our ability to implement our business strategy successfully could be seriously harmed. Furthermore, replacing key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required to develop, gain marketing approval of and commercialize products successfully.

We rely on highly skilled personnel and, if unable to retain, fully utilize or hire additional qualified personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively.

Our performance is largely dependent on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals. The future success depends on the continued ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of the organization. Competition in the industry for qualified employees is intense, and it is likely that certain competitors will directly target some of our employees. The continued ability to compete effectively depends on the ability to retain and motivate existing employees.

Management may also need to hire additional qualified personnel with expertise in the bioprocessing sector, including with respect to research and testing, formulation and manufacturing and sales and marketing. We compete for qualified individuals with numerous biopharmaceutical companies and other emerging entrepreneurial companies, as well as universities and research institutions. Competition for such individuals is intense, and we may not be able to successfully recruit or retain such personnel. Attracting and retaining qualified personnel will be critical to our success.

Our Company’s future depends heavily on international operations.

The Company’s Bioprocessing Systems Operations is substantially operated out of Germany with the management and the majority of research, manufacturing, marketing, accounting, and administration functions located in its Baesweiler, Germany facility. As a result, the Company’s Bioprocessing Systems Operations is physically located in a different geographical location which could pose inherent risks in systems of internal controls, and is subject to various laws and regulations that differ from those of the parent company in the U.S.

We may not successfully manage any experienced growth.

Our success will depend upon the expansion of our operations and the effective management of any such growth will place a significant strain on management and on administrative, operational and financial resources. To manage any such growth, management must expand the facilities, augment operational, financial and management systems, and hire and train additional qualified personnel. If management is unable to manage our growth effectively, our business would be harmed.

Our growth strategy is based on certain assumptions as to the bioprocessing market.

We believe that the worldwide bioprocess development technologies total available market is approximately $26 billion^1,2^, with a serviceable addressable share for our bioprocessing products of $2.1 billion^1,2^. Our estimates of the TAM and SAM for our products under development are based on a number of internal and third-party estimates, as well as assumed prices at which we can sell our future products. While we believe our assumptions and the data underlying our estimates are reasonable, these assumptions and estimates may not be correct and the conditions supporting our assumptions or estimates may change at any time, thereby reducing the predictive accuracy of these underlying factors. As a result, our estimates of the annual total addressable market for our product candidates may prove to be incorrect. If the price at which we can sell future products, or the annual total addressable market for our product candidates is smaller than we have estimated, it could have an adverse impact on our business.

__________________

(1)	Jessica Merrill, “The Next Big Patent Cliff Is Coming, And Time Is Running Out To Pad The Fall”, Pharma Intelligence UK Limited, a Citeline company, April 2022.
(2)	Estimated on the basis of: Hillary Dukart, Laurie Lanoue, Mariel Rezende, Paul Rutten, “Emerging from disruption: The future of pharma operations strategy”, McKinsey & Company, October 2022.
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Dependence on major customers.

Although the Company does not depend on any one single major customer, sales to the top three Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations customers accounted for a combined aggregate of 23% and 18% of the segment’s total sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

No representation can be made that the Company will be successful in retaining any of these customers, or not suffer a material reduction in sales, either of which could have an adverse effect on future operating results of the Company.

One benchtop laboratory equipment product accounts for a substantial portion of revenues.

The Company has a limited number of Benchtop Laboratory Equipment products with one product, the Vortex-Genie 2 Mixer, accounting for approximately 38% and 36% of Benchtop Laboratory Equipment sales, for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company is a small participant in each of the industries in which it operates.

The Benchtop Laboratory Equipment industry is a highly competitive mature industry. Although the Vortex-Genie 2 Mixer is widely accepted, the annual sales of the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment products ($9,022,800 and $9,745,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively) are significantly lower than the annual sales of many of its competitors in the industry. The principal competitors are substantially larger with much greater financial, production and marketing resources than the Company. There are constant new entrants into the vortex mixer market, including those offering products imported from China, which the Company is unable to compete with on price. The Torbal line of products is also a small market participant in its industry with significant competition from well-known brands.

The Company’s Bioprocessing Systems operations is a participant in the laboratory-scale sector of the larger bioprocessing products industry, which is dominated by several companies that are significantly larger, and the Company’s bioprocessing operations are still in the start-up phase of operations.

The Company’s ability to grow and compete effectively depends in part on its ability to develop and effectively market new products.

The Company continuously invests in the development and marketing of new Benchtop Laboratory Equipment products, including the Torbal line of products, with a view to increase revenues and reduce the Company’s dependence on sales of the Vortex-Genie 2 Mixer. However, gross revenues derived from non- Vortex-Genie Benchtop Laboratory Equipment products including Torbal products amounted to $5,538,000 (61% of the segment sales and 51% of total revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $6,190,800 (64% of the segment sales and 56% of total revenues) for the year ended December 31, 2023. The segment’s ability to compete will depend upon the Company’s success in continuing to develop and market new laboratory equipment and scales as to which no assurance can be given.

The Company relies heavily on distributors and their catalogs to market the majority of its Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Genie products. Accordingly, sales of new products are heavily dependent on the distributors’ decisions whether to include and retain a new product in their catalogs and on their websites. It may be at least 24 to 36 months between the completion of development of a product and the distribution of the catalog in which it is first offered; furthermore, not all distributors feature the Company’s products in their catalogs.

The success of the Company’s Bioprocessing Systems operations will depend heavily on its ability to successfully develop, produce, and market new products. Commencing in the last quarter of fiscal year ended June 30, 2019, the Company began to commit substantial resources to its Bioprocessing Systems operations in the form of employees, materials, supplies, marketing, and facilities to accelerate its product development efforts and marketing activities. Bioprocessing products are of a complex nature in an industry that the Company has not traditionally operated in and have taken much longer to develop than previously anticipated. In addition, they will be subject to beta testing and adoption by end users, which could result in design and/or production changes which could further delay development time. On April 29, 2021, the Company acquired Aquila in an effort to accelerate development of its bioprocessing products. The Company continues to incur substantial product development and sales and marketing costs related to its Bioprocessing Systems operations.

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No assurance can be given that the Company will be successful with its new product development or that its sales and marketing programs will be sufficient to develop additional commercially feasible products which will be accepted by the marketplace, or that any distributor will include or retain any new Company products in its catalogs and websites.

Exchange rates — The Company is exposed to foreign exchange rate risk.

Substantially all of the Company’s sales are in US dollars. As a result of the acquisition of Aquila in April 2021, the Company is subject to foreign exchange rate risk, both transactional and translational, which may negatively affect our financial performance. Transactional foreign exchange exposures result from exchange rate fluctuations, including in respect of the U.S. dollar and the Euro. Translational foreign exchange exposures result from exchange rate fluctuations in the conversion of the entity’s functional currency to U.S. dollars, consistent with the Company’s reporting currency, and may affect the reported value of the Company’s assets and liabilities and its income and expenses. In particular, the Company’s translational exposure may be impacted by movements in the exchange rate between the Euro against the U.S. dollar.

The Company may be subject to general economic, political and social factors.

Orders for the Company’s products depend in part, on the customer’s ability to secure funds to finance purchases, especially government funding for research activities. Availability of funds can be affected by budgetary constraints. Factors including a general economic recession, a European crisis, slowdown in Asian economies, or a major terrorist attack may have a negative impact on the availability of funding including government or academic grants to potential customers. Please also see the separate COVID-19 pandemic related discussion in this “Risk Factors” section below.

Sales to overseas customers, including sales in China, accounted for approximately 39% and 34% of the Company’s net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The high value of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies can have a negative impact on sales because the Company’s products, which are paid in U.S. dollars, become more expensive to overseas customers. In addition, tariffs imposed by importing countries outside the U.S. may also have a negative impact on the total cost of our products overseas.

Higher material and transportation costs over the last few years has resulted in significantly higher costs for some of the Company’s components. Such increased costs could have a negative effect on the Company’s future gross margins, if the Company is unable to pass such cost increases to its customers.

The Company is heavily dependent on outside suppliers for the components of its products.

The Company purchases most of its components from outside suppliers and relies on a few sole-source suppliers for some components, mostly due to cost considerations. Most of the Company’s suppliers, including its U.S. vendors, produce the components directly or indirectly in overseas factories, and orders are subject to long lead times and potential other risks related to production in a foreign country, such as current and potential future tariffs. To minimize the risk of supply shortages, the Company keeps more than normal quantities on hand of the critical components that cannot easily be procured or, where feasible and cost effective, purchases are made from more than one supplier. However, alternate suppliers are not always feasible for various reasons including complexity and cost of toolings. A shortage of components or vendor inability to deliver due to shipping and cargo issues could halt production and have a material negative effect on the Company’s operations.

The Company’s ability to compete depends in part on its ability to secure and maintain proprietary rights to its products.

The Company has no patent protection for its principal Benchtop Laboratory Equipment product, the Vortex-Genie 2 Mixer, or the Torbal products other than the VIVID pill counter. There are several competitive products available in the marketplace possessing similar technical specifications and design.

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As discussed above in detail, the Company’s Bioprocessing Operations through its Aquila division holds several patents in Europe and the US related to its products and underlying technology and has several patent applications pending in Europe and the United States of America, and sublicenses from third parties on a regular basis additional technology needed for its product development.

There can be no assurance that any patent issued or licensed to the Company provides or will provide the Company with competitive advantages or will not be challenged by third parties. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that others will not independently develop similar products or design around the Company’s patents. Any of the foregoing activities could have a material adverse effect on the Company. Moreover, enforcement by the Company of its patent or license rights may require substantial litigation costs.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings, if any, for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other factors, our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation in the value of their stock, if any.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comment.

Not required for smaller reporting companies.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Risk Management and Strategy

In accordance with the Securities Exchange Commission ("SEC") rules, the Company is required to assess, identify, and manage material risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. These risks include, among other things, operational disruption, intellectual property theft, fraud, extortion, harm to employees or customers, violation of privacy or security laws and other litigation and legal risks, and reputational risks.

We have developed, implemented, and maintain certain cybersecurity processes and controls intended to safeguard our information systems and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our data, based on material risks identified.

We have strategically integrated cybersecurity risk management into our broader risk management framework to promote a company-wide culture of cybersecurity risk management and as part of our decision-making processes. We have implemented and maintain various information security processes designed to identify, assess and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats to our critical computer networks, third-party hosted services, communications systems, hardware and software, and our critical data, including but not limited to regular network and endpoint monitoring, vulnerability assessments, various system backups of all information, and through policy and procedure inform and train employees on the Company’s underlying practices, and annual assessment and testing of such controls. Our information security function is responsible for identifying, assessing and managing cybersecurity threats and risks and works to monitor and evaluate our threat environment and risk profile.

As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats or incidents that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, we cannot provide assurance that they will not be materially affected in the future by such risks or any future material incidents.

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Governance

Our Board of Directors addresses cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function and delegates cybersecurity risk management oversight to our Audit Committee. Our management team is responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats and provides updates to the Audit Committee on major developments regarding cybersecurity matters. The Audit Committee has oversight responsibility for risks and incidents relating to cybersecurity threats, including compliance with disclosure requirements, cooperation with law enforcement, and related effects on financial and other risks, and reports any findings and recommendations, as appropriate, to the Board of Directors for consideration.

Item 2. Properties.

The Company’s executive office and principal manufacturing facility for its Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations comprises approximately a total of 24,000 square feet. This facility is located in Bohemia, New York and is held under a lease with a term through October 2028. The Company leased a 1,200 square foot facility in Orangeburg, New York where it conducted its sales and marketing functions, primarily for the Torbal® Products Division of the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations, which expired at the end of October 2024 and was not renewed and continued as a monthly lease through the end of December 31, 2024. On January 1, 2025, the Company began a lease for a 220 square foot facility in Pearl River, New York where it conducts its sales and marketing functions, primarily for the Torbal® Products Division of the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations, expiring in December 2027. The Company’s Bioprocessing Systems Operations leases a co-sharing office space in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and a 5,252 square foot facility in Baesweiller, Germany through December 31, 2025, comprised of manufacturing, engineering, and administrative space.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

The Company is not a party to any pending legal proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Common Stock

The Company’s Common Stock is traded on the Over-The-Counter (“OTC”) Market, under the trading symbol “SCND”. The following table sets forth the low and high bid quotations at the end of each quarter for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as reported by the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. Electronic Bulletin Board. Such quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not represent actual transactions:

For Fiscal Quarter Ended	Low Bid()	High Bid()
03/31/23
06/30/23
09/30/23
12/31/23
03/31/24
06/30/24
09/30/24
12/31/24

All values are in US Dollars.

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As of March 27, 2025, there were 269 record holders of the Company’s Common Stock.

Recent sales of unregistered securities; use of proceeds from registered securities

Refer to Current Reports on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 22, 2024 as incorporated by reference for recent sales of unregistered securities.

Purchases of equity securities by the issuer and affiliated purchasers

None.

Item 6. [Reserve]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Forward-Looking Statements.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related notes thereto, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Certain statements contained in this report are not based on historical facts but are forward-looking statements that are based upon various assumptions about future conditions. Actual events in the future could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking information. Numerous unknown factors and future events could cause such differences, including but not limited to, product demand, market acceptance, success of marketing strategy, success of expansion efforts, impact of competition, adverse economic conditions, and other factors affecting the Company’s business that are beyond the Company’s control, which are discussed elsewhere in this report. Consequently, no forward- looking statement can be guaranteed. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Overview.

Scientific Industries, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“SI” and along with its subsidiaries, the “Company”, “we”, “our”), is engaged in the design, manufacture, and marketing of standard benchtop laboratory equipment (“Benchtop Laboratory Equipment”), and through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Scientific Bioprocessing Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“SBHI”), the design, manufacture, and marketing of bioprocessing systems and products (“Bioprocessing Systems”). SBHI has two wholly-owned subsidiaries – Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“SBI”), and aquila biolabs GmbH, a German corporation (“Aquila”). The Company’s products are used primarily for research purposes by universities, pharmaceutical companies, pharmacies, national laboratories, medical device manufacturers, and other industries performing laboratory-scale research.

On November 4, 2022, the Board of Directors approved the change of the Company’s fiscal year end from June 30 to December 31 of each year. In connection with this change, we previously filed a Transition Report on Form 10-KT to report the results of the six-month transition period from July, 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022.

Results of Operations.

The Company’s results are from the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations and the Bioprocessing Systems operations. The Company realized a loss from continuing operations of $6,445,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $9,089,800 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in the loss from continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023 is primarily due to decreased expenses resulting from operating cost reductions mostly in the Bioprocessing Systems Operations segment compared to the prior year period.

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Year Ended December 31, 2024 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

Net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased $398,900 (3.6%) to $10,712,600 from $11,111,500 for year ended December 31, 2023, reflecting an increase of approximately $323,700 in net revenues from the Bioprocessing Systems products derived principally from the new DOTS MPS product introduced during the year ended December 31, 2024, and a decrease of $722,600 from the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations. The reduced net revenue from the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations resulted primarily from decreased sales of the Torbal division, with net revenue of Torbal and VIVID brand products decreasing to $3,107,300 in the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $3,568,700 in the prior year, due principally to reduced VIVID pill counter sales resulting primarily from the new regulations related to pharmacy direct and indirect renumeration fees “DIR fees” charged by pharmacy benefit managers, which caused financial hardships and cash flow challenges for the independent pharmacy market in the beginning of 2024. The Genie division sales decreased by approximately 4% due to overall market softness in demand for laboratory equipment.

The gross profit percentage for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased to 44.2% from 45.9% for the year ended December 31, 2023, due primarily to increased cost of materials, labor, and fixed overhead for the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations.

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $595,200 (11.0%) to $4,822,700 compared to $5,417,900 for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to decreased non-cash stock-based compensation expenses in conjunction with the strategic operational plan for the Bioprocessing Systems Operations implemented in the first and second quarter of the year ended December 31, 2024.

Selling expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $1,734,800 (32.3%) to $3,643,000 from $5,377,800 for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the decreased non-cash stock-based compensation expenses and reduction of sales and marketing employees in conjunction with the strategic operational plan for the Bioprocessing Systems Operations implemented in the first and second quarters of the year ended December 31, 2024.

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased by $660,100 (18.5%) to $2,906,100 from $3,566,200 for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to cost reductions by the Bioprocessing Systems Operations in conjunction with cost savings initiatives, and the reduction of research and development expenditures related to the completion of a new VIVID automated pill counter in the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations as compared to the prior year period.

Total other income (expense), net for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $192,800 and $170,100, respectively. The increase was due primarily to increased interest income earned from investment securities.

The Company reflected income tax expense for continuing operations of $0 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company maintains a full valuation allowance of $9,839,400 against the consolidated net deferred tax asset as the Company determined the net deferred tax assets which includes net operating loss carry-forwards and other tax credits, are more likely not to be realized in the future. In the event in the future the Company changes the determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the Company will adjust the valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

As a result of the foregoing, the Company recorded a reduced loss from continuing operations of $6,445,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a loss from continuing operations of $9,089,800 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company reflected net gain from discontinued operations of $0 and $3,300 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As a result of the above, the Company recorded a net loss of $6,445,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to a net loss of $9,086,500 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources.

Cash and cash equivalents decreased by $208,200 to $587,900 as of December 31, 2024 from $796,100 as of December 31, 2023, primarily due to continued operating costs of the Bioprocessing Systems operations and increased corporate overhead. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company generated negative cash flows from operations of $3,683,500 and has an accumulated deficit of $33,930,500 as of December 31, 2024.

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The Company has evaluated whether there are certain conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the Consolidated Financial Statements are issued. Based on its recurring losses from operations and continued cash outflows from operating activities (all as described below), the Company has concluded that there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from the date that these Consolidated Financial Statements are issued.

In order to continue as a going concern, the Company will need, among other things, additional capital resources. Management has developed a strategic plan to secure such resources for the Company which may include capital from management and significant shareholders sufficient to meet its operating expenses and third-party equity and/or debt financing and exploring the sale of certain assets. However, management cannot provide any assurances that the Company will be successful in accomplishing any of its plans.

The Consolidated Financial Statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Accordingly, the Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes the Company will continue as a going concern and which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business.

Net cash used in operating activities was $3,683,500 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $6,155,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease is primarily due to decreased operational costs from the Bioprocessing Systems operations and Corporate overhead in the current year period.

Net cash provided or (used) by investing activities was $2,866,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $(735,100) for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is primarily due to a increase in redemption of investment securities for use in general operations in the current year period.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $645,700 for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $5,751,200 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease is primarily due to the prior period $5,751,200 net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants compared to the current period $645,700 net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). In connection with the preparation of our financial statements, we are required to make assumptions and estimates about future events and apply judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and the related disclosures. We base our assumptions, estimates and judgments on historical experience, current trends and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time our consolidated financial statements are prepared. On an ongoing basis, management reviews the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our financial statements are presented fairly and in accordance with GAAP. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, actual results could differ from our assumptions and estimates, and such differences could be material.

Our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Management believes that the following accounting policies are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results, and they require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, resulting from the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Management has reviewed these critical accounting estimates and related disclosures with the Audit Committee of our board of directors.

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Fair Value Estimates

Goodwill and Finite Lived Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets, Net

*Goodwill –*Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill and long-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 350, “Intangibles- Goodwill and Other” (“ASC No. 350”). ASC No. 350 requires that goodwill be tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had two reporting units, the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations and the Bioprocessing Systems Operations. Goodwill is tested for impairment by reporting unit on an annual basis as of December 31, the last day of its fiscal year, and in the interim if events and circumstances indicate that goodwill may be impaired. The events and circumstances that are considered in the Company’s goodwill impairment testing include business climate and market conditions, legal factors, operating performance indicators and competition. Impairment of goodwill is first assessed using a qualitative approach. If the qualitative assessment suggests that impairment is more likely than not, a quantitative analysis is performed. The quantitative analysis involves a comparison of the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. The fair value is determined using the income approach, which utilizes the present value of expected future cash flows for each reporting unit based on estimate future cash flows, the timing of these cash flows, and a discount rate based on a weighted average cost of capital. The assumptions used to estimate future cash flows and the development of forecasts used in the fair value determination were based on assumptions made using the best information available at the time, subject to inherent risk and judgement. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. To the extent additional information arises, market conditions change, or our strategies change, it is possible that the conclusion regarding whether our remaining goodwill is impaired could change and result in future goodwill impairment charges that will have a material effect on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company performed the annual goodwill impairment analysis. The Company elected to perform the qualitative analysis for the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations reporting unit. These qualitative analyses evaluated factors, including, but not limited to, economic, market and industry conditions, cost factors and the overall financial performance of the reporting unit. In completing these assessments, the Company noted no changes in events or circumstances that indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 there was no remaining goodwill to the Bioprocessing System reporting unit.

Intangible assets – Intangible assets consist primarily of acquired technology, customer relationships, non-compete agreements, patents, licenses, websites, intellectual property in-process research and development (“IPR&D”), trademarks and trade names. All intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally 3 to 10 years. The Company continually evaluates the remaining estimated useful lives of intangible assets that are being amortized to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. The Company reviews the recoverability of our finite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets, when events or conditions occur that indicate a possible impairment exists. Determining whether impairment has occurred typically requires various estimates and assumptions, including determining which cash flows are directly related to the potentially impaired asset, the useful life over which cash flows will occur, their amount and the asset’s residual value, if any. The assessment for recoverability is based primarily on our ability to recover the carrying value of its long-lived and finite-lived intangible assets from expected future undiscounted net cash flows. If the total of expected future undiscounted net cash flows is less than the total carrying value of the assets the asset is deemed not to be recoverable and possibly impaired. We then estimate the fair value of the asset to determine whether an impairment loss should be recognized. An impairment loss will be recognized if an asset’s fair value is determined to be less than its carrying value. Fair value is determined by computing the expected future discounted cash flows. There was no impairment of intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Income tax ****

The Company and its subsidiaries file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return, and a tax return in Germany for Aquila. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. The Company provides for federal, and state income taxes currently payable, as well as for those deferred due to timing differences between reporting income and expenses for financial statement purposes versus tax purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributed to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted income tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in income tax rates is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment date.

In accordance with ASC 740 “Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), the Company evaluated the deferred tax assets to determine if valuation allowances are required or should be adjusted. ASC 740 requires that companies assess whether valuation allowances should be established against their deferred tax assets based on consideration of all available evidence, both positive and negative, using a “more likely than not” standard of whether the deferred tax assets will be realized. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company maintained a full valuation allowance of $9,839,400 and $9,302,300, respectively, against the consolidated net deferred tax assets as the Company determined the net deferred tax assets which includes net operating loss carry-forwards and other tax credits, are more likely not to be realized and therefore the Company recorded a full valuation allowance. If in the future the Company changes the determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the Company will adjust the valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

ASC No. 740 clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements and prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC No. 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits related to various federal and state income tax matters.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. The Company does not have any accrued interest or penalties associated with any unrecognized tax benefits. The Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax, as well as various state jurisdictions. The Company is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the federal and state jurisdictions for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and after. The Company is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by German tax authorities for the years ended December 31, 2019 and after. The Company does not anticipate any material amount of unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Not required for smaller reporting companies.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The consolidated Financial Statements required by this item are attached hereto on pages F1-F33.

Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Not applicable.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. As of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, based on an evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15I and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.

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Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over the Company’s financial reporting, as such term is defined in Securities Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). The Company’s internal controls over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

The Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of the Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this annual report.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls. The Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, believes that its disclosure on controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and are effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, management does not expect that its disclosure on controls and procedures or its internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Not applicable.

Item 9C. Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

None.

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PART III

Item 10—Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The Company's Certificate of Incorporation provides for a classified Board of Directors, consisting of three classes, each class serving a three-year term on a staggered basis. Two are Class A Directors, two are Class B Directors, and two are Class C Directors.

The Company has the following six directors:

Michael Blechman (age 66), a director since April 2024, through his affiliate Intracoastal Strategies Group LLC, has been a consultant and advisor for various businesses since February 2023. From January 2017 to January 2023 Mr. Blechman was CEO of ACC, Inc., a systems integration and technology product company. He was President from 1996 to 2016, and held various other management roles from 1988 to 1995 at ACC, Inc.

Christopher Cox (age 60), a director since February 2021, has been a Co-Founder and Managing Partner of Population Health Partners LP. since May 2020. Mr. Cox has been on the Board of Directors of Nyrada, Inc. since January 2019. Mr. Cox has been a corporate attorney for over 25 years, most recently at Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft LLP, which he joined as a partner in January 2012 and where he was a co-chair of the global corporate group and a member of the firm’s management committee until February 2016. From February 2016 to March 2019, Mr. Cox was Executive Vice President and Chief Corporation Development Officer of Medicines Company. Prior to January 2012, Mr. Cox was a partner at Cahill Gordon & Reindel.

John Nicols (age 61), a director since March 2024 and Chairman of the Board of Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc., has been a consultant and advisor to the Company's Bioprocessing Systems Operations since September 2023. Mr. Nicols, who is director certified by the National Association of Corporate Directors, currently serves since April 2023 as chair on the board of directors of Antheia, Inc., a synthetic biology company and chair of the Board of Solve ME/CFS Initiative, a non-profit organization and advocacy group for chronic diseases since January 2015. From June 2012 to August 2022 Mr. Nicols was CEO of Codexis, Inc., a Nasdaq listed synthetic biology company.

John A. Moore (age 59), a Director since January 2019 and Chairman of the Board since January 2020, and was also the Chairman of Scientific Bioprocessing Industries (“SBI”) from March until March 2024 and prior was President of SBI from January 2020 through April 2022, and had been providing consulting services to SBI since March 2019. Mr. Moore serves as Chairman of Nyrada, Inc., a drug development company since July 2019 and prior to that served as a director with Noxopharm Limited, a drug development company, and is also the Chairman of Trialogics, a clinical trial software provider. Since March 2022 he serves as the Chairman of Cormetech, a leading air emissions provider for power plants. Mr. Moore was President, Chief Executive Officer and director of Acorn Energy, Inc. from 2006 to 2016.

Helena R. Santos (age 60), a Director since 2009, has been employed by the Company since 1994, and has served since August 2002 as its President, Chief Executive Officer, Treasurer and, until April 2022, its Chief Financial Officer. She had served as Vice President, Controller from 1997 and as Secretary from May 2001.

Jurgen Schumacher (age 70), a Director since May 2021, is currently a private investor in various startups and growth phase technology companies over the past five years.

Board Committee

The Board of Directors (the “Board”) currently has three standing committees: Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. All committee members are appointed by the Board on an annual basis. Each committee operates under a written charter establishing its roles and responsibilities The composition and responsibilities of each committee are described below.

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Audit Committee

The Audit Committee is responsible for assisting the Board in its oversight of the integrity of our financial statements, the qualifications and independence of our independent auditors, and our internal financial and accounting controls. The Audit Committee has direct responsibility for the appointment, compensation, retention (including termination) and oversight of our independent auditors, and our independent auditors report directly to the audit committee. The Audit Committee also prepares the audit committee report that the SEC requires to be included in our annual proxy statement. The Audit Committee discusses with the Company’s internal auditors the overall scope and plans for their respective audits and meets with the internal auditors, with and without management present, to discuss the results of their examinations, their evaluations of the Company’s disclosure and internal controls and the overall quality of the Company’s financial reporting. The Audit Committee periodically reviews and approves all “related party transactions,” as defined in SEC regulations.

The members of the Audit Committee are Messrs. Michael Blechman, Christopher Cox and John Nicols. All members of the Audit Committee qualify as an independent director under the corporate governance standards of the NASDAQ Listing Rules and the independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. The Board has determined that all of the members of the Audit Committee are “financially literate,” as defined under NASDAQ listing standards.

Compensation Committee

The Compensation Committee approves the compensation objectives for the Company, approves the compensation of the Chief Executive Officer of the Company and approves or recommends to the Board for approval the compensation for other executives. The Compensation Committee reviews all compensation components, including equity-based compensation plans, base salary, bonus, benefits and other perquisites. The Compensation Committee shall be tasked with issuing a “Compensation Committee Report” to be included in the Company’s annual report, as may be necessary.

The members of the Compensation Committee are Messrs. Blechman, Christopher Cox and John Nicols. Each member of the Compensation Committee is a non-employee director within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 of the rules promulgated under the Exchange Act, each is an outside director as defined by Section 162(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, and each is an independent director as defined by the NASDAQ Listing Rules, including NASDAQ Listing 5605(d)(2).

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for making recommendations to the Board regarding candidates for directorships and the structure and composition of the Board and the board committees in addition to development and maintaining the Company’s corporate governance policies and any related matters required by federal securities laws. In addition, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is responsible for developing and recommending to the Board corporate governance guidelines applicable to the Company and advising the Board on corporate governance matters. The Nominating and Governance Committee identifies and recommends to the Board candidates for election as directors and recommends any changes it believes desirable in the size and composition of the Board as well as Board committee structure and membership.

The members of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee are Messrs. Michael Blechman, Christopher Cox and John Nicols. Each member of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is an independent director within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 of the rules promulgated under the Exchange Act and an independent director as defined by the NASDAQ Listing Rules.

Executive Officers & Significant Employees

See above for the employment history of Ms. Santos and Mr. Moore.

Reginald Averilla (age 46), is the Chief Financial Officer of the Company and has been employed by the Company since April 2022. He was the VP Controller of Medical Knowledge Group, a privately held company from July 2020 to April 2022. From 2017 to July 2020, he was the VP Controller for Film Expo Group, a privately held company. Prior to 2017, he was the Assistant Controller to SFX Entertainment, previously a publicly traded company.

23

Robert P. Nichols (age 64), is the President of the Genie Products Division of the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations and Corporate Secretary and has been employed by the Company since February 1998. Previously, he had been since May 2001, the Company’s Vice President of Engineering.

Karl D. Nowosielski (age 47), is the President of the Torbal Products Division of the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations and Director of Marketing for the Company. He was Vice President of Fulcrum, Inc. (the seller of the Torbal Products Division assets) from 2004 until February 2014.

Daniel Donadille (age 37), is the Chief Executive Officer of the Company’s Bioprocessing operations. Prior to the Company’s acquisition of Aquila, he served as Aquila’s Chief Executive Officer since he co-founded Aquila in 2014.

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

The Company believes that, for the year ended December 31, 2024, its officers, directors and 10% stockholders timely complied with all filing requirements of Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Code of Ethics

The Company has adopted a code of ethics that applies to the Executive Officers and Directors. A copy of the code of ethics can be found on the Company’s website.

Insider Trading Policy

The Company has adopted an insider trading policy that applies to the Executive Officers, Directors and other Company insiders. A copy of the insider trading policy is filed herewith as Exhibit 19.1 to this Form 10-K.

Executive Compensation

Compensation Discussion and Analysis

The Compensation Committee reviews and recommends to the Board of Directors compensation be paid to each executive officer. Executive compensation, in all instances except for the compensation for the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), is based on recommendations from the CEO. The CEO makes a determination by comparing the performance of each executive being reviewed with objectives established at the beginning of each fiscal year and with objectives established during the business year with regard to the success of the achievement of such objectives and the successful execution of management targets and goals.

With respect to the compensation of the CEO, the Committee considers performance criteria, 50% of which is related to the direction, by the CEO, of the reporting executives, the establishment of executive objectives as components for the successful achievement of Company goals and the successful completion of programs leading to the successful completion of the Business Plan for the Company and 50% of which is based on the achievement by the Company of its financial and personnel goals tempered by the amount of the income or loss of the Company during the fiscal year.

The compensation at times includes grants of options under its stock option plan to the named executives. Each officer is employed pursuant to a long-term employment agreement, containing terms proposed by the Compensation Committee and approved as reasonable by the Board of Directors. The Board is cognizant that as a relatively small company, the Company has limited resources and opportunities with respect to recruiting and retaining key executives. Accordingly, the Company has relied upon long-term employment agreements and grants of stock options to retain qualified personnel.

Compensation for each of its executive officers provided by their employment agreements were based on the foregoing factors and the operating and financial results of the segments under their management.

Item 11—Executive Compensation

The following table summarizes all compensation paid by the Company to its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and the two other most highly compensated executive officers for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE

Name and Principal				Stock	Option	Plan	Compensation	All Other
Position	Year	Salary()	Bonus()	Award ()	Awards()	Compensation ()	Earnings()	Compensation ( (5)	Total()
(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(f)	(g)	(h)	(i)	(j)
Helena R. Santos, CEO, President (1)	12/31/2024
Helena R. Santos, CEO, President	12/31/2023
John A. Moore, Chairman (2)	12/31/2024
John A. Moore, Chairman	12/31/2023
Reginald Averilla, CFO (3)	12/31/2024
Reginald Averilla, CFO	12/31/2023
Daniel Donadille,CEO of Bioprocessing Operations (4)	12/31/2024
Daniel Donadille,CEO of Bioprocessing Operations	12/31/2023

All values are in US Dollars.

__________________

(1)	The amount of Option Awards for 2024 represents compensation expense for stock options granted valued utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton options pricing model disregarding estimates of forfeitures related to service-based vesting considerations.
(2)	The amount of Option Awards for 2024 represents compensation expense for stock options granted valued utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton options pricing model disregarding estimates of forfeitures related to service-based vesting considerations.
(3)	The amount of Option Awards for 2024 represents compensation expense for stock options granted valued utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton options pricing model disregarding estimates of forfeitures related to service-based vesting considerations.
(4)	The amount of Option Awards for 2024 represents compensation expense for stock options granted valued utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton options pricing model disregarding estimates of forfeitures related to service-based vesting considerations.
(5)	The amounts represent the Company’s matching contribution under the Company’s 401(k).
24
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Employment Agreements

Helena Santos

The Company has an employment agreement with Helena Santos, its President and CEO, which expires on June 30, 2025. The agreement provided for an annual base salary of $175,000 for the year ended June 30, 2018, with subsequent annual increases of 3% or the applicable annual percentage increase in the U.S. Consumer Price Index (“CPI”), whichever is higher, plus a discretionary bonus. The agreement contains a provision that within one year of a change of control, if either the Company terminates the employment for any reason other than for “cause” or the President terminates the employment for “good reason”, the President will have the right to receive a lump sum payment equal to three times the average of their total annual compensation paid for the last five years preceding such termination. The employment agreement also contains a termination provisions stipulating that if the Company terminates the employment other than for death, disability, or cause (as such term is defined therein), or if the relevant employee resigns for “good reason” (as such term is defined therein), the Company shall pay severance payments equal to one year’s salary at the rate of the compensation at the time of termination, and continue to pay the regular benefits provided by the Company for a period of one year from termination.

Reginald Averilla

The Company has an employment agreement with its Chief Financial Officer, which expires on June 30, 2025, providing for an annual base salary of $195,000 plus 10% discretionary bonus*.* The agreement contains a provision that within one year of a change of control, if either the Company terminates the employment for any reason other than for “cause” or the employee terminates the employment for “good reason”, the employee will have the right to receive a lump sum payment equal to one times the average of their total annual compensation paid for the last five years preceding such termination. The employment agreement also contains a termination provisions stipulating that if the Company terminates the employment other than for death, disability, or cause (as such term is defined therein), or if the relevant employee resigns for “good reason” (as such term is defined therein), the Company shall pay severance payments equal to one year’s salary at the rate of the compensation at the time of termination, and continue to pay the regular benefits provided by the Company for a period of one year from termination.

John A. Moore

The Company has an employment agreement with its chairman, which expires on June 30, 2024, and was extended through June 30, 2025. The agreement provides for an annual base salary of $175,000 for the year ended June 30, 2021, with subsequent annual increases of 3% plus discretionary bonuses. The agreement also provides for a grant of options to purchase 215,366 shares which were authorized by the Board of Directors during the year ended June 30, 2020, subject to amendment of the Company’s 2012 Stock Option Plan to increase the number of shares authorized for issuance thereunder which was approved in February 2021, following which Mr. Moore’s options were issued on February 23, 2021. The employment agreement contains termination provisions stipulating that if the Company terminates the employment other than for death, disability, or cause (as such term is defined therein), or if the employee resigns for “good reason”(as such term is defined in the agreement) , the Company shall pay severance payments equal to either one year’s salary at the rate of the compensation at the time of termination is employee is terminated within 12 months of the date of the agreement or six months’ salary is the employee is terminated after 12 months of the date of the agreement. The Company will continue to pay the regular benefits provided by the Company for the period equal to the length of the severance payments and pay a pro rata portion of any bonus achieved prior to such termination of employment.

Daniel Donadille

The Company has employment agreements with the Chief Executive Officer of Aquila for an indefinite term, which can be terminated by either party upon a twelve-month written notice, in accordance with German law. The agreement provides for an annual base salary of 213,000 euros, which was reduced by 25% starting April 1, 2024 under the Company’s salary reduction program. The agreement includes a retention bonus of 25,000 euros if the employees do not terminate their employment with the Company within two years after the agreement date or the Company does not terminate their employment for good cause.

OUTSTANDING EQUITY (OPTIONS) AWARDS<br><br>For the Year Ended December 31, 2024
Name	Number Of<br><br>Securities<br><br>Underlying Unexercised<br><br>Options (#)<br><br>Exercisable		Number Of Securities<br><br>Underlying Unexercised<br><br>Options(#)<br><br>Unexercisable		Equity Incentive<br><br>Plan Awards<br><br>Number of<br><br>Securities<br><br>Underlying Unexercised Unearned<br><br>Options<br><br>(#)		Option Exercise Price ()	Option<br><br>Expiration Date
(a)	(b)		(c)		(d)		(e)	(f)
Helena Santos		101,593		185,873		-	2.50-3.08	07/2027-04/2034
John A. Moore		60,446		167,506		-	2.50-11.30	03/2029-04/2034
Reginald Averilla		4,444		15,556		-		04/2034
Daniel Donadille		61,790		77,162		-		04/2034
Robert Nichols		8,240		10,787		-		04/2034
Karl Nowosielski		2,222		7,778		-		04/2034

All values are in US Dollars.

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DIRECTORS’ COMPENSATION<br><br>For the Year Ended December 31, 2024
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Name	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash()	Stock Awards ()	Option Awards ()	Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ()	Non-qualified Deferred Compensation Earnings ()	All Other Compensation ()	Total()
(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(f)	(h)	(i)
Michael Blechman (1)
Christopher Cox (2)
John Nicols (3)
Jurgen Schumacher (4)
Marcus Frampton (5)

All values are in US Dollars.

(1)	On May 17, 2024, 25,000 stock options were granted to Mr. Blechman, and on the same date 7,186 options were awarded to Mr. Blechman in lieu of $6,000 cash fees owed. On July 1, 2024, 5,000 stock options were granted to Mr. Blechman. Stock option expense was determined utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model.
(2)	On April 1, 2024, 17,964 stock options were awarded to Mr. Cox in lieu of $15,000 cash fees owed. On July 1, 2024, 15,000 stock options were granted to Mr. Cox. Stock option expense was determined utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model.
(3)	On April 1, 2024, 10,778 stock options were awarded to Mr. Nicols in lieu of $9,000 cash fees owed. On July 1, 2024, 15,000 stock options were granted to Mr. Nicols. Stock option expense was determined utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. Please refer to Item 13 below for discussion of “All Other Compensation” amounts.
(4)	On April 1, 2024, 14,371 stock options were awarded to Dr. Schumacher in lieu of $12,000 cash fees owed. On July 1, 2024, 10,000 stock options were granted to Dr. Schumacher. Stock option expense was determined utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model.
(5)	On April 1, 2024, 8,962 stock options were awarded to Mr. Frampton in lieu of $7,500 cash fees owed. Mr. Frampton resigned from the Company’s Board of Directors on April 4, 2024. Stock option expense was determined utilizing the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model.

The Company paid each Director who is not an employee of the Company or a subsidiary, a quarterly retainer fee of $3,000 and a meeting fee of $3,000 for each meeting attended. In addition, the Company reimburses each Director for out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attendance at board meetings.

Item 12—Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2024, the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by (i) each person known to the Company to beneficially own more than 5% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock, (ii) each director of the Company, (iii) each named executive officer of the Company, and (iv) all directors and executive officers as a group. Shares not outstanding but deemed beneficially owned by virtue of the right of any individual to acquire shares within 60 days are treated as outstanding only when determining the amount of and percentage of outstanding shares of Common Stock owned by such individual. Each person has sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares shown, except as noted. Except as indicated in the table, the address for each of the following is c/o Scientific Industries, Inc., 80 Orville Drive, Bohemia, New York 11716.

As of December 31, 2024, there were 10,503,599 shares of Company Common Stock outstanding.

Name			% of Class
Bleichroeder LP	2,465,026	(1)		20.95	%
Roy T. Eddleman, Trustee, Roy T. Eddleman Trust UAD 8-7-2000	2,127,264	(2)		18.66	%
Laurence W. Lytton	1,067,946	(3)		9.99	%
Veradace Capital Management LLC	1,452,717	(4)		13.12	%
Brian Pessin	1,303,606	(5)		11.84	%
Thomas A. Satterfield	1,138,055	(6)		10.50	%
North Run Capital, LP	1,089,743	(7)		9.99	%
Lyon Polk	944,000	(8)		8.60	%
Christopher Cox	635,454	(9)		5.86	%
John A. Moore	456,472	(10)		4.21	%
Helena R. Santos	313,388	(11)		2.90	%
Jurgen Schumacher	197,264	(12)		1.86	%
Daniel Donadille	144,465	(13)		1.36	%
John Nicols	90,778	(14)	*
Karl D. Nowosielski	50,498	(15)	*
Robert P. Nichols	49,268	(16)	*
Michael Blechman	37,186	(17)	*
Reginald Averilla	29,768	(18)	*
All directors and executive officers as a group (10 persons)	2,004,541	(19)

____________________

(1)	Based upon form Schedule 13D filed with SEC on March 21, 2025, includes 1,261,675 shares issuable upon exercise of warrants
(2)	Based upon form Schedule 13D filed with SEC on February 15, 2023, includes 894,376 shares issuable upon exercise of warrants
(3)	Based upon form Schedule 13G filed with SEC on February 14, 2024, includes 186,560 shares issuable upon exercise of warrants
(4)	Based upon form Schedule 13D filed with SEC on December 29, 2023, includes 565,789 shares issuable upon exercise of warrants
(5)	Includes 509,568 shares issuable upon exercise of warrants
(6)	Based upon form Schedule 13G filed with SEC on February 12, 2025, includes 336,984 shares issuable upon exercise of warrants
(7)	Based upon form Schedule 13D filed with SEC on February 13, 2025, includes 404,743 shares issuable upon exercise of warrants
(8)	Includes 472,000 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
(9)	Includes 334,209 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
(10)	Includes 351,690 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
(11)	Includes 289,443 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
(12)	Includes 104,502 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
(13)	Includes 139,002 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
(14)	Includes 75,778 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
(15)	Includes 36,605 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
(16)	Includes 27,579 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
(17)	Includes 37,186 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
(18)	Includes 29,768 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
(19)	Includes 1,425,762 shares issuable upon exercise of options and/or warrants
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EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION

The following table sets forth information with respect to Company options, warrants and rights as of December 31, 2024

	Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a))
Plan Category	(a)		(b)		(c)
Equity Compensation plans approved by security holders		1,835,447	$	5.06		463,848
Equity Compensation plans not approved by security holders		N/A		N/A		N/A
Total		1,835,447	$	5.06		463,848

Item 13—Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions, and Director Independence

Mr. John Nicols, a Director since March 2024, provides consulting services to the Company’s Bioprocessing System segment pursuant to consulting agreement which was entered in September 2023. The agreement provided that the consultant be paid a monthly retainer fee of $8,000. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company paid fees of $19,200 and issued 35,000 stock options which vested monthly over a one-year period, valued at $114,700 on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company paid fees under the consulting agreement aggregating $96,000.

Item 14—Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Introductory Statement

Our Current Report on Form 8-K relating to our change in certifying accountant as filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on June 6, 2024, is incorporated by reference herein.

Fees

Forvis Mazars serves as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm.

The Company incurred fees in connection with the audit and quarterly reviews of the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements. The fees for the services of Forvis Mazars and Mazars USA were approximately $274,000 and $37,000, respectively for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company incurred fees for the services of Mazars USA of $188,300 for the year ended December 31, 2023.

In approving the engagement of the independent registered public accounting firm to perform the audit and non-audit services, the Company’s Audit Committee evaluates the scope and cost of each of the services to be performed including a determination that the performance of the non-audit services will not affect the independence of the firm in the performance of the audit services.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

Financial Statements. The required financial statements of the Company are attached hereto on pages F1-F33.

Exhibits. The following Exhibits are filed as part of this report on Form 10-K:

Exhibit Number	Exhibit
3	Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws:
3(a)	Certificate of Incorporation of the Company as amended (filed as Exhibit 1(a-1) to the Company's General Form for Registration of Securities on Form 10 dated February 14, 1973 and incorporated by reference thereto.)
3(b)	Certificate of Amendment of the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, as filed on January 28, 1985 (filed as Exhibit 3(a) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1985 and incorporated by reference thereto.)
3(c)	By-Laws of the Company, as restated and amended (filed as Exhibit 3(ii) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 6, 2003 and Exhibit 3(ii) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 5, 2007 and incorporated by reference thereto).
3(d)	Second Amended and Restated By-Laws of Scientific Industries, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 10, 2020 and incorporated by reference thereto).
3(e)	Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of Scientific Industries, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 1, 2021 and incorporated by reference thereto).
3(f)	Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of Scientific Industries, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2021 and incorporated by reference thereto).
3(g)	Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of Scientific Industries, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2022 and incorporated by reference thereto).
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3(h)	By-Laws of the Company, as restated and amended (filed as Exhibit 3(i) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 9, 2022 and incorporated by reference thereto).
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3(g)	Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of Scientific Industries, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 11, 2023 and incorporated by reference thereto).
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4	Instruments defining the rights of security holders:
4(a)	2002 Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 99-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 25, 2002 and incorporated by reference thereto).
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4(b)	2012 Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 10 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 23, 2012 and incorporated by reference thereto).
4(c)	Amendment to the Company’s 2012 Stock Option Plan (Filed as Exhibit 4(c) to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 12, 2016 and incorporated by reference thereto).
4(d)	Form of Warrant issued by the Company to Investors (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 19, 2020, and incorporated by reference thereto).
4(e)	Amendment No. 2 to Scientific Industries, Inc. 2012 Stock Option Plan (filed as Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 1, 2021 and incorporated by reference thereto).
4(f)	2022 Equity Incentive Plan to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2022 and incorporated by reference thereto).
4(g)	Form of Warrant issued by the Company to Investors (Filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 13, 2023, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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4(h)	Amendment No.1 to 2022 Equity Incentive Plan filed as Exhibit 4 within this Form 10-K
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10	Material Contracts:
10(a)	Lease between Registrant and AIP Associates, predecessor-in-interest of current lessor, dated October, 1989 with respect to Company's offices and facilities in Bohemia, New York (filed as Exhibit 10(a) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-KSB filed on September 28, 2005 and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(a)-1	Amendment to lease between Registrant and REP A10 LLC, successor in interest of AIP Associates, dated September 1, 2004 (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 2, 2004, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(a)-2	Second amendment to lease between Registrant and REP A10 LLC dated November 5, 2007 (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 8, 2007, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(a)-3	Lease agreement dated August 8, 2014 by and between the Company and 80 Orville Drive Associates LLC. (filed as Exhibit 10 to the Company's Form 10-K filed on September 26, 2014, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(a)-3(i)	First amendment to lease dated September 20, 2021 by and between the Company and REP 2035 LLC. (filed as Exhibit 10(a)-3(i) to the Company's Form 10-K filed on October 14, 2021, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(b)	Employment Agreement dated January 1, 2003, by and between the Company and Ms. Santos (filed as Exhibit 10(a) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 22, 2003, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(b)-1	Employment Agreement dated September 1, 2004, by and between the Company and Ms. Santos (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 1, 2004, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(b)-2	Employment Agreement dated December 29, 2006, by and between the Company and Ms. Santos (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 29, 2006, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(b)-3	Employment Agreement dated July 31, 2009 by and between the Company and Ms. Santos (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 7, 2009, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(b)-4	Employment Agreement dated May 14, 2010 by and between the Company and Ms. Santos (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2010, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(b)-5	Employment Agreement dated September 13, 2011 by and between the Company and Ms. Santos (filed as exhibit 10(b)-5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2011, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(b)-6	Amended Employment Agreement dated May 20, 2013 by and between the Company and Ms. Santos (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2013, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(b)-7	Agreement extension dated June 9, 2015 to amend employment agreement by and between the Company and Ms. Santos (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 9, 2015, and incorporated by reference thereto)
10(b)-8	Agreement extension dated May 25, 2016 to amend employment agreement by and between the Company and Ms. Santos (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2016, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(b)-9	Employment agreement dated July 1, 2017 by and between the Company and Ms. Santos (filed as an exhibit to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(b)-10	Amendment No.1 to Employment Agreement dated June 23, 2022, by and between the Company and Ms. Santos (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 27, 2022, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(c)	Employment Agreement dated January 1, 2003, by and between the Company and Mr. Robert P. Nichols (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 22, 2003, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(c)-1	Employment Agreement dated September 1, 2004, by and between the Company and Mr. Nichols (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 1, 2004, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(c)-2	Employment Agreement dated December 29, 2006, by and between the Company and Mr. Nichols (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 29, 2006, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(c)-3	Employment Agreement dated July 31, 2009 by and between the Company and Mr. Nichols (filed as Exhibit 10A-2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on August 7, 2009, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(c)-4	Employment Agreement dated May 14, 2010 by and between the Company and Mr. Nichols (filed as Exhibit 10A-2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 18, 2010, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(c)-5	Employment Agreement dated September 13, 2011 by and between the Company and Mr. Nichols (filed as Exhibit 10(c)-5 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2011, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(c)-6	Amended Employment Agreement dated May 20, 2013 by and between the Company and Mr. Nichols (filed as Exhibit 10A-2 to the Company’s current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 20, 2013, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(c)-7	Agreement extension dated June 9, 2015 to amend employment agreement with Mr. Nichols (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 9, 2015, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(c)-8	Agreement extension dated May 25, 2016 to amend employment agreement with Mr. Nichols (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2016, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(c)-9	Employment agreement dated July 1, 2017 by and between the Company and Mr. Nichols (filed as an exhibit to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(c)-10	Amendment No.1 to Employment Agreement dated June 23, 2022, by and between the Company and Mr. Nichols (filed as Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 27, 2022, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(d)	Consulting Agreement dated January 1, 2003 by and between the Company and Mr. Cremonese and his affiliate, Laboratory Innovation Company, Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 10(b) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 6, 2003, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(d)-1	Amended and Restated Consulting Agreement dated March 22, 2005, by and between the Company and Mr. Cremonese and Laboratory Innovation Company, Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 23, 2005, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(d)-2	Second Amended and Restated Consulting Agreement dated March 15, 2007, by and between the Company and Mr. Cremonese and Laboratory Innovation Company Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 16, 2007, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(d)-3	Third Amended and Restated Consulting Agreement dated September 23, 2009, by and between the Company and Mr. Cremonese and Laboratory Innovation Company, Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 10 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K field on September 24, 2009, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(d)-4	Fourth Amended and Restated Consulting Agreement dated January 7, 2011 (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (filed on January 18, 2011, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(d)-5	Fifth Amendment and Restated Consulting Agreement dated January 20, 2012 (filed as Exhibit 10 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (filed on January 23, 2012, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(d)-6	Agreement extension dated November 29, 2012 to Amended and Restated Consulting Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 4, 2012, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(d)-7	Agreement extension dated December 12, 2013 to Amended and Restated Consulting Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 12, 2013, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(d)-8	Agreement extension dated January 14, 2015 to Amended and Restated Consulting Agreement by and between the Company and Mr. Cremonese and affiliates (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 15, 2015, and incorporated with reference thereto).
10(d)-9	Agreement extension dated January 7, 2016 to Amended and Restated Consulting Agreement by and between the Company and Mr. Cremonese and affiliates (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2016, and incorporated with reference thereto).
10(d)-10	Agreement extension dated February 16, 2018 to Amended and Restated Consulting Agreement by and between the Company and Mr. Cremonese and affiliates (filed as Exhibit 10-A1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 9, 2018, and incorporated with reference thereto).
10(d)-11	Agreement extension dated January 23, 2019 to Amended and Restated Consulting Agreement by and between the Company and Mr. Cremonese and affiliates (filed as Exhibit 10-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 25, 2019, and incorporated with reference thereto).
10(d)-12	Monthly Retainer Agreement between Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc. and Mr. Cremonese and affiliates (filed as Exhibit 10(d)-12 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q on February 13, 2020, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(d)-13	Extension of Monthly Retainer Agreement between Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc. and Mr. Cremonese and affiliates (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 8, 2021, and incorporated with reference thereto).
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10(e)	Sublicense from Fluorometrix Corporation (filed as Exhibit 10(a)1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 14, 2006, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(f)	Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2006, by and among the Company and Grace Morin, Heather H. Haught and William D. Chandler (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 5, 2006, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(g)	Escrow Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2006, by and among the Company and Grace Morin, Heather H. Haught and William D. Chandler (filed as Exhibit 10(a) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 5, 2006, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(h)	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2006, by and among the Company and Grace Morin, Heather H. Haught and William D. Chandler (filed as Exhibit 10(b) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 5, 2006, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(i)	Employment Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2006, between Altamira Instruments, Inc. and Brookman P. March (filed as Exhibit 10(c) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 5, 2006, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(i)-1	Employment Agreement, dated as of October 30, 2008, between Altamira Instruments, Inc. and Brookman P. March (filed as Exhibit 10A-2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 30, 2008, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(i)-2	Employment Agreement, dated as of October 1, 2010, between Altamira Instruments, Inc., and Brookman P. March (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 13, 2010, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(i)-3	Employment Agreement, dated as of May 18, 2012 between Altamira Instruments, Inc. and Brookman P. March (filed as Exhibit 10(i)-3 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on September 27, 2012, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(i)-4	Agreement Extension, dated as of May 21, 2014 between Altamira Instruments, Inc. and Brookman P. March (filed as Exhibit 10 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 21, 2014, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(i)-5	Agreement extension dated June 9, 2015 to amend employment agreement (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 9, 2015, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(i)-6	Agreement extension dated May 25, 2016 to amend employment agreement (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 31, 2016, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(i)-7	Employment agreement dated July 1, 2017 by and between the Company and Brookman. March (filed as an exhibit to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on June 30, 2017, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(i)-8	Termination notice dated February 14, 2020 to Mr. March (filed as Exhibit 10(I-8) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 18, 2020, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(j)	Indemnity Agreement, dated as of April 13, 2007 by and among the Company and Grace Morin, Heather H. Haught and William D. Chandler (filed as Exhibit 10(j) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-KSB filed on September 28, 2007 and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(k)	Lease between Altamira Instruments, Inc. and Allegheny Homes, LLC, with respect to the Company’s Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania facilities (filed as Exhibit 10(k) to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-KSB filed on September 28, 2007 and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(k)-1	Lease between Altamira Instruments, Inc. and Allegheny Homes, LLC, with respect to the Company’s Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania facilities (filed as Exhibit 10(k)-1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on February 14, 2013, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(l)	Line of Credit Agreements dated October 30, 2008, by and among the Company and Capital One, N.A. (filed as Exhibits 10-A1(a) through (f) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 30, 2008, and incorporated by reference thereto.
10(l)-1	Restated Promissory Note Agreement dated January 20, 2010 by and among the Company and Capital One N.A. (filed as Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 20, 2010, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(I)-2	Consulting Agreement dated April 1, 2009 by and between the Company and Grace Morin (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 1, 2009, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(m)-1	Agreement dated January 12, 2015 to extend Consulting Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10A-2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 15, 2015, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(m)-2	Agreement dated January 7, 2016 to extend Consulting Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10A-2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 26, 2016, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(m)-3	Agreement dated February 16, 2018 to extend Consulting Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10A-2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 9, 2018, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(m)-4	Agreement dated January 23, 2019 to extend Consulting Agreement (filed as Exhibit 10-2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on January 25, 2019, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(n)	Line of Credit Agreements dated June 14, 2011, by and among the Company and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (filed as Exhibits 99.1 through 99.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 16, 2011, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(n)-1	Promissory Note dated June 5, 2013 by and among the Company and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. (filed as Exhibit 99 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 7, 2013, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(o)	Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 14, 2011, by and among the Company, Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc., and Fluorometrix Corporation (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2011, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(p)	Escrow Agreement, dated as of November 14, 2011, by and among the Company, Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc., and Fluorometrix Corporation (filed as Exhibit 10(A) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2011, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(q)	Research and Development Agreement dated as of November 14, 2011, by and between Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc. and Biodox R&D Corporation (filed as Exhibit 10(B) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2011, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(q)-1	Notice of termination of Research and Development Agreement dated June 12, 2013 (filed as Exhibit 99 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 27, 2013, and incorporated by reference thereto)
10(r)	Non-Competition Agreement, dated as of November 14, 2011, by and among the Company, Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc., and Joseph E. Qualitz (filed as Exhibit 10(D) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2011, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(s)	Promissory Note, dated as of November 14, 2011, by and between the Company and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (filed as Exhibit 10(c) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 17, 2011, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(t)	License Agreement, dated as of January 31, 2001 by and between University of Maryland, Baltimore County and Fluorometrix Corporation (filed as Exhibit 10(E) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 21, 2011, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(u)	Line of Credit Agreements dated June 25, 2014, by and among the Company and Bank of America Merrill Lynch (filed as Exhibits 99.1 through 99.2 (to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 2, 2014, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(v)	Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2014, by and among the Company and Fulcrum, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 28, 2014, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(v)-1	Escrow Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2014, by and among the Company, and Fulcrum, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10(e) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 28, 2014, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(v)-2	Non-Competition Agreements, dated as of February 26, 2014, by and among the Company, and James Maloy and Karl Nowosielski (filed as Exhibits 10(b) and 10(c) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 28, 2014, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(v)-3	Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of February 26, 2014, by and among the Company, and Fulcrum, Inc. (filed as Exhibit 10(d) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 28, 2014, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(v)-4	Supply Agreement, dated as of February 20, 2014, by and among the Company, and Axis Sp 3.O.O. (filed as Exhibit 10(g) to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 28, 2014, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(w)	Line of Credit Agreements dated June 26, 2015, by and among the Company and First National Bank of Pennsylvania (filed as Exhibit 10.1 through 10.4 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2015, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(w)-1	Commercial Security Agreement dated July 5, 2016 by and among the Company, and First National Bank of Pennsylvania.
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10(y)	Note Purchase Agreements with James Maloy dated May 7, 2015 (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2015, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(z)	Note Purchase Agreements with Grace March dated May 19, 2015 (filed as Exhibit 10.6 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 30, 2015, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(aa)	Consulting Agreement dated March 1, 2019 between the Company and Mr. John A. Moore (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 6, 2019, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(aa)-1	Amendment to Consulting Agreement dated November 7, 2019 between the Company and Mr. John A. Moore (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 11, 2019, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(aa)-2	Employment Agreement dated July 1, 2020 between Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc. and John A. Moore (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 25, 2020, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(bb)	Consulting Agreement dated July 20, 2020 between the Company and Mr. Reinhard Vogt and his affiliate Societat Reinhard and Noah Vogt AG (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 22, 2020, and incorporated by reference thereto.)
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10(bb)-1	Amendment to Consulting Agreement between the Company and Societät Reinhard and Noah Vogt AG GmbH and Reinhard Vogt (filed as Exhibit 10A-1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 8, 2021, and incorporated by reference thereto.
10(cc)	Employment Agreement dated July 1, 2020 between Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc. and James Polk (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 25, 2020, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(dd)	Securities Purchase Agreement dated June 18, 2020 between the Company and Investors (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 19, 2020, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(dd)-1	Form of Amendment of Securities Purchase Agreement, by and between the Company and Investors (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 13, 2021, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(ee)	Loan Agreement under the U.S. Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program dated April 14, 2020 between the Company and First National Bank (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 21, 2020, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(ff)	Asset Purchase Agreement dated November 30, 2020 between Altamira Instruments, Inc. and Beijing JWGB Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd (filed as Exhibit 2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 1, 2020, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(gg)	Asset Purchase Agreement dated April 28, 2021 between the Company and the sellers of aquila biolabs GmbH (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 30, 2021, and incorporate by reference thereto).
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10(gg)-1	Directors’ Service Contract dated April 29, 2021 between the Company and the sellers of aquila biolabs GmbH (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 30, 2021, and incorporate by reference thereto).
10(gg)-2	Directors’ Service Contract dated May 24, 2022 between the Company and a seller of aquila biolabs GmbH (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 27, 2022, and incorporate by reference thereto).
10(hh)	Securities Purchase Agreement dated April 29, 2021 between the Company and Investors (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 30, 2021, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(hh)-1	Registration Rights Agreement dated April 29, 2021 between the Company and Investors (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on April 30, 2021, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(hh)-2	Amendment No. 1 to Registration Rights Agreement dated April 29, 2021 between the Company and Investors (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2021, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(ii)	Securities Purchase Agreement dated June 18, 2021 between the Company and Investors (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2021, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(jj)	Securities Purchase Agreement dated March 2, 2022 between the Company and Investors (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 2, 2022, and incorporated by reference thereto).
10(kk)	Securities Purchase Agreement dated March 2, 2022 between the Company and Investors (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on March 2, 2022, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(ll)	Employment Agreement dated June 30, 2023, by and between the Company and Mr. Averilla (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 07,2023, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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10(mm)	Securities Purchase Agreement dated December 13, 2023 between the Company and Investors (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2023, and incorporated by reference thereto).
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19.1	Policy on Insider Trading (Filed herewith)
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31.1	Certification by the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Filed herewith)
31.2	Certification by the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Filed herewith)
32.1	Certification by the Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Filed herewith)
32.2	Certification by the Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Filed herewith)
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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: March 31, 2025	SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC.
	(Registrant)
	/s/ Helena R. Santos
	Helena R. Santos
	President, Chief Executive Officer, and Treasurer
Date: March 31, 2025	SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC.
	(Registrant)
	/s/ Reginald Averilla
	Reginald Averilla<br><br>Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name	Title	Date
Helena R. Santos	President, Chief Executive Officer, and Treasurer	March 31, 2025
Reginald Averilla	Chief Financial Officer	March 31, 2025
John A. Moore	Chairman of the Board	March 31, 2025
Christopher Cox	Director	March 31, 2025
Michael Blechman	Director	March 31, 2025
Jurgen Schumacher	Director	March 31, 2025
John Nicols	Director	March 31, 2025
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SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB firm ID 686)	F-2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB firm ID 339)	F-3
Consolidated financial statements:
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Year Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Year Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023	F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Year Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023	F-7
Notes to financial statements	F-8 – F-33
F-1
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and

Stockholders of Scientific Industries, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Scientific Industries, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows, for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited the adjustments to the 2023 financial statements to retrospectively apply the change in accounting related to the Company’s adoption of ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures as described in Note 14. In our opinion, such adjustments are appropriate and have been properly applied. We were not engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the 2023 financial statements of the Company other than with respect to the adjustments and, accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on the 2023 financial statements taken as a whole.

Explanatory Paragraph Regarding Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred significant operating losses, has continued cash outflows from operating activities, and has an accumulated deficit. These conditions raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans regarding those matters also are described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit.

We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ Forvis Mazars, LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2024.

New York, NY

March 31, 2025

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and

Stockholders of Scientific Industries, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited, before the effects of the adjustments to retrospectively apply the change in accounting described in Note 14, the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Scientific Industries, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows, for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above, before the effects of the adjustments to retrospectively apply the change in accounting (as described in Note 14), present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We were not engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the adjustments to retrospectively apply the change in accounting (as described in Note 14) and, accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance about whether such adjustments are appropriate and have been properly applied. Those adjustments were audited by Forvis Mazars.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

/s/ Mazars USA LLP

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2023 to 2024.

New York, NY

March 31, 2024

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SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

			As of<br><br>December 31,<br><br>2023
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	587,900		$	796,100
Investment securities	1,985,000			4,928,700
Trade accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of 15,600 at December 31, 2024 and 2023	1,202,600			1,157,100
Inventories	4,085,900			4,883,900
Income tax receivable	73,600			161,400
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	352,700			413,500
Total current assets	8,287,700			12,340,700
Property and equipment, net	885,000			1,082,300
Goodwill	115,300			115,300
Other intangible assets, net	752,300			1,249,900
Inventories	509,500			609,000
Operating lease right-of-use assets	947,900			1,273,900
Other assets	63,100			59,400
Total assets	11,560,800		$	16,730,500
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	586,100		$	711,700
Accrued expenses	790,100			777,900
Contract liabilities	63,500			23,600
Lease liabilities, current portion	307,300			324,100
Total current liabilities	1,747,000			1,837,300
Lease liabilities, less current portion	694,400			1,007,800
Total liabilities	2,441,400			2,845,100
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock, 0.05 par value; 30,000,000, shares authorized; 10,503,599 and 10,145,211, shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023	525,200			507,300
Additional paid-in capital	42,637,800			40,844,600
Accumulated comprehensive income (loss)	(113,100	)		18,600
Accumulated deficit	(33,930,500	)		(27,485,100	)
Total shareholders’ equity	9,119,400			13,885,400
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	11,560,800		$	16,730,500

All values are in US Dollars.

See notes to consolidated financial statements

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SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

	Year Ended<br><br>December 31,			Year Ended<br><br>December 31,
	2024			2023
Revenues	$	10,712,600		$	11,111,500
Cost of revenues		5,979,000			6,009,500
Gross profit		4,733,600			5,102,000
Operating expenses:
General and administrative		4,822,700			5,417,900
Selling		3,643,000			5,377,800
Research and development		2,906,100			3,566,200
Total operating expenses		11,371,800			14,361,900
Loss from operations		(6,638,200	)		(9,259,900	)
Other income:
Other income, net		12,400			62,900
Interest income		180,400			107,200
Total other income, net		192,800			170,100
Loss from continuing operations before income tax expense		(6,445,400	)		(9,089,800	)
Income tax, current		-			-
Income tax expense		-			-
Total income tax expense		-			-
Loss from continuing operations		(6,445,400	)		(9,089,800	)
Discontinued operations:
Gain from discontinued operations, net of tax		-			3,300
Net loss		(6,445,400	)		(9,086,500	)
Comprehensive gain (loss):
Unrealized holding gain on investment securities, net of tax	-				1,600
Foreign currency translation gain (loss)		(131,700	)		25,400
Comprehensive gain (loss)		(131,700	)		27,000
Total comprehensive loss	$	(6,577,100	)	$	(9,059,500	)
Basic and Diluted loss per common share
Continuing operations	$	(0.61	)	$	(1.27	)
Discontinued operations	$	-		$	-
Consolidated operations	$	(0.61	)	$	(1.27	)

See notes to consolidated financial statements

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SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

							Additional			Accumulated Other												Total
	Common Stock						Paid-in			Comprehensive			Accumulated			Treasury Stock						Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount			Capital			Income (Loss)			Deficit			Shares			Amount			Equity
Balance December 31, 2022		7,023,401		$	351,200		$	32,900,800		$	(8,400	)	$	(18,398,600	)		19,802		$	52,400		$	14,792,600
Net loss		-			-			-			-			(9,086,500	)		-			-			(9,086,500	)
Issuance of Common Stock and Warrants, net of issuance costs (Note 12)		3,141,612			157,100			3,481,300			-			-			-			-			3,638,400
Fair value modification of warrants recorded as stock issuance costs		-			-			2,112,800			-			-			-			-			2,112,800
Issuance of warrants		-			-			161,000			-			-			-			-			161,000
Foreign currency translation adjustment		-			-			-			25,400			-			-			-			25,400
Unrealized holding gain on investment securities, net of tax		-			-			-			1,600			-			-			-			1,600
Retirement of treasury stock		(19,802	)		(1,000	)		(51,400	)		-			-			(19,802	)		(52,400	)		-
Stock-based compensation		-			-			2,240,100			-			-			-			-			2,240,100
Balance December 31, 2023		10,145,211		$	507,300		$	40,844,600		$	18,600		$	(27,485,100	)		0		$	-		$	13,885,400
Net loss		-			-			-			-			(6,445,400	)		-			-			(6,445,400	)
Issuance of Common Stock and Warrants, net of issuance costs (Note 12)		358,388			17,900			204,000			-			-			-			-			221,900
Fair value modification of warrants recorded as stock issuance costs		-			-			423,800			-			-			-			-			423,800
Foreign currency translation adjustment		-			-			-			(131,700	)		-			-			-			(131,700	)
Stock-based compensation		-			-			1,165,400			-			-			-			-			1,165,400
Balance December 31, 2024		10,503,599		$	525,200		$	42,637,800		$	(113,100	)	$	(33,930,500	)		0		$	-		$	9,119,400

See notes to consolidated financial statements

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SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	Year ended<br><br>December 31,			Year ended<br><br>December 31,
	2024			2023
Operating activities:
Net loss	$	(6,445,400	)	$	(9,086,500	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Provision for bad debt		2,000			-
Provision for inventory reserves		359,800			-
Depreciation and amortization		750,700			754,000
Stock-based compensation		1,165,400			2,240,100
Fair value on issuance of warrants		-			161,000
Loss on sale of investment securities		6,700			92,300
Unrealized holding gain on investment securities		(25,900	)		(143,400	)
Noncash lease expense		326,600			105,200
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable		(42,600	)		119,100
Inventories		450,800			(13,100	)
Prepaid expense and other current assets		59,000			47,400
Income tax receivable		87,800			-
Other assets		(3,700	)		(1,200
Accounts payable		(114,600	)		(222,400	)
Accrued expenses		30,000			10,100
Contract liabilities		40,100			(110,800
Lease liabilities		(330,200	)		(106,800
Net cash used in operating activities		(3,683,500	)		(6,155,000	)
Investing activities:
Redemption of investment securities		3,527,500			5,314,000
Purchase of investment securities		(562,600	)		(5,917,400	)
Capital expenditures		(98,900	)		(131,700	)
Net cash provided by (used) in investing activities		2,866,000			(735,100
Financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		716,800			6,283,200
Issuance cost of common stock and warrants		(71,100	)		(532,000
Net cash provided by financing activities		645,700			5,751,200
Effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents		(36,400	)		7,900
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(208,200	)		(1,131,000	)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period		796,100			1,927,100
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	587,900		$	796,100
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES:
Cash paid during the period for:
Income taxes	$	-		$	-
Interest
Noncash financing activities:
Record right-of-use assets	$	-		$	166,400
Record lease liabilities	$	-		$	166,400

See notes to consolidated financial statements

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SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO SOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Nature of the Business and Basis of Presentation

Scientific Industries, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) design, manufacture, and market a variety of benchtop laboratory equipment, weight and measurement, and bioprocessing products. The Company is headquartered in Bohemia, New York where it produces benchtop laboratory and pharmacy equipment. Additionally, the Company has two other locations in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Baesweiller, Germany, where it designs and produces a variety of bioprocessing products, and an administrative facility in Orangeburg, New York related to sales and marketing. The products, which are sold to customers worldwide, include mixers, shakers, stirrers, refrigerated incubators, pharmacy balances and scales, force gauges, bioprocessing sensors and analytical tools.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Scientific Industries, Inc., Scientific Bioprocessing Holdings, Inc. (“SBHI”), a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary, which holds 100% of the outstanding stock of Scientific Bioprocessing, Inc. (“SBI”), a Delaware corporation, and aquila biolabs GmbH (“Aquila”), a German corporation, since its acquisition on April 29, 2021, Scientific Packaging Industries, Inc., an inactive wholly-owned subsidiary, and Altamira Instruments, Inc., an inactive wholly-owned subsidiary (all collectively referred to as the “Company”). All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Going Concern

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company generated negative cash flows from operations of $3,683,500 and has an accumulated deficit of $33,930,500 as of December 31, 2024.

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2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, the valuation allowance of net, deferred taxes. The results of these assumptions provide the basis for making estimates about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. The Company accounts for a customer contract when both parties have approved the contract and are committed to perform their respective obligations, each party’s rights can be identified, payment terms can be identified, the contract has commercial substance, and it is probable that the Company will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it is entitled. Revenue is recognized when, or as, performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control of a promised product or service to a customer.

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps:

·	Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer
·	Identification of the performance obligations in the contract
·	Determination of the transaction price
·	Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and
·	Recognition of revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied

The Company has made the following accounting policy elections and elected to use certain practical expedients, as permitted by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), in applying ASC Topic 606: 1) All revenues are recorded net of returns, allowances, customer discounts, and incentives; 2) Although sales and other taxes are immaterial, the Company accounts for amounts collected from customers for sales and other taxes, if any, net of related amounts remitted to tax authorities; 3) the Company expenses costs to obtain a contract as they are incurred if the expected period of benefit, and therefore the amortization period, is one year or less; 4) the Company accounts for shipping and handling activities that occur after control transfers to the customer as a fulfillment cost rather than an additional promised service and these fulfillment costs fall within selling expenses; 5) the Company is always considered the principal and never an agent, because it has full control and responsibility until title is transferred to the customer; 6) the Company does not assess whether promised goods or services are performance obligations if they are immaterial in the context of the contract with the customer.

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Nature of Products and Services

The Company generates revenues from the following sources: (1) Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations and (2) Bioprocessing Systems Operations.

Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Sales Operations comprise primarily of standard benchtop laboratory equipment from its stock to laboratory equipment distributors, or to end users primarily via e- commerce. The sales cycle from time of receipt of order to shipment is very short varying from a day to a few weeks. Customers either pay by credit card (online sales) or Net 30-90, depending on the customer. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when the item is shipped. Once the item is shipped under the FOB terms specified in the order, which is primarily “FOB Factory”, other than a standard warranty, there are no other obligations to the customer. Warranty usually comprises of one to two year parts and labor and is deemed immaterial.

Bioprocessing Systems Operations sales comprise primarily of bioprocessing products, principally products incorporating smart sensors and state of the art software analytics. Products offered for sale include the Cell Growth Quantifier (“CGQ”) for Biomass monitoring in shake flasks, the Liquid Injection System (“LIS”) for automated feeding in shake flasks, and a line of coaster systems and flow-through cells for pH and DO monitoring. Revenue is recognized at the point in time when the item is shipped.

Segment Reporting

Effective December 31, 2024, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ASU 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures." Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (the “CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the Company’s CODM. The CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions, allocating resources, and evaluating financial performance.

The Company views its operations as two operating segments, that are also the two reporting segments: the manufacture and marketing of standard benchtop laboratory equipment for research in university, hospital and industrial laboratories sold primarily through laboratory equipment distributors and laboratory and pharmacy balances and scales (“Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operations”), and the manufacture, design, and marketing of bioprocessing systems and products and related royalty income (“Bioprocessing Systems Operations”).

The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) regularly reviews revenue and operating income/loss for each segment in determination of allocating resources and assessing financial performance results for each operating segment. In their combined capacity as a group of top executives, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Executive Officer and President of the Bioprocessing Systems Operations, have been identified as the Company’s CODM. Significant segment expenses regularly provided to the CODM relate to employee compensation expenses which are included within the reported measure(s) of the Company’s segments profit or loss.

The Company eliminates inter-segment activity in the Company’s reporting segment results to be consistent with the information that is presented to the CODM, in accordance to ASC 280-10-580-28A. The Company also included a Non-operating Corporate segment in the Company’s reporting segment results.

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Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid debt instruments purchased with original maturities of 90 days or less to be cash equivalents. At times, cash balances may be in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insurance limit. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, $0 and $166,000, respectively, of cash balances were in excess of the FDIC limit.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Accounts Receivable

The allowance for credit losses required under ASC 326 is a valuation account that is deducted from the accounts receivables’ amortized cost basis on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s accounts receivables are generated from the sales revenue derived from the Company’s Benchtop Laboratory Equipment and Bioprocessing Systems segments. The Company elected to estimate expected losses using an analytical model based on methods that utilize the accounts receivable aging schedule. This analytical model incorporates historical loss activity, geographic location, customer-specific information, collection terms and customer amounts. The Company evaluates the estimated allowance on an aggregate basis as each individual account receivable shares similar risk characteristics. Upon adoption of ASC 326 using the modified retrospective transition method and as of December 31, 2023, the Company determined that the allowance for credit losses, if any, is immaterial as of adoption date and the Company will continue to evaluate the accounts receivable portfolio on an on-going basis.

The allowance for doubtful accounts as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $15,600.

Investment Securities

The Company’s investment securities are classified as mutual funds and are held as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value. Changes in fair value of mutual funds are recorded as net unrealized gains or losses in other income (loss), net on the statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company determines the cost of the investment sold based on an average cost basis at the individual security level and record the interest income and realized gains or losses on the sale of these investments in other income, net on the statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Inventories

Current and noncurrent inventories recorded other than those of Aquila, are valued at the lower of cost (determined on a first-in, first-out basis) or net realizable value, and have been reduced by an allowance for excess and obsolete inventories. Inventories of Aquila are valued at the lower of cost (determined on a average cost method) or net realizable value, and have been reduced by an allowance for excess and obsolete inventories. The Company’s inventory allowance is based on management’s estimates and reviews of inventories on hand compared to estimated future usage and sales. Cost of work-in-process and finished goods inventories include material, labor and manufacturing overhead. As needed, the Company may purchase critical raw materials that are used in the core production process in quantities that exceed anticipated consumption within the normal operating cycle, which is 12 months. The Company classifies such raw materials that the Company does not expect to consume within the normal operating cycle as noncurrent.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation of property and equipment is provided for primarily by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized by the straight-line method over the remaining term of the related lease or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter.

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Goodwill and Finite Lived Intangible Assets and Long-Lived Assets, Net ****

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill and long-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No. 350, “Intangibles- Goodwill and Other” (“ASC No. 350”). ASC No. 350 requires that goodwill be tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company elected to perform the qualitative analysis for the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Operation reporting unit. This qualitative analysis evaluated factors, including, but not limited to, economic, market and industry conditions, cost factors and the overall financial performance of the reporting unit. In completing these assessments, the Company noted no changes in events or circumstances that indicated that it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit was less than its carrying amount.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 there was no remaining goodwill to the Bioprocessing System Operations reporting unit.

Intangible assets consist primarily of acquired technology, customer relationships, non-compete agreements, patents, licenses, websites, intellectual property in-process research and development (“IPR&D”), trademarks and trade names. All intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, generally 3 to 10 years. The Company continually evaluates the remaining estimated useful lives of intangible assets that are being amortized to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. The Company reviews the recoverability of our finite-lived intangible assets and long-lived assets, when events or conditions occur that indicate a possible impairment exists. Determining whether impairment has occurred typically requires various estimates and assumptions, including determining which cash flows are directly related to the potentially impaired asset, the useful life over which cash flows will occur, their amount and the asset’s residual value, if any. The assessment for recoverability is based primarily on our ability to recover the carrying value of its long-lived and finite-lived intangible assets from expected future undiscounted net cash flows. If the total of expected future undiscounted net cash flows is less than the total carrying value of the assets the asset is deemed not to be recoverable and possibly impaired. We then estimate the fair value of the asset to determine whether an impairment loss should be recognized. An impairment loss will be recognized if the asset’s fair value is determined to be less than its carrying value. Fair value is determined by computing the expected future discounted cash flows.

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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company follows the provisions of ASC No. 360-10, “Property, Plant and Equipment - Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets (“ASC No. 360-10”). ASC No. 360-10 which requires evaluation of the need for an impairment charge relating to long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If an evaluation for impairment is required, the estimated future undiscounted cash flows associated with the asset would be compared to the asset’s carrying amount to determine if a write down to a new depreciable basis is required. If required, an impairment charge is recorded based on an estimate of future discounted cash flows. The Company concluded as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, there was no impairment of long-lived assets.

Leases

The Company accounts for its leases under ASC 842, Leases. The Company determines whether an agreement contains a lease at inception based on the Company’s right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the identified asset and its right to direct the use of the identified asset. Lease liabilities represent the present value of future lease payments and the Right-Of-Use (“ROU”) assets represent the Company’s right to use the underlying assets for the respective lease terms. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The ROU asset is further adjusted to account for previously recorded lease expenses such as deferred rent and other lease liabilities. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company used its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate to calculate the present value of future lease payments, which was the interest rate that its bank would charge for a similar loan.

The Company elected not to recognize a ROU asset and a lease liability for leases with an initial term of twelve months or less. In addition to minimum lease payments, certain leases require payment of a proportionate share of real estate taxes and certain building operating expenses or payments based on an excess of a specified base. These variable lease costs are not included in the measurement of the ROU asset or lease liability due to unpredictability of the payment amount and are recorded as lease expenses in the period incurred. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain residual value guarantees.

The Company elected available practical expedients for existing or expired contracts of lessees wherein the Company is not required to reassess whether such contracts contain leases, the lease classification or the initial direct costs.

Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense amounted to $324,600 and $474,200 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Research and Development

Research and development costs consisting of expenses for activities that are useful in developing and testing new products, as well as expenses that may significantly improve existing products, are expensed as incurred.

Stock Compensation Plan

Stock-based compensation is accounted for in accordance with ASC No. 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation” (“ASC No. 718”) which requires compensation costs related to stock-based payment transactions to be recognized. With limited exceptions, the amount of compensation cost is measured based on the grant-date fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued. In addition, liability awards are measured at each reporting period. Compensation costs are recognized over the period that an employee provides service in exchange for the award.

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The Company estimates the fair value of each stock-based grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. This model derives the fair value of stock options based on certain assumptions related to expected stock price volatility, expected option life, risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company's stock price over the most recent period commensurate with the expected term of the stock option award. The estimate expected term is based on management’s analysis of historical exercise activity. The risk-free interest rate is based on published U.S. Treasury rates for a term commensurate with the expected term. The dividend yield is estimated as zero as the Company has not paid dividends in the past and does not have any plans to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company has elected to account for forfeitures only when they occur.

Foreign currency translation and transactions

The Company has determined that the functional currency and reporting currency for its Aquila operations in Germany is the Euro and the U.S. Dollar, respectively. All assets and liabilities of Aquila are translated at the current exchange rate as of the end of the reporting period, and revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates in effect during the period with the resulting gain or loss reflected as a foreign currency cumulative translation adjustment and reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Gains and losses arising from currency exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the local functional currency are included in other income.

Income taxes

The Company recognizes interest and penalties on any unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. The Company does not have any accrued interest or penalties associated with any unrecognized tax benefits. The Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax, as well as various state jurisdictions. The Company is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the federal and state jurisdictions for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and after. The Company is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by German tax authorities for the years ended December 31, 2019 and thereafter. The Company does not anticipate any material amount of unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.

Earnings (Loss) Per Common Share

Basic earnings or loss per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding. Diluted earnings or loss per common share includes the dilutive effect of stock options and warrants, if any. The Company was in a net loss position during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, therefore the basic loss per share is the same as dilutive loss per share as the inclusion of the weighted-average number of all potential dilutive common shares which consists of stock options and warrants are anti-dilutive.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements not yet adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This standard includes enhanced income tax disclosures primarily related to the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid for annual periods. The amendments in this update are effective for public companies with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company has not early adopted and adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses and in January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date, which clarified the effective date of ASU 2024-04. The ASU requires, among other things, more detailed disclosures about types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions such as cost of sales and selling, general and administrative expenses and is intended to improve the disclosures about an entity's expenses including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization. ASU 2024-03 will also require the Company to disclose both the amount and the Company's definition of selling expenses. The guidance, as clarified by ASU 2025-01, is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, on a prospective or retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU on our disclosures.

There are no other recent accounting pronouncements issued but not yet adopted that would have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

3. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company follows ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurement”, which has defined the fair value of financial instruments as the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value measurements do not include transaction costs.

The accounting guidance also expands the disclosure requirements around fair value and establishes a fair value hierarchy for valuation inputs. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three levels based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. Each fair value measurement is reported in one of the three levels, which is determined by the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. These levels are described below:

Level 1 Inputs that are based upon unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets

Level 2 Quoted prices in markets that are not considered to be active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly

Level 3 Prices or valuation that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

In valuing assets and liabilities, the Company is required to maximize the use of quoted market prices and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The Company calculated the fair value of its Level 1 and 2 instruments based on the exchange traded price of similar or identical instruments where available or based on other observable instruments. These calculations take into consideration the credit risk of both the Company and its counterparties. The Company has not changed its valuation techniques in measuring the fair value of any financial assets and liabilities during the period.

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The following tables set forth by level within the fair value hierarchy the Company’s financial assets that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, according to the valuation techniques the Company used to determine their fair values:

	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2024
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Investment securities - Mutual Funds	$	1,985,000	$	-	$	-	$	1,985,000
Total	$	1,985,000	$	-	$	-	$	1,985,000
	Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Investment securities – Mutual Funds	$	4,928,700	$	-	$	-	$	4,928,700
Total	$	4,928,700	$	-	$	-	$	4,928,700

Investments in marketable securities by security type as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, consisted of the following:

As of December 31, 2024:	Cost		Fair Value		Unrealized Holding<br><br>Gain
Mutual funds	$	1,729,000	$	1,985,000	$	256,000
Total	$	1,729,000	$	1,985,000	$	256,000
As of December 31, 2023:	Cost		Fair Value		Unrealized Holding<br><br>Gain (Loss)
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Mutual funds	$	4,929,300	$	4,928,700	$	(600	)
Total	$	4,929,300	$	4,928,700	$	(600	)
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4. Inventories

	As of December 31,
	2024		2023
Raw materials	$	3,015,700	$	3,436,300
Work-in-process		28,500		23,200
Finished goods		1,551,200		2,033,400
Total Inventories	$	4,595,400	$	5,492,900
Inventories - Current Asset	$	4,085,900	$	4,883,900
Inventories - Noncurrent Asset		509,500		609,000

5. Property and Equipment, Net

	Useful Lives	As of December 31,
	(Years)	2024		2023
Automobiles	5	$	22,000	$	22,000
Computer equipment	3-5		475,000		497,300
Machinery and equipment	3-7		1,664,000		1,624,300
Furniture and fixtures	4-10		106,600		108,500
Leasehold improvements	3-10		257,400		279,600
			2,525,000		2,531,700
Less accumulated depreciation		$	1,640,000	$	1,449,400
Property and Equipment, Net		$	885,000	$	1,082,300

Depreciation expense was $243,000 and $240,900 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, the Company wrote off fully depreciated property and equipment assets for the cost amount of $29,600 and $38,600 and for the accumulated depreciated amount of $29,600 and $38,600, respectively.

6. Goodwill and Finite Lived Intangible Asset

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in connection with the Company’s acquisitions. Goodwill amounted to $115,300 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, all of which is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

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The components of finite lived intangible assets are as follows:

	Useful Lives	Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net
As of December 31, 2024
Technology, trademarks	3-10 yrs.	$	1,216,800	$	1,020,100	$	196,700
Trade names	3-6 yrs.		592,300		417,300		175,000
Websites	3-7 yrs.		210,000		210,000		-
Customer relationships	4-10 yrs.		372,200		221,200		151,000
Sublicense agreements	10 yrs.		294,000		294,000		-
Non-compete agreements	4-5 yrs.		1,060,500		993,200		67,300
Patents	5-7 yrs.		605,600		443,300		162,300
		$	4,351,400	$	3,599,100	$	752,300
	Useful Lives	Cost		Accumulated Amortization		Net
As of December 31, 2023
Technology, trademarks	3-10 yrs.	$	1,216,800	$	870,900	$	345,900
Trade names	3-6 yrs.		592,300		341,600		250,700
Websites	3-7 yrs.		210,000		210,000		-
Customer relationships	4-10 yrs.		372,200		193,600		178,600
Sublicense agreements	10 yrs.		294,000		294,000		-
Non-compete agreements	4-5 yrs.		1,060,500		797,600		262,900
Patents	5-7 yrs.		595,800		384,000		211,800
		$	4,341,600	$	3,091,700	$	1,249,900

Total amortization expense was $507,700 and $513,100 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Estimated future amortization expense of intangible assets as of December 31, 2024 is as follows:

As of December 31,
2025	$	373,500
2026		193,900
2027		97,900
2028		43,700
2029		28,300
Thereafter		13,000
Total	$	752,300

7. Line of Credit

The Company has a Demand Line of Credit through December 2025 with First National Bank of Pennsylvania which provides for borrowings of up to $300,000 for regular working capital needs, bearing interest at 7.50%. The agreement does not contain any financial covenants and borrowings are secured by a pledge of the Company’s assets including inventory, accounts receivable, chattel paper, equipment and general intangibles of the Company. The borrowings outstanding under the line of credit as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were $0 and $50,000, respectively.

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8. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Matters

During the normal course of business, the Company may be named from time to time as a party to claims and litigations arising in the ordinary course of business. When the Company becomes aware of potential litigation, it evaluates the merits of the case in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies. Litigation and contingency accruals are based on our assessment, including advice of legal counsel, regarding the expected outcome of litigation or other dispute resolution proceedings. If the Company determines that an unfavorable outcome is probable and can be reasonably assessed, it establishes the necessary accruals. As of December 31, 2024, the Company is not aware of any contingent legal liabilities that should be reflected in the consolidated financial statements.

Employment Agreements

The Company has an employment agreement with its Chief Executive Officer and President, which expires on June 30, 2025*.* The agreement contains a provision that within one year of a change of control, if either the Company terminates the employment for any reason other than for “cause” or the President terminates the employment for “good reason”, the President will have the right to receive a lump sum payment equal to three times the average of their total annual compensation paid for the last five years preceding such termination. The employment agreement also contains a termination provisions stipulating that if the Company terminates the employment other than for death, disability, or cause (as such term is defined therein), or if the relevant employee resigns for “good reason” (as such term is defined therein), the Company shall pay severance payments equal to one year’s salary at the rate of the compensation at the time of termination, and continue to pay the regular benefits provided by the Company for a period of one year from termination.

The Company has an employment agreement with its Chief Financial Officer, which expires on June 30, 2025*.* The agreement contains a provision that within one year of a change of control, if either the Company terminates the employment for any reason other than for “cause” or the employee terminates the employment for “good reason”, the employee will have the right to receive a lump sum payment equal to one times the average of their total annual compensation paid for the last five years preceding such termination. The employment agreement also contains a termination provisions stipulating that if the Company terminates the employment other than for death, disability, or cause (as such term is defined therein), or if the relevant employee resigns for “good reason” (as such term is defined therein), the Company shall pay severance payments equal to one year’s salary at the rate of the compensation at the time of termination, and continue to pay the regular benefits provided by the Company for a period of one year from termination.

The Company has an employment agreement with its Chairman, which expires on June 30, 2024. The employment agreement contains termination provisions stipulating that if the Company terminates the employment other than for death, disability, or cause (as such term is defined therein), or if the employee resigns for “good reason”(as such term is defined in the agreement) , the Company shall pay severance payments equal to either one year’s salary at the rate of the compensation at the time of termination is employee is terminated within 12 months of the date of the agreement or six months’ salary is the employee is terminated after 12 months of the date of the agreement. The Company will continue to pay the regular benefits provided by the Company for the period equal to the length of the severance payments and pay a pro rata portion of any bonus achieved prior to such termination of employment.

The Company has employment agreements with the Chief Executive Officer of Aquila and three managing directors of Aquila for an indefinite term, which can be terminated by either party upon a twelve month written notice for the Chief Executive Officer and a six month written notice for the three managing directors, in accordance with German law. The agreements include a retention bonus of 25,000 euros if the employees do not terminate their employment with the Company within two years after the agreement date or the Company does not terminate their employment for good cause.

9. Related Parties

Consulting Agreement

On September 19, 2023, the Company’s Bioprocessing System segment entered into a one year consulting agreement with John Nicols, which renewed for one year on September 19, 2024. The agreement provided that the consultant be paid a monthly retainer fee of $8,000. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company paid fees of $19,200 and issued 35,000 stock options which vested monthly over a one year period, valued at $114,700 on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company paid fees under the consulting agreement of $96,000.

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10. Leases

The Company leases certain properties consisting principally of a facility in Bohemia, New York (headquarters) which was amended in September 2021 to increase the space by approximately 25% and extend the lease term through October 2028. The Company leased a 1,200 square foot facility in Orangeburg, New York where it conducted its sales and marketing functions, primarily for the Torbal® Products Division of the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations, which expired at the end of October 2024 and was not renewed and continued as a monthly lease through the end of December 31, 2024. On January 1, 2025, the Company entered into a lease for a 220 square foot facility in Pearl River, New York where it conducts its sales and marketing functions, primarily for the Torbal® Products Division of the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment operations, expiring in December 2027. The Company’s Bioprocessing Systems operations are conducted in co-sharing office space in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, expiring in March 2025 with option to renew, and a 5,252 square foot facility in Baesweiller, Germany, the lease which was renewed in December 2023 to extend the lease term to December 31, 2025, comprised of manufacturing, engineering, and administrative space. In August and September 2022, the Company entered into two lease agreements to lease motor vehicles for certain employees. The contractual period of each vehicle lease is 36 months and the lease was determined to qualify for operating lease treatment upon the lease commencement date. There are no renewal options with any of the leases, no residual values or significant restrictions or covenants other than those customary in such arrangements, and no non-cash activities. Any rent escalations incorporated within the Company’s leases are included in the calculation of the future minimum lease payments, as further described below. All of the Company’s leases are deemed operating leases.

	As of<br><br>December 31,<br><br>2024			As of<br><br>December 31,<br><br>2023
Weighted Average Years		3.57			4.35
Weighted Average Discount		5.27	%		5.43	%
	Year ended<br><br>December 31,<br><br>2024		Year ended<br><br>December 31,<br><br>2023
---	---	---	---	---
Total Cash Payment	$	381,200	$	334,600

The Company’s approximate future minimum rental payments under all operating leases as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:

Year ended December 31,	Amount
2025	$	354,200
2026		266,600
2027		274,600
2028		201,000
Total future minimum payments	$	1,096,400
Less: Imputed interest		(94,700	)
Total Present Value of Operating Lease Liabilities	$	1,001,700

11. Loss Per Common Share

The Company presents the computation of earnings per share (“EPS”) on a basic basis. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income or loss by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the reported period. Diluted EPS is computed similarly to basic EPS, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential additional common shares that were dilutive had been issued. Common shares are excluded from the calculation if they are determined to be anti-dilutive. The following table sets forth the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for each period presented.

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	Year ended<br><br>December 31,			Y ear ended<br><br>December 31,
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	2024			2023
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding		10,503,599			10,145,211
Effect of dilutive securities:		-
Weighted average number of dilutive common shares outstanding		10,503,599			10,145,211
Basic and diluted loss per common share:
Continuing operations	$	(0.61	)	$	(1.27	)
Discontinued operations	$	0		$	0
Consolidated operations	$	(0.61	)	$	(1.27	)

Approximately 1,835,447 and 8,232,510 shares of the Company's common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options and warrants, respectively, were excluded from the calculation because the effect would be anti-dilutive due to the loss for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Approximately 1,120,097 and 7,856,203 shares of the Company's common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options and warrants, respectively, were excluded from the calculation because the effect would be anti-dilutive due to the loss for the year ended December 31, 2023.

12. Common Stock and Warrants

Authorized Shares

On February 25, 2022, at the Company’s Annual Stockholders Meeting, the stockholders of the Company approved an amendment to its Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.05 per share (“Common Stock”) by 5,000,000 shares from 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 shares.

At such Annual Stockholders Meeting, the stockholders also approved an amendment to the Company’s 2012 Stock Option Plan (the “2012 Plan”) to increase the number of shares of Common Stock available under the Plan by 943,000 shares, from 307,000 to 1,250,000 shares, which, together with 150,000 shares that were added to the 2012 Plan in 2020, were registered by the Company on a Form S-8 Registration Statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 15, 2021. In addition, the stockholders also approved the adoption of the Company’s 2022 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”) providing for the issuance of up to 1,750,000 shares of Common Stock plus outstanding options granted under the Company’s 2012 Stock Option Plan that expire or are forfeited. The 2022 Plan provides various stock awards including incentive and nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, and other stock awards, which can be awarded to employees and directors of the Company and its subsidiaries.

On November 29, 2023, the board of directors of the Company adopted a resolution approving a certificate of amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, to increase in the number of authorized shares of Common Stock from 20,000,000 shares of Common Stock, to 30,000,000 shares of Common Stock, (the “Authorized Capital Increase”). On December 7, 2023, the Company obtained the written consent of stockholders of the Company holding greater than 50% of the voting securities of the Company approving the Authorized Capital Increase.

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Issuance and Sale of Common Stock

2023 Securities Purchase Agreement

On December 13, 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (“the 2023 Purchase Agreement”) with certain investors (collectively, the “Investors”) pursuant to which the Investors agreed to subscribe and purchase up to 3,500,000 Units at a price per Unit of $2.00, or an aggregate purchase price of $7,000,000 at one or more closings (the “Offering”), with each Unit comprised of (a) one newly-issued share of Common Stock, par value $0.05 per share (the “Shares”), and (b) a warrant (the “Warrants”) to purchase either 100% or 160%, depending on the number of Units purchased by an Investor, of the number of shares of Common Stock included in the Units purchased by an Investor (the “Warrant Shares”) at an exercise price of $2.50 per share. The Warrants are immediately exercisable and expire five years from their date of issuance. If at any time commencing 12 months from the date of the issuance of a Warrant, but before the expiration of the Warrant, the volume weighted average pricing of the Company’s common stock exceeds $5.00 (subject to adjustment for forward and reverse stock splits, recapitalizations, stock dividends and the like) for each of thirty consecutive trading days, then the Company may, at any time in its sole discretion, call for the exercise of the Warrants, in their entirety.

On December 13, 2023, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 2,638,076 Units, comprised of 2,638,076 shares of the Company’s common stock and Warrants to purchase 3,673,076 Warrant Shares for a total consideration of $5,276,152 pursuant to the Company’s 2023 Purchase Agreement. The Company recognized $970,200 of issuance cost, which includes $427,500 attributable to legal and placement agent fees and $542,700 attributable to the fair value of 131,904 warrants, issued to the private placement agent, to purchase up to 131,904 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $2.00 per share on substantially the same terms as the Warrants issued to the Investors. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the sale of the Units for working capital needs of its Bioprocessing Systems Operations.

On December 19, 2023, and December 20, 2023 the Company sold an aggregate of 432,935 and 70,601 Units, respectively, comprised of 432,935 and 70,601 shares of the Company’s Common Stock and Warrants to purchase 432,935 and 70,601 shares of Common Stock for a total consideration of $865,870 and $141,202, respectively, pursuant to the Company’s 2023 Purchase Agreement. The Company recognized $206,900 of issuance cost, which includes $104,500 attributable to legal and placement agent fees and $102,400 attributable to the fair value of 25,177 warrants, issued to the private placement agent, to purchase up to 25,177 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $2.00 per share on substantially the same terms as the Warrants issued to the Investors. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the sale of the Units for working capital needs of its Bioprocessing Systems Operations.

2024 Securities Purchase Agreement

On January 17, 2024, the Company completed the last closing of its sale of securities pursuant to the 2023 Purchase Agreement. On this closing, the Company sold an aggregate of 358,388 Units, comprising 358,388 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.05 per share (“Common Stock”) and warrants (“Warrants”) to purchase 358,388 shares of Common Stock for a total consideration of $716,776. The Company recognized $98,700 of issuance cost, which includes $71,100 attributable to legal and placement agent fees and $27,600 attributable to the fair value of warrants, issued to the placement agent, to purchase up to 17,919 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $2.00 per share on substantially the same terms as the Warrants issued to the purchasers of Units (“Investors”).

Warrants

Replacements Warrants

As an incentive to certain Investors of the Company who participated in previous private placements (“Existing Investors”) and received as part of those financings, warrants (“Outstanding Warrants”) to purchase shares of Common Stock, the Company agreed that, if any Existing Investor were to purchase Units at a certain level in the offering thereof under the 2023 Purchase Agreement (the “Offering”), the Company would reduce the exercise price of the Outstanding Warrants held by such Existing Investor to $2.50 per share and extend the period in which such Outstanding Warrants could be exercised to the period ending on the fifth anniversary of the date on which the Existing Investor purchased Units under the 2023 Purchase Agreement. Each such Existing Investor purchasing Units at the requisite level received a new warrant (the “Replacement Warrants”) to replace such Existing Investor’s Outstanding Warrants.

As a result of their December 13, 2023, December 19, 2023, and December 20, 2023 purchase of Units, Existing Investors received Replacement Warrants to replace 1,257,331, 559,905 and 17,631, respectively, of their Outstanding Warrants. The Company measured and recognized a fair value change of $2,112,800 related to the modification and issuance of the Replacement Warrants, recorded as equity issuance cost in the statement of changes in.

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On January 17, 2024, as a result of their purchase of Units, Existing Investors became entitled to receive Replacement Warrants to replace 333,884 Outstanding Warrants, with each Replacement Warranting having a reduced exercise price of such Outstanding Warrants of $2.50 per share and exercisable until the fifth anniversary of the relevant closing under the 2023 Purchase Agreement. The Company measured and recognized a fair value change of $423,800 related to the modification and issuance of the Replacement Warrants, recorded as equity issuance cost in the statement of changes in.

Underwriter Warrants

As part of its compensation as placement agent for the 2023 Purchase Agreement described above, the Company issued to the placement agent or its designees warrants to purchase up to 157,081 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $2.00 per share on substantially the same terms as the Warrants issued to the Investors . The Warrants were valued on each closing grant date, using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model and the Company recognized $645,100 as equity issuance cost in the statement of changes in.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, in connection to underwriter/consulting services, the Company issued 100,000 warrants to purchase up to 100,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $2.50 per share. The Warrants are immediately exercisable and expire five years from their date of issuance. If at any time commencing 12 months from the date of the issuance of a Warrant, but before the expiration of the Warrant, the volume weighted average pricing of the Company’s common stock exceeds $5.00 (subject to adjustment for forward and reverse stock splits, recapitalizations, stock dividends and the like) for each of thirty consecutive trading days, then the Company may, at any time in its sole discretion, call for the exercise of the Warrants, in their entirety. The Warrants were valued on the grant date of December 13, 2023, using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model and the Company recognized $161,000 as general and administration expense during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Warrant Summary

The following table summarizes information about shares issuable under warrants outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2022	3,422,510		$	8.98	3.10
Issued	6,268,560			2.49	4.96
Exercised	-			-	-
Expired or cancelled	(1,834,867	)		8.87	2.36
Outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2023	7,856,203		$	3.82	4.32
Issued	710,191			2.49	4.05
Exercised	-			-	-
Expired or cancelled	(333,884	)		9.03	1.56
Outstanding and exercisable as of December 31, 2024	8,232,510		$	3.50	3.49
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Terms of the outstanding warrants as of December 31, 2024 are as follow:

Warrant Issue Date		Exercise Price		Expiration Date
6/19/2020	745,850	$	9.00	6/18/2025
4/30/2021	437,997	$	9.50	4/29/2026
6/21/2021	46,313	$	9.50	6/18/2026
3/2/2022	23,599	$	5.50	3/2/2027
12/13/2023	5,030,407	$	2.50	12/13/2028
12/13/2023	131,904	$	2.00	12/13/2028
12/19/2023	992,840	$	2.50	12/19/2028
12/19/2023	21,647	$	2.00	12/19/2028
12/20/2023	88,232	$	2.50	12/20/2028
12/20/2023	3,530	$	2.00	12/20/2028
1/17/2024	692,272	$	2.50	1/17/2029
1/17/2024	17,919	$	2.00	1/17/2029
	8,232,510

13. Stock Options

2012 Plan

The Company’s 2012 Plan expired in February 2022, which provided for the grant of options to purchase up to 1,193,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, par value $.05 per share (“Common Stock”), plus up to 57,000 shares under options previously granted under the 2002 Stock Option Plan of the Company (the “Prior Plan”).

The 2012 Plan provided for the granting of incentive or non-incentive stock options. Incentive stock options may be granted to employees at an exercise price equal to 100% (or 110% if the optionee owns directly or indirectly more than 10% of the outstanding voting stock) of the fair market value of the shares of Common Stock on the date of the grant and vested as to 1/3 on each of the first, second, and third anniversaries from the grant date. Non-incentive stock options shall be granted at the fair market value of the shares of Common Stock on the date of grant.

2022 Plan

The Company’s 2022 Plan provides for the issuance of up to 1,750,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, par value $0.05 per share, plus outstanding options granted under the Company’s 2012 Stock Option Plan that expire or are forfeited. Incentive stock options may be granted to employees at an exercise price equal to 100% (or 110% if the optionee owns directly or indirectly more than 10% of the outstanding voting stock) of the fair market value of the shares of Common Stock on the date of the grant. Nonstatutory stock options shall be granted at the fair market value of the shares of Common Stock on the date of grant. Both Incentive and Nonstatutory stock options cliff-vest over five years. As of December 31, 2024, 463,848 shares of Common Stock were available for grant of options under the 2022 Plan, of which 231,270 shares of Common Stock are from either terminated or expired options from the 2012 Plan.

F-24
Table of Contents

Salary for Equity Incentive Options

On April 1, 2024 and May 17, 2024, as part of the Company’s strategic initiatives to reduce operating costs and conserve cash for operations, the Company offered a voluntary Salary/Compensation Waiver Program pursuant to which each director, officer and employee of the Company and its subsidiaries could elect to waive a portion of his or her salary/compensation for twelve months and receive separately options to purchase shares of the Common Stock of the Company (the “stock options”). Under this program, the Company issued 10-year options to purchase 628,960 shares of Common Stock, each having an exercise price of $2.50 per share, vesting monthly over twelve months, valued at $948,200 on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model.

Equity Cancel and Replacement Options

On April 1, 2024, as part of the Company’s strategic initiatives to incentivize current employees, the Company entered into a cancellation and replacement agreement regarding certain out-of-the money outstanding employee stock options (the “replacement stock options”), whereby employees surrendered out-of-the-money outstanding stock options (“cancelled option awards") and the Company granted replacement stock options in the same number, having an exercise price of $2.50 per share, which replacement options vest monthly over three years from their date of issuance. The Company accounted for the issuance of these replacements options as a modification of the terms of the cancelled option awards and in accordance with ASC 718-20-35-2A the Company will recognize $613,400 stock compensation expense over the three-year vesting period, which was determined by the grant-date fair value of the original award for which the service is expected to be rendered at the cancellation date, plus incremental costs measured as the excess of the fair value of the replacement options on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model over the fair value of the cancelled option award at the cancellation date in accordance with ASC 718-20-35-3.

Board of Director Stock Options

On April 12, 2024, the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Board”) appointed Michael Blechman (“Mr. Blechman”) as (i) a Class B Director of the Company, (ii) a member of the Board’s audit committee, (iii) a member of the Board’s compensation committee, and (iv) the Chair and a member of the Company’s Nominating Committee. On May 17, 2024, in connection with such appointment, the Company granted and issued to Mr. Blechman stock options to purchase 25,000 shares of the Common Stock of the Company with an exercise price of $1.75 which vest monthly over three years, valued at $34,500 on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model.

On July 1, 2024, the Company granted and issued stock options to purchase 10,000 shares of the Common Stock to each of Christopher Cox, John Nicols, and Jurgen Schumacher, as part of their annual compensation serving as independent Board members of the Company. These stock options have a 10-year life, an exercise price of $1.29, vest 100% one year after the grant date, and valued at $10,400 on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model.

On July 1, 2024, the Company granted and issued stock options to purchase 5,000 shares of the Common Stock to each of Michael Blechman, Christopher Cox, and John Nicols, as part of their annual compensation serving as independent Committee Chairmens of the Company. The stock options have a 10-year life, an exercise price of $1.29, vest 100% one year after the grant date, and valued at $5,200 on the grant date using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model.

Other Stock Options

On July 21, 2023, the Company’s Bioprocessing System segment entered into a separation agreement with their VP of Sales (“former employee”). In connection with the separation agreement, the Company extended the exercisability of the former employee’s vested stock options up through the original expiration date of July, 13, 2030, which the Company recorded a additional $684,900 of noncash stock base compensation expense related to the modification of the exercisability of the vested stock options.

F-25
Table of Contents

The following table summarizes the weighted-average assumptions used for the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of our stock options for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

	Year ended<br><br>December 31,			Year ended<br><br>December 31,
	2024			2023
Expected term (in years)		10			10
Risk-free interest rate		4.29	%		4.49	%
Expected volatility		70.66	%		72.50	%
Dividend rate		0			0

Expected volatility is estimated based on historic volatility of the Company’s common stock. The expected term of the option is estimated based on historic data. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant of the option.

Total stock-based compensation costs were $1,165,400 and $2,240,100 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Stock-based compensation costs related to nonvested awards expected to be recognized in the future are $757,100 and

$450,100 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The weighted-average period over which the nonvested awards is expected to be recognized are 1.55 years and 0.87 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The following table summarizes option activity under all plans for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

	Year Ended December 31,							Year Ended December 31,
	2024							2023
Shares under option:	Shares			Weighted-Average Exercie Price		Aggregate Instrinsic Value		Shares			Weighted-Average Exercie Price		Aggregate Instrinsic Value
Outstanding, beginning		1,120,097		$	8.32	$	-		1,115,810		$	8.4	$	129,900
Granted		1,482,422			2.48		-		35,000			4.09		-
Exercised		-			-		-		-			-		-
Forfeited/Cancelled		(767,072	)		8.31		-		(30,713	)		6.62		2,500
Outstanding, end		1,835,447		$	3.58		-		1,120,097		$	8.32		-
Options exercisable end of the period		943,275		$	4.69				963,228		$	8.45
Weighted average fair value per share of options granted during the period				$	2.93						$	3.28
F-26
---
Table of Contents
	Year Ended December 31,					Year Ended December 31,
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	2024					2023
NonVested Shares under option	Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding, beginning		156,869		$	5.60		483,635		$	6.76
Granted		1,482,422			2.93		35,000			3.28
Vested		(631,084	)		3.31		(351,453	)		6.98
Forfeited		(116,035	)		6.28		(10,313	)		5.09
Outstanding, end		892,172		$	5.13		156,869		$	5.60
	Year Ended December 31,
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	2024
	Shares		Weighted-Average Exercise price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual term
Vested Shares under option:		943,275	$	4.69		7.79
	Year Ended December 31,
---	---	---	---	---	---	---
	2023
	Shares		Weighted-Average Exercise price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual term
Vested Shares under option:		963,228	$	8.45		6.47
F-27
---
Table of Contents
						As of December 31, 2024<br><br>Excercisable
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
		Remaining Contractual Life		Average Exercise		Number ****		Remaining Contractual Life		Average Exercise
Range Exercise Price		(Years)		Price		Outstanding		(Years)		Price
5.35 - 11.30	264,320		5.52	$	9.93		264,320		5.52	$	9.93
2.91 - 4.65	88,705		4.9	$	3.6		88,705		4.9	$	3.60
1.29-2.50	1,482,422		9.26	$	2.45		590,250		9.25	$	2.50
	1,835,447						943,275

All values are in US Dollars.

						As of December 31, 2023<br><br>Excercisable
		Remaining Contractual Life		Average Exercise		Number		Remaining Contractual Life		Average Exercise
Range Exercise Price		(Years)		Price		Outstanding		(Years)		Price
5.35 - 11.30	1,029,392		6.84	$	8.73		893,773		6.84	$	8.18
2.91 - 4.65	90,705		2.29	$	3.61		64,455		2.29	$	3.41
	1,120,097						958,228

All values are in US Dollars.

14. Segment Information

F-28
Table of Contents

Segment and geographical information is reported as follows

Year Ended December 31, 2024	Benchtop Laboratory Equipment		Bioprocessing Systems			Corporate			Consolidated
United States revenue	$	5,970,100	$	563,900		$	-		$	6,534,000
Foreign revenue		3,052,700		1,125,900			-			4,178,600
Total Revenue	$	9,022,800	$	1,689,800		$	-		$	10,712,600
Segment Significant Expenses:
Cost of revenues		5,265,200		713,800						5,979,000
Compensation and other personnel expenses		1,547,900		3,899,000			462,900			5,909,800
Other expenses		1,417,600		2,151,400			1,073,900			4,711,300
Depreciation and Amortization		85,000		665,700			-			750,700
Segment Income (Loss) From Operations	$	707,100	$	(5,808,500	)	$	(1,536,800	)	$	(6,638,200	)
Assets		5,751,500		3,824,300			1,985,000			11,560,800
Long-Lived Asset Expenditures		75,900		23,000			-			98,900
Year Ended December 31, 2023	Benchtop Laboratory Equipment		Bioprocessing Systems			Corporate			Consolidated
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
United States revenue	$	6,879,500	$	471,500		$	-		$	7,351,000
Foreign revenue		2,865,900		894,600			-			3,760,500
Total revenue		9,745,400		1,366,100						11,111,500
Segment Significant Expenses:
Cost of revenues		5,489,500		520,000						6,009,500
Compensation and other personnel expenses		1,541,800		6,237,900			526,000			8,305,700
Other expenses		1,909,000		1,690,300			1,702,900			5,302,200
Depreciation and Amortization		84,900		669,100						754,000
Segment Income (Loss) From Operations		720,200		(7,751,200	)		(2,228,900	)		(9,259,900	)
Assets		6,832,400		4,969,400			4,928,700			16,730,500
Long-Lived Asset Expenditures		29,700		102,000			-			131,700
F-29
---
Table of Contents

Geographical Information

	Year Ended				Year Ended
	December 31, 2024				December 31, 2023
	Revenue (a)		Long-Lived Assets		Revenue (a)		Long-Lived Assets
United States	$	6,534,000	$	1,157,700	$	7,351,000	$	1,414,200
All Other Foreign Countries		3,615,800		-		3,027,500		-
Germany		562,800		738,300		733,000		1,007,500
Total	$	10,712,600	$	1,896,000	$	11,111,500	$	2,421,700

(a) Revenues are attributed to countries based on location of customer

For the year ended December 31, 2024, one customer accounted for approximately $1,118,600, revenue from the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Segment, of which the revenue is 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer accounted for approximately $1,301,400 revenue from the Benchtop Laboratory Equipment Segment, of which the revenue is 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue.

F-30
Table of Contents

A reconciliation of the Company's consolidated segment income/loss from operations to consolidated income (loss) from operations before discontinued operations and income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, are as follows:

Year ended December 31, 2024	Benchtop Laboratory Equipment			Bioprocessing Systems			Corporate			Consolidated
Income (Loss) from Operations	$	707,100		$	(5,808,500	)	$	(1,536,800	)	$	(6,638,200	)
Other income (expense), net		(3,600	)		27,700			168,700			192,800
Income (Loss) from operations before discontinued operations and income taxes	$	703,500		$	(5,780,800	)	$	(1,368,100	)	$	(6,445,400	)
Year ended December 31, 2023	Benchtop Laboratory Equipment		Bioprocessing Systems			Corporate			Consolidated
---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Income (Loss) from Operations	$	720,200	$	(7,751,200	)	$	(2,228,900	)	$	(9,259,900	)
Other income (expense), net		10,500		14,300			145,300			170,100
Income (Loss) from operations before discontinued operations and income taxes	$	730,700	$	(7,736,900	)	$	(2,083,600	)	$	(9,089,800	)

15. Employee Benefit Plans

The Company has a 401(k) profit sharing plan covering all its employees, which provides for voluntary employee salary contributions not to exceed the statutory limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code. The plan provides for Company matching contribution equal to 100% of employee’s deferral up to 3% of pay, plus 50% of employee’s deferral over 3% of pay up to 5%. Total matching contributions amounted to $99,200 and $122,400 for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

16. Income Taxes

The domestic and foreign components of loss from continuing operations before taxes are:

	Year Ended<br><br>December 31,			Year Ended<br><br>December 31,
	2024			2023
U.S. operations	$	(2,811,900	)	$	(5,352,700	)
Non-U.S. operations		(3,633,500	)		(3,737,100	)
Total loss before taxes	$	(6,445,400	)	$	(9,089,800	)
F-31
---
Table of Contents

Total provision for income taxes allocated to continuing operations for the year ended December, 31, 2024 and 2023, was $0, and $0, respectively.

Total provision for income taxes allocated to discontinued operations for the year ended December, 31, 2024 and 2023, was $0, and $0, respectively.

In accordance with ASC 740 “Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), the Company evaluated the deferred tax assets to determine if valuation allowances are required or should be adjusted. ASC 740 requires that companies assess whether valuation allowances should be established against their deferred tax assets based on consideration of all available evidence, both positive and negative, using a “more likely than not” standard of whether the deferred tax assets will be realized. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company maintains a full valuation allowance of $9,839,400 against the consolidated net deferred tax assets as the Company determined the net deferred tax assets which includes net operating loss carry-forwards and other tax credits, are more likely not to be realized and therefore the Company recorded a full valuation allowance. As of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company maintained a full valuation allowance of $9,302,300 against the consolidated net deferred tax assets as the Company determined the net deferred tax assets which includes net operating loss carry-forwards and other tax credits, are more likely not to be realized and therefore the Company recorded a full valuation allowance. If in the future the Company changes the determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, the Company will adjust the valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

The reconciliation of the provision for income taxes at the federal statutory rate of 21% to the actual income tax expense (benefit) for the applicable fiscal year is as follows:

	Year Ended<br><br>December 31,			Year Ended<br><br>December 31,
	2024			2023
Computed "expected" income tax benefit	$	(1,353,500	)	$	(1,908,900	)
Research and development credits		(39,900	)		(9,400	)
Incentive Stock Option Expense		38,700			73,300
Valuation allowance		537,100			2,883,700
Aquila Biolabs GmbH operating loss		(1,069,900	)		(1,150,800	)
Return to provision and other true-ups		1,887,500			112,100	)
Other, net		-		-
Income tax expense	$	-		$	-

Income tax expense allocated to continuing operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $0, and $0, respectively.

Income tax expense allocated to discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $0, and $0, respectively.

The Company’s expected income tax expense differs from its provision for income tax expense due to the net operating loss, adjustments from the tax return to the provision, and the Company’s assessment to record a full valuation allowance against those net deferred tax assets in applying the more-likely than not standard that is required under the applicable guidance under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the US.

F-32
Table of Contents

Deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following:

	As of<br><br>December 31,			As of<br><br>December 31,
Deferred tax assets:	2024			2023
Amortization of intangible assets, including goodwill	$	-		$	106,300
Research and development credits		466,300			426,400
Goodwill impairment		898,800			898,800
Capitalized research and development expenses		1,509,700			957,900
Various accruals		134,000			103,300
Stock options expense		1,531,900			1,486,400
Net operating loss		5,422,900			5,383,200
Other		21,100			27,200
Subtotal	$	9,984,700		$	9,389,500
Deferred tax liability:
Amortization of intangible assets, including goodwill		(98,500	)		-
Depreciation of property		(46,800	)		(87,200	)
Subtotal		(145,300	)		(87200	)
Less valuation allowance		(9,839,400	)		(9,302,300	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	-		$	-

The Company has federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $15,248,600 and $20,154,400, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, with no expiration date, which are available to reduce future taxable income. The Company has foreign NOL carryforwards of $12,757,000 and $9,330,700, as of December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively, with no expiration date, which are available to reduce future taxable income. Under the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”), federal carryforwards may be carried forward indefinitely.

F-33

scnd_ex311.htm EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION BY THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

I, Helena R. Santos, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Scientific Industries, Inc.;
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under my supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to me by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under my supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purpose in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures, and presented in this report my conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting (that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter) that has materially affected, or is reasonable likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.	I have disclosed, based on my most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions);

a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

	Scientific Industries, Inc.
Date: March 31, 2025	By:	/s/ Helena R. Santos

| | | Helena R. Santos |

| | | Chief Executive Officer |

scnd_ex312.htm EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION BY THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 302

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

I, Reginald Averilla, certify that:

1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Scientific Industries, Inc.;
2.	Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.	Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.	I am responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a)	Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under my supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to me by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
b)	Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under my supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purpose in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
c)	Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures, and presented in this report my conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
d)	Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting (that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter) that has materially affected, or is reasonable likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.	I have disclosed, based on my most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s Board of Directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions);

a)	All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
b)	Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

	Scientific Industries, Inc.
Date: March 31, 2025	By:	/s/ Reginald Averilla

| | | Reginald Averilla |

| | | Chief Financial Officer |

scnd_ex321.htm EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION BY THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

I, Helena R. Santos, Chief Executive Officer of Scientific Industries, Inc. (the “Company”), certify, to the best of my knowledge that:

1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“Annual Report”);
2.	the Annual Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
3.	the information contained in the Annual Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Scientific Industries, Inc.

	Scientific Industries, Inc.
Date: March 31, 2025	By:	/s/ Helena R. Santos

| | | Helena R. Santos |

| | | Chief Executive Officer |

scnd_ex322.htm EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION BY THE CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT

I, Reginald Averilla, Chief Financial Officer of Scientific Industries, Inc. (the “Company”), certify, to the best of my knowledge that:

1.	I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“Annual Report”);
2.	the Annual Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
3.	the information contained in the Annual Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of Scientific Industries, Inc.

	Scientific Industries, Inc.
Date: March 31, 2025	By:	/s/ Reginald Averilla

| | | Reginald Averilla |

| | | Chief Financial Officer |

scnd_ex191.htm EXHIBIT 19.1

Scientific Industries, Inc.

Policy on Insider Trading

This Insider Trading Policy (this “Policy”) sets forth the policy of Scientific Industries, Inc. (the “Company”) on trading the Company’s securities or securities of certain other publicly traded companies while in possession of confidential information and the disclosure of such confidential information. This Policy is divided into two parts: the first part prohibits trading in certain circumstances and applies to all directors and officers and of the Company (“Company Insiders”), and the second part imposes special additional trading restrictions and applies to all the Company Insiders as well as those employees who typically have access to financial and other highly sensitive information regarding the Company’s business (collectively, “Covered Persons”). This Policy applies to all Covered Persons and any other employee in possession of material nonpublic information.

One of the principal purposes of the federal securities laws is to prohibit insider trading. Simply stated, insider trading occurs when a person uses material nonpublic information to make decisions to purchase, sell, give away or otherwise trade the Company’s securities or the securities of certain other companies or to provide that information to others, whether inside or outside the Company, who then trade in the Company’s securities. The prohibitions against insider trading apply to trades, tips and recommendations by virtually any person, including all persons associated with the Company, if the information involved is “material” and “nonpublic.” These terms are defined in this Policy under Part I, Section 3 below. The prohibitions would apply to any director, officer or employee who buys or sells securities on the basis of material nonpublic information that he or she obtained about the Company, its customers, suppliers, partners, competitors or other companies with which the Company has contractual relationships or may be negotiating transactions.

PART I

1. Applicability

This Policy applies to all trading or other transactions in (i) the Company’s securities, including common stock, options and any other securities that the Company may issue, such as preferred stock, notes, bonds and convertible securities, as well as to derivative securities relating to any of the Company’s securities, whether or not issued by the Company and (ii) the securities of certain other companies, including common stock, options and other securities issued by those companies as well as derivative securities relating to any of those companies’ securities, where the person trading used material nonpublic information obtained while working for the Company.

This Policy applies to all Covered Persons and any other employee in possession of material nonpublic information.

2. General Policy: No Trading or Causing Trading While in Possession of Material Nonpublic Information

(a) No director, officer or employee or any of their immediate family members may purchase or sell, or offer to purchase or sell, any Company security, whether or not issued by the Company, while in possession of material nonpublic information about the Company.

(b) No director, officer or employee or any of their immediate family members who knows of any material nonpublic information about the Company may communicate that information to (“tip”) any other person, including family members and friends, or otherwise disclose such information without the Company’s authorization.

(c) No director, officer or employee or any of their immediate family members may purchase or sell any security of any other publicly traded company while in possession of material nonpublic information that was obtained in the course of his or her involvement with the Company. No director, officer or employee or any of their immediate family members who knows of any such material nonpublic information may communicate that information to, or tip, any other person, including family members and friends, or otherwise disclose such information without the Company’s authorization.

(d) For compliance purposes, you should never trade, tip or recommend securities (or otherwise cause the purchase or sale of securities) while in possession of information that you have reason to believe is material and nonpublic unless you first consult with, and obtain the advance approval of, the Compliance Officer (which is defined in Part I, Section 3(c) below).

(e) Covered Persons must “pre-clear” all trading in securities of the Company in accordance with the procedures set forth in Part II, Section 3 below.

3. Definitions

(a) Material. Insider trading restrictions come into play only if the information you possess is “material.” Materiality, however, involves a relatively low threshold. Information is generally regarded as “material” if it has market significance, that is, if its public dissemination is likely to affect the market price of securities, or if it otherwise is information that a reasonable investor would want to know before making an investment decision.

Information dealing with the following subjects is reasonably likely to be found material in particular situations:

(i)	significant changes in the Company’s prospects;
(ii)	significant write-downs in assets or increases in reserves;
(iii)	developments regarding significant litigation or government agency investigations;
(iv)	liquidity problems;
(v)	changes in earnings estimates or unusual gains or losses in major operations;
(vi)	major changes in the Company’s management or the board of directors;
(vii)	changes in dividends;
(viii)	extraordinary borrowings;
(ix)	major changes in accounting methods or policies;

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(x)	award or loss of a significant contract;
(xi)	cybersecurity risks and incidents, including vulnerabilities and breaches;
(xii)	changes in debt ratings;
(xiii)	proposals, plans or agreements, even if preliminary in nature, involving mergers, acquisitions, divestitures, recapitalizations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements, or purchases or sales of substantial assets; and
(xiv)	offerings of Company securities.

Material information is not limited to historical facts but may also include projections and forecasts. With respect to a future event, such as a merger, acquisition or introduction of a new product, the point at which negotiations or product development are determined to be material is determined by balancing the probability that the event will occur against the magnitude of the effect the event would have on a company’s operations or stock price should it occur. Thus, information concerning an event that would have a large effect on stock price, such as a merger, may be material even if the possibility that the event will occur is relatively small. When in doubt about whether particular nonpublic information is material, you should presume it is material. If you are unsure whether information is material, you should either consult the Compliance Officer before making any decision to disclose such information (other than to persons who need to know it) or to trade in or recommend securities to which that information relates or assume that the information is material.

(b) Nonpublic. Insider trading prohibitions come into play only when you possess information that is material and “nonpublic.” The fact that information has been disclosed to a few members of the public does not make it public for insider trading purposes. To be “public” the information must have been disseminated in a manner designed to reach investors generally, and the investors must be given the opportunity to absorb the information. Even after public disclosure of information about the Company, you must wait until the expiration of the relevant “Blackout Period” discussed in Part II below before you can treat the information as public.

Nonpublic information may include:

(i)	information available to a select group of analysts or brokers or institutional investors;
(ii)	undisclosed facts that are the subject of rumors, even if the rumors are widely circulated; and
(iii)	information that has been entrusted to the Company on a confidential basis until a public announcement of the information has been made and enough time has elapsed for the market to respond to a public announcement of the information (normally two trading days).

As with questions of materiality, if you are not sure whether information is considered public, you should either consult with the Compliance Officer or assume that the information is nonpublic and treat it as confidential.

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(c) Compliance Officer. The Company has appointed the Chief Executive Officer as the Compliance Officer for this Policy. The duties of the Compliance Officer include, but are not limited to, the following:

(i)	assisting with implementation and enforcement of this Policy;
(ii)	circulating this Policy to all employees and ensuring that this Policy is amended as necessary to remain up-to-date with insider trading laws;
(iii)	pre-clearing all trading in securities of the Company by Covered Persons in accordance with the procedures set forth in Part II, Section 3 below; and
(iv)	providing approval of any Rule 10b5-1 plans under Part II, Section 1(c) below and any prohibited transactions under Part II, Section 4 below.
(v)	providing a reporting system with an effective whistleblower protection mechanism.

4. Exceptions

The trading restrictions of this Policy do not apply to the following:

(a) 401(k) Plan. Investing 401(k) plan contributions in a Company stock fund in accordance with the terms of the Company’s 401(k) plan. However, any changes in your investment election regarding the Company’s stock are subject to trading restrictions under this Policy.

(b) Options. Exercising stock options granted under the Company’s 2022 Stock Option Plan, as amended, for cash or the delivery of previously owned Company stock. However, the sale of any shares issued on the exercise of Company-granted stock options and any cashless exercise of Company-granted stock options are subject to trading restrictions under this Policy.

5. Violations of Insider Trading Laws

Penalties for trading on or communicating material nonpublic information can be severe, both for individuals involved in such unlawful conduct and their employers and supervisors, and may include jail terms, criminal fines, civil penalties and civil enforcement injunctions. Given the severity of the potential penalties, compliance with this Policy is absolutely mandatory.

(a) Legal Penalties. A person who violates insider trading laws by engaging in transactions in a company’s securities when he or she has material nonpublic information can be sentenced to a substantial jail term and required to pay a criminal penalty of several times the amount of profits gained or losses avoided.

In addition, a person who tips others may also be liable for transactions by the tippees to whom he or she has disclosed material nonpublic information. Tippers can be subject to the same penalties and sanctions as the tippees, and the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) has imposed large penalties even when the tipper did not profit from the transaction.

The SEC can also seek substantial civil penalties from any person who, at the time of an insider trading violation, “directly or indirectly controlled the person who committed such violation,” which would apply to the Company and/or management and supervisory personnel. These control persons may be held liable for up to the greater of $2,301,065 or three times the amount of the profits gained or losses avoided. Even for violations that result in a small or no profit, the SEC can seek penalties from a company and/or its management and supervisory personnel as control persons.

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(b) Company-Imposed Penalties. Employees who violate this Policy may be subject to disciplinary action by the Company, including dismissal for cause. Any exceptions to the Policy, if permitted, may only be granted by the Compliance Officer and must be provided before any activity contrary to the above requirements takes place.

(c) Reports of Unauthorized Trading or Disclosure. If you have supervisory authority over any Company personnel, you must immediately report to the Compliance Officer any trading in Company securities by our personnel and any disclosure of material nonpublic information by our personnel if you have reason to believe that such trade or disclosure may violate this Policy, another company policy or applicable securities laws. Because the SEC can seek civil penalties against the Company and its directors, officers and supervisory personnel for failing to take appropriate steps to prevent illegal trading, the Company should be made aware of any suspected violations as early as possible.

6. Inquiries

If you have any questions regarding any of the provisions of this Policy, please contact the Compliance Officer.

PART II

1. Blackout Periods

All Covered Persons are prohibited from trading in the Company’s securities during blackout periods as defined below.

(a) Quarterly Blackout Periods. Trading in the Company’s securities is prohibited during the period beginning at the close of the market on two weeks before the end of each fiscal quarter and ending at the close of business on the second trading day following the later of the date the Company’s financial results are publicly disclosed and Form 10-Q or Form 10-K, as applicable, is filed. During these periods, Covered Persons generally possess or are presumed to possess material nonpublic information about the Company’s financial results.

(b) Other Blackout Periods. From time to time, other types of material nonpublic information regarding the Company (such as negotiation of mergers, acquisitions or dispositions, investigation and assessment of cybersecurity incidents or new product developments) may be pending and not be publicly disclosed. While such material nonpublic information is pending, the Company may impose special blackout periods during which Covered Persons are prohibited from trading in the Company’s securities. If the Company imposes a special blackout period, it will notify the Covered Persons affected.

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(c) Exception. These trading restrictions do not apply to transactions under a pre-existing written plan, contract, instruction, or arrangement under Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (an “Approved 10b5-1 Plan”) that meet the following requirements:

(i)	it has been reviewed and approved by the Compliance Officer at least five days in advance of being entered into (or, if revised or amended, such proposed revisions or amendments have been reviewed and approved by the Compliance Officer at least five days in advance of being entered into);
(ii)	it provides that no trades may occur thereunder until expiration of the applicable cooling-off period specified in Rule 10b5-1(c)(ii)(B), and no trades occur until after that time. The appropriate cooling-off period will vary based on the status of the Covered Person. For directors and officers, the cooling-off period ends on the later of (x) ninety days after adoption or certain modifications of the 10b5-1 plan; or (y) two business days following disclosure of the Company’s financial results in a Form 10-Q or Form 10-K for the quarter in which the 10b5-1 plan was adopted. For all other Covered Persons, the cooling-off period ends 30 days after adoption or modification of the 10b5-1 plan. This required cooling-off period will apply to the entry into a new 10b5-1 plan and any revision or modification of a 10b5-1 plan;
(iii)	it is entered into in good faith by the Covered Person, and not as part of a plan or scheme to evade the prohibitions of Rule 10b5-1, at a time when the Covered Person is not in possession of material nonpublic information about the Company; and, if the Covered Person is a director or officer, the 10b5-1 plan must include representations by the Covered Person certifying to that effect;
(iv)	it gives a third party the discretionary authority to execute such purchases and sales, outside the control of the Covered Person, so long as such third party does not possess any material nonpublic information about the Company; or explicitly specifies the security or securities to be purchased or sold, the number of shares, the prices and/or dates of transactions, or other formula(s) describing such transactions; and
(v)	it is the only outstanding Approved 10b5-1 Plan entered into by the Covered Person (subject to the exceptions set out in Rule 10b5-1(c)(ii)(D)).

No Approved 10b5-1 Plan may be adopted during a blackout period.

If you are considering entering into, modifying or terminating an Approved 10b5-1 Plan or have any questions regarding Approved Rule 10b5-1 Plans, please contact the Compliance Officer. You should consult your own legal and tax advisors before entering into, or modifying or terminating, an Approved 10b5-1 Plan. A trading plan, contract, instruction or arrangement will not qualify as an Approved 10b5-1 Plan without the prior review and approval of the Compliance Officer as described above.

2. Trading Window

Covered Persons are permitted to trade in the Company’s securities when no blackout period is in effect. However, even during this trading window, a Covered Person who is in possession of any material nonpublic information should not trade in the Company’s securities until the information has been made publicly available or is no longer material. In addition, the Company may close this trading window if a special blackout period under Part II, Section 1(b) above is imposed and will re-open the trading window once the special blackout period has ended.

3. Pre-Clearance of Securities Transactions

(a) Because Covered Persons are likely to obtain material nonpublic information on a regular basis, the Company requires all such persons to refrain from trading, even during a trading window under Part II, Section 2 above, without first pre-clearing all transactions in the Company’s securities.

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(b) Subject to the exemption in subsection (d) below, no Covered Person may, directly or indirectly, purchase or sell (or otherwise make any transfer, gift, pledge or loan of) any Company security at any time without first obtaining prior approval from the Compliance Officer. These procedures also apply to transactions by such person’s spouse, other persons living in such person’s household and minor children and to transactions by entities over which such person exercises control.

(c) The Compliance Officer shall record the date each request is received and the date and time each request is approved or disapproved.

(d) Pre-clearance is not required for purchases and sales of securities under an Approved 10b5-1 Plan once the applicable cooling-off period has expired. No trades may be made under an Approved 10b5-1 Plan until expiration of the applicable cooling-off period. With respect to any purchase or sale under an Approved 10b5-1 Plan, the third party effecting transactions on behalf of the Covered Person should be instructed to send duplicate confirmations of all such transactions to the Compliance Officer.

(e) This pre-clearance requirement is designed as a means of enforcing the policies specified above. Specifically:

·	Any proposed transaction, including a proposed gift of Company securities, (unless otherwise specified) should be submitted to the Compliance Officer at least two full trading days in advance of the proposed transaction.
·	Before any trade, the Compliance Officer must confirm to the person requesting pre-clearance orally or by email that the window period is open and will remain open for the period during which the trade or other proposed transaction is expected to occur.
·	Any confirmation must not have been revoked by oral or email notice from the Compliance Officer.
·	Pre-cleared trades must be completed within two full trading days of receipt of pre-clearance unless an exception is granted by the Compliance Officer. Transactions not completed within the time limit are subject to pre-clearance again.
·	The person requesting pre-clearance needs to receive a new oral or email confirmation that the window period is open before each trade, whether or not confirmation has been given for a prior trade during that window period.
·	The Compliance Officer is not under any obligation to approve a transaction submitted for pre-clearance and may determine not to permit the transaction. If pre-clearance is requested but permission to engage in the transaction is denied, the person requesting pre-clearance should refrain from initiating any transaction in Company securities and should not inform any other person of the restriction.
·	The person requesting pre-clearance is responsible for ensuring that they do not have material nonpublic information about the Company before engaging in a transaction and that they comply with any and all other legal obligations. Therefore, when a request for pre-clearance is made, the person requesting pre-clearance should carefully consider whether they are aware of any material nonpublic information about the Company and should describe fully those circumstances to the Compliance Officer. If the person requesting pre-clearance is subject to the requirements of Section 16 of the Exchange Act, they should also consider whether they have effected any non-exempt transactions within the past six months or otherwise that must be reported on an appropriate Form 4 or Form 5. In addition, they should be prepared to comply with Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and requirements to file Form 144.
·	The Compliance Officer may not trade or engage in any other transaction in our securities unless the CEO of the Company or the Board of Directors has approved the trade or transaction in accordance with this Policy’s procedures.

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The Compliance Officer’s approval of a transaction submitted for preclearance does not constitute legal advice, does not constitute confirmation that the person requesting pre-clearance does not possess material nonpublic information and does not relieve that person of any of their legal obligations. A decision made in good faith by a Compliance Officer to deny a trade or other transaction shall be final and binding on the person requesting pre-clearance, and, as stated above, should not be disclosed by such person to any other person, other than his or her attorney and stockbroker or investment adviser, who shall likewise keep the denial confidential.

4. Prohibited Transactions

(a) Covered Persons are prohibited from trading in the Company’s equity securities during a blackout period imposed under an “individual account” retirement or pension plan of the Company, during which at least 50% of the plan participants are unable to purchase, sell or otherwise acquire or transfer an interest in equity securities of the Company, due to a temporary suspension of trading by the Company or the plan fiduciary.

(b) Company Insiders, including any person’s spouse, other persons living in such person’s household and minor children and entities over which such person exercises control, are prohibited from engaging in the following transactions in the Company’s securities unless advance approval is obtained from the Compliance Officer:

(i)	Short-term trading. Company Insiders who purchase Company securities may not sell any Company securities of the same class for at least six months after the purchase;
(ii)	Short sales. Company Insiders may not sell the Company’s securities short;
(iii)	Options trading. Company Insiders may not buy or sell puts or calls or other derivative securities on the Company’s securities;
(iv)	Trading on margin or pledging. Company Insiders may not hold Company securities in a margin account or pledge Company securities as collateral for a loan; and
(v)	Hedging. Company Insiders may not enter into hedging or monetization transactions or similar arrangements with respect to Company securities.

(c) If securities transactions ever become the subject of scrutiny, they are likely to be viewed after-the-fact with the benefit of hindsight. As a result, before engaging in any transaction a Covered Person should carefully consider how his or her transaction may be construed in the bright light of hindsight. Again, in the event of any questions or uncertainties about the Policy, please consult the Company’s Compliance Officer.

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(d) No director, officer, or other employee of the Company may place purchase or sell orders or recommend that another person place a purchase or sell order in the securities of another corporation if the person learns of material nonpublic information about the other corporation in the course of his/her employment with the Company. Individuals should treat material nonpublic information about the Company’s business partners with the same care required with respect to information related directly to the Company.

(e) The Company discourages placing standing or limit orders on Company securities. Standing and limit orders are orders placed with a broker to sell or purchase stock at a specified price. Similar to the use of margin accounts, these transactions create heightened risks for insider trading violations. Because there is no control over the timing of purchases or sales that result from standing instructions to a broker, a transaction could be executed when persons subject to this Policy are in possession of material nonpublic information. Unless standing and limit orders are submitted under an Approved Rule 10b5-1 Plan in accordance with this Policy, if you determine that you must use a standing order or limit order, the order should be limited to short duration and should otherwise comply with the trading restrictions and procedures outlined in this Policy. If you have a managed account (where another person has been given discretion or authority to trade without your prior approval), you should advise your broker or investment adviser not to trade in Company securities at any time and minimize trading in securities of companies in our industry. This restriction does not apply to investments in publicly available mutual funds.

5. Acknowledgment and Certification

All Covered Persons are required to sign the attached acknowledgment and certification.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND CERTIFICATION

The undersigned does hereby acknowledge receipt of the Company’s Insider Trading Policy. The undersigned has read and understands (or has had explained) such Policy and agrees to be governed by such Policy at all times in connection with the purchase and sale of securities and the confidentiality of nonpublic information.

	(Signature)
	(Please print name)

| Date: ________________________ | |

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10-K

FORM 10-K

(631) 567-4700

Table of Contents

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comment.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Item 2. Properties.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

PART II

Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Item 6. [Reserve]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Item 9C. Disclosures Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

PART III

Item 10—Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Item 11—Executive Compensation

Item 12—Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Item 13—Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions, and Director Independence

Item 14—Principal Accountant Fees and Services

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

SIGNATURES

CONTENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SCIENTIFIC INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES